Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Places of worship in Kunnamkulam

2026-05-04T16:22:05Z

Corel Bazaar: Put up pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
[[Hindus]], [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] live in harmony in Kunnamkulam. The religious tolerance of Kunnamkulam people can be seen from the [[South Bazar Church|“Ambala Palli]] - St.Matthias Church (located at south Bazar) which is a temple converted to a church wherein the temple character can be seen in the church entrance.<ref name="National Urban Observatory">{{cite web
|url=http://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&source=hp&biw=1225&bih=610&q=The+Development+Report%2C+Kunnamkulam%2C+1996&rlz=1W1GPCK_en&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&fp=e791fe993fa412ba |title=National Urban Observatory |publisher=Town & country planning organization |accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref><ref name="The Problems and prospects of paper-based industry in Kunnamkulam">{{cite web |url=http://www.google.co.in/#hl=en&source=hp&biw=1225&bih=610&q=The+Development+Report%2C+Kunnamkulam%2C+1996&rlz=1W1GPCK_en&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&fp=e791fe993fa412ba |title=The problems and prospects of paper-based industry in Kunnamkulam |publisher=Rajeev G |accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref> Elohim Christian Church Akkikavu Kunnamkulam

There are four mosques in Kunnamkulam:
* Lower Parayil near Bhavana theatre
Wadakkanchery road near Byju theatre
Guruvayoor road opposite E.M.S. shopping complex
Town bus stand, Yatheem Khana building (no Friday prayer)

==Temples==
* Thalakkottukara Siva Temple
* Kakkad Mahaganapathi Temple
* Kizhur Temple
* Panthallur
* Cheeramkulam Devi temple, Anaikkal
* Annakulangara
* Kakkad Subramannya temple
* Sreeramaswami temple Chiralayam
* Makkalikkavu Devi Temple, Thekkeppuram
* Subramanya swamy Temple, Kaniyampal
* Kavilakkad temple, Chittanjoor
* Parkadi Temple, Anjoor
* Sankarapuram Mahavishnu Temple
* Ubhayur Mahadeva Temple, [[Kanippayyur]]
* Ayyamkulangare Temple, Puthussery
* Kattakampal shiva temple
* Pengamuck shiva temple

The famous [[Guruvayur Temple|Srikrishna Temple]] in [[Guruvayur]] is located just 8 km away from Kunnamkulam.

==Churches==
* Arthat St. Mary's Cathedral Church (Arthat Valliyapally), 999 [[Common Era|CE]]
* Mar Behanam Chapel, Anjoor - Misc
* St. George Cathedral Church, Thozhiyur - Malabar Independent Syrian Church
* Arthat Mar Thoma Syrian church
* Nativity of Our Lady Church, Puthussery
* Kunnamkulam St. Lazarus Orthodox Old Church
* St.Sebastians catholic church
* Kunnamkulam St. Thomas Orthodox New Church
* Arthat St. Mary's Simhasana church (Tomb of St. Sleeba Mor Osthatheos)
* Kunnamkulam Main Road St. Gregorios Orthodox church
* Kunnakulam St.Thomas Hill Church - Misc
* Adupputty St. George Orthodox church (Feast of Adupatty church called as Kunnamkulam Pooram)
* St. Lazarus Orthodox church Chiralayam
* St. Paul's CSI Church,
* [[South Bazar St Mathiyas Orthodox Church]] (it is popularly known as Ambalam pally.)
* St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church Pazhanji [[Pazhanji Church]] (also known as [[Pazhanji]] Palli, https://www.facebook.com/pazhanjichurch)<ref name="St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church Pazhanji, Diocese of Kunnamkulam">{{cite web|url=http://orthodoxchurchpazhanji.net|title=St. Mary's Orthodox Syrian Church Pazhanji|publisher=Pazhanji Palli|accessdate=2013-12-01}}</ref>
* Pazhanji Brethren Assembly
* The Disciples Tabernacle Church Kunnamkulam
* Bethany Church
* Mar Joseph Church, Chaldean Syrian Church, Kunnamkulam
* St. George Orthodox Syrian Church, Mele Parayil Kunnamkulam
* St. Adhais Church, Porkulam - Misc
* St. Mary's Syrian Church, Pazhanji - Misc
* Kattakambal St. Ignatious Orthodox church
* Pengamuck Mar Baselios Mar Gregorios Orthodox church
* Pengamuck St. Peter's and St Paul's Orthodox Church
* Kottol church
* Akikavu St. Mary's Orthodox Church
* St. George's Church Kallupuram - Misc

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Thrissur district]]

Johnson P Mathew

2026-04-23T10:58:10Z

Corel Bazaar: Adding New Bio

{{Short description|Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Johnson P Mathew
| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=IND|size=90%|PVSM|UYSM|AVSM|VSM}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = LT GEN JOHNSON P MATHEW, UYSM, AVSM, VSM.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Chief Of Integrated Defence Staff]]
| term_start = 3 April 2023
| term_end = 30 April 2025
| 1blankname = [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| 1namedata = [[Anil Chauhan]]
| predecessor = [[Balabhadra Radha Krishna]]
| successor = [[Ashutosh Dixit]]
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| placeofburial =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years = 14 December 1985 - 30 April 2025
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] Lieutenant General
| military_blank1 = Service number
| military_data1 = IC-43370N <ref>https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1999669</ref>
| unit = [[File:Punjab Regiment Insignia (India).svg|20px]][[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
| commands = [[File:Flag of Integrated Defence Staff.svg|25px]] [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] Uttar Bharat Area [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = {{plainlist|
*[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Uttam Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
*[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
}}
| spouse =
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| other_name =
| memorials =
| signature_size =
| signature_alt =
| module =
| alma_mater = [[Indian Military Academy]]
}}

[[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] '''Johnson P Mathew''' [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal|UYSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a retired general officer of the [[Indian Army]]. He previously served as the [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]] (CISC). He previously served as [[General officer commanding|General Officer Commanding]] Uttar Bharat Area,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen J P Mathew took over command of HQ Uttar Bharat Area. |url=https://x.com/suryacommand/status/1512748009238384646 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref> prior to that he was [[III Corps (India)|General Officer Commanding III Corps]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lieutenant General Johnson P Mathew, took over reins of the Spear Corps on 10 Feb 2021 from Lieutenant General RP Kalita. |url=https://x.com/prodefkohima/status/1359464445387317251 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Assam: Lt Gen Johnson P Mathew takes over spear corps |url=https://northeastindia24.com/assam-lt-gen-johnson-p-mathew-takes-over-spear-corps/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
The General Officer is an alumnus of [[Sainik School Kazhakootam|Sainik School, Kazhakootam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-07-22 |title=High-flying alumni relive old times at Sainik School |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/high-flying-alumni-relive-old-times-at-sainik-school/article67109259.ece |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref> He then attended the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]] and the [[Indian Military Academy]]. He is a graduate of [[Defence Services Staff College]], [[Army War College, Mhow|Army War College]] and Advanced Professional Programme in Public Administration (APPPA) course at Indian Institute of Public Administration (IIPA), New Delhi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen Johnson P Mathew. CISC |url=https://ids.nic.in/content/Leaders/CfDJ8CNM_HS-EMpDhPlbyXpmA-ABDEBjrDA9rbILKwhoVon7yelypvjyXwIh0EV1oI_yFOJx_kyQNJ-CD_4zPB3ISH5Q54nkBB_V23H-aipYl1ytjpflYCYha8uah5cbBZGVfA}}</ref>

== Military career ==
He was commissioned into the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] on 14 December 1985 from the [[Indian Military Academy]].<ref name=":1" /> He has undertaken Instructional appointments at [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Khadakwasla]] and [[Officers Training Academy]], [[Chennai]], his staff appointments include service in Mtn Division, Counter Insurgency environment, Sub Area and key appointments at Integrated Headquarters of the Ministry of Defence (ARMY). He has command experience of conventional and counter insurgency operations in Northern/Eastern theatres and has commanded [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]].<ref name=":0" />

== Personal life ==
The general officer is married to Mrs Ambili Johnson and they have two sons, Ashwin and Aaron.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and decorations ==
He has been awarded [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=75th Republic Day: President approves Gallantry awards to 80 Armed Forces personnel, including 12 posthumous |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1999669 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> in 2024, [[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GALLANTRY AND DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AWARDS TO ARMY ON REPUBLIC DAY 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1792530 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> in 2022, [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] and [[Vishisht Seva Medal]].
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Uttam_Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4" |[[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|105x105px]] {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|width=106}} [[File:IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|[[File:75yearmedal.svg|105x105px]]
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" |[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| colspan="2" |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|-
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==Dates of rank==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 14 December 1985
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 14 December 1987<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 1989 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1989/O-0593-1989-0029-25640.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India |page=1000}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Captain of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 14 December 1990<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=203 |date=1 February 1992 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(0p4z5xupwf5mucvhh1qycvri))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 14 December 1996<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=503 |date=29 March 1997 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(0p4z5xupwf5mucvhh1qycvri))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1127 |date=16 July 2005 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(0p4z5xupwf5mucvhh1qycvri))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Colonel of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 15 August 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1384 |date=15 August 2009 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(0p4z5xupwf5mucvhh1qycvri))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 27 July 2012 (acting) 1 November 2012 (substantive, with seniority from 5 November 2010)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1715 |date=27 September 2014 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(mdujgxyob4wysztn5oaon2vx))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Major General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 2 April 2018 (seniority from 1 June 2015)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=2961 |date=25 December 2021 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(lhpteuny2jrgovpvent1fjio))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center" |[[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] || Indian Army || 1 May 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=3374 |date=5 November 2022 |url=https://egazette.gov.in/(S(lhpteuny2jrgovpvent1fjio))/ViewPDF.aspx |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Rana Pratap Kalita]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General Officer Commanding]] [[III Corps (India)|III Corps]]|years=2021 - 2022}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Ram Chander Tiwari]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Surinder Singh Mahal]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[Uttar Bharat Area]]| years = 2022 - 2023}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Balabhadra Radha Krishna]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]]|years=3 April 2023 - 30 April 2025}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Ashutosh Dixit]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathew, Johnson}}
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Army War College, Mhow alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Uttam Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

CTRL (film)

2026-04-23T07:18:18Z

Corel Bazaar: Started a stub

{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Vikramaditya Motwane}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = CTRL
| image = CTRL.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]
| producer = [[Nikhil Dwivedi]] Arya Menon
| writer = {{ubl|Vikramaditya Motwane|Avinash Sampath|[[Sumukhi Suresh]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Ananya Panday]]
* [[Vihaan Samat]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
* [[Amit Trivedi]]
* [[Yashraj Mukhate]]
}}
| cinematography = Pratik Shah
| editing = Jahaan Noble
| studio = [[Saffron Magicworks]] Andolan Films
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|10|4}}
| runtime = 99 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ctrl-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0oduy |title=''CTRL'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''CTRL''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[screenlife]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film directed by [[Vikramaditya Motwane]], written by Motwane and Avinash Sampath with dialogues by [[Sumukhi Suresh]]. Produced by [[Nikhil Dwivedi]] and Arya Menon under the banners of [[Saffron Magicworks]] and Andolan Films, the film stars [[Ananya Panday]] and [[Vihaan Samat]].<ref name="Cast" >{{cite web |last1=FC |first1=Team |title=Ananya Panday's Next is titled Control |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ananya-pandays-next-is-titled-control |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |date=27 April 2023 |access-date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808031457/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/quick-reads/ananya-pandays-next-is-titled-control |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on [[Netflix]] on 4 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |title='CTRL': Ananya Panday, Vikramaditya Motwane's digital-age thriller gets released date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ctrl-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwanes-digital-age-thriller-gets-released-date/article68487333.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=5 August 2024 |access-date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808030838/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ctrl-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwanes-digital-age-thriller-gets-released-date/article68487333.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Nalini "Nella" Awasthi and Joe Mascarenhas are a popular [[social media]] [[internet celebrity|influencer]] couple who make comedy skits and [[vlog]] their lives online. While [[livestreaming]] on the fifth anniversary of the launch of their channel NJoy, Nella is shocked to find Joe kissing another woman at a restaurant. Her livestream quickly becomes viral, and she angrily breaks up with Joe.

Scrolling through her profile, Nella discovers and decides to use the new [[Artificial Intelligence]] application CTRL, which provides her with a personalized AI assistant. She names her assistant Allen and instructs him to remove Joe from all her digital records, including photos, videos and files. Allen persuades Nella to revive her channel on her own and guides her in her internet comeback, causing her to regain popularity. However, unbeknownst to her, the app secretly accesses her screen when she is not looking, alongside deleting Joe from her digital past.

One night, a distressed Joe arrives at Nella's new apartment, wanting to speak to her urgently. She declines and sends him away while he texts her to meet him at a [[ferry]]. Before Nella can see the text, Allen replies, agreeing to visit him, and deletes their chat. A few days later, Nella receives a call from her friend Bina, who claims Joe has gone missing. Worried, Nella tries to find clues about his whereabouts by digging into his social media accounts and contacting his friends. While talking to Shonali, the woman at the restaurant with him, Nella finds out Joe had been secretly working to expose the illegal activities of the wealthy, fast-growing online portal company Mantra Unlimited, including a secret internal project called 'Project Unicorn', a scheme using AI to manipulate and steal private data of their customers to plan an enormous scam. Joe had gathered evidence and planned to do a public report before disappearing.

Further investigating herself, Nella discovers an [[encrypted]] communication line and the secured files against Mantra through Joe's accounts. Soon after, the news of Joe being found dead in the ferry is released, and an overwhelmed Nella attends the funeral. Returning home, she browses through the files and finds a video of Joe explaining his plan to expose Mantra. In the video, Joe details how Mantra used to be a data-broking company which collected and sold personal customer data and had planned to scheme their users through 'Project Unicorn' with the first step being CTRL, which will have the ability to control their digital lives completely with their single login access to any of Mantra services and the AI assistance. He also explains how the young CEO of Mantra, Aryan K, was previously suspended and arrested in America for [[insider trading]] and that Mantra was planning to kill him much like a [[data analyst]] who was recently killed for joining Joe's cause. Realising her danger, Nella quickly logs out of CTRL and uploads the video on her channel, but Allen ultimately edits it to frame Nella for Joe's murder.

