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Sandip Tiwari

2026-05-08T04:10:47Z

Cornelius R: put up first info initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian-born electrical engineer and applied physicist}}

[[File:SandipTiwari2021.jpg|alt=Sandip Tiwari|thumb|Sandip Tiwari]]
'''Sandip Tiwari''' is an Indian-born electrical engineer and applied physicist. He is the Charles N. Mellowes Professor of Engineering at [[Cornell University]]. His previous roles were Director of National Nanotechnology Users Network, Director of the [[National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network]], and research scientist at [[Thomas J. Watson Research Center|IBM T. J. Watson Research Center]]. He is best known for his pioneer research in the fields of SiGe transistor and nanocrystal memory.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Early life and education ==
Sandip Tiwari was born in Ahmedabad, India, received his BTech from [[Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur]] in 1976. He received his M.Eng. at [[Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute]] and PhD at [[Cornell University]] in 1980.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}}

== Work and academic career ==
His early research career was at [[IBM]]'s Research Division until 1999. During this period, he did the early work on compound semiconductor transistors and co-developed the first SiGe transistor.<ref>S.S. Iyer, G.L. Patton, S.S. Delage, S. Tiwari, J.M.C. Stork, "Silicon-germanium base heterojunction bipolar transistors by molecular beam epitaxy", International Electron Devices Meeting (1987).</ref><ref>G.L. Patton, S.S. Iyer, S.L. Delage, S. Tiwari and J.M.C. Stork, “Silicon-Germanium Base Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors by Molecular Beam Epitaxy,” [[IEEE Electron Device Letters]], EDL-9, No. 4, p. 165 (1988)</ref> He also pioneered various quantum and nanoscale devices, such as the nanocrystal memory.<ref>S. Tiwari, F. Rana, H. Hanafi, A. Hartstein, E. Crabbe and K. Chan, “A Silicon Nano-Crystals Based Memory,” Applied Physics Letters, 68, p.1377, 4 Mar. (1996)</ref> The first demonstration of SiGe transistor was honored as IEEE [[International Electron Devices Meeting]] (IEDM) Top Industry Innovation of 1987.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} His work on nanocrystal memory was one of the 50 most-cited papers in the history of Applied Physics Letters in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp/F5/k-ueda/APL-mostcited-paper-2013.pdf|title=Celebrating 50 Years of Applied Physics Letters|website=Numse.nagoya-u.ac.jp|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>

At [[Cornell University]], his Nanoscale ElectroScience Research Group<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engineering.cornell.edu/faculty-directory/sandip-tiwari|title=Sandip Tiwari | Cornell Engineering|website=Engineering.cornell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://electroscience.ece.cornell.edu/|title=Nanoscale ElectroScience Research Group, ECE Cornell|website=electroscience.ece.cornell.edu}}</ref> focused on adaptive approaches for low power design,<ref>J. Y. Kim, P. Solomon and S. Tiwari, “Adaptive Circuit Design Using Independently Biased Back-Gated Double-Gate MOSFETS,” IEEE Circuits and Systems I, 59 (4), Apr.., 806-819(2012)</ref> three-dimensional integration,<ref>L. Xue, C. C. Liu, H.-S. Kim, S (K) Kim, and S. Tiwari, “Three-Dimensional Integration: Technology, Use, and Issues for Mixed-Signal Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, 50, No. 3, 601-609(2003)
</ref><ref>C. C. Liu, I. Ganusov, M. Burtscher, and S. Tiwari, “Bridging the Processor-Memory Performance Gap with 3D IC Technology,” IEEE Design and Test of Computers, Vol. 22, Nov., 556-564(2005)
</ref> inexact computing,<ref>J. Y. Kim and S. Tiwari, “Inexact Computing using Probabilistic Circuits: Ultra Low-Power Digital Processing”, ACM Journal of Emerging Technologies, Vol. 10, No. 2, Article 16, February (2014)</ref> and Bayesian implementations<ref>S. Tiwari and D. Querlioz, “On the physical underpinnings of the unusual effectiveness of probabilistic and neural computation,” Invited paper, Tech. Dig. of IEEE Int’l Conf. on Rebooting Computing, 1--4(2017)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ieeetv.ieee.org/on-the-physical-underpinnings-of-the-unusual-effectiveness-of-probabilistic-and-neural-computation-ieee-rebooting-computing-2017|title=On the Physical Underpinnings of the Unusual Effectiveness of Probabilistic and Neural Computation - IEEE Rebooting Computing 2017|website=[[IEEE]] |date=8 December 2017 }}</ref>

== Selected awards and honors ==
* [[IEEE Cledo Brunetti Award]], 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/brunetti-rl.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216193824/https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/awards/recipients/brunetti-rl.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 16, 2021|title=IEEE CLEDO BRUNETTI AWARD : Recipients|website=Ieee.org|access-date=17 July 2022}}</ref>
* [[IIT Kanpur]] Distinguished Alumni Award, 2003<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iitkalumni.org/daa-awardees|title=Past DAA Awardees|website=Iitkalumni.org}}</ref>
* International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS) Young Scientist Award, 1991<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csw2018.org/iscs-young-scientist-award|title=ISCS Young Scientist Award|website=Csw2018.org}}</ref>
* Founding Editor-in-Chief of [[IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology]], 2002<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Introduction and information on editorial board|first=S.|last=Tiwari|date=March 15, 2002|journal=IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1109/TNANO.2002.1005420|bibcode=2002ITNan...1....1T }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ethw.org/Sandip_Tiwari|title=Sandip Tiwari|date=July 8, 2022|website=Ethw.org}}</ref>
* Guest Editor of [[Proceedings of the IEEE]], 2015<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Memories in the Future of Information Processing|first=Sandip|last=Tiwari|date=August 15, 2015|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=103|issue=8|pages=1247–1249|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2015.2448912|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Fellow of [[American Physical Society]], 1998<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm|title=APS Fellow Archive|website=Aps.org}}</ref>
* Life Fellow of [[IEEE]], 1994<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/getdetailprofile.html?custNum=x92aFsS3hFpUK4GhzPZUYQ==&bccaptions=Alphabetical+Listing+&bclocations=/fellowsdirectory/home.html|title=IEEE Fellows Directory - Member Profile|website=[[IEEE]]}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
=== Books ===
* S. Tiwari, Quantum, Statistical and Information Mechanics: A Unified Introduction, Electroscience series, Vol. 1, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-875985-0}}
* S. Tiwari, Device Physics: Fundamentals of Electronics and Optoelectronics, Electroscience series, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-875984-3}}, (2022)
* S. Tiwari, Semiconductor Physics: Principles, Theory and Nanoscale, Electroscience series, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-875986-7}}, (2020)
* S. Tiwari, Nanoscale Device Physics: Science and Engineering Fundamentals, Electroscience series, Vol. 4, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-875987-4}} (2017)
* S. Tiwari, Compound Semiconductor Device Physics, Academic Press, Inc., (1992) and Elsevier, {{ISBN|978-0-12-691740-6}} (1992); Updated edition available as [https://electroscience.ece.cornell.edu/index.php?page=openbooks Open Text] from group website

=== Papers ===
* S. Tiwari, Implications of Scales in Processing of Information, Invited Paper, in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 103, no. 8, 1250-1273 (2015)<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Implications of Scales in Processing of Information|first=Sandip|last=Tiwari|date=August 15, 2015|journal=Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=103|issue=8|pages=1250–1273|doi=10.1109/JPROC.2015.2448936|s2cid=12464832 }}</ref>
* {{Cite journal|url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.116085 |title=A silicon nanocrystals based memory |first1=Sandip |last1=Tiwari |first2=Farhan |last2=Rana |first3=Hussein |last3=Hanafi |first4=Allan |last4=Hartstein |first5=Emmanuel F. |last5=Crabbé |first6=Kevin |last6=Chan |date=March 4, 1996 |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1377–1379 |doi=10.1063/1.116085|bibcode=1996ApPhL..68.1377T |url-access=subscription }}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/1.116085 |title=A silicon nanocrystals based memory |first1=Sandip |last1=Tiwari |first2=Farhan |last2=Rana |first3=Hussein |last3=Hanafi |first4=Allan |last4=Hartstein |first5=Emmanuel F. |last5=Crabbé |first6=Kevin |last6=Chan |date=March 4, 1996 |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=68 |issue=10 |pages=1377–1379 |doi=10.1063/1.116085|bibcode=1996ApPhL..68.1377T |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{Cite journal|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/2069 |title=A new effect at high currents in heterostructure bipolar transistors |first=S. |last=Tiwari |date=March 15, 1988 |journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=142–144 |via=IEEE Xplore |doi=10.1109/55.2069|bibcode=1988IEDL....9..142T |s2cid=39623450 |url-access=subscription }}<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/2069 |title=A new effect at high currents in heterostructure bipolar transistors |first=S. |last=Tiwari |date=March 15, 1988 |journal=IEEE Electron Device Letters |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=142–144 |via=IEEE Xplore |doi=10.1109/55.2069|bibcode=1988IEDL....9..142T |s2cid=39623450 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Sandip}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Engineering faculty]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:IBM Research computer scientists]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni]]

Nandinagari

2026-05-07T16:08:04Z

Cornelius R: Created A Details Nd Citations

{{Short description|South Indian script related to Devanāgarī}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Writing system
| name = '''Nandināgarī'''
| native_name = {{script|Nand|𑧁𑧞𑦿𑧒𑧁𑧑𑦰𑧈𑧓}}
| languages = [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]]
| type = [[Abugida]]
| time = {{c.|11th to 19th century}}
| sample = Nandināgarī Aksharamala.png
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Nandināgarī Varnamala chart
| iso15924 = Nand
| fam1 = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet|Proto-Sinaitic]]
| fam2 = [[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]
| fam3 = [[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]
| fam4 = [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
| fam5 = [[Gupta script|Gupta]]
| fam6 = [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]]
| fam7 = [[Nāgarī]]
| sisters = [[Devanāgarī]], [[Kaithi]], [[Gujarāti script|Gujarāti]], [[Moḍī script|Moḍī]]
| unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U119A0.pdf U+119A0–U+119FF]
| footnotes = {{notelist}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{brahmic}}
[[File:Copper plates NMND.JPG|thumb|upright=1.2|A 16th century CE Sanskrit record of [[Sadasiva Raya]] in Nandināgarī script engraved on copper plates.<ref name=Prathima2011>Prathima, G. & Rao, G. K. (2011). [http://www.ijst.co.in/papers/vol1issue1/ijst_111105.pdf A Survey of Nandinagari Manuscript Recognition System.] ''International Journal of Science & Technology, 1''(1), 30-36.</ref> Manuscripts and records in Nandināgarī were created and preserved historically by creating inscriptions on metal plates, specially treated palm leaves, slabs of stone and paper.]]

'''Nandināgarī''' is a Brahmic script derived from the [[Nāgarī script]] which appeared in the 7th century AD.<ref name=georgedanesh>George Cardona and Danesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415772945}}, page 75</ref> This script and its variants were used in the central [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region and [[south India]],<ref name=georgedanesh/> and an abundance of Sanskrit manuscripts in Nandināgarī have been discovered but remain untransliterated.<ref name=nag>Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447045049}}, pages xxii, 201-210</ref><ref name=visalakshy>P. Visalakshy (2003), The Fundamentals of Manuscriptology, Dravidian Linguistics Association, {{ISBN|978-8185691107}}, pages 55–62</ref> Some of the discovered manuscripts of Madhvacharya of the [[Dvaita]] Vedanta school of [[Hinduism]] are in Nandināgarī script.<ref>Friedrich Otto Schrader (1988), A descriptive catalogue of the Sanskrit manuscripts in the Adyar Library, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag</ref>

It is a sister script to [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]], which is common in other parts of India.<ref name=Pandey2013>Pandey, Anshuman. (2013). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2013/13002-nandinagari.pdf ''Preliminary Proposal to Encode Nandinagari in ISO/IEC 10646''.]</ref>

==Etymology==
Nāgarī comes from {{lang|sa|नगर}} ({{IAST|nagara}}), which means city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sanskrit and Tamil Dictionaries|url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html|access-date=2021-05-22|website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref>

There have been Nandināgarī inscriptions from the Kakatiya period found in Mahabubabad, located 212 km from Nandi Nagar, Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|author=U. Sudhakar Reddy|date=Jun 12, 2018|title=Kakatiya dynasty: Nandinagar script inscription from Kakatiya rule found in Mahabubabad {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/nandinagar-script-inscription-from-kakatiya-rule-found-in-mahabubabad/articleshow/64552371.cms|access-date=2021-05-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The first part of the term "Nandi" is ambiguous in its context. It may mean "sacred" or "auspicious" (cf. Nandi verses in Sanskrit drama).{{citation needed|date=July 2015}} Nandi is the name of Lord Siva's Vrishabhavahana (bull vehicle), a revered icon, and it may be the source of the name.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

== History ==
Nandināgarī is a Brāhmī-based script that was used in southern India between the 11th and 19th centuries AD for producing manuscripts and inscriptions in Sanskrit in south [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It derives from the central group of Nāgarī scripts and is related to Devanāgarī. There are also several styles of Nandināgarī, considered by scholars as variant forms of the script.<ref name=Pandey2013/><ref>Pandey, Anshuman. (2017). [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17162-nandinagari.pdf ''Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode''.]</ref>

Some of the earliest inscriptions in Nandināgarī have been found in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The 8th century Narasimha Pallava's stone inscriptions in [[Mahabalipuram|Mamallapuram]] on Tamil Nadu's coast, the 10th-century coins from Chola king Rajaraja's period, the Paliyam copper plate inscriptions of the 9th century Ay king Varagunam are all in Nandināgarī script.<ref>[http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins5.htm Nagari script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050512/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins5.htm |date=2016-03-04 }} Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu (2011)</ref><ref>I Nakacami (2008), Mahabalipuram (Mamallapuram), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195693737}}, pages 29-30</ref> A [[Rigveda]] manuscript has been found written in Nandināgarī script,<ref>AC Burnell, Elements of South-Indian Palaeography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century AD, Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-1108046107}}, page 61 with footnote 1</ref> as well as manuscripts of other Vedas.<ref>{{Google books|Hno-AAAAcAAJ|MacKenzie Collection of Oriental Manuscripts|page=PA3}}, Asiatic Society of Bengal, pages 3, 6-7</ref> Manuscripts of the first century BCE ''Vikramacarita'', also known as the "Adventures of [[Vikramāditya|Vikrama]]" or the "Hindu Book of Tales",<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/jstor-288995/288995#page/n1/mode/2up A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita], [[Franklin Edgerton]], The American Journal of Philology, Volume 33, No. 131, page 249–252</ref> have been found in Nandinagari script.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/jstor-288995/288995#page/n13/mode/2up A Hindu Book of Tales: The Vikramacarita], Franklin Edgerton, The American Journal of Philology, Volume 33, No. 131, page 262</ref>

In a [[Travancore]] temple of [[Kerala]], an ''Anantasayana Mahatmya'' palm-leaf manuscript was found, and it is in Nandināgarī script.<ref>[[H. H. Wilson]] and Colin Mackenzie, {{Google books|2nUIAAAAQAAJ|Mackenzie Collection: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts|page=62}}, Asiatic Society, page 62</ref>

Nandināgarī script was used to spell the [[Sanskrit language]], and many Sanskrit copper plate inscriptions of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] were written in that script.<ref name=Prathima2011/>

{{Gallery
|align = center
|mode = packed
|height = 120
|File:Nandinagari Manuscript.jpg|A Nandināgarī manuscript
}}

Numerous Sanskrit manuscripts written in Nandināgarī have been discovered in South India, but it is one of the least documented and studied ancient scripts of India.<ref>Reinhold Grünendahl (2001), South Indian Scripts in Sanskrit Manuscripts and Prints: Grantha Tamil - Malayalam - Telugu - Kannada - '''Nandinagari''', Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3447045049}}, page xxii</ref> These cover [[Vedas]], philosophy, commentaries on ancient works,<ref>[[David Pingree]] (1981), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 4, American Philosophical Society, {{ISBN|978-0871691460}}, pages 29, 201, 217, 260, 269, 409</ref> mythology, science and arts.<ref name=visalakshy/><ref>{{Google books|2nUIAAAAQAAJ|A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts|page=PA2}}, [[H. H. Wilson]], Mackenzie Collection of Nandinagari, Devanagari, Grandham and Telugu Manuscripts (South India), pages 2-8, 12-14</ref><ref>David Pingree (1970), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 5, American Philosophical Society, {{ISBN|978-0871692139}}, pages 26-27, 79-81, 237-241</ref> These are preserved in the manuscript libraries, particularly those in the southern regions of the country.<ref name=nag/> Some Nandināgarī texts are in biscript that include other major south India language scripts, such as Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada scripts.<ref>David Pingree (1970), Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit, Volume 1 and 2, American Philosophical Society, {{ISBN|978-0871690814}}, see Preface and Introduction</ref>

== Comparison to Devanāgarī ==
Nandināgarī and Devanāgarī scripts are very close and share many similarities, but they also show systematic differences. Nandināgarī differs from Devanāgarī more in the shape of its vowels, and less in many consonant shapes.<ref name=Prathima2011/> It has an overline at the top of each character but does not conjoin them across whole words as one long, connected, horizontal line ({{IAST|shirorekhā}}). Nandināgarī is thus a sister script of Devanāgarī, but not a trivial variation.<ref name=Pandey2013/>

The Nandināgarī manuscripts also show cosmetic and style differences, such as the use of distinct [[Anusvara]]s and method of labeling each hymn or verse.<ref>Srinidhi (2015), [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15101-vedic.pdf Encoding of Vedic characters used in non-Devanagari scripts], UNICODE International, pages 7-9</ref>

{{Gallery
|align = center
|mode = packed
|height = 500
|File:Nandinagari script.png|A chart showing Nandinagari script
}}

== Unicode ==
{{Main|Nandinagari (Unicode block)}}
Nandināgarī script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in March 2019 with the release of version 12.0.

The Unicode block for Nandināgarī is U+119A0–U+119FF:

{{Unicode chart Nandinagari}}

== See also ==
* [[Shiksha]] – the [[Vedas|Vedic]] study of sound, focusing on the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nandinagari}}
* [http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/06-07/features681.htm Palaeographical Importance of Nandinagari], ''HareKrsna.com''

{{list of writing systems}}

[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]

Nikhil Ranjan Sen

2026-05-07T12:33:57Z

Cornelius R: Adding basic entry and citations.

{{short description|Indian physicist and polymath (1894–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Nikhil Ranjan Sen
| honorific_suffix =
| image = M N Saha, J C Bose, J C Ghosh, Snehamoy Dutt, S N Bose, D M Bose, N R Sen, J N Mukherjee, N C Nag.jpg
| caption = Nikhil Ranjan Sen (standing, fourth from left) of Calcutta University with other scientists.
|birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1894|5|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|1|13|1894|5|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[India]]
| alma_mater =[[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] [[University of Calcutta]] [[Humboldt University, Berlin|University of Berlin]]
| academic_advisors = [[Max von Laue]]
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for =
| awards =
| spouse =
| field = [[Applied Mathematics]] [[Theory of Relativity]]
| work_institution = [[University of Calcutta]]
| signature =
}}
'''Nikhil Ranjan Sen''' (23 May 1894 – 13 January 1963) was an Indian-Bengali scientist who was a pioneer in the field of [[general relativity]] and called the father of applied mathematics in India. He received his PhD from [[Humboldt University of Berlin]] under the supervision of [[Max von Laue]], thus becoming the first Indian to get a doctorate in relativity. Sen also worked on [[cosmogony]], [[fluid dynamics]], [[potential theory]] and probability, and founded the first fluid dynamics laboratory in India.<ref name ="lifeandscience">{{ cite web | title = PDF Book Title- N R Sen - Life and Science | url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349769889|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> He pioneered the study of ballistics and missiles in India and was also an advocate for science education in the Bengali language. His Bengali-language book titled "Soura Jagat" (The Solar System) was published by Visva-Bharati in 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/020/07/0575-0604 |title=Asutosh Mukhopadhyay and his Mathematical Legacy |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
<ref name="thewire">{{Cite web |url=https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/remembering-nr-sen-a-less-known-student-of-the-calcutta-school-of-science/ |title=Remembering N.R.Sen, a Less Known Student of the Calcutta School of Science |date=2021-07-03 |access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref>
<ref name="Parliament ">Edited by Subodh Sengupta and Anjali Bose, "Sansad Bengali Charitavidhan", Volume I, Sahitya Sangsad, Kolkata, August 2016, p. 355, {{ISBN|978-81-7955-135-6}}</ref><ref name="INSA">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_l6eBQAAQBAJ&dq=nikhil+ranjan+sen+max+von+laue&pg=PT97 |title=The Scientific Edge - The Indian Scientist from Vedic to Modern Times |isbn=978-93-5118-928-2 |access-date=2023-06-26 |last1=Narlikar |first1=Jayant V. |date=4 August 2003 |publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref>

==Early life and education==

Nikhil Ranjan Sen was born on 23 May 1894 in [[Dacca|Dhaka]], the youngest of their four sons and four daughters of Kalimohan Sen and his wife Vidhumukhi Devi.<ref name ="lifeandscience" /> He attended Dhaka Collegiate School, where his classmate was the scientist [[Meghnad Saha]]. He then went to complete his school education at Rajshahi Collegiate School. In 1909, he obtained a scholarship with his third position in order of merit for the entrance examination of Calcutta University. After passing the intermediate examination in 1911, he studied honors mathematics in [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in Calcutta, where he had Saha and [[Satyendranath Bose]] as classmates.<ref name="turbulence">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348244264|title=NR Sen and his Contribution to Turbulence Research|access-date=2023-06-26}}</ref> Bose, Saha, and Sen got the three highest spots in the 1913 honors examination in Calcutta University. They went on to become postgraduate students in Presidency College. Sen topped the 1916 Mixed Mathematics examination, a year after Bose and Saha topped the same exam.<ref name="Parliament" />

==Career and research==

Sen, Saha, and Bose joined the postgraduate department of mathematics in [[University of Calcutta]] at almost the same time in 1917. During this period, his papers on Newtonian potential, solid geometry, elasticity, and hydrodynamics were published in ''[[Philosophical Magazine]]'' and in the ''[[Bulletin of Calcutta Mathematical Society]]''.<ref name="appliedmaths">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45fDCgAAQBAJ&dq=nikhil+ranjan+sen+max+von+laue&pg=PR18|access-date=2023-06-26|title=Applied Mathematics - Kolkata, India, February 2014|isbn=978-81-322-2547-8 |last1=Sarkar |first1=Susmita |last2=Basu |first2=Uma |last3=De |first3=Soumen |date=13 October 2015 |publisher=Springer }}</ref>

In 1921, his thesis "Potentials of Uniform" was approved by G.T. Walker, D.N. Mallik, and [[Asutosh Mukherjee]] to be worthy of being awarded the doctorate (D.Sc.) degre from the university.<ref name="formative">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351368223
|access-date=2023-06-26|title=Nikhil Ranjan Sen - The Formative Years}}</ref> With an extra allowance of five hundred taka per month, he went to Germany for research work at the universities of Berlin, Munich, and Paris.<ref name="thewire" /> His work with Professor [[Arnold Sommerfeld]] in Munich from 1921 to 1922 was published in the [[Physikalische Zeitschrift]]. In the summer of 1922, he went to Berlin and studied under [[Max von Laue]] in the newly established Institute for Physics.<ref name="notable">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfaVEAAAQBAJ&dq=Notable+Modern+Indian+Mathematicians+and+Statisticians+Chapter+Nikhil+Ranjan+Sen+%281894%E2%80%931963%29+Purabi+Mukherji&pg=PA73
|access-date=2023-06-26|title=Notable Modern Indian Mathematicians and Statisticians Chapter Nikhil Ranjan Sen (1894-1963)|isbn=978-981-19-6132-8 |last1=Mukherji |first1=Purabi |date=11 October 2022 |publisher=Springer }}</ref> Under von Laue, Sen received a Ph.D. from the [[Humboldt University, Berlin|University of Berlin]] for a general relativity dissertation on the boundary conditions for the gravitational field equations on surfaces of discontinuity.<ref name ="lifeandscience" /> In his dissertation, Sen found that Einstein's equations imply that gravitational forces hold together the parts of a particle, then he calculated the equilibrium of a charged particle with a definite spherical boundary. Sen also worked with von Laue on de Sitter universe and changes in potential of ions and emitted electrons of glowing metals during his stint in Germany.<ref name="formative" />

After returning home in 1924, he was appointed as "Rasbihari Ghosh Professor" in the newly formed Department of Applied Mathematics of Calcutta University. With Sen conducting and supervising research in areas related to the theory of relativity, he was considered the founder of the Calcutta School of Relativity in the 1930s. The Calcutta school investigated the effect of mass, density, radius, temperature and pressure in the stellar bodies. Sen refined models of the universe based on the General Theory of Relativity yet he was critical of Eddington and Milne's models.

In the early 1930s, Sen worked a considerable amount on wave mechanics and Dirac’ relativistic equations. He did some notable work on spherical harmonics and studied the relativistic effects in stellar bodies. Sen was a founding fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] and Indian Science News Association in 1935.<ref name="INSA" /> He was also a founding member of the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI) Council and founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India. In 1936, he established the Computational Laboratory and Fluid Dynamics Laboratory in his department in Calcutta University, the first fluid dynamics laboratory in India. Sen started working on the internal constitution of stars around 1940, after [[Hans Bethe]] established the law of energy generation.<ref name="turbulence" />

After the [[partition of India]], he included ballistics in the curriculum as he believed that it is an important science for the national defense of newly free India.<ref name="Parliament" />

In 1951, he was appointed Rippon Professor of the [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] and delivered three lectures on "The modern theory of turbulence".<ref name="turbulence" /> He proved the correctness and importance of the theories on turbulence of [[Heisenberg]], [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]], [[Theodore von Karmen|von Karmen]] and others.<ref name="Parliament "/>

He collaborated with his students to construct stellar models based on the theoretical laws of thermonuclear energy. In 1954, Sen and T.C. Roy gave a singularity-free analytical method that strictly satisfied all the necessary conditions and could be fitted to the field of expanding universe. Their method correctly gave Newtonian approximations without using Einstein's subsidiary equations. He retired in 1959.<ref name="turbulence" />

==Science education in mother tongue==

When the Calcutta University Commission was formed in 1917 for the improvement of the education system, he pushed for a system of teaching science subjects under the liberal education system. Similar to Satyendranath Bose, he pushed the University Commission for science education in the Bengali language. His book titled "Soura Jagat" (The Solar System) in Bengali was published by Visva-Bharati in 1949.<ref name ="lifeandscience" />

==Honorary titles==
* 1934 - Member of "Earthquake Research Commission of India".
* 1935 - Fellow of Indian National Science Academy and Indian Science News Association
* 1935 - 1941 Member of the Council of the Indian National Science Academy
* 1936 - President of the Mathematics Department of the Indian Science Congress Organisation
* 1940 - 1941 Member of the Sectional Committee on Mathematics and Statistics of the Indian Science Congress Organisation
* 1949 - 1951 Council Member, Indian National Academy of Sciences
* 1951 - Ripon Professor, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta
* 1952 - 1953 Indian Association for the Cultivation of [[Science Council]] Member of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
* 1959-1960 Indian National Science Academy, vice-president.<ref name ="lifeandscience" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/Apl-Math.html
* [https://epjh.epj.org/articles/epjh/abs/2021/01/13129_2021_Article_3/13129_2021_Article_3.html N.R. Sen: Father of Indian Applied mathematics]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Nikhil Ranjan}}
[[Category:1894 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:Bengali physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]

Chunga pitha

2026-05-06T23:40:20Z

Cornelius R: Added Post

{{Short description|Traditional Assamese and Bengali rice cake}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Chunga pitha
| image = চুঙা চাউল ১.jpg
| caption =
| alternate_name = Chungapura pitha, Sunga pitha, Sunga saul
| region = [[Assam]]
| national_cuisine = [[Assamese cuisine]], [[Burmese cuisine|Burmese]], [[Cambodian cuisine|Cambodian]], [[Lao cuisine|Lao]], [[Thai cuisine|Thai]], [[Vietnamese cuisine|Vietnamese]]
| country = India, Bangladesh
| course = Breakfast and light refreshment
| type = [[Desserts]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Glutinous rice]] and [[bamboo]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latestly.com/lifestyle/food/magh-bihu-2020-special-sweets-laru-pitha-doi-sira-enjoy-these-assamese-traditional-dessert-recipes-on-bhogali-bihu-1467535.html |title=Magh Bihu 2020 Special Sweets: Laru, Pitha, Doi-Sira, Enjoy These Assamese Traditional Dessert Recipes on Bhogali Bihu |website=latestly.com |date=14 January 2020 |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>
| variations =
| other =
| similar_dish = [[Sticky rice in bamboo]]
}}
{{Indian cuisine}}
'''Chunga pitha''', '''Sunga pitha''', '''Chungapura pitha''' or '''Sunga saul''' is a traditional [[rice cake]] (''[[pitha]]'') originating in the [[Assam]] and [[Sylhetis|Sylhet region]] of [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pragnews.com/regional-assamese/bihu-pitha-special-story|title=বিহু ৰঙীন কৰি তোলে পিঠাই! অসমীয়াৰ কেইবিধমান পিঠাৰ বিষয়ে জানো আহক|newspaper=pragnews|language=as |date=3 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="patakuri"/> Though its main ingredients are bamboo and glutinous (sticky) rice, it is also made with binni rice, [[milk]], [[sugar]], [[coconut]], and rice powder.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bora |first=Amrita |date=1 October 2020 |title=Traditional knowledge and method of various rice preparations in Assam |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amrita-Bora/publication/388708151_Traditional_knowledge_and_method_of_various_rice_preparations_in_Assam/links/67a33e268311ce680c53322b/Traditional-knowledge-and-method-of-various-rice-preparations-in-Assam.pdf?origin=publication_detail&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ |journal=Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7MK3DwAAQBAJ&q=sunga+pitha&pg=PA132|title=Traditional Foods: History, Preparation, Processing and Safety|date=18 October 2019|editor=Mohammed Al-Khusaibi |editor2=Nasser Al-Habsi |editor3=Mohammad Shafiur Rahman |page=132 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783030246204|access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bitmesra.ac.in/naps/barak/|title=The Beckoning Beauty of Barak|website=[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra|BIT MESRAr]]|date=21 December 2017|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705202457/https://bitmesra.ac.in/naps/barak/|url-status=dead}}</ref> This unique delicacy is prepared when [[sticky rice]] is stuffed inside young [[bamboo]] and smoked slowly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/living-and-lifestyle/food-thought-understanding-bangladeshi-cuisine-1366084|title=Food for thought: Understanding Bangladeshi cuisine|website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=February 24, 2017|access-date=29 April 2020}}</ref> It is popularly known as a distinct and traditional food in [[Assamese cuisine|Assamese]] and [[Bengali cuisine|Bengali]] cuisines.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/sunga-pitha-no-longer-traditional-mandate-in-guwahati |title=Sunga Pitha No Longer Traditional Mandate In Guwahati|date=13 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="bhorerdak">{{cite news |url=http://bhorer-dak.com/details.php?id=46518 |title=হারিয়ে যাচ্ছে সিলেটের চুঙ্গা পিঠার ঢলুবাঁশ |newspaper=bhorer-dak |language=bn |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=22 January 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026023924/https://bhorer-dak.com/details.php?id=46518 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/bangladesh-cuisine-part-i-delectable-and-diverse-1325551 |title=Bangladesh cuisine part I - delectable and diverse |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>

This traditional [[delicacy]] is famous in [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.xobdo.org/dic/Sunga%20Pitha |title=Sunga Pitha |website=[[xobdo.org]] |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref> It is prepared at the time of [[Magh Bihu]] or [[Bhogali Bihu]], a harvest festival celebrated in [[India]]'s northeastern [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/sunga-pitha.html |title=Sunga Pitha |website=[[Alamy]] |access-date=22 March 2020}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Sticky rice in bamboo}}
[[Sticky rice in bamboo]] is known as a ubiquitous traditional food in many traditional [[Southeast Asia]]n communities. In [[Minangkabau people|Minangkabau]] culture, lemang, or ''lamang'' is a traditional food which consists of glutinous rice or [[tapai]] that is used in various traditional ceremonies, mainly in [[West Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]].

Fish [[bazaar]]s have been very common throughout [[Bengal]] for centuries. People in the Sylhet region buy fish from these markets or catch big fish ({{Transliteration|bn|[[Rohu|rui]], [[Catla|katla]], [[Chitala|chitl]], [[Wallago attu|gual]], [[Ompok|pabda]], [[Anabas|koi]], [[Walking catfish|magur]]}}) from the [[haor]]s and [[river]]s, and fry them to eat.<ref name="patakuri">{{cite web |url=https://www.patakuri.net/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%90%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97/ |title=সিলেটের ঐতিহ্যবাহী চুঙ্গাপুড়া পিঠার প্রধান উপকরণ ঢলুবাঁশ হারিয়ে যেতে চলেছে |newspaper=patakuri.net online|language=bn |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=16 January 2016 }}</ref> It was seen as a shame not to offer chunga pitha, [[fried fish]], and [[coconut milk]]/sweets or ''[[murabba]]'', to guests or a new son-in-law at the end of a meal.<ref name="syl1">{{cite news|url=http://www.sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=5363|title=বিলুপ্তির পথে সিলেটের ঐতিহ্যবাহী ডলু বাঁশ|newspaper=Sylheter Dak|language=bn|date=20 January 2017|access-date=16 April 2020}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The various hill tribes of Sylhet had a tradition of cutting bamboo and putting wet rice inside it. Gradually, the food started to be popular from the hills to the [[Sylhetis]] living in the plains. In the course of time, this ''chunga'' (bamboo tube) dish came to be known as chunga pitha.<ref name="ittefaq">{{cite news |url=http://archive.ittefaq.com.bd/index.php?ref=MjBfMDJfMDJfMTRfMV8yNV8xXzEwNTczMw== |title=ঐতিহ্যবাহী খাবার সিলেটের চুঙ্গা পিঠা |newspaper=[[The Daily Ittefaq]] |language=bn |access-date=13 January 2016}}</ref>

Though ''atap'' rice is the main food of the people of Sylhet region, they prefer [[glutinous rice]] to make this delicacy.<ref name="syl">{{cite news|url=http://www.sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=9857|title=চুঙ্গা পিঠা : বাঁশ দিয়ে প্রাতঃরাশ|newspaper=[[Sylheter Dak]]|language=bn|date=3 January 2018|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111052510/http://www.sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=9857|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Procedure==
[[File:Sungapitha.jpg|thumb| Bamboo is burning to make sunga fita]]
To make this rice cake, {{Transliteration|bn|mulibash}} (a small type of bamboo) is required. This bamboo contains a special type of especially oily chemical that helps not burn the bamboo shoots in a fire. [[Sticky rice]] rolled with [[banana]] leaf is inserted into the bamboo tube.<ref name="ittefaq" /> Then it is burned with [[straw]] to make chunga pitha.<ref name="KristiKatha">{{cite news |url=http://krishtikatha.com/2017/10/09/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f-%e0%a6%90%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%80/ |title=বিলুপ্ত প্রায় ঐতিহ্যবাহী চুঙ্গাপিঠা |newspaper=KristiKatha |language=bn |date=9 October 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Due to the presence of excessive juice of the bamboo, the inner part of the tube is boiled in the heat of the fire.<ref name="bhorerdak" /> This bamboo is used to make different types of rice cakes. In some places, baking is occurred with sticky rice, milk, sugar, coconut, and rice powder.<ref name="patakuri" />

Once the delicacy is prepared, the rice cake is shaped as a [[candle]] and separated from the tube.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=20749|title=বাংলার ঐতিহ্যবাহী পিঠা|newspaper=Sylheter Dak|language=bn|date=2 January 2019|access-date=28 April 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Bangladeshi cuisine]]
* ''[[Zongzi]]''
* [[Sticky rice in bamboo]]
* ''[[Puto bumbong]]''
{{portal|Food}}
{{Glutinous rice dishes}}
{{Bengali Pithas}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Rice dishes}}

[[Category:Sweet pies]]
[[Category:Sylheti cuisine]]
[[Category:Glutinous rice dishes]]
[[Category:Foods containing coconut]]
[[Category:Assamese cuisine]]
[[Category:Stuffed dishes]]
[[Category:Pitha]]

INS Mahe (2023)

2026-05-05T17:28:30Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description| ASW-SWC class corvette of the Indian Navy}}{{italic title|string=Mahe}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{other ships|INS Mahe}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Mahe (P80) an ASWSWC class corvette at sea (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = ''Mahe'' (P80) at sea.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Mahe''
| namesake = [[Mahé, India]]
| owner = [[Indian Navy]]
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| registry =
| route =
| ordered = 30 April 2019<ref>https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html</ref>
| awarded =
| builder = [[Cochin Shipyard]]
| original_cost = {{INRConvert|789|c|0}} (FY2020)
| yard_number = 523
| way_number =
| laid_down = 30 August 2022
| launched = 30 November 2023
| sponsor =
| completed =
| acquired = 23 October 2025
| commissioned = 24 November 2025
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport = [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)|Mumbai]]<ref name=":5" />
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: P80
| motto = ''Silent Hunters''<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy unveils crest of Mahe|date=2025-11-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2190729|access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref>
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| fate =
| status = In Service
| notes =
| badge = [[File:Crest of INS Mahe (P80).jpg|120px]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| type = [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]]
| displacement = {{cvt|896-1100|t|LT}}<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":4" />
| length = {{cvt|78|m|ftin}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in">{{Cite web |last=Kurus |date=2018-11-16 |title=Details of Indian Anti-submarine Corvette For Coastal Waters {{!}} Indian Politics |url=https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/details-of-indian-anti-submarine-corvette-for-coastal-waters/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101152824/https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/details-of-indian-anti-submarine-corvette-for-coastal-waters/ |archive-date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=www.indianpolitics.co.in |language=en-US }}</ref>
| beam = {{cvt|11.26|m|ftin}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in" />
| draft = {{cvt|2.7|m|ftin}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in" />
| propulsion = [[Pump-jet|Water-jet propulsion]]<ref name="eurasiantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/touted-as-game-changer-what-are-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts/|title=Touted As 'Game-Changer', What Are Indian Navy's 'Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts'?|date=December 27, 2021|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref>
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{cvt|1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613223542/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro |archive-date=2023-06-13 |access-date=2025-12-28 |work=Janes.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| endurance = 14 days
| test_depth =
| boats = 1 x [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement =
| crew = 57
(7 officers + 50 sailors)
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *'''Combat suite:'''
* ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf|title=NIE No. GRSE/GMD/ASW-SWC/12/01 Expression of Interest (EOI) For Design of Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) for Indian Navy.|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202243/http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
* [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=Force India |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823153937/https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management systems:'''
* Fire Control System (FCS)
* Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
| armament = *'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
*1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos |first=Dimitris |date=2025-06-25 |title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/ |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers ([[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]])
*[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)
*'''Guns:'''
* 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]]
* 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| notes = Largest class of waterjet-powered vessels in the [[Indian Navy]].
}}
}}

'''INS ''Mahe''''' is the [[lead ship]] of the ''Mahe'' class of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft]] operated by the [[Indian Navy]].

== History ==

=== Background ===
On 23 December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991. This includes the development of the vessels with about {{Convert|700|t|abbr=on}} displacement and an operational radius of {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} from its [[home port]]. They would be built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=2013-12-24 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2017-10-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=KV |date=2013-12-25 |title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829044614/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |archive-date=2025-08-29 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth USD2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-18 |title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131157/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |archive-date=2025-09-15 |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=Naval Technology}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively. CSL had quoted a value of {{INRConvert|5400|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} while GRSE had to match the bid value of CSL in order to get the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-16 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Purchase ===
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311.32|c|year=2019}}, for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026. The contract mandates the first vessel to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at a rate of two ships per year within 84 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=2019-04-29 |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |access-date=2025-09-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=Contract Signing with M/S CSL and M/S GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy |date=2019-04-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1571375 |access-date=2025-09-15}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html |website=mint}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
The steel cutting of the first ship of the class was completed by 1 December 2020 at BY 523 of the shipyard.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Mrityunjoy |date=2020-12-07 |title=Indian ASW corvette programme cuts first steel {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/naval-warfare/premium-indian-asw-corvette-programme-cuts-first-s/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en}}</ref> The [[keel laying]] ceremony of the ship was conducted on 30 August 2022.<ref name="better_ref_needed">{{cite press release |title=Keel laid for first warship of ASW SWC Project being constructed at CSL, Kochi |date=31 August 2022 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1855654 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref> The first three ships of the class, [[Ceremonial ship launching|christened]] as ''Mahe'', ''Malwan'' and ''Mangrol'' were launched simultaneously launched on 30 November 2023. The delivery of the first ship was then scheduled in 2024.<ref name=":1">{{cite press release |title=Simultaneous launch of ‘Mahe, Malvan and Mangrol’, first three ships of ASW SWC(CSL) project on 30 Nov 23 at CSL, Kochi |date=30 November 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1981148 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-11-30 |title=Three anti-submarine warfare ships for Indian Navy launched at Cochin Shipyard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-for-indian-navy-launched-at-cochin-shipyard/article67590173.ece |access-date=2023-11-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The ship was delivered to the Indian Navy on 23 October 2025. Commander Amit Chandra Choubey is the Commanding Officer (Designate) of the ship.<ref name=":4">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Mahe’ - first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft built by CSL, Kochi |date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182188 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-10-23 |title=CSL delivers warship INS Mahe to Indian Navy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/csl-delivers-warship-ins-mahe-to-indian-navy/article70193883.ece |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=Cochin Shipyard delivers first of eight warship 'Mahe' to Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/cochin-shipyard-delivers-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-craft-first-of-eight-mahe-to-indian-navy/articleshow/124761708.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Namesake ===
The ship, ''Mahe'', was named after the former [[INS Mahé|minesweeper]] that was in service with the Indian Navy between 1983–2006. The minesweepers and these vessels inherit their name from multiple ports, in this case [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], of India to represent the strategic importance held by these coastal towns.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> The ship's crest features the [[Urumi]], the flexible sword of [[Kalaripayattu]], a traditional martial art form from the state of [[Kerala]], where the ship was built.<ref>{{cite press release |title=INDIAN NAVY TO COMMISSION MAHE, FIRST OF EIGHT ASW-SWC BEING BUILT BY CSL, KOCHI |date=16 November 2025 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2190563 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-11-16 |title=Navy to commission indigenous anti-submarine warfare water craft on November 24 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-commissions-mahe-asw-shallow-water-craft-mumbai-2820837-2025-11-16 |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Service ==
INS ''Mahe'' was commissioned on 24 November 2025 at the [[Naval Dockyard (Mumbai)]] by the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] (CoAS), [[General (India)|General]] [[Upendra Dwivedi]]. The ceremony was hosted by [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command|Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Western Naval Command]], [[Vice admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] [[Krishna Swaminathan]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=INS Mahe commissioned – India’s first Mahe-class Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft joins the Western Naval Command |date=2025-11-24 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2193558 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-24 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat boost: Navy commissions ‘silent hunter' INS Mahe; all about the anti-submarine warfare vessel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbhar-bharat-boost-navy-commissions-silent-hunter-ins-mahe-all-about-the-anti-submarine-warfare-vessel/articleshow/125532459.cms |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Manish Kumar |date=2025-11-25 |title=Navy commissions ‘silent hunter’ INS Mahe; Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi says armed forces’ strength lies in synergy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/navy-commissions-ins-mahe-army-chief-general-upendra-dwivedi-armed-forces-synergy-10383193/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126113645/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/navy-commissions-ins-mahe-army-chief-general-upendra-dwivedi-armed-forces-synergy-10383193/ |archive-date=2025-11-26 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
The basic design of the ships have been sourced from Kochi-based Smart Engineering & Design Solutions (SDES) followed by detailed design by the shipyard. Additionally, [[Finland]]-based Surma provided the signature management software and design inputs for combat survivability features.<ref name=":0" /> The ships are being constructed as per the classification rules of [[Det Norske Veritas]] (DNV).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> The ships have indigenous content of over 80%, with equipment and materials being sourced from [[Bharat Electronics]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] Defence, and [[Larsen & Toubro]] among others.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Strategic significance of INS Mahe and why Navy is inducting 16 such ships|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/strategic-significance-of-ins-mahe-and-why-navy-is-inducting-16-such-ships-10387685/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref>

''Mahe''-class has a displacement of {{cvt|896-1100|t|LT}}.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2025-10-16|title=Cochin Shipyard to launch three advanced vessels|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cochin-shipyard-to-lauch-three-advanced-vessels/article70171688.ece|access-date=2025-10-24|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|first=|last=}}</ref><ref name=":42" /> The class of warships is considered as the largest warship of the Indian Navy to be designed and propelled by [[pump-jet]] technology. The warship is equipped with three marine diesel engines, developing a power output of 6 MW,<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat boost: Navy commissions ‘silent hunter' INS Mahe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/aatmanirbhar-bharat-boost-navy-commissions-silent-hunter-ins-mahe-all-about-the-anti-submarine-warfare-vessel/articleshow/125532459.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-24|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and is coupled with a water jet each. By dimensions, the ship measures {{Convert|78|m|abbr=on}} by length and {{Convert|11.36|m|abbr=on}} by width with a [[Draft (hull)|draft]] of {{Convert|2.7|m|abbr=on}}. The ships offers a maximum speed of {{Convert|25|kn|abbr=on}} and a maximum range of {{Convert|1800|nmi|km|abbr=on}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} with an endurance of 14 days.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=Indian Navy Commissions First ASW Craft Built by Cochin Shipyard|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/11/indian-navy-commissions-first-asw-craft-built-by-cochin-shipyard/|website=Naval News|date=2025-11-27|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-US|first=Adithya Krishna|last=Menon}}</ref><ref name=":10" />

=== Weapons ===
The weapons suite of ''Mahe''-class is designed to support its intended [[anti-submarine warfare]] operations in shallow waters. The [[anti-submarine weapons]] that equip the ship includes a forward-mounted [[RBU-6000]], a triple 324 mm lightweight torpedo tube each on [[port and starboard]] equipped with [[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]] at the [[aft]] and anti-submarine mine-laying rails. Behind the torpedo tubes, two [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra Defence Systems]]-supplied<ref>{{Cite press release |title=MoD signs Rs 1,350 crore contract for Integrated Anti-Submarine Warfare Defence Suites with an Indian company|date=2021-08-27|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1749636|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mahindra Defence to Manufacture Integrated ASW Defence Suite for Indian Navy|date=2021-08-27|publisher=Mahindra|url=https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/en/mahindra-defence-to-manufacture-integrated-asw-defence-suite-for-indian-navy|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff|first=D. A.|date=2022-01-14|title=Integrated Anti-Submarine Warfare Defense for Indian Navy|url=https://www.defenseadvancement.com/news/integrated-anti-submarine-warfare-defense-for-indian-navy/|access-date=2025-07-13|website=Defense Advancement|language=en-US}}</ref> torpedo decoy launching systems (DLS), as a part of the Integrated Anti-Submarine Warfare Defence Suite (IADS).<ref name=":11" />

For [[surface warfare]] and self-defence, the ship employs a [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=In a major boost to Indian Navy's firepower, indigenous Naval Surface Gun aces sea trials|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/defence/2025/05/23/in-a-major-boost-to-indian-navys-firepower-indigenous-naval-surface-gun-aces-sea-trials.html|access-date=2025-05-28|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> which serves the role of [[Naval artillery|main gun]] as well as two [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]] (SRCG) as [[General-purpose machine gun|general-purpose machine guns]]. The SRCG is the Indian variant of [[Elbit Systems]]' Remote Controlled Naval Weapon Station (RCNWS).<ref name=":11" />

=== Sensors ===
As part of its sensor suite, ''Mahe''-class is equipped with Abhay compact [[Active sonar|active]] hull-mounted sonar (HMS), a towed low-frequency variable-depth sonar (LFVDS) procured from a joint venture firm between Indian CFF Fluid Control Ltd. and German [[Atlas Elektronik]], a division of [[ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems]] (TKMS) along with an underwater acoustic communication system (UWACS).<ref name=":11" />

The Abhay active sonar system — developed by [[DRDO]]'s [[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory]] (NPOL) and manufactured by [[Bharat Electronics Limited]] (BEL) — includes transducer array, data acquisition system, power amplifier and the dual multi-function console (DMFC). The system utilises advanced adaptive signal and information processing techniques to detect, track and classify of targets.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos|first=Dimitris|date=2025-06-25|title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/|access-date=2025-06-26|website=Naval News|language=en-US}}</ref> The compact system helps in the application of the systems onto smaller category of naval warships like Shallows Water Crafts, Light Frigates & Patrol Vessels by replacing legacy Russian sonar. Earlier, hull-mounted sonars were only limited to frigates and destroyers.<ref name=":12">{{Cite press release |title=Indigenously Developed Sonars|date=2016-12-16|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=155530|access-date=2025-07-13}}</ref>

The ships are also equipped with [[Electronic Support Measures]] (ESM), [[Electronics intelligence|Electronics Intelligence]] (ELINT) and a combat management system.<ref name=":11" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
INS Mahe (P80) at sea.jpg|''Mahe ''(P80) at sea
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[INS Arnala (2022)|INS Arnala]]
*[[Future of the Indian Navy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Anti-submarine warfare]]

Adityapur Municipal Corporation

2026-04-29T04:10:43Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Adityapur, Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Adityapur Municipal Corporation
| native_name = आदित्यपुर नगर निगम
| native_name_lang = hi
| coa_pic = This is the logo of Adityapur Municipal Corporation.png
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Adityapur Municipal Corporation
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1963}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor (India) | Mayor]]
| leader1 = ''Sanjay Sardar''
| party1 = BJP
| election1 = 2026
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Ankur Singh
| party2 = JMM Congress RJD Suporter
| election2 = 2026
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India) | Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = Parul Singh
| party3 =
| election3 =
| seats = 35
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res = 300px
| meeting_place =
| last_election1 = 2026
| next_election1 = 2031
| motto =
| website = [https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Adityapur/ Official website]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Adityapur Municipal Corporation (AMC)''' is the urban local body responsible for the civic administration of the city of [[Adityapur]] in the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]] district of the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adityapur Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Adityapur/Adityapur.aspx |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230606185809/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Adityapur/Adityapur.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Development and Housing Department |url=http://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230411005150/http://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-date=2023-04-11 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-11 |title=Adityapur Municipal Corporation introduces penalties for open waste dumping to promote cleanliness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ranchi-test/adityapur-municipal-corporation-introduces-penalties-for-open-waste-dumping-to-promote-cleanliness/articleshow/123831858.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-27 |title=Adityapur Municipal Corporation approves projects worth Rs 44 crore |url=https://avenuemail.in/adityapur-municipal-corporation-approves-projects-worth-rs-44-crore/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref> It was established in 1963 as a municipal council and was upgraded to municipal corporation status in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Handlers/CreditRating.ashx?id=CR39-22052017050522PM.pdf |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20220804083038/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Handlers/CreditRating.ashx?id=CR39-22052017050522PM.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-04 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> The corporation governs an area of approximately 49 square kilometres and has 35 administrative wards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-23 |title=45% posts reserved for women in Adityapur, Seraikela municipal polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/45-posts-reserved-for-women-in-adityapur-seraikela-municipal-polls-101766501413132.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-08 |title=आदित्यपुर नगर निगम चुनाव में आरक्षण का फार्मूला तय, चुनाव आयोग की अधिसूचना का इंतजार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/adityapur/story-adityapur-municipal-corporation-elections-reservation-formula-finalized-201765140180330.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== History ==
Adityapur was established as a municipal council in 1963 to administer the developing urban area adjoining [[Jamshedpur]]. Over the years, the town expanded due to industrial and residential growth. In June 2015, the [[Government of Jharkhand]] upgraded the municipal council to a municipal corporation, expanding its administrative structure and jurisdiction. At present there are 35 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adityapur Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.adityapurmunicipal.com/about.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.adityapurmunicipal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-23 |title=45% posts reserved for women in Adityapur, Seraikela municipal polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/45-posts-reserved-for-women-in-adityapur-seraikela-municipal-polls-101766501413132.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Administrative setup==
The provision of Jharkhand Municipal Act 2011 defines the power of Adityapur Municipal Corporation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=9 Feb 2012 |title=Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5332/1/jharkhand_municipal_act_2011_%28english%29.pdf |access-date=21 Feb 2026 |website=India Code |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref> The corporation consists of 35 municipal wards, each represented by an elected councillor. The elected body is headed by a Mayor and a Deputy Mayor. In addition, the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government, oversees the administrative functions of the corporation.<ref name=":3">{{cite web
|title=Organizational Set Up & Functioning
|url=https://www.ranchimunicipal.com/Downloads/1752018141224169_DownloadFiles.pdf
|publisher=Ranchi Municipal Corporation
|format=PDF
|access-date=21 February 2026
}}</ref>

The administrative role of the Adityapur Municipal Corporation includes:

*Implementation of decisions taken by the elected council.

*Management of urban services and infrastructure within city limits.

*Supervising day to day municipal governance through officials and staff.

== Functions ==
Adityapur Municipal Corporation is created for the following functions: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Municipal Corporation - Functions, Roles, Members Qualification and Term |url=https://www.elections.in/government/municipal-corporation-in-india.html |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban Development & Housing Department |title=Functions |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Functions.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701110435/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Functions.aspx |archive-date=1 July 2022 |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-24 |title=Good municipal governance key to improve quality of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/good-municipal-governance-key-to-improve-quality-of-life/articleshow/57320746.cms |access-date=2025-10-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-31 |title=Adityapur signs fresh MoU for waste plant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/adityapur-signs-fresh-mou-for-waste-plant/articleshow/100636254.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Story |first=Jharkhand |date=2025-03-11 |title=Jharkhand News: Adityapur municipality slaps Rs 6.5 lakh fine on builder for lack of drainage |url=https://thejharkhandstory.co.in/jharkhand-news-adityapur-municipality-slaps-rs-6-5-lakh-fine-on-builder-for-lack-of-drainage/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Jharkhand Story |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-06 |title=Anti-encroachment drive in Adityapur, illegal shops demolished |url=https://avenuemail.in/anti-encroachment-drive-in-adityapur-illegal-shops-demolished/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-17 |title=Beautification and maintenance of parks by Adityapur Municipal Corporation |url=https://avenuemail.in/beautification-and-maintenance-of-parks-by-adityapur-municipal-corporation/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-30 |title=1.5L Adityapur locals face water crisis as groundwater table shrinks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/1-5l-adityapur-locals-face-water-crisis-as-groundwater-table-shrinks/articleshow/120773988.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-20 |title=50k Adityapur households await regular piped drinking water |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/50k-adityapur-households-await-regular-piped-drinking-water/articleshow/107837108.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-12-03 |title=AMC, Traffic police crack down on roadside encroachments in Adityapur |url=https://avenuemail.in/amc-traffic-police-crack-down-on-roadside-encroachments-in-adityapur/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

* Solid waste management.
* Street light management.
* Approval of construction of new building and regulation of land use.
* Issuance of birth and death certificate.
* Construction and maintenance of municipal roads, drains and public infrastructure.
* Slum Management & encroachment removal.
* Development & maintenance of burial grounds and crematoriums.
* Regulation of slaughter houses.
* Prevention of food adulteration.
* Preventive health care.
* Management of storm water and waste water drainage.

== Revenue ==
The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pay holding tax or face penal action: Adityapur municipal body to SMEs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/pay-holding-tax-or-face-penal-action-adityapur-municipal-body-to-smes/amp_articleshow/90160682.cms |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="me11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="me12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="me13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-07 |title=Adityapur Municipal body achieves revenue target in record time |url=https://avenuemail.in/adityapur-municipal-body-achieves-revenue-target-in-record-time/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Property tax
* Profession tax
* Entertainment tax
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax
* Advertisement tax

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===
Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation:
* Water usage charges
* Fees from Documentation services
* Rent received from municipal property
* Funds from municipal bonds

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Seraikela Kharsawan district| ]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]

Barnesh

2026-04-23T11:58:55Z

Cornelius R:

{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barnesh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Gram panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|30|24|N|88|47|28|E|region:IN_dim:5000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maynaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maynaguri]]
| website = https://jalpaigurizp.in/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barnesh''' (also spelled Barnes, Barnis or Barnish) is a village and a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri CD block]] in the [[Jalpaiguri Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Villages==
The gram panchayat consists of twelve villages, viz: Barnes, Dakshin Marichbari, Dakshin Putimari, Dakshin Sisuabari, Dakshin Ulladabri, Gopalganj, Sisuabari, [[Ulladabri]], Uttar Dangapara, Uttar Marichbari, Uttar Putimari and Uttar Sisuabari.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI|work= [[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL|url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf|access-date= 20 May 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gram Panchayat: Barnis|work=Localbodydata.com|url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-barnis-109824 |access-date= 20 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jalpaiguri District}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]

{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}

Geevarghese Yulios

2026-04-21T18:53:53Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|Indian Malankara Orthodox bishop}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Metropolitan
| name = Geevarghese Mar Yulios
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| title = Metropolitan of Kunnamkulam
| image =
| caption =
| church = [[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
| diocese = [[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II]]
| other_post =
* Ass - Metropolitan of Thiruvananthapuram Diocese
* President of [[National Council of Churches in India]]
* President of Orthodox Christian Youth Movement (OCYM)

| ordination = 14 March 1992 (Priest)
| ordained_by = [[Baselios Marthoma Paulose II|Paulose Mar Milithios]]
| consecration = 12 May 2010 (Metropolitan)
| consecrated_by = [[Baselios Marthoma Didymos I]]

| birth_name = Geevarghese P. Pavu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|5|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Kerala]], India
| parents = P. V. Pavu and K. V. Anna
| residence = Bishop’s House, Arthat, Kunnamkulam
| alma_mater =
* St. Aloysius College, Elthuruth
* Orthodox Theological Seminary, Kottayam
* Gurukul Lutheran Theological College
* University of Erlangen–Nuremberg ([[PhD]])
* [[University of Chicago]] (Post-doc)
| profession = Professor of Theology, Author
| signature =
}}
'''Geevarghese Yulios''' is the [[metropolitan bishop]] of [[Kunnamkulam Orthodox Diocese]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.G. Dr. Geevarghese Mar Yulios Metropolitan |url=https://mosc.in/holysynod/h-g-dr-geevarghese-mar-julius-metropolitan |website=mosc.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Geevarghese Mar Yulios {{!}} Malankara Orthodox TV |url=https://malankaraorthodox.tv/?cat=113}}</ref> He was born to P V Pavu and K V Anna on May 17, 1967. He is part of the Pulikkottil family from Kunnamkulam. He is the member of St Mathias South Cross Parish.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church bishops]]

Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar

2026-04-19T16:32:40Z

Cornelius R: put up some bio v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar
| image = Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|2|14}}
| birth_place = [[Amravati district]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Social worker
| known_for = Activism for orphaned and disabled children
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024) Honorary [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] from [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]] (2021)
}}
'''Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar''' (born 14 February 1942), also known as '''Shankar Baba Papalka''' is an Indian social worker from the [[Amravati district]] of Maharashtra, India, known for his work towards rehabilitation of disabled and orphaned children.<ref>{{Cite news |date=Jan 27, 2024 |title='I dedicate this award to Divyang children': Social worker Shankar Baba Papalka on being awarded Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/i-dedicate-this-award-to-divyang-children-social-worker-shankar-baba-papalka-on-being-awarded-padma-shri-101706308351304.html |access-date={{TODAY}} |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian honour of India, in 2024 in the field of social work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-25 |title=Padma Awards 2024: Full list of winners to be conferred with Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan and Padma Shri |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/padma-awards-2024-full-list-of-34-winners-to-be-conferred-with-one-of-the-highest-civilian-honors/articleshow/107153472.cms |access-date=2025-06-14 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="PadmaAwardsGov2">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar - Padma Awards |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202491.pdf |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=अनाथांचे बाबा झाले पद्मश्री; राष्ट्रपतींच्या हस्ते शंकरबाबांना पुरस्कार प्रदान |url=https://marathi.abhijeetbharat.com/Encyc/2024/5/10/shankar-baba-papalkar-honored-with-padma-shri-award-for-social-work.html |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=marathi.abhijeetbharat.com |language=mr}}</ref> Papalkar is a follower of [[Osho]] and attributes his motivation for humanitarian work to Osho's teachings.<ref name="OshoNews">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Shankar Baba dedicates his Padma Shri Award at the feet of Osho |url=https://www.oshonews.com/2024/06/22/shankar-baba-dedicates-his-padma-shri-award-at-the-feet-of-osho/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=Osho News}}</ref>

== Activism ==
Papalkar used to publish a Marathi magazine ‘Devkinandan Gopal’ from Mumbai in the early 70s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-06-04 |title=Shankar Baba Papalkar: Up for the 'Challenged' task |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/shankar-baba-papalkar-up-for-the-challenged-task/articleshow/64441278.cms |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 1990, he founded the Late Ambadaspant Vaidya Matimand Mukbadir Shishu Sanjivani Sanstha, an orphanage for disabled and orphaned children, on 25 acres of land in Wazzar, approximately 50 kilometers from the city of [[Amravati]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Report |first=Gulf News |date=2025-04-22 |title=From dustbin to officer's desk: Abandoned as blind infant, now officer in India's Nagpur collectorate |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/from-dustbin-to-officer-s-desk-abandoned-as-a-blind-infant-now-a-government-officer-at-nagpur-collectorate-1.500101852 |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=Gulf News |language=en}}</ref> The organization began by providing shelter to four disabled girls.<ref name="PadmaAwardsGov2" /> Over the years, the ashram has grown to care for numerous children with physical and mental disabilities. As of 2024, the ashram was home to 123 children (98 girls and 25 boys).<ref name=":0" />

Papalkar is known for providing the children in his care with a legal identity by giving them his own name. The [[Aadhaar]] cards of the children list their father's name as "Dr. Shankarbaba Pundlikrao Papalkar". He has also focused on their social integration by arranging marriages in the community. His work, which he has termed the "Vazzar Model," emphasizes self-help and mutual support among the children to foster a life of dignity.<ref name="PadmaAwardsGov2" />

Papalkar has also been a vocal advocate for a law concerning the rehabilitation of orphaned and mentally challenged individuals after they turn 18.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Saumya |date=2024-02-05 |title=Papalkar accepts Padma Shri with condition THE NEW INDIAN |url=https://www.newindian.in/papalkar-accepts-padma-shri-with-condition/ |access-date=2025-06-15 |website=THE NEW INDIAN |language=en}}</ref> He has also led environmental efforts at the ashram, planting around 15,000 trees on the land, which are cared for by the resident children.<ref name="PadmaAwardsGov2" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Papalkar was awarded [[Padma Shri]] in 2025 in recognition of his lifelong work. He also has an honorary [[Doctor of Letters|D.Litt.]] from the [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]] awarded in 2021.<ref name="TOI2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-05-28 |title=Amt varsity to confer DLitt on Shankar Baba Papalkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/amt-varsity-to-confer-dlitt-on-shankar-baba-papalkar/articleshow/83017856.cms |access-date=2025-06-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:People from Amravati district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

Khariar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:20Z

Cornelius R: made the stub w/ sources

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Khariar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khariar
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 72
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Nuapada district|Nuapada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kalahandi]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,53,164{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Khariar''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Nuapada district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=72|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318051156/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=72|url-status=usurped|archive-date=18 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Khariar (69) District: Nuapada|accessdate= 23 May 2019}}</ref>

This constituency includes [[Khariar]] NAC, Khariar block, Boden block and [[Sinapali Block]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp95.htm|title= 95 - Khariar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.89}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.52}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|34.42}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|37.07}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|54.18}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|61.08}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.41}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|49.05}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|25.78}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|40.04}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|55.68}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 14 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Khariar constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |accessdate=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archivedate=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Khariar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=https://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/khariar.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 20 August 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khariar Assembly Election Results 2024: Khariar Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/khariar-constituency-result-18072 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=खरियार इलेक्शन रिजल्ट 2019 {{!}} विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम, ओडिशा |url=https://www.newstrend.news/244185/khariar-assembly-result-2019-election/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.newstrend.news |language=en-US}}</ref>
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Duryodhan Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" />
|[[Hitesh Kumar Bagartti]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Duryodhan Majhi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anupa Singh Deo]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Kapil Narayan Tiwari]]
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Anupa Singh Deo]]
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1971 -1973 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Anupa Singh Deo]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13 May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Hitesh Kumar Bagartti]] by a margin of 9,618 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khariar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]|votes=93,246|percentage=46.89|change={{increase}}13.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Hitesh Kumar Bagartti]]|votes=83,628|percentage=42.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamal Chandra Tandi|votes=13,330|percentage=6.7|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2436|percentage=1.22|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,618|percentage=4.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,98,876|percentage=78.56|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Lambodar Nial by a margin of 2,857 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin | title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khariar<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Khariar Election result' 2019 |url=https://www.newstrend.news/244185/khariar-assembly-result-2019-election/ |website=newstrend.news |publisher=Newstrend |accessdate=11 March 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]
|votes = 59,308
|percentage = 33.52
|change = {{increase}}3.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Lambodar Nial
|votes = 56,451
|percentage = 31.90
|change = {{increase}}3.39
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ritarani Bagartti
|votes = 52,245
|percentage = 29.53
|change = {{decrease}}4.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,360
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,857
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,76,935
|percentage = 74.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bhartiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate [[Duryodhan Majhi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]] by a margin of 7,126 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=20 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Election box begin |

|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khariar<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Khariar|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1872.htm?ac=72|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=20 August 2014|archive-date=21 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821220718/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1872.htm?ac=72|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Khariar (72)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=72|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821024431/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=72|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 August 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=20 August 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Duryodhan Majhi]]
|votes = 57,533
|percentage = 34.42
|change = {{decrease}}2.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Adhiraj Mohan Panigrahi]]
|votes = 50,407
|percentage = 30.15
|change = {{increase}}9.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Lambodar Nial
|votes = 47,655
|percentage = 28.51
|change = {{decrease}}0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,198
|percentage = 1.31
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,126
|percentage = 4.26
|change = {{down}}3.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,170
|percentage = 76.8
|change = {{up}}9.49
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,17,682
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Hitesh Kumar Bagartti]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Duryodhan Majhi by a margin of 11,366 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=11366 |accessdate=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Khariar<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Hitesh Kumar Bagartti]]
|votes = 53,238
|percentage = 37.07
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Duryodhan Majhi]]|votes=41,872|percentage=29.15|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Baishampayan Meher|votes=29,080|percentage=20.25|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,366|percentage=7.91 {{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,709|percentage=67.31|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nuapada district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.29|82.76|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Nuapada district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]

Jayadev Jena

2026-04-10T01:07:00Z

Cornelius R: made first data w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian politician from Odisha}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jayadev Jena
| office = President [[Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 13 May 2014
| term_end = 15 December 2014
| predecessor = [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| successor = [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
| term_start1 = 26 June 2004
| term_end1 = 28 January 2009
| predecessor1 = [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]]
| successor1 = [[Kamakhya Prasad Singh Deo]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term2 = 2004 – 2009
| predecessor2 = Mayadhar Jena
| successor2 = [[Bhagirathi Sethy]]
| constituency2 = [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]
| term3 = 1995 – 2000
| predecessor3 = Dasarathi Jena
| successor3 = Mayadhar Jena
| constituency3 = [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]
| term4 = 1980 – 1990
| predecessor4 = Makara Sethi
| successor4 = Dasarathi Jena
| constituency4 = [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1951|03|10}}
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation =
| alma_mater =
| image =
}}
'''Jayadev Jena''' (born 10 March 1951) is an Indian politician from [[Odisha]] and a former member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur]] constituency. He is a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha 2024|url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php%3Fcandidate_id%3D519}}</ref><ref name="c158">{{cite web | title=Member Profile - Shri Jayadev Jena
| url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=148 | access-date=23 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayadev Jena new OPCC chief|website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jayadev-jena-new-opcc-chief/articleshow/20039872}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jayadev Jena Congress candidate |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/odisha/jayadev-jena-s18aed2008a022e2024c003/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jena, Jayadev}}
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1980–1985]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

Ramjas College

2026-04-08T16:58:41Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|Constituent college of University of Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{coord|28|41|8.6640|N|77|12|22.9788|E|type:education|display=title}}
{{promo|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Ramjas College, University of Delhi
| image = Ramjas building.jpg
| caption = Ramjas in 2022
| motto = "Knowledge Has No Comparison"
| established = {{start date and age|1917}}
| type = Degree College
| academic_affiliation = Delhi University
| founder = Aditya Rai
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ramjas.du.ac.in/in_detail.php?cid=2&id=83|title=ramjas.du.ac.in}}</ref>
| principal = Ajay Kumar Arora<ref>{{cite web|title=Principal's Desk|url=http://ramjas.du.ac.in/faculty_in_detail.php?cid=13&id=85|website=ramjas.du.ac.in|access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref>
| location =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[University of Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|ramjas.du.ac.in}}
| city = Delhi
| mapframe-zoom = 16
}}
'''Ramjas College''' is one of the oldest constituent colleges of the [[University of Delhi]], located in its North Campus in [[Delhi, India]]. It was founded by the educationist and philanthropist Rai Kedar Nath with the aim of providing affordable higher education.<ref>{{cite news |title=How a retired judge founded Ramjas College to carry father's legacy forward |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/how-a-retired-judge-founded-ramjas-college-to-carry-fathers-legacy-forward-8441101/ |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Ramjas is one of three founding colleges of the University of Delhi, alongside [[Hindu College, University of Delhi|Hindu College]] and [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Academics - Delhi University |url=https://www.du.ac.in/index.php?page=academics-2#:~:text=The%20University%20had%20a%20modest,Science)%20and%20about%20750%20students. |website=University of Delhi}}</ref> According to its website, Nath, the college's founder, also played a significant role in the naming of Delhi University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/college/web/index.php?r=ramjas-alumni|title=ramjas.du.ac.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Founded on 17 January 1917 by the educationist and philanthropist, Rai Kedar Nath, the college was named in memory of his father, Lala Ramjas.<ref name=a>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050518/asp/careergraph/story_4747403.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050721090142/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050518/asp/careergraph/story_4747403.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2005|title=Telegraph India}}</ref> In its initial days, the college was solely run by the Ramjas Foundation, an educational society that presently runs 16 schools and other educational institutions across Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ramjasfoundation.com/about.htm |website=Ramjas Foundation |title=Ramjas Foundation, Delhi [Education Schools/Colleges, Adventure Activities, Day Boarding Schools] }}</ref> Ramjas was upgraded to the degree level under the aegis of University of Delhi when the latter was founded in 1922. Nevertheless, Ramjas Foundation continued to oversee its administration.<ref name="b">{{cite web|url=http://www.universityexpress.co.in/delhiuniversity/ramjas-college/|title=University Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.du.ac.in/du/index.php?page=about-du-2|title=du.ac.in}}</ref> In 1924, its other branch named Ramjas Intermediate College was opened at Daryaganj and the old college was moved to a new campus at Anand Parbat (then Kala Pahad) near the Serai Rohilla Station about two miles from heart of city. This campus was inaugurated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], a good friend of Rai Kedar Nath.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} However, the college had to cede its campus at Anand Parbat to the British [[Wireless Experimental Centre]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="bb">{{cite web|url=http://thecampusconnect.com/7-interesting-historical-facts-about-ramjas-college-university-of-delhi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530184924/http://thecampusconnect.com/7-interesting-historical-facts-about-ramjas-college-university-of-delhi/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 May 2015|title=thecampusconnect.com}}</ref> During the [[Second World War]] a group of Ramjas students became active in the [[Quit India Movement]] resulting in them being arrested and jailed. Their names are inscribed on a memorial plaque near the college auditorium's entrance.<ref name="b" /> Now almost equal in number, there were only two females out of 161 students in 1942–43 session.
[[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee released the centenary postage stamp at the centenary celebrations of Ramjas College, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on February 13, 2017.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee released the centenary postage stamp at the centenary celebrations of Ramjas College, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 13 February 2017]]
The college relocated to its current location in 1950. [[Dr Rajendra Prasad]], the first [[President of India]] inaugurated the present building on 17 January 1951. He even sent his daughters to study here. After the death of Rai Kedarnath, [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]], the architect of [[Constitution of India]] and first [[Minister of Law and Justice (India)|Minister of Law and Justice of India]], acted as the Chairman of Governing Body of Ramjas College. Ramjas had the distinct privilege as the only College in Delhi of having him in its Governing Body.<ref name=bb/> On 12 February 1959, The famous African-American civil rights leader [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] visited the college and made a memorable speech to the students.