Nella is shortly arrested after the edited video becomes viral. While in jail, Nella is met by Bina alongside a lawyer working for Mantra, Manish Hirani. Manish strongly urges Nella to drop all charges against Mantra, citing the yearlong periods and heavily expensive costs of court proceedings, and promises a complete erasure of her digital footprint to help her start afresh. Nella reluctantly agrees and is released. She starts mundanely living with her parents and working at a [[bakery]]. Noticing a [[billboard]] advertisement one day, she logs into CTRL again and sees Joe's likeness as a custom AI assistant. Choosing him and remembering their relationship, Nella starts to open up.

== Cast ==
* [[Ananya Panday]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Nalini "Nella" Awasthi
* [[Vihaan Samat]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Joe Mascarenhas
* Devika Vatsa as Bina
* Kamakshi Bhat as Shonali
* [[Suchita Trivedi]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Nella's mother
* Samit Gambhir as Manish Hirani
* Kundan Pandey as Kundan
* [[Ravish Desai]] as Aryan K
* [[Aparshakti Khurana]] as Allen (voice)
* [[Sanjay Nath]] as Minister

== Production ==
The film was announced in February 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananya Panday to star in Vikramaditya Motwane's new film, says 'dreams do come true' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ananya-panday-to-star-in-vikramaditya-motwanes-new-film-says-dreams-do-come-true-2329254-2023-02-01 |website=India Today |language=en |date=1 February 2023 |access-date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808030126/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ananya-panday-to-star-in-vikramaditya-motwanes-new-film-says-dreams-do-come-true-2329254-2023-02-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ananya Panday wraps up Vikramaditya Motwane's film; pens gratitude note: 'I hope I made you proud' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-wraps-up-vikramaditya-motwanes-film-pens-gratitude-note-8469199/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=27 February 2023 |access-date=8 August 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808030205/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-wraps-up-vikramaditya-motwanes-film-pens-gratitude-note-8469199/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The teaser was released on 4 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=CTRL: Ananya Panday's thriller to arrive on Netflix in October. Watch teaser |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ananya-panday-starrer-ctrl-to-arrive-on-netflix-in-october-101722840321942.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> The film is cinematographically inspired by the [[Point-of-view shot|POV]] art-style of [[Aneesh Chaganty]]'s directorial debut ''[[Searching (film)|Searching]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Kartik |date=2024-10-09 |title='CTRL' movie review: A predictable, surface-level thriller on social media obsession |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Oct/05/ctrl-movie-review-a-predictable-surface-level-thriller-on-social-media-obsession |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = CTRL
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]], [[Amit Trivedi]] and [[Yashraj Mukhate]]
| released = 14 October 2024
| recorded = 2023
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:14
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|REnFhlceRWc|CTRL (Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:14
| title1 = Ainwayi Yunhi
| extra1 = Anika Bharwani
| lyrics1 = [[Anvita Dutt]]
| music1 = [[Sneha Khanwalkar]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = B(h)adass
| extra2 = [[Ananya Pandey]], Sneha Khanwalkar
| lyrics2 = Anvita Dutt
| music2 = Sneha Khanwalkar
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Ulfat
| extra3 = Mary Ann Alexander
| lyrics3 = Anvita Dutt
| music3 = Sneha Khanwalkar
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Teddy Bear
| extra4 = Anand Bhaskar, [[Nikhita Gandhi]]
| lyrics4 = Puneet Sharma
| music4 = [[Amit Trivedi]]
| length4 = 2:46
| title5 = Mera Boyfriend
| extra5 = Yashraj Mukhate, Ananya Panday
| lyrics5 = Yashraj Mukhate
| music5 = [[Yashraj Mukhate]]
| length5 = 0:51
}}

==Reception==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|44|5.8|18|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=CTRL (2024) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ctrl_2024 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en}}</ref> ''CTRL'' received positive reviews from audiences''.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pandey |first=Mahima |date=4 October 2024 |title=CTRL Twitter Review: Ananya Panday's standout performance receives love; fans compare film to Ra.One, Black Mirror |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ctrl-twitter-review-ananya-panday-s-standout-performance-receives-love-fans-compare-film-to-ra-one-black-mirror-101728044644843.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209074611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/ctrl-twitter-review-ananya-panday-s-standout-performance-receives-love-fans-compare-film-to-ra-one-black-mirror-101728044644843.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=Fans all across social media are in awe of Ananya’s performance as well as the gripping storyline of CTRL.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sounak |date=5 October 2024 |title=CTRL movie audience review: Ananya Panday's Netflix thriller is 'terrific'; OTT film gets thumbs-up from viewers |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/ctrl-movie-review-ananya-panday-s-netflix-thriller-is-terrific-ott-film-gets-thumbs-up-from-viewers-11728108560182.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209074940/https://www.livemint.com/news/trends/ctrl-movie-review-ananya-panday-s-netflix-thriller-is-terrific-ott-film-gets-thumbs-up-from-viewers-11728108560182.html |archive-date=9 February 2025 |access-date=9 February 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |quote=The film has garnered highly-positive reviews for its engaging narrative and performances.}}</ref>

[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and stated that "''CTRL'', in spirit and substance, reinforces Vikramaditya Motwane's proven penchant for turning an established genre on its head."<ref>{{cite web | last=Chatterjee | first=Saibal | title=CTRL Review: An Uncategorisable Film That Is Equal Parts Entertaining And Sobering | website=NDTV | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/seo-title-ctrl-review-an-uncategorisable-film-that-is-equal-parts-entertaining-and-sobering-3-5-stars-6714082 | access-date=7 October 2024 | archive-date=6 October 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006122512/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/seo-title-ctrl-review-an-uncategorisable-film-that-is-equal-parts-entertaining-and-sobering-3-5-stars-6714082 | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film 4/5 stars and called it an "eerie, immersive, real-time experience".<ref>{{cite web | last=Verma | first=Sukanya | title=CTRL Review: Masterful Thriller | website=Rediff | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ctrl-review/20241004.htm}}</ref> Rishabh Suri from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' termed the film an Indian version of ''[[Black Mirror]]''.<ref>{{cite web | last=Suri | first=Rishabh | title=CTRL review: Ananya Panday's thriller on artificial intelligence is a desi, pacy version of Black Mirror | website=Hindustan Times | date=4 October 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ctrl-review-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwane-thriller-on-artificial-intelligence-is-desi-pacy-version-of-black-mirror-101728023509826.html}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] considered it a "gripping thriller about data privacy in the age of AI".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=4 October 2024 |title='CTRL' review: A gripping thriller about data privacy in the age of AI |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073961/ctrl-review-a-gripping-thriller-about-data-privacy-in-the-age-of-ai |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Scroll.in }}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and said in her review "While both Ananya Panday and Vihaan Samat do their job well, the film truly feels potent only when it comes off the screen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=4 October 2024 |title=Ctrl movie review: Ananya Panday, Vikramaditya Motwane film is two-dimensional |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ctrl-movie-review-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwane-film-is-two-dimensional-9603327/ |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004090621/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/ctrl-movie-review-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwane-film-is-two-dimensional-9603327/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated in his review that "Director Vikramaditya Motwane succeeds in creating the mood, moments, and message but the thriller lacks the killer punch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=4 October 2024 |title='CTRL' movie review: Ananya Panday is in control in this timely lesson on the dangers of AI |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ctrl-movie-review-ananya-panday-is-in-control-in-this-timely-lesson-on-the-dangers-of-ai/article68717248.ece |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004085636/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ctrl-movie-review-ananya-panday-is-in-control-in-this-timely-lesson-on-the-dangers-of-ai/article68717248.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Arushi Jain of ''[[India Today]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and said "Ananya Panday's film offers an intriguing concept about AI's impact on life and love but falters with a tedious execution, ultimately failing to deliver a compelling message."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Arushi |date=4 October 2024 |title=CTRL review: Ananya Panday shines in clever AI world, but execution falls short |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ctrl-review-rating-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwane-netflix-2611022-2024-10-04 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=India Today |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004072353/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/ctrl-review-rating-ananya-panday-vikramaditya-motwane-netflix-2611022-2024-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave three stars out of five, and observed: "While ''CTRL'' excels in depicting social media obsession and AI's influence, its thriller parts are underdeveloped and don’t quite hit the mark. Despite thought-provoking themes and impressive visuals, it leaves viewers craving complexity and depth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Dhaval |date=4 October 2024 |title=CTRL Review : Slick and stylish with a skewed narrative |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ctrl/ottmoviereview/113930061.cms |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005142822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ctrl/ottmoviereview/113930061.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote in her review: "Netflix’s ''CTRL'' teaches us to take control of our life and not to be slaves of technology. Engaging idea, but not executed well."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Lachmi Deb |date=4 October 2024 |title=Netflix's CTRL Movie Review: Ananya Panday's compelling performance in a not so well executed film by Vikramaditya Motwane |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-ctrl-movie-review-ananya-pandays-compelling-performance-will-keep-you-hooked-to-the-screen-but-13821913.html |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=4 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004072448/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-ctrl-movie-review-ananya-pandays-compelling-performance-will-keep-you-hooked-to-the-screen-but-13821913.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that Ananya's ability to convey the emotional weight of Nella's predicament elevates the film, making the audience empathize with her struggles, while supporting performances from the cast further enrich the narrative. The lauded the film's visual style, anchored in the digital landscape that enhances its thematic depth.<ref>{{cite news |title=CTRL Review: A cautionary tale of love, loss and the digital age |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/ctrl-review-a-cautionary-tale-of-love-loss-and-the-digital-age-1503350484.html |work=The Statesman |date=6 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Missing (2023 film)|''Missing'' (2023)]]
*[[Searching (film series)|''Searching'' (film series)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12736014}}
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | ctrl_2024 }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie | id= ctrl}}

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Kodaganur S. Gopinath

2026-04-22T09:21:32Z

Corel Bazaar: Adding Data

{{short description|Indian surgical oncologist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{like resume|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kodaganur S. Gopinath
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation =
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Kusum
| domesticpartner =
| children = Srinivas Sindhura
| parents =
| website = {{URL|ksgopinath.com/index.php|Official web site of Ambuja Health Clinic}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajoytsava Award]] Association of Surgeons of India Award Panchajanya Puraskara, 2013
}}
'''Dr. Kodaganur S. Gopinath, MS, FAMS, FRCS (Edin)''' is an Indian [[surgical oncologist]], known for his pioneering work on oncological research.<ref name="Ambuja profile" /> He is a recipient of many awards including [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]], considered to be the premier medical honour in the country.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/01/stories/2008070151280200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705133948/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/01/stories/2008070151280200.htm | archive-date=5 July 2008 | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Title unknown | date=2008-07-01 | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> The [[President of India]] recognised his services to the field of [[oncology]], by awarding him the fourth highest civilian award, [[Padma Shri]], in 2010.<ref name="Padmashri">{{cite book | url=http://www.bookdepository.com/Pearson-Current-Events-Digest-2010-Edgar-Thorpe/9788131732922 | title=The Pearson Current Events Digest 2010 | publisher=Pearson Education India | author=Edgar Thorpe | year=2010 | location=Delhi | page=136 | isbn=978-81-317-3292-2}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quotebox|align = left|qalign=center|width=24em|"I owe almost everything to my sister, Vimala," Dr Gopinath said on joining [[Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology]], "She supported me after my father. She had read about the vacancy in Kidwai and called me here."<ref name="Bio">{{cite web | url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F03%2F01&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728094827/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOI/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOI&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F03%2F01&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=4&EntityId=Ar00400&AppName=1 | archive-date=28 July 2014 | title=Bio | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>}}
Kodaganur S. Gopinath was born in [[Davangere]], a small town in Karnataka and had humble beginnings. He had his early schooling at St Paul's Convent School and joined JJM Medical College, Davangere, in 1968, to secure his [[MBBS]] degree with third rank, in 1975. Higher studies in general surgery (MS) was done at the [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College]], Mumbai.<ref name="Ambuja profile">{{cite web | url=http://ksgopinath.com/about.php | title=Ambuja profile | access-date=25 July 2014 | archive-date=19 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190619150748/http://ksgopinath.com/about.php }}</ref><ref name="Bio" /> Later, he obtained [[FRCS]] from the [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]] and FAMS from the National Academy of Medical Sciences, New Delhi.

On his return from Edinburgh, Dr. Gopinath joined [[Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology]], Bangalore as a surgical oncologist where he stayed till he started the work on the Bangalore Institute of Oncology in 1989.<ref name="Bio" /> He is the Director of Healthcare Global Enterprise (HCG), one of the world's largest cancer care providers<ref name="HCG">{{cite web | url=https://www.hcgoncology.com/ | title=HCG | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref> and the Director and Consultant Surgical Oncologist at the Bangalore Institute of Oncology and Ambuja Health Care.<ref name="Bio" /><ref name="Ambuja home">{{cite web | url=http://ksgopinath.com/index.php | title=Ambuja home | access-date=25 July 2014 | archive-date=30 June 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630231631/http://ksgopinath.com/index.php }}</ref>

Dr. Gopinath is married to a college lecturer, Kusum, and the couple has a son, Srinivas and a daughter, Sindhura. The family resides in Bangalore.<ref name="Bio" /> Srinivas is a Thoracic Oncology Fellow at [[Tata Memorial Centre]] in Mumbai and is recently married. Sindhura is pursuing her PhD in cancer biology at [[Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai]] in New York City.