In January 2004, the College organised the first-ever Conference of Graduate Students of Economics from the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eduage.org/ramjas_aboutus.htm|title=eduage}}</ref>

Ramjas celebrated its centennial legacy throughout 2016 and completed a 100 years in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heyevent.com/venue/s7yqnytedbsz2a|title=heyevent.com}}</ref> In 2017, India Post issued a postage stamp to commemorate the centenary year of Ramjas college Delhi.<ref name="philaindia">{{cite web|url=https://philaindia.info/postage-stamp-on-ramjas-college/|website=philaindia.info|title=Postage Stamp On Ramjas College|date=14 February 2017 |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>

Ramjas College hosts the Ramjas Political Review, which is the ISSN-recognised biannual, peer-reviewed academic research journal run by the undergraduate students of the Department of Political Science.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.ramjaspoliticalreview.com/about-us |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=RPR |language=en}}</ref> The first issue was released in 2023 as Volume 1(1) with Prathit Singh as the Editor-in-Chief. Further issues, Vol 1(2), 2(1), 2(2), 3(1), have been led by Prem Ansh Sinha as the Editor-in-Chief.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Masthead |url=https://www.ramjaspoliticalreview.com/masthead |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=RPR |language=en}}</ref> Ramjas Political Review has also hosted several renowned academics like Professor Quentin Skinner, Professor Madhavan Palat, Professor SD Muni, Professor Amitabh Mattoo, and authors like Sanjeev Sanyal, Swapan Dasgupta, various politicians, and former foreign secretaries, Amb Maharajakrishna Rasgotra, Amb Shivshankar Menon, and Amb Shyam Saran, where they have been interviewed by the Editor-in-Chief.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Village |url=https://www.ramjaspoliticalreview.com/global-village |access-date=2025-12-31 |website=RPR |language=en}}</ref> In such a short span of time, Ramjas Political Review has emerged as a paragon of excellence in the academic circles in the University of Delhi.

Ramjas College hosted the first edition of the Delhi University Literature Festival, officiated by the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] in its centenary year. Scheduled 17–19 March 2023, the exercise was led by [[Swapan Dasgupta]] as the festival director and [[Sanjeev Sanyal]] as the festival Patron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2023 |title=It's raining lit fests at Delhi University |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/its-raining-lit-fests-at-delhi-university/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Several renowned figures such as [[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore|Rajyavardhan Rathore]], Gen. [[Manoj Mukund Naravane|Manoj Naravane]], [[Bibek Debroy]], and others participated in this literary exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DU LitFest 2023 |url=https://dulitfest.org/ |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=dulitfest.org}}</ref>

==Academics==
=== Academic programmes ===
The college offers 8 [[Bachelor of Arts]] courses, 8 [[Bachelor of Science]] courses, and 2 [[Bachelor of Commerce]] courses at the undergraduate level. The primary medium of instruction of courses is English. Further, it offers 18 postgraduate courses in [[sciences]], [[humanities]] and [[commerce]] streams. Additionally, there are 26 add-on courses and 6 foreign language courses on offer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minglebox.com/college/ramjas-college-new-delhi1/courses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905055234/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Ramjas-College-New-Delhi1/courses|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 September 2010|title=minglebox.com}}</ref>

Admissions for the college are now done through the CUET. The CUET cut-offs for the arts and commerce courses are exceptionally high. Even before CUET, the cut-offs were among the highest in the country, with the BA (Hons) Political Science cut-off reaching 100 percent in the final year of admissions based on board exam marks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/adminramjas/web/notices/lt8r2ze7y14phh8q44jz6c19xhk05vfypzhz2oq9mqqhgt4nsu.pdf |website=Ramjas College Cut-Offs}}</ref>

===Rankings===
The college was ranked 28th by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] in its 2025 college rankings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/CollegeRanking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615135738/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/CollegeRanking.html |archive-date=15 June 2025 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.nirfindia.org |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, [[India Today]] ranked Ramjas College 9th among commerce colleges,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best COMMERCE Colleges 2025: List of Top COMMERCE Colleges 2025 in India - Page7|url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/bachelor-of-commerce-bcom|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref> 10th among arts colleges<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best ARTS Colleges 2025: List of Top ARTS Colleges 2025 in India - Page9|url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/bachelor-of-arts-ba|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref> and 15th among science colleges in India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best SCIENCE Colleges 2025: List of Top SCIENCE Colleges 2025 in India - Page16|url=https://bestcolleges.indiatoday.in/rankings/bachelor-of-science-bsc|access-date=16 March 2021|website=www.indiatoday.in}}</ref>

== Campus ==

The college's red coloured building is surrounded by over 76 species of trees and foliage which has earned it the title 'Rainforest'.<ref name=a/>
=== Infrastructure ===
Ramjas' fully air-conditioned auditorium (450 capacity), a Conference Hall (200 capacity), and a Seminar Room form the nucleus of all the academic conferences, events and proceedings of the college. It has facilities for volleyball, basketball, football and table tennis, etc. It also has its own shooting range and an archery range within the campus. The college has 96 classrooms across two buildings which are mostly equipped with state of the art projectors. The college also boasts of 27 departmental libraries indicative of a strong research environment. The Dr Harsh Malhotra Research Lab, and Gaudhan Research Lab (sponsored by Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Dairy) are few of the highlights.<ref>{{cite web |title=NAAC Report |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/naac/web/criteria/Criteria_3_Research_Innovations_and_Extension/3.2_Innovation_Ecosystem/3.2.1_a_Ecosystem.pdf |website=Ramjas College}}</ref> Its New Academic Block, which is one of the tallest in the University of Delhi, was inaugurated in 2017 with its centennial celebrations. It is equipped with lifts for easy access. The college also has a dedicated ECA (extra-curricular activity) Room. A fully air-conditioned gym is also present for all students to use. Other infrastructural elements include a physiotherapy room, a girls' common room, medical room, photocopy shop and a staff room.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramjas College 2024-25 Prospectus |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/adminramjas/web/download/Ramjas_College_Prospectus_2024-25.pdf |website=Ramjas College}}</ref>

=== Hostel ===
The college also provides on campus hostel facilities with 80 seats for girls and 120 seats for boys.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/DEL-ramjas-college-from-hostel-to-hangout-zones-know-your-delhi-university-campus-4294290-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310191712/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/DEL-ramjas-college-from-hostel-to-hangout-zones-know-your-delhi-university-campus-4294290-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 March 2016|title=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dukhabar.com/list-of-delhi-university-hostels/|title=dukhabar |work=DU Khabar - Delhi University Khabar |date=17 June 2015 }}</ref>

== Student societies ==
The college is also known for its students' involvement in student politics. The DUSU (Delhi University Students' Union) has been known to have major contributions from Ramjas College, the most important being the victory of alumnus Akshit Dahiya as the DUSU President (2019–20) with a margin of 19,069 votes and him also being the youngest DUSU President in a very long time, aged 20 when elected. In the recent election,Tushar Sankhla become the President of Ramjas College

The Woman Development Cell, and the Gender Sensitization Committee foster an equitable environment.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/adminramjas/web/download/Ramjas_College_Prospectus_2024-25.pdf}}</ref>

1. '''The Ramjas Debating Society''' is one of the best-debating societies in India, having made some major contributions to the Indian Debating Circuit. It has separate wings for Hindi and English. Its flagship AP-Debate Tournament 'Polemic' has been hosted for over two decades. Members of the society have qualified at multiple international tournaments such as Oxford, Harvard, LSE and WUDC.<ref>{{cite web |title=Societies |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/college/web/index.php?r=students-zone/societies |website=Ramjas College}}</ref>

2. '''The Ramjas Fine Arts Society, 'Mélange'''' is one of the oldest art societies in the University of Delhi. With its active social media presence and yearly newsletters, it strives to create an artistically and socially open space for students to express themselves freely through the expression of art.

3. '''The Ramjas Dramatics Society, 'Shunya'''' is a reputed society in the Delhi circuit. It encourages free expression of emotions through acting, and production.

4. '''Enactus, Ramjas''' was established in 2011, the team of more than 50 dedicated students have been helping underprivileged communities and individuals to earn a living through developing entrepreneurial opportunities for the same in the country.

5. '''The Ramjas Literary Society, 'Wordcraft'''' was founded in 1987. Ever since its inception, Wordcraft has been at the heart of expression through creative writing for the students of Ramjas College.

6. '''The Philosophy Society of Ramjas, 'Darshan'''' has quickly grown to become one of the most famous and exclusive societies in the college through its frequent hosting of meaningful and thought-provoking discussions and seminars.

7. '''NSS, Ramjas''' provides hands-on experience to young students in delivering community service.

9. '''Illuminer Counsel (Ramjas chapter)'''

10. '''The Ramjas Placements Society, 'Pinnacle''''

11. '''The Ramjas MUN Society, 'TRMUN''''

12. '''The Ramjas Dancing Society'''

13. ''''The Ramjas Music Society, 'Backbeat'''', was founded in 1996, providing a forum not only for musical enhancement but for the intellectual, creative and cultural development of students.

14. '''The Ramjas Film and Photography Society Ramjas, 'Focus'''' was founded in the year 2000, and aims at providing a platform for amateurs to nurture their passion for photography besides offering a platform to facilitate the digitalisation of creativity.

15.'''Lakshay: The Civil Services Society'''

Established in 2024, Lakshay is the Civil Services Society of Ramjas College. It provides a platform for UPSC aspirants to engage in discussions, mock tests, and events like seminars and talks with civil servants.
=== Academic journals and magazines ===

Ramjas also encourages academic writing and research.

Ramjas Political Review is the biannual peer-reviewed academic research journal run by the undergraduate students of the Department of Political Science, Ramjas College, University of Delhi. It is the only political science journal in the University of Delhi with an International Standard Serial Number, which is ISSN (O): 3048-5886. It has engaged with former foreign secretaries and renowned scholars across the globe.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ramjaspoliticalreview.com |website=Ramjas Political Review}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
*[[Kuladhar Saikia]], Author, retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer and former [[Director General of Police|DGP]] of Assam<ref>{{Cite web |date= 26 April 2018|title= Saikia to be new DGP|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/saikia-to-be-new-dgp/cid/1447353|access-date= 2 January 2026|website= Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sumit Antil]], Gold medalist, javelin throw, [[Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games]], [[Paris 2024 Paralympic Games]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-30 |title=Sumit Antil: Ramjas College taught me to dream big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/paralympian-sumit-antil-breaks-own-world-record-in-javelin-throw-at-world-para-athletics-championships-in-paris-101690668903545.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Angaraag Mahanta]] (Papon), composer and singer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-11-04 |title=Papon: I have experienced racial discrimination in Delhi, but I would just laugh at it |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/papon-i-have-experienced-racial-discrimination-in-delhi-but-i-would-just-laugh-at-it/articleshow/45022681.cms |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Vivekanand Sinha]], IPS and [[Inspector General of Police]] of Bastar<ref>{{Cite web |title=About-Us |url=https://ramjas.du.ac.in/college/web/index.php?r=about/hall-of-fame |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250811015300/https://ramjas.du.ac.in/college/web/index.php?r=about/hall-of-fame |archive-date=2025-08-11 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=ramjas.du.ac.in |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Ch. Sarup Singh]], former minister of Excise and Taxation, Development and Cooperation, Haryana; and a former Speaker of Haryana<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sunday Tribune - Books |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070429/spectrum/book5.htm |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]], 1st [[Chief Minister of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=D. U. |date=2024-01-24 |title=10 Famous Ramjas Alumni from Delhi University |url=https://www.dutimes.com/10-famous-ramjas-alumni/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=DU Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Kahlil Joseph]], American actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=KAHLIL JOSEPH |url=https://www.kahliljoseph.com/biography |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.kahliljoseph.com}}</ref>
* [[Manish Jha (director)|Manish Jha]], [[film director]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=DU at 100: Ramjas College took a university from the middle-class to the masses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/du-at-100-ramjas-college-took-a-university-from-the-middle-class-to-the-masses-101651494507204.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Manoj Bajpai]], actor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/actor/manoj-bajpai/|title=koimoi.com}}</ref>
* [[Nivedita Tiwari]], TV actress<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-30 |title=Nivedita Tiwari : Biography, wiki, age, height, boyfriend, wallpapers, info |url=https://www.cinetalkers.com/nivedita-tiwari/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Pathik Vats]], dialogue writer & lyricist<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEDxVersovaSalon {{!}} TED |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/38567 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.ted.com}}</ref>
*[[Prakash Jha]], [[Film Director|film director]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kirpal |first=Neha |date=2022-09-22 |title=Prakash Jha: 'Becoming Mattoo was a wonderful exercise' |url=https://thepatriot.in/reports/prakash-jha-becoming-mattoo-was-a-wonderful-exercise-30204 |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Pratap Keshari Deb]], member of [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>{{cite web|title=MP Track - Rajya Sabha|url=http://www.prsindia.org/mptrack/pratapkesharideb|website=www.prsindia.org|access-date=8 February 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]], Indian cricketer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=DU at 100: Ramjas College took a university from the middle-class to the masses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/du-at-100-ramjas-college-took-a-university-from-the-middle-class-to-the-masses-101651494507204.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Pravesh Rana]], [[Bigg Boss]] finalist and [[Model (person)|Model]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-06/tv/28124739_1_dusu-president-lsr-ramjas-college|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-06/tv/28124739_1_dusu-president-lsr-ramjas-college|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=The Times of India}}</ref>
* [[Rahul Roy]], actor & [[Documentary |documentary filmmaker]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=DU at 100: Ramjas College took a university from the middle-class to the masses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/du-at-100-ramjas-college-took-a-university-from-the-middle-class-to-the-masses-101651494507204.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Raj Kumar Gupta]], [[film director]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-29 |title=It's important to be stubborn in the film industry: Raj Kumar Gupta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/its-important-to-be-stubborn-in-the-film-industry-raj-kumar-gupta/articleshow/20814711.cms |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Sanjay Kumar (professor)|Sanjay Kumar]], director [[CSDS]]<ref name="csds">{{cite web|url=https://www.csds.in/director|website=csds.in|title=CSDS|access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ranbir Singh Hooda]], activist<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Aastha |date=2019-02-01 |title=Chaudhary Ranbir Singh Hooda, who was minister in Punjab & Haryana and went to jail 5 times |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/chaudhary-ranbir-singh-hooda-who-was-minister-in-punjab-haryana-and-went-to-jail-5-times/185933/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Sarup Singh|Swarup Singh]], [[List of Governors of Gujarat|Governor of Gujarat]] and [[List of Governors of Kerala|Governor of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070429/spectrum/book5.htm|title=Tribune India}}</ref>
* [[Shekhar Suman]], actor & [[Television presenter|presenter]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letsintern.com/blog/top-colleges-in-the-university-of-delhi/|title=letsintern|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224110242/http://www.letsintern.com/blog/top-colleges-in-the-university-of-delhi/|archive-date=24 December 2015}}</ref>
*[[Rishab Prasanna]], flute player
*[[Somnath Bharti]], former Minister of Law and Justice of [[Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-01-24 |title=Somnath Bharti: Ambitious, combative and prone to cross lines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/somnath-bharti-ambitious-combative-and-prone-to-cross-lines/articleshow/29274794.cms |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Vikas Bahl]], film director & producer<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-02 |title=DU at 100: Ramjas College took a university from the middle-class to the masses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/du-at-100-ramjas-college-took-a-university-from-the-middle-class-to-the-masses-101651494507204.html |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Vijender Gupta|Vijender Gupta, Leader of Opposition, Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-20 |title=Vijender Gupta - VotersList.in |url=https://voterslist.in/politician/vijender-gupta/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]], 36th [[Chief Justice of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramjas Foundation, Delhi [Education Schools/Colleges, Adventure Activities, Day Boarding Schools] |url=https://www.ramjasfoundation.com/alumni.htm |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.ramjasfoundation.com}}</ref>
*[[Vipin Patwa]], music composer & singer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-01 |title=Music composer and singer Vipin Patwa performs at Mansarowar Hostel, DU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/music-composer-and-singer-vipin-patwa-performs-at-mansarowar-hostel-du/articleshow/68668024.cms |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
*[[Bhaskar Jyoti Mahanta]], IPS Officer, [[Director general of police|DGP]] of [[Assam]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2016-02-07 |title=Sivasagar rejoices with IPS BJ Mahanta's achievement |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/news/sivasagar-rejoices-with-ips-bj-mahantas-achievement |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Shivam Pradhan]], actor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi Supporting Actor Shivam Pradhan Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/supporting-actor/shivam-pradhan |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=nettv4u |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}

{{University of Delhi}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Delhi University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1917]]
[[Category:Commerce colleges in India]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]

The Awakener (film)

2026-04-05T06:31:09Z

Cornelius R: put up first stub more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Awakener
| director =D. B. Rana
| image = Meher Baba 1941 2.jpg
| producer =[[Jagat Murari]]
| narrator = [[Roshan Taneja]]
| editing = D. B. Rana
| music = Chandavarkar Rajinder Gandhi
| starring =[[Meher Baba]] Eruch Jessawala [[Louis van Gasteren]]
| cinematography =
| released = {{Film date|1969}}
| runtime =118 min
| country = India
| language =
| distributor = [[Films Division of India]]
| budget =
}}
'''''The Awakener''''' is a 1969 Indian anthropological [[Ethnography|ethnographic film]] on [[Meher Baba]], produced by [[Jagat Murari]], Mushir Ahmad and distributed by [[Films Division of India]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=0wY6AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Murari,+Jagat%22 ''1952 Asian Film Directory and Who's who''], p. 372</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=eoNmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Murari,+Jagat%22 ''Who's who in India 1986''], Guide Publications., p. 289</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=BIJmAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Murari,+Jagat%22 ''India Who's who''], INFA Publications, 2003, p. 387</ref> The [[stock footage]] starring Meher Baba, and Eruch Jessawala is directed, compiled, and edited by D. B. Rana with narration by [[Roshan Taneja]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://avatarmeherbabatrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/700814.pdf|title=The Awakener – Meher Baba, Jagat Murari productions |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-18-ca-436-story.html|title=MOVIE REVIEW : 'Meher Baba's' Makers Use Slo-Mo Religiously|first=Chris|last=Willman|date=18 August 1989|website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

==Background==
The film footage was taken by Lud Dimpfl, Aneece Hassen, Jehangir Sukhadwala, and Mani Irani.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/674313|title=Meher Baba’s Silent Semiotic Output|first=José|last=Sanjinés|date=24 January 2014|journal=Signs and Society|volume=2|issue=S1|pages=S121–S159|via=CrossRef|doi=10.1086/674313|url-access=subscription}}</ref> It was featured at the [[4th International Film Festival of India|4th IFFI]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoZVwsvQAec|title=The Awakener: a 1969 Baba Movie|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="cfs">{{cite web | url=http://cfsindia.org/tag/jagat-murari/ | title=Zoo Manners | publisher=CFS India | date=23 November 2011 | accessdate=11 June 2012 | archive-date=18 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818194351/http://cfsindia.org/tag/jagat-murari/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> The film also features the footage of Dutch film maker [[Louis van Gasteren]] interviewing Meher Baba.<ref name="auto"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt31241837}}
*{{YouTube|id=WoZVwsvQAec|title=''The Awakener, 1969''}}

{{Meher Baba}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Awakener (film), The}}
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Meher Baba]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of religious leaders]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:Found footage films]]
[[Category:Stock footage]]
[[Category:Films shot from the first-person perspective]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]

Acharya Pratishtha

2026-04-01T03:06:39Z

Cornelius R: Creating Basic Entry And Citations

{{Short description| Author, Indian diplomat, Yoga Guru, Kathak Exponent }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:Acharya_pratishtha.jpg|Acharya Pratishtha]]
| caption = Acharya Pratishtha teaching yoga
| office3 = Kathak/YogaTeacher[[List of diplomatic missions of India|Embassy of India to Indonesia]]
| term_start3 = 24 December 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iccr.nic.in/sites/default/files/newsletter_pdfs/News%20Letter%20Bilingual%20January%20-%20February%20issue%2022%20June%202015.pdf|title=Festival of India in Indonesia by ICCR|work=iccr.nic.in |date=February 2015 }}</ref>
| term_end3 = 08 April 2015
| office2 = Director IGCIC, HCI [[Mauritius]] [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 10 November 2017<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iccr.nic.in/sites/default/files/tender_pdfs/tender%20for%20transpoart%2025-10-17.pdf|title= Notice of Tender for Pratishtha Saraswat for transport of luggage to Port Louis|work=iccr.nic.in|date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 27 November 2020
| predecessor = Sanjay Sharma
| successor = [[Balwant Thakur]]
| office = Director, Mokshayatan Yog Sansthan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bbpsgr.balbharati.org/yoga-sankalp/|title=Yog Sankalp|work=bbpsgr.balbharati.org |date=May 2022 }}</ref>
| term_start = 01 December 2020
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|12|01|df=y}}<ref name="acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance"/>
| occupation = {{plainlist|
* Yoga guru
* Author
* Kathak exponent
* Director of Mokshayatan Yog Sansthan
}}
| children = 1
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]]
| birth_name = Pratishtha Sharma
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] [[Master of Arts|MA]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]] [[National Institute of Kathak Dance]] [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]
| spouse = Dheeraj Saraswat
| website = www.acharyapratishtha.in
| known_for = [[Yoga]] [[Kathak]] [[Diplomat]]
| module = {{infobox youtuber
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = bharatyoga
| youtube_display_name = Bharat Yoga
| youtube_years_active = 2008–present
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Health]][[Yoga]][[Culture]]
}}
| youtube_subscribers = 1.74 million
| youtube_views = 195.86 million

| stats_update = 11 Dec 2025
}}
}}

'''Acharya Pratishtha''' (born '''Pratishtha Sharma''') is an Indian [[yoga]] guru, ''[[Kathak]]'' performer, author and former diplomat<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lexpress.mu/article/351238/acharya-pratishtha-linde-agit-en-envoyant-celebrites-dans-centres-culturels-travers|title= Acharya Pratishtha: "l'Inde agit en envoyant des célébrités dans les centres culturels à travers le monde" |work=lexpress.mu |date=16 April 2019 }}</ref> who is the director of Mokshayatan Yog Sansthan.<ref name="acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance"/><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://theprint.in/india/yoga-invaluable-gift-of-india-to-world-mauritius-president/998359/|title=Yoga Invaluable gift of India to the world: Mauritius President |work=The Print |date= June 2021 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Pratishtha was born in [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Swami [[Bharat Bhushan (yogi)|Bharat Bhushan]]. She graduated from [[Delhi University]] and [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]].

==Career==
Acharya Pratishtha is a yoga<ref name="Defi media">{{cite web|url=https://defimedia.info/practicing-yoga-helps-towards-maintaining-good-health |title=Practicing Yoga helps towards Maintaining good health|work=Defi media |date=5 July 2019 }}</ref> and ''Kathak'' instructor.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1281132031.html |title=Kathak Dancer enthralls audience |journal=Hindustan Times |date=1 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924202759/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1281132031.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> She is an expert of Indian culture and soft diplomacy<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/episode/diplomatic-dispatch-cultural-diplomacy-episode-08|title=Diplomatic Dispatch |work=[[Sansad TV]] |date= Nov 2021 }}</ref> and has worked as the director of the world's largest Indian culture center situated in [[Mauritius]] under the [[High Commission]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hcimauritius.gov.in/pdf/menu/Admission_notification_for_courses.pdf |title=Admission notification for performing arts courses, High Commission of India, mauritius|work=hcimauritius.gov.in |date=11 July 2019 }}</ref> She was also posted at the Indian Culture Center at the Indian embassy in [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iccr.nic.in/sites/default/files/newsletter_pdfs/News%20Letter%20Bilingual%20January%20-%20February%20issue%2022%20June%202015.pdf|title=Festival of India in Indonesia by ICCR|work=iccr.nic.in |date=February 2015 }}</ref> She has appeared on television shows and has written books on her subject. She is the member of several Indian Government committees of yoga and culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/181534791562-saharanpur-news |title=Pratishtha will participate in World Hindi Conference|work=Amar Ujala News Paper |date=21 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemauricien.com/featured/semaine-indienne-spectacles-populaires-en-vue/197199/|title= Semaine Indienne : spectacles populaires en vue|work=Lemauricien |date=14 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/culture-is-incomplete-without-knowing-mother-tongue-saharanpur-news-mrt5547971193 |title=We are Indians, Knowing Mother language is important for culture|work=Amar Ujala News Paper |date=4 September 2021}}</ref>

Acharya Pratishtha has written 5 books on ''Kathak'' and yoga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://virtuouspublications.com/Authors.aspx |title=Author Acharya Pratishtha |work=Virtous Publication |date=July 2016 |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202083924/http://virtuouspublications.com/Authors.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her first book, ''DIABETES, Why Die-a-bit-ease?'', was published when she was 25 years of age. She wrote her first bilingual book in [[Bahasa Indonesia]] and English, ''Essential elements of kathak,'' which was published by the Indian embassy in Indonesia and the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]].

Pratishtha promotes and propagates yoga internationally and is regularly involved in the Indian government's yoga-related projects.<ref name="Defi media"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/yoga-programmes-organised-at-75-heritage-locations-across-india-11624284067319.html |title= Yoga Programmes organised at 75 Heritage locations across India|work=Live Mint |date=21 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/international-yoga-day-2021-live-updates-pm-narendra-modi-speech-surya-namaskar-yoga-poses-ramdev-coronavirus-covid19-3871385.html |title= International Day of Yoga 2021: Celebration organised at 75 Heritage locations across India|work=News18.com |date=21 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.religionworld.in/bharat-yoga-session-with-acharya-pratishtha-ji/ |title=Bharat Yog session before International Yoga Day |work= Religion world |date=25 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-16180372.html |title=Acharya Pratishtha will teach yoga to police officers |work= Danik Jagran |date=10 June 2017}}</ref> She has spoken on several topics about the benefits of yoga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/international-yoga-day-2021-shad-mukhi-mudra-keeps-skin-glowing-6906961/ |title= International Yoga Day 2021|work=patrika.com |date=21 June 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/saharanpur-news/international-yoga-day-2021-increase-immunity-power-and-oxygen-level-6907106/ |title= International Yoga Day 2021Yofa for Immunity|work=patrika.com |date=21 June 2021 }}</ref> She is the member of the Committee for Yoga Protocol on Diabetes formed by the Minister of Ayush.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://antidiabetesayush.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/yoga-based-life-style-module-for-diabetic.pdf |title=Yoga based Lifestyle Module for Diabetes |work= Ministry of Ayush |date= October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-12699144.html |title=Yoga is gaining popularity around the world |work= Danik Jagran News paper |date= October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://defisante.defimedia.info/actu-sante/why-yoga-when-yoga-avec-acharya-pratishtha-saraswat/ |title=Why Yoga when Yoga avec Acharya Pratishtha Saraswat |work= Defimedia Mauritius |date= November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibc24.in/youth-corner/i-am-the-one-online-program-started-to-improve-the-talent-of-school-children-prepared-with-the-help-of-famous-artists-and-players-77825-134955.html |title=I am the one online program started for school kids |work= ibc24.in |date=27 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad-city-16190995.html |title=Accept yog as life style: Pratishtha Sharma|work= Danik Jagran |date=13 July 2017}}</ref> An acknowledged [[Kathak]] dancer, she has performed at several festivals in [[India]] and abroad.<ref name="acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://iccr.nic.in/sites/default/files/newsletter_pdfs/News%20Letter%20Bilingual%20January%20-%20February%20issue%2022%20June%202015.pdf|title=Festival of India in Indonesia by ICCR|work=iccr.nic.in |date= February 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/krishna-s-life-depicted-through-kathak-357870 |title=Krishna's life depicted through Kathak|work=The Tribune |date=31 January 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-10748149.html |title=Pratishtha appointed chief choreographer for festival of India in Indonesia|work=Danik jagran |date=24 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dpl.presidentofindia.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/7253/2/SK4_6971.JPG?browse=true&title=Swami%26%23x20%3BDr.%26%23x20%3BBharat%26%23x20%3BBhushan%2C%26%23x20%3BPadma%26%23x20%3BShri%26%23x20%3Balongwith%26%23x20%3BAcharya%26%23x20%3BPratishtha%2C%26%23x20%3BYoga%26%23x20%3BGuru%26%23x20%3B%26amp%3B%26%23x20%3BKathak%26%23x20%3BMaestro%2C%26%23x20%3BMokshayatan%26%23x20%3BAntar-rashtriya%26%23x20%3BYogashram%2C%26%23x20%3BSaharanpur%26%23x20%3Bmeeting%26%23x20%3Bwith%26%23x20%3Bthe%26%23x20%3BPresident%26%23x20%3Bof%26%23x20%3BIndia%2C%26%23x20%3BShri%26%23x20%3BRam%26%23x20%3BNath%26%23x20%3BKovind%2C%26%23x20%3Bat%26%23x20%3BRashtrapati%26%23x20%3BBhavan%26%23x20%3Bon%26%23x20%3BSeptember%26%23x20%3B11%2C%26%23x20%3B2017.&dateDisplay=#ad-image-0 |title=Acharya Pratishtha Meeting with President of India|work=Office of President of India|date=11 September 2017 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref
|-
| 2020
| scope="row" | ''Yog Namaskar''
| [[Zee News]]
| 303 episodes
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/health/video/yog-namaskar-best-tips-and-yoga-for-stay-healthy-in-corona-period/885434|title=Yog Namskar |work=[[Zee News]] |date=25 April 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| scope="row" | ''Yog Sammelan''
| [[ABP News]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/news/yog-guru-acharya-pratishtha-on-yoga-1929156|title=Yog Sammelan |work=[[ABP News]] |date= 19 July 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| scope="row" | ''2 minute me Yog''
| [[ABP News]]
|More than 100 episodes
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/yoga-in-2-minutes-keep-your-eyes-healthy-with-these-kriyas-882056|title=2minute me Yog |work=[[ABP News]] |date= June 2018 }}</ref>

|-
| 2021
| scope="row" | ''IDY 21''
| [[Rajasthan Patrika]]- Patrika News
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/international-yoga-day-2021-shad-mukhi-mudra-keeps-skin-glowing-6906961/|title=IDY 2021 |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date= June 2018 }}</ref>

|-
| 2018
| scope="row" | ''21din me Yog''
| [[ABP News]]
|21 episodes
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/health-news/21-days-of-yoga-know-first-posture-of-the-sitting-yoga-protocol-397958|title=IDY 2021 |work=[[ABP News]] |date= 21 June 2021 }}</ref>

|-
| 2022
| scope="row" | ''Yog Sutra''
| [[DD News]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJK5yuNjI3o|title=IDY 2021 |work=[[DD News]] |date= June 2022 }}</ref>

|-
|2020
| scope="row" | ''Ghar par Yog''
| [[Rajya Sabha TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zcCEHAb5X00|title=Ghar Par Yog |work=[[Rajya Sabha]] |date= June 2020 }}</ref>

|-
| 2020
| scope="row" | ''Yog or Jeevan''
| [[Lok Sabha TV]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAqTmgMtM3U |title=Yog or Jeevan |work=[[Lok Sabha]] |date= June 2020 }}</ref>

|-
| 2020
| scope="row" |''Yoga with Acharya Pratishtha''
| [[News 24 (Indian TV channel)]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS5ierjo4GY|title=Yoga for corona at News24 |work=[[News 24 (India)|News24]] |date= Apr 2020 }}</ref>

|-
|2020
| scope="row" |''Yoga for Everyone''
| [[Jantantra TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgjwLlQSUyA |title=Yog for everyone |work=[[Jantantra TV]] |date= June 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| scope="row" |''Diplomatic Dispatch''
| [[Sansad TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sansadtv.nic.in/episode/diplomatic-dispatch-cultural-diplomacy-episode-08|title=Diplomatic Dispatch |work=[[Sansad TV]] |date= Nov 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| scope="row"|''Hindustan E-Vimarsh''
| [[Zee Hindustan]]
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/video/know-importance-of-mind-therapy-by-acharya-pratishtha-yoga-day-2020-hindustan-yoge-vimarsh-21-june-2020/699479|title=E-Vimarsh with Acharya Pratishtha |work=[[Zee Hindustan]] |date= 21 June 2020 }}</ref>


|}

==Bibliography==
# {{cite book |title="DIABETES, Why Die-a-bit-ease?" Health Care |date=January 2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8saEAAAQBAJ}}
# {{cite book |title="Essential elements of kathak" Classical Dance Kathak |date=January 2014 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sacHBAAAQBAJ}}
# {{cite book |title="Lets Learn Kathak-1" Classical Dance Kathak |date=December 2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IxypDAAAQBAJ|last1=Pratishtha |first1=Acharya }}
# {{cite book |title="Yoga for Healthy Life" Health Care |date=December 2016 |publisher=Acharya Pratishtha |isbn=978-93-5031-766-2 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details/Yoga_for_Healthy_Life?id=l2VhEAAAQBAJ&hl=en_US&gl=US}}
# {{cite book |title="Lets Learn Yoga-1" Health Care |date=May 2015}}

==Awards and honors==
Pratishtha was awarded the International Ayurveda Samman by the Association of Ayurvedic Physician, GOM, [[Mauritius]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur/story-acharya-prestige-honored-in-mauritius-2261003.html |title=Acharya Pratishtha honored at Mauritius|work=Live Hindustan |date=10 Nov 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-ayurved-samman-saharanpur-18624094.html |title=Acharya Pratishtha got International Ayurveda Samman|work=Danik Jagran |date=10 Nov 2018 }}</ref> as well as the [[Dainik Jagran]] Samman for contribution in the fields of yoga and ''Kathak''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-12699144.html|title=Acharya Pratishtha honored by Dainik Jagran|work=Dainik Jagran |date=5 August 2015 }}</ref> and the Tejaswini Samman, the latter of which she received from the [[Vice President of India]]) by [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance"/>

==Personal life==
Pratishtha is married and has one daughter.<ref name="acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.religionworld.in/acharya-prathistha-yog-guru-classical-dance-exponent-culture-visionary/ |title=Acharya Prathistha Yog Guru, Classical Dance & Culture visionary |work=Religion World |date= June 2021}}</ref>
}}

== External links ==
* [http://acharyapratishtha.in Acharya Pratishtha Website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ju3fS-56x0A Tejaswini with Acharya Pratishtha] on ''[[DD News]]'' (Interview)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya Pratishtha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian yoga teachers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:1983 births]]

Society of the Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta

2026-03-29T12:47:01Z

Cornelius R: put up a entry nd citations

{{Main|Rashtrakuta Dynasty}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta''' was an Indian empire that ruled most of the modern-day region of south and central India between the 8th to the 10th centuries. Their regal capital was [[Manyakheta]] in [[Kalaburagi district]], [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]]. The '''Rashtrakuta society''' in many ways reflected the emerging religious, political and cultural developments of those times.

==Society==
[[File:Ceiling sculpture in Panchakuta Basadi at Kambadahalli.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Roof sculpture, Panchakuta Basadi, [[Kambadahalli]]]]
Information regarding social life, the [[caste system]], life style and recreational activities during the Rashtrakuta times comes from inscriptions and from the notes of Greek and Arab travellers to India at the time. These sources provide evidence that the Hindu caste system was widespread. Chronicles mention more castes than the four basic castes in the Hindu social system known today, some as many as seven castes.<ref name="caste">From the notes of Magasthenesis and Strabo from Greece and Ibn Khurdadba and Al Idrisi from Arabia (Altekar 1934, p 317)</ref> One traveller's account mentions sixteen castes including the four basic castes of [[Brahmins]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]] and [[Chandalas]].<ref name="caste1">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 317)</ref> One caste known as ''Zakaya'' or ''Lahud'' consisted of people belonging to communities specialising in dance and acrobatics.<ref name="caste3">Altekar (1934), p 318</ref> Intercaste marriages were uncommon except between highly placed Kshatriya girls and Brahmin boys. People belonging to such professions as sailing, hunting, weaving, cobblery, basket making and fishing were all accommodated into castes or subcastes. The ''Antyajas'' belonged to a caste that provided many menial services to the wealthy. Among people of upper castes only those Kshatriyas belonging to the ''Sat-Kshatriya'' sub-caste (noble Kshatriyas) were considered higher in status than the Brahmins who otherwise enjoyed the highest status in Rashtrakuta society.<ref name="caste4">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 324)</ref> A subcaste among Brahmins was the ''istin'' who were solely specialised in the teaching the profession.<ref name="caste5">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 325)</ref>

Brahmins were mostly involved in careers related to teaching, judiciary, astrology, mathematics, poetry and philosophy.<ref name="caste6">From the notes of Alberuni, Altekar (1934) p 325</ref> However it was common for Brahmins to occupy hereditary administrative posts as well.<ref name="caste7">From the notes of Abuzaid (Altekar 1934, p 325)</ref> In addition, such professions normally considered non-Brahminical – agriculture, trade in Betel nuts and martial posts – were increasingly occupied by Brahmins.<ref name="caste8">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 326)</ref> People of the medical profession were treated with regard and inscriptions mention some Brahmin doctors. Capital punishment though commonly practiced was not given to Brahmins who were found guilty of heinous crimes and in this respect they enjoyed the same privileges as royal Kshatriya sub-castes. Instead, as an alternate punishment their right hand and left foot were severed leaving them disabled. The killing of a Brahmin in medieval Hindu India was considered as a heinous crime and this alternate punishment served the purpose of enforcement of the law.<ref name="caste9">Altekar (1934), p 329</ref> The only caste of people considered above the Brahmins were the Kshatriyas belonging to royal and noble families. Not all Kshatriyas were considered upper caste and not all upper caste people were Kshatriyas.<ref name="caste10">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, pp 330–331)</ref>

By the 9th century, kings from all the four castes had at one time or another occupied the highest seat in the monarchical system in Hindu India.<ref name="caste11">From the notes of Yuan Chwang , Altekar (1934), p 331</ref> Admitting Kshatriyas to Vedic schools along with Brahmins was common, although children of the Vaishya and [[Shudra]] castes were not allowed in these schools. Jains took up martial careers and landownership by people of all castes is recorded in inscriptions<ref name="caste12">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 332, p 334)</ref> The Shudras had land rights in that any plot of land taken from one by fraud was restored back to them by the King himself. Brahmins, unlike the Vaishya and Shudra, were free to relocate from one province to another and even from one kingdom to another, where they were welcomed with gifts of land and housing. Special places of learning called ''[[brahmadeya]]'' were constructed for them.<ref name="caste13">Altekar (1934), p 335</ref> The caste system was flexible to the extent that there are records of intercaste marriages although this was not common.<ref name="caste15">From the notes of Ibn Khurdadba (Altekar 1934, p 337)</ref> However, toward the end of the Rashtrakuta rule, these intercaste marriages, especially those involving a Brahmin bride or groom, were becoming very rare while the practice remained relatively frequent among other castes.<ref name="caste16">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 337)</ref> Brahmins were pure vegetarians and abstained from consuming alcohol of any kind while Kshatriyas indulged in both. [[Jainism]] had become popular among traders and agriculturists who popularized vegetarianism. Intercaste functions were rare as dining together between people of various castes was avoided.<ref name="caste17">From the notes of Al Masudi and Al Idrisi (Altekar 1934, p 339)</ref>

Joint families were the norm but legal separations between brothers and even father and son have been recorded in inscriptions.<ref name="caste18">From the Tarkhede inscription of Govinda III, (Altekar 1934, p339)</ref> Women and daughters had rights over property and land, and there are inscriptions recording the sale of land by women. Moneys inheritable by women were called ''Sthridhana''.<ref name="caste19">Altekar (1934), p341</ref> The arranged marriage system ensured a strict policy of early marriage for women. Among Brahmins, boys married at or below 16 years of age and they chose brides of 12 or younger. This age policy was not as strictly followed by other castes.<ref name="caste20">From the notes of Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 342)</ref> Inscriptions refer to numerous instances of the marriage of a man to his maternal cousin (daughter of a maternal uncle), prince Jagattunga, son of [[Krishna II]] being an example of this.<ref name="caste21">Altekar (1934), p343</ref> Women had the right to attend and the right to be in attendance in the court when it was occupied by the King. [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] was practiced but was voluntary. Very few examples of sati are noted in inscriptions and those that did occur were mostly in the royal families.<ref name="caste22">From the notes of Sulaiman and Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p 343)</ref> The system of shaving the heads of widows was rarely practiced as epigraphs note that widows were allowed to grow their hair but decorating their hair was discouraged. The sentence "the cause of the cessation of the parting of the hairs of the damsels of enemies" (''{{lang|und|ripuvilasiriisimantoddharanahetuh}}'') is repeated in many inscriptions.<ref name="caste23">Altekar (1934), p 345</ref> The remarriage of a widow was rare among the upper castes and common among the lower castes.<ref name="caste24">From the notes of Ibn Khurdadba (Altekar 1934, p346)</ref> Women who were dishonoured were admitted back into their families and caste.

Loans were granted in the presence of witnesses unless the receiver of the loan was of high social standing, in which case this requirement was waived.<ref name="caste25">Altekar (1934), p 247</ref> In the general population men wore two simple pieces of cloth, a loose garment on top and a garment worn like a ''[[dhoti]]'' for the lower part of the body. Only kings could wear [[turban]]s, a practice that spread to the masses much later. Women's clothes were well stitched, and some wore petticoats.<ref name="caste26">Altekar (1934), p 349</ref> Names of Brahmin men consisted of the given name, the father's name and the family ''gotra'' (lineage). The surnames popular today such as ''Dvivedi'', ''Upadhyaya'', ''Dikshita'' came into vogue only later. Dancing was a popular recreational activity and inscriptions speak of royal women being charmed by dancers, both male and female, in the king's palace. [[Devadasi]]s were often present in temples.<ref name="caste27">Altekar (1934), p350</ref> Other recreational activities included attending animal fights of the same or different species. The [[Atakur inscription]], a [[hero stone]] (''virgal''), was made for the favourite hound of feudatory Western Ganga King [[Butuga II]] that died fighting a wild boar in a sport.<ref name="caste29">Altekar (1934), p 351</ref> Game preserves for hunting by royalty are recorded in the inscriptions of [[Govinda III]]. Astronomy was well developed and so was astrology. Even Jains showed interest in astrological predictions and metaphysical beliefs.<ref name="caste29"/> Superstitions were plentiful and catching a snake alive proved a woman's chastity. Old persons suffering from incurable diseases preferred to end their lives by drowning in the [[sacred waters]] of pilgrim site or by burning themselves.<ref name="caste30">From the notes of Ibn Kurdadba (Altekar 1934, p 353)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-date=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}

[[Category:Social history of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Society of former countries]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]

Ghatshila

2026-03-29T10:28:07Z

Cornelius R: minor add page for clarity and corrected details

{{about|the census town in Jharkhand|1 its namesake administrative subdivision|Ghatshila subdivision|2 its name sake assembly constituency|Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|3 its namesake community development block|Ghatshila block}}
{{too many sections|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghatshila
| native_name = {{native_name|hi|Ghātshilā}}
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = {{Multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300px
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 2/1/1/1
| image1 = Rankini Temple, Ghatshila.jpg
| image2 = Jama masjid maubhandar ghatshila.jpg
| image3 =
| image4 =
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rankini Temple, Ghatshila (left), Jama Masjid Maubhandar (right)
| nickname = Copper City
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5801|N|86.4543|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|East Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 103
| population_total = 40,624
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = Class III
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_info1 = 85.03%
| demographics1_title2 = Official language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="NCLM52nd">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 43–44 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |df = dmy-all |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref>
| demographics1_title3 = Most spoken language
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832303
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 05
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 85.03%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ghatsila]]
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
}}
'''Ghatshila''' is a small town in the [[Ghatshila block|Ghatshila]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Ghatshila subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]], in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

== History ==
{{Main|Dhalbhum#History}}
According to legends, the royal family of the Kingdom of [[Dhalbhum]] were originally the members of the primitive [[Bhumij people|Bhumij]] race, who was selected by the other Bhumij chiefs as their feudal ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=J |first=Reid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hPk2AQAAMAAJ&q=dhalbhum+bhumij |title=Final Report on the Survey and Settlement of Pargana Dhalbhum in the District of Singhbhum, 1906 to 1911 |date=1912 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Book Departmentôt |language=en}}</ref> The zamindars later became Hinduised, and adopted the title 'Dhal' or 'Dhabal Deo'. These families kept up a sort of semi-royal state and dignified their heir-apparent and those in immediate succession with title of honour, which denotes precedence. Thus, in the Dhal dynasty of Dhalbhum, the oldest son of the ruling king (Rajah) took the title of Jubraj (Yuvraj), the second that of Hikkim, the third of Bara Thakur, the fourth that of Kuar, the fifth that of Musib and the rest Babu.

The area of the kingdom of Dhalbhum was approximately {{convert|1200|sqmi|km2|adj=on}}. Raja Jaganath constructed the ''Rankini Mandir'' at [[Galudih]]. But due to some problem, he shifted the Kali temple along with all the associates and other people to Ghatsila and built up a temple of goddess [[Kali]], beside Ghatshila police station which is known as ''Rankini Mata''.

Ghatshila was the administrative capital of Dhalbhum. Ghatshila has several palaces, schools and administrative buildings constructed by the rulers of Dhalbhum zamindari.

=== Rebellions ===
{{See also|Chuar Rebellion}}

====Ghatshila Raj====
After several attempts in 1765, the British invaded the Dhalbhum and Ghatshila areas in 1767. The Raja of Ghatshila resisted along with his countrymen, but was later arrested and his nephew Jagannath Dhal was appointed as the new ruler. In 1767, Jagannath Singh Patar, a zamindar of Dampara (Ghatshila) in [[Dhalbhum]], revolted against the enhanced revenue taxes of the British East India Company. This revolt is well known as [[Chuar Rebellion|Chuar rebellion]], the first revolt against [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=बणणवाल |first=अदर्ण सनी |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LA0EAAAQBAJ |title=झारखंड का संपूणण आततहास (प्रागैततहातसक काल से वतणमान तक) |publisher=Nitya Publications |isbn=978-93-90390-59-5 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhh_mgEACAAJ |title=Tribal Movements in India: Visions of Dr. K.S. Singh |date=2012 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-972-9 |language=en}}</ref>

Inspired by the Dampara zamindar Jagannath Patar, the Raja declared himself as an independent ruler of Dhalbhum and refused to pay taxes to the British. Captain Morgan was sent to Ghatshila, Raja Jagannath was removed from his throne and made Baikunth Dhal (Nemu Dhal) the king. Unhappy with the decision, Raja Jagannath Dhal revolted. In which the ''Rajah'' of [[Jhargram]] and Dampara sardar Jagannath Patar, assisted him. The English Company sent Lieutenant Rook and Charles Magan to suppress the rebellion. In 1777, the British re-proclaimed Jagannath Dhal as the king, after which the rebellion was quelled.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Binod Sankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsEBAAAAMAAJ |title=Civil Rebellion in the Frontier Bengal, 1760-1805 |date=1973 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToZDAAAAYAAJ |title=History of Modern India, 1765-1950 |date=1979 |publisher=Wiley Eastern |isbn=978-0-85226-812-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map

| width=350| height=420| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|35|0|N|86|25|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2

|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)

|mark-coord3={{coord|22|57|24|N|86|17|43|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Boram| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Boram, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)

|mark-coord6={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|9|30|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Hata| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hata, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)

|mark-coord7={{coord|22|28|0|N|86|35|11|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Kokpara| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kokpara]] (R)

|mark-coord8={{coord|22|40|0|N|86|24|58|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Mahulia| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mahulia]] (R)

|mark-coord9={{coord|22|54|54|N|86|23|8|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Patamda| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Patamda]] (R)

|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|19|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos10= right|label10= Potka| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Potka]] (R)

|mark-coord11={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11=Jamshedpur| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color11=#800000

|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000

|mark-coord13={{coord|22|38|33|N|86|29|28|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Burudi| numbered13=T| mark-title13=[[Burudi]] (T) |shape-color13= #74C365

|mark-coord14={{coord|22|38|47|N|86|24|16|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14= Galudih | numbered14=T| mark-title14=[[Galudih]] (T) |shape-color14= #74C365

|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=Ghatshila (CT) |shape-color15=black| label-size15=13|label-color15=black 

|mark-coord16={{coord|22|36|36|N|86|8|18|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16=Haludpukur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Haludpukur]] (CT|shape-color16= #A40000

|mark-coord17={{coord|22|39|40|N|86|21|36|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17=Jadugora| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Jadugora]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000

|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18 top|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000

|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none

|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|20|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -55| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none

|mark-coord21={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|0|E}} | label-pos21= top|label21= Dalma |labela21= Wildlife|labelb21= Sanctuary | numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color21= #74C365

|arc-coordA={{coord|23|1|0|N|86|30|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 20| arc-gapA=4.5| arc-radiusA=0.4

|arc-coordB={{coord|22|16|0|N|86|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Ghatshila is located at {{Coord|22.60|N|86.48|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Ghatsila.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ghatsila, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|103|m|ft|abbr=on}}.
[[File:Subarnarekha river from copper mines.jpg|thumb|Subarnarekha river at Ghatshila|174x174px]]

It is 45 km from [[Jamshedpur]]. The town is located on the bank of the [[Subarnarekha River]], and it is situated in a forested area. It contains a railway station on the main line of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]. Ghatsila was formerly the headquarters of the kingdom of [[Dhalbhum]].

Ghatsila has its diversity with dams, falls, rivers, forest, mountains and valley. The scenes are breathtaking especially at sunset. It has a township as well as a village touch. There are areas where people still do farming for a living; these areas are untouched and unexplored.

There is a [[community development block in India|community development block]] named [[Ghatshila block]], which has its headquarters at Ghatshila. This block was established on 4 May 1962.

===Area overview===
The area shown in the map “forms a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and is a hilly upland tract”. The main rivers draining the district are the [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] and the [[Kharkai River|Kharkai]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Natural Divisions |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref> The area lying between Jamshedpur and Ghatshila is the main industrial mining zone. The rest of the district is primarily agricultural. In the district, as of 2011, 56.9% of the population lives in the rural areas and a high 43.1% lives in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 9: Industrialisation, Page 22: Census findings – Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Ghatshila.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | title = District Police Profile – East Singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 21 December 2021 | archive-date = 22 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220622213448/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/east-singhbhum | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Ghatshila had a total population of 40,624, of which 20,912 (51%) were males and 17,912 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 4,292. The total number of literate persons in Ghatshila was 30,892 (85.03% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location code: 363618, Pages 26-27 : District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 18 December 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Ghatshila block#Language and religion]])

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Ghatshila had a population of 37,850. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ghatshila has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 65%. In Ghatshila, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

===Religion===

{{Pie chart|caption=Religion in Ghatshila (2011).|label1=Hinduism|value1=76.66|color1=orange|label2=Islam|value2=11.56|color2=green|label3=Sikhism|value3=2.28|color3=Beige|label4=Christianity|value4=1.62|color4=blue|label5=Other religions/Not stated|value5=7.87|color5=silver}}
Hinduism is the dominant religion in Ghatshila, followed by 76.66% of the population. Islam is a significant minority, followed by 11.56% of the population. Other religions with a significant number of adherents include Sikhism (2.28%) and Christianity (1.62%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/|access-date=20 December 2021|website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Ghatshila town (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|value2 = 22.68
|color2 = yellow
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|value1 = 50.64
|color1 = red
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
|value3 = 7.59
|color3 = brown
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]]
|value4 = 6.40
|color4 = orange
|label5 = [[Odia language|Odia]]
|value5 = 5.24
|color5 = teal
|label6 = Others
|value6 = 7.45
|color6 = blue
}}

According to 2011 census, Bengali was the most spoken language in Ghatshila town with 20,572 speakers followed by Hindi at 9,215, Urdu at 3,085, Santali at 2,602 and Odia at 2,130.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2FC-16%2FDDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK | title = C-16 Population by Mother Tongue| work= Census of India 2011| publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India| access-date = 6 December 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Purbi Singhbhum'', Ghatshila covered an area of {{cvt|15.97|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,030.2 |mm}}. Among the civic amenities, it had {{cvt|24|km|}} of roads with both closed and open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tap water from treated sources, overhead tank. It had 8,153 domestic electric connections, 116 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 1 hospital (with 70 beds), 20 dispensaries, 20 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 2 nursing homes, 1 veterinary hospital, 25 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 16 primary schools, 5 middle schools, 4 secondary schools, 3 senior secondary schools, the nearest general degree college at [[Jamshedpur]], {{cvt|12|km}} away. It had 1 non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan), Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 stadium, 1 cinema theatre, 1 auditorium/ community hall, 2 public libraries, 2 reading rooms. An important commodity it produced was copper. It had the branch offices of 3 nationalised banks, 1 private commercial bank, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 863-871 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 December 2021}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
[[File:HCL COPPER SMELTER GHATSILA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|left|400px|HCL copper smelter]]
[[Hindustan Copper Limited]] is located at Moubhandar, a mile away. This is the chief employer or indirect source of income for the people of Ghatshila, Moubhandar, [[Musabani]] and nearby villages. Ghatshila is best known for these mines because they are Asia's first copper mines{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} and the world's second deepest mines{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}.

=== Transport ===
[[File:Ghatshila_Railway_Station_full_view.jpg|thumb|Ghatshila railway station]]

Ghatshila is connected to most of the important stations in Bihar and Jharkhand through rail and road network. [[Jamshedpur]] is at a distance of 45 km (by road) and 37 km (by railroad) west of this town. Most of the trains running from [[Kharagpur]] that goes to west towards Jamshedpur, have a stoppage here. Distance between Ghatsila and Kharagpur is about 98 km.

;Railway
It is a railway station on the [[Asansol–Tatanagar–Kharagpur line|Kharagpur-Tatanagar section]] of Howrah–Mumbai track, 215 km from Howrah. Notable trains which stop here are [[Ispat Express]] (train no. 12781/12782), Kurla–Howrah Express (train no. 18030/18029), Steel Express (train no. 12813/12814). It is well connected to 3 metros in India namely Mumbai (by Bombay Express), Kolkata (many trains starting from 6 o'clock in the morning by Steel Express to midnight at 1.15 by Samleshwari Exp) and New Delhi (by Neelachal Express, Purushottam Express and Utkal Express). There are many local Passenger trains connecting Jamshedpur and Kharagpur with Ghatshila.

;Road
It is about 240 km from [[Kolkata]]. Those travelling from Kolkata first have to take NH 6 to Baharagora and then take the road to Jamshedpur. Buses plying between Kharagpur and Jamshedpur pass through Ghatshila. Buses plying from Bhubaneswar or Kolkata to Jamshedpur or Ranchi also pass through Ghatshila. By road Jamshedpur is 45 km away. There are many buses connecting Ghatsila to Jamshedpur daily, from morning 6 o'clock to evening 5 o'clock. There are two routes connecting Jamshedpur to Ghatsila, one route through NH33 and another route through Jadugoda.

=== Education ===
There are large number of schools and colleges which help a large number of youths to get their primary education in the town itself which has also helped in increasing the literacy rate of Ghatshila to 85.03%. Some of the prominent schools and colleges are listed below.

;Schools
* Kendriya Vidyalaya Surda, Ghatshila
* Irvine Adventist School, Gopalpur
* Sant Nandalal Smriti Vidya Mandir
* St. Joseph's Convent School at Tumandungri, Musaboni
* Shivlal +2 High School, Musaboni
* St. Joseph's Convent School (Kashida)
* Gyandeep Public School
* J.C School at College Road
* Saraswati Shishu Vidyamandir
* Sri Sri Vidyamandir at Kasidah
* Marwadi Hindi High School
* St. Paul High School
* The Oxford Convent at Dahigora
* Loreto Convent Public School
* Holy Heart School

;Colleges
* Ghatsila College
* Ghatsila Women's College at Kasidah

== Media ==
Radio Station: 100.1 MHz (Akashvani Ghatshila)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiawaves.net|title=Radio and Television Broadcasting in Asia|last=Davies|first=Alan G.|website=www.asiawaves.net|language=en|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

== Sports ==
To enhance the mental and physical wellness sports play a crucial role. There are ample number of sports clubs and grounds distributed over the town. Some of them are enlisted below:
* Moubhandar Sports Club - Hindustan Copper Limited Ground at Moubhandar
* Golf Ground at Moubhandar
* Rajstate Ground at Rajstate
* Dakbunglow Ground at Dakbunglow Road
* Gandhi Maidan at Harijan basti
* Football Ground in Moubhandar
* Basuki Singh Cricket Ground
Moubhandar Sports Club organises a cricket tournament every December. The tournament is named after the memory of Late. Basuki Singh. Basuki Singh Memorial cricket tournament is quite famous in Ghatsila.
* Bardih Ground in Kashida
* Circus Maidan Ground

==Festivals==
Ghatsila has a very diverse culture and a number of community live here peacefully. Many festivals are celebrated here. Some of the

* Sagun Sohrai
* [[Durga Puja]]
* [[Ganesh Puja]]
* Baha Bonga
* [[Makar Sankranti|Makar Porob]]
* Dipawali (Diwali)
* Sohrai
* Mage Porob
* Saraswati Puja
* Laxmi Puja

There are many other festivals also.

== Tourism ==
Some of the places of interest are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/|title=Welcome :: Jharkhand Tourism Development Corporation Ltd.|website=tourism.jharkhand.gov.in|access-date=12 October 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019233643/https://tourism.jharkhand.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Subarnarekha River, Moubhandar, Ghatshila - riverfront
* Chota Pul at Swarnarekha River
* Fuldungri Pahar at Phuldungri, Ghatshila
* Famous Bengali Writer Bibhuti Bhushan Bandhopadhayay's Cottage at Dahigora, Ghatshila and Library at college road, Ghatshila
* Ramkrishna Math, Dahigora, Ghatshila
* Brahmarshi Jagadananda sanyas ashram, Dahigora, Ghatshila
* Ghatsila Rajbari, Rajstate
* Shivdas Ghosh Children's Park, Tamukpal
* Rankini Mandir, Ghatshila
* Ghatsila City Centre, college road, Ghatsila

Near North
* [[Burudi|Burudi Dam]]
* Dharagiri Fall

Near East
* Amadubi-Panijiya Rural Tourism Centre, Panijiya, Jharkhand 832302

Near West
* Rankini Mandir, Jadugoda, Rohinibera
* [[Galudih|Galudih Barrage]], Ulda, Jharkhand 832304
* Birsa Fun City Waterpark, Karanja, Jharkhand 832304

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[https://www.facebook.com/GhatsilaTourismcom-1875745976037003/?ref=br_rs Ghatsila Tourist Information Center]

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage inline}}
{{Kolhan Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in East Singhbhum district]]

List of Kerala cricketers

2026-03-27T14:10:53Z

Cornelius R: quick update

{{Short description|none}}
{{incomplete list|date=March 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

This is a list of cricketers who have played [[First-class cricket|first-class]], [[List A cricket|List A]] or [[Twenty20]] cricket for [[Kerala cricket team]] previously known as [[Travancore-Cochin cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricketarchive.comwww.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/31/31746/Players_associated_S.html|title=Kerala cricket team - Players|work=CricketArchive|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/413/413.html|title=Tranvancore-Cochin cricket team - Players|work=CricketArchive|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Players - Kerala Cricket Association|url=http://www.keralacricketassociation.com/players|work=Kerala Cricket Association|access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/team/kerala-and-travancore-cochin-1861|work=ESPNcricinfo|title=Kerala (and Travancore-Cochin)|access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

Seasons given are first and last seasons; the player did not necessarily play in all the intervening seasons. Players in '''bold''' have played international cricket.

{{compact TOC|u=U|x=X|z=Z|center=yes|refs=yes|biblio=yes|extlinks=no|nobreak=yes}}

==A==
*Leslie Aaron, 1958/59
*Sandy Aaron, 1957/58
*[[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]], 1988/89–2004/05
*[[KM Asif]], 2018–present
*[[KC Akshay]], 2017–present
*[[Mohammed Azharuddeen]], 2015–present
*[[Iqbal Abdulla]], 2016–17
*[[Fabid Ahmed]]
*[[Athif Bin Ashraf]]
*[[Mohan Akshaya]]
*[[Perumparambath Anthaf]]
*[[Sadanandan Anish]]
*[[P. M. Anandan]]
*[[Pallam Anfal]]
*[[Paliath Ravi Achan]] 1952–69
*Sajeevan Akhil

==B==
*[[Sachin Baby]]
*[[C. K. Bhaskaran]]
*[[Nedumankuzhy Basil]]
*[[Acharath Babu]]

==C==
*[[Akshay Chandran]]
*'''[[Krishna Chandran]]'''
*[[Sony Cheruvathur]]
*[[Prasanth Chandran]]

==D==
*[[Kunal Datta (cricketer)|Kunal Datta]], 1959/60
*Ivan D'Cruz, 1970/71
*[[Sankara Dendapani]]
*Varghese Daniel
*[[Jono Dean]]
*[[Hari Devarajan]]
*[[CM Deepak]]

==F==
*[[Daryl Ferrario]]
*[[Fazil Fanoos]]
*[[Robert Fernandez (cricketer)|Robert Fernandez]]
*[[Ahmed Farzeen]]
*[[Faisal Fanoos]]

==G==
*[[Suri Gopalakrishna]], 1967/68 to 1974–75
*[[Raiphi Gomez]]
*[[Vathsal Govind]]
*[[Velayudhan Govindan]]
*[[A. P. M. Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[Rojith Ganesh]], 2021–present

==H==
*[[Abhishek Hegde]]
*[[Vedam Hariharan]]

==J==
*[[K Jayaraman]], 1977/89
*[[Sijomon Joseph]]
*[[VA Jagadeesh]]
*[[Jafar Jamal]]

==K==
*[[B. Kalyanasundaram]]
*A. Karunakaran, 1958/59
*[[Ajay Kudua]], 1994/2005
*[[Rohan Kunnummal]], 2017–present
*[[Arun Karthik]]
*[[Akshay Kodoth]]
*[[Vinod Kumar (cricketer)|Vinod Kumar]]
*[[Shyam Kumar]]
*[[Krishna Kumar (cricketer)|Krishna Kumar]]
*[[V Kamaruddin]]

==M==
*[[Satish Menon]]
*[[Madan Mohan (cricketer)|Madan Mohan]]
*[[Thomas Mathew (cricketer)|Thomas Mathew]]
*[[Sudhesan Midhun]]
*[[Vinoop Manoharan]]
*[[Karaparambil Monish]]
*[[Abhishek Mohan]]
*[[Unnikrishnan Manukrishnan]]
*[[Renjith Menon]]
*[[Bala Murali]]
*[[Acharath Mackey]]
*[[Prashanth Menon]]
*[[P. M. K. Mohandas]]
*[[Sachin Mohan]]
*[[P Manoj]]
*[[TS Mahadevan]]
*[[SP Mullick]]
*TK Madhavan

==N==
*[[Venkateswarier Neelakantan]]
*[[MD Nidheesh]]
*[[Salman Nizar]]
*[[Sreekumar Nair]]
*[[Nizar Niyas]]
*[[Vinan Nair]]

==O==
*[[Sunil Oasis]]

==P==
*'''[[Devdutt Padikkal]]''', 2021–present
*[[Rohan Prem]]
*[[Prasanth Parameswaran]]
*[[Padmanabhan Prasanth]]
*[[Balan Pandit]]
*[[KB Pawan]]
*'''[[Arun Poulose]]'''

==R==
*[[P. Ranganathan]]
*[[S Rajesh]], 1981/82 and 1988/89
*[[S Ramesh]]
*[[Sadagoppan Ramesh]], 2005/07
*[[Ramesh Sampath ]],1973 - 1979
*[[Ponnam Rahul]], 2017–present
*[[Feroze V Rasheed]]
*[[B. Ramprakash]]
*[[Karimuttathu Rakesh]]
*[[P. M. K. Raghunath]]
*[[P. M. Raghavan]]
*'''[[Chundangapoyil Rizwan]]'''
*R. Raghunath
*K. Rajagopal
*D Ram

==S==
*[[Somasetty Suresh]]
*[[Antony Sebastian]], 2004–2008
*[[Udiramala Subramaniam]], 1970/71-1976/77
*'''[[Sanju Samson]]''', 2011–present
*[[Ponani Sunder]], 1988/89-1995/96
*[[S Santosh]], 1983/84 and 1991/92
*'''[[S Sreesanth]]'''
*[[M. Suresh Kumar]], 1991/92 - 2004/05
*[[Jalaj Saxena]]
*[[Sujith Somasunder]]
*[[Nikhilesh Surendran]]
*[[Chovvakkaran Shahid]]
*[[Kanakkatharaparambu Sreejith]]
*[[Sambasiva Sarma]]
*[[Sivasubramaniyan Shankar]]
*[[V. Sreekumar]]
*[[Padmanabhan Sivadas]]
*Vishweshwar A Suresh, 2021–present
*Sharafuddeen, 2021–present

==T==
*[[Chandra Tejas]], 2007/08
*[[Jayamohan Thampi]] 1979/82
*[[Basil Thampi]]
*[[Kelappan Thampuran (cricketer, born 1937)]]
*[[Bhavin Thakkar]]
*[[Rama Varma Kochaniyan Thampuran]]
*[[Kochunny Thampuran]]
*[[Kerala Varma Kelappan Thampuran]]
*[[Kelappan Thampuran (cricketer, born 1925)]]

==U==
*'''[[Robin Uthappa]]''', 2019–present

==V==
*[[TS Venkitachalam]], 1959/60
*[[Chandroth Vijayan]], 1957/58
*[[Vishnu Vinod]]
*[[Ajay Varma (Kerala cricketer)|Ajay Varma]]
*[[Amit Verma (cricketer)|Amit Verma]]

==W==
*'''[[Sandeep Warrier]]''', 2012–20

==Y==
*'''[[Tinu Yohannan]]''', 1999-08

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lists of Indian cricketers}}

[[Category:Lists of Indian cricketers by state or union territory|Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers|*]]
[[Category:Kerala sport-related lists|cricketers]]

Gajra Raja Medical College

2026-03-26T06:44:12Z

Cornelius R: Added A Data...

{{Short description|Medical college in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Gajra Raja Medical College
| image =
| established = {{start date and age|df=y|1946|8|1}}
| type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[hospital]]
| dean = Dr. R. K. S. Dhakad
| city = [[Gwalior]]
| country = [[India]]
| colors =
| website = {{URL|http://www.grmcgwalior.org/}}
| affiliations = [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]] [[Jiwaji University]]
}}

'''Gajra Raja Medical College''' ('''GRMC''') is the first [[medical school|medical college]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]] established in 1946. It was inaugurated on 1 August 1946 by Jiwaji Rao Scindia. The college building was inaugurated by Deputy Prime Minister of India Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on 5 December 1948. It has 200 undergraduate seats for [[MBBS]] course, 68 seats for post graduation courses and 36 seats for diploma courses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of college - Gajra Raja Medical College, Gwalior|url=http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=54|website=www.mciindia.org|publisher=Medical Council of India (MCI)|accessdate=26 November 2016|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126195523/http://www.mciindia.org/View_College_Details.aspx?ID=54|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1942, Dr. Sanjay Raikwar from Chhatarpur, a physician in Gwalior, was the Medical Superintendent of the JA Hospital. He was also the personal physician of Rajmata Gajar Raja Scindhia. After the death of Rajmata Scindhia (12 January 1943), her son Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindhia, who inherited a large sum of money, created a trust called "Gajar Raja Memorial Trust" with Sardar Phalke, DK Jhadav and Dr. B. Sahai as its members. Dr. Sahai who once dreamt of establishing a teaching center in Gwalior saw the possibility of his dream being fulfilled and proposed a medical institute. A proposal for the same was made and approved after lot of difficulties and financial sanction was given in the budget for 1945–46. A total sum of Rs. 20 Lacs was sanctioned on the occasion of the birth of Madhav Rao Scindhia in 1945.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – GRMC Gwalior, Gajra Raja Medical College Gwalior |url=http://www.grmcgwalior.org/index.php/history/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.grmcgwalior.org}}</ref>

On 21 November 1945 Viceroy of India Lord Wavell on his visit to Gwalior laid the foundation stone of the college as the 17th medical college of India. A building of the Gwalior Medical Association, near JA Hospital, was used as lecture hall and accommodation was built on either side of it for anatomy and physiology departments. A space for 35 students for dissection hall and physiology laboratory was planned as a temporary measure, and a swimming pool and sports ground were provided.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History – GRMC Gwalior, Gajra Raja Medical College Gwalior |url=http://www.grmcgwalior.org/index.php/history/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=www.grmcgwalior.org}}</ref>

The college administration approached Agra University for affiliation, which was granted. 36 students were admitted as the first batch, and a hostel at Bhausahib Shinde's Kothi was made with eight students occupying it.