==Legacy==
Dr. Gopinath founded the Bangalore Institute of Oncology where he is working as the Director and Consultant Surgical Oncologist.<ref name="Ambuja profile" /> He is known to have done extensive research on oncology with special emphasis on the surgery of head and neck, comparative study of [[laparoscopic]] and conventional surgical methods, cancer of the rectum and the impact of [[yoga]] on cancer.<ref name="Yoga">{{cite journal | url=http://ict.sagepub.com/content/6/3/242.abstract | title=Yoga | journal=Integrative Cancer Therapies | date=September 2007 | volume=6 | issue=3 | pages=242–250 | doi=10.1177/1534735407306214 | access-date=25 July 2014 | last1=Banerjee | first1=Birendranath | last2=Vadiraj | first2=H. S. | last3=Ram | first3=Amritanshu | last4=Rao | first4=Raghavendra | last5=Jayapal | first5=Manikandan | last6=Gopinath | first6=Kodaganur S. | last7=Ramesh | first7=B. S. | last8=Rao | first8=Nalini | last9=Kumar | first9=Ajay | last10=Raghuram | first10=Nagarathna | last11=Hegde | first11=Sridevi | last12=Nagendra | first12=H. R. | last13=Prakash Hande | first13=M. | pmid=17761637 | doi-access=free }}</ref> He is also regarded as a specialist in the treatment of breast cancer.<ref name="The Hindu" />

==Positions==
* 2018 - 2020, President International College of Surgeons, Indian Section
* 2016 - Till Now, Board of Director Asian Oncology Society
* 2013 - 2016 Editorial Board Annals of Surgical Oncology, USA
* 2010 - Till Now - Chairman / Editor ''Indian Journal of Surgical Oncology''
* 2006 – President, Association of Surgeons of India, Chennai<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* 2003–2004 – President, Indian Association of Surgical Oncologists<ref name="Ambuja profile" /><ref name="The Hindu" />
* 2000 – till date – President, Ostamates India, Bangalore<ref name="Ambuja profile" /><ref name="The Hindu" />
* 2000–2004 – Vice-president, Indian society of oncology<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* Chairman – Association Surgeons of India, Karnataka chapter<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* 2000–2006 – Joint editor, Indian journal of Surgery<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* 1994–2000 – Governing Council Member – Association of Surgeons of India<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* 1996 – Member – Scientific Advisory Committee ([[ICMR]]), New Delhi<ref name="Ambuja profile" />

==Awards and recognitions==
* [[Professor B G Jirge Memorial Oration]] - 2018
* [[Professor S Krishnamurthy Memorial Oration - Tamilnadu]] - 2018
* [[Professor Balakrishna Rao Oration of Association of Surgeons of India]] - 2014
* [[Professor K P Bhargav Memorial Award]] - 2013
* [[Padma Shri]] – 2010
* Honorary [[FRCS]], [[Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh]]<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* Honorary [[FAMS]] [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]], New Delhi – 2004<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] – 2008<ref name="The Hindu" />
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti|Rajoytsava Award]] – 2005<ref name="The Hindu" />
* ''Association of Surgeons of India'' Award<ref name="Ambuja profile" />
* ''Vikas Rathna'' Award – the International Friendship Society, New Delhi<ref name="The Hindu" />
* ''Mammadi Saudaver'' Travelling Fellowship in Oncology – 1987.<ref name="The Hindu" />
* Best Citizen Award – [[Lions Club]], [[Peenya]] – 2002<ref name="The Hindu" />

==Publications==
Dr. Gopinath has published several articles related to oncological studies.<ref name="Pubmed articles">{{cite web | url=http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath | title=Pubmed articles | access-date=25 July 2014}}</ref>
* {{cite book
| url = http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath
| title = Images in clinical medicine. Metastasis from thyroid carcinoma
|author1=KS Gopinath |author2=AK Kattepur | date = 29 May 2014

}}<ref name="Images in clinical medicine. Metastasis from thyroid carcinoma">{{cite journal | url=http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath | title=Images in clinical medicine. Metastasis from thyroid carcinoma |author1=KS Gopinath |author2=AK Kattepur | journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=May 2014 | volume= 371| issue=9 | doi=10.1056/NEJMsr1406753 | pages=867–874| pmid=25054609 | s2cid=3637554 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{cite journal
| url = http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath
| title = Transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor CDC73, encoding an RNA polymerase II interactor, by Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) promotes cell proliferation: implication for cancer therapeutics
|vauthors=Rather MI, Swamy S, Gopinath KS, Kumar A | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry
| date = 10 January 2014
| volume = 289
| issue = 2
| pages = 968–76

| doi = 10.1074/jbc.M113.483255
| pmid = 24257751
| pmc = 3887219
| doi-access = free
}}<ref name="Transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor CDC73, encoding an RNA polymerase II interactor, by Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) promotes cell proliferation: implication for cancer therapeutics">{{cite journal | title=Transcriptional repression of tumor suppressor CDC73, encoding an RNA polymerase II interactor, by Wilms tumor 1 protein (WT1) promotes cell proliferation: implication for cancer therapeutics |vauthors=Rather MI, Swamy S, Gopinath KS, Kumar A | journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=January 2014 | issue= 2| doi=10.1074/jbc.M113.483255| pmc=3887219 | pmid=24257751 | volume=289 | pages=968–76|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{cite journal
| url = http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath
| title = Primary microcephaly gene MCPH1 shows signatures of tumor suppressors and is regulated by miR-27a in oral squamous cell carcinoma
|vauthors=Venkatesh T, Nagashri MN, Swamy SS, Mohiyuddin SM, Gopinath KS, Kumar A | journal = PLOS ONE
| year = 2013
| volume = 8
| issue = 3
| article-number = e54643
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0054643
| pmid = 23472065
| pmc = 3589425
| bibcode = 2013PLoSO...854643V
| doi-access = free
}}<ref name="Primary microcephaly gene MCPH1 shows signatures of tumor suppressors and is regulated by miR-27a in oral squamous cell carcinoma">{{cite journal | url=http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath | title=Primary microcephaly gene MCPH1 shows signatures of tumor suppressors and is regulated by miR-27a in oral squamous cell carcinoma | author=Venkatesh T, Nagashri MN, Swamy SS, Mohiyuddin SM, Gopinath KS, Kumar | journal=PLOS ONE| year=2013 | volume=8 | issue=3 | article-number=e54643 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054643 | pmid=23472065 | pmc=3589425 | bibcode=2013PLoSO...854643V | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{cite journal
| url = http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath
| title = Oncogenic microRNA-155 down-regulates tumor suppressor CDC73 and promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation: implications for cancer therapeutics
|vauthors=Rather MI, Nagashri MN, Swamy SS, Gopinath KS, Kumar A | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry
| date = 4 January 2013
| volume = 288
| issue = 1
| pages = 608–618
| doi = 10.1074/jbc.M112.425736
| pmid = 23166327
| pmc = 3537059
| doi-access = free
}}<ref name="Oncogenic microRNA-155 down-regulates tumor suppressor CDC73 and promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation: implications for cancer therapeutics">{{cite journal | url=http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath | title=Oncogenic microRNA-155 down-regulates tumor suppressor CDC73 and promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation: implications for cancer therapeutics |vauthors=Rather MI, Nagashri MN, Swamy SS, Gopinath KS, Kumar A | journal=The Journal of Biological Chemistry |date=January 2014 | volume=288 | issue=1 | pages=608–18 | doi=10.1074/jbc.M112.425736 | pmid=23166327 | pmc=3537059 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{cite journal
| url = http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath
| title = Spontaneous expulsion of benign phyllodes
|vauthors=Jaka RC, Kumar KM, Gopinath KS | journal = The Breast Journal
| date = May 2009
| volume = 15
| issue = 3
| page = 309

| doi = 10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00726.x
| pmid = 19645792
| s2cid = 40570877
| doi-access = free
}}<ref name="Spontaneous expulsion of benign phyllodes">{{cite journal | url=http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath | title=Spontaneous expulsion of benign phyllodes |vauthors=Rather MI, Nagashri MN, Swamy SS, Gopinath KS, Kumar A | journal=The Breast Journal|doi=10.1111/j.1524-4741.2009.00726.x |date=June 2009 | volume=15 | issue=3 | page=309| pmid=19645792 | s2cid=40570877 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
* {{cite journal
| url = http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath
| title = Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy
|author1=Banerjee B |author2=Vadiraj HS |author3=Ram A |author4=Rao R |author5=Jayapal M |author6=Gopinath KS |author7=Ramesh BS |author8=Rao N |author9=Kumar A |author10=Raghuram N |author11=Hegde S |author12=Nagendra HR |author13=Prakash Hande M. | journal = Integrative Cancer Therapies
| year = 2007
| volume = 6
| issue = 3
| pages = 242–50

| doi = 10.1177/1534735407306214
| pmid = 17761637
|doi-access=free }}<ref name="Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy">{{cite journal | url=http://meetinglibrary.asco.org/speaker/Kodaganur%20S%20Gopinath | title=Effects of an integrated yoga program in modulating psychological stress and radiation-induced genotoxic stress in breast cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy |vauthors=Banerjee B, Vadiraj HS, Ram A, Rao R, Jayapal M, Gopinath KS, Ramesh BS, Rao N, Kumar A, Raghuram N, Hegde S, Nagendra HR, Prakash Hande M | journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=September 2007 | volume=6 | issue=3 | pages=242–50 | doi=10.1177/1534735407306214 | pmid=17761637 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140812200226/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article193916.ece?service=print Bio on the New Indian Express]
* {{doi|10.1056/NEJMicm1312669}} Reference on NEJM
* [https://archive.today/20140727051928/http://65.54.113.26/Author/42869654/kodaganur-s-gopinath Reference on Microsoft Academic Search]
* [https://www.credihealth.com/doctor/k-s-gopinath-surgical-oncologist/overview Book Appointments with Dr Kodaganur S Gopinath]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Health in India}}
{{portal|India|medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopinath, Kodaganur}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:People from Davanagere district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti

2026-04-21T03:00:01Z

Corel Bazaar: Made New Details First Draft

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1967)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Niranjan Jyoti
| image = The Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution and Rural Development, Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti addressing at the Yoga session organized by DoCA, Ministry of CA,F&PD, in New Delhi on June 10, 2022.jpg
| caption = Niranjan Jyoti in 2022
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|03|01|df=y}}<ref name=UPLA-Jyoti>{{cite web|title=Niranjan Jyoti, Sadhvi|url=http://uplegassembly.nic.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/228.pdf|website=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=24 November 2015|language=hi|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124205228/http://uplegassembly.nic.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/228.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Patewra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| office = President of [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]
| term_start = 18 March 2026
| term_end =
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor = [[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State for Rural Development]]
| term_start1 = 30 May 2019
| term_end1 = 11 June 2024
| prime_minister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor1 = [[Ram Kripal Yadav]]
| successor1 = [[Kamlesh Paswan]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]]
| term_start2 = 8 July 2021
| term_end2 = 11 June 2024
| prime_minister2 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Raosaheb Dadarao Danve]]
| successor2 = [[Nimuben Bambhaniya]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries|Minister of State for Food Processing Industries]]
| term_start3 = 8 November 2014
| term_end3 = 30 May 2019
| prime_minister3 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Sanjeev Balyan]]
| successor3 = [[Rameswar Teli]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency4 = [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]]
| term_start4 = 16 May 2014
| term_end4 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor4 = [[Rakesh Sachan]]
| successor4 = [[Naresh Uttam Patel]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father =
| mother =
| children =
| profession = ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|Kathavahchak]]'' (Religious storyteller)
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4622
}}

'''Niranjan Jyoti''' (born 1 March 1967), more commonly known as ''[[Sadhvi]] Niranjan Jyoti'', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[monk]] and Indian politician belonging to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). She was appointed as President of [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] on 18 March 2026. She was appointed the [[Union Council of Ministers of India#Ministers of State|Minister of State]] for [[food processing|Food Processing Industries]] in November 2014.<ref name=IE-story>{{cite news|title=From storyteller to minister; Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/from-storyteller-to-minister-sadhvi-niranjan-jyoti/|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=12 November 2015|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124234925/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/from-storyteller-to-minister-sadhvi-niranjan-jyoti/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 May 2019, she was appointed [[Minister of State|Minister of state]] in the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]] in the [[Narendra Modi]] Cabinet.

She represents the [[Fatehpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Fatehpur]] constituency, [[Uttar Pradesh]], in the [[Lok Sabha]], after winning in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]].<ref name=lok-Sadhvi>{{cite web|title=Jyoti,Sadhvi Niranjan|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4622|website=[[Lok Sabha]]|access-date=24 November 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125031256/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4622|url-status=live}}</ref> She also represented the [[Hamirpur (Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency)|Hamirpur]] constituency in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] after winning in the [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012 election]].<ref name="Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti">{{cite news |title=Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti |url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4622 |access-date=10 April 2022 |work= |date=2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410082647/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4622 |archive-date=10 April 2022}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Niranjan Jyoti was born on 1 March 1967 in the village of Patewra, in [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]. Her father was Achyutanand and mother was Shiv Kali Devi.<ref name=UPLA-Jyoti/><ref name=lok-Sadhvi/> She was born in a [[Nishad]]-caste family.<ref name=IE-story/>

On 14 June 2014, one man called Bhanu Patel and his three accomplices fired at Jyoti as she was returning from a function in Awas Vikas Colony, [[Lucknow]]. She escaped unhurt but her bodyguard was injured.<ref name=ET-attacked>{{cite news|title=BJP MP Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti attacked, escapes unhurt|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598146_1_attackers-old-rivalry-escapes|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=15 June 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125001548/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-06-15/news/50598146_1_attackers-old-rivalry-escapes|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In May 2019, Jyoti became Minister of State for [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]].<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi allocates portfolios. Full list of new ministers |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |work=[[Live Mint]] |date=31 May 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019 |archive-date=2 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602015648/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/pm-modi-allocates-portfolios-full-list-of-new-ministers-1559288502067.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal views and controversies==

On 1 December 2014,<ref name=IT-Regret/> she stated at a public rally, "It is you whom must decide whether the government in Delhi will be run by the sons of [[Rama]] (raamzaade) or by bastards (haraamzaade)" referring to the opposition leader. <ref name=IE-Remark>{{cite news|title=Ramzada vs haramzada: Outrage over Union Minister Sadhvi's remark|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/union-minister-spells-out-choice-in-delhi-ramzada-vs-haramzada/|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 December 2014|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125002245/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/union-minister-spells-out-choice-in-delhi-ramzada-vs-haramzada/|url-status=live}}</ref> The statement caused an uproar in the [[Lok Sabha|Parliament]].<ref name=IE-ApoloRemark>{{cite news|title=After uproar in House, Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti says she is ready to apologise for 'haramzadon' remark|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/niranjan-jyoti-expresses-regret-says-ready-to-apologise-for-her-haramzadon-remark-giriraj-skips-rajya-sabha/|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 December 2015|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124233907/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/niranjan-jyoti-expresses-regret-says-ready-to-apologise-for-her-haramzadon-remark-giriraj-skips-rajya-sabha/|url-status=live}}</ref> She subsequently expressed regret over her statements and offered to apologize.<ref name=IT-Regret>{{cite news|title=After abusive rant, Union minister Sadhvi Niranjan Jyoti expresses regret in Parliament|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/niranjan-jyoti-narendra-modi-parliament-ram-controversial-remarks-229437-2014-12-02|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=2 December 2014|archive-date=24 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124225139/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/niranjan-jyoti-narendra-modi-parliament-ram-controversial-remarks/1/404749.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4622 Official biographical sketch] at the Parliament of India website