==Inauguration==
The college was inaugurated by Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindia, the ruler of Gwalior state. The college was recognized by the Medical Council of India in 1946. Postgraduate training started in 1951.

The Neurosurgery wing was given to the college by Padma Shri Award-winner RS Dharkar, who started the first Neurosurgery Hospital of Central India and trained many neurosurgeons.

The Department of Medicine was first one to introduce telemedicine in Madhya Pradesh along with a complete ambulance fitted with monitor linked to ICU in the JA Hospital.

The medical college was given autonomous status, governed by a board of members, at the end of 1997. An OPD section for Department of Ophthalmology was built on the first floor of the existing Madhav Dispensary. The department of Radiology added a CT Scan facility with BOLT (sharing) introduced by the government of MP.

The college also offers courses in MD-Pathology and MD-Pharmacology.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.grmcgwalior.org}}
{{Gwalior topics}}{{Colleges affiliated to Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University}}
{{coord|26.194172|78.162004|type:landmark|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Gwalior]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1946]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]

List of Tamil films of 2008

2026-03-25T19:13:42Z

Cornelius R: updated page

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
Prior to the amendment of Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 22 July 2006, gross was 115 per cent of net for all films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092809150100.htm|work=The Hindu|title=Tough action against video piracy|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916074451/https://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092809150100.htm|archive-date=16 September 2009}}</ref> Post-amendment, gross equalled net for films with pure Tamil titles.<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/all-in-the-name-of%C3%82%C2%85-a-film-ii-tamil-news-55457 Government cuts entertainment tax to 0% (from 15%) for pure Tamil titles]</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}12.24 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/TAMIL+NADU+COMMERCIAL+TAXES+DEPARTMENT+AT+A+GLANCE%2C+2012-2013/d08c1da3-e9a5-4876-866a-82585090510f?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}12.24 crore ET collection in 2008-09]</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] industry in India, which were released theatrically in 2008. They are presented in order of their release dates.

==Box office collection==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto"
|-
!Rank
!Film
!Worldwide gross
|-
|1
|''[[Dasavathaaram]]''
|₹200 crore
|-
|2
|''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
|₹46-48 crore
|-
|3
|[[Bheemaa|''Bheema'']]
|₹38 crore
|-
|4
|''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''
|₹35 crore
|-
|5
|''[[Kuruvi]]''
|₹32 crore
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181|title=Baahubali to Thuppakki: Tamil Cinema's 100 Cr Films|website=NDTV.com|access-date=15 June 2022|archive-date=15 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Films==

===January–March===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;" | '''J A N'''
| rowspan="5" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Bheemaa]]'' || [[N. Linguswamy]] || [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Trisha Krishnan]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaalai]]'' || [[Tarun Gopi]] || [[Silambarasan]], [[Vedhika]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pazhani (2008 film)|Pazhani]]'' || [[Perarasu]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Kajal Aggarwal]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || [[Karu Pazhaniappan]] || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' || [[Seeman]] || [[R. Madhavan]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''15'''
| ''[[Pidichirukku]]'' || Kanagu || [[Ashok Kumar (Tamil actor)|Ashok]], [[Vishakha Singh]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pattaya Kelappu]]'' || [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] || [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], Payal, [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] ||
|
|- February!
| rowspan="14" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''1'''
| ''[[Ashoka (2008 film)|Ashoka]]'' || [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem Menon]] || [[Prem Menon (actor)|Prem Menon]], Anushree, Pooja Bharathi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' || [[Thambi Ramaiah]] || [[Vadivelu]], Yashimi Sharma, [[Suja Varunee]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thangam]]'' || [[Kicha (director)|G. Kicha]] || [[Sathyaraj]], [[Meghna Nair]], [[Goundamani]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thodakkam]]'' || Muthukumar || [[Rishi (Tamil actor)|Rishi]], [[Abhinay]], Raghu Vannan, [[Monica (actress)|Monica]], [[Meghna Nair]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''8'''
| ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' || [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]], [[Kavya Madhavan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Anjathe]]'' || [[Mysskin]] || [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Ajmal Ameer]], [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Vijayalakshmi Feroz|Vijayalakshmi]]
|
|
|-
| ''Kadhal Kaditham'' || Mukesh || Balaji, Amisha
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Killadhe (2008 film)|Nenjathai Killadhe]]'' || [[Agathiyan]] || [[Vikranth]], [[Bharathi (actress)|Bharathi]], [[Yugendran]]
|
|
|-
| ''Pachai Nirame'' || Karkki || [[Yugendran]], Saran Sathya, Rajasekar, [[Nanditha Jennifer]], Preethi Varma ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | ''22''
| ''[[Akku (2008 film)|Akku]]'' || Mamani || Ajay, Sriji, Rakshai, [[Anu Hasan]], [[Riyaz Khan]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thoondil]]'' || [[K. S. Adhiyaman]] || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]], [[Divya Spandana]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Valluvan Vasuki]]'' || [[Marumalarchi Bharathi]] || Sathya, Swetha, [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''29'''
| ''[[Sila Nerangalil]]'' || [[Jayaraj]] || [[Vincent Asokan]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Vineeth]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thotta]]'' || [[Selva (director)|Selva]] || [[Jeevan (Tamil actor)|Jeevan]], [[Priyamani]]
|
|
|- March
| rowspan="14" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''7'''
| ''Ezhuthiyatharadi'' || Sri Sathyaragaventher || [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], Mansi Pritam, [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]], Akhila
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal (2008 film)|Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' || Ramamurthy || [[Pandiarajan]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Viji || [[Prakash Raj]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Gopika]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Theekuchi]]'' || Yuvarajan || Jai Varma, Menagai
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hai (2005 film)|Unakkaga]]'' || Manoharan || [[Riyaz Khan]], [[Meghna Nair]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vaitheeswaran]]'' || R. K. Vidhyadaran || [[Sarath Kumar]], [[Meghna Naidu]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''21'''
| ''[[Inba (film)|Inba]]'' || Vendhan || [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kannum Kannum]]'' || [[G. Marimuthu]] || [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], [[Udhayathara]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sandai]]'' || [[Sakthi Chidambaram]] || [[Sundar C]], [[Ramya Raj]], [[Nadia Moidu|Nadhiya]], [[Namitha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Singakutty]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Shivaji Dev]], [[Gowri Munjal]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''28'''
| ''[[Azhagu Nilayam]]'' || Rajaji || [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhiya]], [[Swarnamalya]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kattuviriyan]]'' || Kalaipuli G. Sekharan || Sajith Raj, [[Malavika (Tamil actress)|Malavika]], Ram
|
|
|-
| ''[[Tharagu]]'' || Kalanidhi || Sanjay, Dimple
|
|<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080331123557/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14631450&ctid=5&cid=2429</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vedha (2008 film)|Vedha]]'' || Nithya Kumar || [[Arun Vijay]], [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]]
|
|
|}

===April–June===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- April!
| rowspan="12" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFDEAD;" | '''A P R'''
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''4'''
| ''[[Pasumpon Devar Varalaru]]'' || Abraham Lincoln || [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Vagai Chandrasekar]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vilaiyattu]]'' || Ezhilvendhan || Ezhilvendhan, [[Saranya Nag|Saranya]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]'' || [[Mithran Jawahar]] || [[Dhanush]], [[Nayantara]], [[Karthik Kumar]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''9'''
| ''[[Arasangam]]'' || [[R. Madhesh]] || [[Vijayakanth]], [[Navaneet Kaur]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''10'''
| ''[[Nepali (film)|Nepali]]'' || [[V. Z. Durai]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Meera Jasmine]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || [[M. Raja]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Prakash Raj]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' || N. Sundaresan || [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Vijay Vasanth]], [[Premji Amaran]], Ajay Raj, Jennifer
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''18'''
| ''[[Arai En 305-il Kadavul]]'' || [[Chimbu Deven]] || [[Prakash Raj]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Ganja Karuppu]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ini Varum Kaalam]]'' || Sibi Chandar || Ranjan, [[Sajitha Betti]] ||
|
|-
| ''[[Madurai Ponnu Chennai Paiyan]]'' || A. C. Rajasekaran || S. S. R. Pankaj Kumar, Thejamai || Velu Thevar Films
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Chakkara Viyugam]]'' || [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran]] || [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Raaghav]], [[Jayasurya]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Iyakkam]]'' || [[Sanjay Ram]] || Rishi Kumar, [[Shruthi Raj]], Sujibala
|
|
|- May!
| rowspan="10" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#edafaf;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''2'''
| ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || [[S. Dharani]] || [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], [[Trisha Krishnan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''9'''
| ''[[Aadum Koothu]]'' || [[T. V. Chandran]] || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Navya Nair]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Aari (actor)|Aari]],
|
|
|-
| ''[[Malarinum Melliya]]'' || Selvaraj || [[Vignesh (actor)|Vignesh]], Varshini
|
|
|-
| ''[[Silandhi]]'' || Aathiraj || [[Munna (actor)|Munna]], [[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''16'''
| ''Kadhal Endral Enna'' || Kalimuthu || Veerha, [[Diya (actress)|Diya]], [[Charan Raj]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Vaanile]]'' || Venkateswara || Hari, Jothi Krishna
|
|
|-
| align="center" | '''23'''
| ''[[Pandi (film)|Pandi]]'' || [[Rasu Madhuravan]] || [[Raghava Lawrence]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Namitha]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''30'''
| ''[[Kaalaippani]]'' || [[Rajesh Selva|Rajesh M. Selva]] || Jay Srinivasa Kumar, [[Vasundhara Kashyap]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kathavarayan (2008 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' || Salangai Durai || [[Karan (actor)|Karan]], [[Vidisha (actress)|Vidisha]], [[Radha (Sundhara Travels actress)|Radha]]
|
|
|-
| ''Thithikkum Ilamai'' || Chandramohan || K. Dinesh Kumar, J. Pranav, Althara, Nisha
|
|
|- June!
| rowspan="6" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d9c1b0;" | '''J U N'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''13'''
| ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Asin]], [[Mallika Sherawat]], [[Jaya Prada]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''27'''
| ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]'' || [[Udhayan]] || [[Sundar C]], [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]]
|
|
|-
| ''Ayyavazhi'' || P. C. N. Anbazhagan || Raja, Sanjai
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pudhupandi]]'' || Karthik Kumar || [[Pandiarajan]], Kanmani Raja
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thiru Thiruda]]'' || Don Gowtham || Don Gowtham
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''28'''
| ''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]'' || [[Madhumitha (director)|Madhumitha]] || [[R. Parthiban]], [[Chaya Singh]]
|
|
|}

===July–September===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background: #d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''4'''
| ''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]'' || [[Thirumurugan (director)|Thirumurugan]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Subramaniyapuram]]'' || [[M. Sasikumar]] || [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[M. Sasikumar]], [[Swati Reddy]], [[Ganja Karuppu]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Uliyin Osai]]'' || Ilavenil || [[Vineeth]], [[Keerthi Chawla]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''11'''
| ''Azhaipithazh'' || P. K. Rajmohan || Ratheesh, Sona
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Tamil-Azhaipithazh-Movie-Review-3,394.php|title=AzhaipithazhTamil Movie Review|access-date=31 October 2019|publisher=bharatstudent.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822020002/http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/movie_reviews_2-Tamil-Azhaipithazh-Movie-Review-3,394.php|archive-date=22 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''18'''
| ''[[Nalla Ponnu Ketta Payyan]]'' || M. P. Balan || [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]], [[Madhumitha]], [[Keerthi Chawla]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''22'''
| ''[[Maanavan Ninaithal]]'' || S. P. Gnanamozhi || Rithik, Varshini
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Manava Manavigal]]'' || Rajagopal || David, Rachana
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pathu Pathu]]'' || Sathyam || [[Sona Heiden]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Bose Venkat]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sutta Pazham]]'' || G. K. || [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]], [[Shubha Poonja]]
|
|
|- August!
| rowspan="7" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#C2B280;" | '''A U G'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''1'''
| ''[[Kuselan]]'' || [[P. Vasu]] || [[Rajinikanth]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Nayantara]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''8'''
| ''[[Unnai Naan]]'' || [[Senthilnathan]] || Viinu, Naash
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Sathyam (2008 film)|Sathyam]]'' || A. Rajasekhar || [[Vishal Krishna|Vishal]], [[Nayantara]], [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''22'''
| ''[[Ragasiya Snehithane]]'' || Sujo Visanth || Vasanth, [[Lakshmi Rai]], Vijay Raj, Prakash, Kandan, Sriram
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nayagan (2008 film)|Nayagan]]'' || [[Saravana Sakthi]] || [[J. K. Rithesh]], [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Keerthi Chawla]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''29'''
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' || [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]] || [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Kangana Ranaut]], [[Lakshmi Rai]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' || [[R. Kannan]] || [[Vinay Rai]], [[Bhavana (Malayalam actress)|Bhavana]], [[Lekha Washington]]
|
|
|- September!
| rowspan="11" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#F5DEB3; textcolor:#000;" | '''S E P'''
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''5'''
| ''[[Alibhabha]]'' || Neelan.K.Sekar || [[Krishna Sekhar]], [[Prakash Raj]], Janani
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]'' || Siva || Prem, [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kee Mu]]'' || [[Majith]] || Hassan, Sarika
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || [[Venkat Prabhu]] || [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]], [[Vaibhav Reddy]], [[S. P. B. Charan]], [[Premji Amaran]], [[Vega Tamotia]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[Poi Solla Porom]]'' || [[A. L. Vijay]] || [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Karthik Kumar]], [[Piaa Bajpai]]
|
|
|-
| ''Vasool'' || V. Rishiraj|| Hemanth Kumar, [[Kiran Rathod]], V. Rishiraj
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''19'''
| ''[[Mudhal Mudhal Mudhal Varai]]'' || Krishnan Seshadri Gomatam || Sathyajit, [[Anuja Iyer]], [[Sricharan|Charan]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pandhayam (2008 film)|Pandhayam]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]] || [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Sindhu Tolani]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' || [[K. P. Jagannath]] || [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], [[Pasupathy]], [[Nithin Sathya]], [[Vimala Raman]], [[Remya Nambeesan]], [[Gajala]], [[Karthika Adaikalam|Karthika]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center" | '''26'''
| ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' || P. V. Prasad || [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]], [[Sunaina]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sakkarakatti]]'' || Kala Prabhu || [[Shanthnoo Bhagyaraj]], [[Ishita Sharma]], [[Vedhika Kumar|Vedhika]]
|
|
|}

===October–December===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" | Opening
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Studio !! Ref
|- October!
| rowspan="10" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFB7C5;" | '''O C T'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''1'''
| ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' || [[A. Venkatesh (director)|A. Venkatesh]] || [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Kirat Bhattal]], [[Gajala]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''2'''
| ''[[Jai Vigneshwar]]'' || James Clifford ||
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''10'''
| ''Kasimedu Govindan'' || Ramesh Sanjay || [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]], Karishma
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kathi Kappal]]'' || Dinesh Selvaraj || [[Anoop Kumar (Tamil actor)|Anoop Kumar]], [[Poornitha]], [[Meera Vasudevan]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (2008 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' || Lakshmikanth Chenna || [[Ravi Krishna (actor, born 1983)|Ravi Krishna]], [[Tamannaah]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" align="center" | '''27'''
| ''[[Seval]]'' || [[Hari (director)|Hari]] || [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Poonam Bajwa]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Megam (film)|Megam]]'' || Jeevarathinam || Tamilarasan, Ragiraja
|
|
|-
| ''[[Aegan]]'' || [[Raju Sundaram]] || [[Ajith Kumar]], [[Nayantara]], [[Navdeep]], [[Piaa Bajpai]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Poochi (film)|Poochi]]'' || Velu || Velu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''31'''
| ''[[Theeyavan]]'' || B. Kathir || Sriranjan, Udhay, Midhuna
|
|
|- November!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#ACE1AF;" | '''N O V'''
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''7'''
| ''Velvi'' || Jeans || Vishwa, Hasini
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''14'''
| ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] || [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]], [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Divya Spandana]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''21'''
| ''[[Thenavattu]]'' || V. V. Kathir || [[Jiiva]], [[Poonam Bajwa]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" align="center" | '''28'''
| ''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] || [[R. K. (actor)|R. K.]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kodaikanal (film)|Kodaikkanal]]'' || T. K. Bose || [[Ashwanth Thilak]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], Shekar
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mahesh, Saranya Matrum Palar]]'' || P. V. Ravi || [[Sakthi Vasu]], [[Sandhya (actress)|Sandhya]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nadigai]]'' || [[Babu Ganesh]] || Babu Ganesh, [[Tejashree]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' || [[Sasi (director)|Sasi]] || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathi Menon]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Utharavindri Ullay Vaa]]'' || Vijayan || Vijayan
|
|
|- December!
| rowspan="8" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#B8860B;" | '''D E C'''
| rowspan="3" align="center" | '''5'''
| ''Pudhusu Kanna Pudhusu'' || A. R. Venkatesh || A. R. Venkatesh, Priyanka Shailu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saamida]]'' || Vadivudayaan || Sembi, Dhanushya
|
|
|-
| ''[[Suryaa (film)|Suryaa]]'' || Jaguar Thangam || Vijaya Chiranjeevi, [[Keerthi Chawla]]
|
|
|-
| align="center" | '''12'''
| ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' || Saravanan || [[Silambarasan|Silambarasan Rajendar]], [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]], [[Sana Khan]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" align="center" |'''19'''
|''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]''|| Subramaniam Pillai ||[[Karunas]], [[Karthika Mathew]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thiruvannamalai (film)|Thiruvannamalai]]'' || [[Perarasu]] || [[Arjun Sarja]], [[Pooja Gandhi]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]''||[[Radha Mohan]]||[[Prakash Raj]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[Ganesh Venkatraman]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center" | '''25'''
| ''[[Panchamirtham]]'' || Raju Eswaran || [[Jayaram]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Saranya Mohan]], [[Sameksha|Samiksha]]
|
|
|}

The following films also released in 2008, though the release date remains unknown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2005.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529192805/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/english%20Films/2005.asp|url-status=usurped|archive-date=2011-05-29|work=[[Lakshman Sruthi]]|access-date=2 November 2023|title=List of Tamil films released in 2005 - producers}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title!! Director !! Cast !! Music director
|-
| ''[[Mogam]]'' || Jeeva Ratnam || Tamilarasan, Raaki Raaji, Saritha Yadav, [[Venu Arvind]] || Ravi Priyan
|-
| ''[[Urugudhe]]'' || Aslam || ||
|-
| ''[[Valakkaringar Archana]]'' || K. K. Bujjibabu || ||
|-
| ''[[Valvellam Vasantham]]'' || K. S. Nesamanavan || Viswa, Minal, [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] || Nesan
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
|-
! rowspan="1" style="width:20px;"| Category/organization !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[56th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]] 31 July 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-award-goes-to/articleshow/3211594.cms |title=The award goes to.. |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 July 2008 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024084947/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-09/news-interviews/27950090_1_mantra-happy-days-allu-arjun |archive-date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] 30 September 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/tamilnadu-state-awards-2007-2008-announced-news-tamil-kkfr09fffbgsi.html |title=Tamilnadu state awards (2007, 2008) announced! |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925115710/https://www.sify.com/movies/tamilnadu-state-awards-2007-2008-announced-news-tamil-kkfr09fffbgsi.html |archive-date=25 September 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> !! rowspan="1" style="width:200px;"| [[3rd Vijay Awards|Vijay Awards]] 13 June 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panasianbiz.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-awards-2008-winners-list-videos/ |title=Vijay Awards Winners List, Photos and Videos | PanAsianBiz |website=www.panasianbiz.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802021708/http://www.panasianbiz.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-awards-2008-winners-list-videos/ |archive-date=2 August 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| Best Film || ''[[Subramaniyapuram]]'' || ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || ''[[Subramaniyapuram]]''
|-
| Best Director || [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] ''[[Subramaniyapuram]]'' || [[Radha Mohan]] ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'' || [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] ''[[Subramaniyapuram]]''
|-
| Best Actor || [[Suriya]] ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || [[Kamal Haasan]] ''[[Dasavathaaram]]'' || [[Suriya]] ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
|-
| Best Actress || [[Parvathy Thiruvothu|Parvathy]] ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' || [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]] ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]''
|-
| Best Music Director || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]'' || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] ''[[Ajantha (2012 film)|Ajantha]]'' (2012) || [[Harris Jayaraj]] ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{Indian film list}}
{{2008 films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 2008}}
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|2008]]
[[Category:Lists of 2008 films by language]]
[[Category:2008 in Indian cinema|*]]
[[Category:2008 Tamil-language films| ]]

Bode Prasad

2026-03-25T16:37:27Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Bode|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Bode Prasad
| image = Bode Prasad.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)| Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| successor1 = [[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]
| constituency1 = [[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru]]
| birth_date = 18 June 1967
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada|Bezawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| years_active =
| occupation = [[Politician]] [[Businessman]]
| education =
| spouse = Bode Hema
| children = Vaishnavi Venkatram
| website_caption =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| website = http://www.bodeprasad.com
}}

'''Bode Prasad''' is an Indian [[politician]] and member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency]]. He is appointed TDP [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]] General Secretary.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2021/andhra-pradesh/krishna/bode-prasad-403486.html | title=టీడీపీ మచిలీపట్నం పార్లమెంట్‌ ప్రధాన కార్యదర్శిగా బోడె ప్రసాద్‌ | language=Telugu | trans-title=TDP Machilipatnam Parliament General Secretary Bode Prasad |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]]| date=9 July 2021 }}</ref>

==Biography==

===Personal life===
Bode is married to Hema.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/bode-prasads-wife-campaigns-for-tdp-jana-sena-alliance-863285 | title=Bode Prasad's wife campaigns for TDP - Jana Sena alliance |website=[[The Hans India]]| date=7 March 2024 }}</ref>

===Political===
In the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2014|2014 assembly election]], Bode contested from [[Penamaluru (Assembly constituency)|Penamaluru constituency]] and won with a majority of 31,448 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/district/ac/235/841 | title=IndiaVotes AC: Krishna District 2014 }}</ref>

For nearly a decade, Bode has earnestly devoted himself to the [[Telugu Desam Party]], He engaged in numerous constructive initiatives focused on alleviating poverty within specific demographics, providing assistance to those in need, and raising awareness about social, political, economic, and legal matters. He also played an active role in rescue and rehabilitation efforts.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tdp-mla-shaves-his-head-against-injustice-to-andhra-pradesh-5056525/ | title=TDP MLA Bode Prasad shaves his head against 'injustice' to Andhra Pradesh |website=[[The Indian Express]]| date=8 February 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39856595 | title=Praise for 'tree-saving' Indian lawmaker | work=[[BBC News]] | date=9 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/090517/vijayawada-mla-spends-rs-1-lakh-translocates-trees.html | title=Vijayawada: MLA Bode Prasad spends Rs 1 lakh, translocates trees |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=9 May 2017 }}</ref>

Bode won the [[2024 Indian general election]] from [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0178.htm</ref> He defeated [[Jogi Ramesh]] of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 59,915 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/penamaluru-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548271-2024-06-04 | title=Penamaluru, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Bode Prasad with 144912 defeats YSRCP's Jogi Ramesh |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* [[Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency]] General Secretary - [[Telugu Desam Party]]<ref name="auto"/>

'''Legislative Assembly'''

* 2014 : Elected from [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency]]
* 2024 : Elected from [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency]]

==Election statistics==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Contested For
! Party
! Constituency
! Opponent
! Votes
! Majority
! Result
|- style="text-align: center;"
|[[2014 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2014]]
|rowspan=2|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
|rowspan=2|{{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
|rowspan=2|[[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru]]
|Kukkala Vidyasagar ([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])
|1,02,330 - 70,882
|31,448
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election in Andhra Pradesh|2024]]
|[[Jogi Ramesh]] ([[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]])
|1,44,912 - 84,997
|59,915
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|BodePrasad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Bode}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

Palace of Assembly

2026-03-22T03:09:57Z

Cornelius R: Adding basic details v1

{{Short description|Building by Le Corbusier in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| image = Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| architect = [[Le Corbusier]]
| completion_date = 1962
| construction_start_date = 1951
| inauguration_date = 15 April 1964
| pushpin_map = India Chandigarh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| location = [[Chandigarh]]
| location_country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|30|45|40|N|76|48|11|E|display=inline,title}}
| embedded = {{Designation list
|embed = yes
|designation1 = World Heritage Site
|designation1_offname = [[The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement]]
|designation1_date = 17 July 2016
|designation1_number = 1321rev
}}
}}

The '''Palace of Assembly''' is a building in [[Chandigarh]], [[India]] which houses the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]. It was designed by [[Modern architecture | modernist]] architect [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name="gua">{{cite news |first=Jason |last=Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/mar/07/chandigarh-le-corbusier-heritage-site |title=Le Corbusier's Indian masterpiece Chandigarh is stripped for parts | Art and design |work=The Guardian |date=7 March 2011 |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015622/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2011/mar/07/chandigarh-le-corbusier-heritage-site |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Conserving-Le-Corbusiers-heritage-comes-into-focus/articleshow/576101.cms |title=Conserving Le Corbusier's heritage comes into focus |work=The Times Of India |date=23 March 2004 |access-date=16 September 2014 |archive-date=5 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905114329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Conserving-Le-Corbusiers-heritage-comes-into-focus/articleshow/576101.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It is part of the [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex]], which includes the Legislative Assembly, [[Secretariat Building (Chandigarh)|Secretariat]] and [[Punjab and Haryana High Court|High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Khushboo |last=Sandhu |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/capitol-complex-as-le-corbusier-wanted-it/635844/ |title=Capitol Complex, as Le Corbusier wanted it, remains incomplete |work=Indian Express |date=19 June 2010 |access-date=2 July 2013 |archive-date=27 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127074822/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/capitol-complex-as-le-corbusier-wanted-it/635844 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Palace of Assembly features a circular assembly chamber, a forum for conversation and transactions, and stair-free circulation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.archdaily.com/155922/ad-classics-palace-of-the-assembly-le-corbusier/ |title=AD Classics: Palace of the Assembly / Le Corbusier |date=10 August 2011 |website=ArchDaily |language=en-US |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926052855/http://www.archdaily.com/155922/ad-classics-palace-of-the-assembly-le-corbusier/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The building was designated as a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in 2016.<ref name="UNESCO1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/buddha-bihar-nalanda-mahavihara-unesco-world-heritage-site-chandigarh-329744-2016-07-18 |title=Tile: UNESCO approves all 3 Indian nominations for heritage tag, Publisher: India Today news, Published on: 18 July 2016, Accessed on: 18 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719134259/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/buddha-bihar-nalanda-mahavihara-unesco-world-heritage-site-chandigarh/1/717209.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 July 2016 |agency=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=15 July 2016 |language=en |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1524 |title=Four sites inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List |work=whc.unesco.org |archive-date=16 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716131638/https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1524 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|View of the building]]
After the [[Partition of India#Punjab|partition of Punjab]] in 1947 following the [[independence of India]], the divided [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] required a new capital to replace [[Lahore]], which was now in Pakistan. [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] commissioned Le Corbusier to build a new city for the capital of [[East Punjab|Punjab]]. This city would become [[Chandigarh]]. Nehru desired that the city's design be "unfettered by the traditions of the past, a symbol of the nation's faith in the future". Subsequently, Corbusier and his team designed not just a large assembly and high court building, but all major buildings in the city, down to the door handles in public offices.<ref name="gua" /> Construction of the Palace of Assembly began in 1951 and ended 11 years later in 1962. The building was inaugurated on 15 April 1964.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nmXS12Lo0xMC&dq=palace+of+assembly+le+corbusier&pg=PA233 |title=The Le Corbusier Guide |last1=Gans |first1=Deborah |last2=Corbusier |first2=Le |date=2000 |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |isbn=9781568981192 |language=en}}</ref> After the [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]] separated the new state of [[Haryana]] from the state of Punjab, Chandigarh remained capital of both states and both legislative assemblies share the same campus.

Today, many of the buildings in Chandigarh are considered modernist masterpieces, though most are in a state of neglect. In 2010, chairs from the assembly building were auctioned in London. A diplomatic attempt to stop the sale failed, as the items were "condemned" and deemed unfit for use.<ref name="gua" />

== Design ==
=== Entrance ===
[[File:Corbu's Door Palace of Assembly.jpg|thumb|Entrance with set of doors painted by Le Corbusier]]
Le Corbusier wanted to include an assembly door. He consulted with Prime Minister Nehru for symbols that could be depicted on the door to represent the new India and its modern vision. Nehru, in turn, entrusted Le Corbusier to invent them himself.<ref name="spectrum" />

The door is adorned with vibrant colours and is divided into upper and lower halves. The upper half depicts man's relationship with the cosmos and includes imagery representing [[solstice]]s, [[lunar eclipse]]s and the [[Equinox]]. The lower half is populated with animals and natural forms. A desert depicts the original order of the Earth, while greenery represents the [[Garden Of Eden]]. The door also displays a river, trees, bulls and turtles, and the proverbial [[Tree of the knowledge of good and evil|Tree of Knowledge]] in the centre of the door bears fruits of knowledge.<ref name="spectrum">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/spectrum/main1.htm |title=The Sunday Tribune – Spectrum |website=www.tribuneindia.com |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128115405/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20130609/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The nearly {{cvt|25|ft2|adj=on|order=flip}} door, with its enamelled panels, was airlifted from Paris.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

This entrance is opened on certain ceremonial occasions.<ref name="spectrum" />

=== Interior layout ===
Le Corbusier believed that "architecture is circulation", and the Palace of Assembly is designed to encourage the movement of people and ideas. High ceilings and narrow columns make the space feel expansive, and ramps replace stairs to provide fluid transitions between levels. The General Assembly itself is circular – a literal interpretation of Le Corbusier's belief – and is off-centre within the space, challenging neoclassical architecture's focus on organization.<ref>{{Google books|id=qZV3BgAAQBAJ|title=The Le Corbusier Guide|page=171}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Chandigarh assembly building 02.JPG|View of the building from the adjacent plaza
File:View of the surrounding from the corridor of legislative assembly.jpg|View of the pool from an outdoor corridor
File:Corridor of legislative assembly.jpg|Architectural motifs
File:Hyperbole Palace of Assembly.jpg|Roofline of building with hyperbolic tower visible
File:Assembly Building Chandigarh.jpg|Night view of Assembly
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban]], similar legislative complex in Dhaka, Bangladesh

==References==
{{Commons category |Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)}}
{{reflist}}

{{Legislative buildings in India}}
{{Le Corbusier}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palace of the Assembly}}
[[Category:Le Corbusier buildings in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings completed in 1962]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Legislative buildings in India]]
[[Category:Brutalist architecture in India]]

Phyllocnistis citronympha

2026-03-21T00:41:35Z

Cornelius R: Adding first stub more to come.

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis citronympha
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1926)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLCTRO Phyllocnistis citronympha Meyrick, 1926] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis citronympha''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplants for the species include ''[[Lannea coromandelica]]'' and ''[[Odina wodier]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188698}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1926]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Mouni Roy

2026-03-19T22:29:29Z

Cornelius R: Content updated and refined

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mouni Roy
| image = Mouni Roy snapped at the opening party and red carpet of Tiffany & Co (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Roy in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|09|28|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[Miranda House]] [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Suraj Nambiar|2022}}
}}

'''Mouni Roy''' ({{IPA|bn|mou̯ni roy}}; born 28 September 1985) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] television and films. One of the highest-paid [[List of Hindi television actresses|television actresses]] in India,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Most Popular Television Actresses |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/tv/stars/most-popular-television-actresses/articleshow/68315264.cms |magazine=The Times of India |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mouni Roy, Tejasswi Prakash and others: Know whopping fees the lead actresses of Naagin charged per episode |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/mouni-roy-tejasswi-prakash-and-others-know-whopping-fees-the-lead-actresses-of-naagin-charged-per-episode-1327589 |magazine=Pinkvilla |date=13 July 2024 |access-date=21 October 2024}}</ref> Roy is widely known for her portrayal of a shape-shifting snake in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'' (2015–2016) and its sequel ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]'' (2016–2017).<ref name="Mouni" /> She is a recipient of several awards, including an [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Award]] and two [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]], as well as nominations for two [[Filmfare Awards]].<ref name="telegraphindia" /><ref name="HBMR" />

Roy started her acting career in 2006 with the television show ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Mouni Roy's Insane Net Worth Is Making Us Scream 'Naagin Paise Gin Gin Gin Gin Gin Mar Gai' |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/72411-mouni-roys-insane-net-worth-is-making-us-scream-naagin-paise-gin-gin-gin-gin-gin-mar-gai.html |magazine=MensXP |date=29 January 2020 |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> She then portrayed [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] in ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'' and Meera in ''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''. Roy made her film debut with ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]'' (2011). She made her bollywood film debut with ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'' (2018), receiving nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. In 2022, Roy received praise for the fantasy film ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'', which earned her the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brahmastra: Part One – Shiva Review: Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt and Mouni Roy's Ayan Mukerji film is a visual spectacle|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/movie-review/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-and-alia-bhatts-ayan-mukerji-film-is-a-visual-spectacle-1189273%3famp|website=Pinkvilla|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=10 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910010120/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/movie-review/brahmastra-part-one-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-and-alia-bhatts-ayan-mukerji-film-is-a-visual-spectacle-1189273?amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Roy was born in [[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]]<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite web |title=A star in her own right |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-star-in-her-own-right/cid/800283 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |access-date=20 October 2020 |date=14 June 2006}}</ref> on 28 September 1985,<ref name="HBMR">{{cite web |title=Actress Mouni Roy's birthday celebration |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/pics-mouni-roys-birthday-celebration/videoshow/49153854.cms |work=Lehren |access-date=29 September 2017 |date=29 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mouni">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/WATCH-Mouni-Roy-celebrates-birthday-with-boyfriend-Raina-and-Naagin-co-actors/articleshow/54560033.cms |title=WATCH: Mouni Roy celebrates birthday with boyfriend Mohit Raina and Naagin co-actors |work=The Times of India |date=28 September 2016 |access-date=2 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mouni Roy in strapless white mini dress celebrates birthday with hubby Suraj Nambiar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/fashion/story/mouni-roy-in-strapless-white-mini-dress-celebrates-birthday-with-hubby-suraj-nambiar-2006176-2022-09-29 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=India Today}}</ref> into a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-speaking<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2022 |title=Mouni Roy says being a Bengali, she grew up around football; reveals watching a FIFA match live with husband Suraj Nambiar was 'surreal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mouni-roy-says-being-a-bengali-she-grew-up-around-football-reveals-watching-a-fifa-match-live-with-husband-suraj-nambiar-was-surreal/articleshow/96273239.cms |access-date=3 February 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshi]] family.<ref>{{cite news |title=সাদা লালপেড়ে শাড়িতে দক্ষিণী রীতি মেনে গাঁটছড়া বাঁধলেন মৌনী-সুরজ |url=https://uttarbangasambad.com/actress-mouni-roy-wedding/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127085247/https://uttarbangasambad.com/actress-mouni-roy-wedding/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=25 March 2022 |work=Uttarbanga Sambad |date=27 January 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> Her grandfather, Shekhar Chandra Roy, was a well-known Jatra theatre artist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday, Mouni Roy: Golden Era Starts @32 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-mouni-roy-golden-era-starts-32-35005 |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=NDTV |date=28 September 2017}}</ref> Her mother Mukti was a theatre artist, and her father Anil Roy was an office superintendent of the Cooch Behar Zilla Parishad, based in Bangchatra Road, Cooch Behar.<ref name="telegraphindia"/> She studied at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] in Baburhat until 12th class, and went to [[Delhi]] afterwards.<ref name="telegraphindia"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Mouni Roy is a true Bengali beauty in Akshay Kumar starrer 'Gold', see pics of her look in the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mouni-roy-is-a-true-bengali-beauty-in-akshay-kumar-starrer-gold-see-pics-of-her-look-in-the-film/articleshow/59681727.cms |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

She completed her graduation from [[Miranda House]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Saloni |date=15 June 2016 |title=DU graduate Mouni Roy: I've slapped eve-teasers in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/du-graduate-mouni-roy-ive-slapped-eve-teasers-in-delhi/articleshow/52748028.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=3 November 2024}}</ref> and studied mass communication at [[Jamia Milia Islamia]] at her parents' insistence, but left the course midway and went to [[Mumbai]] to try her luck in the Hindi film industry.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Srabanti |date=2 August 2006 |title=Komolika returns! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/tv/20060802.htm |work=Rediff |access-date=4 November 2023}}</ref> She finished her Part 1 exams and did not return to Delhi after that.<ref name=":2" />{{failed verification|date=November 2023}} Mouni was interested in acting since childhood and has cited actresses [[Madhubala]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]] as her acting idols.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मौनी रॉय: मैं जो हूं, टीवी की वजह से हूं |url=https://www.femina.in/hindi/meri-udaan/achievers/i-am-here-because-of-tv-says-mouni-roy-in-exclusive-intervie-2729.html |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=femina.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=12 photos that will take you inside TV actress Mouni Roy's modern Mumbai home |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/12-photos-that-will-take-you-inside-tv-actress-mouni-roys-modern-mumbai-home/817452 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Times Now News |date=28 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Debut and initial career (2006–2010) ===
Roy started her career with the [[Ekta Kapoor]] drama ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]'' in 2006, portraying Krishna Tulsi opposite [[Pulkit Samrat]] and [[Akashdeep Saigal]].<ref name=toi2>{{Cite web |title=Teacher's Day: Smriti Irani was Mouni Roy's teacher! |author=Tejashree Bhopatkar |work=The Times of India |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=3 March 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Teachers-Day-Smriti-Irani-was-Mouni-Roys-teacher/articleshow/41780479.cms?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Saas-bahu-and-The-End/articleshow/3641504.cms|title=Saas, bahu and 'The End'|last=Raaj|first=Neelam|date=26 October 2008|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> She then participated in, and won, the first season of dancing competition show ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/dancing-for-a-cause/articleshow/6063215.cms|title=Zara Nachke Dikha: Dancing for a cause|website=The Times of India|date=19 June 2010 |access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> Then, she portrayed Shivani Sabharwal in ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Karan Patel and Shubhangi Atre remember their show Kasturi as it turns 13|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/karan-patel-and-shubhangi-atre-remember-their-show-kasturi-as-it-turns-13/articleshow/75347284.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2020 |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> In 2008, she participated in ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Pati-Patni-Aur-Woh-wont-go-off-air/articleshow/5086256.cms |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091008144211/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Pati-Patni-Aur-Woh-wont-go-off-air/articleshow/5086256.cms |url-status= dead |archive-date= 8 October 2009 |title= Pati Patni Aur Woh won't go off air|author= |date=4 October 2009 |work= Times of India |publisher= |accessdate=24 April 2010}}</ref> In 2010, Roy played Roop in ''[[Do Saheliyaan]]'' opposite Jatin Shah.<ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive - Do Saheliyan off air in four months |access-date=19 September 2014 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/do-saheliyan-off-air-in-four-months/articleshow/6138842.cms |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Established television actress (2011–2017) ===
[[File:Mouni Roy at TSA.jpg|thumb|Roy at an event in 2016]]

In 2011, Roy starred in the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]''. She attained fame after portraying [[Sati (Hindu goddess)|Sati]] in [[Life OK]]'s mythological series ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]'', opposite [[Mohit Raina]], from 2011 to 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohit-raina-dating-mouni-roy/articleshow/18830800.cms |title=Mohit Raina dating Mouni Roy? |work=The Times of India |date=7 March 2013 |access-date=27 May 2014 |author=Naithani, Priyanka}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/mouni-roy-returns-as-sati-on-devon-ke-dev-mahadev/|title=Mouni Roy returns as Sati on 'Devon Ke Dev Mahadev' after a two-year hiatus|work=The Indian Express|date=10 February 2014|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> In 2013, she played the lead as Meera, opposite [[Aditya Redij]], in [[Life OK]]'s ''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Mouni-Roy-bereaved/articleshow/20494864.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614140902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-08/tv/39833847_1_mouni-roy-fatal-accident-ruk-jaana-nahin |url-status=live |archive-date=14 June 2013 |title=Mouni Roy bereaved |date=8 June 2013 |access-date=13 November 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |author=Maheshwri, Neha}}</ref> In 2014, Roy participated in the dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 7|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]'' along with Punit Pathak, and she finished in fourth place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-7-madhuri-dixit-karan-johar-remo-dsouza-194675-2014-05-27|title=Catch never seen before action on Colors' Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7|access-date=28 May 2014|work=India Today|date=27 May 2014 }}</ref>

In 2015, Roy returned to television with [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s supernatural series ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', portraying Shivanya opposite [[Arjun Bijlani]]. The series topped the TRP charts, making her a household name not only in India but in other countries as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin/updates/50547980.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113170506/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin/updates/50547980.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 January 2016|title=Mouni Roy is Ekta Kapoor's Naagin|work=The Times of India|date=10 March 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/trade-news/Naagin-climbs-her-way-to-the-top-of-ratings-ladder/articleshow/50638293.cms?|title='Naagin' climbs her way to the top of ratings ladder|work=The Times of India|date=19 January 2016 |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> She became one of the players on Bijlani's team the Mumbai Tigers in ''Box Cricket League''. She hosted the dance show ''[[So You Think You Can Dance (Indian TV series)|So You Think You Can Dance]]'' on [[&TV]].

In 2017, Roy portrayed a dual role in the second season of ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'', opposite [[Karanvir Bohra]]. Her chemistry with Bijlani in season 1, and with Bohra in season 2, was highly appreciated by audiences, and established her as a leading actress in Indian television.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Naagin-season-2-to-be-back-in-less-than-100-days/articleshow/52544669.cms |title=Naagin season 2 to be back in less than 100 days |date=1 June 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mouni-Roy-in-a-double-role-in-Naagin2/articleshow/54048382.cms |title=Mouni Roy in a double role in Naagin 2 |date=8 September 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=8 September 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Roy voiced the role of [[Sita]] in the animated film ''[[Mahayoddha Rama]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6879ee94-8d4d-4224-ba67-889fbdb768f8&ParentID=7d666bf8-2a37-4a6d-8f6a-296492cdd87c&&Headline=EMRamayana%2fEM+returns |title= ''Ramayana'' returns |access-date= 6 October 2008 |last= Reddy |first= Sujata |date= 4 August 2008 |work= [[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date= 16 September 2008 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080916194110/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=6879ee94-8d4d-4224-ba67-889fbdb768f8&ParentID=7d666bf8-2a37-4a6d-8f6a-296492cdd87c&&Headline=EMRamayana%2FEM+returns |url-status= dead }}</ref> In the same year, she appeared in the song "Nachna Aunda Ni" in ''[[Tum Bin 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-tum-bin-2/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Tum Bin 2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 November 2016 |access-date=1 September 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919040229/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-tum-bin-2/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Return to Hindi cinema and progression (2018–2022) ===
Roy made her full-fledged [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] debut alongside [[Akshay Kumar]] as a housewife in [[Reema Kagti]]'s 2018 period sports film ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]'', an [[Excel Entertainment]] production revolving around India's struggle for recognition in the Hockey Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Akshay-Kumar%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Gold%E2%80%99-is-the-story-of-India%E2%80%99s-first-Olympic-medal/article16077817.ece |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Gold' is the story of India's first Olympic medal |work=The Hindu|access-date=21 October 2016 }}</ref> Jyoti Sharma Bawa of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted, "Roy as Akshay's wife Monobina is just the right mixture of crotchety and charming. With her grasp of Bengali, she brings that extra something to the film's milieu."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold movie review: On Independence Day, Akshay Kumar wins the game, and our hearts |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/gold-movie-review-ratings-akshay-kumar-mouni-roy-independence-day/story-6jfTUBHqiqH1vkQacqvDGM.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=14 August 2018 |language=en |access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated: "Mouni infuses the film with a dash of sensuality and her stern wife's role adds a bit of a comic touch as well."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=14 August 2018 |title=Gold Movie Review: A dramatisation of the events leading to India winning first ever Olympic gold |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/gold-movie-review-a-dramatisation-of-the-events-leading-to-india-winning-first-ever-olympic-gold-29807.amp |magazine=Filmfare |access-date=26 April 2024}}</ref> With global earnings of {{INR}}1.5 billion, ''Gold'' emerged as a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold – Movie – Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3815 |access-date=21 July 2020 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> Roy followed the success of ''Gold'' with an [[item number]] called "Gali Gali" in the Hindi version of ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'', presented by ''Gold'' producers [[Ritesh Sidhwani]] and [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |title='KGF' song 'Gali Gali': Neha Kakkar and Mouni Roy together offer another hit song of the year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/kgf-song-gali-gali-neha-kakkar-and-mouni-roy-together-offer-another-hit-song-of-the-year/articleshow/67072003.cms |access-date=5 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=13 December 201}}</ref>

[[File:Roy graces the special screening of the film Angrezi Medium.jpg|thumb|Roy in 2020]]

In 2019, Roy made a cameo appearance in the final few episodes of ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 3]]'' as Mahanaagrani Shivangi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=13 May 2019 |title=Naagin 3 finale: Mouni Roy is introduced as 'Mahanaagrani' in the new promo |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-3-mouni-roy-mahanaagrani-new-promo-5725108/ |access-date=25 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Roy's first release in 2019 was ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]'' alongside [[John Abraham]] and [[Jackie Shroff]]. For her performance as a RAW agent, ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, "Mouni Roy has an interesting part to essay. Though she does well, her character gets a raw deal."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Romeo Akbar Walter Review - John Abraham's film fails to impress as it suffers from a flawed script as well as a weak and lengthy execution |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 April 2019 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/romeo-akbar-walter/critic-review/romeo-akbar-walter-movie-review/ |access-date=28 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ''Romeo Akbar Walter'' underperformed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo Akbar Walter - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=5635 |access-date=5 April 2021 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> In her next film the same year, ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]'', Roy played a disturbed housewife alongside [[Rajkummar Rao]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mouni Roy is taking extensive lessons in Gujarati for her role in 'Made in China' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mouni-roy-is-taking-extensive-lessons-in-gujarati-for-her-role-in-made-in-china/articleshow/65499884.cms |access-date=28 June 2020 |website=The Times of India |date=22 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Vibha Maru noted: "Mouni is a surprise package. Though given a small role, she comes with much power, owning every bit of the screen time she gets."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maru |first1=Vibha |title=Made in China Movie Review: Rajkummar Rao shines in a hearty made-in-India film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/made-in-china-movie-review-rajkummar-rao-shines-in-a-hearty-made-in-india-film-1612598-2019-10-24 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=24 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> ''Made in China'' proved to be a modest commercial success.<ref name="botop">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/made-in-china/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title= Made In China Box Office Report|website=Bollywood Hungama|date= 25 October 2019|accessdate=31 December 2019}}</ref>

Roy played a pregnant RAW agent in her first OTT feature film, ''[[London Confidential]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=IANS |title=Mouni Roy, Purab Kohli in spy thriller 'London Confidential' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mouni-roy-purab-kohli-in-spy-thriller-london-confidential |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Telangana Today |date=13 August 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' stated, "Mouni Roy shows conviction in playing her part and is in a different avatar from her earlier performances."<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE 5's London Confidential Movie Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/london-confidential-review/20200921.htm |access-date=21 September 2020 |website=Rediff.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, she played an actress in ''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]'' alongside [[Abhay Deol]]. Hiren Kotwani of ''[[Times of India]]'' wrote, "Mouni has limited scope to perform. Nonetheless, she lights up the screen every time she appears in the film."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hiren Kotwani|author-link=|date=10 December 2021|title=Velle Movie Review : Karan and Abhay's Velle is a watchable fare|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/velle/movie-review/88194559.cms|access-date=11 December 2021|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Roy appeared as the judge in ''[[Dance India Dance|Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 5]]'' in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2022 |title=Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 5 ropes in Mouni Roy as the judge |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dance-india-dance-lil-masters-5-ropes-mouni-roy-judge/ |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

The same year, Roy played the main antagonist Junoon in ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PTI |date=18 March 2019 |title=Mouni Roy on her Brahmastra role: Was surprised to play the main villain |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/was-surprised-when-i-was-cast-as-villain-in-brahmastra-mouni-roy-1480920-2019-03-18 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="rd:var">{{Cite web |url=https://variety.com/2021/film/news/amitabh-bachchan-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-brahmastra-1235132978/ |author=Naman Ramachandran |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt's Divine Hero Franchise Film 'Brahmastra' Sets 2022 Release Date (Exclusive) |date=14 December 2021 |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=Variety}}</ref> Roy received rave reviews from critics and audience alike. Tushar Joshi of ''[[India Today]]'' noted, "Roy as the villain is terrific and breaks the ''Naagin'' stigma with this career-altering performance."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmastra Part 1 Shiva Review: Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt's Astraverse can take on the MCU |work=India Today |date=9 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/brahmastra-part-1-shiva-review-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-s-astraverse-can-take-on-the-mcu-1998195-2022-09-09}}</ref> Prateek Sur from ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "The real find of the film, Roy is simply terrific and really holds herself in this elaborate cast and effortlessly shines as the nemesis."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmastra Review: Ayan Mukerji Film, Starring Ranbir Kapoor And Alia Bhatt, Is A Visual Feast |work=News18 India |date=9 September 2022 |access-date=10 September 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/brahmastra-review-ayan-mukerji-film-starring-ranbir-kapoor-and-alia-bhatt-is-a-visual-feast-5920639.html}}</ref> The film became the [[List of Hindi films of 2022|highest-grossing Hindi film of 2022]]. Her performance in the film earned her the [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress]] and a nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="Junoon Outlook">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-brahmastra-ranbir-kapoor-alia-bhatt-amitabh-bachchan-why-is-mouni-roy-the-antagonist-that-bollywood-has-been-waiting-for-nagarjuna-ayan-mukerji-news-221478/amp |author=Prateek Sur |title='Brahmastra': Why Is Mouni Roy The Antagonist That Bollywood Has Been Waiting For |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Outlook}}</ref>

=== Further work and streaming projects (2023{{Endash}}present) ===
In 2023, Roy made her web debut with [[Milan Luthria]]'s ''[[Sultan of Delhi (TV series)|Sultan of Delhi]]'' opposite [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]] and Anjum Sharma. She played a cabaret dancer, Nayanthara in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tahir Raj Bhasin, Mouni Roy and Neha Sharma to star in Milan Luthria's show based on Arnab Ray's book Sultan of Delhi: Ascension |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tahir-raj-bhasin-mouni-roy-neha-sharma-star-milan-luthrias-show-based-arnab-rays-book-sultan-delhi-ascension/ |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mouni Roy, Tahir Raj Bhasin star in Milan Luthria's 'Sultan of Delhi' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mouni-roy-tahir-raj-bhasin-star-in-milan-luthrias-sultan-of-delhi/article67311205.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |date=15 September 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] stated that the script doesn't allow her to perform.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=13 October 2023 |title=Mouni Roy, Tahir Raj Bhasin star in Milan Luthria's 'Sultan of Delhi' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sultan-of-delhi-review-blood-soaked-but-far-from-full-blooded-1-5-stars-4476863 |work=NDTV |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

In her first release of 2024, Roy played Yasmine Ali, an actress opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]] in the series ''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/video/disney-hotstar-bollywood-showtime-launch-date-trailer/|title=Disney+ Hotstar Bollywood Insider Drama Series 'Showtime' Sets March Launch Date; Watch The Trailer|work=Deadline |date=13 February 2024 |accessdate=29 February 2024}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Devansh Sharma stated, "Mouni does get some moments to shine, especially a close-up shot where reel life echoes the real, but her arc is strictly work-in-progress."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=8 March 2024 |title=Showtime review: Karan Johar, Emraan Hashmi bring a zeitgeisty yet soulless take on Bollywood behind the doors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/showtime-review-karan-johar-emraan-hashmi-bring-a-zeitgeisty-yet-soulless-take-on-bollywood-behind-the-doors-101709796983421-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> Later the year, she appeared as a TV host in ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Love, Sex Aur Dhokha 2' gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/love-sex-aur-dhokha-2-gets-a-release-date/article67844606.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> Ganesh Aaglave of ''[[Firstpost]]'' was appreciative of her cameo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |date=19 April 2024 |title=Love Sex Aur Dhokha 2 movie review: Dark, gritty & gripping affair |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/love-sex-aur-dhokha-2-movie-review-dark-gritty-gripping-affair-showcases-the-ugly-side-of-social-media-13761240.html |work=Firstpost|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref> She then played Shruti, a woman-on-the-run alongside [[Vikrant Massey]] in ''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jio Studios unveils slate of over hundred films and series across languages and genres |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1047264/jio-studios-unveils-slate-of-films-series-across-languages-and-genres |date=12 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> The film received negative reviews and [[Sukanya Verma]] opined that Roy's character was "reduced to chumps".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |date=7 June 2024 |title=Blackout Review: Dumb Charade |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/blackout-review/20240607.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

In 2025, Roy first played a ghost in ''[[The Bhootnii]]'' opposite [[Sunny Singh (actor)|Sunny Singh]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=After 'Naagin', Mouni Roy turns The Bhootnii in Sanjay Dutt's film. Teaser out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/naagin-mouni-roy-turns-the-bhootni-sanjay-dutt-film-teaser-release-date-2685791-2025-02-26 |magazine=India Today |date=26 February 2025 |access-date=26 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanjay Dutt starrer The Bhootnii gets postponed, to now release on May 1|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-starrer-bhootnii-gets-postponed-now-release-may-1/|date=14 April 2025|access-date=18 April 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref> Rishabh Suri stated that she "fares well" in her role due to her experience with such supernatural roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Bhootnii movie review: Sanjay Dutt, Mouni Roy, Sunny Singh serve us a horror comedy neither too funny nor scary|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-bhootnii-movie-review-sanjay-dutt-mouni-roy-sunny-singh-serve-us-a-horror-comedy-neither-too-funny-nor-scary-101746090752066-amp.html|date=1 May 2025|access-date=1 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Following this, she played an Indian undercover agent in Pakistan in the series ''[[Salakaar]]'' alongside [[Naveen Kasturia]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Mouni Roy teams up with Khuda Haafiz director Faruk Kabir for new project titled Salakaar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mouni-roy-teams-khuda-haafiz-director-faruk-kabir-new-project-titled-salakaar/ |magazine=Bollywood Hungama |date=20 December 2024 |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur was appreciative of her "nuanced character" and performance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |title='Salakaar' web-series review: Mukesh Rishi steals the show, Mouni Roy surprises with her character |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/salakaar-web-series-review-mukesh-rishi-steals-the-show-mouni-roy-surprises-with-her-character-13922025.html |access-date=9 August 2025 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=8 August 2025 |language=en-us}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mouni Roy has been awarded the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] [[Immigrant investor programs|Golden Visa]], attributed to her frequent visits to the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Indian actress Mouni Roy receives UAE golden visa |language=en |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/indian-actress-mouni-roy-receives-uae-golden-visa-9600.html |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> On 27 January 2022, she married [[Dubai]]-based Malayali businessman Suraj Nambiar in traditional Bengali and Malayali ceremonies in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]], following a three-year relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mouni Roy Ties the knot with businessman Suraj Nambiar in a Kerala-style wedding in Goa |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mouni-roy-ties-the-knot-with-businessman-suraj-nambiar-in-a-kerala-style-wedding-in-goa/articleshow/89149261.cms |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouni Roy ties the knot with Suraj Nambiar, glows in white at Goa wedding. See first pics of bride and groom |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mouni-roy-ties-the-knot-with-suraj-nambiar-bride-glows-in-white-at-goa-wedding-see-first-pic-101643261416521.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Other work and media image==
[[File:Mouni Roy snapped in Bandra (2).jpg|thumb|Roy in 2023]]

Roy has established herself as one of the most prominent television actresses in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 40 crore net worth! All EXPENSIVE things owned by Television's Naagin Mouni Roy |work=Zoom TV |date=9 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/rs-40-crore-net-worth-all-expensive-things-owned-by-mouni-roy-bollywood-new-entertainment-news-article-96112883/amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the amount Mouni Roy earned while being Hindi television's Naagin! |work=Amar Ujala |access-date=18 November 2020 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/naagin-2-actress-mouni-roy-fees-worked-with-abhishek-bachchan-in-run}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'' labeled ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]'' a "game-changer" for Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From being a background dancer in Abhishek Bachchan's film to shining in Bollywood: A look at Mouni Roy's journey |work=Times of India |date=18 June 2022 |access-date=19 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-being-a-background-dancer-in-abhishek-bachchans-film-to-shining-in-bollywood-a-look-at-mouni-roys-journey/etphotostory/92298008.cms}}</ref> After the release of ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]'', Mayukh Majumdar of ''[[Filmfare]]'' termed her "the undisputed star of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |author=Mayukh Majumdar |title=Mouni Roy on Junoon, Brahmastra and the magic of India |work=Filmfare |access-date=24 September 2022 |url=https://m.filmfare.com/interviews/mouni-roy-on-junoon-brahmastra-and-the-magic-of-india-55506.amp}}</ref> ''[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]'' stated that Roy's Junoon will be the "best antagonist Bollywood has seen in a while".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brahmastra: Here's why Mouni Roy as Junoon will be the best antagonist Bollywood has seen in a while |work=Financial Express |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/brahmastra-heres-why-mouni-roy-as-junoon-will-be-the-best-antagonist-bollywood-has-seen-in-a-while/2657114/lite/}}</ref> Roy has frequently featured on Times of India's "50 Most Desirable Women" list. She ranked 35th in 2017, 32nd in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Disha-Patani-tops-The-Times-50-Most-Desirable-Women-2019-list/29-08-2020-314286/|title=Disha Patani Tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 List|publisher=BW businessworld|access-date= 29 August 2020}}</ref> 41st in 2019 and 44th in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/buzz/rhea-chakraborty-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2020-list/articleshow/83338122.cms|title=Rhea Chakraborty tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2020 list|newspaper=Times of India|date=8 June 2021 |access-date= 8 June 2021}}</ref> She placed 3rd in the same publication's "20 Most Desirable Women on TV" list in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Women on TV: Jennifer Winget tops the list |work=Times of India |date=20 May 2018 |access-date=26 September 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv/articleshow/64234804.cms}}</ref> In 2018, same publication also ranked her 4th in the ''Top 10 Popular Actress'' in Television.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/top-10-indian-tv-actresses-who-are-more-famous-than-their-bollywood-counterparts/articleshow/62754988.cms|title=Top 10 TV Actress|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 March 2018 |access-date=17 August 2024}}</ref> In 2023, she ranked 8th in ''[[Times Now]]'' "Popular Actresses" list.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/web-stories/entertainment/9-indian-tv-actresses-who-are-more-famous-than-bollywood-stars/photostory/100432740.cms|title=9 Indian TV actresses who are more famous than Bollywood Stars|newspaper=[[Times Now]] |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>