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{17th LS members from Uttar Pradesh}}
{{16th LS members from Uttar Pradesh |state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jyoti, Niranjan}}
[[Category:People from Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women in Uttar Pradesh politics]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Women union ministers of state of India]]
[[Category:People from Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]

Bordowa Than

2026-04-19T20:55:22Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Short description|Hindu pilgrimage site in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|native_name=Batadrava Than
|image=Bordowa.jpg
|tradition=Neo Vaishnavism
|festivals=Doul jatra, Sankardev Utsav, [[Janmashtami]], Nandotsava, Phalgustsava, Ras Jatra, etc.
|location=Batadrava
|district=[[Nagaon]]
|state=[[Assam]]
|country=[[India]]
|map_size=250
|map_caption=Bordowa than
|creator=[[Sankardev]]
|established=1468
|site_area=16 bigha
|temple_quantity=4
|website=https://bordowathan.org/}}

'''Bordowa 'Batadrava' Than''' is a pilgrimage site in [[Nagaon district|Nagaon]], [[Assam]]. It is located in the birthplace of the great Assamese saint and social reformer Srimanta [[Sankardev]]. Sankardev at the age of 19, established the Bordowa Than in 1468, it is also the first [[Namghar]] or Than constructed. The rituals of this [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Than]] is conducted according to the norms of [[Ekasarana Dharma#Purush sanghati|Purush sanghati]]. The [[pilgrimage]] site is located at Batadrava, about 16 km from [[Nagaon]] city and it covers an area of 16 [[bigha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordowa satra {{!}} Birthplace of Srimanta Sankardev |url=http://www.assaminfo.com/tourist-places/12/bordowa-satra.htm |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.assaminfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordowa Satra Nagaon Assam - Must Visit Tourist Attractions in Assam |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/assam/bordowa-satra.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref>

== Establishment ==
Srimanta [[Sankardev]] constructed a prayer house (Namghar) and ''chari hati'' (huts of devotees), where daily recitals of prayer and discussion could be held at the request of his brother Ram Raiya. From here [[Sankardev]] propagated the teachings of [[Ekasarana Dharma]] till the age of 67, after this due to disturbances created by the neighboring tribes and [[Dimasa Kingdom|Kachari King]], he abandoned this place. After his abandonment, this place became deserted and it was finally re-discovered by the granddaughter-in-law Kanaklata.
<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2010|pp=60–1}}</ref>

=== Dispute ===
Bordowa Than has a long history of dispute over its claims of ownership and it was divided into two [[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|Satras]], namely, Narowa and Salaguri. In the reign of Ahom King [[Kamaleswar Singha]], its case of dispute reached the court and he sent his ministers [[Purnananda Burhagohain]] and Bhandari [[Borbarua]] to settle the disputes and in conclusion the Than was equally divided between both. But in 1958, it was reunified and both the former Satras were combined under the banner of 'Bordowa Than', and one big [[Namghar]] was created.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2010|pp=65–66}}</ref>

== Structure ==
[[File:Borduwa Kirtan ghar.jpg|thumb|Inside the Bordowa Kirtanghar premise.]]
The Than covers an area of 16 bigha and is surrounded by a brick wall. It has two entrances (''batchora'').

'''Kirtan Ghar''': The spacious prayer house or Kirtan ghar is situated in the middle of the than premise. It was originally built by Sankardev with impermanent materials and the present structure was built in 1958, measuring 180 ft. long and 85 ft. breadth.

'''Manikut''': Manikut is attached to the Kirtan ghar and the sacred texts, scriptures, and manuscripts are kept there.

The other structures lying within the campus are: Natghar, Alohighar, Sabhaghar, Rabhaghar, Hatipukhuri, Aakashi Ganga, Doul mandir etc.<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2010|pp=67–71}}</ref> There is also one mini museum, which displays various kinds of historical articles of the Than.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Mrinmoy |date=2016-06-02 |title=Museum of a sacred place: A case study of Bordowa mini museum |url=http://www.abhijna-emuseum.com/articles/museum-of-a-sacred-place-a-case-study-of-bordowa-mini-museum/ |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=Abhijna e-Museum |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Management ==
[[File:Borduwa.jpg|thumb|Singhasan (''seven tired throne'') where the Bhagavata is placed]]
For the smooth functioning the Than's rituals and prayers, the ''Sattradhikar'' (head of the (Than) Satra) appoints a number of functionaries such as: (i) Bar Bhagavati, (ii) Bar pathak, (iii) Bar Namlogowa, (iv) Deuri, (v) Bar Bharali, (vi) Bar aldhara, (vii) Bar
Gayana (viii) Bar Bayana, the chief instrumentalist (ix) Chaul Bharali, (x) Bar Sarvani, (xi) Oja.

=== List of Sattradhikar ===
The Sattradhikar is the head of the (Than) Satra. Following is the list of the Sattradhikars of the Narowa and Salaguri Satras.

'''Narowa Sattradhikar'''
#Ram Deva
#Bhadra Deva
#Lakshmi Deva
#Ram Deva
#Bhagirati
#Bangshi Deva
#Puma Chandra Deva Goswami
#Devananda Devagoswami

'''Salaguri Sattradhikar'''
#Ram Carana
#Krishnakanta
#Bhadra Kanta
#Yadu Kanta
#Pumakanta
#Nabakanta
#Bhogeswar
#Leeladhar
#Dharma Chandra
#Bhava Chandra
#Arabinda
#Sumeswar Deva
#Paramananda Mahanta<ref>{{harvcol|Nath|2010|p=66}}</ref>

== Functions ==
{{AI-generated|section=Functions|date=August 2025}}
The Than organizes various kinds of functions and festivals here such as:

Batadrava Doul Jatra, celebrated in Bordowa, Assam, is a significant festival that marks the state's first organized Holi celebration, dating back to the time of the revered saint, Srimanta Sankardev. This five-day festival, held annually in March, is deeply rooted in Assamese culture and spirituality, attracting devotees and visitors from various regions.

Historical Significance

Srimanta Sankardev, a 15th-century saint-scholar, playwright, and social-religious reformer, established Bordowa as his birthplace. He introduced the Doul Jatra festival to promote Bhakti (devotion) among the masses, integrating cultural performances with religious observances. This initiative not only enriched Assamese cultural heritage but also laid the foundation for organized Holi celebrations in the region.

Festival Overview

The Doul Jatra spans five days, each imbued with unique rituals and cultural activities:

1. Gandh (First Day): The festival commences with the ceremonial bathing of a small idol of Lord Krishna in milk and other auspicious substances, symbolizing purity and divinity. The idol is then adorned with new clothes, marking the beginning of the festivities.

2. Guxai Murot Faku Dia (Second Day): On this day, colored powders, known as 'faku,' are applied exclusively to the deity, signifying the sanctity of the occasion. Devotees refrain from playing with colors among themselves, focusing their devotion on Lord Krishna.

3. Doul Jatra (Third Day): This day witnesses a vibrant procession where devotees carry the decorated idol of Lord Krishna on a palanquin, accompanied by traditional music and dance. People joyfully play with colors, embodying the spirit of Holi while maintaining a deep sense of devotion.

4. Namghar Prayers and Mela (Fourth and Fifth Days): The concluding days are dedicated to communal prayers at the Namghar (prayer hall), where devotees gather for spiritual discourses and hymns. Simultaneously, a fair (mela) is organized, offering shopping opportunities and entertainment, fostering community bonding and cultural exchange.

Cultural Vibrancy

The Batadrava Doul Jatra is not merely a festival but a confluence of devotion, art, and community spirit. Traditional music and dance forms, such as Borgeet (devotional songs) and Sattriya (classical dance), are performed, reflecting the rich cultural tapestry of Assam. The festival also serves as a platform for local artisans and vendors, boosting the local economy and preserving traditional crafts.

Conclusion

Batadrava Doul Jatra stands as a testament to Assam's profound cultural and spiritual heritage. Initiated by Srimanta Sankardev, this five-day festival encapsulates the essence of devotion, community, and celebration, marking the origin of organized Holi festivities in the region. Each day of the festival offers a unique experience, inviting participants to immerse themselves in rituals, colors, prayers, and communal harmony.

the tithis or the death anniversaries of the Vaisnava saints, Srimanta [[Sankardev]] and Mahapurush [[Madhavdev]], [[Janmastami]], Nandotsava, Ras Jatra ceremonies, etc. and performance of [[Sattriya]] culture.

==Avirbhav Kshetra==
[[Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardev Avirbhav Kshetra]] is a cultural, spiritual, and heritage complex located at Batadrava near [[Bordowa Than]] in [[Nagaon district]], in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It has been developed around the birthplace<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bordowa Satra Nagaon Assam - Must Visit Tourist Attractions in Assam |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/assam/bordowa-satra.html |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref> of the medieval Assamese saint and reformer Srimanta Sankardev, commemorating his life, teachings, and contributions to Assamese society through religion, arts, and culture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sankardev's Religion – Mahāpurusism|url=http://www.atributetosankaradeva.org/mahapurusiya.htm|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref> The site was officially inaugurated on 29 December 2025 by [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Amit Shah]] after an extensive redevelopment project aimed at transforming it into a major cultural and spiritual destination. <ref>{{cite web|title= Shah inaugurates ₹227 crore redeveloped birthplace of Srimanta Sankardeva |date=29 December 2025|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/shah-inaugurates-227-crore-redeveloped-birthplace-of-srimanta-sankardeva/article70449056.ece |website= The Hindu |access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{Citation|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|contribution=Transition of Satra from a Venue of Bhakti Movement to the Orthodox Brahmanical Institution|year=2017|title=Clustering and Connections in Pre-Modern South Asian Society|editor-last=Ota|editor-first=Nobuhiro|pages= 237–257|place=Tokyo|publisher=Tokyo University of Foreign Studies}}
*{{Citation|last=Nath|first=Dambarudhar|title=Cult, ideology and conflict: The "MĀYĀMARĀ" Vaishnavism and social conflict in 18th century Assam|date=2014|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=75|pages=351–357|jstor=44158402|issn=2249-1937}}
*{{Citation |last1=Nath |first1=Sunaram |title=Traditional administrative institutions a study of bordowa Thaan and Barpeta Satra in Assam |date=2010 |location=Gauhati University}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://bordowathan.org/}}

{{Hindu Temples in Assam}}

[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Majuli]]
[[Category:Ekasarana Dharma]]
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]
[[Category:Satras (Ekasarana Dharma)]]
[[Category:Majuli district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Pilgrimage in India]]

Kudumbashree

2026-04-16T04:35:54Z

Corel Bazaar: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|Government programme in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Kudumbashree
| region_served = Kerala
| logo = File:Kudumbashree_Logo.jpeg
| formation = 17 May 1997
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| leader_title = Executive Director
| leader_name = H Dineshan IAS
| parent_organization = [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala]]
| website = https://www.kudumbashree.org/
}}

'''Kudumbashree''' ({{IPA|ml|ku.ɖum.bɐʃ.riː|IPA}}; means 'Prosperity of the family'<ref name="Story">{{cite web |title=Setting Up of the Kudumbashree Mission |url=https://thekudumbashreestory.info/index.php/history-and-evolution/the-mission-setting-up |website=the Kudumbashree Story |publisher=Kudumbashree, Kerala State Poverty Eradication Mission, Govt of Kerala |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref>) is a poverty eradication and women empowerment programme implemented by the [[Government of Kerala]]. Kudumbashree has a three-tier structure for its women community network, with Neighborhood Groups at the lowest level, Area Development Societies at the middle level, and Community Development Societies at the local government level.

In 2012, Kudumbashree was recognized as a National Resource Organisation by [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]] , [[Government of India]], under the [[National Rural Livelihood Mission]] to provide support to other States in their poverty eradication efforts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kudumbashree, National Rural Mission to sign pact for services|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/news/30200840_1_kudumbashree-nrlm-rural-economy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802054454/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/news/30200840_1_kudumbashree-nrlm-rural-economy|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 August 2015|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=PTI|publisher=The Economic Times|date=25 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lakshman|first1=Arun|title=Kerala's rural self-help model to be replicated countrywide|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/keralas-rural-self-help-model-to-be-replicated/20110617.htm|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=PTI|work=www.rediff.com|date=17 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Martin|first1=K.A.|title=Kudumbasree acclaimed as a national role model|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/kudumbasree-acclaimed-as-a-national-role-model/article3019007.ece|accessdate=27 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Framework for Partnerships with Resource Organizations|url=http://rural.nic.in/sites/downloads/latest/Aajeevika_Partnership_Framework.pdf|website=rural.nic.in|publisher=National Rural Livelihoods Mission|accessdate=27 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Outcome Budget of Department of Rural Development 2015-2016|url=http://rural.nic.in/netrural/rural/sites/downloads/budget/Book_Outcome_Budget_15_16_Eng.pdf|website=rural.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India|accessdate=27 February 2016}}</ref>

The Silver Jubilee Celebrations of Kudumbashree was inaugurated by [[Droupadi Murmu]], the [[president of India]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 17 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=President of India Attends Civic Reception at Thiruvananthapuram Inaugurates Silver Jubilee Celebration of 'kudumbashree' and Launches 'unnathi'|url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/press_releases/president-india-attends-civic-reception-thiruvananthapuram-inaugurates-silver}}</ref>

As part of Kudumbashree’s 25th anniversary, the [[Government of Kerala]] has issued orders that 17 May be celebrated as 'Kudumbashree Day' every year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree Day to be observed on May 17 every year|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kudumbashree-day-to-be-observed-on-may-17-every-year/article66414402.ece}}</ref> Radioshree, Kudumbashree's online radio was also launched as part of Kudumbashree's 25th anniversary.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala CM to open Kudumbashree silver jubilee valedictory|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cm-to-open-kudumbashree-silver-jubilee-valedictory/article66858495.ece}}</ref>

Kudumbashree's theme song (Mudra Geetham) was launched by [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], Chief Minister, [[Government of Kerala]] during the 25th Anniversary Celebrations of Kudumbashree. [[Sreevalsan J Menon]] is the Music Director & is sung by [[K.S Chithra]]. The lyrics were written by Sreekala Devayanam.<ref>{{cite web |title=CM to release Kudumbashree theme song|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-to-release-kudumbashree-theme-song/article66836198.ece}}</ref>

==History==
Kudumbashree was set up in 1997 following the recommendations of a three-member task force appointed by the State Government. Its formation was in the context of the devolution of powers to the [[Panchayat Raj]] Institutions (PRIs) in Kerala, and the [[People's Planning in Kerala]], the campaign which attempted to draw up the Ninth Plan of the local governments from below through the PRIs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree: A Kerala story starring empowered women|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kudumbashree-a-kerala-story-starring-empowered-women-1220587.html}}</ref>

Kudumbashree was launched following the 1996 People's Plan Campaign of the [[E. K. Nayanar]] Government. From the beginning, it has been functioning under the local self-government department by accepting financial support from the union government and [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development]] (NABARD).