Roy is a prominent celebrity endorser for brands and products including Bryan & Candy, [[Joy Global|Joy]] and Spawake.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouni Roy becomes brand ambassador for Bryan & Candy |work=Economics Times |access-date=26 February 2023 |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/mouni-roy-becomes-brand-ambassador-for-bryan-candy/92534858}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Beauty brand Joy signs Mouni Roy as brand ambassador |work=Fashion Network |date=20 November 2018 |access-date=26 December 2022 |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Beauty-brand-joy-signs-mouni-roy-as-brand-ambassador,1037116.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouni Roy becomes the new brand ambassador of Spawake |work=Economics Times |access-date=27 November 2022 |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/mouni-roy-becomes-the-new-brand-ambassador-of-spawake/91486688}}</ref> In March 2023, Roy performed in various cities in the United States for "The Entertainers" tour,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akshay Kumar hangs from harness, holds Mouni Roy's hands to lift her up during Orlando show. Watch |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2023 |access-date=12 March 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-hangs-from-harness-holds-mouni-roy-s-hands-to-lift-her-up-during-orlando-show-watch-101678611236461-amp.html}}</ref> alongside [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Disha Patani]], [[Nora Fatehi]], [[Sonam Bajwa]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]], [[Stebin Ben]] and [[Zahrah S. Khan|Zahrah S Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Akshay Kumar-led The Entertainers tour with Mouni Roy, Disha Patani and Sonam Bajwa |work=Indian Express |date=5 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/inside-akshay-kumar-led-the-entertainers-tour-with-mouni-roy-disha-patani-and-sonam-bajwa-8480502/}}</ref> Roy also supports a number of social causes. During the [[COVID-19]] crisis, she donated a sum for people in need.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouni Roy donates and lends her support amid Covid-19; ask fans to do the same |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=5 May 2021 |access-date=27 September 2022 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mouni-roy-donates-and-lends-her-support-amid-covid-19/}}</ref> In 2020, after the [[cyclone Amphan]], she joined with an NGO and auctioned her paintings in order to raise funds for victims.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Mouni Roy to auction her paintings for charity! |work=Times of India |date=8 June 2020 |access-date=20 November 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mouni-roy-to-auction-her-paintings-for-charity/articleshow/76268425.cms}}</ref> Roy also donated to the [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Iskcon Foundation]] for medical facilities in [[Mayapur]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mouni Roy contributes to Iskcon Foundation for medical facilities |work=Tribune India |access-date=28 December 2021 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/mouni-roy-contributes-to-iskcon-foundation-for-medical-facilities-256654}}</ref> Roy and her husband Suraj Nambiar launched "Ultimate Gurus", a global education platform, in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: Suraj Nambiar and Mouni Roy's global ed-tech, Ultimate Gurus, goes live |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 February 2022 |access-date=28 February 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/suraj-nambiar-mouni-roy-s-global-ed-tech-ultimate-gurus-goes-live-101645707115325-amp.html}}</ref> In May 2023, Roy opened a restaurant named "Badmaash" in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 June 2023 |title=Step inside Mouni Roy's new restaurant Badmaash, 'a tropical oasis in the middle Mumbai' with eye-catching decor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/step-inside-mouni-roy-new-mumbai-restaurant-badmaash-pics-101685950277249.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> Roy is the [[List of Indian television actresses#Most followed Indian television actresses in Instagram|most-followed Indian television actresses in Instagram]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubina Dilaik to Mouni Roy: Top 10 leading TV actresses with most social media followers |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/tejasswi-prakash-to-shivangi-joshi-top-10-leading-tv-actresses-with-most-social-media-followers-1248590?amp |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |date=5 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
*''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]''
| Dancer
| Special appearance in song "Nahin Hona Nahin Hona"
|
|-
| 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Hero Hitler in Love]]''
| Sahiban
| [[Punjabi film]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3717&nCat= |title=Hero Hitler in Love (2011) |publisher=Box Office India |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=17 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231624/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3717&nCat= |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Mahayoddha Rama]]''
| [[Sita]]
| Animated film; Voice only
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mouni-roy-lends-voice-to-a-character-in-a-mythological-movie/articleshow/55224512.cms|title=Mouni Roy lends voice to a character in a Mythological movie|newspaper=The Times of India|date=3 November 2016|accessdate=18 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tum Bin 2]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Nachna Aaonda Nahin"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
| Monobina Das
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gold-poster-akshay-kumar-passion-in-his-eyes-is-determined-to-make-india-proud-1866724|title=Gold Poster: Akshay Kumar, Passion In His Eyes, Is Determined To Make India Proud|date=29 April 2018|access-date=10 August 2018|work=NDTV India}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[KGF: Chapter 1|K.G.F: Chapter 1]]''
| Lucy
| Kannada film; Special appearance in song "Gali Gali"
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Romeo Akbar Walter]]''
| Shraddha Sharma / Parul
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/john-abraham-starrer-romeo-akbar-walter-shot-kashmir/ |title=John Abraham and Mouni Roy starrer Romeo Akbar Walter to be shot in Kashmir |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=29 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made in China]]''
| Rukmini Mehta
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |title=Rajkummar Rao And Mouni Roy Start Filming Made In China |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rajkummar-rao-and-mouni-roy-start-filming-made-in-china-1914988 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=NDTV |date=11 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row" | ''[[London Confidential]]''
| Uma Kulkarni
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pallavi |first=Krishna Priya |date=21 June 2021 |title=Mouni Roy talks about the impact of yoga and meditation in her life on Yoga Day |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/mouni-roy-talks-about-the-impact-of-yoga-and-meditation-in-her-life-on-yoga-day-101624264360303.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Velle (film)|Velle]]''
| Rohini Roy
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Velle trailer out. Karan Deol, Abhay and Mouni Roy's film to release on Dec 10 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/velle-trailer-out-karan-deol-abhay-and-mouni-roy-s-film-to-release-on-dec-10-1878147-2021-11-18 |access-date=16 October 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| Junoon
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Roy |first=Tanushree |date=14 June 2022 |title=Mouni Roy as Junoon in Brahmastra Part One Shiva gives major Naagin vibes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/mouni-roy-as-junoon-in-brahmastra-part-one-shiva-gives-major-naagin-vibes-watch-1962101-2022-06-14 |magazine=India Today |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha 2]]''
| Soni
| Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=LSD 2 teaser: Dibakar Banerjee's dark satire on human relations amid crime, social media and reality shows. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/lsd-2-teaser-dibakar-banerjees-dark-satire-on-human-relations-amid-crime-social-media-and-reality-shows-watch-101711961249469-amp.html |magazine=Hindustan Times |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Blackout (2024 film)|Blackout]]''
| Shruti Mehra
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Vohra |first=Anurag |date=30 May 2024 |title=Blackout trailer: Vikrant Massey, Mouni Roy's dark comedy is all about chaos. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/blackout-trailer-vikrant-massey-mouni-roys-dark-comedy-is-all-about-chaos-watch-101717059507407-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 May 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Vedaa]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song "Mummy Ji"
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Did you know Mouni Roy faced health issues and rehearsed only for 1 day before shooting Vedaa track 'Mummy Ji'? Actress calls experience "exhilarating" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-know-mouni-roy-faced-health-issues-rehearsed-1-day-shooting-vedaa-track-mummy-ji-actress-calls-experience-exhilarating/ |magazine=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=8 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" |2025
! scope="row" | ''[[The Bhootnii]]''
| Mohabbat
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sanjay Dutt, Mouni Roy, and Palak Tiwari team up for the horror-comedy The Bhootnii; character posters out! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sanjay-dutt-mouni-roy-palak-tiwari-team-horror-comedy-bhootnii-character-posters/ |magazine=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2026
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Vishwambhara]]''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|Telugu film Filming Special appereance
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Vishwambhara: Chiranjeevi and Mouni Roy team up for a special dance number in final schedule of film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/vishwambhara-chiranjeevi-and-mouni-roy-team-up-for-a-special-dance-number-in-final-schedule-of-film-ottplay-101753421361139.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=25 July 2025 |access-date=29 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''[[Hai Jawani Toh Ishq Hona Hai]]''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mouni Roy Joins Varun Dhawan And Mrunal Thakur In 'Hai Jawani Toh Ishq Hona Hai'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/mouni-roy-joins-varun-dhawan-and-mrunal-thakur-in-hai-jawani-toh-ishq-hona-hai-2895151.html/ |work=Zee News |date=3 May 2025 |access-date=3 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''The Wives''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhur Bhandarkar begins The Wives shoot with Mouni Roy, shares pics from muhurat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/madhur-bhandarkar-begins-the-wives-shoot-mouni-roy-shares-pics-from-mahurat-2753129-2025-07-09 |work=India Today |date=9 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2006–2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| Krishna Tulsi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13sld1.htm|title=The trials and tribulations of Kyunki Saas|website=Rediff|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407170237/https://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/apr/13sld1.htm|archive-date=7 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Kaho Na Yaar Hai]]''
| Contestant
| Episode 5
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''
| Shivani Sabbarwal
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha|Zara Nachke Dikha 1]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| Winner
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/finale-ke-baad-/articleshow/6155222.cms|title=Star Plus' Zara Nachke Dikha: Finale ke baad...|website=Times of India|date=12 July 2010 |access-date=20 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Do Saheliyaan]]''
| Roop
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai|Sshhh... Phir Koi Hai- Trittya]]''
| Koena
|
|
|-
| 2011–2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]]''
| [[Sati (goddess)|Sati]]
| Main role
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shashidhar |first1=Ajita |title=Mythology makes a tentative comeback on Indian television |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/mythology-makes-a-tentative-comeback-with-mahadev-135335-2014-01-06 |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Business Today |date=19 January 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Junoon – Aisi Nafrat Toh Kaisa Ishq]]''
| Meera
| Main role
|
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa season 7|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
| Contestant
| 4th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-i-hope-jhalak-dhikhhla-jaa-increases-my-fan-base-tv/20140612.htm |title=I hope Jhalak Dhikhhla Jaa increases my fanbase |last=Hegde |first=Rajul |date=12 June 2014 |work=Rediff |access-date=21 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2015–2016
! scope="row" | ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)#Season 1|Naagin 1]]''
| Shivanya Singh
| Main role
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Arjun-Bijlanis-special-gift-for-Mouni-Roy/articleshow/51194391.cms|title=Arjun Bijlani's special gift for Mouni Roy|date=29 February 2016|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)#Season 2|Naagin 2]]''
| rowspan="2" | Shivangi Pratap Singh / Shivanya Singh
| Main role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mouni-roy-karanvir-bohra-and-adaa-khan-shoot-for-the-last-episode-of-naagin-2/articleshow/59174329.cms|title=Mouni Roy, Karanvir Bohra and Adaa Khan shoot for the last episode of Naagin 2|website=The Times of India|date=18 June 2017 |access-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723075031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mouni-roy-karanvir-bohra-and-adaa-khan-shoot-for-the-last-episode-of-naagin-2/articleshow/59174329.cms|archive-date=23 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2018; 2019
! scope="row" | [[Naagin (2015 TV series)#Season 3|''Naagin 3'']]
| Extended Cameo
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/naagin-3-from-mouni-roys-return-to-deadly-combats-heres-what-to-expect-from-the-grand-finale-this-weekend/photostory/69384275.cms |title=Naagin 3: From Mouni Roy's return to deadly combats, here's what to expect from the grand finale this weekend |work=The Times of India |date=18 May 2019 |access-date=30 March 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[Lip Sing Battle]]''
| Contestant
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kameshwari |first1=A. |title=Lip Sing Battle: Mouni Roy and Raftaar to perform jugalbandi on Farah Khan's show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/lip-sing-battle-mouni-roy-and-raftaar-to-perform-jugalbandi-on-farah-khan-show-4847785/lite/ |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" | ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters |Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 5]]''
| rowspan="2" |Judge
|
|
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Dance Bangla Dance|Dance Bangla Dance 12]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Reality series Dance Bangla Dance to welcome Mouni Roy as a judge|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/reality-series-dance-bangla-dance-to-welcome-mouni-roy-as-a-judge/articleshow/95907106.cms |work=The Times of India |date=1 December 2022 |access-date=20 February 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[Temptation Island India]]''
| Host
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dating-reality-show-temptation-island-to-get-an-indian-adaptation-details-2445535-2023-10-06 |title=Dating reality show 'Temptation Island' to get an Indian adaptation. Details |magazine=India Today |date=6 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007000729/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/dating-reality-show-temptation-island-to-get-an-indian-adaptation-details-2445535-2023-10-06 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sultan of Delhi (TV series)|Sultan of Delhi]]''
| Nayantara Gangopadhya
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sultan of Delhi teaser: Milan Luthria's OTT debut reminds you of 60s charm; will release in October |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/milan-luthria-web-series-debut-sultan-of-delhi-tahir-raj-bhasin-disney-hotstar-october-13-2436070-2023-09-15 |magazine=India Today |date=15 September 2023 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row" | ''[[Showtime (Indian TV series)|Showtime]]''
| Yasmine Ali
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Showtime teaser: Karan Johar brings new web show on nepotism starring Emraan Hashmi, Naseeruddin Shah, Mouni Roy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/showtime-teaser-karan-johar-brings-new-web-show-on-nepotism-starring-emraan-hashmi-naseeruddin-shah-mouni-roy-101703054517047.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=20 December 2023 |access-date=13 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" | ''[[Salakaar]]''
| Srishti Chaturvedi / Mariam
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mouni Roy wraps up shoot of 'Salakaar', calls working on film 'enriching experience' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mouni-roy-wraps-up-shoot-of-salakaar-calls-working-on-film-enriching-experience |work=Telangana Today |agency=IANS |date=13 January 2025 |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
! scope="row" | ''Holi Mein Rangeele''
| [[Mika Singh]], Abhinav Shekhar
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Holi Mein Rangeele | date=2 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XBqzieMSz-Y |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/XBqzieMSz-Y |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=BLive Music |access-date=10 March 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Bheegi Bheegi Raaton Mein''
| [[Nakash Aziz]], Mouni Roy
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mimansa |date=6 February 2020 |title=Top Bollywood songs of February 5: Thappad's Ek Tukda Dhoop, Mouni Roy's Bheegi Bheegi and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ek-tukda-dhoop-bheegi-bheegi-6252738/ |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021
! scope="row" | ''Patli Kamariya''
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Sukhe]], [[Parampara Tandon]]
|<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bhowal |first1=Tiasha |date=17 March 2021 |title=Mouni Roy burns the dance floor in Patli Kamariya music video. Watch |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mouni-roy-burns-the-dance-floor-in-patli-kamariya-music-video-watch-1780277-2021-03-17 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Baithe Baithe''
| [[Stebin Ben]], Danish Sabri, Aishwarya Pandit
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=मौनी रॉय और अंगद बेदी का नया गाना 'बैठे-बैठे' हुआ रिलीज, दिखी दोनों की खूबसूरत केमिस्ट्री |url=https://www.abplive.com/entertainment/mouni-roy-and-angad-bedi-new-song-baithe-baithe-released-watch-here-video-1946406 |access-date=19 July 2021 |date=28 July 2021 |work=ABP Live |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Disco Balma''
| [[Asees Kaur]], Mellow D
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=Mouni Roy Stuns in BTS Pictures From 'Disco Balma' Music Video |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/mouni-roy-stuns-in-bts-pictures-from-disco-balma-music-video-4210673.html |access-date=17 September 2021 |website=[[News 18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Dil Galti Kar Baitha Hai''
| [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check Out New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Dil Galti Kar Baitha Hai' Sung By Jubin Nautiyal Featuring Mouni Roy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/check-out-new-hindi-hit-song-music-video-teaser-dil-galti-kar-baitha-hai-sung-by-jubin-nautiyal-featuring-mouni-roy/videoshow/86477113.cms |access-date=25 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Jodaa''
| [[Afsana Khan]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Mouni Roy and Aly Goni play lovelorn couple in 'Jodaa', see first poster |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/mouni-roy-aly-goni-song-jodaa-poster-7546666/lite |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
! scope="row" | ''Poori Gal Baat''
| [[Tiger Shroff]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Poori Gal Baat: Tiger Shroff romances Mouni Roy in first Punjabi single |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/poori-gal-baat-tiger-shroff-romances-mouni-roy-in-first-punjabi-single-disha-patani-reacts-101646032002631.html |access-date=3 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=28 February 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Gatividhi''
| [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=24 December 2022 |title=Honey Singh, Mouni Roy's party number 'Gatividhi' out now |url=https://theprint.in/features/honey-singh-mouni-roys-party-number-gatividhi-out-now/1281138/ |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''Fakeeran''
| Zahrah S Khan
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch Fakeeran Song: Mouni Roy sets internet ablaze in Zahrah S Khan's latest track |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bollywood/watch-fakeeran-song-mouni-roy-sets-internet-ablaze-in-zahrah-s-khans-latest-track |access-date=16 October 2023 |work=Free Press Journal |date=30 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''Dotara''
|[[Payal Dev]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mouni Roy looks ethereal in Payal Dev and Jubin Nautiyal's Dotara song |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mouni-roy-looks-ethereal-in-payal-dev-and-jubin-nautiyals-dotara-song/cid/1924033 |access-date=14 April 2023 |work=the Telegraph |date=21 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
! scope="row" | ''Love Ya''
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Diljit Dosanjh romances Mouni Roy in new song Love Ya unveiled on 40th birthday |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/diljit-dosanjh-romances-mouni-roy-in-new-song-love-ya-on-40th-birthday-watch-101704526759572-amp.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 January 2024 |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Zaalima''
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]], Dystinct
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anshul Garg teams up with Mouni Roy, Shreya Ghoshal and Dystinct for 'Zaalima' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anshul-garg-teams-mouni-roy-zaalima/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=30 May 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
Roy has received two [[Filmfare Awards]] nominations: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] for ''Gold'' and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for ''Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Nominations For The 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 With Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |magazine=Filmfare |date=24 April 2023}}</ref> Roy also won the [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular]] for ''Naagin''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Rubina Dilaik, Anil Kapoor win the top honours; details inside |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-rubina-dilaik-anil-kapoor-win-the-top-honours-details-inside-lifetv-351886-2016-11-14 |access-date=16 October 2023 |magazine=India Today |date=15 November 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2006
| [[Indian Telly Awards|6th Indian Telly Awards]]
| [[Fresh New Face – Female]]
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2006 Popular Awards nominees|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|access-date=10 December 2013|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213148/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k6/nominees.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|16th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress – Popular]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ita-awards-2016-mouni-roy-rubina-dilaik-anil-kapoor-win-the-top-honours-details-inside-lifetv-351886-2016-11-14 |title=ITA Awards 2016: Mouni Roy, Rubina Dilaik, Anil Kapoor win the top honours; details inside |date=15 November 2016 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Awards|10th Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/gold-awards-2016-arjun-bijlani-devoleena-bhattacharjee-mouni-roy-full-list-of-winners-lifetv-13451-2016-06-10|title=Gold Awards 2016: Arjun Bijlani, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Mouni Roy win top honours; full list of winners|access-date=10 June 2016|website=India Today|date=9 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| Most Entertaining Television Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-the-big-star-entertainment-awards-2015/|title=Complete list of winners of the Big Star Entertainment Awards 2015|date=15 January 2016|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
| rowspan="2" | [[Gold Awards|11th Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Lead Role (Jury)]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]''
| {{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Check out the complete list of winners of 11th Gold Awards 2017 |work=Times of India |access-date=27 August 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2017/114}}</ref>
|-
| Face of the Year – Female
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards|17th Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| [[ITA Award for Best Actress Popular|Best Actress – Popular]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2017-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-vivian-dsena-see-photos-videos-4924530/|title=ITA Awards 2017 winners list: Jennifer Winget, Vivian Dsena and Nakuul Mehta take home the trophies|website=The Indian Express|date=6 November 2017 |language=en-IN|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| [[64th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Gold (2018 film)|Gold]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html|title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 |work=Filmfare|access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Star Screen Awards]]
| Best Ethnic Style (Female)
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/star-screen-awards-2018-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-rajkummar-rao-walk-away-with-trophies-bollywood-news/332088|title=Star Screen Awards 2018 FULL winners list: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt, Rajkummar Rao walk away with trophies |website=Times Now News|date=17 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Awards|12th Gold Awards]]
| Rising Film Star From Television
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gold Awards 2018 Winners: Complete list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/tv-awards/gold-awards/2018/114 |access-date=26 December 2022 |website=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
| [[2019 Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| rowspan="2"|''Gold''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite episode| title=Zee Cine Awards 2019| url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-cine-awards-2019/0-6-1385| access-date=26 April 2019| series=[[Zee Cine Awards]]| network=Zee Cinema| date=31 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[ETC Bollywood Business Awards]]
| Highest Grossing Female Debut
| {{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2023
| rowspan="2"|[[Bollywood Hungama Style Icons]]
| Most Stylish Mould Breaking Star (Female)
| {{N/A}}
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of winners of Bollywood Hungama Style Icon Awards|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/style-icons/winners.php|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en|access-date=29 March 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Most Stylish Haute Stepper
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Pinkvilla Style Icons Awards]]
| Mould-Breaker – Female
| {{N/A}}
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/pinkvilla-style-icons-awards-2023-bhumi-pednekar-is-the-stylish-pathbreaker-ananya-bags-most-glamorous-icon-1215865|title=Pinkvilla Style Icons Edition 2 Winners list: Kiara Advani, Janhvi to Kartik Aaryan, a look at who won what!|access-date=10 April 2023|website=Pinkvilla|date=7 April 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| [[68th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations For The 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 With Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[23rd IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2023 nominations announced: Brahmastra, Gangubai Kathiawadi and Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2 lead the list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2023-nominations-announced-brahmastra-gangubai-kathiawadi-bhool-bhulaiyaa-2-lead-the-list-8345858/ |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Indian Express |date=27 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== External links ==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm4655028 Mouni Roy] at [[IMDb]]
*{{Bollywood Hungama person|mouni-roy}}

{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search = Category:Mouni Roy
|d = yes
|d-search = Q6919169
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 = Bollywood
|portal3 = Films
|portal4 = Television
|portal5 = Music
}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Mouni Roy
| list =
{{Indian Television Academy Award Best Lead Actress}}
}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Mouni}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Rajbongshi people]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]

Greeks

2026-03-18T17:46:23Z

Cornelius R: Improved article clarity and structure

{{other uses|Greeks (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Grecian}}
{{protection padlock|reason=Persistent [[WP:Disruptive editing|disruptive editing]]; requested at [[WP:RfPP]]|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Infobox ethnic group
| group= Greeks Hellenes
| flag=
| flag_caption=
| native_name= {{lang|el|Έλληνες}}
| native_name_lang= ell
| image=
| population= '''{{Circa|14}}–17 million'''<ref>{{harvnb|Maratou-Alipranti|2013|p=196: "The Greek diaspora remains large, consisting of up to 4 million people globally."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Clogg|2013|p=228: "Greeks of the diaspora, settled in some 141 countries, were held to number 7 million although it is not clear how this figure was arrived at or what criteria were used to define Greek ethnicity, while the population of the homeland, according to the 1991 census, amounted to some 10.25 million."}}</ref>
[[File:Map of the Greek Diaspora in the World.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]
| region1= Greece
| pop1= 9,903,268 (2011 census)
| ref1= <ref name=HSA>{{cite web|title=2011 Population and Housing Census|work=Hellenic Statistical Authority|date=12 September 2014|quote=The Resident Population of Greece is 10.816.286, of which 5.303.223 male (49,0%) and 5.513.063 female (51,0%) ... The total number of permanent residents of Greece with foreign citizenship during the Census was 912.000. [See Graph 6: Resident Population by Citizenship]|url=http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1215267/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_03_F_EN.pdf/cb10bb9f-6413-4129-b847-f1def334e05e|access-date=18 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716160416/http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/1215267/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_03_F_EN.pdf/cb10bb9f-6413-4129-b847-f1def334e05e|archive-date=16 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Data on Immigrants in Greece: An Analytic Study of Available Data and Recommendations for Conformity with European Union Standards|work=Archive of European Integration (AEI)|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|date=15 November 2004|access-date=18 May 2016|url=http://aei.pitt.edu/2870/1/IMEPO_Final_Report_English.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://aei.pitt.edu/2870/1/IMEPO_Final_Report_English.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|quote=[p. 5] The Census recorded 762.191 persons normally resident in Greece and without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of these, 48.560 are EU or EFTA nationals; there are also 17.426 Cypriots with privileged status.}}</ref>
| region2= United States
| pop2= 1,279,000–3,000,000{{sup|a}} (2016 estimate)
| ref2= <ref>{{cite web|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011–2013 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates|work=American FactFinder|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce: United States Census Bureau|year=2013|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table|access-date=23 May 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200214060723/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-date=14 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Relations with Greece|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|date=10 March 2016|access-date=18 May 2016|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm|quote=Today, an estimated three million Americans resident in the United States claim Greek descent. This large, well-organized community cultivates close political and cultural ties with Greece.|archive-date=21 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121153141/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3395.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region3= Cyprus
| pop3= 659,115–721,000 (2011 census)
| ref3= <ref>{{cite web|title=Population - Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011|url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211105/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cole|2011|loc=Yiannis Papadakis, "Cypriots, Greek", pp. 92–95}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Where are the Greek communities of the world?|work=themanews.com|year=2013|publisher=Protothemanews.com|url=http://en.protothema.gr/where-are-the-greek-communities-of-the-globe/|access-date=14 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054043/http://en.protothema.gr/where-are-the-greek-communities-of-the-globe/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=|title=Statistical Service – Population and Social Conditions – Population Census – Announcements – Preliminary Results of the Census of Population, 2011|website=Cystat.gov.cy|access-date=6 August 2023|archive-date=15 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=}}</ref>
| region4= Germany
| pop4= 449,000{{sup|b}} (2021 estimate)
| ref4= <ref>{{cite web|title=Population in private households 2021 by migration background|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html|access-date=2023-08-06|archive-date=20 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420232930/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region5=Australia
| pop5=424,744 (2021 census)
| ref5= <ref name="abs.gov.au">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx|title=2021 Census of Population and Housing General Community Profile|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628191720/https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region6= United Kingdom
| pop6= 290,000–345,000 (2011 estimate)
| ref6= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=United Kingdom: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=4 February 2011 |url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/united-kingdom/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225650/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/united-kingdom/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region7=Canada
| pop7=271,405{{sup|c}} (2016 census)
| ref7= <ref>"Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity Highlight Tables". statcan.gc.ca.</ref>
| region8= Italy
| pop8= 110,000–200,000{{sup|d}} (2013 estimate)
| ref8= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Italy: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=9 July 2013|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/italy/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=The Greek Italian community numbers some 30,000 and is concentrated mainly in central Italy. The age-old presence in Italy of Italians of Greek descent – dating back to Byzantine and Classical times – is attested to by the [[Griko dialect]], which is still spoken in the [[Magna Graecia]] region. This historically Greek-speaking villages are Condofuri, Galliciano, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Bova and Bova Marina, which are in the Calabria region (the capital of which is Reggio). The Grecanic region, including Reggio, has a population of some 200,000, while speakers of the Griko dialect number fewer that 1,000 persons.|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-date=14 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514000227/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/italy/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Grecia-Salentina">{{cite web|title=Grecia Salentina|language=it|publisher=Unione dei Comuni della Grecìa Salentina|year=2016|url=http://www.greciasalentina.gov.it/|quote="La popolazione complessiva dell'Unione è di 54278 residenti così distribuiti (Dati Istat al 31° dicembre 2005. Comune Popolazione Calimera 7351 Carpignano Salentino 3868 Castrignano dei Greci 4164 Corigliano d'Otranto 5762 Cutrofiano 9250 Martano 9588 Martignano 1784 Melpignano 2234 Soleto 5551 Sternatia 2583 Zollino 2143 Totale 54278)."|access-date=4 May 2016|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819193309/http://www.greciasalentina.gov.it/}}</ref><ref name=Bellinello>{{harvnb|Bellinello|1998|p=53: "Le attuali colonie Greche calabresi; La Grecìa calabrese si inscrive nel massiccio aspromontano e si concentra nell'ampia e frastagliata valle dell'Amendolea e nelle balze più a oriente, dove sorgono le fiumare dette di S. Pasquale, di Palizzi e Sidèroni e che costituiscono la Bovesia vera e propria. Compresa nei territori di cinque comuni (Bova Superiore, Bova Marina, Roccaforte del Greco, Roghudi, Condofuri), la Grecia si estende per circa {{cvt|233|km}}q. La popolazione anagrafica complessiva è di circa 14.000 unità."}}</ref>
| region9= South Africa
| pop9= 138,000 (2011 estimate)
| ref9= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=South Africa: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=4 February 2011|url=http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619165420/http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm|archive-date=19 June 2006 }}</ref>
| region10= Egypt
| pop10= 110,000
| ref10= <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/egypt-en/bilateral-relations/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|title=English version of Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports ''a few thousand'' and Greek version 3.800|publisher=MFA.gr|access-date=21 August 2019|archive-date=4 January 2015|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150104235227/http://www.mfa.gr/missionsabroad/en/egypt-en/bilateral-relations/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Rippin, Andrew (2008). World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies. Routledge. p. 77. {{ISBN|978-0415456531}}.</ref>
| region11=Chile
| pop11=100,000
| ref11=<ref name="Parvex, 2014">{{cite journal | last1 = Parvex | first1 = R | year = 2014 | title = Le Chili et les mouvements migratoires | url = https://journals.openedition.org/hommesmigrations/2720 | journal = Hommes & Migrations | volume = | issue = 1305| pages = 71–76| doi = 10.4000/hommesmigrations.2720 }}</ref>
| region12=Ukraine
| pop12= 91,000 (2011 estimate)
| ref12= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Ukraine: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=4 February 2011|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/ukraine/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=There is a significant Greek presence in southern and eastern Ukraine, which can be traced back to ancient Greek and Byzantine settlers. Ukrainian citizens of Greek descent amount to 91,000 people, although their number is estimated to be much higher by the Federation of Greek communities of Mariupol.|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094858/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/ukraine/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region13= Russia
| pop13= 85,640 (2010 census)
| ref13= <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html|title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей|access-date=4 February 2016|archive-date=13 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513001819/https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region14= Brazil
| pop14= 50,000{{sup|e}}
| ref14= <ref>{{cite web|title=The Greek Community |url=http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004819/http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm |archive-date=13 June 2007 }}</ref>
| region15= France
| pop15= 35,000 (2013 estimate)
| ref15= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=France: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=9 July 2013|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/france/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=Some 15,000 Greeks reside in the wider region of Paris, Lille and Lyon. In the region of Southern France, the Greek community numbers some 20,000.|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094810/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/france/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region16= Belgium
| pop16= 35,000 (2011 estimate)
| ref16= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Belgium: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=28 January 2011|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/belgium/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=Some 35,000 Greeks reside in Belgium. Official Belgian data numbers Greeks in the country at 17,000, but does not take into account Greeks who have taken Belgian citizenship or work for international organizations and enterprises.|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225608/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/belgium/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region17= Netherlands
| pop17= 28,856 (2021)
| ref17= <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624|title=CBS Statline|access-date=18 January 2020|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)|language=nl|date=22 July 2021|access-date=16 January 2022|archive-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region18= Sweden
| pop18= 24,736 (2012 census)
| ref18= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Sweden: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=4 February 2011|url=https://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2011A01B/be0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls|quote=The Greek community in Sweden consists of approximately 24,000 Greeks who are permanent inhabitants, included in Swedish society and active in various sectors: science, arts, literature, culture, media, education, business, and politics.|access-date=5 October 2019|archive-date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405004651/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/BE/BE0101/2011A01B/be0101_Fodelseland_och_ursprungsland.xls|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region19= Argentina
| pop19= 20,000–30,000 (2013 estimate)
| ref19= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Argentina: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=9 July 2013|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/argentina/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=It is estimated that some 20,000 to 30,000 persons of Greek origin currently reside in Argentina, and there are Greek communities in the wider region of Buenos Aires.|access-date=15 April 2016|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225633/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/argentina/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region20= Albania
| pop20= 23,485 (2023 census)
| ref20= <ref name="Census 2023">{{cite web |publisher=[[Institute of Statistics (Albania)|Instituti i Statistikës]] (INSTAT) |title=Population and Housing Census 2023|url=https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf}}</ref>
| region21= Turkey
| pop21= 4,000–49,143{{sup|f}}
| ref21= <ref>{{cite web|title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Rum Orthodox Christians|publisher=Minority Rights Group (MRG)|year=2005|access-date=1 March 2014|url=http://www.minorityrights.org/4412/turkey/rum-orthodox-christians.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329054431/http://www.minorityrights.org/4412/turkey/rum-orthodox-christians.html|archive-date=29 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pontic|work=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|publisher=SIL International|year=2016|access-date=13 May 2016|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt|archive-date=6 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606113416/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region22= Czech Republic
| pop22= 12,000
| ref22= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=9 March 2011|url=http://cizinci.cz/repository/2240/file/Rekove2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://cizinci.cz/repository/2240/file/Rekove2.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Migranti z Řecka v Česku |trans-title=Migrants from Greece in the Czech Republic |language=cs |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>
| region23= Switzerland
| pop23= 11,000 (2015 estimate)
| ref23= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Switzerland: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=10 December 2015|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/switzerland/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=The Greek community in Switzerland is estimated to number some 11,000 persons (of a total of 1.5 million foreigners residing in the country.|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021094937/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/switzerland/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region24= New Zealand
| pop24= est. 2,478 to 10,000, possibly up to 50,000
| ref24= <ref>{{cite web |title=Greeks Around the Globe |url=http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm |website=AusGreekNet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619165420/http://www.ausgreeknet.com/greeksaroundtheglobe.htm |archive-date=19 June 2006 }}</ref>
| region25= Romania
| pop25= 10,000 (2013 estimate)
| ref25= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Romania: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=6 December 2013|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/romania/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=The Greek Romanian community numbers some 10,000, and there are many Greeks working in established Greek enterprises in Romania.|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808114843/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/romania/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region26= Uzbekistan
| pop26= 9,500 (2000 estimate)
| ref26= <ref>{{cite web|title=Greeks in Uzbekistan|work=Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst|publisher=The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute|date=21 June 2000|url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/515|quote=Currently there are about 9,500 Greeks living in Uzbekistan, with 6,500 living in Tashkent.|access-date=24 December 2008|archive-date=13 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613021421/http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node%2F515|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region27= Kazakhstan
| pop27= 8,846 (2011 estimate)
| ref27= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Kazakhstan: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=3 February 2011|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/georgia/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote=There are between 10,000 and 12,000 ethnic Greeks living in Kazakhstan, organized in several communities.|access-date=15 April 2016|archive-date=23 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423141336/http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/georgia/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region28= Bulgaria
| pop28= 1,356 (2011 census)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx|access-date=2020-10-15|title=Население по местоживеене, възраст и етническа група|website=censusresults.nsi.bg|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519053901/https://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> up to 28,500 (estimate)
| ref28= <ref>{{cite web|work=Hellenic Republic: Ministry of Foreign Affairs|title=Bulgaria: Cultural Relations and Greek Community|date=28 January 2011|url=http://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/bulgaria/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|quote="There are some 28,500 persons of Greek origin and citizenship residing in Bulgaria. This number includes approximately 15,000 Sarakatsani, 2,500 former political refugees, 8,000 "old Greeks", 2,000 university students and 1,000 professionals and their families."|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911225554/https://www.mfa.gr/en/greece-bilateral-relations/bulgaria/cultural-relations-and-greek-community.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| region29= Georgia
| pop29= 5,544 (2014 census)
| ref29= <ref>{{cite web|title=Ethnic Composition of Georgia|url=http://csem.ge/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Infographics-Ethnic-Composition-of-Georgia-1926-2014.pdf|publisher=CSEM|access-date=24 April 2025}}</ref>
| region30= Austria
| pop30= 5,261
| ref30= <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html |title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113213329/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| region31= Hungary
| pop31= 4,454 (2016 census)
| ref31= <ref name="KSH">{{cite book|last=Vukovich|first=Gabriella|url=http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/mikrocenzus2016/mikrocenzus_2016_12.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Mikrocenzus 2016 – 12. Nemzetiségi adatok|trans-title=2016 microcensus – 12. Ethnic data|language=hu|work=Hungarian Central Statistical Office|location=Budapest|year=2018|access-date=9 January 2019|isbn=978-963-235-542-9}}</ref>
| languages= [[Greek language|Greek]]
| religions= Mostly [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]]
| footnotes= {{sup|a}} Includes those of ancestral descent. {{sup|b}} Includes people with "cultural roots". {{sup|c}} Those whose stated ethnic origins included "Greek" among others. The number of those whose stated ethnic origin is ''solely'' "Greek" is 145,250. An additional 3,395 Cypriots of undeclared ethnicity live in Canada. {{sup|d}}Approx. 60,000 [[Griko people]] and 30,000 post WW2 migrants. {{sup|e}} "Including descendants". {{sup|f}} Including [[Greek Muslims]].
}}
The '''Greeks''' or '''Hellenes''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɛ|l|iː|n|z}}; {{langx|el|Έλληνες}}, {{Transliteration|el|Éllines}} {{IPA|el|ˈelines|}}) are an [[ethnic group]] and [[nation]] native to [[Greece]], [[Greek Cypriots|Cyprus]], [[Greeks in Albania|southern Albania]], [[Greeks in Turkey#History|Turkey]], southern parts of [[Greeks in Italy|Italy]], parts of [[Egyptian Greeks|Egypt]], and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] and [[Black Sea]]. They also form a significant [[Greek diaspora|diaspora]] ({{Transliteration|el|omogenia}}), with many Greek communities established around the world.<ref name=Roberts1>{{harvnb|Roberts|2007|pp=171–172, 222}}.</ref>

Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and [[Black Sea]], but the Greek people themselves have always been centered on the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] and [[Ionian Sea|Ionian]] seas, where the [[Greek language]] has been spoken since the [[Bronze Age]].<ref>{{harvnb|Latacz|2004|pp=159, 165–166}}.</ref><ref name=Sutton>{{harvnb|Sutton|1996}}.</ref> Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed between the [[Greek peninsula]], the western coast of [[Asia Minor]], the Black Sea coast, [[Cappadocia]] in central Anatolia, [[Egypt]], the [[Balkans]], Cyprus, and [[Constantinople]].<ref name=Sutton/> Many of these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the [[Byzantine Empire]] of the late 11th century and the Eastern Mediterranean areas of ancient [[Greek colonies|Greek colonization]].<ref>{{harvnb|Beaton|1996|pp=1–25}}.</ref> The cultural centers of the Greeks have included [[Athens]], [[Thessalonica]], [[Alexandria]], [[Smyrna]], and Constantinople at various periods.

In recent times, most ethnic Greeks live within the borders of the modern Greek state or in Cyprus. The [[Greek genocide]] and [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] nearly ended the three millennia-old Greek presence in Asia Minor. Other longstanding Greek populations can be found from southern Italy to the Caucasus and southern [[Greeks in Russia|Russia]] and [[Greeks in Ukraine|Ukraine]] and in the [[Greek diaspora]] communities in a number of other countries. Today, most Greeks are officially registered as members of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name="CIA">[[CIA World Factbook]] on Greece: Greek Orthodox 98%, [[Greek Muslims|Greek Muslim]] 1.3%, other 0.7%.</ref>

Greeks have greatly influenced and contributed to culture, visual arts, exploration, theatre, literature, philosophy, ethics, politics, architecture, music, mathematics,<ref name="Heath1981">{{cite book|author=Thomas Heath|title=A History of Greek Mathematics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians|access-date=19 August 2013|year=1981|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|isbn=978-0-486-24073-2|page=1|archive-date=16 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216154657/https://books.google.com/books?id=drnY3Vjix3kC&q=ancient%20Greek%20mathematicians|url-status=live}}</ref> medicine, science, technology, commerce, cuisine and sports. The [[Greek language]] is the oldest recorded living language<ref>{{cite book | last=Tulloch | first=A. | title=Understanding English Homonyms: Their Origins and Usage | publisher=Hong Kong University Press | year=2017 | isbn=978-988-8390-64-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7YjEAAAQBAJ | access-date=2023-11-30|page=153|quote=Greek is the world's oldest recorded living language.}}</ref> and its vocabulary has been the basis of many languages, including [[English words of Greek origin|English]] as well as [[international scientific vocabulary|international scientific nomenclature]]. Greek was the most widely spoken ''[[lingua franca]]'' in the Mediterranean world since the fourth century BC and the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible|Christian Bible]] was also originally written in Greek.<ref>Kurt Aland, Barbara Aland The text of the New Testament: an introduction to the critical 1995 p. 52</ref><ref>Archibald Macbride Hunter Introducing the New Testament 1972 p. 9</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bubenik|first=V.|year=2007|chapter=The rise of Koiné|editor=A. F. Christidis|title=A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity|location=Cambridge|publisher=University Press|pages=342–345}}</ref>

==History==
{{further|History of Greece}}
[[File:Proto.Greek.Area.220.1900.svg|upright=1.2|thumb|Proto-Greek area of settlement (2200/2100–1900 BC) suggested by Katona (2000), Sakelariou (2016, 1980, 1975) and Phylaktopoulos (1975)]]

[[File:Gold death-mask, known as the 'mask of Agamemnon', from Mycenae, grave Circle A, 16th century BC, Athens Archaeological Museum, Greece (22669073522).jpg|thumb|[[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] [[Death mask|funeral mask]] known as "[[Mask of Agamemnon]]", 16th century BC]]

The Greeks speak the [[Greek language]], which forms its own unique branch within the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages, the [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]].<ref name=Sutton/> They are part of a group of classical ethnicities. [[Anthony D. Smith]] described them as an "archetypal diaspora people".<ref>{{harvnb|Guibernau|Hutchinson|2004|p=23: "Indeed, Smith emphasizes that the myth of divine election sustains the continuity of cultural identity, and, in that regard, has enabled certain pre-modern communities such as the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks to survive and persist over centuries and millennia (Smith 1993: 15–20)."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|1999|p=21: "It emphasizes the role of myths, memories and symbols of ethnic chosenness, trauma, and the 'golden age' of saints, sages, and heroes in the rise of modern nationalism among the Jews, Armenians, and Greeks—the archetypal diaspora peoples."}}</ref>

===Origins===
{{further|Proto-Greek language|List of Ancient Greek tribes|Ancient Greek religion}}
The Proto-Greeks probably arrived at the area now called Greece, in the southern tip of the [[Balkans|Balkan peninsula]], at the end of the 3rd millennium BC between 2200 and 1900 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bryce|2006|p=91}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Cadogan|1986|p=125}}</ref>{{efn|There is a range of interpretations: [[Carl Blegen]] dates the arrival of the Greeks around 1900 BC, John Caskey believes that there were two waves of immigrants and [[Robert Drews]] places the event as late as 1600 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Bryce|2006|p=92}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Drews|1994|p=21}}</ref> Numerous other theories have also been supported,<ref>{{harvnb|Mallory|Adams|1997|p=243}}</ref> but there is a general consensus that the Greek tribes arrived around 2100 BC.}} The sequence of migrations into the Greek mainland during the [[2nd millennium BC]] has to be reconstructed on the basis of the [[ancient Greek dialects]], as they presented themselves centuries later and are therefore subject to some uncertainties. There were at least two migrations, the first being the [[Ionians]] and [[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaeans]], which resulted in [[Mycenaean Greece]] by the 16th century BC,<ref name=Brit1>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = The Greeks |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=US |id=Online Edition }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Chadwick|1976|p=2}}</ref> and the second, the [[Dorian invasion]], around the 11th century BC, displacing the [[Arcadocypriot Greek|Arcadocypriot dialects]], which descended from the Mycenaean period. Both migrations occur at incisive periods, the Mycenaean at the transition to the [[Bronze Age|Late Bronze Age]] and the Doric at the [[Bronze Age collapse]].

===Mycenaean===
{{Main|Mycenaean Greece}}
In {{circa}} 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the [[Minoan civilization]] its syllabic writing system ([[Linear A]]) and developed their own [[syllabic script]] known as [[Linear B]],<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Linear A and Linear B|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|access-date=3 March 2016|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Linear-A|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406094711/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Linear-A|url-status=live}}</ref> providing the first and oldest written evidence of [[Greek language|Greek]].<ref name=Britannica/><ref>{{harvnb|Castleden|2005|p=228}}.</ref> The Mycenaeans quickly penetrated the [[Aegean Sea]] and, by the 15th century BC, had reached [[Rhodes]], [[Crete]], [[Cyprus]] and the shores of [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]].<ref name=Sutton/><ref>{{harvnb|Tartaron|2013|p=28}}; {{harvnb|Schofield|2006|pp=71–72}}; {{harvnb|Panayotou|2007|pp=417–426}}.</ref>

Around 1200 BC, the [[Dorians]], another Greek-speaking people, followed from [[Epirus]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hall|2014|p=43}}.</ref> Older historical research often proposed [[Dorian invasion]] caused the collapse of the [[Mycenaean civilization]], but this narrative has been abandoned in all contemporary research. It is likely that one of the factors which contributed to the Mycenaean palatial collapse was linked to raids by groups known in historiography as the "[[Sea Peoples]]" who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Chadwick|1976|p=176}}.</ref> The Dorian invasion was followed by a poorly attested period of migrations, appropriately called the [[Greek Dark Ages]], but by 800 BC the landscape of [[Archaic Greece|Archaic]] and [[Classical Greece]] was discernible.<ref name=Castleden2>{{harvnb|Castleden|2005|p=2}}.</ref>

The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth.<ref>{{harvnb|Hansen|2004|p=7}}; {{harvnb|Podzuweit|1982|pp=65–88}}.</ref> The [[Homer|Homeric Epics]] (i.e. ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'') were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the time of [[Euhemerism]] that scholars began to question Homer's historicity.<ref name=Castleden2/> As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece (e.g. [[Zeus]], [[Poseidon]] and [[Hades]]) became major figures of the [[Twelve Olympians|Olympian Pantheon]] of later antiquity.<ref>{{harvnb|Castleden|2005|p=235}}; {{harvnb|Dietrich|1974|p=156}}.</ref>

===Classical===
{{Main|Classical Greece}}
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The [[ethnogenesis]] of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Burckhardt|1999|loc=p. 168: "The establishment of these Panhellenic sites, which yet remained exclusively Hellenic, was a very important element in the growth and self-consciousness of Hellenic nationalism; it was uniquely decisive in breaking down enmity between tribes, and remained the most powerful obstacle to fragmentation into mutually hostile ''poleis''."}}</ref> According to some scholars, the foundational event was the [[Ancient Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture.<ref name=Roberts1/> The works of [[Homer]] (i.e. ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'') and [[Hesiod]] (i.e. ''[[Theogony]]'') were written in the 8th century BC, becoming the basis of the national religion, ethos, history and mythology.<ref>{{harvnb|Zuwiyya|2011|pp=142–143}}; {{harvnb|Budin|2009|pp=66–67}}.</ref> The [[Pythia|Oracle of Apollo at Delphi]] was established in this period.<ref>{{harvnb|Morgan|1990|pp=1–25, 148–190}}.</ref>

The [[Classical antiquity|classical period]] of Greek civilization covers a time spanning from the early 5th century BC to the [[death of Alexander the Great]], in 323 BC (some authors prefer to split this period into "Classical", from the end of the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] to the end of the Peloponnesian War, and "Fourth Century", up to the death of Alexander). It is so named because it set the standards by which Greek civilization would be judged in later eras.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ancient Greek Civilization|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=18 February 2016|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=17 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117213744/https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Greece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Classical period is also described as the "Golden Age" of Greek civilization, and its art, philosophy, architecture and literature would be instrumental in the formation and development of Western culture.

At the battles of [[Battle of Marathon|Marathon]], [[Battle of Thermopylae|Thermopylae]], [[Battle of Salamis|Salamis]], and [[Battle of Platea|Platea]], some Greek city-states formed a victorious alliance led by [[Sparta]] and [[Classical Athens|Athens]]. The [[Delian league]], under the leadership of Athens, continued the war with the [[Achaemenid Empire]] after the end of the Persian invasions.

While the Greeks of the classical era understood themselves to belong to a common Hellenic [[genos]],<ref>{{harvnb|Konstan|2001|pp=29–50}}.</ref> their first loyalty was to their city and they saw nothing incongruous about warring, often brutally, with other Greek [[Polis|city-states]].<ref>{{harvnb|Steinberger|2000|p=17}}; {{harvnb|Burger|2008|pp=57–58}}.</ref> The [[Peloponnesian War]], the large scale civil war between the two most powerful Greek city-states [[Classical Athens|Athens]] and [[Sparta]] and [[Delian League|their]] [[Peloponnesian League|allies]], left both greatly weakened.<ref>{{harvnb|Burger|2008|pp=57–58: "''Poleis'' continued to go to war with each other. The Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC) made this painfully clear. The war (really two wars punctuated by a peace) was a duel between Greece's two leading cities, Athens and Sparta. Most other ''poleis'', however, got sucked into the conflict as allies of one side or the other ... The fact that Greeks were willing to fight for their cities against other Greeks in conflicts like the Peloponnesian War showed the limits of the pull of Hellas compared with that of the polis."}}</ref> A brief [[Spartan hegemony]], and then a short-lived [[Theban hegemony]], followed up until the [[Battle of Mantinea (362 BC)|Battle of Mantinea]] in 362 BC.

[[File:Alexander the Great mosaic.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander the Great]], whose conquests led to the [[Hellenistic Age]]]]

After the [[rise of Macedon]] and the [[Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)|Battle of Chaeronea]], most of the feuding Greek city-states became members of the [[League of Corinth|Hellenic league]] under the leadership of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip]], the [[Argead dynasty|Argead]] king of [[Macedon]], in order to invade the Achaemenid Empire. The Pan-Hellenic campaign had the slogans of "freeing the Greeks" in Asia and "punishing the Persians" for their past sacrileges during their own invasion of Greece a century and a half earlier. The campaign was led successfully by his son [[Alexander the Great]], as Philip was assassinated in 336 BC.<ref>{{cite web|last=Fox|first=Robin Lane|title=Riding with Alexander|year=2004|work=Archaeology|publisher=The Archaeological Institute of America|url=http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/fox.html|quote=Alexander inherited the idea of an invasion of the Persian Empire from his father Philip whose advance-force was already out in Asia in 336 BC. Philips campaign had the slogan of "freeing the Greeks" in Asia and "punishing the Persians" for their past sacrileges during their own invasion (a century and a half earlier) of Greece. No doubt, Philip wanted glory and plunder.|access-date=27 December 2008|archive-date=2 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102011552/http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/fox.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Alexander's toppling of the Achaemenid Empire, after his [[Wars of Alexander the Great|victories]] at the battles of the [[Battle of the Granicus|Granicus]], [[Battle of Issus|Issus]] and [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]], and his advance as far as modern-day [[Pakistan]] and [[Tajikistan]],<ref>{{harvnb|Brice|2012|pp=281–286}}.</ref> provided an important outlet for Greek culture, via the creation of colonies and trade routes along the way.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = Alexander the Great |encyclopedia= Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher= Columbia University Press |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> While the Alexandrian empire did not survive its creator's death intact, the cultural implications of the spread of Hellenism across much of the [[Middle East]] and [[Asia]] were to prove long lived as Greek became the ''[[lingua franca]]'', a position it retained even in [[Roman era|Roman times]].<ref>{{harvnb|Green|2008|p=xiii}}.</ref> Many Greeks settled in [[Hellenistic Greece|Hellenistic]] cities like [[Alexandria]], [[Antioch]] and [[Seleucia]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Morris|first=Ian|title=Growth of the Greek Colonies in the First Millennium BC|date=December 2005|work=Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics|publisher=Princeton/Stanford University|url=http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.princeton.edu/~pswpc/pdfs/morris/120509.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hellenistic===
{{Main|Hellenistic period|Hellenistic Greece}}
[[File:Diadochen1.png|thumb|upright=1.25|The Hellenistic realms c. 300 BC as divided by the [[Diadochi]]; the Μacedonian Kingdom of [[Cassander]] (green), the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]] (dark blue), the [[Seleucid Empire]] (yellow), the areas controlled by [[Lysimachus]] (orange) and [[Epirus]] (red)]]
[[File:Bust of Cleopatra VII - Altes Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017 (3).jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=0.8|Bust of [[Cleopatra VII]] ([[Altes Museum]], [[Berlin]]), the last ruler of a Hellenistic kingdom (apart from the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]])]]
The [[Hellenistic civilization]] was the next period of Greek civilization, the beginnings of which are usually placed at Alexander's death.<ref name=Boardman364>{{harvnb|Boardman|Griffin|Murray|1991|p=364}}</ref> This [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic age]], so called because it saw the partial [[Hellenization]] of many non-Greek cultures, extending all the way into India and [[Bactria]], both of which maintained Greek cultures and governments for centuries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Arun|first=Neil|title=Alexander's Gulf outpost uncovered|work=BBC News|date=7 August 2007|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm|access-date=15 June 2009|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102000605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6930285.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The end is often placed around conquest of [[Ptolemaic Egypt|Egypt]] by Rome in 30 BC,<ref name=Boardman364/> although the Indo-Greek kingdoms lasted for a few more decades.

This age saw the Greeks move towards larger cities and a reduction in the importance of the city-state. These larger cities were parts of the still larger [[Diadochi|Kingdoms of the Diadochi]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grant|1990|loc=Introduction}}.</ref><ref name=BritHel>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellenistic age|date=27 May 2015|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Hellenistic-Age|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=14 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414153342/https://www.britannica.com/event/Hellenistic-Age|url-status=live}}</ref> Greeks, however, remained aware of their past, chiefly through the study of the works of Homer and the classical authors.<ref name=Harris>{{harvnb|Harris|1991|pp=137–138}}.</ref> An important factor in maintaining Greek identity was contact with ''[[barbarian]]'' (non-Greek) peoples, which was deepened in the new cosmopolitan environment of the multi-ethnic Hellenistic kingdoms.<ref name=Harris/> This led to a strong desire among Greeks to organize the transmission of the Hellenic ''[[paideia]]'' to the next generation.<ref name=Harris/> Greek science, technology and mathematics are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period.<ref>{{harvnb|Lucore|2009|p=51: "The Hellenistic period is commonly portrayed as the great age of Greek scientific discovery, above all in mathematics and astronomy."}}</ref>

In the [[Indo-Greeks|Indo-Greek]] and [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom|Greco-Bactrian]] kingdoms, [[Greco-Buddhism]] was spreading and Greek missionaries would play an important role in propagating it to [[China]].<ref>{{harvnb|Foltz|2010|pp=43–46}}.</ref> Further east, the Greeks of [[Alexandria Eschate]] became known to the [[Chinese people]] as the [[Dayuan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Burton|1993|pp=244–245}}.</ref>

===Roman Empire===
{{further|Roman Greece|Greco-Roman world}}
Between 280 BC and 30 BC, after the [[Pyrrhic War|Pyrrhic]], [[Macedonian War|Macedonian]], and [[Mithridatic Wars]], most of the Hellenistic world was conquered by Rome, and almost all of the world's Greek speakers lived as citizens or subjects of the Roman Empire. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became [[Greco-Roman world|heavily influenced]] by the achievements of Greek culture, hence [[Horace]]'s famous statement: ''Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit'' ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive").<ref>{{harvnb|Zoch|2000|p=136}}.</ref> In the centuries following the Roman conquest of the Greek world, the Greek and Roman cultures merged into a single [[Greco-Roman]] culture.

In the religious sphere, this was a period of profound change. The spiritual revolution that took place, saw a waning of the old Greek religion, whose decline beginning in the 3rd century BC continued with the introduction of new religious movements from the East.<ref name=Roberts1/> The cults of deities like [[Isis]] and [[Mithra]] were introduced into the Greek world.<ref name=BritHel/><ref name=BritHelRel>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Hellenistic religion|date=13 May 2015|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hellenistic-religion|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=27 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627004110/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hellenistic-religion|url-status=live}}</ref> Greek-speaking communities of the Hellenized East were instrumental in the spread of early Christianity in the 2nd and 3rd centuries,<ref>{{harvnb|Ferguson|2003|pp=617–618}}.</ref> and Christianity's early leaders and writers (notably [[Saint Paul]]) were generally Greek-speaking,<ref>{{harvnb|Dunstan|2011|p=500}}.</ref> though none were from Greece proper. However, Greece itself had a tendency to cling to paganism and was not one of the influential centers of early Christianity: in fact, some ancient Greek religious practices remained in vogue until the end of the 4th century,<ref>{{harvnb|Milburn|1988|p=158}}.</ref> with some areas such as the southeastern Peloponnese remaining pagan until well into the mid-Byzantine 10th century AD.<ref>{{harvnb|Makrides|2009|p=206}}.</ref> The region of [[Tsakonia]] remained pagan until the ninth century and as such its inhabitants were referred to as ''Hellenes'', in the sense of being pagan, by their Christianized Greek brethren in mainstream Byzantine society.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Nicholas, Nick.|title=A critical lexicostatistical examination of Ancient and Modern Greek and Tsakonian.|journal=Journal of Applied Linguistics and Lexicography|volume=1|issue=1|year=2019|page=19|doi=10.33910/2687-0215-2019-1-1-18-68|doi-access=free}}</ref>

While ethnic distinctions still existed in the [[Roman Empire]], they became secondary to religious considerations, and the renewed empire used Christianity as a tool to support its cohesion and promote a robust Roman national identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Kaldellis|2007|pp=35–40}}.</ref> From the early centuries of the [[Common Era]], the Greeks self-identified as Romans ([[Medieval Greek|Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ῥωμαῖοι}} ''Rhōmaîoi'').<ref>{{harvnb|Howatson|1989|p=264: "From the fourth century AD onwards the Greeks of the eastern Roman empire called themselves Rhomaioi ('Romans') ..."}}</ref> By that time, the name ''Hellenes'' denoted pagans but was revived as an ethnonym in the 11th century.<ref name=Cameron>{{harvnb|Cameron|2009|p=7}}.</ref>

===Middle Ages===
{{See also|Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Greece|Byzantine Greeks|Fourth Crusade|Frankokratia}}
[[File:Family marriage.jpg|thumb|right|Scenes of marriage and family life in [[Constantinople]]]]
[[File:Basilios II.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Emperor [[Basil II]] (11th century) is credited with reviving the [[Byzantine Empire]].]]
[[File:Benozzo Gozzoli, Pletone, Cappella dei Magi.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Gemistos Plethon]], one of the most renowned philosophers of the late Byzantine era, a chief pioneer of the revival of Greek scholarship in Western Europe]]

During most of the Middle Ages, the Byzantine Greeks self-identified as ''Rhōmaîoi'' ({{lang|grc|Ῥωμαῖοι}}, "Romans", meaning [[Roman citizenship|citizens]] of the [[Roman Empire]]), a term which in the [[Greek language]] had become synonymous with Christian Greeks.<ref name="Harrison268">{{harvnb|Harrison|2002|p=268}}: "Roman, Greek (if not used in its sense of 'pagan') and Christian became synonymous terms, counterposed to 'foreigner', 'barbarian', 'infidel'. The citizens of the Empire, now predominantly of Greek ethnicity and language, were often called simply ό χριστώνυμος λαός ['the people who bear Christ's name']."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Earl|1968|p=148}}.</ref> The Latinizing term ''Graikoí'' (Γραικοί, "Greeks") was also used,<ref>[[Paul the Silentiary]]. ''Descriptio S. Sophiae et Ambonis'', 425, Line 12 ("χῶρος ὅδε Γραικοῖσι"); [[Theodore the Studite]]. ''Epistulae'', 419, Line 30 ("ἐν Γραικοῖς").</ref> though its use was less common, and nonexistent in official Byzantine political correspondence, prior to the Fourth Crusade of 1204.<ref>{{harvnb|Angelov|2007|p=96}}; {{harvnb|Makrides|2009|loc=Chapter 2: "Christian Monotheism, Orthodox Christianity, Greek Orthodoxy", p. 74}}; {{harvnb|Magdalino|1991|loc=Chapter XIV: "Hellenism and Nationalism in Byzantium", p. 10}}.</ref> The [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]] (today conventionally named the ''Byzantine Empire'', a name not used during its own time<ref name=BritByz>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Byzantine Empire|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=23 December 2015|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904022422/https://www.britannica.com/place/Byzantine-Empire|url-status=live}}</ref>) became increasingly influenced by Greek culture after the 7th century when Emperor [[Heraclius]] ({{reign}} 610–641 AD) decided to make Greek the empire's official language.<ref name=Haldon50>{{harvnb|Haldon|1997|p=50}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Shahid|1972|pp=295–296, 305}}.</ref> Although the [[Catholic Church]] recognized the Eastern Empire's claim to the Roman legacy for several centuries, after [[Pope Leo III]] crowned [[Charlemagne]], king of the [[Franks]], as the "[[Holy Roman Emperor|Roman Emperor]]" on 25 December 800, an act which eventually led to the formation of the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the Latin West started to favour the Franks and began to refer to the Eastern Roman Empire largely as the ''Empire of the Greeks'' (''Imperium Graecorum'').<ref>{{harvnb|Klein|2004|p=290 (Note #39)}}; ''[[Annales Fuldenses]]'', 389: "Mense lanuario c. epiphaniam Basilii, Graecorum imperatoris, legati cum muneribus et epistolis ad Hludowicum regem Radasbonam venerunt ...".</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Fouracre|Gerberding|1996|p=345}}: "The Frankish court no longer regarded the Byzantine Empire as holding valid claims of universality; instead it was now termed the 'Empire of the Greeks'."</ref> While this Latin term for the ancient ''[[ancient Greeks|Hellenes]]'' could be used neutrally, its use by Westerners from the 9th century onwards in order to challenge Byzantine claims to [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] heritage rendered it a derogatory [[exonym]] for the Byzantines who barely used it, mostly in contexts relating to the West, such as texts relating to the [[Council of Florence]], to present the Western viewpoint.<ref>{{harvnb|Page|2008|pp=66, 87, 256}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kaplanis|2014|pp=86–7}}</ref> Additionally, among the Germanic and the Slavic peoples, the ''Rhōmaîoi'' were just called Greeks.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Jakobsson | first=Sverrir | title=The Varangian legend: testimony from the Old Norse sources | website=Academia.edu | date=2016-01-01 | url=https://www.academia.edu/26529047 | access-date=2021-12-01 | archive-date=11 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411125846/https://www.academia.edu/26529047 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Herrin |first1=Judith |last2=Saint-Guillain |first2=Guillaume |title=Identities and Allegiances in the Eastern Mediterranean After 1204 |date=2011 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-1098-0 |page=111 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC&pg=PA118 |language=en |access-date=1 December 2021 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205507/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_mazcfdpVIC&pg=PA118#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

There are three schools of thought regarding this Byzantine Roman identity in contemporary [[Byzantine studies|Byzantine scholarship]]: The first considers "Romanity" the mode of self-identification of the subjects of a multi-ethnic empire at least up to the 12th century, where the average subject identified as Roman; a perennialist approach, which views Romanity as the medieval expression of a continuously existing Greek nation; while a third view considers the eastern Roman identity as a pre-modern national identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Stouraitis|2014|pp=176, 177}}.</ref> The Byzantine Greeks' essential values were drawn from both Christianity and the Homeric tradition of [[ancient Greece]].<ref>{{harvnb|Finkelberg|2012|p=20}}.</ref><ref name=Burstein>{{harvnb|Burstein|1988|pp=47–49}}.</ref>

A distinct Greek identity re-emerged in the 11th century in educated circles and became more forceful after the fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204.<ref name=BritIdent/> In the [[Empire of Nicaea]], a small circle of the elite used the term "Hellene" as a term of self-identification.<ref>{{harvnb|Angold|1975|p=65}}, {{harvnb|Page|2008|p=127}}.</ref> For example, in a letter to [[Pope Gregory IX]], the Nicaean emperor [[John III Doukas Vatatzes]] (r. 1221–1254) claimed to have received the gift of royalty from Constantine the Great, and put emphasis on his "Hellenic" descent, exalting the wisdom of the Greek people.<ref>{{cite web | title=Byzantium 1220 To 1330 - PDF - Byzantine Empire - Constantinople | website=Scribd | date=2021-08-05 | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/30421469/Byzantium-1220-to-1330 | ref={{sfnref | Scribd | 2021}} | access-date=2021-12-01 | archive-date=11 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811152526/https://www.scribd.com/doc/30421469/Byzantium-1220-to-1330 | url-status=live }}</ref> After the Byzantines recaptured Constantinople, however, in 1261, ''Rhomaioi'' became again dominant as a term for self-description and there are few traces of ''Hellene'' (Έλληνας), such as in the writings of [[George Gemistos Plethon]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kaplanis|2014|p=92}}.</ref> who abandoned Christianity and in whose writings culminated the secular tendency in the interest in the classical past.<ref name=BritIdent/> However, it was the combination of [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] with a specifically Greek identity that shaped the Greeks' notion of themselves in the empire's twilight years.<ref name=BritIdent>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =Greece during the Byzantine period (c. AD 300–c. 1453), Population and languages, Emerging Greek identity |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition}}</ref> In the twilight years of the Byzantine Empire, prominent Byzantine personalities proposed referring to the Byzantine Emperor as the "Emperor of the Hellenes".<ref name=Vasiliev>{{cite book |last1=Vasiliev |first1=Alexander A. |title=History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453 |date=1964 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |isbn=978-0-299-80925-6 |page=582 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtM0qClcIX4C |language=en}}</ref><ref name="CareyCarey1968">{{cite book|author1=Jane Perry Clark Carey|author2=Andrew Galbraith Carey|title=The Web of Modern Greek Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=33|isbn=978-0-231-03170-7|quote=By the end of the fourteenth century the Byzantine emperor was often called "Emperor of the Hellenes"|access-date=11 September 2018|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205509/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltw7AAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> These largely rhetorical expressions of Hellenic identity were confined within intellectual circles, but were continued by [[Greek scholars in the Renaissance|Byzantine intellectuals who participated]] in the [[Italian Renaissance]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mango|1965|p=33}}.</ref>

The interest in the Classical Greek heritage was complemented by a renewed emphasis on [[Greek Orthodox]] identity, which was reinforced in the late Medieval and Ottoman Greeks' links with their fellow Orthodox Christians in the [[Russian Empire]]. These were further strengthened following the fall of the [[Empire of Trebizond]] in 1461, after which and until the second [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)|Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29]] hundreds of thousands of [[Pontic Greeks]] fled or migrated from the [[Pontic Alps]] and [[Armenian Highlands]] to southern Russia and the Russian [[South Caucasus]] (see also [[Greeks in Russia]], [[Greeks in Armenia]], [[Greeks in Georgia]], and [[Caucasian Greeks]]).<ref>See for example Anthony Bryer, 'The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontus' (Variourum, 1980), and his 'Migration and Settlement in the Caucasus and Anatolia' (Variourum, 1988), and other works listed in [[Caucasian Greeks]] and [[Pontic Greeks]].</ref>

These [[Byzantine Greeks]] were largely responsible for the preservation of the literature of the classical era.<ref name=Burstein/><ref name=Norwich>{{harvnb|Norwich|1998|p=xxi}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Harris|1999|loc=Part II Medieval Libraries: Chapter 6 Byzantine and Moslem Libraries, pp. 71–88}}</ref> [[Greek scholars in the Renaissance|Byzantine grammarians]] were those principally responsible for carrying, in person and in writing, ancient Greek grammatical and literary studies to the West during the 15th century, giving the [[Italian Renaissance]] a major boost.<ref name=BritRen>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Renaissance|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=30 March 2016|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616023601/https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Robins|1993|p=8}}.</ref> The [[Aristotle|Aristotelian]] philosophical tradition was nearly unbroken in the Greek world for almost two thousand years, until the [[Fall of Constantinople]] in 1453.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Aristotelianism|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2016|location=United States|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021030829/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aristotelianism|url-status=live}}</ref>

To the [[Slavic people|Slavic]] world, the Byzantine Greeks contributed by the dissemination of literacy and Christianity. The most notable example of the latter was the work of the two Byzantine Greek brothers, the monks [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] from the port city of [[Thessalonica]], capital of the [[theme of Thessalonica]], who are credited today with formalizing the [[Glagolitic alphabet|first Slavic alphabet]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cyril and Methodius, Saints|encyclopedia=The Columbia Encyclopedia|year=2016|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius.aspx#2|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-date=5 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605024051/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius.aspx#2|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Ottoman Empire===
{{Main|Ottoman Greeks|Phanariotes}}
[[File:Basilius Bessarion - Imagines philologorum.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|The Byzantine scholar and cardinal [[Basilios Bessarion]] (1395/1403–1472) played a key role in transmitting classical knowledge to Western Europe, contributing to the Renaissance.]]
Following the [[Fall of Constantinople]] on 29 May 1453, many Greeks sought better employment and education opportunities by leaving for the [[Western world|West]], particularly [[Italy]], [[Central Europe]], [[Germany]] and [[Russia]].<ref name=BritRen/> Greeks are greatly credited for the European cultural revolution, later called the Renaissance. In Greek-inhabited territory itself, Greeks came to play a leading role in the [[Ottoman Empire]], due in part to the fact that the central hub of the empire, politically, culturally, and socially, was based on [[Western Thrace]] and [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]], both in [[Northern Greece]], and of course was centred on the mainly Greek-populated, former Byzantine capital, [[Constantinople]]. As a direct consequence of this situation, Greek-speakers came to play a hugely important role in the Ottoman trading and diplomatic establishment, as well as in the church. Added to this, in the first half of the Ottoman period men of Greek origin made up a significant proportion of the Ottoman army, navy, and state bureaucracy, having been levied as adolescents (along with especially [[Albanians]] and [[Serbs]]) into Ottoman service through the [[devshirme]]. Many Ottomans of Greek (or Albanian or Serb) origin were therefore to be found within the Ottoman forces which governed the provinces, from Ottoman Egypt, to Ottomans occupied [[Yemen]] and [[Algeria]], frequently as provincial governors.

For those that remained under the [[Ottoman Empire]]'s [[Millet (Ottoman Empire)|millet system]], religion was the defining characteristic of national groups (''milletler''), so the [[exonym]] "Greeks" (''Rumlar'' from the name Rhomaioi) was applied by the Ottomans to all members of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]], regardless of their language or ethnic origin.<ref name=Mazower/> The [[Greek language|Greek]] speakers were the only ethnic group to actually call themselves ''Romioi'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title = History of Europe, The Romans |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> (as opposed to being so named by others) and, at least those educated, considered their ethnicity (''genos'') to be Hellenic.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mavrocordatos|first=Nicholaos|year=1800|title=Philotheou Parerga|publisher=Grēgorios Kōnstantas (Original from Harvard University Library)|quote=Γένος μεν ημίν των άγαν Ελλήνων}}</ref> There were, however, many Greeks who escaped the second-class status of Christians inherent in the Ottoman [[millet]] system, according to which Muslims were explicitly awarded senior status and preferential treatment. These Greeks either emigrated, particularly to their fellow Orthodox Christian protector, the [[Russian Empire]], or simply converted to Islam, often only very superficially and whilst remaining [[crypto-Christian]]. The most notable examples of large-scale conversion to Turkish Islam among those today defined as [[Greek Muslims]]—excluding those who had to convert as a matter of course on being recruited through the [[devshirme]]—were to be found in [[Crete]] ([[Cretan Turks]]), [[Greek Macedonia]] (for example among the [[Vallahades]] of western [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia]]), and among [[Pontic Greeks]] in the [[Pontic Alps]] and [[Armenian Highlands]]. Several Ottoman sultans and princes were also of part Greek origin, with mothers who were either Greek concubines or princesses from Byzantine noble families, one famous example being sultan [[Selim I|Selim the Grim]] ({{reign}} 1517–1520), whose mother [[Gülbahar Hatun (mother of Selim I)|Gülbahar Hatun]] was a [[Pontic Greek]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manastırlar|url=http://www.macka.gov.tr/manastirlar|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-24|website=www.macka.gov.tr|language=tr|archive-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609203125/http://macka.gov.tr/manastirlar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bahadıroğlu |first=Yavuz |title=Resimli Osmanlı tarihi |date=2007 |publisher=Nesil yayınları |isbn=978-975-269-299-2 |edition=[10.baskı : Eylül 2007] |location=İstanbul |page=157 |oclc=235010971}}</ref>

[[File:Adamantios Korais.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Adamantios Korais]], leading figure of the [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]]]]
The roots of Greek success in the Ottoman Empire can be traced to the Greek tradition of education and commerce exemplified in the [[Phanariotes]].<ref name=BritB>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Phanariote|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2016|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phanariote|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023110209/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Phanariote|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the wealth of the extensive merchant class that provided the material basis for the intellectual revival that was the prominent feature of Greek life in the half century and more leading to the outbreak of the [[Greek War of Independence]] in 1821.<ref name=BritMerchant/> Not coincidentally, on the eve of 1821, the three most important centres of Greek learning were situated in [[Chios]], [[Smyrna]] and [[Ayvalık|Aivali]], all three major centres of Greek commerce.<ref name=BritMerchant/> Greek success was also favoured by Greek domination in the leadership of the [[Eastern Orthodox]] church.

===Modern===
{{See also|Modern Greek Enlightenment|Greek War of Independence}}
The movement of the Greek enlightenment, the Greek expression of the [[Age of Enlightenment]], contributed not only in the promotion of education, culture and printing among the Greeks, but also in the case of independence from the [[Ottoman empire|Ottomans]], and the restoration of the term "Hellene". [[Adamantios Korais]], probably the most important intellectual of the movement, advocated the use of the term "Hellene" (Έλληνας) or "Graikos" (Γραικός) in the place of ''Romiós'', that was seen negatively by him.

The relationship between ethnic Greek identity and [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] religion continued after the creation of the modern Greek nation-state in 1830. According to the second article of the first [[Constitution of Greece|Greek constitution]] of 1822, a Greek was defined as any native Christian resident of the [[Kingdom of Greece (Wittelsbach)|Kingdom of Greece]], a clause removed by 1840.<ref>{{cite web|title=Greek Constitution of 1822 (Epidaurus)|year=1822|language=el|url=http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn06.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/syn06.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref> A century later, when the [[Treaty of Lausanne]] was signed between Greece and Turkey in 1923, the two countries agreed to use religion as the determinant for ethnic identity for the purposes of population exchange, although most of the Greeks displaced (over a million of the total 1.5 million) had already been driven out by the time the agreement was signed.{{efn|While Greek authorities signed the agreement legalizing the population exchange this was done on the insistence of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] and after a million Greeks had already been expelled from [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] ({{harvnb|Gilbar|1997|p=8}}).}}<ref>{{harvnb|Barutciski|2003|p=28}}; {{harvnb|Clark|2006|pp=xi–xv}}; {{harvnb|Hershlag|1980|p=177}}; {{harvnb|Özkırımlı|Sofos|2008|pp=116–117}}.</ref> The [[Greek genocide]], in particular the harsh removal of Pontian Greeks from the southern shore area of the Black Sea, contemporaneous with and following the failed Greek [[Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)|Asia Minor Campaign]], was part of this process of [[Turkification]] of the Ottoman Empire and the placement of its economy and trade, then largely in Greek hands under ethnic Turkish control.<ref>{{harvnb|Üngör|2008|pp=15–39}}.</ref>

==Identity==
===Names===
{{main|Achaeans (Homer)|Names of the Greeks}}
[[File:Ancient Regions Mainland Greece.png|thumb|right|Map showing the major regions of mainland ancient Greece, and adjacent "barbarian" lands]]

The English names ''Greece'' and ''Greek'' are derived, via the Latin ''{{lang|la|Graecia}}'' and ''{{lang|la|Graecus}}'', from the name of the [[Graecians|Graeci]] ({{lang|grc|Γραικοί}}, {{Lang|grc-Latn|Graikoí}}; singular {{lang|grc|Γραικός}}, {{Lang|grc-Latn|Graikós}}), who were among the first [[List of ancient Greek tribes|ancient Greek tribes]] to settle [[southern Italy]] (the so-called "[[Magna Graecia]]"). The term is possibly derived from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ǵerh₂-|*ǵerh₂-]]'', "to grow old",<ref>{{cite book |last=Starostin |first=Sergei |year=1998 |url=http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html |title=The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Watkins |first=Calvert |year=2000 |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |location=Boston, New York |isbn=0-618-08250-6}}</ref> more specifically from [[Graea]] (ancient city), said by [[Aristotle]] to be the oldest in Greece, and the source of colonists for the [[Naples]] area.<ref>Aristotle, ''[[Meteorologica]]'' I.xiv</ref>
[[File:Hermes the scholar.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|The cover of ''[[Hermes o Logios]]'', a Greek literary publication of the late 18th and early 19th centuries in [[Vienna]] with major contribution to the [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]]]]

Greeks and Greek-speakers have used different names to refer to themselves collectively. The term {{em|Achaeans}} (Ἀχαιοί) is one of the [[Names of the Greeks|collective names]] for the Greeks in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]]'' (the Homeric "long-haired Achaeans" would have been a part of the [[Mycenaean civilization]] that dominated Greece from {{circa}} 1600 BC until 1100 BC). The other common names are {{em|Danaans}} (Δαναοί) and {{em|Argives}} (Ἀργεῖοι) while {{em|Panhellenes}} (Πανέλληνες) and {{em|Hellenes}} (Ἕλληνες) both [[hapax legomenon|appear only once]] in the ''Iliad'';<ref>See ''Iliad'', II.2.530 for "Panhellenes" and ''Iliad'' II.2.653 for "Hellenes".</ref> all of these terms were used, synonymously, to denote a common Greek identity.<ref>{{harvnb|Cartledge|2011|loc=Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23: "The Late Bronze Age in Greece is also called conventionally 'Mycenaean', as we saw in the last chapter. But it might in principle have been called 'Argive', 'Achaean', or 'Danaan', since the three names that Homer does apply to Greeks collectively were 'Argives', 'Achaeans', and 'Danaans'."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Nagy|2014|loc=Texts and Commentaries – Introduction #2: "Panhellenism is the least common denominator of ancient Greek civilization ... The impulse of Panhellenism is already at work in Homeric and Hesiodic poetry. In the Iliad, the names "Achaeans" and "Danaans" and "Argives" are used synonymously in the sense of Panhellenes = "all Hellenes" = "all Greeks.""}}</ref> In the historical period, Herodotus identified the [[Achaea (ancient region)|Achaeans]] of the northern [[Peloponnese]] as descendants of the earlier, Homeric Achaeans.<ref>[[Herodotus]]. ''Histories'', 7.94 and 8.73.</ref>

[[Homer]] refers to the "Hellenes" as a relatively small tribe settled in Thessalic [[Phthia]], with its warriors under the command of [[Achilleus]].<ref>Homer. ''[[Iliad]]'', 2.681–685</ref> The [[Parian Chronicle]] says that Phthia was the homeland of the Hellenes and that this name was given to those previously called Greeks ({{lang|grc|Γραικοί}}).<ref name="Parian-Chronicle">[http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html The Parian Marble, Entry #6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823171940/http://www.ashmolean.org/ash/faqs/q004/q004008.html |date=23 August 2017 }}: "From when Hellen [son of] Deuc[alion] became king of [Phthi]otis and those previously called Graekoi were named Hellenes."</ref> In [[Greek mythology]], [[Hellen]], the patriarch of the Hellenes who ruled around Phthia, was the son of [[Pyrrha]] and [[Deucalion]], the only survivors after the [[flood myth|Great Deluge]].<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus. ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]''.</ref> The Greek philosopher [[Aristotle]] names ancient [[Ancient Greece|Hellas]] as an area in [[Epirus]] between [[Dodona]] and the [[Achelous]] river, the location of the Great Deluge of Deucalion, a land occupied by the [[Selloi]] and the "Greeks" who later came to be known as "Hellenes".<ref name=Aristotle>Aristotle. ''Meteorologica'', [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html 1.14] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061102/http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html |date=29 June 2011 }}: "The deluge in the time of Deucalion, for instance took place chiefly in the Greek world and in it especially about ancient Hellas, the country about Dodona and the Achelous."</ref> In the Homeric tradition, the Selloi were the priests of Dodonian Zeus.<ref>[[Homer]]. ''Iliad'', 16.233–16.235: "King Zeus, lord of Dodona ... you who hold wintry Dodona in your sway, where your prophets the Selloi dwell around you."</ref>

In the [[Hesiod]]ic ''[[Catalogue of Women]]'', [[Graecus]] is presented as the son of Zeus and [[Pandora II]], sister of [[Hellen]] the patriarch of the Hellenes.<ref>Hesiod. ''Catalogue of Women'', Fragment 5.</ref> According to the [[Parian Chronicle]], when [[Deucalion]] became king of Phthia, the {{em|Graikoi}} (Γραικοί) were named Hellenes.<ref name="Parian-Chronicle"/> [[Aristotle]] notes in his ''Meteorologica'' that the Hellenes were related to the Graikoi.<ref name=Aristotle/>

===Concepts===
The terms used to define Greekness have varied throughout history but were never limited or completely identified with membership to a Greek state.<ref name=Broome>{{harvnb|Broome|1996|loc="Greek Identity", pp. 22–27}}</ref> [[Herodotus]] gave a famous account of what defined Greek (Hellenic) ethnic identity in his day, enumerating
#shared [[kinship and descent|descent]] ({{langx|grc|ὅμαιμον|hómaimon|of the same blood|label=none}})<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28%2Fmaimos ὅμαιμος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225070512/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(%2Fmaimos |date=25 February 2021 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>
#shared [[language]] ({{langx|grc|ὁμόγλωσσον|homóglōsson|speaking the same tongue|label=none}})<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28mo%2Fglwssos ὁμόγλωσσος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073414/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(mo%2Fglwssos |date=25 February 2021 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>
#shared [[sanctuaries]] and [[sacrifices]] ({{langx|grc|θεῶν ἱδρύματά τε κοινὰ καὶ θυσίαι|theôn hidrúmatá te koinà kaì thusíai|common foundations, common sacrifices to gods|label=none}})<ref>I. Polinskaya, "Shared sanctuaries and the gods of others: On the meaning Of 'common' in Herodotus 8.144", in: R. Rosen & I. Sluiter (eds.), ''Valuing others in Classical Antiquity'' (LEiden: Brill, 2010), 43–70.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0038%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D144|title=Herodotus, The Seventh, Eighth, & Ninth Books with Introduction and Commentary|last=Macan|first=Reginald Walter|author-link=Reginald Walter Macan|date=1908|via=Perseus|publisher=Macmillan & Co. Ltd.|access-date=7 October 2023|chapter=8. 144|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913094839/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0038%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D144|archive-date=13 September 2023}}</ref>
#shared [[Mores|customs]] ({{langx|grc|ἤθεα ὁμότροπα|ḗthea homótropa|customs of like fashion|label=none}}).<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28mo%2Ftropos ὁμότροπος] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225222702/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do(mo%2Ftropos |date=25 February 2021 }}, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus)</ref><ref>Herodotus, 8.144.2: ''"The kinship of all Greeks in blood and speech, and the shrines of gods and the sacrifices that we have in common, and the likeness of our way of life."''</ref><ref>Athena S. Leoussi, Steven Grosby, ''Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations'', Edinburgh University Press, 2006, p. 115</ref>

By Western standards, the term ''Greeks'' has traditionally referred to any native speakers of the [[Greek language]], whether [[Mycenaean Greek language|Mycenaean]], [[Medieval Greek|Byzantine]] or [[modern Greek]].<ref name=Mazower>{{harvnb|Mazower|2000|pp=105–107}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Adrados|2005|p=xii}}.</ref> [[Byzantine Greeks]] self-identified as ''Romaioi'' ("Romans"), ''Graikoi'' ("Greeks") and ''Christianoi'' ("Christians") since they were the political heirs of [[Roman Empire|imperial Rome]], the descendants of their [[Ancient Greeks|classical Greek forebears]] and followers of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]];<ref>{{harvnb|Finkelberg|2012|p=20}}; {{harvnb|Harrison|2002|p=268}}; {{harvnb|Kazhdan|Constable|1982|p=12}}; {{harvnb|Runciman|1970|p=14}}.</ref> during the mid-to-late Byzantine period (11th–13th century), a growing number of Byzantine Greek intellectuals deemed themselves ''Hellenes'' although for most Greek-speakers, "Hellene" still meant pagan.<ref name=Cameron/><ref>{{harvnb|Ševčenko|2002|p=284}}.</ref> On the eve of the [[Fall of Constantinople]] the [[Constantine XI|Last Emperor]] urged his soldiers to remember that they were the descendants of Greeks and Romans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sphrantzes |first=George|author-link=George Sphrantzes|title=The Chronicle of the Fall|year=1477}}</ref>

Before the establishment of the modern Greek nation-state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks".<ref>Feraios, Rigas. ''New Political Constitution of the Inhabitants of Rumeli, Asia Minor, the Islands of the Aegean, and the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia''.</ref> The [[History of Modern Greece|modern Greek state]] was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, [[Peloponnese]], from the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{harvnb|Koliopoulos|Veremis|2002|p=277}}.</ref> The large [[Greek diaspora]] and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western [[romantic nationalism]] and [[philhellenism]],<ref name=BritMerchant>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2008 |title =History of Greece, Ottoman Empire, The merchant middle class |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |location=United States |id=Online Edition }}</ref> which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the [[Byzantine Empire]], formed the basis of the [[Diafotismos]] and the current conception of Hellenism.<ref name=BritIdent/><ref name=Mazower/><ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2003|p=98: "After the Ottoman conquest in 1453, recognition by the Turks of the Greek ''millet'' under its Patriarch and Church helped to ensure the persistence of a separate ethnic identity, which, even if it did not ''produce'' a "precocious nationalism" among the Greeks, provided the later Greek enlighteners and nationalists with a cultural constituency fed by political dreams and apocalyptic prophecies of the recapture of Constantinople and the restoration of Greek Byzantium and its Orthodox emperor in all his glory."}}</ref>

The Greeks today are a nation in the meaning of an ''[[ethnic group|ethnos]]'', defined by possessing [[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] and having a Greek [[First language|mother tongue]], not by citizenship, race, and religion or by being subjects of any particular state.<ref>{{harvnb|Tonkin|Chapman|McDonald|1989}}.</ref> In ancient and medieval times and to some extent today the Greek term was ''[[genos]]'', which also indicates a common ancestry.<ref>{{harvnb|Patterson|1998|pp=18–19}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Psellos|first=Michael|title=Michaelis Pselli Orationes Panegyricae|year=1994|location=Stuttgart/Leipzig|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|page=33|isbn=978-0-297-82057-4}}</ref>

===Continuity===
[[File:Byzantine Greek Alexander Manuscript Bracca (cropped).JPG|thumb|Alexander the Great in [[Byzantine Emperor]]'s clothes, by a manuscript depicting scenes from his life (between 1204 and 1453)]]

The most obvious link between modern and ancient Greeks is their language, which has a documented tradition from at least the 14th century BC to the present day, albeit with a break during the [[Greek Dark Ages]] from which written records are absent (11th–8th cent. BC, though the [[Cypriot syllabary]] was in use during this period).<ref name=Adrados>{{harvnb|Adrados|2005|pp=xii, 3–5}}.</ref> Scholars compare its continuity of tradition to [[Chinese language|Chinese]] alone.<ref name=Adrados/><ref name="Browning">{{harvnb|Browning|1983|p=vii: "The Homeric poems were first written down in more or less their present form in the seventh century B.C. Since then Greek has enjoyed a continuous tradition down to the present day. Change there has certainly been. But there has been no break like that between Latin and Romance languages. Ancient Greek is not a foreign language to the Greek of today as Anglo-Saxon is to the modern Englishman. The only other language which enjoys comparable continuity of tradition is Chinese."}}</ref> Since its inception, Hellenism was primarily a matter of common culture and the national continuity of the Greek world is a lot more certain than its demographic.<ref name=Roberts1/><ref name=ADS>{{harvnb|Smith|1991|pp=29–32}}.</ref> Yet, Hellenism also embodied an ancestral dimension through aspects of Athenian literature that developed and influenced ideas of descent based on autochthony.<ref>{{harvnb|Isaac|2004|p=504: "Autochthony, being an Athenian idea and represented in many Athenian texts, is likely to have influenced a broad public of readers, wherever Greek literature was read."}}</ref> During the later years of the Eastern Roman Empire, areas such as [[Ionia]] and [[Constantinople]] experienced a Hellenic revival in language, philosophy, and literature and on classical models of thought and scholarship.<ref name=ADS/> This revival provided a powerful impetus to the sense of cultural affinity with ancient Greece and its classical heritage.<ref name=ADS/> Throughout their history, the Greeks have retained their language and [[Greek alphabet|alphabet]], certain values and cultural traditions, customs, a sense of religious and cultural difference and exclusion (the word ''[[barbarian]]'' was used by 12th-century historian [[Anna Komnene]] to describe non-Greek speakers),<ref>Anna Comnena. ''[[Alexiad]]'', Books 1–15.</ref> a sense of Greek identity and common sense of ethnicity despite the undeniable socio-political changes of the past two millennia.<ref name=ADS/> In recent anthropological studies, both ancient and modern Greek osteological samples were analyzed demonstrating a bio-genetic affinity and continuity shared between both groups.<ref>{{harvnb|Papagrigorakis|Kousoulis|Synodinos|2014|p=237: "Interpreted with caution, the craniofacial morphology in modern and ancient Greeks indicates elements of ethnic group continuation within the unavoidable multicultural mixtures."}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Argyropoulos|Sassouni|Xeniotou|1989|p=200: "An overall view of the finding obtained from these cephalometric analyses indicates that the Greek ethnic group has remained genetically stable in its cephalic and facial morphology for the last 4,000 years."}}</ref> There is also a direct genetic link between ancient Greeks and modern Greeks.<ref name="Gibbons2017">{{cite journal |last1=Gibbons |first1=Ann |title=The Greeks really do have near-mythical origins, ancient DNA reveals |journal=Science |date=2 August 2017 |doi=10.1126/science.aan7200 }}</ref><ref name="Lazaridis2017">{{harvnb|Lazaridis|Mittnik|Patterson|Mallick|2017}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Ancient===
{{See also|Colonies in antiquity}}
[[File:Griechischen und phönizischen Kolonien.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Greek colonization in antiquity]]

In ancient times, the trading and colonizing activities of the Greek tribes and city states spread the Greek culture, religion and language around the Mediterranean and Black Sea basins, especially in [[Southern Italy]] (the so-called "[[Magna Graecia]]"), Spain, the [[History of Marseille|south of France]] and the [[Pontian Greeks|Black sea coasts]].<ref name=Apoikiai>{{harvnb|Boardman|1984|pp=199–289}}.</ref> Under Alexander the Great's empire and successor states, Greek and Hellenizing ruling classes were established in the [[Seleucid Kingdom|Middle East]], [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|India]] and in [[Ptolemaic dynasty|Egypt]].<ref name=Apoikiai/> The [[Hellenistic period]] is characterized by a new wave of Greek colonization that established Greek cities and kingdoms in [[Dayuan|Asia]] and [[Cyrene, Libya|Africa]].<ref>{{harvnb|Horden|Purcell|2000|pp=111, 128}}.</ref> Under the Roman Empire, easier movement of people spread Greeks across the Empire and in the eastern territories, Greek became the [[lingua franca]] rather than [[Latin]].<ref name=Haldon50/> The modern-day [[Griko people|Griko community]] of southern Italy, numbering about 60,000,<ref name="Grecia-Salentina"/><ref name=Bellinello/> may represent a living remnant of the ancient Greek populations of Italy.

=== Modern ===
{{Main|Demographics of Greece|Demographics of Cyprus}}

Today, Greeks are the majority ethnic group in the [[Hellenic Republic]],<ref name=Greece>{{cite web |script-title=el:Πίνακας 9. Πληθυσμός κατά υπηκοότητα και φύλο|language=el|publisher=Hellenic Statistical Authority|year=2001|url=http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_10_Y.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206090424/http://www.statistics.gr/gr_tables/S1101_SAP_09_TB_DC_01_10_Y.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2009|access-date=7 January 2009}}</ref> where they constitute 93% of the country's population,<ref>{{cite web|title=CIA Factbook|access-date=19 December 2008|work=Central Intelligence Agency|publisher=United States Government|year=2007|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063832/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/greece/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the [[Republic of Cyprus]] where they make up 78% of the island's population (excluding Turkish settlers in the occupied part of the country).<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=Census of Population 2001|access-date=11 June 2016|publisher=Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών, Υπουργείο Εσωτερικών, Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία|url=http://www.pio.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/805CB6E0CF012914C2257122003F3A84/$file/MAIN%20RESULTS-EN.xls?OpenElement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203065940/http://www.pio.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/805CB6E0CF012914C2257122003F3A84/$file/MAIN%20RESULTS-EN.xls?OpenElement|archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref> Greek populations have not traditionally exhibited high rates of growth; a large percentage of Greek population growth since Greece's foundation in 1832 was attributed to annexation of new territories, as well as the influx of 1.5 million Greek refugees after the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|1923 population exchange]] between Greece and Turkey.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Greece: Demographic trends|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|year=2016|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Climate|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717045510/https://www.britannica.com/place/Greece/Climate|url-status=live}}</ref> About 80% of the population of Greece is urban, with 28% concentrated in the city of Athens.<ref name=EconWorld>{{cite book|title=Pocket World in Figures (Economist)|publisher=Economist Books|location=London|year=2006|page=150|chapter=Merchant Marine, Tertiary enrollment by age group|isbn=978-1-86197-825-7}}</ref>

[[File:Distribution Of Races 1918 National Geographic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Distribution of ethnic groups in 1918, National Geographic]]

Greeks from Cyprus have a similar history of emigration, usually to the English-speaking world because of the island's colonization by the [[British Empire]]. Waves of [[emigration]] followed the [[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974, while the population decreased between mid-1974 and 1977 as a result of emigration, war losses, and a temporary decline in fertility.<ref name="Britannica-Cyprus">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Cyprus: Demographic trends|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|id=Online Edition|year=2016|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cyprus|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=22 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622013659/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-33828/Cyprus|url-status=live}}</ref> After the [[ethnic cleansing]] of a third of the Greek population of the island in 1974,<ref>{{harvnb|Papadakis|Peristianis|Welz|2006|pp=2–3}}; {{harvnb|Borowiec|2000|p=2}}; {{harvnb|Rezun|2001|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Brown|2004|p=48}}.</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos|2001|p=24: "In occupied Cyprus on the other hand, where heavy ethnic cleansing took place, only 300 Greek Cypriots remain from the original 200,000!"}}</ref> there was also an increase in the number of Greek Cypriots leaving, especially for the Middle East, which contributed to a decrease in population that tapered off in the 1990s.<ref name="Britannica-Cyprus"/> Today more than two-thirds of the Greek population in Cyprus is urban.<ref name="Britannica-Cyprus"/>

Around 1990, most Western estimates of the number of ethnic Greeks in Albania were around 200,000 but in the 1990s, a majority of them migrated to Greece.<ref name=BJp49>{{Cite book |last1=Bideleux |first1=Robert |last2=Jeffries |first2=Ian |title=The Balkans: a post-communist history |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96911-3 |location=London |oclc=85373407 |page=49 |quote=It is difficult to know how many ethnic Greeks there were in Albania before the exodus of refugees during the early to mid-1990s. The Albanian government claimed there were only 60,000, based on the biased 1989 census, whereas the Greek government claimed there were upwards of 300,000. Most Western estimates were around the 200,000 mark }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Georgiou |first=Myria |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EMTEL/Minorities/papers/greekreport.pdf |title=Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context – Greece |publisher=London School of Economics |year=2004 |quote="The long and adventurous 20th century history of migration in Greece can be drawn by period: .... 1990's: The vast majority of the 200,000 ethnic Greeks from Albania". |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214211946/https://www.lse.ac.uk/media@lse/research/EMTEL/Minorities/papers/greekreport.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Greek minority of [[Greeks in Turkey|Turkey]], which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 [[Istanbul Pogrom|Constantinople Pogrom]] and other state sponsored violence and discrimination.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gilson|first=George|title=Destroying a minority: Turkey's attack on the Greeks|work=Athens News|date=24 June 2005|access-date=19 December 2008|url=http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13136&m=A10&aa=1&eidos=S|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617131719/http://www.athensnews.gr/athweb/nathens.print_unique?e=C&f=13136&m=A10&aa=1&eidos=S |archive-date=17 June 2008}}</ref> This effectively ended, though not entirely, the three-thousand-year-old presence of Hellenism in Asia Minor.<ref>{{harvnb|Vryonis|2005|pp=1–10}}.</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Birand|first=Mehm |display-authors=etal |title=The shame of Sept. 6–7 is always with us|work=Hürriyet Daily News|date=7 September 2005|access-date=19 December 2008|url=http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-559132|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209034629/http://arama.hurriyet.com.tr/arsivnews.aspx?id=-559132|archive-date=9 December 2012}}</ref> There are smaller Greek minorities in the rest of the Balkan countries, the [[Greeks in Lebanon|Levant]] and the [[Greeks in Georgia|Black Sea]] states, remnants of the Old [[Greek Diaspora]] (pre-19th century).<ref name=Prevelakis>{{cite web|last=Prevelakis|first=George|year=2003|location=Oxford|publisher=Transnational Communities Programme (Working Paper Series)|access-date=16 May 2016|title=''Finis Greciae'' or the Return of the Greeks? State and Diaspora in the Context of Globalisation|url=http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/prevelakis.PDF |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/prevelakis.PDF |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Diaspora===
{{Main|Greek diaspora}}
[[File:50 largest Greek diaspora.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Greek diaspora (20th century)]]

The total number of Greeks living outside Greece and Cyprus today is a contentious issue. Where census figures are available, they show around three million Greeks outside Greece and Cyprus. Estimates provided by the [[SAE – World Council of Hellenes Abroad]] put the figure at around seven million worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Speech by Vasilis Magdalinos|access-date=19 December 2008|publisher=SAE|date=29 December 2006|url=http://www.sae.gr/?id=12566&tag=%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%20%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%20%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721090732/http://www.sae.gr/?id=12566&tag=%CE%95%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%AE%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7%20%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%20%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> According to George Prevelakis of [[Sorbonne University]], the number is closer to just below five million.<ref name=Prevelakis/> Integration, intermarriage, and loss of the Greek language influence the self-identification of the Greek diaspora (''omogenia''). Important centres include [[Greek Americans|New York City]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]], [[Los Angeles]], [[Greek Australian|Sydney]], [[Greek community of Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[Greeks in the United Kingdom|London]], [[Greek community of Toronto|Toronto]], [[Greek Canadian|Montreal]], [[Vancouver]], [[Greek New Zealander|Auckland]], and [[Greek Brazilian|Sao Paulo]].<ref name=Prevelakis/> In 2010, the Hellenic Parliament introduced a law that allowed members of the diaspora to vote in Greek elections;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/en-US/15072008_SB1306.htm|title=Meeting on the exercise of voting rights by foreigners of Greek origin|work=Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=15 July 2008|access-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216034948/http://www.mfa.gr/www.mfa.gr/Articles/en-US/15072008_SB1306.htm|archive-date=16 February 2012}}</ref> this law was repealed in early 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Non-Greeks and diaspora lose out on voting rights|publisher=Ekathimerini.com|date=8 February 2014|access-date=13 January 2015|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_08/02/2014_537214|archive-date=13 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113222826/http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_08/02/2014_537214|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Constantine Cavafy with cane and hat in hand Photograph dated 1896 Alexandria Egypt.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Poet [[Constantine P. Cavafy]], a native of [[Alexandria]], [[Egypt]]]]

During and after the [[Greek War of Independence]], Greeks of the diaspora were important in establishing the fledgling state, raising funds and awareness abroad.<ref>{{harvnb|Calotychos|2003|p=16}}.</ref> Greek merchant families already had contacts in other countries and during the disturbances many set up home around the Mediterranean (notably Marseilles in [[Greeks in France|France]], Livorno in [[Greeks in Italy|Italy]], Alexandria in [[Greeks in Egypt|Egypt]]), [[Greeks in Russia|Russia]] ([[Odesa]] and [[Saint Petersburg]]), and [[British Greeks|Britain]] (London and Liverpool) from where they traded, typically in textiles and grain.<ref name=Diaspora>{{harvnb|McCabe|Harlaftis|2005|pp=147–149}}.</ref> Businesses frequently comprised the extended family, and with them they brought schools teaching Greek and the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name=Diaspora/>

As markets changed and they became more established, some families grew their operations to become [[Greek shipping|shippers]], financed through the local Greek community, notably with the aid of the [[Ralli Brothers|Ralli]] or [[Panayis Athanase Vagliano|Vagliano Brothers]].<ref name=Kardasis>{{harvnb|Kardasis|2001|pp=xvii–xxi}}.</ref> With economic success, the Diaspora expanded further across the [[Greeks in Syria|Levant]], North Africa, India and the USA.<ref name=Kardasis/><ref name=Clogg>{{harvnb|Clogg|2000|loc="The Greeks in America"}}</ref>

In the 20th century, many Greeks left their traditional homelands for economic reasons resulting in large migrations from Greece and Cyprus to the [[Greek American|United States]], [[Greeks in the United Kingdom|Great Britain]], [[Greek Australian|Australia]], [[Greek Canadian|Canada]], [[Greeks in Germany|Germany]], and [[Greeks in South Africa|South Africa]], especially after the [[Second World War]] (1939–1945), the [[Greek Civil War]] (1946–1949), and the [[Turkish Invasion of Cyprus]] in 1974.<ref>{{harvnb|Laliotou|2004|pp=85–92}}.</ref>

While official figures remain scarce, polls and anecdotal evidence point to renewed Greek emigration as a result of the [[Greek financial crisis]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Seiradaki|first=Emmanouela|title=As Crisis Deepens, Astoria Finds Its Greek Essence Again|work=Greek Reporter|publisher=GreekReporter.com|date=11 April 2012|access-date=21 May 2016|url=http://usa.greekreporter.com/2012/04/11/as-crisis-deepens-astoria-finds-its-greek-essence-again/|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225103121/https://usa.greekreporter.com/2012/04/11/as-crisis-deepens-astoria-finds-its-greek-essence-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to data published by the [[Federal Statistical Office of Germany]] in 2011, 23,800 Greeks emigrated to Germany, a significant increase over the previous year. By comparison, about 9,000 Greeks emigrated to Germany in 2009 and 12,000 in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Papachristou|first1=Harry|last2=Elgood|first2=Giles|title=Greece Already Close to Breaking Point|agency=Reuters|work=The Fiscal Times|date=20 May 2012|access-date=22 May 2012|url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2012/05/20/Greece-Already-Close-to-Breaking-Point.aspx#page1|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730210903/http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Articles/2012/05/20/Greece-Already-Close-to-Breaking-Point.aspx#page1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hannon|first=Paul|title=OECD Says Euro-Zone Crisis Has Led to Some Emigration|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=27 June 2012|access-date=21 May 2016|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303649504577492411116780178|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231522/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303649504577492411116780178|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Greece}}
[[Culture of Greece|Greek culture]] has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginning in the Mycenaean civilization, continuing through the classical era, the Hellenistic period, the Roman and Byzantine periods and was profoundly affected by Christianity, which it in turn influenced and shaped.<ref name="Christianity-Hellenism">{{harvnb|van der Horst|1998|pp=9–11}}; {{harvnb|Voegelin|Moulakis|1997|pp=175–179}}</ref> [[Ottoman Greeks]] had to endure through several centuries of adversity that culminated in [[Greek genocide|genocide]] in the 20th century.<ref name=IAGS>{{cite press release|title=Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides|publisher=[[International Association of Genocide Scholars]]|date=16 December 2007|url=http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227043831/http://genocidescholars.org/images/PRelease16Dec07IAGS_Officially_Recognizes_Assyrian_Greek_Genocides.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bjørnlund|2008|pp=41–58}}; {{harvnb|Schaller|Zimmerer|2008|pp=7–14}}; {{harvnb|Levene|1998|p=393}}; {{harvnb|Tatz|2003|pp=xiii, 178}}.</ref> The [[Diafotismos]] is credited with revitalizing Greek culture and giving birth to the synthesis of ancient and medieval elements that characterize it today.<ref name=BritIdent/><ref name=Mazower/>

===Language===
{{Main|Greek language|Greek language question}}
[[File:NAMA Alphabet grec.jpg|thumb|right|Early Greek alphabet, c. 8th century BC]]
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Kostas speaking Greek.webm|thumb|A Greek speaker]]
Most Greeks speak the [[Greek language]], an [[Hellenic languages|independent branch]] of the [[Indo-European languages]], with its closest relations possibly being [[Armenian language|Armenian]] (see [[Graeco-Armenian]]) or the [[Indo-Iranian languages]] (see [[Graeco-Aryan]]).<ref name=Adrados/> It has the longest documented history of any living language and [[Greek literature]] has a continuous history of over 2,500 years.<ref name=BritLit>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Greek literature|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=27 August 2014|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.|location=United States|id=Online Edition|url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Greek-literature|access-date=21 June 2022|archive-date=21 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621194153/https://www.britannica.com/art/Greek-literature|url-status=live}}</ref> The oldest inscriptions in Greek are in the [[Linear B]] script, dated as far back as 1450 BC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aegeanscripts.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98:new-linear-b-tablet-found-at-iklaina&catid=80&Itemid=473|title=New Linear B tablet found at Iklaina|publisher=Comité International Permanent des Études Mycéniennes, UNESCO|access-date=29 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015044633/http://www.aegeanscripts.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=98:new-linear-b-tablet-found-at-iklaina&catid=80&Itemid=473|archive-date=15 October 2013}}</ref> Following the [[Greek Dark Ages]], from which written records are absent, the [[Greek alphabet]] appears in the 9th–8th century BC. The Greek alphabet derived from the [[Phoenician alphabet]], and in turn became the parent alphabet of the [[Latin]], [[Cyrillic]], and several other alphabets. The earliest Greek literary works are the [[Homer|Homeric epics]], variously dated from the 8th to the 6th century BC. Notable scientific and mathematical works include [[Euclid's Elements]], Ptolemy's [[Almagest]], and others. The [[New Testament]] was originally written in [[Koine Greek]].<ref>Aland, K.; Aland, B. (1995). ''The Text of the New Testament''. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. {{ISBN|978-0-8028-4098-1}}.</ref>

Greek demonstrates several linguistic features that are shared with other [[Languages of the Balkans|Balkan languages]], such as [[Albanian language|Albanian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Eastern Romance languages]] (see [[Balkan sprachbund]]), and has absorbed many foreign words, primarily of Western European and [[Turkish language|Turkish]] origin.<ref>{{harvnb|Winford|2003|p=71}}.</ref> Because of the movements of [[Philhellenism]] and the [[Diafotismos]] in the 19th century, which emphasized the modern Greeks' ancient heritage, these foreign influences were excluded from official use via the creation of [[Katharevousa]], a somewhat artificial form of Greek purged of all foreign influence and words, as the official language of the Greek state. In 1976, however, the [[Hellenic Parliament]] voted to make the spoken [[Dimotiki]] the official language, making Katharevousa obsolete.<ref>{{harvnb|Mackridge|1990|p=25}}.</ref>

[[Modern Greek]] has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide [[Varieties of Modern Greek|variety of dialects]] of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including [[Cypriot Greek|Cypriot]], [[Pontic language|Pontic]], [[Cappadocian Greek|Cappadocian]], [[Griko language|Griko]] and [[Tsakonian language|Tsakonian]] (the only surviving representative of ancient [[Doric Greek]]).<ref>{{harvnb|Tomić|2006|p=703}}.</ref> [[Yevanic language|Yevanic]] is the language of the [[Romaniotes]], and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greek citizens in Greece and the diaspora are bilingual in other languages such as English, [[Arvanitika]]/Albanian, [[Aromanian language|Aromanian]], [[Megleno-Romanian language|Megleno-Romanian]], [[Slavic dialects of Greece|Macedonian Slavic]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and Turkish.<ref name=Adrados/><ref>{{harvnb|Fasold|1984|p=160}}.</ref>

===Religion===
{{main|Religion in ancient Greece|Greek Orthodox Church|Church of Greece}}
[[File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg|thumb|[[Christ Pantocrator]] [[mosaic]] in [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Istanbul]]]]
Most Greeks are [[Christians]], belonging to the [[Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name="abs">{{cite web |url = http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/religious-diversity-index-scores-by-country/ |title = Greece |date = 4 April 2014 |publisher = PewForum |access-date = 4 April 2014 |archive-date = 23 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181023001753/http://www.pewforum.org/2014/04/04/religious-diversity-index-scores-by-country/ |url-status = live }}</ref> During the first centuries after [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]], the [[New Testament]] was originally written in [[Koine Greek]], which remains the [[Sacred language|liturgical language]] of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking.<ref name="Christianity-Hellenism"/> There are small groups of ethnic Greeks adhering to other [[Christianity|Christian]] denominations like [[Latin Church|Latin]] and [[Greek Byzantine Catholic Church|Greek Byzantine]] [[Catholic Church|Catholics]], [[Greek Evangelical Church|Greek Evangelicals]], [[Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost|Pentecostals]], [[Mormons]], and groups adhering to other religions including [[Romaniotes|Romaniot]] and [[Sephardic Jews]], [[Greek Muslims]] and [[Jehovah's Witnesses]]. About 2,000 Greeks are members of [[Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism]] congregations.<ref>{{cite news|last=Head|first=James|title=The ancient gods of Greece are not extinct|work=New Statesman|page=The Faith Column|date=20 March 2007|access-date=12 May 2016|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-faith-column/2007/03/ancient-greek-gods-greece|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184645/https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-faith-column/2007/03/ancient-greek-gods-greece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=de Quetteville|first=Harry|title=Modern Athenians fight for the right to worship the ancient Greek gods|work=The Telegraph|date=8 May 2004|access-date=12 May 2016|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/1461311/Modern-Athenians-fight-for-the-right-to-worship-the-ancient-Greek-gods.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/1461311/Modern-Athenians-fight-for-the-right-to-worship-the-ancient-Greek-gods.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Freedom of Religion in Greece|work=International Religious Freedom Report|year=2006|publisher=United States Department of State|access-date=12 May 2016|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm|archive-date=9 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209120326/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Greek-speaking Muslims live mainly outside Greece in the contemporary era. There are both Christian and Muslim Greek-speaking communities in [[Greeks in Lebanon|Lebanon]] and [[Greeks in Syria|Syria]], while in the [[Pontus (region)|Pontus]] region of [[Turkey]] there is a large community of indeterminate size who were spared from the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] because of their religious affiliation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tsokalidou|first=Roula|title=Greek-Speaking Enclaves of Lebanon and Syria|work=Actas/Proceedings II Simposio Internacional Bilingüismo|year=2002|publisher=Roula Tsokalidou (Primary School Education Department, University of Thessaly, Greece)|pages=1245–1255|url=http://webs.uvigo.es/ssl/actas2002/05/08.%20Roula%20Tsokalidou.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://webs.uvigo.es/ssl/actas2002/05/08.%20Roula%20Tsokalidou.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Arts===
{{Further|Greek art|Music of Greece|Ancient Greek architecture|Ancient Greek theatre|Modern Greek theatre|Cinema of Greece|Modern Greek architecture|Modern Greek literature}}
{{See also|Greco-Buddhist art}}

[[File:Maria Callas 1958.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Renowned Greek soprano [[Maria Callas]]]]
Greek art has a long and varied history. Greeks have contributed to the visual, literary and performing arts.<ref name=Osborne>{{harvnb|Osborne|1998|pp=1–3}}.</ref> In the West, [[Art in ancient Greece|classical Greek art]] was influential in shaping the [[Roman art|Roman]] and later the modern [[Western art history|Western artistic heritage]]. Following the [[Renaissance]] in [[Europe]], the humanist aesthetic and the high technical standards of Greek art inspired generations of European artists.<ref name=Osborne/> Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece played an important role in the art of the Western world.<ref>{{harvnb|Pollitt|1972|pp=xii–xv}}.</ref> In the East, [[Alexander the Great]]'s conquests initiated several centuries of exchange between Greek, [[Central Asia]]n and [[Culture of India|Indian]] cultures, resulting in [[Indo-Greek art|Indo-Greek]] and [[Greco-Buddhist art]], whose influence reached as far as [[Japan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Puri|1987|pp=28–29}}.</ref>

[[Byzantine art|Byzantine Greek art]], which grew from the Hellenistic [[Fayum portrait|classical art]] and adapted the pagan motifs in the service of Christianity, provided a stimulus to the art of many nations.<ref name="Mango-Art">{{harvnb|Mango|1986|pp=ix–xiv, 183}}.</ref> Its influences can be traced from [[Venice]] in the West to [[Kazakhstan]] in the East.<ref name="Mango-Art"/><ref>{{cite news|title=The Byzantine empire, The lasting glory of its art|newspaper=The Economist|date=4 October 2007|access-date=10 May 2016|url=http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9900058|archive-date=21 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221223452/http://www.economist.com/books/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9900058|url-status=live}}</ref> In turn, Greek art was influenced by eastern civilizations (i.e. [[Art of ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Persian art|Persia]], etc.) during various periods of its history.<ref>{{harvnb|Stansbury-O'Donnell|2015}}; {{harvnb|Tarbell|1907}}.</ref>

Notable modern Greek artists include:
*the painters [[Dominikos Theotokopoulos]] (El Greco), [[Nikolaos Gyzis]], [[Konstantinos Volanakis]], [[Périclès Pantazis]], and [[Constantine Andreou]]; sculptors such as [[Yannoulis Chalepas]];
*composers such as [[Mikis Theodorakis]], [[Spyridon Samaras]], [[Iannis Xenakis]], [[Yanni]] and [[Vangelis]];
*singers such as [[Maria Callas]], [[Giorgos Dalaras]], [[Nana Mouskouri]], [[Vicky Leandros]] and [[Demis Roussos]];
*poets such as [[Dionysios Solomos]], [[Angelos Sikelianos]], [[Andreas Embirikos]], [[Constantine P. Cavafy]] and [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]]s [[Giorgos Seferis]] and [[Odysseas Elytis]];
*the novelists [[Alexandros Papadiamantis]], [[Emmanuel Rhoides]], [[Ion Dragoumis]], [[Nikos Kazantzakis]], [[Penelope Delta]], [[Stratis Myrivilis]], [[Vassilis Vassilikos]] and [[Petros Markaris]],
*playwrights include the [[Cretan Renaissance]] poets [[Georgios Chortatzis]] and [[Vitsentzos Kornaros|Vincenzos Cornaros]], and also [[Gregorios Xenopoulos]] and [[Iakovos Kambanellis]].

[[File:Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Eleftherios Venizelos]] was the leading political figure of 20th century Greece.]]
Notable cinema or theatre actors include [[Marika Kotopouli]], [[Melina Mercouri]], [[Ellie Lambeti]], [[Academy Award]] winner [[Katina Paxinou]], [[Alexis Minotis]], [[Dimitris Horn]], [[Thanasis Veggos]], [[Manos Katrakis]] and [[Irene Papas]]. [[Alekos Sakellarios]], [[Karolos Koun]], [[Vasilis Georgiadis]], [[Costa-Gavras|Kostas Gavras]], [[Michael Cacoyannis]], [[Giannis Dalianidis]], [[Nikos Koundouros]] and [[Theo Angelopoulos]] are among the most important directors.

Among the most significant modern-era architects are [[Stamatios Kleanthis]], [[Lysandros Kaftanzoglou]], [[Anastasios Metaxas]], [[Panagis Kalkos]], [[Anastasios Orlandos]], the naturalized Greek [[Ernst Ziller]], [[Dimitris Pikionis]] and urban planners [[Stamatis Voulgaris]] and [[George Candilis]].

===Science===
{{see also|Ancient Greek philosophy|Greek mathematics|Ancient Greek medicine|Byzantine science|Greek scholars in the Renaissance|List of Greek inventions and discoveries}}
[[File:Aristarchus working.jpg|thumb|right|[[Aristarchus of Samos]] was the first known individual to propose a [[heliocentrism|heliocentric system]], in the 3rd century BC.]]
The Greeks of the Classical and Hellenistic eras made seminal contributions to science and philosophy, laying the foundations of several western scientific traditions, such as [[Greek astronomy|astronomy]], [[geography]], [[historiography]], [[Greek mathematics|mathematics]], [[Greek medicine|medicine]], [[Greek philosophy|philosophy]] and [[political science]]. The scholarly tradition of the Greek academies was maintained during Roman times with several academic institutions in [[Constantinople]], [[Antioch]], [[Alexandria]] and other centers of Greek learning, while Byzantine science was essentially a continuation of classical science.<ref>{{cite web|title=Byzantine Medicine — Vienna Dioscurides|work=Antiqua Medicina|year=2007|publisher=University of Virginia|access-date=10 May 2016|url=http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/antiqua/byzantine/|archive-date=10 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010080300/http://exhibits.hsl.virginia.edu/antiqua/byzantine}}</ref> Greeks have a long tradition of valuing and investing in ''paideia'' (education).<ref name=Harris/> ''Paideia'' was one of the highest societal values in the Greek and Hellenistic world while the first European institution described as a university was founded in 5th century Constantinople and operated in various incarnations until the [[Fall of Constantinople|city's fall]] to the Ottomans in 1453.<ref name=Bump>{{cite web|last=Bump|first=Jerome|title=The Origin of Universities (University of Magnaura in Constantinople)|access-date=19 December 2008|work=The Origin of Universities|publisher=University of Texas at Austin|archive-date=20 February 2009|url=http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220164836/http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html}}</ref> The [[University of Constantinople]] was Christian Europe's first secular institution of higher learning since no theological subjects were taught,<ref>{{harvnb|Tatakes|Moutafakis|2003|p=189}}.</ref> and considering the original meaning of the word university as a corporation of students, the world's first university as well.<ref name=Bump/>

As of 2007, Greece had the eighth highest percentage of tertiary enrollment in the world (with the percentages for female students being higher than for male) while Greeks of the Diaspora are equally active in the field of education.<ref name=EconWorld/> Hundreds of thousands of Greek students attend western universities every year while the faculty lists of leading Western universities contain a striking number of Greek names.<ref>{{cite news|title=University reforms in Greece face student protests|newspaper=The Economist|date=6 July 2006|access-date=19 December 2008|url=http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|archive-date=7 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207061901/http://www.economist.com/world/europe/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_STQTVNJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Notable Greek scientists of modern times include: physician [[Georgios Papanikolaou|Georgios Papanicolaou]] (pioneer in [[cytopathology]], inventor of the [[Pap test]]); mathematician [[Constantin Carathéodory]] (acclaimed contributor to real and complex analysis and the calculus of variations); archaeologists [[Manolis Andronikos]] (unearthed the tomb of [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip II]]), [[Valerios Stais]] (recognised the [[Antikythera mechanism]]), [[Spyridon Marinatos]] (specialised in [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean]] sites) and [[Ioannis Svoronos]]; chemists [[Leonidas Zervas]] (of [[Bergmann-Zervas carbobenzoxy method|Bergmann-Zervas synthesis]] and [[Z-group]] discovery fame), [[K. C. Nicolaou]] (first total synthesis of [[Paclitaxel|taxol]]) and [[Panayotis Katsoyannis]] (first chemical synthesis of [[insulin]]); computer scientists [[Michael Dertouzos]] and [[Nicholas Negroponte]] (known for their early work with the [[World Wide Web]]), [[John Argyris]] (co-creator of the [[Finite element method|FEM]]), [[Joseph Sifakis]] (2007 [[Turing Award]]), [[Christos Papadimitriou]] (2002 [[Knuth Prize]]) and [[Mihalis Yannakakis]] (2005 [[Knuth Prize]]); physicist-mathematician [[Demetrios Christodoulou]] (renowned for work on [[Minkowski spacetime]]) and physicists [[Achilles Papapetrou]] (known for solutions of [[general relativity]]), [[Dimitri Nanopoulos]] (extensive work on particle physics and cosmology), and [[John Iliopoulos]] (2007 [[Dirac Medal (ICTP)|Dirac Prize]] for work on the [[charm quark]]); astronomer [[E. M. Antoniadi|Eugenios Antoniadis]]; biologist [[Fotis Kafatos]] (contributor to [[cDNA]] cloning technology); botanist [[Theodoros G. Orphanides|Theodoros Orphanides]]; economist [[Xenophon Zolotas]] (held various senior posts in international organisations such as the [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]); Indologist [[Dimitrios Galanos]]; linguist [[Ioannis Psycharis|Yiannis Psycharis]] (promoter of [[Demotic Greek]]); historians [[Constantine Paparrigopoulos]] (founder of modern Greek historiography) and [[Helene Ahrweiler|Helene Glykatzi Ahrweiler]] (excelled in [[Byzantine studies]]); and political scientists [[Nicos Poulantzas]] (a leading [[Structural Marxism|Structural Marxist]]) and [[Cornelius Castoriadis]] (philosopher of history and ontologist, social critic, economist, psychoanalyst).

Significant engineers and automobile designers include [[Nikolas Tombazis]], [[Alec Issigonis]] and [[Andreas Zapatinas]].

===Symbols===
{{See also|Flag of Greece}}
[[File:Flag of Greece.svg|thumb|upright|The national flag of Greece is commonly used as a symbol for Greeks worldwide.]]
[[File:Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg|thumb|upright|The flag of the [[Greek Orthodox Church]] is based on the coat of arms of the [[Palaiologoi]], the last dynasty of the [[Byzantine Empire]].]]

The most widely used symbol is the [[flag of Greece]], which features nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white representing the nine syllables of the Greek national motto ''[[Eleftheria i Thanatos]]'' (Freedom or Death), which was the motto of the [[Greek War of Independence]].<ref>{{harvnb|Papadakis|1995|p=55}}.</ref> The blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bears a white cross, which represents [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodoxy]]. The Greek flag is widely used by the [[Greek Cypriots]], although [[Cyprus]] has officially adopted a neutral flag to ease ethnic tensions with the [[Turkish Cypriots|Turkish Cypriot]] minority (see [[flag of Cyprus]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.gr/en/shmaia.htm |title=The Flag |access-date=19 December 2008 |work=Law 851, Gov. Gazette 233, issue A, dated 21/22.12.1978 |publisher=Presidency of the Hellenic Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015001727/http://www.presidency.gr/en/shmaia.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008 }}</ref>

The pre-1978 (and first) flag of Greece, which features a [[Cross|Greek cross]] (''crux immissa quadrata'') on a blue background, is widely used as an alternative to the official flag, and they are often flown together. The [[national emblem of Greece]] features a blue [[Escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] with a white cross surrounded by two laurel branches. A common design involves the current flag of Greece and the pre-1978 flag of Greece with crossed flagpoles and the national emblem placed in front.<ref>{{cite web|title=Older Flags: 19 December 2008|work=Flags of the Greeks|publisher=Skafidas Zacharias|url=http://users.att.sch.gr/zskafid/simea5a.htm|access-date=23 December 2008|archive-date=14 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514124602/http://users.att.sch.gr/zskafid/simea5a.htm|url-status=live}} [Note: Website contains image of the 1665 original for the current Greek flag.]</ref>

Another highly recognizable and popular Greek symbol is the [[Flag of Greece#Double-headed eagle|double-headed eagle]], the imperial emblem of the last dynasty of the Eastern Roman Empire and a common symbol in [[Asia Minor]] and, later, [[Eastern Europe]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grierson|Bellinger|1999|loc="Eagles", pp. 85–86}}</ref> It is not part of the modern Greek flag or coat-of-arms, although it is officially the insignia of the [[Greek Army]] and the flag of the [[Church of Greece]]. It had been incorporated in the Greek coat of arms between 1925 and 1926.<ref>{{cite web|title=Byzantine Flags|work=Byzantine Heraldry|publisher=François Velde|year=1997|access-date=13 May 2016|url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/byzantin.htm|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106100602/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/byzantin.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Politics===
{{See also|Politics in Greece}}

[[Classical Athens]] is considered the birthplace of [[Democracy]]. The term appeared in the 5th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in [[Greek city-state]]s, notably Athens, to mean "rule of the people", in contrast to [[aristocracy]] ({{lang|grc|ἀριστοκρατία}}, ''{{lang|la|aristokratía}}''), meaning "rule by an excellent elite", and to [[oligarchy]]. While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically.<ref>Wilson, N.G. (2006). ''Encyclopedia of ancient Greece''. New York: Routledge. p. 511. {{ISBN|0-415-97334-1}}.</ref> Led by [[Cleisthenes]], Athenians established what is generally held as the first democracy in 508–507 BC,<ref>R. Po-chia Hsia, Lynn Hunt, Thomas R. Martin, Barbara H. Rosenwein, and Bonnie G. Smith, ''The Making of the West, Peoples and Cultures, A Concise History, Volume I: To 1740'' (Boston and New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007), 44.</ref> which took gradually the form of a [[direct democracy]]. The democratic form of government declined during the Hellenistic and Roman eras, only to be revived as an interest in Western Europe during the [[early modern period]].

The European enlightenment and the democratic, liberal and nationalistic ideas of the [[French Revolution]] was a crucial factor to the outbreak of the [[Greek War of Independence]] and the establishment of the modern Greek state.<ref name="Cl48">Clogg, ''A Concise History of Greece '', pp. 25–26</ref><ref name="Paroulakis32">Goldstein, ''Wars and Peace Treaties'', p. 20</ref>

Notable modern Greek politicians include [[Ioannis Kapodistrias]], founder of the [[First Hellenic Republic]], reformist [[Charilaos Trikoupis]], [[Eleftherios Venizelos]], who marked the shape of modern Greece, social democrats [[Georgios Papandreou]] and [[Alexandros Papanastasiou]], [[Konstantinos Karamanlis]], founder of the [[Third Hellenic Republic]], and socialist [[Andreas Papandreou]].

===Surnames and personal names===
{{see also|Greek name|Ancient Greek personal names}}

Greek surnames began to appear in the 9th and 10th century, at first among ruling families, eventually supplanting the ancient tradition of using the father's name as disambiguator.<ref name=Wickham>{{harvnb|Wickham|2005|p=237}}.</ref><ref name="lexicon"/> Nevertheless, Greek surnames are most commonly patronymics,<ref name=Wickham/> such those ending in the suffix ''-opoulos'' or ''-ides'', while others derive from trade professions, physical characteristics, or a location such as a town, village, or monastery.<ref name="lexicon"/> Commonly, Greek male surnames end in -s, which is the common ending for Greek masculine [[proper nouns]] in the [[nominative case]]. Occasionally (especially in Cyprus), some surnames end in ''-ou'', indicating the [[genitive case]] of a patronymic name.<ref>{{harvnb|Fong|2004|p=39}}.</ref> Many surnames end in suffixes that are associated with a particular region, such as ''-akis'' (Crete), ''-eas'' or ''-akos'' ([[Mani Peninsula]]), ''-atos'' (island of [[Cephalonia]]), ''-ellis'' (island of [[Lesbos]]) and so forth.<ref name="lexicon"/> In addition to a Greek origin, some surnames have Turkish or Latin/Italian origin, especially among Greeks from [[Asia Minor]] and the [[Ionian Islands]], respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Koliopoulos|1987|p=xii}}.</ref> Female surnames end in a vowel and are usually the genitive form of the corresponding males surname, although this usage is not followed in the diaspora, where the male version of the surname is generally used.

With respect to personal names, the two main influences are Christianity and classical Hellenism; ancient Greek nomenclatures were never forgotten but have become more widely bestowed from the 18th century onwards.<ref name="lexicon">{{cite web|title=The Transition of Modern Greek Names|work=Lexicon of Greek Personal Names|publisher=Oxford University|url=http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/names/modern.html|access-date=10 May 2016|archive-date=22 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722065202/http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/names/modern.html}}</ref> As in antiquity, children are customarily named after their grandparents, with the first born male child named after the paternal grandfather, the second male child after the maternal grandfather, and similarly for female children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Naming practices|work=Lexicon of Greek Personal Names|publisher=Oxford University|url=http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/names/practices.html|access-date=16 October 2016|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816211449/http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/names/practices.html}}</ref> Personal names are often familiarized by a diminutive suffix, such as ''-akis'' for male names and ''-itsa'' or ''-oula'' for female names.<ref name="lexicon"/> Greeks generally do not use middle names, instead using the genitive of the father's first name as a middle name. This usage has been passed on to the [[Russian names|Russians]] and other [[East Slavs]] ([[otchestvo]]).

===Sea: exploring and commerce===
{{Main|Greek shipping}}
[[File:Aristotle Onassis 1967cr.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Aristotle Onassis]], the best-known Greek shipping magnate worldwide]]

The traditional Greek homelands have been the Greek peninsula and the Aegean Sea, [[Southern Italy]] (the so called "[[Magna Graecia]]"), the [[Black Sea]], the [[Ionia|Ionian coasts]] of [[Asia Minor]] and the islands of [[Cyprus]] and [[Sicily]]. In Plato's ''[[Phaedo|Phaidon]]'', Socrates remarks, "we (Greeks) live around a sea like frogs around a pond" when describing to his friends the Greek cities of the Aegean.<ref>Plato. ''Phaidon'', 109c: "ὥσπερ περὶ τέλμα μύρμηκας ἢ βατράχους περὶ τὴν θάλατταν οἰκοῦντας."</ref><ref name=Harl>{{harvnb|Harl|1996|p=260: "Cities employed the coins of an empire that formed a community of cities encircling the Mediterranean Sea, which Romans audaciously called "Our Sea" (''mare nostrum''). "We live around a sea like frogs around a pond" was how Socrates, so Plato tells us, described to his friends the Hellenic cities of the Aegean in the late fifth century B.C."}}</ref> This image is attested by the map of the Old Greek Diaspora, which corresponded to the Greek world until the creation of the Greek state in 1832. The [[sea]] and trade were natural outlets for Greeks since the Greek peninsula is mostly rocky and does not offer good prospects for agriculture.<ref name=Roberts1/>

Notable Greek seafarers include people such as [[Pytheas|Pytheas of Massalia]] who sailed to Great Britain, [[Euthymenes]] who sailed to Africa, [[Scylax of Caryanda]] who sailed to India, the [[navarch]] of Alexander the Great [[Nearchus]], [[Megasthenes]], explorer of India, later the 6th century merchant and monk [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] (''Cosmas who sailed to India''), and the explorer of the Northwestern Passage Ioannis Fokas also known as [[Juan de Fuca]].<ref>{{harvnb|Pletcher|2013}}; {{harvnb|Casson|1991|p=124}}; {{harvnb|Winstedt|1909|pp=1–3}}; {{harvnb|Withey|1989|p=42}}.</ref> In later times, the Byzantine Greeks plied the sea-lanes of the Mediterranean and controlled trade until an embargo imposed by the [[Byzantine emperor]] on trade with the [[Caliphate]] opened the door for the later Italian pre-eminence in trade.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|2001|pp=30–32}}; {{harvnb|Postan|Miller|Postan|1987|pp=132–166}}</ref> [[Panayotis Potagos]] was another explorer of modern times who was the first to reach Mbomu and [[Uele River]] from the north.

The Greek shipping tradition recovered during the late Ottoman rule (especially after the [[Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca]] and during the [[Napoleonic Wars]]), when a substantial merchant middle class developed, which played an important part in the Greek War of Independence.<ref name=BritIdent/> Today, Greek shipping continues to prosper to the extent that Greece has one of the largest merchant fleets in the world, while many more ships under Greek ownership fly [[flags of convenience]].<ref name=EconWorld/> The most notable shipping [[magnate]] of the 20th century was [[Aristotle Onassis]], others being [[Yiannis Latsis]], [[Stavros G. Livanos]], and [[Stavros Niarchos]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Blyth |first=Myrna |title=Greek Tragedy: The life of Aristotle Onassis |work=National Review |date=12 August 2004 |access-date=19 December 2008 |url=http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NDRjYzJhMWI5ZjE3ZmNmOWQ0YWEyNjBkYmI1MjhiODI= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207011737/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NDRjYzJhMWI5ZjE3ZmNmOWQ0YWEyNjBkYmI1MjhiODI%3D |archive-date=7 December 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Helena|title=Callas takes centre stage again as exhibition recalls Onassis's life|work=The Guardian|date=6 October 2006|access-date=13 May 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/06/arts.artsnews|archive-date=24 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224231440/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/oct/06/arts.artsnews|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Genetics==
{{Further|Mycenaean Greece#Genetic and anthropometric studies}}
{{See also|Genetic history of Europe|Roopkund#Human skeletons}}
[[File:Plos.Balkans.2.png|thumb|right|Admixture analysis of [[autosomal]] [[Single-nucleotide polymorphism|SNP]]s of the Balkan region in a global context on the resolution level of 7 assumed ancestral populations: African (brown), South/West European (light blue), Asian (yellow), Middle Eastern (orange), South Asian (green), North/East European (dark blue) and Caucasian/Anatolian component (beige).]]
[[File:European population substructure.png|thumb|right|Factor correspondence analysis comparing different individuals from European ancestry groups]]

In their [[archaeogenetic]] study, Lazaridis et al. (2017) found that Minoans and Mycenaean Greeks were genetically highly similar, but not identical; modern Greeks resembled the Mycenaeans, but with some additional dilution of the early Neolithic ancestry. The results of the study support the idea of genetic continuity between these civilizations and modern Greeks, but not isolation in the history of populations of the Aegean, before and after the time of its earliest civilizations. Furthermore, proposed migrations by [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] or [[Phoenicia]]n colonists was not discernible in their data, thus "rejecting the hypothesis that the cultures of the Aegean were seeded by migrants from the old civilizations of these regions." The [[Fixation index|F{{sub|ST}}]] between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaean Greeks and Minoans were least differentiated from the populations of modern Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy.<ref name="Gibbons2017" /><ref name="Lazaridis2017" /> In a subsequent study, Lazaridis et al. (2022) concluded that around ~58.4–65.8% of the ancestry of the Mycenaeans came from [[Early European Farmers|Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF)]], while the remainder mainly came from ancient populations related to the [[Caucasus hunter-gatherer|Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers (CHG)]] (~20.1–22.7%) and the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic|Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN)]] culture in the Levant (~7–14%). The Mycenaeans had also inherited ~3.3–5.5% ancestry from a source related to the [[Eastern Hunter-Gatherer|Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers (EHG)]], introduced via a proximal source related to the inhabitants of the Eurasian steppe who are hypothesized to be the [[Proto-Indo-Europeans]], and ~0.9–2.3% from the [[Iron Gates Mesolithic|Iron Gates Hunter-Gatherers]] in the Balkans. Mycenaean elites were genetically the same as Mycenaean commoners in terms of their steppe ancestry, while some Mycenaeans lacked it altogether.<ref>{{harvnb|Lazaridis|Alpaslan-Roodenberg|Acar|Açıkkol|2022|pp=1–13|loc=Supplementary Materials: {{Plain link|url=https://www.science.org/doi/suppl/10.1126/science.abm4247/suppl_file/science.abm4247_sm.pdf pp. 233–241}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927205509/https://www.science.org/action/downloadSupplement?doi=10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&file=science.abm4247_sm.pdf |date=27 September 2023 }}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lecture by Prof. David Reich - "The Genetic History of the Southern Arc: A Bridge between West Asia & Europe" |url=https://iias.huji.ac.il/event/david-reich-lecture |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=iias.huji.ac.il |language=en |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202043403/https://iias.huji.ac.il/event/david-reich-lecture |url-status=live }}</ref>

A genetic study by Clemente et al. (2021) found that in the Early Bronze Age, the populations of the Minoan, [[Helladic civilization|Helladic]], and [[Cycladic culture|Cycladic]] civilizations in the Aegean, were genetically homogeneous. In contrast, the Aegean population during the Middle Bronze Age was more differentiated; probably due to gene flow from a Yamnaya-related population from the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]]. This is corroborated by sequenced genomes of Middle Bronze Age individuals from northern Greece, who had a much higher proportion of steppe-related ancestry; the timing of this gene flow was estimated at ~2,300 BCE, and is consistent with the dominant linguistic theories explaining the emergence of the Proto-Greek language. Present-day Greeks share ~90% of their ancestry with them, suggesting continuity between the two time periods. In the case of Mycenaean Greeks however, their steppe-related ancestry was diluted. The ancestry of the Mycenaeans could be explained via a 2-way admixture model of such MBA individuals in northern Greece, and either an EBA Aegean or MBA Minoan population; the difference between the two time periods could be explained by the general decline of the Mycenaean civilization.<ref>{{harvnb|Clemente|Unterländer|Dolgova|Amorim|2021}}</ref>

Genetic studies using multiple [[Genealogical DNA test#Autosomal DNA (atDNA) testing|autosomal]], [[Genealogical DNA test#Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) testing|Y-DNA]], and [[Genealogical DNA test#Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) testing|mtDNA]] markers, show that Greeks share similar backgrounds as the rest of the Europeans and especially Southern Europeans ([[Italians]] and Balkan populations such as [[Albanians]], [[Slavic Macedonians]] and [[Romanians]]). A study in 2008 showed that Greeks are genetically closest to Italians and Romanians<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lao|first1=Oscar|display-authors=etal|title=Correlation between genetic and geographic structure in Europe|journal=Current Biology|year=2008|volume=18|issue=16|pages=1241–1248|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.049|pmid=18691889|s2cid=16945780|doi-access=free|bibcode=2008CBio...18.1241L }}</ref> and another 2008 study showed that they are close to Italians, Albanians, Romanians and [[South Slavs|southern Balkan Slavs]] such as Slavic Macedonians and [[Bulgarians]].<ref name="Novembre et al 2008">{{cite journal|last1=Novembre|first1=John|display-authors=etal|title=Genes mirror geography within Europe|journal=Nature|year=2008|volume=456|issue=7218|pages=98–101|doi=10.1038/nature07331|pmid=18758442|pmc=2735096|bibcode=2008Natur.456...98N}}</ref> A 2003 study showed that Greeks cluster with other South European (mainly Italians) and North-European populations and are close to the [[Basques]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ayub|first1=Q|s2cid=467540|title=Reconstruction of human evolutionary tree using polymorphic autosomal microsatellites|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|year=2003|volume=122|issue=3|pages=259–268|doi=10.1002/ajpa.10234|pmid=14533184|bibcode=2003AJPA..122..259A}}</ref> and F{{sub|ST}} distances showed that they group with other European and Mediterranean populations,<ref name="Cavalli-Sforza 1996">{{cite book|last1=Cavalli-Sforza|first1=Luigi Luca|last2=Menozzi|first2=Paolo|last3=Piazza|first3=Alberto|title=The History and Geography of Human Genes|date=1996|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-02905-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historygeography00luig/page/255 255–301]|url=https://archive.org/details/historygeography00luig/page/255}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bauchet|first1=M|display-authors=etal|title=Measuring European population stratification with microarray genotype data|journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics|Am. J. Hum. Genet.]]|year=2007|volume=80|issue=5|pages=948–956|doi=10.1086/513477|pmid=17436249|pmc=1852743}}</ref> especially with Italians (−0.0001) and Tuscans (0.0005).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tian|first1=Chao|display-authors=etal|title=European Population Genetic Substructure: Further Definition of Ancestry Informative Markers for Distinguishing Among Diverse European Ethnic Groups|journal=Molecular Medicine|year=2009|volume=15|issue=11–12|pages=371–383|doi=10.2119/molmed.2009.00094|pmid=19707526|pmc=2730349}}</ref> A study in 2008 showed that Greek regional samples from the mainland cluster with those from the Balkans, principally Albanians while [[Crete|Cretan]] Greeks cluster with the central Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean samples.<ref name="King et al 2008">{{cite journal|last1=King|first1=Roy J.|s2cid=22406638|display-authors=etal|title=Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic|journal=Annals of Human Genetics|year=2008|volume=72|issue=Pt 2|pages=205–214|doi=10.1111/j.1469-1809.2007.00414.x|pmid=18269686}}</ref> Studies using mitochondrial DNA gene markers (mtDNA) showed that Greeks group with other Mediterranean European populations<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Richards|first1=Martin|display-authors=etal|title=In search of geographical patterns in European mitochondrial DNA|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|year=2002|volume=71|issue=5|pages=1168–1174|doi=10.1086/342930|pmid=12355353|pmc=385092}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Richards|first1=Martin|display-authors=etal|title=Tracing European founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|year=2000|volume=67|issue=5|pages=1251–1276|doi=10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1|pmid=11032788|pmc=1288566 |bibcode=2000AmJHG..67.1251R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Achilli|first1=Alessandro|display-authors=etal|title=Mitochondrial DNA variation of modern Tuscans supports the Near Eastern origin of Etruscans|journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet.|year=2007|volume=80|issue=4|pages=759–768|doi=10.1086/512822|pmid=17357081|pmc=1852723}}</ref> and [[principal component analysis]] (PCA) confirmed the low genetic distance between Greeks and Italians<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tian|first1=Chao|display-authors=etal|title=Analysis and Application of European Genetic Substructure Using 300 K SNP Information|journal=[[PLOS Genetics]]|volume=4|issue=1|article-number=e4|year=2008|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0040004|pmid=18208329|pmc=2211544 |doi-access=free }}</ref> and also revealed a cline of genes with highest frequencies in the Balkans and Southern Italy, spreading to lowest levels in Britain and the Basque country, which [[Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza|Cavalli-Sforza]] (1993) associates with "the Greek expansion, which reached its peak in historical times around 1000 and 500 BC but which certainly began earlier".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cavalli-Sforza|first1=Luigi Luca|last2=Piazza|first2=Alberto|title=Human genomic diversity in Europe: a summary of recent research and prospects for the future|journal=Eur J Hum Genet|volume=1|issue=1|pages=3–18|year=1993|pmid=7520820|doi=10.1159/000472383|s2cid=25475102}}</ref> Greeks also have a degree of Eastern-European-related ancestry which is observed in all Balkan peoples; it was acquired after 700 CE, coinciding with the arrival of Slavic-speaking peoples in the Balkans, but the proportion of this ancestry varies considerably between different studies and subregions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Olalde |first1=Iñigo |last2=Carrión |first2=Pablo |last3=Mikić |first3=Ilija |last4=Rohland |first4=Nadin |last5=Mallick |first5=Swapan |last6=Lazaridis |first6=Iosif |last7=Mah |first7=Matthew |last8=Korać |first8=Miomir |last9=Golubović |first9=Snežana |last10=Petković |first10=Sofija |last11=Miladinović-Radmilović |first11=Nataša |last12=Vulović |first12=Dragana |last13=Alihodžić |first13=Timka |last14=Ash |first14=Abigail |last15=Baeta |first15=Miriam |display-authors=et al. |date=7 December 2023 |title=A genetic history of the Balkans from Roman frontier to Slavic migrations |journal=[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] |volume=186 |issue=25 |url=https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/1-s2.0-S0092867423011352-main.pdf |at=p. 5480; {{Plain link|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10752003/figure/F4/ Figure 4B}}; {{Plain link|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10752003/#SD6 Data S2, Table 8}} |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.018 |pmc=10752003 |pmid=38065079 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Stamatoyannopoulos |first1=George |last2=Bose |first2=Aritra |last3=Teodosiadis |first3=Athanasios |last4=Tsetsos |first4=Fotis |last5=Plantinga |first5=Anna |last6=Psatha |first6=Nikoletta |last7=Zogas |first7=Nikos |last8=Yannaki |first8=Evangelia |last9=Zalloua |first9=Pierre |last10=Kidd |first10=Kenneth K. |last11=Browning |first11=Brian L. |last12=Stamatoyannopoulos |first12=John |last13=Paschou |first13=Peristera |last14=Drineas |first14=Petros |date=2017 |title=Genetics of the peloponnesean populations and the theory of extinction of the medieval peloponnesean Greeks |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=637–645 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2017.18 |issn=1018-4813 |pmc=5437898 |pmid=28272534}}</ref> A 2019 study showed that Cretans share high [[Identity by descent|IBD]] with Western ([[Demographics of Utah#Birth data|CEU]]), Central ([[Germans|German]] and [[Polish people|Polish]]), Northern (CEU, [[Scandinavian people|Scandinavian]]) and Eastern Europeans ([[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]], [[Russians|Russian]]), similar to mainland Greeks who share high IBD with Eastern Europeans. This reflects settlement patterns in Crete, driven by Myceneans and Dorians, Goths and Slavs. Peoples like [[Andalusians]], [[Near Eastern]] [[Arabs]] and [[Republic of Venice|Venetians]] left a minimal genetic impact on Cretans. But a PCA analysis shows that Cretans overlap with [[Peloponnese]]ans, Sicilians and [[Ashkenazi Jews]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drineas |first1=Petros |last2=Tsetsos |first2=Fotis |last3=Plantinga |first3=Anna |last4=Lazaridis |first4=Iosif |display-authors=3 |date=2019 |title=Genetic history of the population of Crete |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=373–388 |doi=10.1111/ahg.12328 |pmid=31192450 |pmc=6851683 }}</ref> A 2022 study discovered high genetic affinities between present-day southeastern Peloponnesian populations and Apulians, Calabrians and southeastern Sicilians, which are "all characterised by a cluster composition different from those displayed by other Greek groups", due to low influence from inland populations such as Slavic-related people and/or genetic drift in [[Tsakonia|Tsakones]] and [[Maniots]]. Individuals from western Sicily additionally show similarities with peoples from the western part of the Peloponnese.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110405 | title=Assessing temporal and geographic contacts across the Adriatic Sea through the analysis of genome-wide data from Southern Italy | date=2022 | last1=Raveane | first1=Alessandro | last2=Molinaro | first2=Ludovica | last3=Aneli | first3=Serena | last4=Capodiferro | first4=Marco Rosario | last5=De Gennaro | first5=Luciana | last6=Ongaro | first6=Linda | last7=Rambaldi Migliore | first7=Nicola | last8=Soffiati | first8=Sara | last9=Scarano | first9=Teodoro | last10=Torroni | first10=Antonio | last11=Achilli | first11=Alessandro | last12=Ventura | first12=Mario | last13=Pagani | first13=Luca | last14=Capelli | first14=Cristian | last15=Olivieri | first15=Anna | last16=Bertolini | first16=Francesco | last17=Semino | first17=Ornella | last18=Montinaro | first18=Francesco | journal=Genomics | volume=114 | issue=4 | article-number=110405 | pmid=35709925 | hdl=11586/436540 | hdl-access=free }}</ref> A 2023 study states that early Cretan farmers shared the same ancestry as other Neolithic Aegeans but received 'eastern' gene flow of Anatolian origin at the end of the Neolithic Age. From the 17th to 12th centuries BCE, genetic signatures of Central and East European ancestry gradually increased in Crete, indicative of mainland Greek influence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Skourtanioti |first1=Eirini |last2=Ringbauer |first2=Harald |last3=Ruscone |first3=Guido Alberto Gnecchi |last4=Bianco |first4=Raffaela Angelina |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=290–303 |doi=10.1038/s41559-022-01952-3 |pmid=36646948 |pmc=9911347 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7..290S }}</ref>

==Physical appearance==
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| image2 = Produzione greca o magnogreca, sarcofago dipinto delle amazzoni, 350-325 a.C. ca, da tarquinia 02.jpg
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| footer = Greek warriors, details from painted [[sarcophagus]] found in Italy, 350–325 BC
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A study from 2013 for prediction of hair and eye colour from DNA of the Greek people showed that the self-reported phenotype frequencies according to hair and eye colour categories was as follows: 119 individuals – hair colour, 11 [[blond]], 45 dark blond/light brown, 49 dark brown, 3 brown red/auburn and 11 had black hair; eye colour, 13 with [[blue]], 15 with intermediate (green, heterochromia) and 91 had brown eye colour.<ref>{{harvnb|Walsh|2013|pp=98–115}}.</ref>

Another study from 2012 included 150 dental school students from the [[University of Athens]], and the results of the study showed that light hair colour (blonde/light ash brown) was predominant in 10.7% of the students. 36% had medium hair colour (light brown/medium darkest brown), 32% had darkest brown and 21% black (15.3 off black, 6% midnight black). In conclusion, the hair colour of young Greeks are mostly brown, ranging from light to dark brown with significant minorities having black and blonde hair. The same study also showed that the eye colour of the students was 14.6% blue/green, 28% medium (light brown) and 57.4% dark brown.<ref>{{harvnb|Lagouvardos|Tsamali|Papadopoulou|Polyzois|2012}}</ref>

A 2017 study found that Bronze Age Aegean populations had mostly dark hair (brown to black) and eyes. The genetic phenotype predictions matched the visual representations made by the Greeks of themselves, suggesting that art of this period reproduced phenotypes naturalistically.<ref name="Lazaridis2017" />

==Timeline==
The history of the Greek people is closely associated with the history of Greece, Cyprus, Southern Italy, Constantinople, Asia Minor and the Black Sea. During the Ottoman rule of Greece, a number of Greek enclaves around the Mediterranean were cut off from the core, notably in Southern Italy, the Caucasus, Syria and Egypt. By the early 20th century, over half of the overall [[Greek language|Greek]]-speaking population was settled in [[Asia Minor]] (now Turkey), while later that century a huge wave of migration to the United States, Australia, Canada and elsewhere created the modern Greek diaspora.