As of 31 March 2025, Kudumbashree has 1,070 CDS (Community Developments Society, 19,470 ADS (Area Development Society) and 3,17,724 NHGs (Neighborhood Groups) Kerala's 48 lakh women community network, which is spread across Kerala.<ref name="Govt of Kerala">{{cite web |title=Details of Community Based Organisations|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/518 |website=Kudumbashree, Kerala State Poverty Eradication Mission |publisher=Govt of Kerala |access-date=1 November 2020}}</ref>

The Kudumbashree Mission was registered as a Charitable Society under the Travancore-Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act of 1955 in November 1998. The mission was officially inaugurated by [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], the then prime minister, [[Government of India]] on 17 May 1998 at [[Malappuram]] as requested by the [[Government of Kerala]] and the Mission started functioning on 1 April 1999 under the Local Self-Government Department of the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="Story"/>

==Kudumbashree Mission==
The State Poverty Eradication Mission (SPEM), popularly known as the Kudumbashree Mission, is the State Government's instrument for poverty eradication under the Local Self-Government Department.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree - The world's largest Women's network |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/storage//files/nn1sw_an%20introduction%20to%20kudumbashree.pdf |publisher=Kudumbashree Mission |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref>

The mission has a governing body chaired by the minister for local self-government and an executive committee chaired by the principal secretary, Local Self-Government Department. The mission is the agency that promotes and supports the Kudumbashree Community network.<ref name="Organisational Structure">{{cite web |title=Organisational Structure|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/8}}</ref>

The mission structure consists of a state mission and 14 district missions. The state mission in divided into three divisions – Livelihood Development, Organisation and Social Development, and Systems Support.<ref name="Organisational Structure"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Programs|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/|access-date=10 December 2024|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415073958/https://kudumbashree.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Kudumbashree Community Network==

The Kudumbashree community network has a three-tier structure. The neighborhood groups (NHGs) are the units at the primary level. The Area Development Societies (ADSs) form the middle tier of the network and Community Development Societies (CDSs) at the local government level.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Kudumbashree|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/pages/171}}</ref>

As of 31 March 2025, Kudumbashree has 3,17,724 NHGs affiliated to 19,470 ADSs and 1,070 CDSs with a total membership of 48,08,837 women. Kudumbashree membership is open to all adult women, limited to one membership per family.<ref name="Govt of Kerala"/>

==Kudumbashree Auxiliary Groups==

Out of the total NHG members, women between 18 and 40 years of age constitute 10% only. The limitations including giving membership only to one member per family, have been a reason for this. Because of this, a greater percentage of young women failed to get directly benefited out of the various programmes being implemented through Kudumbashree. As a solution, Kudumbashree formulated Auxiliary Groups and now the young women are offered an opportunity to become part of these Auxiliary Groups. The project aims at ensuring the social, cultural and livelihood upliftment of young women.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree Auxiliary Group Formation Progressing|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/news/kudumbashree-auxiliary-group-formation-progressingen |website=lsgkerala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree auxiliary groups’ meet on December 23 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kudumbashree-auxiliary-groups-meet-on-december-23/article67638337.ece}}</ref>

==Kudumbashree Special NHGs==
To ensure the social inclusion of the side-lined transgender community, Kudumbashree had also started special NHGs for [[transgenders]] and they are given an opportunity to find a steady livelihood of their own and lead a dignified life in the society.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

Kudumbashree also associates with the [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme]] (MGNREGS) in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paliath |first=Shreehari |date=2018-05-07 |title=How Kudumbashree paved way for MGNREGS to change lives of women in Kerala |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/how-kudumbashree-paved-way-for-mgnregs-to-change-lives-of-women-in-kerala-118050700071_1.html |access-date=2022-04-10}}</ref>

==Kudumbashree National Resource Organisation==
{{Infobox organization
| logo =
| formation = 2012
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| affiliations = Kudumbashree, [[National Rural Livelihood Mission|NRLM]]
| name = Kudumbashree National Resource Organisation
| logo_size = 400px
| location = [[India]]
| region_served = [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]]
[[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sikkim]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| focus = PRI-CBO Convergence, Enterprises
| website = {{URL|http://www.keralanro.org/}}
}}
After its formation in 2012, the Kudumbashree NRO signed [[Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoUs) with 9 States ([[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Sikkim]]) to provide technical and implementation support to their State Rural Livelihood Missions (SRLMs) for the adaptation of Kudumbashree's best practices. Kudumbashree NRO provides assistance to States in undertaking pilot interventions under the Enterprises project and Panchayati Raj Institutions – Community Based Organisations (PRI-CBO) Convergence Project.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kudumbashree Tie-up with Livelihood Missions|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Kudumbashree-Tie-up-with-Livelihood-Missions/2014/01/21/article2010905.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122090518/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Kudumbashree-Tie-up-with-Livelihood-Missions/2014/01/21/article2010905.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 January 2014|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=Express News Service|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=21 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sree|first1=K M|title=Kudumbashree draws training module for women|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/Kudumbashree-draws-training-module-for-women/articleshow/20484736.cms|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=8 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kudumbashree to sign MoU with seven states|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/kudumbashree-to-sign-mou-with-seven-states-435603.html|accessdate=27 February 2016|publisher=IBN Live|date=9 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Seven states show interest in Kerala's Kudumbashree venture|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/seven-states-show-interest-in-kerala-s-kudumbashree-venture-112011000048_1.html|agency=PTI|publisher=Business Standard|date=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kudumbasree to train Bihar men and women as entrepreneurs|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/6086|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=IANS|publisher=madhyamam.com/en/|date=5 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Step up NRLM fund use: Jairam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/step-up-nrlm-fund-use-jairam/article5256098.ece|accessdate=27 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 October 2013}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Co-creating new practice: Innovations in Livelihoods Education|url=http://www.livelihoods-manthan.net/resources/education/XIMB%20report.pdf|publisher=Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar|accessdate=27 February 2016}}</ref>

The Enterprises project identifies individuals from local communities and trains them for 6–9 months to form a cadre of community professionals called Micro-Enterprise Consultants (MEC). MEC are expected to provide hand holding support and capacity building services primarily to women entrepreneurs from rural areas in exchange for a fee. The Enterprises project is in the pilot phase in select districts of 7 States - [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Sikkim]].<ref name=":0" />

The PRI-CBO Convergence project identifies individuals from local communities and trains them to form a cadre of community professionals called Local Resource Groups (LRG). LRG are expected to work with community institutions and local governments to improve the efficiency and reach of poor centric programmes, promote participatory planning and inculcate democratic consciousness in local communities. The PRI-CBO Convergence project is in the pilot phase in select blocks of 7 States – [[Assam]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Sikkim]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Detailed Project Report for pilot on PRI-CBO Convergence|url=http://www.umed.in/DocumentFiles/Pilot/Detailed%20Project%20Report%20for%20pilot%20on%20PRI-CBO%20convergence%20(1).pdf|website=www.umed.in|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PRI-CBO Convergence Pilot Project|url=http://olm.nic.in/?q=content/pri-cbo|website=olm.nic.in|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PRC Agenda for MGNREGA|url=http://rural.nic.in/netrural/rural/sites/downloads/latest/PRC_Agenda_for_AGENDA1314.pdf|website=rural.nic.in|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PRI-CBO Convergence in NRLM|url=http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/532743/NRLM%20PRI%20CBO%20Convergence%20presentation.pdf|website=panchayat.gov.in|accessdate=21 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, Kudumbashree NRO entered into collaborations with [[Ethiopia]] and [[South Africa]] to provide support for the adaptation of Kudumbashree's best practices in these countries.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Correspondent|first1=Special|title=Kudumbasree inspires Ethiopians|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kudumbasree-inspires-ethiopians/article7564400.ece|accessdate=27 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=21 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Manu|first1=Meera|title=Destination Ethiopia: Kudumbashree Mission Going Places|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Destination-Ethiopia-Kudumbashree-Mission-Going-Places/2015/05/13/article2811213.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515054106/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Destination-Ethiopia-Kudumbashree-Mission-Going-Places/2015/05/13/article2811213.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 May 2015|accessdate=27 February 2016|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=13 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kudumbashree to Sign MoU with Ethiopia|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Kudumbashree-to-Sign-MoU-with-Ethiopia/2015/08/21/article2985124.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821032801/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Kudumbashree-to-Sign-MoU-with-Ethiopia/2015/08/21/article2985124.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2015|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=Express News Service|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=21 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=South African state eager to copy Kerala's Kudumbashree|url=http://eastcoastdaily.in/2014/10/18/south-african-state-eager-to-copy-keralas-kudumbashree/|accessdate=27 February 2016|publisher=eastcoastdaily.in|date=18 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311052137/http://eastcoastdaily.in/2014/10/18/south-african-state-eager-to-copy-keralas-kudumbashree/|archive-date=11 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Meethal|first1=Amiya|title=Kudumbashree model to foray into South Africa|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150520/nation-current-affairs/article/kudumbashree-model-foray-south-africa|access-date=27 February 2016|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=10 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=South African delegation keen to replicate Kudumbasree model|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/South-African-delegation-keen-to-replicate-Kudumbasree-model/articleshow/10182536.cms|accessdate=27 February 2016|agency=TNN|work=The Times of India|date=30 September 2011}}</ref>

==Kudumbashree Awards==
Kudumbashree constituted 'Kudumbashree Awards' as part of intensifying Kudumbashree project activities and honoring excellent and notable achievements. Awards are given in a total of 17 categories viz., Best NHG, Best ADS, Best Ooru Samithi, Best Enterprise Group, Best Entrepreneur, Best BUDS Institution, Best Gender Resource Centre, Best Auxiliary Group, Best Auxiliary Enterprise, Best Snehitha Gender Help Desk, District that has carried out the Best Public Relations Activities, Best District Mission, as well as Best CDS (Convergence Activities, Unique Activities, Administration-Microfinance Activities), Best CDS (Agriculture Sector, Animal Husbandry), Best CDS (Social Development, Gender), Best CDS (Tribal Activities), Best CDS (Micro Enterprise, DDU-GKY, K-DISC).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree State awards announced|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kudumbashree-state-awards-announced/article69549732.ece}}</ref>

==Disaster Relief==
'''2018 Kerala floods'''

During the [[2018 Kerala floods]], Kudumbashree contributed Rs 11.18 crores to Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF).<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree Mission contributes an additional amount of Rs 4.18 crore to CMDRF making a total of Rs 11.18 crore |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/news/even-though-majority-kudumbashree-members-were-badly-affected-flood-they-have#:~:text=Rs%2011.18%20crore-,Kudumbashree%20Mission%20contributes%20an%20additional%20amount%20of%20Rs%204.18%20crore,total%20of%20Rs%2011.18%20crore&text=Kudumbashree%20Mission%20contribute%20an%20additional,total%20of%20Rs%2011.18%20crores.}}</ref>

'''Covid-19 pandemic'''

The organisation implemented the Chief Minister’s ‘Sahayahastham’ (Helping Hands) Loan Scheme,<ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Minister's Helping Hand Loan Scheme- Rs 1782.82 crores given as loan and loan application of Rs 1958.12 crores submitted to banks until now |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/featured-topics/chief-ministers-helping-hand-loan-scheme-cmhls-interest-free-loan}}</ref> made regular Communication with the community, focused especially on elderly care, extended special care for the vulnerable communities, extended counselling services, made use of the enterprise opportunities (production of masks, sanitizers and face shields, cloth bags for the Civil Supplies Department for distributing the food kits to the public, run Community Kitchens, launched Janakeeya Hotels across the state to serve meals at Rs 20, set up Take Away counters at state boundaries and food supply to Corona Care Centres etc) and filling in the social needs and also involved in volunteering and other activities as well.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kudumbashree sews success in times of Covid-19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2020/Apr/07/kudumbashree-sews-success-in-times-of-covid-19-2126644.html}}</ref>

'''2024 Wayanad landslides'''

During [[2024 Wayanad landslides]], Kudumbashree contributed Rs 20,60,25,388 to Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-12 |title=Rs 53.19 lakhs from Kudumbashree as the Second Phase Instalment to Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund as a helping hand for Wayanad |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/kudumbashree/news/rs-5319-lakhs-kudumbashree-second-phase-instalment-chief-ministers-distress |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=Local Self Government Department}}</ref> Kudumbashree also prepared the Micro Plans for those affected by the landslides associating with the District Administration of [[Wayanad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Resettlement of Wayanad landslide survivors will be expedited, says Kerala Local Self-Government Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/resettlement-of-wayanad-landslide-survivors-will-be-expedited-says-kerala-local-self-government-minister/article68977648.ece}}</ref>

==Arangu Arts Festival==

Arangu Arts Festivals are organized to develop the creative skills of Kudumbashree NHG, Auxiliary Group members. The festival aims to showcase the artistic talents of Kudumbashree NHG-Auxiliary members and empower them through creative expression. The Arangu Arts Festival is organized at three levels-Taluk level, District level and State level.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

This new format of Kudumbashree Arts Festival was launched in 2017. The State level Competitions of 2017 and 2018 were held at [[Alappuzha]] and [[Malappuram]] respectively. The State Level Competitions of 2019, 2023 and 2024 were held at [[Palakkad]], [[Thrissur]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Three-day Kudumbashree art festival begins in Thrissur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-day-kudumbashree-art-festival-begins-in-thrissur/article66924785.ece}}</ref> and [[Kasaragod]] respectively. From 2023 onwards, a Special Category was started for Auxiliary Group Members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kasaragod wins overall title in Kudumbashree Kalolsavam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kasaragod-wins-overall-title-in-kudumbashree-kalolsavam/article66931312.ece}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.kudumbashree.org/ Kudumbashree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415073958/https://kudumbashree.org/ |date=15 April 2024 }}
*[https://thekudumbashreestory.info/ The Kudumbashree Story]
*[https://www.kudumbashree.org/storage//files/nn1sw_an%20introduction%20to%20kudumbashree.pdf Kudumbashree - The world’s largest Women’s network]
* [http://keralanro.org Kudumbashree National Resource Organisation]
* [http://aajevika.gov.in National Rural Livelihoods Mission]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==Additional reading==
*{{cite book |last1=M. A. Oommen |title=Micro-finance and Poverty Alleviation: The Case of Kerala's Kudumbashree |date=April 2008 |publisher=Centre for Socio-econo mic & E nvironmental Studies(CSES) |location=Kochi |url=http://kudumbashree.org/storage/files/fqvd6_micro%20finance%20and%20poverty%20alleviation.pdf |access-date=2 November 2020|author1-link=M. A. Oommen }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Glyn Williams, Binitha V. Thampi, D. Narayana, Sailaja Nandigama and [[Dwaipayan Bhattacharyya]]|title=Performing Participatory Citizenship – Politics and Power in Kerala's Kudumbashree Programme|journal=The Journal of Development Studies|date=1 August 2011|volume=47|issue=8|pages=1261–1280|doi=10.1080/00220388.2010.527949|s2cid=154562213|access-date=2 November 2020|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00220388.2010.527949}}

[[Category:Rural development organisations in India]]
[[Category:Poverty in India]]
[[Category:Government welfare schemes in Kerala]]
[[Category:Women in India]]

Jaykumar Gore

2026-04-16T01:47:48Z

Corel Bazaar: Adding A Bio

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Ministry of Rural Development (Maharashtra)|Minister of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj]] [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 15 December 2024
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 3blankname = Guardian minister
| 3namedata = [[Solapur district]]
| predecessor = [[Girish Mahajan]]
| successor =
| office1 = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Sampatrao Awaghade
| constituency1 = [[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1975|10|15}}
| birth_place = Boratwadi, [[Maan, Maharashtra|Maan]], [[Satara district]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(from 2019)}}
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2014-19)}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(till 2014)}}
| spouse =
| children = Vaishnavi Gore
| father = Bhagwanrao Gore
| mother = Kamal Gore
| occupation = Politician
| website = {{URL|http://www.jaykumargore.com/}}
}}

'''Jaykumar Gore''' is an Indian politician and Bharatiya Janata Party leader from the Satara district. He is a three-term member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Man Assembly Constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Man Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/man-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-09-10 |title=Blow to Congress as Prithviraj Chavan aide to join BJP |language= |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/blow-to-congress-as-prithviraj-chavan-aide-to-join-bjp/article29386877.ece |access-date= |issn=}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra portfolios: Fadnavis keeps Home, Shinde Urban Development; Ajit gets Finance">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Maharashtra portfolios: Fadnavis keeps Home, Shinde Urban Development; Ajit gets Finance|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-portfolios-fadnavis-keeps-home-shinde-urban-development-ajit-gets-finance/article69013705.ece|access-date=22 December 2024|publisher=The Hindu|date=21 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222043146/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/maharashtra/maharashtra-portfolios-fadnavis-keeps-home-shinde-urban-development-ajit-gets-finance/article69013705.ece|archive-date=22 December 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra cabinet expanded; here is the full list of ministers">{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|title=Maharashtra cabinet expanded; here is the full list of ministers|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministers-full-list-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-9726178/|access-date=15 December 2024|date=15 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215131545/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministers-full-list-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-9726178/|archive-date=15 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra portfolio allocation: CM Fadnavis keeps home ministry, Ajit Pawar gets finance, Shinde gets urban development">{{cite news|title=Maharashtra portfolio allocation: CM Fadnavis keeps home ministry, Ajit Pawar gets finance, Shinde gets urban development|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-portfolio-allocation-cm-fadnavis-keeps-home-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-shinde-gets-urban-development/articleshow/116542747.cms|accessdate=22 December 2024|publisher=The Times of India|date=21 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222043727/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/maharashtra-portfolio-allocation-cm-fadnavis-keeps-home-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-shinde-gets-urban-development/articleshow/116542747.cms|archivedate=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Fadnavis retains Home, Ajit Finance, Shinde gets Urban, Works, and Housing">{{cite news|title=Fadnavis retains Home, Ajit Finance, Shinde gets Urban, Works, and Housing|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/fadnavis-retains-home-ajit-finance-shinde-gets-urban-works-and-housing-9738240/|accessdate=22 December 2024|publisher=The Indian Express|date=22 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222043827/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/fadnavis-retains-home-ajit-finance-shinde-gets-urban-works-and-housing-9738240/|archivedate=22 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==

Jaykumar Gore is a member of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), a right Hindu nationalist paramilitary volunteer organisation.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gore, Jaykumar}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Puja Saroj

2026-04-11T19:59:13Z

Corel Bazaar: Put up a article

{{Short description|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Puja Saroj
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2022
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Mehnagar Assembly constituency|Mehnagar]]
| predecessor = [[Kalpnath Paswan]]
| successor =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1990|11|2}}
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| father =
| spouse = Rajiv Kumar
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
}}
'''Puja Saroj''' is an Indian [[politician]] and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Mehnagar Assembly constituency]] of [[Azamgarh]].<ref name="News18">{{Cite news |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/azamgarh-azamgarh-mehnagar-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-manjoo-saroj-puja-saroj-nirmala-bharti-pankaj-kumar-4039397.html |title=Mehnagar Assembly Seat Result: सपा की पूजा सरोज ने भाजपा की मंजू सरोज को हराया |author=NEWS18HINDI |date=10 March 2022 |publisher=[[News18]] |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18352/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |website=uplegisassembly.gov.in |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="prs">{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/Puja |title=Puja |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=prsindia.org |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref> She is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="News18"/><ref name="upla"/><ref name="prs"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/puja/ |title=Puja, SP MLA from Mehnagar |publisher=Our Neta |website=ourneta.com |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==

Puja Saroj was born on 2 November 1990 in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Ghanshyam.<ref name="upla"/> She married Rajiv Kumar on 8 February 2015, and they have one child.<ref name="upla"/>

==Education==

Puja Saroj completed her post-graduation with a [[Master of Arts]] at [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Varanasi]], in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=4324 |title=Puja(Samajwadi Party(SP)):Constituency- MEHNAGAR (SC)(AZAMGARH) |access-date=12 June 2024 |publisher=My Neta |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Posts held ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!From
!To
!Position
!Comments
|-
|01
|2022
|Incumbent
|Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
|
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Lalganj Assembly constituency]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saroj, Bechai}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Kumudendu Muni

2026-03-31T12:45:32Z

Corel Bazaar: Adding New Post

{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Kumudendu Muni
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| title = [[Jain]] monk, scholar, polymath
| period = 9th–10th century CE
| teacher = [[Virasena]]
| notable_works = ''[[Siribhoovalaya]]''
| disciples = [[Amoghavarsha I]], [[Shivamara II]]
| native_name = ಕುಮುದೇಂದು ಮುನಿ
| native_name_lang = kn
| birth_place = Karnataka, India
| known_for = Author of the ''[[Siribhoovalaya]]''
| image = File:Jain Monk Kumudendu 20250729-115521.png
| caption = Kumudendu Muni Author of "[[siribhoovalaya]]"
}}
{{Jainism}}
'''Kumudendu Muni''' (Around 840 CE) was a [[Jain]] [[Digambar]] monk<ref name="Ghosh1987">Ghosh, A. (Ed.) Jaina Art and Architecture, Vol. II. New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith, 1987, p. 313.</ref> and [[polymath]] from [[Karnataka]], India. He is traditionally credited with the authorship of the ''[[Siribhoovalaya]]'',<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 48-50</ref><ref name=shastri>Shastri, Yellappa. (1953). Siribhoovalaya of Kumudendu Muni, Vol. 1. Kannada Sahitya Parishat, Introduction.</ref> a literary and [[scientific]] work written entirely in [[Kannada]] numerals.<ref name="Settar1992">Settar, S. Pursuing Death: Philosophy and Practice of Voluntary Termination of Life. Dharwad: Institute of Indian Art and Culture, 1992, p. 149.</ref> This work is believed to encode content across multiple Indian languages, disciplines, and philosophical systems using intricate mathematical grids and [[cipher]] techniques. The ''Siribhoovalaya'' is believed to contain valuable information about a wide range of subjects including [[mathematics]], [[chemistry]], [[physics]], [[metallurgy]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[history]], and even [[space]] travel.<ref name="Ramesh2000">Ramesh, K.V. A History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, 2000, pp. 85–86.</ref> Kumudendu's work covers topics related to religion, science, literature, and cryptology, although much of it remains undeciphered.<ref name="Shastry1999">T. V. Venkatachala Shastry (1999). ''Siribhoovalaya''. Kannada Sahitya Parishat, Bangalore.</ref><ref name="Jain2004">Jain, Anil (2004). "Decoding the Siribhoovalaya." ''Jain Journal'', Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 213–225.</ref>

==Background==

Kumudendu is described in his own writings as a disciple of the Jain [[Virasena|Acharya Virasena]],<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 45-48</ref><ref>Sundararajan, Saroja. Early Gangas of Talakad. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975, p. 193.</ref> who composed the ''[[Dhavala]]'' and ''Jayadhavala'' commentaries. He is also said to have been the [[guru]] of [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Amoghavarsha I]] and the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Ganga Dynasty]] king [[Shivamara II]].<ref name="shastri" /> Although the exact dates of Kumudendu's life remain uncertain, scholars generally place him in the 9th century CE, based on his association with historical figures such as Amoghavarsha I and Virasena.<ref name="Pingree2001">Pingree, David (2001). ''Gaṇitasārasaṅgraha of Mahāvīrācārya''. In: ''Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit'', Series A, Vol. 5. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 9–10.</ref>

==Siribhoovalaya==
[[File:First Chakra of siribhoovalaya 20250729-131953.png|thumb|alt=Jain Monk Kumudendu|First Chakra of "siribhoovalaya"]]
Kumudendu Muni's most well-known work is the Siribhoovalaya, a unique text composed entirely in [[Kannada]] numerals (1–64) rather than letters. It reportedly contains around 600,000 verses, arranged in mathematical grids known as Chakras, typically measuring 27×27 cells.<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 56-58</ref><ref>Srinivasa Ritti, “Siribhoovalaya: A Unique Literary Work in Numerals,” Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 60, 1999, pp. 230–234.</ref> The work does not use any traditional [[alphabet]], instead, it employs numerical codes that are deciphered using specific keys to reveal verses in multiple scripts and languages.<ref>Nagaraj, D. R. (2011). The Flaming Feet and Other Essays: The Dalit Movement in India. Permanent Black, p. 92.</ref>

==Structure and encoding==

The ''Siribhoovalaya'' employs a system of cipher patterns (''bandhas'') and numerical codes to encode content drown from over 18 scripts and more than 700 languages, including [[Kannada]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Prakrit]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Marathi language|Apabhransha]], and [[Malayalam]].<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 46-50</ref> The same set of numbers, when interpreted using different keys, can yield entirely distinct content. The system integrates elements of [[Jain cosmology]], [[Bivalent logic|binary logic]], and encryption techniques that some scholars compare to modern data encoding methods.<ref>Narasimha, R. (2003). "Computing in India: The First Phase," in Resonance, Vol. 8(6), pp. 4–19.</ref><ref>Balasubramanian, R. (1998). "Indian Theories of Logic and Ciphers," in Indian Journal of History of Science, Vol. 33(2), pp. 93–104.</ref>

==Contents==
[[File:Sc20250729-144539.png|thumb|alt=Jainism in Karnataka|Numerical script sample of Jain Stotra Bhaktambar]]
Only one chapter out of the original 26 is currently known to have survived,<ref name="Shastri1924">Shastri, Satya (1924). ''Bhāratīya Jñāna-kośa'' (Vol. 2). Central Literature Committee (Kendriya Sāhitya Samiti), Mysore. p. 38.</ref> and only three Chakras (number grids) have been partially decoded. The decoded portions include Jain philosophical verses along with content pertaining to mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, metallurgy, medicine, and references that some interpret as relating to space travel.<ref>Settar, S. (2005). "Siribhoovalaya: A Jain Contribution to Cryptography and Multilingual Literature". In: Jainism and Karnataka Culture, Karnataka Jain Academy, pp. 142–148.</ref> The text is also believed to embed encoded versions of major Jain works such as the ''[[Bhaktamara Stotra]]'', ''[[Dhavala]]'', ''Jayadhavala'', commentaries, as well as Jain retelling of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref>Shastri, Yellappa. (1953). Siribhoovalaya of Kumudendu Muni, Vol. 1. Kannada Sahitya Parishat, pp. v–viii.</ref>

==Interpretation and legacy==
[[File:Indian Republic Day celebration 217th flower show 2025, Lalbagh, Bangalore 100.jpg|thumb|left|Bust of poet Kumudendu Muni at [[Lal Bagh]], Bangalore, Photographed in January 2025]]
Scholars such as T. V. Venkatachala Shastry and Anil Jain have undertaken efforts to decode the Siribhoovalaya, although the majority of the text remains undeciphered due to its complex structure. According to Jain tradition, the work is believed to contain answers to 600,000 fundamental questions about the universe, embedded within its encrypted verses.<ref name="shastri" />

[[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], the first President of India, is reported to have described the Siribhoovalaya as the "eighth wonder of the world" in recognition of its scale, ambition, and the intellectual complexity involved in its composition.<ref>Shastri, Yellappa. (1953). Siribhoovalaya of Kumudendu Muni, Vol. 1. Kannada Sahitya Parishat, p. xii.</ref> Scholars such as D. L. Narasimhachar and Shatavadhani R. Ganesh have interpreted the siribhoovalaya as a comprehensive poetic work that integrates elements of spirituality, science, and linguistics.<ref name=narasimhachar>Narasimhachar, D. L. (1960). “Introduction.” In Siribhoovalaya, Vol. 2. Kannada Sahitya Parishat.</ref><ref>Ganesh, Shatavadhani R. (2010). Anekartha: Essays on Indian Knowledge Systems. Rasavrunda Prakashana.</ref>