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="width:80px" |Time
! Events
|-
| '''{{Circa|3rd millennium BC}}'''|| [[Proto-Greek language|Proto-Greek]] tribes from around the Southern Balkans/Aegean are generally thought to have arrived in the Greek mainland.
|-
| '''16th century BC'''|| Emergence of the [[Achaeans (tribe)|Achaeans]] and formation of the [[Mycenaean Greece|Mycenaean civilization]], which produced the earliest textual evidence of the Greek language.
|-
| '''15th century BC'''|| [[Knossos]] ruled by a Mycenaean elite, who formed a hybrid Mycenaean-Minoan culture on Crete.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=Architecture of Minoan Crete: Constructing Identity in the Aegean Bronze Age|last=McEnroe|first=John C.|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2010|location=Web|pages=117–120, 122, 126–130}}</ref>
|-
| '''14th century BC''' || Mycenaean involvement in [[Asia Minor]] begins.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beckman|first1=Gary|last2=Bryce|first2=Trevor|last3=Cline|first3=Eric|year=2012 |title=The Ahhiyawa Texts|publisher=Brill|pages=268–270|isbn=978-1-58983-268-8|quote="The archaeological and textual evidence clearly demonstrates that there were well-established connections between the Aegean and western Anatolia during the late-fifteenth through the thirteenth centuries B.C.E"}}</ref>
|-
| '''11th century BC''' || The Mycenaean civilization ends with destructions of palaces and internal displacements. The [[Greek Dark Ages]] begin. [[Dorians]] move into peninsular Greece.
|-
| '''9th century BC''' ||Major colonization of Asia Minor and [[Cyprus]] by the Greek tribes.
|-
| '''8th century BC''' ||First major colonies established in [[Sicily]] and Southern Italy. The first Pan-Hellenic festival, the Olympic games, is held in 776 BC. The emergence of Pan-Hellenism marks the [[ethnogenesis]] of the Greek nation.
|-
| '''6th century BC''' ||Colonies established across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.
|-
| '''5th century BC''' ||Defeat of the Persians and emergence of the Delian League in [[Ionia]], the [[Black Sea]] and Aegean perimeter culminates in [[Athenian Empire]] and the [[Classical Greece|Classical Age of Greece]]; ends with Athens defeat by Sparta at the close of the [[Peloponnesian War]]
|-
| '''4th century BC'''|| Rise of [[Thebes (Greece)|Theban]] power and defeat of the Spartans; [[Rise of Macedon]]; Campaign of [[Alexander the Great]]; Greek colonies established in newly founded cities of [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and Asia.
|-
| '''2nd century BC''' || Conquest of Greece by the [[Roman Empire]]. Migrations of Greeks to [[Rome]].
|-
| '''4th century AD''' || [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]]. Migrations of Greeks throughout the Empire, mainly towards [[Constantinople]].
|-
| '''7th century'''|| [[Slavs|Slavic]] conquest of several parts of Greece, Greek migrations to Southern Italy, Roman emperors capture main Slavic bodies and transfer them to [[Cappadocia]]. The [[Bosporus]] is re-populated by [[Macedonians (Greeks)|Macedonian]] and [[Greek Cypriots|Cypriot Greeks]].
|-
| '''8th century''' || Roman dissolution of surviving Slavic settlements in Greece and full recovery of the Greek peninsula.
|-
| '''9th century''' || Retro-migrations of Greeks from all parts of the Empire (mainly from Southern Italy and Sicily) into parts of Greece that were depopulated by the Slavic Invasions (mainly western Peloponnesus and Thessaly).
|-
| '''13th century'''|| Roman Empire dissolves, Constantinople taken by the [[Fourth Crusade]]; becoming the capital of the [[Latin Empire]]. Liberated after a long struggle by the Empire of Nicaea, but fragments remain separated. Migrations between Asia Minor, Constantinople and mainland Greece take place.
|-
| '''15th century – 19th century''' || Conquest of Constantinople by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Greek diaspora]] into Europe begins. Ottoman settlements in Greece. [[Phanariot]] Greeks occupy high posts in Eastern European millets.
|}
{{Col-break}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
|-
! style="width:60px" |Time
! Events
|-
| '''1830s'''|| Creation of the [[History of modern Greece|modern Greek state]]. Emigration to the [[New World]] begins. Large-scale migrations from Constantinople and Asia Minor to Greece take place.
|-
| '''1913'''||European Ottoman lands partitioned; unorganized migrations of Greeks, Bulgarians and Turks towards their respective states.
|-
| '''1914–1923''' || [[Greek genocide]]; hundreds of thousands of [[Ottoman Greeks]] are estimated to have died during this period.<ref name="Rummel">{{cite web | url= http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM | title= Statistics of Democide | work= Chapter 5, Statistics of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources | author= R. J. Rummel | access-date= 4 October 2006 | author-link= R. J. Rummel | archive-date= 25 August 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120825145112/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP5.HTM | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| '''1919'''|| [[Treaty of Neuilly]]; Greece and Bulgaria exchange populations, with some exceptions.
|-
| '''1922'''|| [[Great Fire of Smyrna|The Destruction of Smyrna]] (modern-day Izmir) more than 40 thousand Greeks killed; end of significant Greek presence in Asia Minor.
|-
| '''1923'''|| [[Treaty of Lausanne]]; Greece and Turkey agree to exchange populations with limited exceptions of the Greeks in [[Constantinople]], [[Imbros]], [[Tenedos]] and the Muslim minority of [[Western Thrace]]. 1.5 million of Asia Minor and Pontic Greeks settle in Greece, and some 450 thousands of Muslims settle in Turkey.
|-
| '''1940s'''|| Hundreds of thousands of Greeks die of starvation during the [[Great Famine (Greece)|Great Famine]] caused by the [[Axis occupation of Greece|Axis occupation]].
|-
| '''1947'''|| [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Communist Romania]] begins evictions of the [[Greeks in Romania|Greek community]]; approx. 75,000 migrate.
|-
| '''1948'''|| [[Greek Civil War]]: tens of thousands of [[Communist Party of Greece|communists]] and their families flee to [[Eastern Bloc]] nations. Thousands settle in [[Tashkent]].
|-
| '''1950s'''|| Massive emigration of Greeks to [[West Germany]], the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], and other countries.
|-
| '''1955'''|| [[Istanbul pogrom]] against the city's Greeks. [[Expulsion of Istanbul Greeks|Exodus of Greeks]] accelerates; fewer than 2,000 remain today.
|-
| '''1958'''|| Large [[Greeks in Egypt|Greek community]] in [[Alexandria]] flees [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]]'s [[Arab socialism|Arab socialist]] regime in [[History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser|Egypt]].
|-
|'''1960s''' || [[Republic of Cyprus]] created as a [[sovereign state]] under Greek, Turkish and British protection. Economic emigration continues.
|-
| '''1974'''||[[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]]. Almost all Greeks living in northern Cyprus flee to the south or the United Kingdom.
|-
| '''1980s'''||Many civil war refugees allowed to return to Greece. Retro-migration of Greeks from Germany begins.
|-
| '''1990s'''||[[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. Approximately 340,000 ethnic Greeks migrate from [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Armenia]], southern Russia, and Albania to Greece.
|-
| '''early 2000s'''|| Some statistics show the beginning of a trend of reverse migration of Greeks from the United States and Australia.
|-
| '''2010s'''|| Over 200,000 people,<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=Helena|title=Young, gifted and Greek: Generation G – the world's biggest brain drain|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/19/young-talented-greek-generation-g-worlds-biggest-brain-drain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=19 January 2015|access-date=17 December 2016|archive-date=11 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311211954/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/19/young-talented-greek-generation-g-worlds-biggest-brain-drain|url-status=live}}</ref> particularly young [[brain drain|skilled individuals]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Lowen|first=Mark|title=Greece's young: Dreams on hold as fight for jobs looms|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22702003|access-date=25 July 2013|date=29 May 2013|work=[[BBC News]]|quote=The brain drain is quickening. A recent study by the University of Thessaloniki found that more than 120,000 professionals, including doctors, engineers and scientists, have left Greece since the start of the crisis in 2010.|archive-date=25 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044924/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-22702003|url-status=live}}</ref> emigrate to other EU states due to high unemployment (see also [[Greek government-debt crisis]]).<ref>{{cite news|last=Melander|first=Ingrid|title=Greeks seek to escape debt crisis abroad|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-emigration-idUSTRE79R18O20111028|access-date=25 July 2013|date=28 October 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|archive-date=2 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102000606/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-emigration-idUSTRE79R18O20111028|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Ancient Greece|Greece}}
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Antiochian Greeks]]
*[[Arvanites]]
*[[Cappadocian Greeks]]
*[[Caucasian Greeks]]
*[[Greek Cypriots]]
*[[Greek Diaspora]]
*[[Griko people]]
*[[Karamanlides]]
*[[Macedonians (Greeks)]]
*[[Maniots]]
*[[Greek Muslims]]
*[[Cretan Muslims]]
*[[Northern Epirotes]]
*[[Pelasgians]]
*[[Pontic Greeks]]
*[[Romaniotes]]
*[[Sarakatsani]]
*[[Tsakones]]
*[[Urums]]
*Lists
**[[List of ancient Greeks]]
**[[List of Greeks]]
**[[List of Greek Americans]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
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*{{cite book|last=Ševčenko|first=Ihor|chapter=11 Palaiologan Learning|pages=284–293|editor1-last=Mango|editor1-first=Cyril|title=The Oxford History of Byzantium|year=2002|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-814098-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ82psJ2pLEC}}
*{{cite journal|last=Shahid|first=Irfan|title=The Iranian Factor in Byzantium during the Reign of Heraclius|journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=26|year=1972|pages=293–320|doi=10.2307/1291324|jstor=1291324}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Skourtanioti |first1=Eirini |last2=Ringbauer |first2=Harald |last3=Gnecchi Ruscone |first3=Guido Alberto |last4=Bianco |first4=Raffaela Angelina |display-authors=et al. |date=2023-01-16 |title=Ancient DNA reveals admixture history and endogamy in the prehistoric Aegean |journal=[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=290–303 |doi=10.1038/s41559-022-01952-3 |pmid=36646948 |pmc=9911347 |bibcode=2023NatEE...7..290S |issn=2397-334X}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|title=National Identity|year=1991|location=Reno|publisher=University of Nevada Press|isbn=978-0-87417-204-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEAJbHBlXR8C}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|title=Chosen Peoples: Sacred Sources of National Identity|year=2003|location=Oxford and New York|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-210017-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tf1hXDmXzWsC}}
*{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Anthony D.|author-link=Anthony D. Smith|title=Myths and Memories of the Nation|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-829534-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQC2QgAACAAJ}}
*{{cite encyclopedia|last=Sutton|first=Susan|title=Greeks|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Cultures|year=1996|publisher=The Gale Group|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Greeks.aspx#2|access-date=22 April 2016|archive-date=7 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407023650/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Greeks.aspx#2|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Stansbury-O'Donnell|first=Mark D.|title=A History of Greek Art|year=2015|location=Malden and Oxford|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-5014-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DacXBgAAQBAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Steinberger|first=Peter J.|title=Readings in Classical Political Thought|year=2000|location=Indianapolis and Cambridge|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-87220-512-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHGPv2xhSwYC}}
*{{cite journal|last=Stouraitis|first=Ioannis|title=Roman Identity in Byzantium: A Critical Approach|journal=Byzantinische Zeitschrift|year=2014|volume=107|issue=1|pages=175–220|doi=10.1515/bz-2014-0009|doi-access=free}}
*{{cite book|last=Tarbell|first=Frank Bigelow|title=A History of Greek Art|year=1907|orig-date=1896|location=London|publisher=MacMillan and Company|isbn=978-1-4047-8979-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_4MKAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last1=Tatakes|first1=Vasileios N.|last2=Moutafakis|first2=Nicholas J.|title=Byzantine Philosophy|year=2003|location=Indianapolis, IN|publisher=Hackett|isbn=978-0-87220-563-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lPzcOwnCgVIC}}
*{{cite book|last=Tatz|first=Colin|title=With Intent to Destroy: Reflections on Genocide|year=2003|location=London and New York|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-550-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khCffgX1NPIC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Tartaron|first1=Thomas F.|title=Maritime Networks in the Mycenaean World|year=2013|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-06713-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZbqAAAAQBAJ|access-date=31 August 2017|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214055/https://books.google.com/books?id=sZbqAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Tomić|first=Olga Mišeska|title=Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features|year=2006|location=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-4487-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFWOYUHULgsC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Tonkin|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Chapman|first2=Malcolm Kenneth|last3=McDonald|first3=Maryon|title=History and Ethnicity|year=1989|location=London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-00056-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeAOAAAAQAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last=Üngör|first=Uğur Ümit|author-link=Uğur Ümit Üngör|date=March 2008|title=On Young Turk Social Engineering in Eastern Turkey from 1913 to 1950|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=15–39|doi=10.1080/14623520701850278|s2cid=71551858}}
*{{cite book|last=van der Horst|first=Pieter Willem|author-link=Pieter Willem van der Horst|title=Hellenism-Judaism-Christianity: Essays on Their Interaction|year=1998|location=Leuven|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-429-0578-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tv0t4pqrbZsC}}
*{{cite book|last1=Voegelin|first1=Eric|last2=Moulakis|first2=Athanasios|title=History of Political Ideas: Hellenism, Rome, and Early Christianity|year=1997|location=Columbia and London|publisher=University of Missouri Press|isbn=978-0-8262-1126-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zvA2eQKWwLIC}}
*{{cite book|last=Vryonis|first=Speros|title=The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul|year=2005|location=New York|publisher=Greekworks.com|isbn=978-0-9747660-3-4|url=https://archive.org/details/mechanismofcatas0000vryo|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite journal|last=Walsh|first=Susan|display-authors=etal|title=The HIrisPlex System for Simultaneous Prediction of Hair and Eye Colour from DNA|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|volume=7|issue=1|pages=98–115|date=January 2013|url=http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973%2812%2900181-0/fulltext|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.07.005|pmid=22917817|doi-access=free|access-date=17 May 2016|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203070131/http://www.fsigenetics.com/article/S1872-4973%2812%2900181-0/fulltext|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Wickham|first=Chris|title=Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean 400-800|year=2005|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-926449-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q04qPNZasbIC}}
*{{cite book|last=Withey|first=Lynne|title=Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific|year=1989|orig-date=1987|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06564-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GiynU6HrSJUC}}
*{{cite book|last=Winford|first=Donald|title=An Introduction to Contact Linguistics|year=2003|location=Malden, MA|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-21251-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc1DFju-FlYC}}
*{{cite book|last=Winstedt|first=Eric Otto|title=The Christian Topography of Cosmas Indicopleustes|year=1909|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/christiantopogra00cosmuoft}}
*{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Michael|title=In the Footsteps of Alexander The Great: A Journey from Greece to Asia|year=2001|orig-date=1997|location=Berkeley, CA|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23192-4|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790520231923|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|last=Yotopoulos-Marangopoulos|first=Alice|chapter=Non-governmental Organizations and Human Rights in Today's World|pages=21–38|editor1-last=Sicilianos|editor1-first=Linos-Alexandre|title=The Marangopoulos Foundation for Human Rights: Twenty Years of Activity|location=Athens and Komotini|publisher=Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers|year=2001|isbn=978-90-411-1672-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WGFKi7PJloC}}
*{{cite book|last=Zoch|first=Paul|title=Ancient Rome: An Introductory History|year=2000|location=Norman|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|isbn=978-0-8061-3287-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC}}
*{{cite book|last=Zuwiyya|first=David|title=A Companion to Alexander Literature in the Middle Ages|year=2011|location=Leiden and Boston|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-18345-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=me0L6-MneZgC}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Asatryan |first1=G.S. |last2=Arakelova |first2=Viktoriia |title=The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia |year=2002 |location=Yerevan |publisher=Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies |isbn=978-99930-69-21-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoRpAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Beaton |first=Roderick |title=The Greeks: a global history |publisher=Basic Books |publication-place=New York |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-5416-1829-9 |oclc=1237348138}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Clackson |first=James |title=The Linguistic Relationship Between Armenian and Greek |year=1995 |location=Oxford |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-19197-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ |access-date=21 May 2016 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326113551/https://books.google.com/books?id=nnStQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Kenyon |first=Sherrilyn |title=The Writer's Digest Character Naming Sourcebook |year=2005 |location=Cincinnati, OH |publisher=Writer's Digest Books |isbn=978-1-58297-295-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VKzn9g38Y3IC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Malatras |first=Christos |chapter=The Making of an Ethnic Group: The Romaioi in 12th–13th Century |title=Ταυτότητες στον ελληνικό κόσμο (από το 1204 έως σήμερα. Δ΄ Ευρωπαϊκό Συνέδριο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών, Γρανάδα, 9–12 Σεπτεμβρίου 2010. Πρακτικά |volume=3 |location=Athens |publisher=European Association of Modern Greek Studies |editor=K. A. Dimadis |pages=419–430 |year=2011 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/1999944 |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927163714/https://www.academia.edu/1999944 |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Mango |first=Cyril A. |author-link=Cyril Mango |title=The Oxford History of Byzantium |year=2002 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-814098-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZ82psJ2pLEC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Renfrew |first=Colin |chapter=Time Depth, Convergence Theory, and Innovation in Proto-Indo-European: 'Old Europe' as a PIE Linguistic Area |pages=17–48 |editor-last1=Bammesberger |editor-first1=Alfred |editor-last2=Vennemann |editor-first2=Theo |title=Languages in Prehistoric Europe |year=2003 |location=Heidelberg |publisher=Universitätsverlag Winter GmBH |isbn=978-3-8253-1449-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ |access-date=17 May 2020 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326113552/https://books.google.com/books?id=_VxiAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}

;'''Mycenaean Greeks'''
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Dickinson |first=Oliver |title=The Origins of Mycenaean Civilization |year=1977 |location=Götenberg |publisher=Paul Aströms Förlag}}
*{{cite journal |last=Dickinson |first=Oliver |title=Invasion, Migration and the Shaft Graves |journal=Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies |volume=43 |issue=1 |date=December 1999 |pages=97–107 |doi=10.1111/j.2041-5370.1999.tb00480.x}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Dickinson |first=Oliver |title=The Aegean from Bronze Age to Iron Age: Continuity and Change between the Twelfth and Eighth Centuries BC |year=2006 |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-96836-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l56BHO9_r5UC |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214055/https://books.google.com/books?id=l56BHO9_r5UC |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Forsén |first=Jeannette |title=The Twilight of the Early Helladics |location=Partille, Sweden |year=1992 |publisher=Paul Aströms Förlag |isbn=978-91-7081-031-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlMtAAAAIAAJ |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214056/https://books.google.com/books?id=TlMtAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Mylonas |first=George Emmanuel |title=Mycenae and the Mycenaean Age |year=1966 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-03523-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/mycenaemycenaean0000mylo |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Tandy |first=David W. |year=2001 |title=Prehistory and History: Ethnicity, Class and Political Economy |location=Montréal, Québec, Canada |publisher=Black Rose Books |isbn=978-1-55164-188-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BiqTCaFkvdYC |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214056/https://books.google.com/books?id=BiqTCaFkvdYC |url-status=live}}

;'''Classical Greeks'''
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Burkert |first=Walter |title=Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical |year=1987 |orig-date=1985 |location=Oxford and Malden |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |isbn=978-1-118-72499-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSaRAAAAQBAJ |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927214057/https://books.google.com/books?id=NSaRAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Cartledge |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Cartledge |title=Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction |year=2011 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-960134-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViqDNE-igH4C |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927210127/https://books.google.com/books?id=ViqDNE-igH4C |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Cartledge |first=Paul |title=The Greeks: A Portrait of Self and Others |year=2002 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280388-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-I4gcBlTqcC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Freeman |first1=Charles |title=Egypt, Greece and Rome: Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean |year=2014 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-965192-4 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtMVAwAAQBAJ |access-date=31 August 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927215112/https://books.google.com/books?id=UtMVAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Finkelberg |first=Margalit |title=Greeks and Pre-Greeks: Aegean Prehistory and Greek Heroic Tradition |year=2006 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-44836-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-q2UQZ5XzAC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Hall |first=Jonathan M. |title=Hellenicity: Between Ethnicity and Culture |year=2002 |location=Chicago and London |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-31329-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJBh7BjUlAMC |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927215112/https://books.google.com/books?id=jJBh7BjUlAMC |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Hall |first=Jonathan M. |title=Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-78999-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/ethnicidentityin00jona |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=MacKendrick |first=Paul Lachlan |title=The Greek Stones Speak: The Story of Archaeology in Greek Lands |location=New York and London |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-393-30111-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekstonesspeak00paul |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Malkin |first=Irad |title=The Returns of Odysseus: Colonization and Ethnicity |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA |publisher=University of California Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-520-21185-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eORbgLB6a4C |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927215113/https://books.google.com/books?id=8eORbgLB6a4C |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Walbank |first=Frank W. |title=Selected Papers: Studies in Greek and Roman History and Historiography |year=1985 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-30752-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5z_vUPABapoC}}

;'''Hellenistic Greeks'''
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Chamoux |first=François |year=2002 |title=Hellenistic Civilization |location=Oxford |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-631-22241-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220154/https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor1-last=Bilde |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Engberg-Pedersen |editor2-first=T. |editor3-last=Hannestad |editor3-first=L. |editor4-last=Zahle |editor4-first=J. |title=Conventional Values of the Hellenistic Greeks (Studies in Hellenistic Civilization 8) |year=1997 |location=Aarhus |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-555-1}}

{{col-break|width=50%}}

;'''Byzantine Greeks'''
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Ahrweiler |first1=Hélène |last2=Laiou |first2=Angeliki E. |author2-link=Angeliki Laiou |title=Studies on the Internal Diaspora of the Byzantine Empire |year=1998 |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |isbn=978-0-88402-247-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohFJD_QT3E8C |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220105/https://books.google.com/books?id=ohFJD_QT3E8C |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Ahrweiler |first=Hélène |title=L'idéologie politique de l'Empire byzantin |location=Paris |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1SGAAAAMAAJ |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220106/https://books.google.com/books?id=z1SGAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Harris |first=Jonathan |title=Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium (Hambledon Continuum) |location=London |publisher=Hambledon & London |year=2007 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1pAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-1-84725-179-4 |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220106/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI1pAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander Petrovich |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium |location=New York and Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3u5RAAACAAJ |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Runciman |first=Steven |author-link=Steven Runciman |title=Byzantine Civilisation |year=1966 |location=London |publisher=[[Edward Arnold (publisher)|Edward Arnold]] |isbn=978-1-56619-574-4}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold J. |title=Constantine Porphyrogenitus and His World |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1973 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T05oAAAAMAAJ |isbn=978-0-19-215253-4 |access-date=4 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220107/https://books.google.com/books?id=T05oAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}

;'''Ottoman Greeks'''
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Davis |first1=Jack E. |last2=Zarinebaf |first2=Fariba |last3=Bennet |first3=John |title=A Historical and Economic Geography of Ottoman Greece: The Southwestern Morea in the 18th Century |year=2005 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |isbn=978-0-87661-534-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ju9sKUox3OcC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Davis |first1=Jack E. |last2=Davies |first2=Siriol |title=Between Venice and Istanbul: Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece |year=2007 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=American School of Classical Studies at Athens |isbn=978-0-87661-540-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoZlbnrH2SEC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Gondicas |first1=Dimitri |last2=Issawi |first2=Charles Philip |title=Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy, and Society in the Nineteenth Century |year=1999 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Darwin Press |isbn=978-0-87850-096-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJcPAQAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Lampe |first1=John R. |last2=Jackson |first2=Marvin R. |title=Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations |year=1982 |location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-30368-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtW2axOSn10C}}

;'''Modern Greeks'''
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Frary |first1=Lucien J. |title=Russia and the Making of Modern Greek Identity, 1821-1844 |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-873377-5 |page=296}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Herzfeld |first=Michael |title=Ours Once More: Folklore, Ideology, and the Making of Modern Greece |year=1982 |location=Austin, TX |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-76018-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n620AAAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Holden |first=David |title=Greece without Columns: The Making of the Modern Greeks |year=1972 |location=London |publisher=Faber and Faber |isbn=978-0-397-00779-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/greecewithoutcol00hold |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Karakasidou |first=Anastasia N. |title=Fields of Wheat, Hills of Blood: Passages to Nationhood in Greek Macedonia, 1870–1990 |location=Chicago, Illinois |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-226-42494-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vGQ2enTZWO4C}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last1=Mackridge |first1=Peter |last2=Yannakakis |first2=Eleni |title=Ourselves and Others: The Development of a Greek Macedonian Cultural Identity since 1912 |location=Oxford, United Kingdom |publisher=Berg Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-85973-138-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AiJvm924ankC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |editor-last=Mazower |editor-first=Mark |title=After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943–1960 |year=2000 |location=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05842-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAszKv6JfQUC}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Toynbee |first=Arnold Joseph |title=The Greeks and Their Heritages |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-19-215256-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/greekstheirheri00toyn |url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Trudgill |first=Peter |title=Sociolinguistic Variation and Change |location=Edinburgh, UK |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7486-1515-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3l1iAAAAMAAJ |access-date=12 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927220107/https://books.google.com/books?id=3l1iAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
*{{cite book |ref=none |last=Zacharia |first=Katerina |title=Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity |year=2008 |location=Surrey, United Kingdom |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC |access-date=12 May 2016 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927223112/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC |url-status=live}}
{{col-end}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links}}
'''Diaspora'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140710011641/http://en.sae.gr/?id=12377 World Council of Hellenes Abroad (SAE)], Umbrella Diaspora Organization

'''Religious'''
*[http://www.ec-patr.org/ Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]
*[http://www.patriarchateofalexandria.com/index.php?lang=en Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria]
*[http://antiochpatriarchate.org/ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111061737/http://jerusalem-patriarchate.info/ Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem]
*[http://www.churchofcyprus.org.cy/ Church of Cyprus]
*[http://www.ecclesia.gr/ Church of Greece]

'''Academic'''
*[http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/ Transnational Communities Programme at the University of Oxford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090616074433/http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/ |date=16 June 2009 }}, includes papers on the [[Greek Diaspora]]
*[https://archive.today/20060211141151/http://www.chs.harvard.edu/activities_events.sec/conferences.ssp/conf_greeks_on_greekness.pg Greeks on Greekness]: The Construction and Uses of the Greek Past among Greeks under the Roman Empire.
*The [[Modern Greek Studies Association]] is a scholarly organization for modern Greek studies in [[North America]], which publishes the ''[[Journal of Modern Greek Studies]]''.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074434/https://gotgreek.hellenext.org/ Got Greek? Next Generation National Research Study]
*[http://wihs.uwaterloo.ca/ Waterloo Institute for Hellenistic Studies]

'''Trade organizations'''
*[http://www.hcbt.com/ Hellenic Canadian Board of Trade]
*[http://www.hcla.ca/ Hellenic Canadian Lawyers Association]
*[https://archive.today/20130115104316/http://www.helleniccongressbc.ca/The_Hellenic_Canadian_Congress_of_BC/Index.html Hellenic Canadian Congress of British Columbia]
*[http://www.hellenicamerican.cc/ Hellenic-American Chamber of Commerce]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725125734/http://www.camarahelenoargentina.org/ingles/instituciones-relacionadas.php Hellenic-Argentine Chamber of Industry and Commerce (C.I.C.H.A.)]

'''Charitable organizations'''
*[http://ahepacanada.org/ AHEPA] – [[American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association]]
*[http://www.HHF.ca/ Hellenic Heritage Foundation]
*[http://www.hellenichome.org/ Hellenic Home for the Aged]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130709094545/http://www.hellenichope.org/about-us Hellenic Hope Center]}}
*[http://www.hellenicscholarships.org/en/index_en.html Hellenic Scholarships]

{{Ethnic groups in Greece}}
{{Greece topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Greece]]
[[Category:Greek people| ]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of Europe]]
[[Category:Indo-European peoples]]

Defence Research and Development Organisation

2026-03-15T14:58:31Z

Cornelius R: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Ministry of Defence R&D agency in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Defence Research and Development Organisation
| native_name = ''Raksha Anusandhaan Evan Vikaas Sangathan''
| logo = Defence Research and Development Organisation.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = Logo of DRDO
| formed = {{start date and age|1958|1|1|df=y}}
| headquarters = DRDO Bhawan, [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| motto = "Strength's Origin is in Science"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gistconvention.org/pdf/drdo.doc |title=About DRDO |publisher=gistconvention.org |access-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031928/http://www.gistconvention.org/pdf/drdo.doc |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> Sanskrit: बलस्य मूलं विज्ञानम्
| employees = 30,000 (5,000 scientists)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp |title=DRDO |access-date=2017-05-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181721/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp |archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref>
| budget = {{profit}} {{INRConvert|26816|c|1}}(2025–26)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895472 | title=Defence gets Rs 5.94 lakh crore in Budget 2023-24, a jump of 13% over previous year | access-date=14 February 2023 | archive-date=14 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214001853/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895472 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Rajnath Singh]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| chief1_name = [[Samir V. Kamat]]
| chief1_position = Chairman, DRDO<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/g-satheesh-reddy-is-now-secretary-drdo/article24781379.ece |title=Main focus to work towards fulfilling the mission mandated for DRDO: G. Satheesh Reddy |date=25 August 2018 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529073607/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/g-satheesh-reddy-is-now-secretary-drdo/article24781379.ece |archive-date=29 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| parent_agency = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
| website = {{URL|https://drdo.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Defence Research and Development Organisation''' ('''DRDO''') is an [[government agency|agency]] under the Department of Defence Research and Development in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of the [[Government of India]], charged with the [[Indian Armed Forces|military]]'s [[research and development]], headquartered in New Delhi, India. It was formed in 1958 by the merger of the Technical Development Establishment and the Directorate of Technical Development and Production of the [[Indian Ordnance Factories]] with the Defence Science Organisation under the administration of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Subsequently, [[Defence Research & Development Service]] (DRDS) was constituted in 1979 as a service of Group 'A' Officers. Scientists directly under the administrative control of the Ministry of Defence.

With a network of 52 laboratories that are engaged in developing defence technologies covering various fields like aeronautics, armaments, electronics, land combat engineering, life sciences, materials, missiles, and naval systems, DRDO is India's largest and most diverse research organisation. The organisation includes around 5,000 scientists belonging to the DRDS and about 25,000 other subordinate scientific, technical, and supporting personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp|title=DRDO|website=www.drdo.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2017-05-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806181721/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=genesis.jsp|archive-date=6 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=job_sc.jsp|title=DRDO Scientist Job – DRDO Scientist B recruitment- Scientist recruitment DRDO|access-date=2 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150810162300/http://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/English/index.jsp?pg=job_sc.jsp|archive-date=10 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==

The DRDO was established in 1958 by combining the Defence Science Organisation and some of the technical development establishments. A separate Department of Defence Research and Development was formed in 1980, which later administered DRDO and its almost 30 laboratories and establishments (there were almost 52 labs before merging). Most of the time, the Defence Research and Development Organisation was treated as if it were a vendor and the Army Headquarters or the Air Force Headquarters were the customers. Because the Army and the [[Indian Air Force|Air Force]] themselves did not have any design or construction responsibility, they tended to treat the designer or Indian industry at par with their corresponding designer in the world market. If they could get a [[MiG-21]] from the world market, they wanted a MiG-21 from DRDO.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Beginning in the 1970s, the Indian Air Force launched a covert effort to develop and indigenise ground-based radar systems to reduce reliance on foreign suppliers. Working alongside DRDO labs like LRDE, the IAF helped shape indigenous radar programs such as the Indra and Rohini series. This quiet but determined initiative laid the groundwork for India's broader air defence modernisation.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=The Audacious Secret Story of Indian Air Force's Radar Indigenisation Program |url=https://iafhistory.in/2024/11/12/the-audacious-secret-story-of-indian-air-forces-radar-indigenisation-program/ |website=IAFHistory |date=12 November 2024 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

DRDO started its first major project in [[surface-to-air missile]]s (SAM) known as [[Project Indigo]] in the 1960s. Indigo was discontinued in later years without achieving full success. Project Indigo led [[Project Devil]], along with Project Valiant, to develop short-range SAM and [[ICBM]] in the 1970s. Project Devil itself led to the later development of the [[Prithvi (missile)|Prithvi]] missile under the [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]] (IGMDP) in the 1980s. IGMDP was an Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] programme between the early 1980s and 2007 for the development of a comprehensive range of missiles, including the [[Agni missile]], Prithvi ballistic missile, [[Akash missile]], [[Trishul missile]] and [[Nag Missile]]. In 2010, the defence minister [[A. K. Antony]] ordered the restructuring of the DRDO to give a major boost to defence research in the country and to ensure effective participation of the private sector in defence technology. The key measures to make DRDO effective in its functioning include the establishment of a Defence Technology Commission with the defence minister as its chairman.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ |title=MoD Announces Major DRDO Restructuring Plan | Defence & Security News at DefenceTalk |publisher=Defencetalk.com |date=17 May 2010 |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129020637/http://www.defencetalk.com/mod-announces-major-drdo-restructuring-plan-26384/ |archive-date=29 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ |title=defence.professionals |publisher=defpro.com |access-date=31 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515212759/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/15208/ |archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> The programmes which were largely managed by DRDO have seen considerable success with many of the systems seeing rapid deployment as well as yielding significant technological benefits. Since its establishment, DRDO has created other major systems and critical technologies such as aircraft avionics, [[UAV]]s, small arms, artillery systems, EW Systems, tanks and armoured vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems and missile systems.

In 2024, DRDO tested India's first long-range [[Hypersonic weapon|hypersonic missile]], that is able to carry conventional and [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear]] warheads to a distance exceeding 1,500 km at a 3 km per second speed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=2024-12-01 |title=India first to develop long-range hypersonic missile: Defence experts |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Dec/01/india-first-to-develop-long-range-hypersonic-missile-defence-experts |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In June 2025, DRDO put forward an offer for 28 of its designed and developed weapon systems for emergency procurement to the Indian Armed Forces, which included various types of DRDO designed and developed missiles and ammunition.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2025 |title=DRDO offers 28 indigenous weapon systems to Army for emergency procurement |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/drdo-offers-28-indigenous-weapon-systems-to-army-for-emergency-procurement-125062301073_1.html |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> DRDO also gave the names of the agencies that produce the 28 products from which the Indian Armed Forces can procure the weapon systems.<ref name=":4" /> On August 23, 2025, DRDO successfully conducted the maiden flight test of the Integrated Air Defence Weapon System (IADWS) off the Odisha coast. This multi-layered air defence platform integrates indigenous components such as QRSAM, VSHORADS, and a Directed Energy Weapon.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-24 |title='Multi-layered shield': India successfully tests maiden flight of Integrated Air Defence Weapon system; watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/multi-layered-defence-shield-india-successfully-tests-maiden-flight-of-integrated-air-defence-weapon-system-watch/articleshow/123480411.cms |access-date=2025-08-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On November 14, 2025, DRDO announced the development of new generation Man-portable Autonomous underwater vehicles (MP-AUVs) by the Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL), Visakhapatnam for mine countermeasure missions. The AUVs are equipped with Side Scan Sonar and Under Water cameras as primary payloads for real-time detection & classification of Mine-Like Objects.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=DRDO develops new generation Man-portable Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for mine countermeasure missions |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2190096}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=DRDO Develops New Generation Man-Portable Underwater Vehicles |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/drdo-develops-new-generation-man-portable-underwater-vehicles-9636987}}</ref>

=== Plans for reforms ===
The [[Government of India]] has plans to overhaul and reform DRDO, and a committee was formed in 2023<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/panel-formed-for-restructuring-and-redefining-role-of-drdo/article67227736.ece | title=Panel formed for 'restructuring and redefining' role of DRDO | date=23 August 2023 }}</ref> to suggest reforms and overhauls.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sagar |first=Pradip R. |date=2024-10-03 |title=DRDO rejig hits internal huddle: What's delaying this key Modi govt reform |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/drdo-rejig-hits-internal-huddle-whats-delaying-this-key-narendra-modi-govt-reform-2610664-2024-10-03 |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=Press Trust of India |date=6 August 2024 |title='Committee has suggested certain reforms to overhaul functioning of DRDO' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/committee-has-suggested-certain-reforms-to-overhaul-functioning-of-drdo-124080501488_1.html |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The 9-member committee, which was under the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO), was led by former [[Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India]], [[K. Vijayraghavan]]. The committee submitted its report on the reforms for DRDO in July 2024.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2024-07-30 |title=DRDO overhaul on course, government to also take final call on 'contentious' reforms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-overhaul-on-course-government-to-also-take-final-call-on-contentious-reforms/articleshow/112118013.cms |access-date=2024-10-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reportedly, the recommendations from the committee have been described as contentious and it was also reported that the DRDO has agreed to implement approximately 60% of the major reforms.<ref name=":2" /> As of October 2024, the implementation of structural reforms has been delayed due to opposition from senior DRDO officials.<ref name=":1" />

=== DRDO 2.0 ===
Under the new strategy known as DRDO 2.0, which aims to prepare India for the next era of warfare, DRDO is shifting its focus from the development of conventional weapons to next-generation technologies like [[Directed-energy weapon|directed energy weapons]], [[photonics]], [[quantum systems]], and [[artificial intelligence]], according to Director General for Electronics & Communication Systems Dr. B.K. Das. While DRDO remains committed in a limited capacity, offering 10 to 20 percent support, it is turning over most of the development and manufacturing of conventional systems to the private sector from 2025. While allowing industrial partners to increase production, DRDO will focus on long-term strategic research.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-01 |title=DRDO 2.0: From lasers to AI, top defence R&D official shares the big 'pizza' plan for India's next-gen warfare |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-2-0-from-lasers-to-ai-top-defence-rd-official-shares-the-big-pizza-plan-for-indias-next-gen-warfare/articleshow/122176893.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-06 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Organisation ==

=== Cluster Laboratories/Establishments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=(Release%20ID%20:160059)|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-03-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329140705/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=%28Release%20ID%20%3A160059%29|archive-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>
!Laboratory Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
|[[Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL)]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|Missiles & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment|Aerial Delivery Research & Development Establishment (ADRDE)]]
|[[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Parachutes & Aerial Systems
|-
|[[Aeronautical Development Establishment|Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE)]]
|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|Aeronautics
|-
|[[Chitradurga Aeronautical Test Range|Aeronautical Test Range (ATR)]]
|[[Chitradurga]], Karnataka
|Unmanned & Manned Aircraft
|-
|[[Armament Research and Development Establishment|Armaments Research & Development Establishment (ARDE)]]
|[[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]
|Armaments
|-
|[[Centre for Airborne Systems|Centre for Airborne Systems (CAbS)]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|Air-Borne Systems
|-
|[[Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics|Centre for Artificial Intelligence & Robotics (CAIR)]]
|Artificial Intelligence & Robotics
|-
|[[Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety|Centre for Fire, Explosives & Environment Safety (CFEES)]]
|[[Delhi]], [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]]
|Explosives
|-
|Centre for High Energy Systems and Sciences (CHESS)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|High Energy Weapons
|-
|[[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment|Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE)]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Combat Vehicles
|-
|[[Combat Aircraft Systems Development & Integration Centre]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
|Avionics
|-
|[[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory|Defence Bio-engineering & Electro-medical Laboratory (DeBEL)]]
|Bio-engineering
|-
|[[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory|Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL)]]
|[[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]]
|Electronics & Communication Systems
|-
|[[Defence Food Research Laboratory|Defence Food Research Laboratory (DFRL)]]
|[[Mysuru]], Karnataka
|Food Research
|-
|[[Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research (DIBER)]]
|[[Haldwani]], Uttarakhand
|Bio-Energy
|-
|[[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research (DIHAR)]]
|[[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]
|High Altitude Agro-animal Research
|-
|[[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences|Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS)]]
| rowspan="2" |Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Physiological and Biomedical Research
|-
|[[Defence Institute of Psychological Research|Defence Institute of Psychological Research (DIPR)]]
|Psychological Research
|-
|[[Defence Laboratory|Defence Laboratory (DL)]]
|[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Camouflaging and Isotopes
|-
|[[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory|Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Electronic Warfare
|-
|[[Defence Materials and Stores Research and Development Establishment|Defence Materials & Stores Research & Development Establishment (DMSRDE)]]
|[[Kanpur]], Uttar Pradesh
|Textiles, Polymers & Composites
|-
|[[Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory|Defence Metallurgical Research Laboratory (DMRL)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Metallurgy
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Establishment|Defence Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)]]
|[[Gwalior]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Chemical & Biological Warfare
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Laboratory|Defence Research & Development Laboratory (DRDL)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Missile & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Defence Research Laboratory (DRL)]]
|[[Tezpur]], [[Assam]]
|Health & Hygiene
|-
|[[Defence Terrain Research Laboratory|Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Terrain Research
|-
|[[Gas Turbine Research Establishment|Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE)]]
|Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Gas Turbine
|-
|[[High Energy Materials Research Laboratory|High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)]]
|Pune, Maharashtra
|High Energy Materials, Explosive
|-
|[[Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences|Institute of Nuclear Medicines & Allied Sciences (INMAS)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Nuclear Medicine
|-
|[[Instruments Research and Development Establishment|Instruments Research & Development Establishment (IRDE)]]
|Dehradun, Uttarakhand
|Electronics & Optical Systems
|-
|[[Integrated Test Range (ITR)]]
|[[Balasore]], [[Odisha]]
|Missile & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Joint Cipher Bureau|Joint Cipher Bureau (JCB)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Cryptanalysis
|-
|[[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment|Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE)]]
| rowspan="2" |Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Radars
|-
|[[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification|Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification (CeMilAC)]]
|Air-worthiness and Certification
|-
|[[Naval Materials Research Laboratory|Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL)]]
|[[Ambarnath]], Maharashtra
|Naval Materials
|-
|[[Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory|Naval Physical & Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL)]]
|[[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]
|Sonar Systems
|-
|[[Naval Science and Technological Laboratory|Naval Science & Technological Laboratory (NSTL)]]
|[[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Underwater Weapons
|-
|Programme Air Defence (PGAD)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Missiles & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Proof and Experimental Establishment|Proof and Experimental Establishment (PXE)]]
|Balasore, Odisha
|Armament Testing
|-
|[[Research Centre Imarat|Research Centre Imarat (RCI)]]
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Missile & Strategic Systems
|-
|[[Research & Development Establishment (Engineers)|Research & Development Establishment (Engineers) (R&DE(E))]]
|Pune, Maharashtra
|Engineering Systems & Weapon Platforms
|-
|[[Scientific Analysis Group|Scientific Analysis Group (SAG)]]
|Delhi
|Communications Security
|-
|[[Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment|Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE)]]
|[[Chandigarh]], [[Union Territory of Chandigarh]]
|Snow and Avalanche
|-
|[[Solid State Physics Laboratory|Solid State Physics Laboratory (SSPL)]]
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Solid State Materials, Devices and Sub-systems
|-
|Society for Integrated Circuit Technology and Applied Research (SITAR)
|Bengaluru, Karnataka & Hyderabad, Telangana
|Semiconductor, Microelectromechanical Systems
|-
|[[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory|Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)]]
|Chandigarh, Union Territory of Chandigarh
|Ballistics
|-
|[[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment|Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (VRDE)]]
|[[Ahmednagar]], Maharashtra
|Wheeled Vehicles
|}
As part of the rationalization plan, the Defence Terrain Research Laboratory (DTRL) was merged with the Snow and Avalanche Studies Establishment (SASE) which was renamed into the Defence Geological Research Establishment (DGRE). As of 2020, the Advanced Numerical Research and Analysis Group (ANURAG) and Laser Science and Technology Center (LASTEC) are no longer functional as independent entities. The staff are relocated to various DRDO labs in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mohan|first=Vijay|date=30 November 2020|title=DRDO shuts down 3 labs, sends staff to other centres|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/drdo-shuts-down-three-labs-sends-staff-to-other-centres-177986|access-date=2021-04-03|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121110/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/drdo-shuts-down-three-labs-sends-staff-to-other-centres-177986|url-status=live}}</ref> DRDO is planning to build a new research lab in Lucknow.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Pranchal|date=3 April 2021|title=DRDO research centre to come up in Lucknow, says Rajnath Singh|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drdo-research-centre-to-come-up-in-lucknow-says-rajnath-singh/articleshow/81880857.cms|access-date=2021-04-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/drdo-research-centre-to-come-up-in-lucknow-says-rajnath-singh/articleshow/81880857.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Source<ref>{{cite news |title=PM dedicates 5 DRDO Young Scientists Laboratories to the Nation |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197246 |access-date=18 March 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=2 January 2020 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109121108/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197246 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Laboratory Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories]]
|Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Artificial Intelligence
|-
| Kolkata, West Bengal
|Asymmetric Technologies
|-
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|Cognitive Technologies
|-
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|Quantum Technology
|-
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Smart Materials
|}

=== HR Institutions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source<ref name=":0" />
!Institution Name
!Location
!Area
|-
|Centre for Personnel Talent Management (CEPTAM)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Talent Management
|-
|Institute of Technology Management (ITM)
|[[Mussoorie]], Uttarakhand
|Technology Management
|-
|Recruitment and Assessment Centre (RAC)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Human Resource
|}

=== Other Institutions ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source<ref name=":0" />
!Institution Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
|Advanced Centre for Energetic Materials (ACEM)
|[[Nashik]], Maharashtra
|High Energy Materials
|-
|Centre for Advanced Systems (CAS)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Advanced Systems
|-
|-
|[[Defence Scientific Information and Documentation Centre|Defence Scientific Information & Documentation Centre]] (DeSIDoC)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Information System and Documentation
|-
|DRDO Integration Centre (DIC)
|[[Panagarh]], West Bengal
|Systems Integration
|-
|Institute for Systems Studies & Analyses (ISSA)
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Systems Analysis
|-
|Mobile Systems Complex (MSC)
|Pune, Maharashtra
|Missile Systems
|-
|SF Complex (SFC)
|[[Jagdalpur]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Propellant
|}

=== Centres of Excellence ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Source<ref name=":0" />
!Center Name
!Location
!Area of Research
|-
|DRDO [[Bharathiar University]] (DRDO-BU), Centre of Excellence
|[[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu
|Applied Psychology, Toxicology, Biological Sensors, Fuel Cell
|-
|Advanced Centre for Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM)
|Hyderabad, Telangana
|Photonics, Material Science, High Energy Materials
|-
|Centre of Excellence in Cryptology
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|Cryptology
|-
|Centre of Millimeter Wave Semiconductor Devices and Systems
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|Millimeter Wave and Semiconductor
|-
|Advanced Centre for Excellence on Composite Materials (ACECM)
|Bengaluru, Karnataka
|Composite Materials
|-
|Research and Innovation Centre (RIC)
|Chennai, Tamil Nadu
|Sensors and Microelectromechanical Systems
|-
|Centre of Propulsion Technology (CoPT)
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|Propulsion Technology
|-
|Jagdish Chandra Bose Centre for Advanced Technology (JCBCAT)
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|Directed Energy Technologies, Robotics, Cognitive Technologies
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Delhi]] (previously Joint Advanced Technology Centre)<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2024 |title=DRDO, IIT-Delhi develop lightweight bulletproof jackets with 360-degree protection |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/drdo-iit-delhi-develop-lightweight-bulletproof-jackets-with-360-degree-protection-3206363 |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|Delhi, National Capital Territory of Delhi
|Advanced Ballistics and Protection, Advanced Electromagnetic Devices and Terahertz technologies, Brain Computer Interface and Brain Machine Intelligence, Photonic Technologies, Plasmonics, Laser and Quantum Photonics, and Smart & Intelligent Textile Technologies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shukla |first=Ajai |date=27 September 2024 |title=DRDO-IIT Delhi partnership develops lightweight bullet-proof jackets |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/drdo-iit-delhi-partnership-develops-light-wieght-bullet-proof-jackets-124092601039_1.html |access-date=5 October 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>
|-
|Centre of Excellence in Systems Design and Engineering
|Mumbai, Maharashtra
|Systems Design
|-
|North East Science and Technology Centre (NESTC)
|[[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]]
|Microelectromechanical Systems, Sensors, Degenerative Disease, Toxicology
|-
|Kalam Centre for Science and Technology (KCST)
|[[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Computational System Security, Sensors
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Jodhpur]]
|[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|Desert Warfare Technologies, Futuristic Omni Mobile System, Artificial Intelligence in Information and War gaming<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Joe |date=2024-04-11 |title=IIT Jodhpur-DRDO set up centre for defence tech R&D |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/iit-jodhpur-drdo-set-up-centre-for-defence-tech-rd/116509 |access-date=2024-04-22 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|DRDO-Industry-Academia Center of Excellence (DIA-CoE), [[IIT Kanpur]]
|[[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Advanced [[Nanomaterials]], Accelerated Material Design and Development, High Energy Materials, [[Biological engineering]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2024 |title=IIT Kanpur, DRDO join forces to establish DIA Centre of Excellence, to foster research in next-gen defence technology |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/iit-kanpur-drdo-join-forces-to-establish-dia-centre-of-excellence-to-foster-research-in-next-gen-defence-technology-101717077996883.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|}

== Projects ==
{{See also|Projects of DRDO}}

== Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme ==
The Technology Development Fund (TDF) Scheme is a Ministry of Defence programme administered by the DRDO for supporting companies, with a focus on [[Small and medium enterprises|micro, small and medium enterprises]] (MSMEs) and startups, in developing defence technologies.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=6 December 2024 |title=79 projects worth Rs 334 cr sanctioned under TDF scheme: Defence MoS Sanjay Seth tells Lok Sabha |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/79-projects-worth-rs-334-cr-sanctioned-under-tdf-scheme-defence-mos-sanjay-seth-tells-lok-sabha/articleshow/116046488.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> As of December 2024, 79 TDF projects have been sanctioned to various industrial partners for developing defence technologies.<ref name=":6" />

On 11 December 2024, under TDF, the iBooster Green Propulsion System was handed over to the DRDO by Manastu Space Technologies, based at [[IIT Bombay]]. For crucial satellite functions including [[orbit raising]], [[orbital station-keeping]], and [[deorbit]]ing, the iBooster system—which is intended for spacecraft weighing between 100 and 500 kg—will be employed. Unlike [[hydrazine]], it uses a patented [[hydrogen peroxide]]-based fuel that is safer, more affordable, and less harmful to the environment. The high-temperature catalyst in iBooster ensures smooth ignition, and the thruster design has been tuned for increased efficiency.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Sibu Kumar |date=2024-12-12 |title=Manastu Space delivers green propulsion system for satellites to DRDO |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/manastu-space-delivers-green-propulsion-system-for-satellites-to-drdo-2648236-2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2024-12-11 |title=Manastu Space Delivers Groundbreaking Green Propulsion System to DRDO, Empowered by TDF Support |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-manastu-space-delivers-groundbreaking-green-propulsion-system-to-drdo-empowered-by-tdf-support-3689559/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> A green propulsion system, developed by the TDF, was successfully demonstrated in orbit on a launched payload aboard [[PSLV-C58]].<ref name=":5" />

== Industry linkages, technology transfer and indigenisation ==
{{see also|Defence industry of India|Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry|Make in India|Startup India|Indigenous Defence Equipment Exporters Association}}

India domestically produces only 45% to 50% of defence products it uses, and the rest are imported.<ref name=mind1/> To become technology research and production leader, reduce reliance on the imports and increase self-reliance, DRDO Chief called for more collaboration with the industry, private sector, research and education institutes including [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]]s and [[National Institutes of Technology|NITs]].<ref name="mind1">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms DRDO chief urges for indigenous defence production] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928202908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-chief-urges-for-indigenous-defence-production/articleshow/71350864.cms |date=28 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 28 September 2019.</ref> India's [[military–industrial complex]] has had little success and only recently private sector was allowed to enter the defence production.<ref name="mind3">[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms Why unlocking defence land bank to meet military's needs isn't a bad idea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191120152338/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/view-why-unlocking-defence-land-bank-to-meet-militarys-needs-is-a-good-idea/articleshow/71911296.cms |date=20 November 2019 }}, The Economic Times, 4 November 2019.</ref> To expedite the development cycle of new technologies and to better fit the end user requirements, army has asked DRDO to take more army staff on deputation to be part of DRDO technology development project teams.<ref name="mind9">[https://newsarks.blogspot.com/2023/04/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its.html NEWS Army wants DRDO to take in more of its personnel on deputation, give them more access] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105095117/https://liistudio.com/army-wants-drdo-to-take-in-more-of-its-personnel-on-deputation-give-them-more-access/16025/ |date=5 November 2019 }}, liistudio.com, 18 October 2019.</ref>

Indian forces are using numerous indigenous technologies produced by the DRDO, including Varunastra, Maareech, Ushus, and TAL by the navy; Electronic Warfare Technologies, radars, composite materials for LCA, AEW&C, Astra, and LCA Tejas by airforce; and ASAT, BrahMos, ASTRA, Nag missile, SAAW, Arjun MBT Mk 1A, 46-metre Modular Bridge, MPR, LLTR Ashwin by the army.<ref name="mind7">[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 Rajnath Singh Pushes For Indigenisation Of Defence Equipment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104195409/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-pushes-for-indigenisation-of-defence-equipment-2117431 |date=4 November 2019 }}, NDTV, 16 September.</ref> In September 2019, DRDO formulated the ''"DRDO Policy and Procedures for Transfer of Technology"'' and released information on ''"DRDO-Industry Partnership: Synergy and Growth and DRDO Products with Potential for Export"''.<ref name=mind7/>

During the Vibrant Goa Global Expo and Summit 2019 in October, DRDO signed [[technology transfer]] contracts with [[Make in India|16 Indian companies]], including 3 startups, to produce products for use by the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=mind2/> This included [[Shelf life|high shelf life]], high nutrition, [[Meal, Ready-to-Eat|ready-to-eat]] on-the-go food products to be consumed in the difficult terrain and bad weather.<ref name=mind2>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms DRDO signs pacts on Transfer of Technology with 16 companies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318211136/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdo-signs-pacts-on-transfer-of-technology-with-16-companies/articleshow/71652198.cms |date=18 March 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 18 October 2019.</ref> DRDO and [[ISRO]] have agreed to collaborate in India's crewed orbital spacecraft project called [[Gaganyaan]] during which DRDOs various laboratories will tailor their defence capabilities to suit the needs of ISRO's human space mission with critical human-centric systems and technologies like space grade food, crew healthcare, radiation measurement and protection, parachutes for the safe recovery of the crew module and fire suppression system etc.<ref name=mind6>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms ISRO, DRDO sign MoUs for Gaganyaan mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134346/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isro-drdo-sign-mous-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/71171232.cms |date=18 February 2020 }}, The Economic Times, 17 September.</ref> [[Kalyani Group]] is developing the [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]].<ref name=mind6/>

DRDO with the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI), under the Advance Assessment Technology and Commercialisation Programme, is helping Lakes and Waterways Development Authority (LAWDA) to keep [[Dal Lake]] clean by providing low cost biodigesters for the treatment of [[Human waste|human excreta]], [[Manure|animal waste]] disposal, [[Greywater|grey water]] and [[Food waste|kitchen waste]] release that works fine in ambient as well as [[Temperature|sub zero temperature]] which are also supplied to [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/trials-by-drdo-successful-lake-authority-to-finalise-tendersbiodigesters-to-help-treat-sewage-from-houseboats-49454|title=Biodigesters to help treat sewage from houseboats|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://drdoficciatac.com/Biodigester/aboutus.asp|title=Bio-Digester|website=drdoficciatac.com|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219002743/http://drdoficciatac.com/biodigester/aboutus.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Defence Research and Development Establishment]] (DRDE) which works in the field of [[chemical weapon]], [[biological agent]] detection and research is helping [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR) in augmenting diagnostic capability for [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] outbreak. It has created special hand sanitiser formulation and diagnostic kits following WHO standards and guidelines that are supplied in large numbers to [[civilian]] and defence officials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/|title=Coronavirus: DRDO to help in COVID-19 detection and diagnosis|date=2020-03-03|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304164823/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-drdo-to-help-in-covid-19-detection-and-diagnosis/1887525/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/|title=DRDO joins fight against Coronavirus: To make hand sanitizer for citizens|date=2020-03-23|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153417/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-joins-fight-against-coronavirus-to-make-hand-sanitizer-for-citizens/1906320/|url-status=live}}</ref> Medical staff all over India dealing with [[Coronavirus]] contamination are using protective waterproof clothing with special sealant used in submarine applications developed by [[Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences|Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences]] (INMAS) for [[CBRN defence]] that is made up of high strength [[polyester]] coated with breathable polymer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece|title=DRDO develops bio-suits based on sealants used in submarine applications|last=Sheth|first=Hemani|website=@businessline|date=3 April 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102013/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/drdo-develops-bio-suits-based-on-sealants-used-in-submarine-applications/article31246509.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The clothing underwent successful trials at the [[The South India Textile Research Association|South India Textile Research Association]] and exceeds the criteria of currently available suits in the market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/news/drdo-to-mass-produce-bio-suits-for-medical-professionals-fighting-coronavirus-884420/|title=DRDO to make bio suits for healthcare staff to fight COVID-19|date=2020-04-06|website=BGR India|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102014/https://www.bgr.in/news/drdo-to-mass-produce-bio-suits-for-medical-professionals-fighting-coronavirus-884420/|url-status=live}}</ref> The suit is washable, passed all critical CBRN and [[ASTM Standards|ASTM standards]] and is now manufactured by two private players, Venus Industries from [[Mumbai]] and IMTEC from [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drdo-suit-ideal-for-covid-19-warriors-too/article31195033.ece|title=DRDO suit ideal for COVID-19 warriors too|date=2020-03-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153415/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/drdo-suit-ideal-for-covid-19-warriors-too/article31195033.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] (DEBEL) developed causality evacuation bag for [[COVID-19]] infected patients that can withstand Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) environments and is protected against blood and viral penetration. The bag is made up of durable water-repellent [[nonwoven fabric]]. It is rigid and cylindrical with air and waterproof zippers and ventilators. Already ordered 500 in numbers, DRDO will now transfer the technology to the private sector for manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/drdo-develops-casualty-evacuation-bags-orders-500-pieces-62789|title=DRDO develops casualty evacuation bags, orders 500 pieces|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153418/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/drdo-develops-casualty-evacuation-bags-orders-500-pieces-62789|url-status=live}}</ref>

Under the Society for Biomedical Technology (SBMT) programme, DEBEL has developed five-layer [[nanomesh]] based N99 masks and is collaborating with Mysore-based [[Larsen & Toubro#Divestments|Skanray Technologies]] for the production of ventilators using currently available technologies with Indian made parts due to unavailability of imports. It is also working on a new multiplexed [[ventilator]] technology that will be able to support several infected individuals on a single ventilator. The prototype development stage is complete and the initial model is now undergoing various improvements suggested by a team of medical researchers and doctors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/special/drdo-developing-ventilator-prototype.html|title=DRDO developing ventilator prototype|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729070847/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/special/drdo-developing-ventilator-prototype.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The technology will finally be transferred to [[Tata Motors]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra and Mahindra]], [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India]], [[Honda Cars India]] and [[Maruti Suzuki]] for immediate mass production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/drdo-innovating-multi-patient-ventilators-to-meet-emergency/story/399488.html|title=Coronavirus crisis: DRDO working with Tata, Mahindra on 'multi-patient ventilators'|website=www.businesstoday.in|date=28 March 2020|access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153419/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/corporate/drdo-innovating-multi-patient-ventilators-to-meet-emergency/story/399488.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/28/n-99-masks-bodysuit-drdos-plan-to-combat-coronavirus-in-india-2122611.html|title=N-99 masks, bodysuit: DRDO's plan to combat coronavirus in India|website=The New Indian Express|date=28 March 2020 |access-date=2020-03-29|archive-date=29 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329153417/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/28/n-99-masks-bodysuit-drdos-plan-to-combat-coronavirus-in-india-2122611.html|url-status=live}}</ref> DRDO signed agreement with [[Indian Telephone Industries Limited]] for tech transfer on low cost multiplexed ventilator technology with 80% to 90% of components are now [[make in India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work of DRDO |url=https://globalwebtrend.com/trending/drdo-full-information-in-hindi/ |access-date= |website=Globalwebtrend |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920175618/https://globalwebtrend.com/trending/drdo-full-information-in-hindi/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

DRDO as of 11 April 2020 transferred technologies to 30 major companies to manufacture various non-medicine products against the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] which includes ventilators, sanitizer, [[personal protective equipment]], [[face shield]] and isolation shelters. The technology for the newly developed multiplexed [[ventilator]] came from the onboard oxygen generation system (OBOGS) developed for [[HAL Tejas]]. Private sector players like Raksha Polycoats and Accurate Savan Defence are now producing protective clothing, isolation shelters based on DRDO tech developed for [[High-altitude pulmonary edema|high altitude pulmonary edema]] (HAPE) bags, submarine escape the suit and satellite recovery systems. Hyderabad-based [[3D printing|3D]] printing startup [https://www.imake.in/ iMake] with Modern Manufacturers and Kirat Mechanical Engineering from [[Chandigarh]], Wipro 3D from [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] and Global Healthcare from [[Delhi]] are [[3D printing]] visor-based face shields which is an offshoot of the tech developed for [[high-altitude military parachuting]]. Setco from [[Mumbai]] is producing sealants developed for submarines of [[Indian Navy]] at DRDO labs for personal protection equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/30-companies-to-manufacture-counter-covid-19-products-with-drdo-technology/article31315458.ece|title=30 companies to manufacture 'counter Covid-19 products' with DRDO technology|last=Ramesh|first=M.|website=@businessline|date=11 April 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411063044/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/30-companies-to-manufacture-counter-covid-19-products-with-drdo-technology/article31315458.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) and [[Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory]] (TBRL) developed a product called Aerosol Containment Box for enclosure of [[intubation]] procedure made with [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)]]. It is cubical designed for both adults and minors and covers the COVID-19-infected patients during medical examination and treatment from head to chest to stop the transmission of droplets containing the virus to others. [[Employees State Insurance Corporation|Employees' State Insurance Corporation]] Medical College, Hyderabad helped RCI in prototype development while [[Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research]] helped in testing, validation and acceptance of products for medical use. The technology is now transferred to private industries located in [[Chandigarh]] and [[Hyderabad]] for mass manufacturing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-develops-aerosol-barrier-for-safety-of-medical-professionals/1924554/|title=DRDO does it again! Develops Aerosol Barrier for Safety of Medical Professionals|date=2020-04-10|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412081411/https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/drdo-does-it-again-develops-aerosol-barrier-for-safety-of-medical-professionals/1924554/|url-status=live}}</ref> RCI at DRDO Missile Complex, Hyderabad is now supplying technology of brushless DC motors (BLDC) used for missile actuators and high response [[solenoid valve]]s used in missile control for ventilator pumps that validated the prototype testing stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/04/04/drdo-missile-scientists-products-covid19-coronavirus.html|title=DRDO's missile scientists churn out products to fight COVID-19|website=OnManorama|language=en|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102011/https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/04/04/drdo-missile-scientists-products-covid19-coronavirus.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Centre for Fire, Explosive and Environment Safety]] (CFEES) developed two sanitising equipment of 50 litres tank capacity consisting of a portable backpack type that covers an area of 300 metres while another trolley mounted for large area sanitisation of up to 3000 metres by spraying 1% [[hypochlorite]] solution.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/coronavirus-drdo-comes-up-with-more-products-to-tackle-covid-19/article31261371.ece|title=COVID-19: DRDO comes up with more products to tackle coronavirus|date=2020-04-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=9 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409091134/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/coronavirus-drdo-comes-up-with-more-products-to-tackle-covid-19/article31261371.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE) developed a portable disinfection chamber and special face protection mask for [[health professional]] combating the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The personnel decontamination system is equipped with a sanitiser and soap dispenser. The full-body decontamination starts using for pedal with an electrically operated pump creating a disinfectant mist of 700-litre of hypo sodium chloride. The system takes 25 seconds for full decontamination with an automatic shut-off procedure and can decontaminate 650 personnel until the next refill. The face mask developed for COVID-19 patients uses the A4 size Over-Head Projection (OHP) film for protection and lightweight materials for long duration comfortable use.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/coronavirus-pandemic-drdo-designs-disinfection-chamber-special-face-mask-5109171.html|title=Coronavirus pandemic: DRDO designs disinfection chamber, special face mask|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102012/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/coronavirus-pandemic-drdo-designs-disinfection-chamber-special-face-mask-5109171.html|url-status=live}}</ref> VRDE developed full-body decontamination chamber was designed and validated within 4 days with [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]] became the first premier institution to use it. The mass manufacturing of the portable decontamination chamber is now done by Dass Hitachi Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-pandemic-drdos-disinfection-chamber-deployed-at-aiims-check-features/1922256/|title=Coronavirus Pandemic: DRDO's disinfection chamber deployed at AIIMS; check features|date=2020-04-08|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412102012/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/health/coronavirus-pandemic-drdos-disinfection-chamber-deployed-at-aiims-check-features/1922256/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, 950 transfer of technologies (ToT) of DRDO-developed systems to Indian companies took place, out of which 256 licensing agreements for ToTs were also signed with Indian companies.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=3 January 2025 |title=Several DRDO systems in 'final stages' of user evaluation or development trials: Defence Ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/several-drdo-systems-in-final-stages-of-user-evaluation-or-development-trials-defence-ministry/articleshow/116922933.cms?from=mdr |access-date=26 June 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Development cum Production Partner programme ===
In order to incorporate private enterprises from the very beginning of design and development and promote smoother manufacturing once systems are ready, DRDO has implemented Development cum Production Partner programme (DcPP).<ref name=":7" /> As part of [[Make in India|Make In India]] and [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]], DRDO under DcPP allowed handholding of domestic private sector industries to improve their development and production cycle of complex defence systems.

[[VL-SRSAM]] and [[Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System]] became some of the successful projects of this programme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2021|title=DRDO opens up missile production partnership for Indian private sector|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-opens-up-missile-production-partnership-for-indian-private-sector/articleshow/81928553.cms|access-date=2021-04-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406075147/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-opens-up-missile-production-partnership-for-indian-private-sector/articleshow/81928553.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, DcPP led to private sector participation for the VL-SRSAM, which was one of the first missile programmes that allowed private sector participation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=6 April 2021 |title=Private firms allowed to partner up with DRDO in missile development, production |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/private-firms-allowed-to-partner-up-with-drdo-in-missile-development-production-1787785-2021-04-06 |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>

[[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] on 17 December 2021, secured an order for manufacturing, assembly, integration, testing and supply of [[DRDO Abhyas]] from [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]. The order will be completed under DcPP with a private sector industry.<ref>{{cite news |title=HAL bags ADE-DRDO supply order for 'ABHYAS' target platform |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/171221/hal-bags-ade-drdo-supply-order-for-abhyas-target-platform.html |access-date=17 December 2021 |agency=PTI |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217082720/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/business/companies/171221/hal-bags-ade-drdo-supply-order-for-abhyas-target-platform.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 December 2021, [[Ashok Leyland]] signed partnership agreement with [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] to develop 600  hp engine for Future Combat Vehicle Programme.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 December 2021|title=Ashok Leyland in pact with DRDO arm to develop combat vehicle engines|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ashok-leyland-in-pact-with-drdo-arm-to-develop-combat-vehicle-engines/article37963448.ece|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Business Line|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215165544/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ashok-leyland-in-pact-with-drdo-arm-to-develop-combat-vehicle-engines/article37963448.ece |archive-date=15 December 2021 }}</ref> [[Instruments Research and Development Establishment]] on 27 December 2021 transferred technologies for developing border surveillance system to Indian private sector company Paras Defence and Space. The system consists of radar, and electro-optical sensors mounted on a pan tilt platform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-27|title=Paras Defence bags DRDO contract for border surveillance tech|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paras-defence-bags-drdo-contract-for-border-surveillance-tech-11640599368047.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-28|website=Mint|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227102622/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/paras-defence-bags-drdo-contract-for-border-surveillance-tech-11640599368047.html |archive-date=27 December 2021 }}</ref> On 28 December 2021, [[Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences]] transferred technology to manufacture extreme cold weather clothing system to RHD Business Services, SBNX Innovation, Shiva Texyarn Limited, Kusumgar Corporates and Ginni Filaments Limited.<ref name=":3">{{cite news|last=Dutta|first=Amrita Nayak|date=31 December 2021|title=DRDO Giving Extreme Cold Clothing Technology to 5 Indian Firms Latest in 1,400 Such Tech-transfer Pacts|publisher=News18|agency=PTI|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/drdo-giving-extreme-cold-clothing-technology-to-5-indian-firms-latest-in-1400-such-tech-transfer-pacts-4609679.html|access-date=29 December 2021|archive-date=31 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231025118/https://www.news18.com/news/india/drdo-giving-extreme-cold-clothing-technology-to-5-indian-firms-latest-in-1400-such-tech-transfer-pacts-4609679.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

DRDO on 8 January 2024 launched Ugram, an assault rifle chambered in [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62x51mm NATO]], which has been designed, developed and manufactured in collaboration with Dvipa Armour India Private Limited under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Sushant |date=2024-01-09 |title=DRDO launches 'Ugram', Indigenous assault rifle for armed forces |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/drdo-launches-indigenous-assault-rifle-for-armed-forces-9100894/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It's scheduled to be tested by the Indian Army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kajal |first=Kapil |date=10 January 2024 |title=DRDO develops new assault rifle |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Janes.com |language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111132954/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/drdo-develops-new-assault-rifle|archivedate=2024-01-11}}</ref> [[NASM-SR]] is manufactured by [[Adani Enterprises#Adani Defence & Aerospace|Adani Defence & Aerospace]] under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missiles |url=https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |access-date=2024-08-11 |website=Adani Defence & Aerospace |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811115955/https://www.adanidefence.com/en/missiles |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kadidal |first1=Akhil |last2=Tripathi |first2=Bharat |last3=Udoshi |first3=Rahul |date=28 February 2025 |title=India tests anti-ship missile's features, datalink |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/india-tests-anti-ship-missiles-features-datalink |access-date=2 March 2025 |publisher=janes.com |agency=Janes Information Services}}</ref> [[Larsen & Toubro]] is producing the [[Zorawar (tank)|Zorawar]] [[light tank]] under the DRDO's DcPP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Indian light tank Zorawar begins trials, expected to be ready for user tests by April |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-light-tank-zorawar-begins-trials-expected-to-be-ready-for-user-tests-by-april/articleshow/106780188.cms?from=mdr |access-date=31 March 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> L&T is manufacturing integrated life-support system-onboard oxygen generation system (ILSS-OBOGS) for aircraft such as [[HAL Tejas]], [[HAL Tejas Mk2]] from the [[Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory]] under DcPP.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-05 |title=DRDO conducts high-altitude trial of integrated life support system for Tejas aircraft |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/drdo-conducts-high-altitude-trial-of-integrated-life-support-system-for-tejas-aircraft/article69294459.ece |access-date=2025-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In June 2025, [[Reliance Infrastructure]] become India's first private sector company to design and develop four categories of a next generation 155mm artillery ammunition, under the DcPP with [[Armament Research and Development Establishment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2025 |title=Reliance Infra eyeing Rs 10,000cr defence exports, becomes first Indian company to develop next gen ammunition |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-reliance-infrastructure-becomes-first-indian-private-company-to-develop-next-gen-ammunition-3866819/ |access-date=26 June 2025 |website=The Financial Express |language=}}</ref>

In March 2026, The DRDO in collaboration with the [[Indian Navy]] conducted successful in-flight release trials of the '''ADC-150 air-droppable container system'''. The trials were carried out from a Boeing P-8I [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|Poseidon]] maritime patrol aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-03-10 |title=DRDO, Navy successfully test Air-Droppable ‘ADC-150’ Container |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/drdo-navy-successfully-test-air-droppable-adc-150-container/articleshow/129403616.cms |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Heads of DRDO ==
List of Director Generals (1948–2015) and Chairmen (since 2015) of DRDO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|title=Our Luminaries|website=DRDO|access-date=27 August 2023|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826215911/https://www.drdo.gov.in/our-luminaries|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 50px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 300px;" | Notes
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Director General DRDO'''
|-
|1
|[[Daulat Singh Kothari]]
|1948
|1961
|First DG and longest serving head of DRDO.
|-
|2
|[[Suri Bhagavantam]]
|1961
|1969
|
|-
|3
|[[Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri|B. D. Nag Chaudhuri]]
|1970
|1974
|Later Vice Chancellor of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].
|-
|4
|[[M. G. K. Menon]]
|1974
|1978
|Later [[Ministry of Earth Sciences#Ministers of State|Minister of State for Earth Sciences]].
|-
|5
|[[Raja Ramanna]]
|1978
|1982
|Later [[Minister of Defence (India)#Ministers of state|Minister of State for Defence]].
|-
|6
|[[V. S. R. Arunachalam]]
|1982
|1992
|
|-
|7
|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|1992
|1999
|Later [[President of India]].
|-
|8
|[[V. K. Aatre]]
|1999
|2004
|
|-
|9
|[[List of Indian scientists|M. Natarajan]]
|2004
|2009
|
|-
|10
|[[V. K. Saraswat]]
|2009
|2013
|Current Member of [[NITI Aayog]].
|-
|11
|[[Avinash Chander (DRDO)|Avinash Chander]]
|2013
|2015
|
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Chairman DRDO'''
|-
|12
|[[S. Christopher]]
|2015
|2018
|
|-
|13
|[[G. Satheesh Reddy|G.Satheesh Reddy]]
|2018
|2022
|
|-
|14
|[[Samir V. Kamat]]
|2022
|Present
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-25 |title=Samir V Kamat Appointed New DRDO Chief; G Satheesh Reddy Named Scientific Adviser To Defence Minister |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=English Jagran |language=en |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005070257/https://english.jagran.com/india/samir-v-kamat-appointed-new-drdo-chief-g-satheesh-reddy-named-scientific-adviser-to-defence-minister-10048081 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Exchequer savings ==
In its Fifteenth Report, which was delivered to [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] in December 2025, the [[Standing Committee on Defence (India)|Standing Committee on Defence]] recognized DRDO for making significant savings through domestic research and for making advances in next-generation defense technologies. The Committee observed that DRDO has made progress in the development of hypersonic technologies and missiles, citing Recommendation No. 17 of the report.