==Historical and cultural importance==

The Siribhoovalaya is regarded not only as a literary achievement but also as evidence of the intellectual contributions of Jain monks in medieval South India.<ref>Nagarajaiah 1999, p. 50-55</ref> Kumudendu Muni's method of multi-script numerical encoding has been described by scholars such as D. L. Narasimhachar and Pandit Yellappa Shastri as unique in world literary history, and it continues to attract the attention of linguists, cryptographers, and historians, especially in the context of Indian poetics, linguistic encoding, and Jain literary traditions.<ref>Shastri, Yellappa. (1953). Siribhoovalaya of Kumudendu Muni, Vol. 1. Kannada Sahitya Parishat.</ref> His work reflects the interdisciplinary nature of ancient Jain scholarship, integrating elements of religion, science, art, and logic within a unified textual framework.<ref name=narasimhachar/>

==See also==
* ⁠[[Jain literature]]
* ⁠[[Rashtrakuta dynasty]]

==References==
<references/>

==Bibliography==
*⁠ ⁠{{cite book |last=Shastry |first=T. V. Venkatachala |title=Śribhoovalaya of Kumudendu Muni: Mathematical Structure and Multilingual Code |publisher=Kannada Sahitya Parishat |location=Bangalore |year=1953 |oclc=59023839 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59023839 |access-date=7 August 2025}}
*⁠ ⁠{{cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |title=The Jains |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2002 |edition=2nd |isbn=041526605X |oclc=252916273 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/isbn/041526605X |access-date=7 August 2025}}
* ⁠{{cite journal |last=Tiwari |first=Manisha |title=Siribhoovalaya: A Multilingual Numerical Manuscript |journal=Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=24 |issue=3 |year=2011 |pages=55–72 |oclc=820692563 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/820692563 |access-date=7 August 2025}}
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Jainism in Southern Karnataka |publisher=Sapna Book House |location=Bangalore |year=1999 |oclc=45166444 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45166444 |access-date=7 August 2025}}
* Jain, Anil. Decoding the Siribhoovalaya. New Delhi: Bharatiya Jnanpith, 2002. ISBN 8126309242
* Settar, S. Jaina Art and Architecture, Vol. 2. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan, 1989. ISBN 8170172305

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain monks]]
[[Category:Jainism in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian scholars]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian monks]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Order of the Star of India

2026-03-27T22:00:45Z

Corel Bazaar: Put up stub

{{Short description|Dormant 1861 British order of chivalry}}
{{Other uses|Star of India (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox order
|title = The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India
|image = [[File:Insignia of the Knight Grand Commander of the order Vector.svg|250px]]
|caption = Insignia of a Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI)
|awarded_by = [[monarch of the United Kingdom]] [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|35px]]
|type = [[Order of chivalry]]
|established = 1861
|motto = ''Heaven's Light Our Guide''
|day =
|eligibility =
|for = At the monarch's pleasure
|status = ''Last appointment in 1947'' ''Dormant order since 2009''
|founder = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
|head_title=Sovereign
|head=
|grades =
{{Plainlist|
*Knight Grand Commander (GCSI)
*Knight Commander (KCSI)
*Companion (CSI)
}}
|former_grades = Knight Companion
|first_induction =
|last_induction =
|total =
|recipients =
|individual =
|higher = [[Order of the Bath]]
|lower = [[Order of St Michael and St George]]
|image2 = [[File:UK Order of the Star of India ribbon.svg|100px]]
|caption2 = Ribbon bar of the Star of India
}}

{{Use British English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}

The '''Most Exalted Order of the Star of India''' is an [[order of chivalry]] founded by [[Queen Victoria]] in 1861. The Order includes members of three classes:

# '''Knight Grand Commander''' ([[:Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India|GCSI]])
# '''Knight Commander''' ([[:Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India|KCSI]])
# '''Companion''' ([[:Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]])

No appointments have been made since the [[1948 New Year Honours]], shortly after the [[Partition of India]] in 1947. Following the death in 2009 of the last surviving knight, the [[Tej Singh Prabhakar]], Maharaja of [[Alwar state|Alwar]], the order became dormant.

The motto of the order was "Heaven's Light Our Guide". The [[Star of India (flag)#Emblem|Star of India emblem]], the insignia of the order and the informal emblem of British India, was also used as the basis of [[Star of India (flag)|a series of flags]] to represent the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]].

The order was the fifth most senior British order of chivalry, following the [[Order of the Garter]], [[Order of the Thistle]], [[Order of St Patrick]] and [[Order of the Bath]]. It is the senior order of chivalry associated with the [[British Raj]]; junior to it is the [[Order of the Indian Empire]], and there is also, for women only, the [[Imperial Order of the Crown of India]].

==History==
Several years after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the consolidation of Great Britain's power as the governing authority in India, it was decided by the British Crown to create a new order of knighthood to honour Indian Princes and Chiefs, as well as British officers and administrators who served in India. On 25 June 1861, the following proclamation was issued by [[Queen Victoria]]:
{{Blockquote|The Queen, being desirous of affording to the Princes, Chiefs and People of the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], a public and signal testimony of Her regard, by the Institution of an [[Order of knighthood]], whereby Her resolution to take upon Herself the Government of the Territories in India may be commemorated, and by which Her Majesty may be enabled to reward conspicuous merit and loyalty, has been graciously pleased, by [[Letters Patent]] under the [[Great Seal of the Realm|Great Seal]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], to institute, erect, constitute, and create, an Order of Knighthood, to be known by, and have for ever hereafter, the name, style, and designation, of "The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India"<ref name="gazette22523">{{London Gazette|issue=22523|date=25 June 1861|page=2622}}</ref>}}
[[File:Flag of the Governor General of India RMG RP-35-18 (crop).jpg|thumb|The flag of the [[Viceroy of India]] displayed the Star of the Order beneath the [[Tudor Crown (heraldry)|Tudor Crown]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flag of the Governor General of India |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724045920/https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-271 |archive-date=July 24, 2022 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=www.rmg.co.uk |publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]] |place=[[National Maritime Museum]]}}</ref>]]

==Recipients==
[[File:William Barnes Wollen - Wollen-98228 - George V investing an Indian Prince with The Star of India.jpg|thumb|upright| ''[[George V]] investing an Indian Prince with The Star of India, 14th December, 1911'' by [[William Barnes Wollen]] ]]

===Knights Companion===
19 persons were appointed Knights Companion at the creation of the Order:<ref name="gazette22523"/>
{{See also|List of Knights Companion of the Order of the Star of India}}
* [[Albert, Prince Consort]]
* [[Edward VII|Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]
* [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]], [[Order of the Bath|GCB]], [[Governor-General of India]] and Grand Master of the Order
* [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet]], GCB, Member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
* [[George Harris, 3rd Baron Harris]], [[Governor of Madras]]
* Sir [[George Russell Clerk]], [[Governor of Bombay]]
* Sir [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Laird Mair Lawrence]], Bt, GCB, Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab
* Sir [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|Hugh Henry Rose]], GCB, [[Commander-in-Chief, India]]
* [[Hugh Gough, 1st Viscount Gough]], former Commander-in-Chief, India
* [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde]], former Commander-in-Chief, India
* [[Tukojirao Holkar II]], Maharaja of [[Indore State|Indore]]
* [[Afzal-ud-Daulah]], 5th [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
* [[Jayajirao Scindia]], Maharaja of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]]
* [[Duleep Singh]], former Maharaja of the [[Sikh Empire]]
* [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh Dogra]], Maharaja of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Yusef Ali Khan]], Nawab of [[Rampur State|Rampur]]
* Nawab Sikander Begum, [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Nawab Begum of Bhopal]]
* [[Maharaja Narinder Singh|Narendra Singh]], Maharaja of [[Patiala State|Patiala]]
* [[Khanderao II Gaekwad]], Maharaja of [[Baroda State|Baroda]][[File:Insignia of Knight Commander of the Star of India.jpg|thumb|418x418px|Insignia of a Knight Commander of the Order.]]

12 additional Knights Companion were appointed over the next five years.
* 19 August 1861<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=22542|page=3501|date=27 August 1861}}</ref>
** [[Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere]], former Commander-in-Chief, India
** [[Sir George Pollock, 1st Baronet]] GCB, former commander of [[First Anglo-Afghan War|British forces in Afghanistan]]
* 11 November 1863<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=22788|page=5361|date=13 November 1863}}</ref>
** [[Ram Singh II]], Maharaja of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]]
** [[Swarup Singh of Jind|Swarup Singh]], Rajah of [[Jind State|Jind]]
* 10 December 1864<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=22920|page=6545|date=13 December 1864}}</ref>
** [[Randhir Singh of Kapurthala|Randhir Singh]], Raja of [[Kapurthala State|Kapurthala]]
** Raghuraj Singh Ju Deo Bahadur, [[Rewa (princely state)|Maharaja of Rewa]]
* 12 February 1866<ref>{{London Gazette|nolink=y|issue=23073|page=973|date=20 February 1866}}</ref>
** Sir [[Robert Montgomery (civil servant)|Robert Montgomery]], former Lieutenant-Governor of Punjab
** Sir [[Henry Bartle Frere]], Bt., GCB, Governor of Bombay
** [[Takht Singh]], Maharaja of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]]
** [[Ayilyam Thirunal]], Maharaja of [[Travancore]]
** General Sir [[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|William Mansfield]], KCB, Commander-in-Chief, India
** Madan Pal, Maharaja of [[Karauli State|Karauli]]
** Sir Joginder Sen Bahadur KCSI, Maharaja of [[Mandi State|Mandi]]

On 24 May 1866, the Order was expanded to additional ranks. All surviving Knights Companion were elevated to Grand Commander.

===Later appointments===
Additional appointments were made to the Order in the ranks of Grand Commander, Knight Commander, and Companion. These include

* [[Shahu of Kolhapur]], Maharaja of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]]
* Maharaja [[Bir Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]] of [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
* Maharaja Bahadur Sir JAIMANGAL Singh of [[Gidhaur chieftaincy|Gidhaur Estate]] KCSI 24.05.1866.
* Maharaja Bahadur Sir Ravaneshwar Singh of Gidhaur Estate KCIE 25.05.1895.
* [[Nawab]] Sir [[Khwaja Salimullah]] Bahadur, [[Nawab of Dhaka]]{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}}
* [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] Siddiqi Bayafandi - Asaf Jah VII - 7th [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]
* Maharaj [[Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2020}}
* [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan IV]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&pg=PA42 |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire |date=2005 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-54-1 |language=en |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630151150/https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC&pg=PA42 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Library |first=India Collection at the British |date=2017-12-22 |title=Nawab of Bahawalpur, 1870 |url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2017/12/22/nawab-of-bahawalpur-1870/ |access-date=2022-08-07 |website=The Friday Times - Naya Daur |language=en-US |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922084613/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2017/12/22/nawab-of-bahawalpur-1870/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Nawab of Bahawalpur]]
* [[Mohammad Usman of Madras|Khan Bahadur Sir Mohammad Usman of Madras]] KCIE was appointed KCSI on 14 June 1945.{{fact|date=August 2025}}

The last appointments to the Order were made in the [[1948 New Year Honours]], some months after the [[Partition of India]] in August 1947.[[File:Order of the Star of India.png|thumb|Insignia of the order]]The [[Order of the Indian Empire]], founded in 1877, was intended to be a less exclusive version of the Order of the Star of India; consequently, many more appointments were made to the former.

As the last Grand Master of the Orders, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma]] was also the last known individual to wear publicly the stars of a Knight Grand Commander of both Orders, during the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II]] celebrations in 1977.<ref name="Vickers_orders"/>

* There were only three female members of the Order: Nawab Sikander Begum of Bhopal; Nawab Sikander's daughter, [[Nawabs of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal]]; and Queen [[Mary of Teck|Mary]], consort of [[George V]].
* The last Grand Master of the Order, [[Admiral of the Fleet]] Lord Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979), was assassinated by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|Provisional IRA]] on 27 August 1979.
* The last surviving Knight Grand Commander, Maharaja Sree Padmanabhadasa Sir [[Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma]] GCSI, [[GCIE]], Maharajah of [[Travancore]] (1912–1991), died 19 July 1991 in [[Trivandrum]].<ref name="Vickers_orders">{{cite book |last=Vickers |first=Hugo |date=1994 |title=Royal Orders |location=Great Britain |publisher=Boxtree Limited |page=140 |isbn=1852835109}}</ref>
* The last surviving Knight Commander, [[Maharaja]] Sir [[Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur]] KCSI (1911–2009), Maharaja of Alwar, died on 15 February 2009 in New Delhi.
* The last surviving Companion of the Order, [[Vice-Admiral]] Sir [[Ronald Brockman]] [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (1909–1999), died on 3 September 1999 in London.

==Composition==
[[File:Investiture of the Star of India.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.3|''Investiture of the Star of India, Delhi'' (detail), by George Jacomb-Hood. King George V is depicted awarding the GCSI to [[Ganga Singh]], Maharaja of Bikaner, at the 1911 [[Delhi Durbar]]]]
The [[British monarchy|British Sovereign]] was, and still is, Sovereign of the Order. The next most senior member was the Grand Master, a position held ''ex officio'' by the [[Viceroy of India]]. When the order was established in 1861, there was only one class of Knights Companion, who bore the postnominals KSI. In 1866, however, it was expanded to three classes. Members of the first class were known as "Knights Grand Commander" (rather than the usual "Knights Grand Cross") so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order. All those surviving members who had already been made Knights Companion of the Order were retroactively known as Knights Grand Commander.