The panel noted that savings totaling {{INRConvert|264156|c|lk=on}} had been made possible by DRDO's indigenous research programs over the past five years starting in 2020. The General Defence Budget, [[Border Roads Organisation|Border Roads Organization]], [[Indian Coast Guard]], Defence Estates Organization, welfare of ex-servicemen, and DRDO are among the topics covered in the Fifteenth Report of the Standing Committee on Defence (2025–2026), which examines the [[Government of India|union government]]'s response to the observations and recommendations in the previous Committee's Seventh Report.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-12-12 |title=Standing Committee praises DRDO for ₹2.64 lakh crore savings, tech breakthroughs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/standing-committee-praises-drdo-for-264-lakh-crore-savings-tech-breakthroughs/article70387243.ece |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Aeronautical Development Agency]]
* [[Bharat Electronics]]
* [[Bharat Dynamics]]
* [[Defence Institute of Advanced Technology]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://drdo.gov.in The official website of DRDO]
*[https://rac.gov.in/ DRDO Recruitment: Scientist]
*[https://drdo.gov.in/ceptm-advertisement/500 DRDO Recruitment: Technical, Admin & Allied Cadre]
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}
{{DRDO Laboratories}}
{{Military of India}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Defence Research And Development Organisation}}
[[Category:Defence Research and Development Organisation| ]]
[[Category:Defence science and technology agencies]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1958]]
[[Category:Research and development organizations]]
[[Category:Defence agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Defence (India)]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons programme of India]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1958]]

Operation Sunrise (2019)

2026-03-08T15:58:20Z

Cornelius R: Adding new details added tags.

{{Short description|Military operation by Indian and Myanmar Army}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Operation Sunrise
| partof = [[Insurgency in Northeast India]]
| date = First Phase: February – March 2019 Second Phase: May – June 2019
| place = [[Northeast India]], [[Rakhine State]], [[Myanmar]]
| status =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Myanmar]]
* [[File:Flag of the Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) of Myanmar.svg|20px]] [[Tatmadaw]]
* [[File:Flag of the Myanmar Police Force.svg|20px]] [[Myanmar Police Force]]
----
{{flagicon|India}} [[India]]
* [[File:Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg|20px]] [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[File:Assam Rifles Flag.svg|20px]] [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[File:Flag of Central Reserve Police Forces.png|20 px]] [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
| combatant2 = *[[File:Flag of the Arakan Army, under the United League of Arakan.svg|20px]] [[Arakan Army]]
*[[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|20px]] [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland]]
*[[File:Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|20px]] [[United Liberation Front of Asom]]
*[[File:Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|20px]] [[National Democratic Front of Boroland]]
*[[File:Flag of the Kamtapur Liberation Organisation.svg|20px]] [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Soe Win (general)|Soe Win]] 
{{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Min Aung Hlaing]]
----
{{flagicon|India}} [[Anil Chauhan]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Ajit Doval]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Narendra Modi]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|20px]] [[Paresh Baruah]] [[File:Flag of United Liberation Front of Asom.svg|20px]] Jyotirmoy Asom{{KIA}} [[File:Flag of the Arakan Army, under the United League of Arakan.svg|20px]] [[Twan Mrat Naing]] [[File:Unofficial flag of Nagaland.svg|20px]] [[Thuingaleng Muivah]] [[File:Front Nacional Democratic Bodoland.svg|20px]] B. Saoraigwra
| image = File:India-locator-map-NE.svg
| casualties1 = * 13 Myanmar soldiers killed
| casualties2 = * 10–12 Arakan Army camps destroyed
* 2 ULFA-I soldiers killed
* 38 northeast militants killed
* Several injured and arrested
| result = Successful
*India and Myanmar manage to reduce insurgent activity
}}
'''Operation Sunrise''' refers to a series of coordinated military operations conducted by the [[Indian Army]] and the [[Tatmadaw|Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw)]] in 2019, targeting insurgent camps along the [[India–Myanmar border|India-Myanmar border]]. The operation was done in two phases dubbed as Operation Sunrise I and Operation Sunrise II, aimed to dismantle bases of militant groups threatening regional security and India's strategic infrastructure, notably the [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project]].<ref name="southeastasia-journal.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-17 |title=‘Operation Sunrise’: Armies of India, Myanmar conduct coordinated operation – Southeast Asia Journal |url=https://southeastasia-journal.com/archives/2222 |access-date=2025-04-11 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2019 |title=Operation Sunrise 2: India, Myanmar armies target Northeast-based militants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sunrise-india-myanmar-armies-target-northeast-based-militants-1549912-2019-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102094002/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sunrise-india-myanmar-armies-target-northeast-based-militants-1549912-2019-06-16 |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=India Today |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The operation resulted in a bilateral military cooperation between India and Myanmar to counter cross-border insurgency.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-16 |title=India and Myanmar jointly destroy insurgents’ camps; know all about Operation Sunrise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-india-and-myanmar-jointly-destroy-insurgents-camps-know-all-about-operation-sunrise-1518328/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Lwin |first=Nan |date=2019-07-30 |title=India, Myanmar Strengthen Military Ties |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/india-myanmar-strengthen-military-ties.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Background==
India and Myanmar share a 1,640-kilometer border which has historically been exploited by insurgent groups operating in [[Northeast India|India's Northeast]]. The groups have often established camps in Myanmar's remote border regions, using them as bases to launch attacks in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=undefined |last2=InsightsIAS |date=2019-06-18 |title=Operation sunrise and Kaladan Project |url=https://www.insightsonindia.com/2019/06/18/operation-sunrise-and-kaladan-project/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=INSIGHTS IAS – Simplifying UPSC IAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=January 2026}} Additionally, the [[Arakan Army]] posed a threat to the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project which is a key infrastructure initiative to connect India's Northeast to [[Southeast Asia]] via Myanmar's [[Sittwe]] Port.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kyaw |first=Hsan Hlaing |date=10 February 2023 |title=How India Betrayed the Rakhine People – And Why It Matters Today |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/how-india-betrayed-the-rakhine-people-and-why-it-matters-today/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213180151/https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/how-india-betrayed-the-rakhine-people-and-why-it-matters-today/ |archive-date=2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> The operation was a joint action to secure the region and dismantle the insurgent camps located in Myanmar's [[Sagaing Region|Sagaing]] region.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2019-06-16 |title=Operation Sunrise 2: India, Myanmar armies target Northeast-based militants |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/operation-sunrise-india-myanmar-armies-target-northeast-based-militants-1549912-2019-06-16 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Kaladan_Multi-Modal_Transit_Transport_Project.svg|thumb|Route map of Kaladan Project]]

==Operation==
===Phase 1===
Operation Sunrise I took place between February 17 and March 2, 2019, focusing on neutralizing threats to the [[Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project|Kaladan Project]] and insurgent camps along the border. The primary objective was to dismantle camps of the [[Arakan Army]],<ref name=":6"/> which had established bases near the Kaladan Project threatening Indian workers and infrastructure development. The operation also aimed to disrupt other anti-India insurgent groups operating from Myanmar, including the NSCN-K.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Coordinated India-Myanmar counter-insurgency operations hold valuable lessons for Pakistan |url=https://www.efsas.org/commentaries/coordinated-india-myanmar-counter-insurgency-operations-hold-valuable-lessons-for-pakistan/? |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.efsas.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Katoch |first=P. C. |date=18 March 2019 |title=Operation 'Sunrise' – Joint Indo-Myanmar Operation |url=https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?h=Operation-Sunrise-Joint-Indo-Myanmar-Operation&id=496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425044235/https://www.spslandforces.com/experts-speak/?h=Operation-Sunrise-Joint-Indo-Myanmar-Operation&id=496 |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Land Forces}}</ref>

The operation was a coordinated effort, with the Indian Army mobilizing troops along the [[Mizoram]] border to strengthen defenses and provide surveillance support, while the Myanmar Army conducted strikes against insurgent camps within its territory. Indian forces reportedly did not cross the border but maintained a strong posture to prevent insurgents from fleeing into India. The Myanmar Army targeted Arakan Army camps and NSCN-K bases, including those in the Taga area of Sagaing Region.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2019-03-15 |title=Dozen insurgent camps 'smashed' along India-Myanmar border in joint military operation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dozen-insurgent-camps-smashed-along-india-myanmar-border-in-joint-military-operation/articleshow/68430388.cms |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Arakan Army later moved towards the Indian border near Mizoram, raising concerns about attacks on Indian workers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talukdar |first=Mrinal |date=20 June 2019 |title=Geopolitics of joint Indo-Myanmar "Operation Sunrise" |url=https://eastmojo.com/news/2019/06/20/operation-sunrise-more-geopolitics-less-army-offensive/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=East Mojo |language=en-US}}</ref> Indian intelligence detected the movements leading to coordination between National Security Adviser [[Ajit Doval]] and Director General of Military Operations Lt. Gen. [[Anil Chauhan]] with Myanmar's military leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-12 |title='Gen Rawat architected India's 1st surgical strike in a foreign land': CDS Gen Chauhan on 'Op Sunrise' in Myanmar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/gen-rawat-architected-indias-1st-surgical-strike-in-a-foreign-land-cds-gen-chauhan-on-op-sunrise-in-myanmar/videoshow/96177001.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

India secured its border while Myanmar's forces attacked Arakan Army camps in [[Chin State]], near the border. Over two weeks, 10–12 camps were targeted. While Myanmar forces faced resistance, the operation primarily focused on destroying infrastructure rather than direct combat. The operation successfully disrupted the Arakan Army's ability to threaten the Kaladan Project, with no major spillover into India or casualties reported.<ref name=":3" />

Operation Sunrise I resulted in the destruction of at least 10 camps belonging to the Arakan Army.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2019-03-15 |title=India helps Myanmar destroy 10 insurgent camps that 'were a threat' to its Kaladan project |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-helps-myanmar-destroy-10-insurgent-camps-that-were-a-threat-to-its-kaladan-project/206359/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The operation disrupted AA activities near the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project, temporarily securing the area for continued development.<ref name="financialexpress.com"/> The Myanmar Army took control of NSCN-K's headquarters in [[Taga, Myanmar|Taga]], with several NSCN-K leaders reportedly detained. The operation was hailed as a success in bilateral cooperation, though the threat to the Kaladan Project persisted.<ref name=":1" />

===Phase 2===
Operation Sunrise II was conducted from May 16 to early June 2019, lasting approximately three weeks. This operation aimed to target a broader range of insurgent groups operating in India's Northeast and Myanmar. The operation focused on camps belonging to [[National Socialist Council of Nagaland|NSCN-K]], [[United Liberation Front of Asom|ULFA]], [[National Democratic Front of Boroland|NDFB]], and [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation|KLO]], which were regrouping after the first phase.<ref name=":5" />

Both armies conducted operations within their own territories coordinating closely through liaison officers. The Indian Army was backed by the Assam Rifles operated along the borders of [[Nagaland]], [[Manipur]], and [[Assam]], while the Myanmar Army targeted insurgent camps in the [[Sagaing Region]] and Chin State. The strategy followed a “hammer and anvil” approach as Indian forces secured the border to block insurgent escape routes as Myanmar troops launched direct assaults on the camps.<ref name=":5"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2019-06-17 |title=In joint op with Myanmar, Indian army deploys ‘hammer and anvil’ tactics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-myanmar-to-act-against-militant-groups-along-border/story-nvrfN0G8WAm0bWiOkvdhyO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123050637/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-myanmar-to-act-against-militant-groups-along-border/story-nvrfN0G8WAm0bWiOkvdhyO.html |archive-date=2025-01-23 |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us}}</ref>

The operation began with the Indian Army where 15 battalions, including [[Assam Rifles]] and infantry units were deployed. The forces were supported by Special Forces, drones, and night-vision equipment which were sealed off to escape routes to prevent insurgents from crossing into India.<ref name=":3" /> On the Myanmar side, the [[Tatmadaw]], under the [[Western Regional Military Command (Myanmar)|North-West Command]], initiated ground assaults on insurgent camps in the Sagaing Region, specifically targeting the Taga area, known for harboring anti-India militants. Myanmar forces attacked seven to eight camps used for training, arms storage, and planning attacks. Despite encountering resistance from insurgents, particularly from groups like NSCN-K and ULFA-I, who engaged in intense firefights, the operation's main goal was to dismantle insurgent infrastructure. The Myanmar Army reportedly killed two insurgents, including a senior ULFA-I leader, Major [[Jyotirmoy Asom]], in Taga, though the operation's focus remained on infrastructure destruction rather than maximizing casualties.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-03-21 |title=ULFA surrenders mount after Burmese against military action |url=https://www.nenow.in/neighbour/ulfa-surrenders-mount-after-burmese-military-action-northeast-rebels.html |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-08 |title=ULFA (I) leader killed in gun-battle with Myanmar Army |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/ulfa-i-leader-killed-gun-battle-myanmar-army-391867-2019-03-08 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-13 |title=Decision on Myanmar operation taken on June 4; 38 Northeast insurgents killed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/decision-on-myanmar-operation-taken-on-june-4-38-northeast-insurgents-killed/articleshow/47614459.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-04-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

During operation sunrise II, According to reports, more than six dozen militants from groups such as the National Socialist Council of Nagaland-Khaplang (NSCN-K), United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA), National Democratic Front of Boroland (NDFB), and Kamtapur Liberation Organisation (KLO) were apprehended, and several of their camps were destroyed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2019-06-18 |title=Operation Sunrise 2: Several insurgent camps destroyed along Indo-Myanmar border; Myanmar Army suffers losses |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-operation-sunrise-2-several-insurgent-camps-destroyed-along-indo-myanmar-border-myanmar-army-suffers-losses-1610987/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

The Myanmar Army reportedly suffered casualties during the operation, with at least 13 soldiers killed in clashes with the Arakan Army.<ref name=":2" />

==Aftermath==
The [[Arakan Army]] remained active in the region despite the operations. There were also concerns raised by local communities in India's Northeast, particularly in Mizoram, about the increased military presence and the role of central forces without prior consultation with state authorities. Although the operations disrupted several insurgent networks, some of the groups were reported to have regrouped later.<ref name="financialexpress.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Rajeev |date=27 February 2024 |title=Has the Indian Flagship Kaladan Project in Myanmar Hit a Dead End? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2024/02/has-the-indian-flagship-kaladan-project-in-myanmar-hit-a-dead-end/ |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=the Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref>

The two countries later planned to continued with a third phase, Operation Sunrise III to launch by 2020 but it did not take place properly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Myanmar army launches Operation Sunrise-3 Combing operations on at Indo-Myanmar border |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2020/10/27/Myanmar-army-launches-Operation-Sunrise-3-Combing-operations-on-at-Indo-Myanmar-border.amp.html |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=The Sangai Express |language=en}}</ref>

Following these operations, India emphasized the importance of continued cooperation with Myanmar to prevent insurgent groups from using its territory as a base. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] highlighted this during discussions with at that time Myanmar's State Counsellor [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] at the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 2019 |title=PM Modi Discusses Cross Border Terror With Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-discusses-cross-border-terror-with-myanmars-aung-san-suu-kyi-2127146 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> He also expressed India's readiness to expand socio-economic projects in [[Rakhine State]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2019-11-04 |title=India attaches importance to Myanmar's cooperation against insurgent groups: PM Modi to Suu Kyi |url=https://www.dtnext.in/national/2019/11/04/india-attaches-importance-to-myanmar-cooperation-against-insurgent-groups-pm-modi-to-suu-kyi |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=DT Next |language=en}}</ref>

To further solidify defense collaboration, India and Myanmar signed a [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) in July 2019. This agreement focused on enhancing military training, joint surveillance, maritime security, and infrastructure development. The MoU was signed during the visit of Myanmar's Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services, Senior General [[Min Aung Hlaing]], to India.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhalla |first=Abhishek |date=29 July 2019 |title=India-Myanmar ink pact to enhance defence cooperation |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-myanmar-ink-pact-to-enhance-defence-cooperation-1574897-2019-07-29 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2019 |title=India, Myanmar sign MoU on defence co-operation |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/india-myanmar-sign-mou-on-defence-co-operation-119072901347_1.html |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=Business Standard |agency=[[Asian News International]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Involvement of Northeast Indian insurgents in the Myanmar conflict]]
* [[Naxalite–Maoist insurgency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Insurgency in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Wars involving Myanmar]]
[[Category:Internal security issues of India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2019]]
[[Category:Internal conflict in Myanmar]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar border]]
[[Category:Counterinsurgency operations]]
[[Category:2019 military operations]]
[[Category:India–Myanmar relations]]

Sakshi (film)

2026-03-03T20:39:23Z

Cornelius R: put up new article added tags

{{Short description|1967 film directed by Bapu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakshi
| image = Sakshi film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| producer = Suresh Kumar [[Seshagiri Rao]]
| story = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| screenplay = Bapu
| starring = [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] [[Vijaya Nirmala]] [[Vijaya Lalitha]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = P. N. Selvaraj
| editing = Satyam
| studio = Nandana Films
| distributor = 
| released = {{film date|1967|7|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 142 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=393}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sakshi''''' ({{translation|[[Sakshi (Witness)|Witness]]}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]. The film stars [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]] and [[Vijaya Lalitha]], with Ramana Panthulu, [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]], [[Chalapathi Rao]], Allu Venkateswarlu, Jagga Rao and [[Sakshi Ranga Rao|R. Ranga Rao]] in supporting roles. It is based on [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]'s 1959 story of the same name which itself was inspired by the 1952 American film ''[[High Noon]]''. In ''Sakshi'', a naïve and bucolic boatman is exploited by society and turns into a hard-hearted person.

''Sakshi'', the directorial debut of Bapu (who also worked as art director), was the first Telugu film to be shot completely in outdoor locations, with filming taking place in [[Pulidindi]], a village located on the banks of the [[Godavari River]]. It was the acting debut of Ranga Rao, who later prefixed the film's title to his name. The entire film was completed in less than 20 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Vaishali |date=2022-11-15 |title=Superstar Krishna's life in photos: Tollywood legend, Mahesh Babu's father gave many firsts to Telugu cinema |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/entertainment-superstar-krishna-life-in-photos-tollywood-legend-mahesh-babu-father-dies-gave-many-firsts-to-telugu-cinema-latest-news-2022-11-15-823888 |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

''Sakshi'' was released on 1 July 1967. Although many people in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]] believed the film would not run for even 20 days in theatres, it ran for almost a month and became a profitable venture, besides receiving critical acclaim. It was later screened at the Tashkent film festival in 1968, where it was also well received. The film received critical acclaim during its screening at the Tashkent film festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=|first1= |title=Tollywood superstar Krishna passes away at 79 |url=https://www.siasat.com/tollywood-superstar-krishna-passes-away-at-79-2457238/ |work=The Siasat Daily |date=15 November 2022}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Kishtaiah is a naïve and bucolic boatman living in Dachampaadu, an [[islet]] in the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] belt. In the same area lives Fakeeru, a dreaded criminal. The village head, known by his title Munasabu, hires Fakeeru as his lorry driver to transport coconuts to the town. The only person Fakeeru cares for in the village is his sister Chukka. He abandons Ratthi, a woman who was madly in love with him. Kishtayya's uncle Gourayya and his fellow guard are murdered by Fakeeru when trying to stop him from stealing coconuts from Munasabu{{'}}s garden. As Kishtayya is the sole witness to these murders, the village elders force him to testify against Fakeeru in court.

Fakeeru is arrested, but vows revenge. He escapes from prison, and no villager gives Kishtayya shelter. Chukka marries Kishtayya, in the hope that her brother would not kill him. Fakeeru is unaware of this and attacks Kishtayya, who eventually abandons his naïve persona and kills Fakeeru. All the villagers who earlier shunned Kishtayya now surround him, but Kishtayya, disgusted with their selfish behaviour, leaves the village and surrenders to the police.

== Cast ==
* [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] as Kishtayya
* [[Vijaya Nirmala]] as Chukka
* [[Vijaya Lalitha]] as Ratthi<ref name="fridayreview" />
* Ramana Panthulu as Munasabu<ref name="fridayreview" />
* [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]] as Munasabu{{'}}s son<ref name="fridayreview" />
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Gourayya<ref name="fridayreview" />
* Allu Venkateswarlu as Gopi<ref name="fridayreview" />
* Jagga Rao as Fakeeru<ref name="Sakshi turns 50" />
* [[Sakshi Ranga Rao|R. Ranga Rao]] as Karanam

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Sakshi'' was a story written by [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] and published in the 28 October 1959 issue of ''[[Andhra Patrika]]'', a weekly newspaper. The story was inspired by the American film ''[[High Noon]]'' (1952), retaining the plot element of a man sending a dreaded criminal to prison, and the criminal vowing revenge. For his directorial debut, Ramana's friend [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] decided to adapt ''Sakshi''. The film adaptation was produced by Suresh Kumar and Seshagiri Rao under Nandana Films. P. N. Selvaraj was chosen as the cinematographer at Bapu's suggestion. Bapu also worked as art director alongside Bhavaraju Seetharamudu, an engineer who helped the unit by laying new roads. Ramana wrote the film's dialogue, with most of it being in [[Rajahmundry]] dialect.<ref name="Sakshi turns 50" /><ref name="fridayreview" /> Satyam handled the editing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi |url=https://indiancine.ma/MQY/info |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] was cast as the male lead Kishtayya. R. Ranga Rao was cast as Karanam in his acting debut, and later became known as [[Sakshi Ranga Rao]]. Krishna's future wife [[Vijaya Nirmala]] was cast as the female lead Chukka,<ref name="fridayreview" /> and this was the first film where they acted together.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=128}} Before the commencement of [[principal photography]], Bapu took lessons on how to deal with [[close-up]], mid-close-up and [[Wide shot|long shots]] from Kabir Das. ''Sakshi'' became the first Telugu film to be shot completely in outdoor locations. [[Pulidindi]], a village located on the banks of the [[Godavari River]], was chosen as the shooting location.<ref name="50 glorious years" /> According to Nirmala, after each day's shoot ended, Bapu "used to draw lines of his next day's shooting. He always drew his thoughts on paper so that everyone was comfortable when the shooting started."<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2014 |title=The Bapu who took Tollywood places dies at age 80 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140901/entertainment-tollywood/article/bapu-who-took-tollywood-places-dies-age-80 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218121540/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140901/entertainment-tollywood/article/bapu-who-took-tollywood-places-dies-age-80 |archive-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> The scene depicting Kishtayya and Chukka's marriage was shot at the Meesala Krishnudu temple of Pulidindi.<ref name="fridayreview" /> The entire film was completed in less than 20 days.<ref name="50 glorious years" />

== Themes ==
The ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema'' calls ''Sakshi'' "a rare instance of late 60s New Indian Cinema aestheticism in Telugu".{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=55}} According to ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'}}s Srivathsan Nadadhur, "The film not only lays importance on the crime angle, but also emphasises the need for humans to stand up for each other in times of crisis."<ref name="Sakshi turns 50" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakshi (1967)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CGZ/info |access-date=19 August 2021 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saakshi |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/saakshi/qE11JKK,A90_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305031812/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/saakshi/qE11JKK,A90_ |archive-date=5 March 2019 |access-date=4 March 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Atu Yennela Itu Yennela
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Aarudhra]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length1 = 4:11
| title2 = Dayaledha Neeku Dayaledha
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = Aarudhra
| music2 =
| extra2 = P. Susheela, [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length2 = 8:08
| title3 = Silipoda Sinnoda Cheera Dochukunnoda
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu]]
| music3 =
| extra3 = P. Susheela, [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Amma Kadupu Challaga Atha Kadupu Challaga
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Aarudhra
| music4 =
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 4:19
| title5 = Padhi Mandhi Kosam Nilabadda Neeku
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Aarudhra
| music5 =
| extra5 = Mohan Raju
| length5 = 5:28
| title6 = Gunaasari Gunamma
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 = —
| music6 =
| extra6 = —
| length6 =
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sakshi'' was released on 1 July 1967.<ref name="Sakshi turns 50" /> It was publicised via posters with the tagline "20 rojullo teesina chitram" (the film which was shot in less than 20 days), and rival producer [[Aluri Chakrapani]] caustically commented, "20 rojullo teeste 20 rojule aaduddi" (the film will only run 20 days),<ref name="50 glorious years" /> a view shared by many others in the Telugu film industry.<ref name="Sakshi turns 50" /> Despite this, the film received critical acclaim and ran for nearly a month, recovering its investment and making a marginal profit.<ref name="Sakshi turns 50" /><ref name="fridayreview" /> It was later screened at the Tashkent film festival in 1968, where it was also well received.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasada Sarma |first=G. V. |date=5 March 2011 |title=Mullapudi leaves behind enduring legacy |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Mullapudi-leaves-behind-enduring-legacy/article14934553.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190304161201/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Mullapudi-leaves-behind-enduring-legacy/article14934553.ece |archive-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="fridayreview">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=9 November 2018 |title=Sakshi (1967) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sakshi-1967/article25450328.ece |url-status=live |access-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190304160109/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sakshi-1967/article25450328.ece |archive-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Sakshi turns 50">{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=29 June 2017 |title=Bapu-Ramana's Sakshi turns 50 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bapu-ramanas-first-film-sakshi-made-in-1967-turns-50/article19173816.ece |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190304160649/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bapu-ramanas-first-film-sakshi-made-in-1967-turns-50/article19173816.ece |archive-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="50 glorious years">{{Cite news |last=Parankusam |first=Aditya |date=2 July 2017 |title=50 glorious years of Sakshi |work=[[The Hans India]] |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-07-02/50-glorious-years-of-Sakshi/309792 |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190304162022/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2017-07-02/50-glorious-years-of-Sakshi/309792 |archive-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|0156034}}
{{Bapu (film director)}}

[[Category:1967 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1967 Indian films]]
[[Category:1967 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1967 drama films]]
[[Category:1967 films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Brindavanam (2017 film)

2026-03-03T03:21:35Z

Cornelius R: updated section based on references and added references

{{short description|2017 film by Radha Mohan}}
{{for|the 2010 Telugu film|Brindavanam (2010 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Brindavanam
| image = Brindavanam (2017).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Radha Mohan]]
| producer = [[Vansan Movies|Shan Sutharsan]]
| writer = Pon Parthiban (dialogues)
| screenplay = Radha Mohan
| story = Radha Mohan
| starring = [[Arulnithi]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] [[Tanya Ravichandran|Tanya]]
| music = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cinematography = Vivekanand Santhosham
| editing = [[T. S. Jay]]
| studio = [[Vansan Movies]]
| distributor = Orange Creations
| released = {{Film date|2017|05|26|ref1=<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/brindavanam.html |title=Brindavanam (Brindhavanam) Tamil Movie |website=FilmiBeat |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324084312/http://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/movies/brindavanam.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Brindavanam''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Radha Mohan]] and produced by [[Vansan Movies|Shan Sutharsan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42235/dont-think-brindavanam-is-an-emotional-movie-arulnidhi |title="Don't think Brindavanam is an emotional movie" – Arulnidhi |date=18 April 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema |access-date=18 April 2017 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419002615/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42235/dont-think-brindavanam-is-an-emotional-movie-arulnidhi |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The film stars [[Arulnithi]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], while [[Tanya Ravichandran|Tanya]] portrays the leading female role. Featuring music composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]], the film began production in August 2016 and was released on 26 May 2017.<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/radha-mohan-arulnithi-tanya-new-film-brindavanam-starts-rolling-tamil-news-165301.html |title=IndiaGlitz — Radha Mohan Arulnithi Tanya new film Brindavanam starts rolling — Tamil Movie News |date=17 August 2016 |publisher= |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512164749/https://www.indiaglitz.com/radha-mohan-arulnithi-tanya-new-film-brindavanam-starts-rolling-tamil-news-165301.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arulnithi-radha-mohan-team-up-for-brindhavanam-news-tamil-qisnByicfiedb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901204011/http://www.sify.com/movies/arulnithi-radha-mohan-team-up-for-brindhavanam-news-tamil-qisnByicfiedb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 September 2017 |title=Arulnithi-Radha Mohan team up for Brindhavanam |website=[[Sify]] |publisher=}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Arulnithi]] as Kannan
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as a fictionalized version of himself
* [[Tanya Ravichandran|Tanya]] as Sandhya
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Sandhya's father
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Louis
* [[Subbu Panchu]] as Nagaraj
* [[Sricharan]] as Motorcycle Driver
* Doubt Senthil as Varky
* [[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Ramaiah
* [[Cell Murugan]] as Mani
* M. V. Tamil Selvi
{{colend}}

== Production ==
In June 2016, Shan Sutharsan of [[Vansan Movies]] announced that his production studio would simultaneously produce two Tamil films — a project by [[Radha Mohan]] and Mahendran Rajamani's ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''. [[Arulnithi]] and [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] were reported to play leading roles, while newcomer Tanya, granddaughter of actor [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], was selected as the lead actress. [[M. S. Prabhu]] and [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] were revealed as the film's cinematographer and composer, though Prabhu was later replaced by newcomer Vivekanand Santhosham, an erstwhile assistant of [[P. C. Sriram]].<ref name="indiaglitz.com1">{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sethupathy-producer-vansan-movies-next-with-radha-mohan-arulnithi-vivekh-tamil-news-160796.html |title=IndiaGlitz — Sethupathy producer Vansan Movies next with Radha Mohan Arulnithi vivekh — Tamil Movie News |date=11 June 2016 |publisher= |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901201700/http://www.indiaglitz.com/sethupathy-producer-vansan-movies-next-with-radha-mohan-arulnithi-vivekh-tamil-news-160796.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Radha Mohan announced actor Vivek would portray himself and the film would be about the bonding between a popular actor and his fan, though distanced reports that the film would be along the lines of the 2016 Hindi film, ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]''.<ref name="indiaglitz.com1" /> To prepare for his role, Arulnithi learnt sign language from an expert for ten days.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/25/arulnithi-learns-sign-language-1574349.html |title=Arulnithi learns sign language |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901200419/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/feb/25/arulnithi-learns-sign-language-1574349.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/03/ive-got-a-peculiar-taste-in-films-arulnithi-1600296--1.html |title=I've got a peculiar taste in films: Arulnithi |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002341/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/03/ive-got-a-peculiar-taste-in-films-arulnithi-1600296--1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film was officially launched with the title ''Brindavanam'' in mid-August 2016, with Vivek planting a tree sapling to commemorate the start of the film's shoot in Sakleshpur, Karnataka.<ref name="indiaglitz.com" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/radhamohans-next-film-with-arulnithi-titled-as-brindhavanam.html |title=Radhamohan's next film with Arulnithi titled as Brindhavanam |date=17 August 2016 |publisher= |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-date=20 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820133441/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/radhamohans-next-film-with-arulnithi-titled-as-brindhavanam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The director revealed that he opted against naming the film ''Mozhi 2'' despite being tempted to, in order to underplay expectations for the film from audiences.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-did-not-want-to-title-my-film-as-mozhi-2-radha-mohan/articleshow/58656679.cms |title=I did not want to title my film as Mozhi 2: Radha Mohan |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher= |last1=Suganth |first1=M. |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=13 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913153350/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-did-not-want-to-title-my-film-as-mozhi-2-radha-mohan/articleshow/58656679.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/16/i-only-make-films-i-believe-in-1605597--1.html |title=I only make films I believe in |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901200743/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/may/16/i-only-make-films-i-believe-in-1605597--1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Brindavanam'' was shot for nine days in Sakleshpur, before the team moved to [[Ooty]] for a further 35 days to complete the shoot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/another-tv-actor-makes-the-leap-1618963.html |title=Another TV actor makes the leap |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902002500/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/another-tv-actor-makes-the-leap-1618963.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/radha-mohan-on-brindavanam/article18465362.ece |title=High on emotion |first=Chitradeepa |last=Anantharam |newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 May 2017 |publisher= |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111222740/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/radha-mohan-on-brindavanam/article18465362.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Brindavanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 10:50
| language = Tamil
| label = Vansan Music
| producer = Vishal Chandrasekhar
| prev_title = [[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[7 Naatkal]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] and featured three songs, all written by [[Madhan Karky]]. The audio rights are secured by Vansan Music, a subsidiary of the production house.

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics_Credits = yes
| total_length =
| title1 = Giji Giji Saare
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = [[Nikhil Mathew]], [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]], Sinduri Vishal
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Shoobi Doobi Dooba
| lyrics2 = Madhan Karky
| extra2 = Sharanya Gopinath
| length2 = 3:25
| title3 = Yaar Nee Yaarada
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 3:30
}}

== Release ==
The film opened on 26 May 2017 across Tamil Nadu, alongside [[Samuthirakani]]'s ''[[Thondan (2017 film)|Thondan]]'' (2017).The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]. The film received positive reviews, with a critic from [[The Hindu]] stating it is "a feel-good film that narrates tales of friendship and love" and that "it has got its vision and mission clear – to be heart-warming, funny and emotional at times".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brindavanam-celebrating-lifes-moments/article18585218.ece |title=Brindavanam: Celebrating life's moments |first=Chitradeepa |last=Anantharam |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 May 2017 |publisher= |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901203736/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/brindavanam-celebrating-lifes-moments/article18585218.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[The New Indian Express]] stated it was a "warm, fuzzy film that works for the most part", while [[The Hindustan Times]] stated "it leaves you grinning for the most part and also stirs up an emotional storm within".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/may/26/brindavanam-review-a-warm-fuzzy-film-that-works-for-the-most-part-1609430.html |title=Brindavanam review: A warm, fuzzy film that works for the most part |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723164543/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/may/26/brindavanam-review-a-warm-fuzzy-film-that-works-for-the-most-part-1609430.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/brindavanam-movie-review-director-radha-mohan-s-film-is-heartwarming-and-funny/story-h607p9Lx3s8H7xnjt64BYK.html |title=Brindavanam movie review: Director Radha Mohan's film is heartwarming and funny |date=26 May 2017 |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827050648/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/brindavanam-movie-review-director-radha-mohan-s-film-is-heartwarming-and-funny/story-h607p9Lx3s8H7xnjt64BYK.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Likewise, [[India Today]] called it a "thoroughly entertaining film", while Sify.com's reviewer wrote that "the importance of family, the enduring bond of brotherhood, and the power of forgiveness in the film will surely make you smile".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/brindavanam-movie-review-arulnithi-vivek-radha-mohan-979468-2017-05-27 |title=Brindavanam movie review: A thoroughly entertaining film |date=27 May 2017 |website=India Today |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915051005/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/brindavanam-movie-review-arulnithi-vivek-radha-mohan/1/964200.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/brindhavanam-review-feel-good-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-rf0kHqhihciei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170526184956/http://www.sify.com/movies/brindhavanam-review-feel-good-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-rf0kHqhihciei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2017 |title=Review : Brindhavanam review: Feel-good comedy entertainer (2017) |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/brindhavanam/brindhavanam-box-office-may-28.html |title=Brindhavanam box office collection |date=26 May 2017 |publisher= |access-date=1 September 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901202446/http://m.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/brindhavanam/brindhavanam-box-office-may-28.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/brindhavanam/movie-review/58851908.cms|title=Brindhavanam Review {3/5}: Radha Mohan is known for genteel films and Brindhavanam is no exception|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=6760704}}
{{Radha Mohan}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Radha Mohan]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Chandrashekhar Dasgupta

2026-03-02T10:00:24Z

Cornelius R: fix

{{Short description|Indian politician (1940–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrashekhar Dasgupta
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1940|5|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|3|2|1940|5|2|df=y}}
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Diplomat Civil servant
| yearsactive =
| known for = [[Indian Foreign Service]]
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| signature =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}

'''Chandrashekhar Dasgupta''' (2 May 1940 – 2 March 2023) was an Indian civil servant, diplomat and writer who served as Indian ambassador to the European Union, Bangladesh, Belgium, Luxembourg and China.<ref name="Executive Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=25243903&capId=9617796&previousCapId=34509209&previousTitle=Piramal%20Fund%20Management%20Pvt.%20Ltd. | title=Executive Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dasgupta was born on 2 May 1940,<ref name="Dasgupta on CESCR">{{cite web | url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/CESCR/CVMembers/ChandrashekharDasgupta.pdf | title=Dasgupta on CESCR | publisher=International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights | date=2016 | access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> He graduated with honours in Economics from the [[Delhi University]].<ref name="Speakers"/>

== Career ==
Dasgupta entered [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1962 and worked as a diplomat till his superannuation in 2000.<ref name="Distinguished Fellow, TERI">{{cite web | url=http://wsds.teriin.org/2011/cv/ambassadordasgupta.pdf | title=Distinguished Fellow, TERI | publisher=TERI | date=2016 | access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> During this period, he served as the [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Indian ambassador to China]] (1993–1996) and Belgium and Luxemburg and the European Union (1996–2000). Prior to his postings as an ambassador, he was the high commissioner to Singapore (1981–84) and Tanzania (1984–86) and held the vice-chair of the preparatory committees of [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), popularly known as the [[Earth Summit]], held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992.<ref name="Dasgupta on CESCR" />

Dasgupta, a distinguished fellow of [[The Energy and Resources Institute]] (TERI), delivered several keynote addresses on Climate and Climate policies.<ref name="Speakers">{{cite web | url=http://ceew.in/climate-conference/ | title=Speakers | publisher=Council on Energy, Environment and Water | date=2010 | access-date=20 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610103608/http://ceew.in/climate-conference/ | archive-date=10 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a member of the United Nations [[Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] and was a former chairperson of the China Task Force.<ref name="Distinguished Fellow, TERI" /> He served as the co-chairman of the EU-India Round Table and presented one of the key reports at the 12th EU-India Round Table held at Paris in July 2008.<ref name="Report on climate change, by Mr Dasgupta">{{cite web | url=http://www.eesc.europa.eu/?i=portal.en.eu-india-twelfth-round-table-reports.5137 | title=Report on climate change, by Mr Dasgupta | work=European Economic and Social Committee | publisher=12th EU-India Round Table | date=2016 | access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref> He sat in the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] from January 2007 to December 2010<ref name="Dasgupta on CESCR" /> and was a member of the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change.<ref name="PM's climate change council recast">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/govt-reconstitutes-pms-council-on-climate-change/article6567187.ece | title=PM's climate change council recast | work=The Hindu | date=6 November 2014 | access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

== Death ==
Dasgupta died on 2 March 2023, at the age of 82.<ref>[https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/former-diplomat-padma-bhushan-awardee-chandrashekhar-dasgupta-passes-away/ Former diplomat, Padma Bhushan awardee Chandrashekhar Dasgupta passes away]</ref>

== Works ==
* {{cite book |author=C. Dasgupta |title=War and Diplomacy in Kashmir,1947-48 |date=19 March 2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications India |isbn=978-0-7619-9588-3}}

While on his assignment with the European Union in Brussels, Dasgupta made frequent visits to London to consult the British archives at the [[India Office Library]]. The information from the archives forms the core of the material in ''War and Diplomacy in Kashmir, 1947-48'', which covers the onset of the [[Kashmir conflict]] in October 1947 and the conduct of [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]] along with the diplomatic developments in which Britain played a central role. Most of the book is about British strategies which showed a decided tilt towards Pakistan in the Kashmir dispute, earning the British the epithet [[Perfidious Albion]] in the Indian public discourse.<ref name=Noorani>{{citation |last=Noorani |first=A. G. |author-link=A. G. Noorani |title=Kashmir in retrospect |newspaper=Frontline |date=11 May 2002 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/static/html/fl1910/19100780.htm}}</ref><ref name="Perfidious Albion and the first Kashmir war ">{{cite web | url=http://www.kashmirherald.com/bookreviews/waranddiplomacyinkashmir.html | title=Perfidious Albion and the first Kashmir war | publisher=Kashmir Herald | work=Book review | date=June 2002 | access-date=20 June 2016}}</ref>

The book was received in India with much acclaim, and was republished in 2014 as a "SAGE classic".<ref>{{ISBN|8132117956}}, {{ISBN|9788132117957}}</ref> Dasgupta's conclusions were broadly confirmed by Rakesh Ankit in 2013, based on the newer Dominion Office material made available in 2008–2009.<ref>{{citation |last=Ankit |first=Rakesh |title=Britain and Kashmir, 1948: 'The Arena of the UN' |journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft |volume=24 |number=2 |pages=273–290 |year=2013 |doi=10.1080/09592296.2013.789771 |s2cid=154021048 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2008, for his contributions to Indian civil service.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2016 |access-date=3 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

{{Portal|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/chandrashekhar-dasgupta-raising-the-heat-on-climate-change-114070701144_1.html | title=Raising the heat on climate change | publisher=Business Standard | work=Guest column | date=7 July 2014 | access-date=20 June 2016 | author=Chandrashekhar Dasgupta}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box|title=High Commissioner of India to Singapore|before=(-)|after=(-)|years=1981–1984}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of High Commissioners of India to Tanzania|High Commissioner of India to Tanzania]]|before=[[P. M. S. Malik]]|after=[[H. D. Bhalla]]|years=1984–1986}}
{{succession box|title=[[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]]|before=[[Salman Haidar]]|after=[[Vijay K. Nambiar]]|years=1993–1996}}
{{succession box|title=Ambassador of India to Belgium, Luxembourg and the European Union|before=A. N. Ram|after=P. K. Singh|years=1996–2000}}
{{end}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dasgupta, Chandrashekhar}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to China]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Singapore]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Tanzania]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to the European Union]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Belgium]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Luxembourg]]

Hinduism in Bahrain

2026-03-02T06:57:40Z

Cornelius R: started initial data basic info - done

{{update|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Hindus in Bahrain
| population = 387,800 (2020){{increase}}; '''8.33%''' of total population
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related-c = [[Indians in Bahrain]] and [[Hindus]]
| regions = [[Manama]]
|image=Manama Sri Krishna Temple Courtyard 01.jpg|image_caption= [[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain|Shrinathji Hindu Temple]] in Manama is one of the oldest Hindu temples in the Middle East}}

'''Hinduism in Bahrain''' is practiced primarily by members of the expatriate communities from India, Nepal and Bangladesh living in [[Bahrain]]. While Islam is the state religion, Bahrain is tolerant of minority religions, including [[Hinduism]], and allows the operation of Hindu places of worship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu leaders: Bahrain role model for religious freedom |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/HRHPremierissuedEdict33/HRHPremierissuedEdict33/HMKingissuesdecree46/HinduleadersBahrainrolemodelforreligiousfreedom.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDmBgBmRQOuJZn2rJQiby%2B1k%3D |url-status=live |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.bna.bh}}</ref>

== History ==
Before the 19th century, there has been small Hindu community in the shores of Bahrain owing to the sea trade.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mehta |first=Sandhya Rao |date=2022-10-02 |title=Strategic Belonging: Hindu Identity and Performance in Oman |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25765949.2022.2151741 |journal=Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=4 |doi=10.1080/25765949.2022.2151741 |issn=2576-5949|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The presence of Hindus in Bahrain dates back to the early 19th century, linked to Indian merchant communities engaged in regional trade. These merchants settled in Manama and established religious and commercial institutions that served the growing Indian population.<ref>{{cite book |last=Onley |first=James |title=The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=9780199228102}}</ref> The Lorimer's ''Gazetteer,'' noted that in 1905 there were 69 Hindus among the 191 British Indian subjects in Manama during colder months, but it increased to 175 Hindus out of 325 British Indian subjects during [[Fishing industry in Bahrain|pearling season]]. Majority of the Hindus were Lohana and Bhattia communities from Sindh.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Onley |first=James |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Arabian_Frontier_of_the_British_Raj/1vUckJbC8JIC?hl=en |title=The Arabian Frontier of the British Raj: Merchants, Rulers, and the British in the Nineteenth-Century Gulf |date=2007-11-22 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-160776-9 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1817, the [[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain|Shrinathji Temple]] dedicated to [[Shrinathji]], a form of the Lord [[Krishna]] was constructed in [[Manama]] by the Hindu community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=External affairs minister Jaishankar visits 200-year-old Hindu temple in Bahrain |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/external-affairs-minister-jaishankar-visits-200-year-old-hindu-temple-in-bahrain-345224 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Wion |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Majority of the Indian Hindus in Bahrain are [[Hinduism in Kerala|Kerala Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=(PDF) Suicide rates in the national and expatriate population in Dubai, United Arab Emirates |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51878794_Suicide_rates_in_the_national_and_expatriate_population_in_Dubai_United_Arab_Emirates |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250206141241/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51878794_Suicide_rates_in_the_national_and_expatriate_population_in_Dubai_United_Arab_Emirates |archive-date=2025-02-06 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> According to the Boston University’s 2020 World Religions Database, Hinduism is followed by 6% of the population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Bahrain |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/bahrain/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref> According to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives|ARDA]], Hinduism is followed by 8.33% of the population (3.54% are [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavites]], 2.74% are [[Shaivism|Shaivites]] and 2.05% [[Shaktism|Shaktists]]) in 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Profiles {{!}} World Religion |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=18c |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Association of Religion Data Archives (the ARDA) |language=en-gb}}</ref> Some other sources cites population as 10%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hamann |first=Jasper |date=2020-08-17 |title=Woman Destroys Hindu Idols in Bahrain Shop, Sparks Uproar in India |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/08/67136/woman-destroys-hindu-idols-in-bahrain-shop-sparks-uproar-in-india/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to 2020 government data, there are approximately 387,800 Hindus in the country. all of whom are expatriates.<ref name=":0" /> Its unclear whether there are Hindu citizens in the country. The Bahrain Ministry of Information states that "99.8% of Bahraini citizens are Muslims. The percentage of Christians, Jews, Hindus, Baha’is is 0.2%."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population and Demographics – Ministry of Information {{!}} وزارة الاعلام {{!}} Kingdom of Bahrain |url=https://www.mia.gov.bh/kingdom-of-bahrain/population-and-demographics/?lang=en |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.mia.gov.bh}}</ref>

== Community Life ==
The [[Shrinathji Temple, Bahrain|Shrinathji Temple]] in Bahrain is one of the oldest temple in the Middle east region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi announces redevelopment of Bahrain’s Hindu temple |work=Gulf News |date=25 August 2019 |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/bahrain/modi-announces-redevelopment-project-for-hindu-temple-in-bahrain-1.66002226}}</ref> Other Hindu temples are BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir,<ref name=":0" /> [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|ISKCON Balramdesh temple]] etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garde |first=Deeplata |date=2022-10-22 |title=5 Temples You Can Visit In The Middle East This Diwali |url=https://curlytales.com/5-temples-you-can-visit-in-the-middle-east-this-diwali/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref>

There is cremation facility for Hindus on land that was granted over 100 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of India, Bahrain |url=https://www.eoibahrain.gov.in/indian-community.php |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.eoibahrain.gov.in}}</ref> The Hindu celebrations are celebrated openly without any restrictions from the state.<ref name=":0" /> In Diwali celebrations, the Royal Highness Prince [[Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa]], and other ministers often visit Hindu familes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HH Shaikh Mohammed bin Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa visits a number of families to mark Diwali |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDk0CPTFsEedCVDGkxpC45f8%3D#:~:text=During%20the%20visits%2C%20HH%20Shaikh,various%20sectors%20and%20their%20active |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.bna.bh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KHGC Chairman visits families to mark Diwali |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/news?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDjtusvmuN3iqm2HXP9A1eBY%3D |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=www.bna.bh}}</ref> In 2001, the King of Bahrain also appointed a Hindu member to the Parliament.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Salmi/Salimi |first=Abdulrahman Al |title=Abdulrahman al-Salimi Immigrant religions: a study of religious diversity in the GCC States |url=https://www.academia.edu/43184824/Abdulrahman_al_Salimi_Immigrant_religions_a_study_of_religious_diversity_in_the_GCC_States |journal=Academia |pages=40}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Religion in Bahrain]]
* [[Hinduism in Oman]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinduism In Arab States}}
[[Category:Culture of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Hinduism in the Middle East]]
[[Category:Religion in Bahrain]]

Marathwada Express

2026-02-24T07:49:36Z

Cornelius R: update section per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Marathwada Express
| image= File:Marathwada Express at Purna.jpg
| caption = Marathwada Express at Purna.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Manmad}} (MMR)
| stops = 23
| end = {{stnlnk|Dharmabad}} (DAB)
| distance = {{convert|422|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 9 hrs 05 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Second Class Seating]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 17617/17618 [[Tapovan Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17687 / 17688
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Marathwada Express (Manmad - Dharmabad) route map.png|thumb|250px|Marathwada Express (Manmad–Dharmabad) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 17687 / 17688 '''Marathwada Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] that connects [[Manmad]] and [[Dharmabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Names of Trains by the Government of Indian Railways|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/Etymology%20of%20Train%20Names%20of%20Indian%20Railways.pdf}}</ref> It is also known as the '''''High Court Express'''''. During its journey, it connects many important places in [[Marathwada]] such as [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]], [[Parbhani]] and [[Nanded]].

== Schedule ==
17688 UP Marathwada Express departs {{stnlnk|Dharmabad}} at 04:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and reaches {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} at 13:10 IST. 17687 DOWN Marathwada Express departs Manmad Junction at 15:00 IST and reaches Dharmabad at 23:50 IST. The train covers a distance of 419 km between Manmad Junction and Dharmabad.

== Etymology ==
The train connects almost all the major cities of [[Marathwada]], hence its name Marathwada Express.
People from [[Nanded]] and [[Parbhani]] districts use the train to attend sessions of the [[Bombay High Court|Mumbai High Court]] bench situated at Aurangabad, hence the train got its nickname as ''High Court Express''. It is also known as "Manmad–Dharmabad Composite Express", since it runs as an express train between [[Dharmabad]] and [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and as a passenger train between Aurangabad and [[Manmad]].

==Route and halts==
The train runs from {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} via {{stnlnk|Nagarsol}},{{stnlnk|Tarur}},{{stnlnk|Rotegoan}},
{{stnlnk|Potul}}, {{stnlnk|Lasur}}, {{stnlnk|Daulatabad}},{{stnlnk|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar}}, {{stnlnk|Mukundwadi}},{{stnlnk|Badnapur}},{{stnlnk|Jalna}},{{stnlnk|Ranjani}},{{stnlnk|Partur}}, {{stnlnk|Selu}}, {{stnlnk|Manwath Road}}, {{stnlnk|Parbhani Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Purna junction}}, {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}, {{stnlnk|Mudkhed}},{{stnlnk|Umari}}, to {{stnlnk|Dharmabad}}.

==Traction==
As the entire route is fully electrified, both train are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Manmad to Dharmabad and vice versa.

==Rake sharing==
The train shares its rake with 17617/17618 [[Tapovan Express]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-name.html
* http://indian-railway.swargate.com/Train-Time-Table/Manmad-Dharmabad-Composite-Express/17687/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marathwada Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Manmad]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Transport in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

Cinema of Nepal

2026-02-14T16:16:31Z

Cornelius R: typo fix

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Redirect|Kollywood Film Industry|Tamil|Kollywood (Tamil cinema)|other uses|Kollywood (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Cinema of Nepal ({{langx|ne|नेपाली चलचित्र}})
| image = Nepali Cinema.svg
| alt =
| caption = Cinema of Nepal
| screens = 450<ref
name="screens_uis">{{cite web|url=http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/2971|title=Nepal Screens|publisher=therisingnepal.org|access-date=12 September 2017|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219185214/http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/2971|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| screens_per_capita = 0.2 per 100,000 (2001)<ref name="screens_uis" />
| produced_year = 2016
| produced_ref =
| produced_total = 100<ref
name="screens_uis"/>
| produced_fictional =
| produced_animated =
| produced_documentary =
| admissions_year =
| admissions_ref =
| admissions_total =
| admissions_national =
| box_office_year =
| box_office_ref =
| box_office_total =
| box_office_national = 
}}
{{South Asian cinema}}

'''Nepali Cinema''', also referred to as "''Nepali Chalachitra''" ({{langx|ne|नेपाली चलचित्र}}) is the [[Film industry|filmmaking industry]] in [[Nepal]]. This includes films in various languages of Nepal, most notably in Nepali language but also in [[Newar language|Newari]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Tamangic languages|Tamang]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and [[Tharu languages|Tharu]] among others. The term '''''Cinemandu''''' is also used, as a [[portmanteau]] for films produced in the Nepali language while the Nepalese films produced from [[Kathmandu]] and [[Janakpur, Nepal|Janakpur]] in the Maithili language is known as ''[[Maithili Cinema|Mithilawood]]''. Both of these film industries are the largest viewing cinema of Nepal and are collectively known as '''Nepali Cinema.''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/07/nepal-film-industry-looks-beyond-bollywood-2014714104224592144.html|title=Nepal's film industry looks beyond Bollywood|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=26 April 2017}}</ref>

==History==
The making of Nepalese films is said to have begun with D.B. Pariyar's ''Satya Harishchandra'', which was the first Nepali-language movie to be shot. It was produced in [[Kolkata, India]], and released on 14 September 1951. ''[[Aama (1964 film)|Aama]]'' (mother) was the first film produced in Nepal and was released on 7 October 1964. It was produced by the Information Department of His Majesty's Government of Nepal (now [[Government of Nepal]] (GoN)).

The first film to be produced under a private banner was ''[[Maitighar]]'', which was released at the end of 1966.

The Nepal government established the Royal Nepal Film Corporation in 1971. ''Mann Ko Bandh'' was the first film produced by the corporation.

''[[Paral Ko Aago]]'' was produced by Cinema in 1978. The music director [[Shanti Thatal]] became the first female music director in Nepali movies.

===Golden era===
With the start of the 1980s, more films were being made and they were more accepted by Nepalese audiences. ''Badlindo Aakash'', ''[[Samjhana]]'', ''[[Kusume Rumal]]'', ''[[Lahure (film)|Lahure]]'', ''[[Kanchhi]]'', ''Basudev'', ''[[Saino]]'' and ''Koseli'' were released between 1984 and 1993. The leading actors were [[Bhuwan K.C.]] and [[Tripti Nadakar]], whose on-screen chemistry saw them being dubbed the "golden couple" of the industry. In the later years of the decade, the industry saw the rise of [[Rajesh Hamal]] and [[Karishma Manandhar]].

In 1990, the film industry began to grow rapidly. There was an unprecedented growth in the number of productions. Within three years, some 140 films were made. Cinemas increased to more than 300.

===Conflict era===
Because of the [[Nepalese Civil War|Maoist insurgency]] in Nepal in the mid-1990s a very small number of films were made, and audience numbers fell sharply. In the later years after the conflict, the production and release of Nepali films had almost come to a standstill. Many actors and filmmakers left the country in search for work abroad. Actors like Saroj Khanal, [[Shiva Shrestha (actor)|Shiva Shrestha]], [[Karishma Manandhar]], [[Tripti Nadakar]], Kristi Mainali and [[Gauri Malla]] had little work.

In 2000–2001, the then-highest-grossing Nepali film ''[[Darpan Chaya]]'' and 'Jindagani' were made.

===2006–present===
By 2006, as the situation in Nepal calmed down and with [[Maoist]]s coming into mainstream politics, the Nepali film industry started to return to its previous state, and more films were being made and released. This period also marked the commencement of digital films in the industry.

In December 2016, ''[[Bijuli Machine]]'', Nepal's first science-fiction film with a social story was released and ran successfully in cinemas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/10943|title=Bijuli Machine: a new practice in Nepali movie|newspaper=My Republica|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The movie was directed and written by [[Navin Awal]] with [[Santosh Lamichhane]] as a scientific consultant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://awaken-nepal.com/bijuli-machine-nepali-science-fiction-movie/|title=Bijuli Machine- Nepali science fiction movie - Awaken Nepal|date=22 November 2016|newspaper=Awaken Nepal|language=en-US|access-date=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinelahar.com/bijuli-machine-first-nepali-sci-fi-movie-trailer/|title=Bijuli Machine - first Nepali Sci-Fi movie ? watch trailer - Nepali movies|website=cinelahar.com|access-date=22 December 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223063723/http://cinelahar.com/bijuli-machine-first-nepali-sci-fi-movie-trailer/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> It was reported that the movie set a trend in Nepali films by a making a movie with a low budget, without an item song, stereotypical fights or a romantic story, rather with an authentic Nepali story inspired by the problems faced in the society, like electricity power cuts, and still succeeded to entertain the audience.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/18218/|title=Year 2073: Year of large collection in Nepali Movie|work=My Republica|access-date=26 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Legend of Shankhadhar]]'' is reported to be the first animated Nepali film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/news/8546/|title=First Nepali animated movie screened in London|work=My Republica|access-date=10 June 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/nepals-first-animated-movie-screened-london/|title=Nepal's first animated movie screened in London|website=thehimalayantimes.com|date=4 November 2016|access-date=10 June 2017}}</ref>

==Film Development Board==
The [[Film Development Board]] is a liaison to facilitate the conceptualization, making, distribution and exhibition of Nepali films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-03-19/nepali-movie-industry-ready-to-step-up-ghimire.html|title=Nepali movie industry ready to step up: Ghimire|access-date=26 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>
==See also==
{{Category see also|Nepalese films| Nepalese directors|Nepalese actresses|Nepalese actors}}
* [[List of Nepalese films]]
* [[List of highest-grossing Nepali films]]
* [[List of most expensive Nepali films]]
* [[National Film Awards (Nepal)]]
;More general article
* [[Cinema of the world]]
* [[List of Nepal Bhasa films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.film.gov.np Film Development Board of Nepal]

{{Cinema of Nepal}}
{{Worldcinema}}
{{Asia in topic|Cinema of}}
{{Nepali language}}

[[Category:Cinema of Nepal| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Nepal]]
[[Category:Arts in Nepal]]

Upinder Randhawa

2026-02-09T11:32:21Z

Cornelius R: put up initial pg w/ refs

{{Infobox person
| name = Upinder Randhawa
| birth_place = Australia
| occupation = Film director, executive producer, reporter, presenter, actor
| known_for = Coverage of the 2011 England riots; CEO & Founder of Freedom Films Productions; Channel Head of NewsNumber.Com
}}

'''Upinder Randhawa''' is a Film maker as well as a radio and television reporter and presenter working in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/hei-fi/entertainment/mash-hits-theart-of-the-mash-up-2337967.html|title=Mash hits: The art of the mash-up|newspaper=The Independent|author=Rhodri Marsden}}</ref> He has also acted in four movies in [[India]]. He has worked as a [[Film director|director]] and produced KIRDAAR which is getting released worldwide. Randhawa also worked as a line [[Film producer|producer]] and an executive producer in the film industry. He's the [[CEO]] & Founder of Freedom Films Productions and is currently working on some Bollywood productions as well as some ventures with his business partner Shahid Hasan and film maker [[Anees Bazmee]].

Randhawa is also a Channel Head for NewsNumber.Com which is one of the biggest social journalism platforms. He has also launched his own music production and is working with his signed artists on music and film projects. Upinder Randhawa is a Film Director and an Executive Producer. He also run a Music Record Label under Freedom Records.

==Early life==
Randhawa was born in [[Australia]] .<ref>[http://suhaag.com/lifestyle/entertainment/british-sikh-tv-presenter-is-now-facebook-hero/ "British Sikh TV presenter is now Facebook hero"]. ''Suhaag'', August 12, 2011</ref> After studying in [[Melbourne, Australia]], and working for a short time in [[Delhi]],<ref name=express>[http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/randhawa-in-city-hands-full-with-punjabi-movie-offers/943671/ "Randhawa in city, hands full with Punjabi movie offers"]. Raakhi Jagga. Ludhiana, May 01 2012</ref> he came to the United Kingdom in 2009.<ref name="Engineer">{{cite book|author=Tarun Engineer|title=Higher the Risk Greater the Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8dfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT75|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-288-2856-0|pages=75–}}</ref><ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20110829-uk-riots-sangat-tv-anchor-upinder-randhawa-is-riot-hero-747301-2011-08-19 "Peace Cadet"]. ''India Today'', Shibani Bedi. August 20, 2011</ref>

==Career==
Randhawa worked for several Asian community radio stations. He exposed a series of controversies regarding a breach of the Ofcom sponsorship rules by one Station at which he had worked. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/07/raaj_fm_in_brea.php |newspaper=Biz Asia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922071445/http://media247.co.uk/bizasia/newsarchive/2011/07/raaj_fm_in_brea.php |archive-date=2011-09-22 |title= Raaj FM in breach of Sandwell Council regulations}} (blank page)</ref>

Randhawa later worked as a presenter for UK lifestyle channel [[Sangat TV]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Riots turn Sikh TV channel into global hit|url=https://www.ft.com/content/5b2e6596-c4f1-11e0-9c4d-00144feabdc0 |newspaper=The Financial Times}} (subscription required)</ref><ref>[http://www.theweek.co.uk/politics/3111/heroics-and-horror-stories-human-cost-riots "Heroics and horror stories: the human cost of the riots"]. ''The Week'', Aug 12, 2011. Venetia Rainey </ref> He provided live coverage of the [[2011 England riots]] within the West Midlands,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/pda/2011/aug/10/television-tvnews|title=How Sangat TV covered the Birmingham riots |author=Josh Halliday|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>[https://www.vice.com/en/article/interview-upinder-randhawa-sangat-tv-birmingham-riots-car-looting/ "It's Sangat TV's Upinder Randhawa!"]. Elektra Kotsoni, ''VICE International'', August 16, 2011 </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-14493399|newspaper=BBC News|title=Sangat TV's guerrilla journalism wins fans amid riots|author=Caroline Gall|date=12 August 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.desiblitz.com/content/cost-of-riots-to-british-asians "Cost of Riots to British Asians"]. ''DESIBlitz'', </ref> spoke out against violence,<ref name="Johnson2011">{{cite book|author=Paul Johnson|title=The Bedside Guardian 2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfrENQ5vTJwC&pg=RA5-PA14|date=6 December 2011|publisher=Guardian Books|isbn=978-0-85265-281-7|pages=5–}}</ref> and assisted police during the event. The Channel’s participation was commended by David Cameron in the House of Commons for its commitment to social responsibility.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=730942|newspaper=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook India]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140908024916/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=730942|archive-date=2014-09-08|title= UK Riots: Cameron Hails Sikh TV Channel's Coverage}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Live & raw: Sikh TV channel wins kudos for coverage |author=Ashis Ray |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-13/uk/29883975_1_news-channels-exclusive-footage-live-coverage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919214319/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-13/uk/29883975_1_news-channels-exclusive-footage-live-coverage |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 September 2012 |date=13 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 August 2011}}</ref>

Randhawa went on to appear in ''Street Riots: The Live Debate'' on Channel 4. He was also featured in "10 Heroes of the London Riots" in New York’s [[Time (magazine)|Time]] Magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2088386_2088390_2088400,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018232358/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2088386_2088390_2088400,00.html|url-status=live|archive-date=October 18, 2011|title=10 Heroes of the London Riots |author=Sonia Van Gilder Cooke|date=August 15, 2011|newspaper=Time Magazine}}</ref> In 2012 he appeared in a Punjabi film, ''Mirza – The Untold Story''.<ref name=express />

In 2013 Randhawa was a speaker at a Birmingham event to raise awareness of crimes against women in India.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-birmingham-20905741 "India gang rape: Vigil for victim held in Birmingham"]. ''BBC'', 3 January 2013</ref>

Randhawa also covered sports events, including the international bodybuilding championship Sheru Classic. He was voted number 41 for DesiClub.com’s Top 50 Coolest Desis of 2011.{{cn|date=February 2017}} He has interviewed various celebrities for punjab2000. In 2016 he also appeared in the film ''Desi Munde'', released in October 2016.<ref>[https://www.filmipop.com/movies/desi-munde-movie-12731 "Desi Munde"]. ''Film Pop''</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://sangattelevision.org/|title=Sangat Television}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Randhawa, Upinder}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Massanjore Dam

2026-01-23T15:00:27Z

Cornelius R: Created A Article Needs Work

{{Infobox dam
| name = Massanjore Dam
| name_official =
| image = Massanjore Dam 40.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India Jharkhand # India
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|24.1068|87.3084|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Dumka District]], [[Jharkhand]]
| status = Functional
| construction_began =
| opening = 1955
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type =
| dam_height = {{convert|47.25|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation =
| dam_length = {{convert|661.58|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Mayurakshi River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type =
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name = Massanjore Lake
| res_capacity_total = 617 million cubic meters (21.79 tmcft)
| res_capacity_active = 549.13 million cubic meters (19.39 tmcft)
| res_capacity_inactive =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{convert|16650|acre|km2|disp=flip}}
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth =
| res_max_length =
| res_max_width =
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Massanjore Dam''' is a [[hydropower]] generating dam over the [[Mayurakshi River]] located at Massanjore near [[Dumka]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. The Massanjore dam (also called Canada Dam), across the Mayurakshi, was commissioned in 1955. It was formally inaugurated by [[Lester B. Pearson]], Foreign Minister of Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005110300270901.htm&date=2005/11/03/&prd=th&|title=Canada Dam|last=|first=|publisher=The Hindu 3 November 2005|accessdate=2017-05-06|work=This day that age|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217140847/http://www.empireclubfoundation.com/details.asp?SpeechID=266&FT=yes|archivedate=17 February 2007}}</ref> The Mayurakshi River at the dam site has a catchment area of 1869 km2<ref name=IWP>[http://www.wbiwd.gov.in/index.php/applications/mayurakshi Mayurakshi Reservoir Project]</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka and Jamtara districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|7|14|N|86|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Chitra | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chitra, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Sonaraithari| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|26|20|N|86|30|45|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Devipur| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Devipur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|7|38|N|86|44|41|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Karon| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Karon, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|55|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Bindapathar]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|53|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|48|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|57|47|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= [[Jamtara]] (M) |label-color35=#800000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|12|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|42|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =Massanjore Dam|shape-color41=black| label-size41=13|label-color41=black 
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

===Location===
Massanjore dam at {{coord|23|06|03|N|87|19|31|E}} is about {{convert|36|km|mi}} upstream from [[Suri (Birbhum)|Siuri]] in [[West Bengal]] and is about {{convert|34|km|mi}} from [[Dumka]] in [[Jharkhand]].

== Dam ==
It is 47.25 m high from its base and is 661.58 m long. The reservoir has an area of {{convert|16650|acre|km2|disp=flip}} when full and has a storage capacity of {{convert|500,210|acre.ft|m3|disp=flip}}. The length of the overflow section is 225.60 m and is controlled by 21 bays, each 9.144 m wide. The design discharge is 4.446 cumecs. The full reservoir level is 121.34 m and the flood level is 122.56 m. It cost Rs. 16.10 crore.

== Canal==
Mayurakshi Left Bank Canal- Length 20.54 kilometres (Lined Canal).

Mayurakshi Right Bank Canal-Yet to be constructed.

== Finance ==
The dam was funded by the counterpart [[rupee]] fund created through supplies of wheat and other materials from Canada for use in India. Canada devoted those rupees to the further development of the Mayurakshi dam project.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.empireclubfoundation.com/details.asp?SpeechID=266&FT=yes
| title = Canada and the Colombo Plan
| accessdate = 2007-02-19
| last = Cavell
| first = Nik
| work = Empire Club address
| publisher = The Empire Club of Canada
| archive-date = 2007-02-17
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070217140847/http://www.empireclubfoundation.com/details.asp?SpeechID=266&FT=yes
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

== Flood reserve ==
Unfortunately, the Massanjore dam was not allowed to have a flood reserve. In 1956 the state government selectively took over flood control embankments till then maintained by the landlords or local bodies.

==See also==
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Massanjore Dam}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Dams in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dumka district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1955]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Mass Appeal India

2026-01-22T17:44:30Z

Cornelius R: Created First Info W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian record label}}

{{Infobox record label
| name = Mass Appeal India
| image = [[File:Mass Appeal logo.png|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
| parent = [[Mass Appeal Records]]
| founded = 2019
| distributor = [[Universal Music India]] (previously), [[The Orchard (company)|The Orchard]] (current)
| genre = [[Hip hop]]
| country = India
| location = [[Mumbai]]
}}

'''Mass Appeal India''' is an Indian record label. It is a subsidiary [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] label of the American parent [[Mass Appeal Records]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass Appeal India Is Now A Reality |url=https://www.rsjonline.com/buzz/mass-appeal-india-is-now-a-reality.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=www.rsjonline.com}}</ref> The label had partnered with [[The Orchard (company)|The Orchard]] for music distribution.

== History ==
Mass Appeal India stated operating in August 2019 under partnership with the [[Universal Music India]]. The label first signed rapper [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Gurbaxani |first=Amit |date=2019-09-13 |title=Hindi Rapper Divine On Why He Signed With Mass Appeal India: 'It's Nas, Bro' |url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/hindi-rapper-divine-signed-mass-appeal-india-nas/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref> and released his first three solo studio albums ''Kohinoor'', ''Punya Paap'', and ''Gunehgar'', with a compilation album, ''Shutdown'', all of whom were released in partnership with Divine's own label [[Divine (rapper)#Gully Gang Entertainment|Gully Gang Entertainment]]. Artists like Aavrutti and Shah Rule also released their projects under Gully Gang Entertainment in partnership with Mass Appeal India; ''Naya Zamana'' in 2020 and ''Hooked'' in 2021, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=2019-08-20 |title=Nas, Mass Appeal and Universal Music Launch Hip-Hop Label in India, Sign Divine |url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/nas-mass-appeal-universal-music-launch-label-india-sign-divine-1203308110/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass Appeal India, Gully Gang to release hip-hop compilation album 'SHUTDOWN' to banish lockdown blues |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/music/mass-appeal-india-gully-gang-to-release-hip-hop-compilation-album-shutdown-to-banish-lockdown-blues20200606183841/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[ANI News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2020-09-18 |title=Aavrutti Drop 'Stage' Video, Talk Debut Album 'Naya Zamana' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/aavrutti-drop-stage-video-talk-debut-album-naya-zamana/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2021-05-10 |title=Shah Rule on new EP Hooked, collaborating with DIVINE, and using music as a balm to pandemic wounds-Entertainment News , Firstpost |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shah-rule-on-new-ep-hooked-collaborating-with-divine-and-using-music-as-a-balm-to-pandemic-wounds-9602931.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525180941/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shah-rule-on-new-ep-hooked-collaborating-with-divine-and-using-music-as-a-balm-to-pandemic-wounds-9602931.html |archive-date=2021-05-25 |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

The label signed [[Raja Kumari]] in 2020. In 2022, the label terminated their partnership with the [[Universal Music India]] and formed a new music distribution agreement with [[The Orchard (company)|The Orchard]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-26 |title=Mass Appeal Records, co-owned by Nas, inks deal with The Orchard |url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/big-move-for-sony-music-as-nass-mass-appeal-label-inks-deal-with-the-orchard/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Music Business Worldwide |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, Mass Appeal India initiated signing [[Malayalam hip hop|Malayalam hip-hop]] artists through a program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Sam |date=2020-10-11 |title=Rise of the street beat: India spits rhymes in Hindi, Malayalam, Tamil, Odia |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2020/Oct/11/rise-of-the-street-beat-india-spits-rhymes-in-hindi-malayalam-tamil-odia-2207716.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

American musician [[Kshmr|KSHMR]] also released his Indian hip-hop oriented album ''KARAM'' through Mass Appeal India, in partnership with his label Dharma Worldwide, which featured guest appearances from a plethora of Indian rappers like [[Seedhe Maut]], [[Yashraj]], [[KR$NA]], [[Raftaar]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[Raja Kumari]], Yungsta, [[Riar Shaab|Riar Saab]], [[Munawar Faruqui]], and [[Altaf Tadavi|MC STΔN]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2023 |title=KSHMR In Conversation With Rolling Stone India |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rolling-stone-video/kshmr-karam-album-video-interview-seedhe-maut-mc-stan-raja-kumari/ |access-date=December 28, 2025 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2023-11-24 |title=KSHMR - Inspiring a Generation with Melodies and Meaning |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/cover-story-kshmr-inspiring-a-generation-with-melodies-and-meaning/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2025, Nas visited India again to perform at the Mass Appeal Presents: The World Reunion—A Charity Concert, hosted by Mass Appeal India, at The Nesco Center, in Mumbai. He was accompanied by various Indian-origin rappers, such as, [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], [[Raftaar]], [[Ikka Singh|Ikka]], [[KR$NA]], [[King (singer)|King]], and [[Steel Banglez]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aurelius |first=Marcus |date=April 22, 2025 |title=Nas spends Easter weekend in India |url=https://liftedasia.com/article/nas-india |access-date=April 28, 2025 |website=LIFTED Asia}}</ref> In the same year, [[KRSNA (rapper)|KR$NA]] announced his first mixtape, ''Yours Truly'', which was released on 22 May 2025 and distributed via Mass Appeal India.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=28 April 2025 |title=KR$NA Teams Up with Nas' Mass Appeal for Highly Anticipated Project |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/krna-teams-up-with-nas-mass-appeal-for-highly-anticipated-project-1875587 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=September 18, 2025 |title=GQ Hype: Kr$na on rap battles, his fandom awaam and playing the long game |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-hype-krsna-on-rap-battles-his-fandom-awaam-and-playing-the-long-game |access-date=December 28, 2025 |website=[[GQ India]]}}</ref>

In January 2026, British-Punjabi folk singer Raf Saperra released his EP ''Venomz Vol.II'', featuring guest appearances from Taj Aulakh, Bobby Kang and American rappers [[Ghostface Killah]] and [[Benny the Butcher]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=DAILY |first=GRM |date=2026-01-16 |title=Raf-Saperra Teams Up With Benny The Butcher On New Track "Butcher's Scale" & New EP 'Venomz Vol II' |url=https://grmdaily.com/raf-saperra-benny-the-butcher-butchers-scale/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=GRM Daily |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-16 |title=Raf Saperra Releases Striking New Album ‘Venomz Vol. 2’ Ft. Ghostface Killah & Benny The Butcher Via Mass Appea |url=https://hiphop-n-more.com/2026/01/raf-saperra-new-album-venomz-vol-2-ft-ghostface-killah-benny-the-butcher-mass-appeal/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=HipHop-N-More |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Artists ==

* [[ThirumaLi]]
* [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Jass Manak]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2024-01-12 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Jass Manak Partners With Mass Appeal India |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/jass-manak-partners-with-mass-appeal-india/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Dabzee]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-09-15 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} 'Manavaalan Thug' was meant for my album: Indie artist Dabzee |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2023/Sep/15/interview-manavaalan-thug-was-meant-for-my-album-indie-artistdabzee-2614911.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Vedan (rapper)|Vedan]]
* [[AP Dhillon]]
* [[Kshmr|KSHMR]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=American DJ KSHMR Teams Up With Pop Icons King & Zaeden On New Track 'Aawara'; Deets Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/american-dj-kshmr-teams-up-with-pop-icons-king-deets-inside-8825409.html |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Heems]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Edwin |date=2024-03-12 |title=New York's desi rap star Heems's new album re-imagines the diasporic experience as a place to be whole |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/new-yorks-desi-rap-star-heemss-new-album-re-imagines-the-diasporic-experience-as-a-place-to-be-whole |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* The Ranjha<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2024-05-21 |title=How A Viral Cypher Catapulted The Ranjha to Release His Song 'Muqabala' Via Mass Appeal |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/how-a-viral-cypher-catapulted-the-ranjha-to-release-his-song-muqabala-via-mass-appeal/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
* JASKARAN<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2024 |title=Interview: Breakthrough Punjabi Emcee Jaskaran On His Debut Album ‘Divine Violence’ With Mass Appeal, Sidhu Moose Wala, Punjab’s Musical Heritage & Censorship |url=https://culturehaze.com/interview-breakthrough-punjabi-emcee-jaskaran-on-his-debut-album-divine-violence-with-mass-appeal-sidhu-moose-wala-punjabs-musical-heritage-censorship/ |access-date=April 19, 2025 |website=Culture Haze}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== Albums, mixtapes and EPs ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Artist(s)
!Title
!Ref
|-
|2019
|[[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]]
|''Kohinoor''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2023-10-09 |title=DIVINE Celebrates Four Years Since the Release of 'Kohinoor' Album |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/divine-kohinoor-album-release-anniversary/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020
|[[Ikka Singh|Ikka]]
|''I''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-10-16 |title=Mass Appeal India signs rapper IKKA; to launch 'Level Up' on October 26 |url=https://mediabrief.com/mass-appeal-india-signs-rapper-ikka/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=MediaBrief |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Various Artists
|''Shutdown''
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-06-06 |title=‘Shutdown’, a hip hop album on lockdown by Mass Appeal India and Divine’s Gully Gang |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/shutdown-a-hip-hop-album-on-lockdown-by-mass-appeal-india-and-gully-gang/article31765209.ece |access-date=2026-01-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|Kidshot
|''Bhot Kuch''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |title=‘Discovering Hip Hop Helped Me Break National Records & Escape Slum Crime’ |url=https://thebetterindia.com/310433/mumbai-powai-slum-hip-hop-rap-artist-kidshot-set-national-record-escape-life-of-crime/ |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]]
|''Punya Paap''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=How DIVINE's latest album Punya Paap took shape in post-lockdown India |url=https://www.redbull.com/in-en/divine-punya-paap-album |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Aavrutti
|''Naya Zamana''
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2021
|Shah Rule
|''Hooked''
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Ab 17, Sez on the Beat
|''TEZ FILAM''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-05-27 |title=When Dua Lipa Met SRK: Outdustry Have Cracked Artist Campaigns |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/outdustry-artist-campaigns-dua-lipa-lauv-jvke-mvmnt/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-18 |title=Indian hip hop producer of 'Gully Boy' fame picks young rapper from the dark gullies of New Delhi as the next one to watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/indian-hip-hop-producer-of-gully-boy-fame-picks-young-rapper-from-the-dark-gullies-of-new-delhi-as-the-next-one-to-watch/articleshow/95605096.cms |access-date=2026-01-11 |work=[[Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]]
|''Gunehgar''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=DIVINE's Third Album 'Gunehgar' Featuring Global Guest Collaborators Such As Russ, Jadakiss, Armani White And Hit-Boy Out Now via Mass Appeal India! – MusiCulture |url=https://www.musiculture.in/divines-third-album-gunehgar-featuring-global-guest-collaborators-such-as-russ-jadakiss-armani-white-and-hit-boy-out-now-via-mass-appeal-india/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|[[Tsumyoki]]
|''A Message From The Moon''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Shirish |date=2023-06-28 |title=Tsumyoki Curates an Emotional and Heartfelt Album "A Message From The Moon" {{!}} |url=https://theindianmusicdiaries.com/tsumyoki-curates-an-emotional-and-heartfelt-album-a-message-from-the-moon/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=The Indian Music Diaries |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kshmr|KSHMR]]
|''KARAM''
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|Dakait, Sez on the Beat
|''Dev Nagri Aur Main''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Dakait Drops Huge Debut Album 'Dev Nagri Aur Main' F/ Raga, Yungsta, Team Evolution & More, Prod. By Sez On The Beat - Culture Haze |url=https://culturehaze.com/dakait-drops-huge-debut-album-dev-nagri-aur-main-f-raga-yungsta-more-prod-by-sez-on-the-beat/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|yungsta, Sez on the Beat
|''MEEN''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Plus |first=Music |date=2023-05-11 |title=Yungsta and Sez on the Beat to release their debut album MEEN |url=https://www.musicplus.in/the-mvmnt-and-nas-mass-appeal-india-release-yungsta-sez-on-the-beats-debut-album-meen/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Musicplus |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
|JASKARAN
|''DIVINE VIOLENCE''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Raf Saperra
|''5 Deadly Venomz''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Folklore Of Raf Saperra's '5 Deadly Venomz' |url=https://trenchtrenchtrench.com/features/the-folklore-of-raf-saperra-5-deadly-venomz |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=trenchtrenchtrench.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Nazz
|''BATHROOM SINGER''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=GUMNAAM |url=https://www.chartoo.in/itunes/song/1735892082-gumnaam |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Chartoo |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[Divine (rapper)|DIVINE]], [[Karan Aujla]]
|''STREET DREAMS''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lange |first=Alexandra |date=2024-02-16 |title=Indian Rap Stars DIVINE and Karan Aujla Share Collaborative Album, 'Street Dreams' |url=https://audibletreats.com/divine-karan-aujla_pr2/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Audible Treats |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Heems]]
|''LAFANDAR''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heems Returns with New Album 'Lafandar,' Brings Das Racist Mixtapes to Vinyl {{!}} Exclaim! |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/heems-returns-with-new-album-lafandar-brings-das-racist-mixtapes-to-vinyl |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Heems Returns with New Album 'Lafandar,' Brings Das Racist Mixtapes to Vinyl {{!}} Exclaim! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Houghton |first=Edwin |date=2024-03-12 |title=New York’s desi rap star Heems’s new album re-imagines the diasporic experience as a place to be whole |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/new-yorks-desi-rap-star-heemss-new-album-re-imagines-the-diasporic-experience-as-a-place-to-be-whole |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=[[GQ India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|KR$NA
|''Yours Truly''
|<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />
|-
|Various Artists
|''The Lehar Chandigarh Mixtape''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=October 9, 2025 |title=Rap Recap: Ed Sheeran Taps Karan Aujla, Seedhe Maut’s Tour, Lehar Chandigarh Mixtape and More |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rap-recap-seedhe-maut-tour-farhan-khan-naam-sujal/ |access-date=December 28, 2025 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Raf Saperra
|''Venomz Vol.II''
|<ref name=":7" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian record labels]]
[[Category:Hip-hop record labels]]
[[Category:Labels distributed by Universal Music Group]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Seng Khasi Movement

2026-01-21T04:20:57Z

Cornelius R: general refine lead for consistency further and corrected details

{{Short description|Socio-cultural movement in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name = Seng Khasi Movement
| native_name =
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| caption =
| logo = Seng-Khasi.png
| other_name =
| leader =
| foundation = November 23, 1899
| dates =
| dissolved =
| merger =
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| merged =
| country = [[India]]
| allegiance =
| motives = Cultural preservation
| headquarters =
| area = [[Meghalaya]]
| ideology = Promoting [[Khasi people|Khasi]] interests
| position =
| slogan =
| crimes =
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| partof =
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| flag =
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| newspaper =
}}

The '''Seng Khasi''' movement is a socio-cultural movement in the [[Northeast India|northeast]] Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]. The movement supports the protection and preservation of [[Khasi people|Khasi]] culture and ''Niam Khasi'', their traditional religion.

== History ==
The Seng Khasi movement began in Mawkhar, [[Shillong]] on November 23, 1899. It was founded by 16 young Khasi men under the guidance and mentorship of U Babu Jeebon Roy, an educationist, entrepreneur and advocate of indigenous beliefs and culture of the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=Seng Khasi: An unshakeable pillar of cultural significance |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2022/08/28/seng-khasi-an-unshakeable-pillar-of-cultural-significance/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The sixteen founders were concerned about the loss of traditional Khasi culture and values due to the influence of [[British Empire|British colonial rule]] and [[Christian mission]]aries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya: Seng Khasi Movement Day - GKToday |url=https://www.gktoday.in/topic/meghalaya-seng-khasi-movement-day/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.gktoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-23 |title=Less we forget about the history of the Seng Khasi's year ending day — ‘Ka Seng Kut Snem’ |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/entertainment/artsculture/less-we-forget-about-the-history-of-the-seng-khasis-year/cid2513666.htm |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=thenortheasttoday.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The Seng Khasi started with one unit in 1899, but today there are over 300 branches spread across the Khasi Hills. The Seng Khasi are highly respected and universally acknowledged as custodians of the Khasi Way of Life. The Seng Khasi movement is one of the oldest and most respected cultural preservation movements in India, particularly among Tribal communities.

It has persevered for over a century now to preserve the ancient traditions, cultural dances, traditional music, arts and crafts of the Khasis. The Seng Khasi also lays great emphasis on keeping alive Khasi spirituality and the ancient wisdom of the indigenous faith.

The Seng Khasi movement remains an important and influential force in the [[Khasi Hills]] region, and continues to play a key role in creating awareness and pride in the Khasi culture and religion. The Seng Khasi is apolitical and is not involved in any matters political in nature. However, the Seng Khasi strives to gain recognition for the indigenous faith, Niam Khasi. Its adherents are denied several benefits due to this imbalance.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shillong |first=Ka Jingshai-An e-zine of Ramakrishna Mission |title=Online Class |url=https://kajingshai.rkmshillong.org/2021/09/10/seng-khasi-an-oath-to-the-truth-hammarsing-l-kharhmar/Ka%20Jingshai%3E |access-date=2022-12-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-23 |title=What is Seng Kut Snem and Its Importance for the Khasis in Meghalaya? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/what-is-seng-kut-snem-and-its-importance-for-the-khasis-in-meghalaya-6441835.html |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The movement focuses on advocating for the rights and interests of the Khasi people within the framework of the Indian constitutional system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=social and political movements in India |url=https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/21061/1/Unit-26.pdf}}</ref>

== Activities ==
The Seng Khasi organise the Khasi [[Sacred dance|religious dance]] known as the 'Shad Suk Mynsiem' (Dance of Peaceful Hearts). This dance was first performed in the renowned Weiking Ground in 1911. Nowadays, various branches organise the dance, which is held every weekend in different parts of the country from February until late June.

The dance has existed since time immemorial, but it was deemed pagan and devil worship by the British and their missionaries. However, it is now a source of pride for the Khasi people. Several other dances and their accompanying music have been revived across the state, inspired by the tireless efforts of the Seng Khasi. One of the Seng Khasi's most significant contributions in recent decades has been the revival of the annual pilgrimage to the summit of the [[Sacredness|sacred peak]], U Lum Sohpetbneng ('Navel of the Heavens'). On the first Sunday in February each year, a sea of devotees ascends to the sacred peak, which is believed to be the origin point of mankind on Earth. According to Khasis belief, seven families known as ‘U Hynñiewtrep’ descended to Earth to spread truth and nurture Mother Earth via a golden vine bridge known as ‘Ka Jingkieng Ksiar’.<ref>{{cite web |title= https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/annual-pilgrimage-to-meghalayas-sacred-lum-sohpetbneng-or-the-bridge-to-heaven-held-on-february-5-508997-2023-02-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seng Khasi fest begins today |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/seng-khasi-fest-begins-today/cid/328051 |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=The Meghalayan |date=2022-05-16 |title=Building a Legacy: Revisiting ideas of "Father of Modern Khasis" |url=https://themeghalayan.com/building-a-legacy-revisiting-ideas-of-father-of-modern-khasis/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=VibeThemes |last2=Dutta |first2=Dr Ankita |date=2022-05-28 |title=Ramayana Parampara among the Khasis of Meghalaya & the Seng Khasi Movement |url=https://cisindus.org/2022/05/28/ramayana-parampara-among-the-khasis-of-meghalaya-the-seng-khasi-movement/ |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=Home |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225182532/https://cisindus.org/2022/05/28/ramayana-parampara-among-the-khasis-of-meghalaya-the-seng-khasi-movement/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The movement has also worked to promote education and development in the Khasi Hills region, laying special emphasis on teaching traditional values alongside normal curriculums.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Manosh Das|date=Nov 25, 2019 |title=Meghalaya: Festival marks 109th anniversary of Seng Khasi movement {{!}} Shillong News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/festival-marks-109th-anniversary-of-seng-khasi-movement/articleshow/72221217.cms |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Despite its many accomplishments, the Seng Khasi movement has faced its share of challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seng Khasi College, Shillong |url=https://sengkhasicollege.in/note |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=sengkhasicollege.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2018-11-23 |title=Khasi fest Seng Kut Snem celebrated in Meghalaya |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/khasi-fest-seng-kut-snem-celebrated-in-meghalaya-118112300871_1.html |access-date=2022-12-25}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Khasi people]]

Virbhadra

2026-01-17T16:50:09Z

Cornelius R:

{{For|an avatar of Shiva, the town is named after|Virabhadra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Virbhadra
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.07|N|78.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dehradun district|Dehradun]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 330
| population_total = 13271
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kauravi|Khariboli]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Kauravi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHNDAAAAYAAJ |website=books.google.co.in |access-date=24 December 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Languages of Uttarakhand|url=https://www.studyfry.com/languages-dialects-spoken-uttarakhand-bhasha|website=studyfry.com|access-date=27 December 2025|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Khariboli|url=https://www.ofuttarakhand.com/what-is-language-of-uttarakhand/|access-date=28 December 2025|language=en}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 249202
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0135
| registration_plate = UK
| website = {{URL|uk.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Virbhadra''' is a town in [[Dehradun district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttarakhand]], located close to the pilgrimage town of [[Rishikesh]]. It is most known as the factory township of [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]], [[Rishikesh]] plant (IDPL), a [[Government of India]] undertaking, established in 1967, with about 2800 houses,<ref>[http://www.idpl.gov.in/rishikesh_plant.html Rishikesh Plant]</ref> with Government Inter College and a [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]], established in 1976 with support from IDPL administration but get closed in 2000, again reestablished by initiative of centre government in same campus in 2003 <ref>[http://kvrishikesh.org/aboutus.html History - KV, Virbhadra, Rishikesh].</ref> The town also has a historical [[Virbhadra Temple]], [[Neem Karoli Baba]] Ashram and a Hanuman Mandir. Very near to the town is the [[Pashulok Barrage]] which acts as a water reservoir for the Chilla Hydro power plant. The motorable road to the [[Neelkanth Mahadev Temple]] passes along the top of the dam.A book on IDPL township titled "Township ke Din" was written by writer Dr Harish Yadav which depicts the life of IDPL Virbhadra Township.<ref>https://evincepub.com/product-tag/township-ke-din/</ref>

==Geography==
Virbhadra is located at {{Coord|30.07|N|78.28|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/39/Birbhaddar.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Virbhadra]</ref> It has an average elevation of 330 metres (1,083 feet).

==History==
It is named after ''[[Virabhadra]]'', an avatar created through the wrath of [[Shiva]] after the [[yajña]] of [[Daksha]], at [[Kankhal]]. An ancient Shiva temple known as Virbhadra Temple, dedicated to him, is situated within the town. Virbhadra is famous for the first government pharmaceutical plant (producing Antibiotics), Indian Drugs and Pharmaceutical Limited (IDPL).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Virbhadra had a population of 13,271. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Virbhadra has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 75%. In Virbhadra, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Dehradun}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dehradun district]]

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

Salasar Superfast Express

2026-01-11T09:48:02Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Salasar Superfast Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|09|02}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Jodhpur}} (JU)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} (DEE)
| distance = {{convert|623|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 11 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12457/12458 [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bikaner Superfast Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22421 / 22422
| speed = {{convert|57|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 22421 / 22422 '''Salasar Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Delhi Sarai Rohilla}} and {{stnlnk|Bhagat Ki Kothi}} in India.

It operates as train number 22421 from Delhi Sarai Rohilla to Bhagat Ki Kothi and as train number 22422 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]] and Delhi.<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JOD-HMU-MAT-latest-jodhpur-news-043004-694761-NOR.html], ''bhaskar.com'', 4 August 2016</ref>

==Change of train number==

# 14705 > 22421
# 14706 > 22422

==Coaches==

The 22421 / 22 Salasar Superfast Express has 1 First Class AC Coach, 1 AC 2 tier, 3 AC 3 tier, 7 Sleeper Class, 6 General Unreserved & 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

The 22421 Salasar Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|623|km|0|abbr=on}} in 11 hours 15 mins (55 km/h) and in 11 hours 15 mins as 22422 Salasar Superfast Express (55 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 22421 / 22422 Salasar Superfast Express runs from Delhi Sarai Rohilla via {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}, {{stnlnk|Rewari}}, {{stnlnk|Loharu Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sadulpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Churu Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ratangarh Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Sujangarh}}, {{stnlnk|Didwana}}, {{stnlnk|Degana Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Merta Road Junction}} to Jodhpur.

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Bhagat Ki Kothi|Bhagat Ki Kothi Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

== See also ==

* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station]]
* [[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station]]
* [[Rajasthan Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Mandore Express]]
* [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bikaner Superfast Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-salasar-sf-express-22421/7486/350/2268 22421 Salasar Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-salasar-sf-express-22422/7490/2268/350 22422 Salasar Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salasar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Transport in Jodhpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

Jamia Mazharul Uloom, Banaras

2026-01-06T21:30:03Z

Cornelius R: made basic post v1

{{Short description|Indian Islamic seminary}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jamia Mazharul Uloom, Banaras
| native_name = جامعہ مظہر العلوم، بنارس
| established = {{start date and age|1893}}
| type = Islamic seminary
| rector = Independent Managing Committee
| founder = Hafiz Abdullah
| city = Varanasi
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| language = Arabic, Urdu
| campus = Urban
}}

'''Jamia Mazharul Uloom''' ({{lang|ur|جامعہ مظہر العلوم، بنارس}}) is an Islamic seminary located in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is one of the older religious institutions in the region and primarily provides instruction in Islamic sciences, including the [[Dars-e-Nizami]] curriculum, [[Hifz|Hifz (Qur'an memorization)]], and the Arabic, Persian, and [[Urdu]] languages.<ref name="Madaris">{{cite book |last=Ishaq |first=Muhammad Qamar |title=Hindustan ke Aham Madaris |volume=1 |publisher=Institute of Objective Studies |location=New Delhi |date=1996 |page=290 |language=ur |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/hindustan-ke-aham-madaris-volume-001-mohammad-qamar-ishaq-ebooks}}</ref><ref name="EPW">{{cite journal |title=Muslim Educational Institutions in India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412003?read-now=1&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents|journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=30 |issue=40 |date=7 October 1995 |jstor=4412003 |page=1482}}</ref>

== History ==
Varanasi has historically been a renowned center of Islamic scholarship, producing numerous scholars, poets, mystics, and religious figures across generations. With the decline of individual educational households and private madrasas in the early 20th century, a growing need was felt for a permanent Islamic seminary in the city. This need culminated in the founding of Jamia Mazharul Uloom in 1893 (1310 AH), attributed to the efforts of Hafiz Abdullah, a devout and charitable Muslim artisan. He was known for dedicating his personal earnings toward mosque construction and religious education, and reportedly spent his inheritance of ₹5,000 entirely on building a mosque on the banks of the Ganges.<ref name="AlBalaagh">{{cite journal |last=Banarasi |first=Muhammad Ishaq|title=Jamia Mazharul Uloom par ek nazar|trans-title=A look at Jamia Mazhar-ul-Uloom|journal=Monthly Al-Balaagh |volume=1 |issue=7–9 |date=December 1954 |pages=219–220 |editor1-last=Muniri |editor1-first=Muhiuddin |publisher=Kutub Khana Jamia Millia Islamia |location=Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/1955_20210418/page/n237/mode/1up|language=ur}}</ref>

The seminary emerged in a city that had historically hosted prominent teachers such as Shah Raza Ali, Qutb of Benares; Hafiz Amanullah Husayni, a master of logic and philosophy; and early reformist educators associated with the Dars-e-Nizami curriculum. The founding of Jamia Mazharul Uloom was seen as a continuation of this tradition. According to a 1954 report, the seminary initially provided lodging and meals for 40 to 50 poor students, and gradually expanded to host over 250 students at a time.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=220}}

By 1954, thousands of students had reportedly graduated from the seminary, including huffaz (Qur'an memorizers), Islamic scholars (ʿulama), and imams. Many served in various mosques and educational institutions across northern India and beyond. Notably, Shah Mun'ami, who later became [[Bihar]]'s Minister of Public Works, was an alumnus of the seminary.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=221}}

== Curriculum ==
The seminary offers religious education from the elementary level up to the ''Dawrah-e-Hadith'' (advanced study of hadith). Its curriculum includes:
# Qur'anic studies
# Dars-e-Nizami syllabus (including Islamic jurisprudence, logic, and theology)
# Arabic, Urdu, and Persian languages

Annual examinations are conducted through both written and oral assessments, covering both religious and general subjects. Admission requires candidates to pass preliminary written and oral tests.<ref name="Madaris"/>

== Boarding and welfare ==
In 1954 (1374 AH), the seminary maintained a residential facility (''darul-iqama'') for full-time students. Out of approximately 150 enrolled students at that time, nearly 100 received free lodging and meals provided by the institution, while around 50 arranged their own accommodations. The seminary prioritized the needs of poor and orphaned students during that period.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=223}}

Additionally, a dedicated orphanage (''yateem khana'') was established at the seminary in 1941 with the aim of combining religious education with structured care for orphaned children. In 1948, the foundation stone of a separate facility for the orphanage was laid by India’s then Governor-General, [[C. Rajagopalachari]]. According to the same 1954 report, community donations totaling around ₹19,000 were collected to construct a protective boundary wall around the acquired land.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=224}}

As of 1954, twelve orphaned children were enrolled in the institution, and nearly fifty had graduated from the orphanage’s program over a span of about 13 years.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=224}}

== Library ==
According to the 1954 report, the seminary's library contained approximately 2,500 books covering various branches of Islamic and general knowledge.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=224}}

== Student organization ==
As of 1954, a student association named '''Anjuman al-Balagh''' actively organized weekly speech contests, scholarly debates, and religious events for student development.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=224}}

== Notable features ==
* Teachers from various Islamic schools of thought have served at the institution.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=222}}
* It has historically fostered an inclusive and non-sectarian educational environment.
* The seminary has produced numerous graduates who served in religious and community leadership roles across India.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=222}}

== Funding ==
In the 1950s, the seminary was largely supported through donations from local benefactors. Its annual operating budget at that time was approximately ₹16,000, primarily sourced through local charitable contributions.{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=223}}

== Notable alumni ==
* '''[[Habibur Rahman Azami]]''' – Indian Hadith scholar<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Irfanullah |first=Dr |last2=Mehmood |first2=Sajid |date=2014-06-30 |title=Maulana Habib ur Rahman A l- Aazmi: Life and works (Biography) |url=http://www.burjis.com/index.php/burjis/article/view/44 |journal=Bannu University Research Journal in Islamic Studies |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=3 |issn=2790-6493}}</ref>
* '''Muhammad Ibrahim Banarsi''' – Former Mufti of Varanasi and Khateeb of [[Gyanvapi Mosque]]{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=220}}
* '''Shah Mun'ami''' – Former Minister of Public Works, Bihar{{Sfn|Banarasi|1954|p=220}}
* '''[[Tahir Hussain Gayavi]]''' – Indian Islamic scholar<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=مشہور عالم دین و مناظر مولانا طاہر حسین گیاوی کا انتقال |trans-title=Famous religious scholar and thinker Maulana Tahir Husain Gayawi passes away |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-tahir-husain-gayawi-ka-inteqal/ |access-date=2025-05-31 |website=Qindeel |language=ur |archive-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710235312/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-tahir-husain-gayawi-ka-inteqal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Abdul Batin Nomani]]''' – Mufti of Varanasi and Imam of Gyanvapi Mosque<ref name="Baseerat2025">{{cite web |last=Arshi |first=Syed Alqamah |date=5 May 2025 |title=Mufti Abdul Batin Nomani Imam-o-Khatib Jama Masjid Gyanvapi Banaras: Sawanehi Khaka |trans-title=Mufti Abdul Batin Nomani, Imam and Khatib of Gyanvapi Mosque, Varanasi: A Biographical Sketch |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/222487 |access-date=31 May 2025 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Islamic universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1893]]
[[Category:1893 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]

Sudip Sarkar

2026-01-05T19:30:30Z

Cornelius R: put up a stub v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Sudip Sarkar
| constituency = [[Barjala Assembly constituency|Barjala]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| term_end =
| term_start = 8 September 2023
| predecessor = Dilip Kumar Das
| parents =
| birth_date =
| birth_name =
| birth_place =
| education = [[Matriculation]] Sukhamoy H.S. School (1993)
}}

'''Sudip Sarkar''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] politician of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Elections: Revival of Hope for '10323' as Left Fields 2 Affected Teachers in Polls |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Tripura-Elections-Revival-Hope-10323-Left-Fields-2-Teachers-Polls |work=NewsClick |date=8 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Sudip Sarkar(Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))):Constituency- BARJALA (SC)(WEST TRIPURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6770 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a [[Member of Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Barjala Assembly constituency]] in the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of Legislative Assembly {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/members-legislative-assembly |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of Members of The Tripura Legislative Assembly |url=https://tripurainfo.com/Tripurainfo-Tripura-MLA-list.aspx |work=tripurainfo.com}}</ref>

In [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], Sarkar won the election against [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s incumbent MLA [[Dilip Kumar Das]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2023 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2023-election-results.html |work=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudip Sarkar(सुदीप सरकार) Of Barjala (Tripura) Constituency Election Results 2023 - NDTV.in |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/tripura/vidhan-sabha-election-candidates-list-2023/sudip-sarkar-23004-2 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref>

Sarkar [[matriculated]] from Sukhamoy H.S. School in 1993.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Sudip}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Tripura-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Karnataka State Information Commission

2025-12-03T19:39:11Z

Cornelius R: made basic pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Statutory body in Karnataka, India}}{{Infobox high court
| court_name = Karnataka State Information Commission
| native_name =
| established = {{start date and years ago|2006|03|02|df=y|p=y}}
| jurisdiction = [[Karnataka]]
| location = Mahiti Soudha, Devaraj Urs Road, Opposite to Vidhan Soudha, West Gate-2,
Bengaluru-560001.<ref name="kic ref1">{{cite web |title=Karnataka State Information Commission |url=https://www.kic.gov.in/whatwedo.do |website=Karnataka State Information Commission |access-date=19 January 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119032752/https://www.kic.gov.in/whatwedo.do |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| appealsto =
| terms = 3 years from the date of entering office or up to 65 years of age (whichever is earlier)
| authority = [[Right to Information Act, 2005]]
| website = https://www.kic.gov.in/whatwedo.do
| motto = {{langx|sa|सूचना जनाधिकार:॥}} ''({{transliteration|sa|Soochna Janadhikaraha}}) {{translation}} Information is the right of the people.''
| chiefjudgetitle = State Chief Information Commissioner
| chiefjudgename = Dr. H C Satyan
| chiefjudgetitle2 =
| chiefjudgename2 =
}}

The '''Karnataka State Information Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[Statute|statutory]] body constituted[[Government gazette|Gazette]].

== History and objective ==

Karnataka State Information Commission has to be constituted as per The Right to Information Act, 2005 by the State Governments in India through a notification in official Gazette.<ref name="sic ref1">{{cite news |title=State Information Commission: Composition, Power and Functions |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/state-information-commission-1438319829-1 |access-date=15 January 2022 |publisher=jagranjosh.com |date=30 March 2019}}</ref>

Karnataka State Information Commission is formed to take up the following:<ref name="sic ref12">{{cite news |title=The decline of India's right to information regime, in four charts |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/the-decline-of-india-s-right-to-information-regime-in-four-charts-11604385637705.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=livemint |date=4 November 2020}}</ref>

* Appeals on the information shared by various government entities under the Right to Information Act.<ref name="kic ref4">{{cite news |title=CID comes under the purview of RTI Act, says Karnataka Information Commission |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cid-comes-under-the-purview-of-rti-act-says-karnataka-information-commission/article27394788.ece |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=31 May 2019}}</ref>
* Complaints on refusal to give information or in relation to inability to file Right to Information Act.
* Commission should get annual report from various departments working in the state about complaints received under Right to Information Act, 2005 and their responses on the same.

Karnataka Information Commission occasionally conducts awareness programmes on implementation of the Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005 effectively by general public.

N C Srinivasa is the current Chief Information commissioner of Karnataka Information Commission.<ref name="kic ref3">{{cite news |title=30,000 second appeals pending before Information Commission: RTI reply |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/30000-second-appeals-pending-before-information-commission-rti-reply-970350.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

== Tenure and service ==

Any vacancy in the State Information Commission has to be filled within six months from the date of vacancy.<ref name="sic ref7">{{cite news |title=SC Asks States for Updates on Vacancies, Pendency in Information Commissions |url=https://thewire.in/government/sc-orders-state-to-file-status-reports-on-information-commissions |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Wire |date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

Karnataka Chief Information Commissioner (CIC), Information Commissioner (IC) and State Information Commissioner's salaries, allowances and other service terms and conditions are equivalent to a Judge of the Supreme Court.<ref name="sic ref10">{{cite news |title=RTI Bill 2019: Undermining autonomy of information commissions and transparency in governance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rti-bill-2019-undermining-autonomy-of-information-commissions-and-transparency-in-governance-1571439-2019-07-19 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=19 July 2019}}</ref>

== Powers and functions ==

The commission under powers granted to it can secure from the public authorities compliance of any of its decisions.

Commission is duty bound to receive and conduct enquiry into any complaint received from any person.

The commission has civil judicial authority for issuing summons requiring examination of any witnesses or related documents or any other prescribed matters relating to complaint.

Any provision under which summons were issued and as per which attendance is required of persons and requires them to give written or oral evidence under an oath and producing documents or other details relevant to it.

Provision requiring evidence on stamped affidavit.

Powers relating to request from any court or office of any public record.

Commission under the powers can recommend steps which can be taken for confirming to the provisions of the act if any public authority fails to do so.

== Challenges ==

Karnataka State Information Commission are overburdened with backlog cases,<ref name="kic ref2">{{cite news |title=Karnataka: 50% drop in RTI case hearings, pending cases breach 30,000-mark |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/karnataka-50-drop-in-rti-case-hearings-pending-cases-breach-30000-mark-1042660.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |publisher=deccanherald.com |date=21 October 2021}}</ref> similar to [[Central Vigilance Commission]].<ref name="sic ref8">{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Soni |title=Central Information Commission headless for 5th time in 6 years |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/27/central-information-commission-headless-for-5th-time-in-6-years.html |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=the week |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> A shortage of available staff has produced a backlog of cases filed.<ref name="sic ref4">{{cite news |last1=sharma |first1=nidhi |title=Info commissions have a waiting time of over one year for an applicant seeking information under RTI Act: Report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/info-commissions-have-a-waiting-time-of-over-one-year-for-an-applicant-seeking-information-under-rti-act-report/articleshow/86946016.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=economictimes |date=11 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="sic ref5">{{cite news |title=Over 32,000 RTI appeals pending with Central Information Commission: Govt. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/over-32000-rti-appeals-pending-with-central-information-commission-govt/article37969462.ece |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=16 December 2021}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh has the largest backlog as of October 2014. States like Mizoram, Sikkim and Tripura didn't have pending complaints.<ref name="sic ref6">{{cite news |title=21 of 29 state information commissions did not hold any RTI hearings during lockdown |url=https://theprint.in/india/21-of-29-state-information-commissions-did-not-hold-any-rti-hearings-during-lockdown/426103/ |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=The Print |date=21 May 2020}}</ref> State Information Commission as per the provision has limited to provide information and cannot take any action.

In spite of above limitation, Karnataka State Information Commissions plays a crucial role in ensuring transparency in public life and supports in greater way in checking corruption, combating oppression, preventing nepotism and misuse of the public authority.

A survey conducted by [[Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative]], showed that most State Information Commission in India were inactive during Covid pandemic.<ref name="sic ref11">{{cite news |title=State information commissions inactive during COVID-19: Survey |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/state-information-commissions-inactive-during-covid-19-survey-70736 |access-date=16 January 2022 |publisher=downtoearth |date=28 April 2020}}</ref>

== Related articles ==

[[Central Information Commission]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.kic.gov.in/whatwedo.do Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119032752/https://www.kic.gov.in/whatwedo.do |date=2022-01-19 }}
* [https://rtionline.karnataka.gov.in/ RTI link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119033318/https://rtionline.karnataka.gov.in/ |date=2022-01-19 }}



[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption agencies]]

Berubari, West Bengal

2025-12-03T05:08:36Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Berubari
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|24|29|N|88|42|14|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jalpaiguri (community development block)|Jalpaiguri]]
| government_type = [[Village Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 64.24
| elevation_m = 73
| population_total = 41593
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735132
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 03561
| registration_plate = WB-71, WB-72
}}

'''Berubari''' is a village in [[Jalpaiguri (community development block)|Jalpaiguri Block]], [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri District]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is located near the border with [[Bangladesh]], approximately 12.7 kilometres south of the district and block capital [[Jalpaiguri]]. In 2011, it has a total population of 41,593.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Berubari is located to the west of the [[Teesta River]]. It is located to the south of Dhapganj Hat, west of Araji Garalbari, north of Dhantala, and east of Chhitland of Singimari. The village covers an area of 6424.09 hectares.

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], there are 9,643 households within Berubari. Among the 41,493 residents, 21,215 are male and 20,378 are female. The total literacy rate is 67.46%, with 15,724 of the male population and 12,269 of the female population being literate. The census location code of Berubari is 307616.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]
{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}

Pulla, Eluru district

2025-12-02T15:47:49Z

Cornelius R: Adding new location v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pulla
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Pulla Railway Station board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pulla railway station signboard
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Pulla''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is situated in Bhimadole [[Tehsil|mandal]] of Eluru revenue division.<ref>{{Cite web|title = AP- The Richest State By 2030|url = http://www.gulte.com/news/31075/AP-The-Richest-State-By-2030|website = Gulte.com|accessdate = 2015-10-29}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
[[File:Paddy fields near Pulla village.jpg|thumb|Paddy fields near Pulla village]]
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Pulla had a population of 13043. The total population constitute, 6497 males and 6546 females with a sex ratio of 1008 females per 1000 males. 1265 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with sex ratio of 940 The average literacy rate stands at 70.75%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/588360-pulla-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Pulla Census 2011|accessdate=23 May 2017}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==

* "List of Sub-Districts". Census of India. Archived from the original on 14 May 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-25.

{{coord|16|48|N|81|19|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Urra Village

2025-11-28T02:27:26Z

Cornelius R: put up initial place from scratch - done

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Urra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Urra
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 = 
| area_land_km2 = 
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m =
| elevation_min_m =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 479<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/urra-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Urra data|website=www.censusindia.com|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797113
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Urra''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]] and is a suburb of [[Chümoukedima]], the district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/govt-notifies-jurisdiction-for-three-new-districts|title=Govt notifies jurisdiction for three new districts|date=20 December 2021|website=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mapsofindia.com/villages/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/urra.html|title=Map of Urra|website=www.mapsofindia.com|access-date=4 January 2023}}</ref>

==Demographics==
Urra is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 101 households in Urra. The total population of Urra is 479.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Urra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221060628/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Nagaland/Dimapur/Chumukedima/Urra|url-status=usurped|archive-date=December 21, 2021|title=Census of India 2011 – Urra data|website=indiagrowing.com|access-date=27 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Dhansiri

2025-11-26T15:01:33Z

Cornelius R: Added A Info...

{{Short description|River in India}}
{{About|the river in Assam|the river in Bangladesh|Dhanshiri River}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Dhansiri
| native_name =
| name_other =
| image = Cloudy,variety colors,sky394.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_caption = Dhansiri river near [[Golaghat]]
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Mouth of Dhansiri river in Assam, India
| source1_location = Laisang Peak (Nagaland)
| mouth_location = [[Brahmaputra River]]
| progression =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = Location
| subdivision_name2 = Assam, Nagaland
| length = {{convert|352|km|abbr=on}}
| river_system =
}}

The '''Dhansiri''' is an Indian [[river]] of [[Golaghat District]] of [[Assam]] and the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] and [[Dimapur district|Dimapur District]] of [[Nagaland]]. It originates from ''Laisang peak'' of [[Nagaland]]. It flows through a distance of {{convert|352|km|mi}} from south to north before joining the [[Brahmaputra]] on its south bank. Its total catchment area is {{convert|1220|km2|mi2}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://golaghat.gov.in/geograph.htm|title=Geography of Golaghat|access-date=2007-12-21|publisher=Government of Assam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106061254/http://golaghat.gov.in/geograph.htm|archive-date=6 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
In [[Buranji|Ahom Buranjis]], it is mentioned as ''Khe-Nam-Ti-Ma'' which means A river coming from watery place. (Khe = A river, Nam = Water, Ti = Place, Ma = Coming)<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/content/AA/00/00/06/16/00001/pdf.pdf|title=Ahom-Assamese-English dictionary|last=Borua|first=Gopal Chandra|location=Calcutta|pages=40}}</ref>

==Geography==
While flowing as the boundary between [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] and Nagaland, it flanks a large wilderness very rich in wildlife. On one side is the Dhansiri Reserved Forest and on the other [[Intanki National Park]].<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2009). A Naturalist in Karbi Anglong. Revised 2nd edn. (1st pub. 1993), Gibbon Books, Guwahati, India. 152pp.</ref>

It has several types of important wood bearing trees along its bank like Intanki Forest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dimapur.nic.in/files/dhansiripar.html |title=Brief documentation of Dhansiripar Block |access-date=2007-12-21 |publisher=Government of Nagaland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627203314/http://dimapur.nic.in/files/dhansiripar.html |archive-date=2007-06-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dhansari river along with [[Kopili River|Kapili]] by headward erosion has completely isolated the [[Mikir Hills|Mikir hill]]s from the Peninsular plateau. There are numerous perennially waterlogged swampy region locally known as bils associated with this river.

==Fishes==
A fish survey conducted in 2011-12 found 34 species of fish belonging to five orders, thirteen families, and 24 genera. Seventeen species of [[Cypriniformes]] were found, followed by eight species of [[Siluriformes]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharjee |first1=Biswajit Kumar |last2=Das |first2=Madhurima |last3=Borah |first3=Papari |last4=Purkayastha |first4=Jayaditya |title=Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Dhansiri River, Dimapur, Nagaland, India |journal=Check List |date=1 November 2012 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1163–1165 |doi=10.15560/8.6.1163 |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/8.6.1163#:~:text=River%20Dhansiri%20is%20an%20important,the%20Dhansiri%20river%20till%20date. |access-date=11 June 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Dhansiri river in Dimapur has freshwater, semi torrent, hill stream and ornamental fish species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Acharjee |first1=Biswajit Kumar |last2=Das |first2=Madhurima |last3=Borah |first3=Papari |last4=Purkayastha |first4=Jayaditya |title=Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Dhansiri River, Dimapur, Nagaland, India |journal=Check List |date=1 November 2012 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=1163–1165 |doi=10.15560/8.6.1163 |url=https://www.biotaxa.org/cl/article/view/8.6.1163#:~:text=River%20Dhansiri%20is%20an%20important,the%20Dhansiri%20river%20till%20date. |access-date=11 June 2020|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of rivers of Nagaland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Source Geography of India (Majid Hussain, TMH)
*[http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/environment/wetland/envwl004.htm Wetlands along the Dhansiri River channel, Assam - A paper by MK Dutta and P Kotoky]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080521232042/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/11/a3264211.shtml BBC Report:Marching on to Laffan's Plain - Chapter 12 by Alan Shaw]
*[http://www.xobdo.org/dic07/dic.php?lang=ENG&wrd=dhansiri Xobdo.Org Encyclopaedia entry on Dhansiri]
*[http://npcbngl.nic.in/laboratory.htm#National%20Water%20Quality%20Monitoring%20Programme%20(NWMP) Nagaland Pollution Control Board's NWMP entry on water quality levels of the Dhansiri River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602063723/http://npcbngl.nic.in/laboratory.htm#National%20Water%20Quality%20Monitoring%20Programme%20(NWMP) |date=2 June 2018 }}

{{Hydrography of North-east India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|26|40|N|93|45|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Rivers of Assam]]
[[Category:Rivers of Nagaland]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}
{{India-river-stub}}

Indurikar Maharaj

2025-11-14T05:02:23Z

Cornelius R: made initial stub initial version

{{short description|Social educator from Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Indurikar Maharaj
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Indorikar Maharaj
| birth_name = Nivrutti Kashinath Deshmukh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|1|9}}
| birth_place = Indori, [[Akole taluka]], [[Ahmednagar district]], Maharashtra
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| alma_mater = Gokhale Education Society's College of Education
| occupation = {{hlist|
[[Kirtankar]]|
social educator|
[[teacher]] (formerly)|
}}
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| known_for = [[Kirtans]] (In Marathi)
| spouse = Shalinitai Deshmukh
| children = 2
}}

'''Nivrutti Kashinath Deshmukh''' (born 9 January 1972) commonly known as '''Indurikar Maharaj''', is an Indian [[kirtan]]kar and social educator from [[Maharashtra]], India. His shows typically involve humorous routines that poke fun at societal ills and malpractices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Rajshekhar |title=निवृत्ती महाराज देशमुख इंदोरीकर यांचे बहारदार समाज प्रबोधन |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/deshpande-maharaj-deshmukh-indurkars-kirtan-132739 |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[Sakal]] |date=23 July 2018 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=निवृत्ती महाराज देशमुख (इंदोरीकर) यांचा २० रोजी भव्य कीर्तन सोहळा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/aurangabad/nivrutra-deshmukh-indorekar-celebrates-20th-anniversary-kirtan-sangeet/ |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=18 November 2017 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Indurikar was born on 9 January 1972 to a Kshatriya Maratha kirtankar family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gaikwad |first1=Anand |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांचा वाढदिवस पंकजा मुंडे, थोरात, जानकरांनी केला 'एन्जाॅय' |url=https://www.sarkarnama.in/indurikar-maharaj-birthday-presence-political-leaders-32596 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Sarkar Nama |date=10 January 2019 |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="personal life"/><ref name="writ"/> He grew up in Indori village in [[Akole taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar district]] and adopted the [[demonym]] ''Indorikar/Indurikar'' as part of his stage name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Murumkar |first1=Ashok |title=आपल्या हाटके स्टाईसाठी प्रसिद्ध असलेल्या इंदुरीकर महाराजांच्या गावाची माहिती जाणून घ्या |url=https://www.esakal.com/ahmednagar/learn-about-indurikar-maharaj-village-which-famous-its-hatke-style-339833 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=www.esakal.com |date=30 August 2020 |language=mr-IN |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919084014/https://www.esakal.com/ahmednagar/learn-about-indurikar-maharaj-village-which-famous-its-hatke-style-339833 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Nandkumar |title=इंदोरीकरांच्या समर्थनार्थ अकोले तालुक्यात कडकडीत बंद |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/ahmednagar-news/ahmednagar-bandh-morcha-and-thousand-of-supporters-protest-to-support-of-indurikar-maharaj-in-akole/articleshow/74266630.cms |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=23 February 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
Indurikar earned a [[Bachelor of Education|B.Ed.]] degree from the Gokhale Education Society's College of Education in [[Sangamner]], [[Ahmednagar district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Prestigious Alumina: LIST OF SOME OF THE PROMINENT ALUMNI OF THE SOCIETY TILL 2018 |url=https://gesociety.in/prestigious-alumina/ |website=gesociety.in |publisher=Gokhale Education Society |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eminent Alumni |url=https://gescoledusgm.org/alumni/ |website=gescoledusgm.org |publisher=College of Education |access-date=31 December 2020 |location=[[Sangamner]], Maharashtra}}</ref> He initially worked as a teacher and started performing ''Kirtans'' at the age of 22.<ref name="personal life"/><ref name="teacher"/>

==Kirtan style==
Indurikar is known for interlacing humorous relatable examples in his kirtans and thus is able to quickly strike a cord with the audience. First cassette of his kirtan was released in 2003 and soon became famous over the social media.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Temghare |first1=Shankar |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांना सोशल मीडियाने दिला आधार अन् केले बेजारही |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/shankar-temghare-article-indurikar-maharaj-social-media-263437 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=www.esakal.com |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Indurikar, along with a group of associates, employ musical instruments ''[[Taal (instrument)|Taal]]'' and ''[[Mridang]]'', but their usage is minimal.

According to [[Sadanand More]], a historian as well as a kirtan writer, Indurikar does not fit within the hierarchy of [[Sant Mat|Sant Parampara]] and [[Warkari]] sampradaya. He added that Indurikar's objectification of women and substandard jokes are indicative of base-level mediocrity.<ref>{{cite news |title="महाराष्ट्राच्या संत परंपरेत इंदुरीकरांचं कीर्तन बसत नाही; त्यांचे विनोदही कमी दर्जाचे" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra-news/indurikar-maharaj-sadanand-more-criticized-indurikar-maharaj-bmh-90-2087813/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Loksatta |date=18 February 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=इंदोरीकर महाराजांची शैली कीर्तन परंपरेला बाधा आणणारी; सदानंद मोरे |url=https://www.lokmat.com/pune/indorikar-maharajs-style-do-not-suit-tradition-kirtan-sadanand-more/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Lokmat |date=19 February 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=More |first1=Sadanand |author1-link=Sadanand More |title=इंदोरीकरांवर चर्चा यापूर्वीच व्हायला हवी होती. |url=https://www.facebook.com/moresadanand/posts/1446022032245476 |website=Facebook |access-date=1 January 2021 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

He has been accused of promoting superstition.<ref>{{cite news |title=Majha Vishesh: इंदुरीकर महाराजांचं कीर्तन की अंधश्रद्धेचा बाजार? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/videos/news/abp-majha-vishesh-indurikar-maharaj-statement-741294 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[ABP Majha]] |date=12 February 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>


==Controversies==
Teachers unions in [[Maharashtra]] expressed displeasure at swipes taken by Indurikar accusing teachers of being lazy.<ref name="teacher">{{cite news |last1=नेब |first1=वेदांत |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांची शिक्षकांची खिल्ली उडवणारी क्लिप व्हायरल, शिक्षक संघटनाची नाराजी |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/teachers-union-upset-with-indurikar-maharaj-mocking-clip-viral-741894 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[ABP Majha]] |date=14 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref>

Indurikar has made several controversial statements about woman. Some examples of these statements are:<ref>{{cite news |last1=बंगाळे |first1=श्रीकांत |title='इंदुरीकर महाराजांना महिलांशी काय प्रॉब्लेम आहे?' |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-47207896 |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] मराठी |date=8 March 2019 |language=mr}}</ref>
*"The wife of a man who does love marriage calls her husband by name. What a great shortcoming this is. We are men, men. Husband is husband. If my wife calls me single, why won't she gnash her teeth?"
*"No matter how heavy the sandals are, what do you wear around your neck? Where are the sandals? She is a wife. She must be of that size."
*"The less clothes there are on the body of the child, the more the child should be beaten."
*"Tell the maid's wives, what do you do? Shame on you."
*"Pori started dancing in front of Navradeva. At the wedding, check the family, who are yours?"
*"Parents, check your daughters' hands. See if there is a bangle. Or a drowned religion?"
*"Poryalabi was not left alone. She started falling in love with someone. We were in the same class and they said they fell in love. ''Kanphad'' (face) should be broken."

=== February 2020 case===
In February 2020, Indurikar received strong backlash for one of his statements that his made during his sermon in Ozar ([[budruk]]) in Ahmednagar. The preacher had reportedly said that ''"If a woman has intercourse on the even date, a boy is born. If a woman is on an odd date, a girl is born .... If intercourse is done at an inauspicious time, the child that is born would bring a bad name to the family. If the timing (of intercourse) is missed, the quality of output (child) will be sub-standard."''<ref name="Complaint filed"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=चौकर |first1=निखील |title=स्त्रीसंग सम तिथीला झाल्यास मुलगा आणि विषम तिथीला झाल्यास मुलगी होते, इंदुरीकर महाराजांचं वादग्रस्त वक्तव्य |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/notice-to-indurikar-maharaj-by-pcpndt-committee-on-controversial-statement-740918 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=ABP Majha |date=11 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref>

An Anti-superstition NGO [[Maharashtra Andhashraddha Nirmoolan Samiti]] sought to file case against Indurikar claiming his remarks on timing of intercourse and gender of child violated the [[Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994|Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act]] as well as the [[Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act|anti Black-Magic Act]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-superstition NGO wants FIR against Indurikar Maharaj |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/antisuperstition-ngo-wants-fir-against-indurikar-maharaj/1733696 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Outlook India |date=February 13, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Nandkumar |title=कीर्तनकार इंदुरीकर महाराजांवर गुन्हा दाखल करा; 'अंनिस'ची मागणी |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/ahmednagar-news/maharashtra-andhashraddha-nirmulan-samiti-demanded-filing-of-police-case-against-popular-marathi-kirtankar-nivrutti-maharaj-indurikar-over-his-recent-remarks/articleshow/74175934.cms |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Maharashtra Times |date=17 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref> His ''kirtan'' in [[Kolhapur]] was abruptly cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kadam |first1=Ganesh Pandurang |title=इंदोरीकरांचा शिवाजी विद्यापीठातील कार्यक्रम रद्द; वेळेत पोहोचणार नसल्याचं कारण |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/kolhapur/kolhapur-indurikar-maharaj-cancels-kirtan-in-shivaji-university-after-protest-by-maharashtra-andhashraddha-nirmoolan-samiti/articleshow/74378813.cms |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Maharashtra Times |date=28 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=Kolhapur varsity cancels controversial Marathi kirtankar’s talk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kolhapur-varsity-cancels-controversial-marathi-kirtankars-talk/article30946830.ece |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 February 2020 |location=Pune |language=en-IN}}</ref> Women's rights activist [[Trupti Desai]] threatened to throw ink on his face if a case wasn't filed against him soon.<ref>{{cite news |title=Activist threatens to blacken preacher’s face |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/200220/activist-threatens-to-blacken-preachers-face.html |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=The Asian Age |date=20 February 2020}}</ref>

Indurikar apologized in a handwritten note saying he was tendering an apology if anyone's sentiments were hurt by his remarks.<ref name="apology"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Preacher Indurikar Maharaj apologises for remarks |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/11234558_Preacher-Indurikar-Maharaj-apologises-for-remarks.html |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Press Trust of India |agency=PTI |date=February 18, 2020 |location=Aurangabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांनी 'त्या' वक्तव्यावर व्यक्त केली दिलगिरी |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-51519558 |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] मराठी |date=16 February 2020 |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="case filed"/> He added that some people unhappy with his work were causing additional trouble for him.<ref>{{cite news |title=People unhappy with my work troubling me: Nivrutti Maharaj |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/people-unhappy-with-my-work-troubling-me-nivrutti-maharaj/1736554 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[Outlook India]] |agency=PTI |date=17 February 2020}}</ref> While answering a notice from the health department, Indurikar flip-flopped claiming that he made no such statements and there was no event held on dates in question.<ref>{{cite news |title=‘मी तसं बोललोच नाही’; इंदुरीकर महाराजांचा त्या वक्तव्यावरून यू-टर्न |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra-news/indurikar-maharaj-clarification-on-that-statement-bmh-90-2090215/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Loksatta |date=21 February 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

State minister [[Bachchu Kadu]] announced that there will be no charges filed against Indurikar.<ref>{{cite news |title=No Case Against Preacher Indurikar Maharaj On Odd-Even Theory For Boy-Girl Child: Maharashtra Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-case-says-maharashtra-minister-after-preachers-odd-even-theory-for-boy-girl-child-2181745 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[NDTV]] |agency=PTI |date=February 18, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=शेख |first1=अजहर |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांसंदर्भात बोलले बच्चू कडू |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/maharashtra-news/aurangabad-news/article/nivrutti-maharaj-indurikar-bacchu-kadu-shivratna-shete-osmanabad-news-in-marathi/281568 |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Times Now Marathi |language=mr-IN |date=February 18, 2020}}</ref>

On 19 June 2020, a [[First information report]] was registered in a Judicial Magistrate First Class (JMFC) court in Sangamner, Ahmednagar.<ref name="Complaint filed">{{cite news |title=Complaint filed against Indurikar Maharaj for ‘violation’ of PCPNDT Act |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/maharashtra-complaint-filed-against-indurikar-maharaj-for-violation-of-pcpndt-act-6478050/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=26 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="case filed">{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=Case filed against Marathi preacher over ‘odd-even’ remark for girl-boy child |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/case-filed-against-marathi-preacher-over-odd-even-remark-for-girl-boy-child/article31928163.ece |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=26 June 2020 |location=Pune |language=en-IN}}</ref> He was summoned to be present in court in August.<ref>{{cite news |last1=गाडेकर |first1=मनोज |title=मुला-मुलीच्या जन्माबाबत इंदोरीकर महाराजांचे वक्तव्य, संगमनेर कोर्टाने सुनावणी पुढे ढकलली |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/maharashtra/indorikar-maharaj-summoned-to-present-in-sangamner-court-253126.html |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=TV9 Marathi |date=7 August 2020 |location=शिर्डी |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Indurikar lives in Ozar (Bk) in [[Sangamner taluka]] in [[Ahmednagar district]] with his wife ''Shalinitai Deshmukh'' and two children.<ref name="personal life">{{cite web |title=Kirtankar Indurikar Maharaj Biography in marathi (इंदुरीकर महाराज्यांचे जीवन चरित्र) |url=https://www.marathimadhe.in/2020/06/indurikar-maharaj-biography-in-marathi.html |access-date=1 January 2021 |date=June 9, 2020 |language=mr-IN |archive-date=24 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124161114/https://www.marathimadhe.in/2020/06/indurikar-maharaj-biography-in-marathi.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is the founding president of ''Dnyaneshwar Mauil Bahu-uddesiya Sevabhavi Sanstha'' in Ozar (Bk), Sangamner.<ref name="writ">{{cite web |title=WRIT PETITION NO. 4255 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/34703970/ |website=Indian Kanoon |access-date=31 December 2020 |date=2016}}</ref><ref name="apology">{{cite news |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांचा माफीनामा; वाचा दिलगिरीचं सविस्तर पत्रक |url=https://www.loksatta.com/maharashtra-news/indurikar-maharaj-apologize-his-statement-nck-90-2087948/ |access-date=1 January 2021 |work=Loksatta |date=18 February 2020 |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref name="bangale"/> He runs a school in the village and is a known philanthropist in his region.<ref name="bangale">{{cite news |last1=बंगाळे |first1=श्रीकांत |title=इंदुरीकर महाराज यांची मुलाखत मी घ्यायला गेलो तेव्हा... |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-47839597 |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=9 April 2019 |location=अहमदनगर |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='इंदुरीकर महाराजांचं समाजकार्य लाजवाब, पण त्यांनी महिलांचा आदर करावा' |url=https://www.bbc.com/marathi/india-47507513 |access-date=7 February 2021 |work=BBC News मराठी |date=9 March 2019 |language=mr}}</ref>

In 2019, there was a brief speculation that he may join politics with the [[Bharatiya Janta Party]],<ref>{{cite news |title=इंदुरीकर महाराजांचे राजकीय 'किर्तन'; थोरातांना शह देण्यासाठी भाजपचा डाव |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/indurikar-maharaj-may-be-contest-assembly-election-bjp-215423 |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=www.esakal.com |date=14 September 2019 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> but he quickly clarified that he won't ever contest in elections.<ref>{{cite news |title='समाजसेवेचे व्रत हाती घेतले आहे, राजकारणात कधीच उतरणार नाही', निवृत्ती महाराज इंदुरीकरांचे स्पष्टीकरण |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/indurikar-maharaj-would-stand-in-upcoming-assembly-election-roomers-1568457698.html |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=Divya Marathi |date=14 September 2019 |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=मुख्यमंत्री भेटीबाबत इंदोरीकर महाराजांनी केला खुलासा, म्हणाले.... |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/indorekar-maharaj-reveals-about-cms-visit-215507 |access-date=31 December 2020 |work=www.esakal.com |date=14 September 2019 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]

National Highway 717 (India)

2025-11-07T12:03:15Z

Cornelius R: Created Initial Article W/ Sources

{{short description|National Highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 717
| length_km = 98
| length_notes =
| ahn = {{Jct|country=IND|AH|48}}
| image = National Highway 31, Lataguri.jpg
| image_notes = NH 717 passing through [[Gorumara National Park]]
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q25352209|title=National Highway 717|text= Map of National Highway '''717''' in red }}
| map_custom = yes
| direction_a = South
| direction_b = North
| terminus_a = [[Chalsa, India|Chalsa]]
| terminus_b = India/Bangladesh border near Tin Bigha, Kuchlibari.
| destinations = [[Mainaguri]], [[Changrabandha]], [[Mekliganj]], Tin Bigha, Kuchlibari.
| junction =
| states = [[West Bengal]]
| spur_type = NH
| spur_of = 17
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 17 
| next_route = 27 
}}

'''National Highway 717''' ('''NH 717''') is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in [[India]]. This highway runs entirely in the state of West Bengal.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=3 April 2012|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204094735/https://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=4 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]]. Prior to renumbering of national highways in 2010, the stretch between Chalsa and Mainaguri was part of old national highway 31.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|title=New Numbering of National Highways notification - Government of India|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=4 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504155047/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2011/E_574_2012_016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> By a gazette notification on 27 December 2013, NH-717 route was extended from Mainaguri to land border crossing of India/Bangladesh border near [[Changrabandha]] & further to Tin Bigha & Kuchlibari.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/157719.pdf|title=Route substitution (amendment) for national highways 10 and 717|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=11 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511215331/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/157719.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Mainaguri to Changrabandha stretch of this route is part of [[AH48|Asian Highway 48]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unescap.org/our-work/transport/asian-highway/database|title=Asian Highway Database - Country wise|website=[[UNESCAP]]|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006131543/https://www.unescap.org/our-work/transport/asian-highway/database|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Route==
[[File:Renumbered National Highways map of India (Schematic).jpg|thumb|Schematic map of National Highways in India]]
NH717 connects [[Chalsa, India|Chalsa]] north of {{rws|Baradighi}}, [[Mainaguri]], Changrabandha, Mekliganj, Tin Bigha and terminates at Indo/Bangladesh Border in Kuchlibari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-date=4 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604032801/https://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}

: {{jct|NH|17|country=IND}} Terminal near Chalsa.
: {{jct|NH|27|country=IND}} near Mainaguri.
: Junction with NH617 (Ex [[West Bengal]] State Highway 16) near Changrabandha.
: {{jct|N|509|country=BGD}} Bangladesh highway at Indo/Bangladesh Border near Changrabandha
: {{jct|Z|5903|country=BGD}} Bangladesh highway at Indo/Bangladesh Border near Tin Bigha.

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/3259562 NH 717 on OpenStreetMap]

{{commons category|NH 717 (India)}}
{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH17 sr}}
{{AHN}}
{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in West Bengal]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Opsarius radiolatus

2025-10-04T11:25:18Z

Cornelius R: Adding some info w/ refs.

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{speciesbox
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Dahanukar, N. |year=2023 |title=''Opsarius radiolatus'' |article-number=e.T173144120A173144255 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T173144120A173144255.en |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
| taxon = Opsarius radiolatus
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1868)
| synonyms = {{Specieslist
| Barilius radiolatus | Günther, 1868
| Barilius nelsoni| [[Ram Prasad Barman|Barman]], 1988
| Opsarius nelsoni | (Barman, 1988)
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Opsarius|access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Opsarius radiolatus''''' is a species of freshwater [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Danionidae]]. This species inhabits clear, gravelly streams in central India and Nepal.<ref name = "Cof genus"/> The maximum published [[total length]] for this species is {{cvt|10|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Opsarius|radiolatus|month=October|year=2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3760186}}

[[Category:Opsarius|radiolatus]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1988]]

{{Danioninae-stub}}

List of Odia films of 1987

2025-09-15T05:47:26Z

Cornelius R: Created The Post From Scratch

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 1987:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1987 in film|1987]]'''
|-
| ''[[Anyaya Sahibi Nahin (1987)]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Anyaya Sahibi Nahin|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1404007/|access-date=2019-02-06}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>|| Ashok Sharma|| [[Sriram Panda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], Shehnaz Kudia||||
|-
|''[[Badhu Nirupama]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Badhu Nirupama|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1402415/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Jugala Devata]] || [[Shriram Panda]]|| ||
|-
| ''[[Basanti Apa]]''|| [[S.K. Kalim]] || ||||
|-
|''[[Bhanga Silhat]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://odiacinemaworld.blogspot.com/2010/08/oriya-odia-cinema-produced-during-1987.html|title=Oriya / Odia Cinema produced during 1987 in Orissa Odisha|last=Madhusmita|date=2010-08-04|website=Odia Cinema World|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| || [[Manjula Kanwar]]|| || Kanwar received Best Supporting Actress, 1987 National Film Awards
|-
|''[[Bhuli Huena]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhuli Huena|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1402422/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Bijay Mohanty]] || [[Shriram Panda]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Chaka Akhi Sabu Dekhuchi]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Chaka Aakhi Sabu Dekhuchi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407175/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Raju Misra]] || [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[ShreePrada]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Eai Ta Duniya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Eai Ta Dunia|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1418134/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| Mohammed Mohsin ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], Aparajita Mohanty || ||
|-
|''[[Golam Giri]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Golamgiri|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0246654/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Prashanta Nanda]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], [[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Mahasweta Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Jaydeva (film)|Jaydeva]]'' || [[Shyamal Mukherjee]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Kasturi (1987 film)|Kasturi]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Kasturi|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1427246/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[J. H. Sattar]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Majhi Pahacha]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oriya.incredibleorissa.com/topic/1987/|title=1987 Oriya Movies List|website=Oriya Film Database|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Man Mohan Mahapatra]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Micha Maya Ra Sansar]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Micha Mayara Sansar|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1407248/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Uday Shankar Pani]] ||[[Shriram Panda]], [[Tandra Roy]] || ||
|-
|''[[Sabu Mayare Baya]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Sabu Mayare Baya|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431310/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Sabyasachi Mohapatra]] ||[[Prashanta Nanda]], Pruthiraj Nayak, Baishali || ||
|-
|''[[Tunda Baida]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tunda Baida|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1418284/|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>|| [[Gobind Tej]] ||[[Uttam Mohanty]], [[Aparajita Mohanty]], Ajit Das || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1987 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|1987]]
[[Category:Lists of 1987 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:1987 in Indian cinema|Films, Ollywood]]
[[Category:1980s in Orissa]]

Dudhi River

2025-08-25T17:57:27Z

Cornelius R:

{{Short description|River in Madhya Pradesh}}

{{Infobox river
| name = Dudhi River
| name_other = Dudhi River
| name_etymology = 
| image = River Dudhi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Dudhi river, from the [[Satpura National Park]], flowing north to the [[Narmada]].
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption = Indian River Map
| source1 = Satpura range
| source1_location = Patalkot [[Chhindwara district]]
| source1_coordinates =
| source1_elevation =
| mouth = [[Narmada River]]
| mouth_location = Pansi Ghat [[Narsinghpur District]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|22.98|78.44|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[madhya Pradesh ]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sainkheda]], [[Tamia, Madhya Pradesh|Tamiya]]
| length = 129 km
| discharge1_avg =
| basin_size = 1,541 sq. km.
}}

'''Doodhi River''' is a river in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-09-03 |title=Madhya Pradesh: Five boys drown in river |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/madhya-pradesh-five-boys-drown-in-river-1503218170.html |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> It is tributary of [[Narmada River]]. Mainly Doodhi River flowing in [[Chhindwara]] and [[Narsinghpur]] District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh: History breathes in heart of Devbadla |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-history-breathes-in-heart-of-devbadla |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Narmada River]]
* [[List of rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Narmada basin}}

[[Category:Rivers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Narmada River]]

{{India-river-stub}}