Former viceroys and other high officials, as well as those who served in the Department of the [[Secretary of State for India]] for at least thirty years were eligible for appointment. Rulers of Indian Princely States were also eligible for appointment. Some states were of such importance that their rulers were almost always appointed Knights Grand Commanders; such rulers included the [[Nizam]] of [[Hyderabad state|Hyderabad]], the [[Maharaja of Mysore]], the [[Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir]], the [[Gaekwad of Baroda|Maharaja]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]], the Maharajas of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], the [[Nawab of Bhopal]], the [[House of Holkar|Maharaja]] of [[Indore State|Indore]], the Maharajas of Singrauli, the [[Maharana of Mewar|Maharana of]] [[Kingdom of Mewar|Udaipur]], the [[Maharaja of Travancore]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] and the [[Maharao]] of [[Kutch State|Cutch]].
[[File:Tanjore Madhava Rao 1880.jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|[[T. Madhava Rao|Tanjore Madhava Rao]], the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Travancore]], wearing the Order. Portrait circa 1880.]]
[[Kashi Naresh]] [[Prabhu Narayan Singh of Benares]] and [[Sir Azizul Haque]] were appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1892 and 1941 respectively, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in 1898, and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) for his services in the [[First World War]] in the 1921 New Year Honours.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32178 |date=1 January 1921 |page=5 |supp=y}}</ref>

Rulers of other nations in Asia and the Middle East, including the [[Emir of Kuwait]], the Maharajas of the [[Rana dynasty]], the [[Khedive of Egypt]], the [[King of Bhutan]] and the rulers of [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], [[History of Bahrain (1783–1971)|Bahrain]] and [[Muscat and Oman|Oman]] were also appointed to the Order. Like some rulers of [[princely states]], some rulers of particular prestige, for example the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty or the Sultans of Oman, were usually appointed Knights Grand Commanders.

Women, save the princely rulers, were ineligible for appointment to the order. They were, unlike the habit of many other orders, admitted as "Knights", rather than as "Dames" or "Ladies". The first woman to be admitted to the order was Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal; she was created a Knight Companion at the Order's foundation in 1861. The order's statutes were specially amended to permit the admission of Queen [[Mary of Teck|Mary]] as a Knight Grand Commander in 1911.

==Vestments and accoutrements==
[[File:GCSI mantle.jpg|thumb|upright|Mantle of the Order]]
Members of the Order wore elaborate costumes on important ceremonial occasions:
* The ''[[wikt:Mantle|mantle]]'', worn only by Knights Grand Commander, was made of light blue satin lined with white silk. On the left side was a representation of the star (see below).
* The ''[[Collar (Order of Knighthood)|collar]]'', also worn only by Knights Grand Commander, was made of gold. It was composed of alternating figures of lotuses, red and white roses and palm branches, with an imperial crown in the centre.

On certain "[[collar day]]s" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events wore the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars were worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge was suspended from the collar.

[[File:GCSI star.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.9|Representation of the star of the order on the mantle]]
At less important occasions, simpler insignia were used:
* The ''star'', worn only by Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders, included a [[sunburst]], with twenty-six large rays alternating with twenty-six small rays; it was in gold and circular for Knights Grand Commanders, and in silver and eight-pointed for Knights Commanders. In the centre of the sunburst was a light blue ring bearing the motto of the Order. Within the ribbon was a five-pointed star, decorated with diamonds for Knights Grand Commanders.
* The ''badge'' was worn by Knights Grand Commanders on a white-edged light blue riband, or sash, passing from the right shoulder to the left hip, and by Knights Commanders and Companions from a white-edged light blue ribbon around the neck. It included an oval, containing the effigy of the Sovereign, surrounded by a light blue ring bearing the motto of the Order; the oval was suspended from a five-pointed star, which may be decorated with diamonds depending on class.

Unlike the insignia of most other British chivalric orders, the insignia of the Order of the Star of India did not incorporate crosses, as they were deemed unacceptable to the Indian princes appointed to the Order.

==Precedence and privileges==
Members of all classes of the Order were assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of members of all classes also featured on the order of precedence, as did sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders. (See [[order of precedence in England and Wales]] for the exact positions.)

[[File:Star of India Insignia (1).svg|125px|thumb|Star and [[Collar (order)|Collar]] of a Knight Grand Commander of the Order]]
Knights Grand Commanders used the [[post-nominal]] initials "GCSI", Knights Commanders "KCSI" and Companions "CSI". Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders prefixed "Sir" to their forenames. Wives of Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders could prefix "Lady" to their surnames. Such forms were not used by peers and Indian princes, except when the names of the former were written out in their fullest forms.

Knights Grand Commanders were also entitled to receive [[Heraldry|heraldic supporters]]. They could, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the [[Collar (Order of Knighthood)|collar]]; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights Commanders and Companions were permitted to display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="200">
File:Portrait of H.M. King George V at Delhi (cropped).jpg|Portrait of King [[George V]] at Delhi by Christopher Clark, 1915. He wears the Order with the uniform of the [[19th Lancers#18th King George's Own Lancers|18th King George's Own Lancers]].
File:Portrait of King Edward VII with the Robes of the Order of the Star of India.png|Portrait of King [[Edward VII]] wearing the Robes of the Order, by Alfred James Downey.
File:Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin Viceroy of India.jpg|[[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]], Viceroy of India, in the robes of the Order of the Star of India (as Grand Master of the Order)
File:Charles Hardinge.jpg|[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]], Viceroy of India, in the robes of the Order (as Grand Master of the Order)
File:H H Raja of Cochin.jpg|[[Rama Varma XV]], Maharaja of Cochin wearing the mantle of the Order for the occasion of King Edward VII's [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1903
File:Sir Pratap Singh of Idar 1900-1920 (cropped).jpg|[[Pratap Singh of Idar|Pratap Singh]], Maharaja of [[Idar State|Idar]], wearing the Order. Paint on photograph, 1900-20.
File:Arthur Stockdale Cope - Thomas George Baring, Earl of Northbrook.jpg| [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook]] wearing the GSCI sash
File:General Lord Roberts AKA "Bobs" (26322003985).JPG| [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts]] with GCSI star and sash
File:Sayajirao Gaekwad III, Maharaja of Baroda, 1919.jpg|[[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], Maharaja of Baroda, wearing the sash and star of a Knight Grand Commander (GCSI), along with the star of a Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)
File:Order of the Star of India knight commander badge (United Kingdom 1900) - Tallinn Museum of Orders.jpg|Badge of a Knight Commander, circa 1900.
File:Sir Henry Edward Stokes KCSI.JPG|[[Indian Civil Service]] officer [[Henry Stokes]], wearing the insignia of a Knight Commander (KCSI) of the Order.
File:Order of the Star of India knight commander star (United Kingdom 1900) - Tallinn Museum of Orders.jpg|Star of a Knight Commander, circa 1900.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of knights grand commander of the Order of the Star of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Order of the Star of India}}
* [http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/22523/pages/2621 Proclamation founding the Order of the Star of India], london-gazette.co.uk, 25 June 1861.

{{British Honours System}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Order Of The Star Of India}}
[[Category:Order of the Star of India| ]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of British India]]
[[Category:1861 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1861]]

Battle of Sylhet

2026-03-19T06:50:02Z

Corel Bazaar: adjust section additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Part of the Bangladesh Liberation War}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{About|the modern battle of Sylhet|medieval conquest of Sylhet|Conquest of Sylhet}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| image =
| caption = Helicopters used by the Indian Air Force during the Battle of Sylhet.
| conflict = Siege of Sylhet
| partof = [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| date = December 7–16, 1971
| place = [[Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]]
| result = Bangladeshi-Indian victory
*Surrender of Pakistani forces at Sylhet
*Sylhet captured by Indian forces<ref name="DI" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cardozo |first=Ian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&q=sylhet |title=1971: Stories of Grit and Glory from the Indo-Pak War |date=21 June 2021 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5492-028-8 }}</ref>
| combatant1 = {{ubl|[[Image:Flag of India.svg|25px|border]] [[India]]|[[File:Flag of Bangladesh (1971).svg|25px|border]] [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]}}
| combatant2 = [[Image:Flag of Pakistan.svg|25px|border]] [[Pakistan]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Maj. Gen. [[K. V. Krishna Rao|Krishna Rao]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Brig. Gen. C. A. Bunty Quinn {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Brig. Gen. Raja C. V. Apte {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Brig. Gen. M. B. Wadke {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} Brig. Gen. [[Kulwant Singh (general)|Kulwant Singh]] {{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of India.svg}} Gp Capt [[Chandan Singh (Air Vice Marshal)|Chandan Singh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} Lt. Col. [[Ziaur Rahman]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mukti Bahini-DeFacto.svg}} Maj. [[Chitta Ranjan Dutta]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Maj. Gen. Abdul Majid Qauzi {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Brig. Gen. M. Salimullah Chohan {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Brig. Gen. Iftikhar Rana {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} Brig. Gen. Saadullah Amin
| strength1 = '''India''' {{flag icon|India|army}} 20,000 troops and 10 [[howitzer]]s {{flag icon|India|air force}} 6 [[Antonov An-12|transport craft]]s and 14 [[Mil Mi-4|helicopter]]s '''Bangladesh''' {{flag icon|Provisional Government of Bangladesh|military}} 7,000 troops and 5 [[M114 155 mm howitzer|howitzers]] {{flag icon|Provisional Government of Bangladesh}} 8,000 [[Partisan (military)|partisans]] (including repatriated [[East Pakistan Rifles]] and [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansar]] troops)
| strength2 = {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} 14,000 troops and 15 howitzers {{flagicon|Pakistan}} 5,000 armed [[Razakars (Pakistan)|Razakars]]
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| image_size = 290
}}
{{Campaignbox Bangladesh Liberation War}}

The '''Battle of Sylhet'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|সিলেটের যুদ্ধ}}}}{{efn|{{langx|hi|सिलहट का युद्ध}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Col Bhaskar |date=8 December 2020 |title=Battle of Sylhet 1971 War |url=https://www.indiandefencereview.com/battle-of-sylhet-1971-war/ |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=Indian Defence Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pradhan |first=S. D. |title=Deception during 1971 War: Case of a brigade that was not there |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/ChanakyaCode/deception-during-1971-war-case-of-a-brigade-that-was-not-there/?source=app&frmapp=yes |access-date=25 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Day 2022: Brigadier Rattan Kaul recounts his time during the Battle of Sylhet |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/army-day-2022-brigadier-rattan-kaul-recounts-his-time-during-the-battle-of-sylhet |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2016 |title=When BBC error helped India in 1971 war |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/when-bbc-error-helped-india-in-1971-war/story-3eVYagB0TfT8t31c2OJpOP.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] }}</ref><ref name="bharat-rakshak.com">{{Cite web |title=Battle of Sylhet - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1971war/431-battle-of-sylhet.html |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=}}</ref> was a major battle fought between the advancing [[Indian Army]], [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladesh Forces]] and the defending [[Pakistan Army]] at [[Sylhet]] during the [[Bangladesh War of Independence|Bangladesh Liberation War]]. The battle took place from 7 December to 15 December.<ref name=DI>[http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/battle_sylhet.html Battle Of Sylhet. Defence India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810211600/http://www.defenceindia.com/defenceind/battle_sylhet.html |date=August 10, 2007 }}</ref> It was a succession of the [[Battle of Gazipur]] in [[Kulaura]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=The Kootneeti |date=8 October 2021 |title=Air operations: 1971 — The war which shaped the subcontinent [Event] |url=https://thekootneeti.in/2021/10/18/air-operations-1971-the-war-which-shaped-the-subcontinent-event/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=The National |title=The National Archives - Homepage |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-independence-of-bangladesh-in-1971/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=The National Archives |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Background==
During [[Operation Searchlight]], [[Sylhet]] was captured by the [[Pakistan Army|Pakistan army]] without resistance on 26 March 1971. However, the military failed to neutralize the rebel [[Bangladeshis]] around [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]], [[Sunamganj]] and Shamshernagar due to deficiency of just one battalion the 31st [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|Punjab Regiment]] and the revolt of [[East Pakistan Rifles]] and [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansar]] troops around [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet District]]. During the monsoon offensive the [[Mukti Bahini|Bangladeshi]] troops under command of major [[Chitta Ranjan Dutta]] able to re-capture Sylhet town on August 1971 nevertheless the achievement was truncated as the upcoming Pakistani troops of the 313rd infantry brigade under brigadier general Iftikhar Rana countered the Bangladeshis and took over Sylhet at beginning of September 1971. Major Dutta retreated to [[East Jaintia Hills district]] of India. By October that year, the Adhoc 202nd infantry brigade was orchestrated in [[Jalalabad Cantonment|Jalalabad]] camp in command of brigadier general Salimullah Chohan under the 14th infantry division in [[Brahmanbaria]]. By November the battles between the Bangladeshis and Pakistanis remain inconclusive as the [[Z Force (Bangladesh)|Z Force]] of Bangladesh forces under lieutenant colonel [[Ziaur Rahman]] remain formidable at outskirts of the city especially at Moulvibazar, Sunamganj and [[Habiganj]].

In India the [[Third Indira Gandhi ministry]] insisted their military to intervene the affairs at East Pakistan. Then chief of army staff [[General (India)|general]] [[Sam Manekshaw]] took [[autonomy]] from the Indian government and cited the army will engage when it is prepared. Manekshaw suggested that the army is incapable of intervening during the monsoon as the terrain of [[East India]] is mostly unsustainable. Notwithstanding, the military provided ordnance, medical aid and training to Bangladeshi forces from July 1971. On 3 December 1971, Manekshaw's compatriot and commander of [[Eastern Command (India)|Indian Eastern Command]] [[Lieutenant general (India)|lieutenant general]] [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] commenced operations at [[East Pakistan]] in response of [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971]]. Aurora designated [[Major general (India)|major general]] [[K. V. Krishna Rao]], the general officer commanding of [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Mountain division]] as officer in charge of eastern theatre spanning Sylhet and [[Tripura]]. On 7 December Rao orchestrated an operation aiding commander of Bangladeshi Z forces lieutenant colonel Ziaur Rahman and liberate Sylhet from Pakistan.

On 21 November 1971, [[4th Gorkha Rifles|4th]] and [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Gorkha Rifles]] crossed the [[Surma River]] and charged the Pakistan positions in [[Sunamganj District]]. After heavy fighting, they captured Atgram along with a large amount of arms and ammunition.<ref name="Praval1987p464">{{cite book |last1=Praval |first1=K. C. |title=Indian army after independence |publisher=Lancer International |year=1987 |isbn=81-7062-014-7 |location=New Delhi |page=464}}</ref> Pakistani troops had set up defences at the bank of the [[Kushiyara River]] in [[Zakiganj]]. Indian troops consisted of 9 guards and two companies of 87th Border Security Force. After a fierce battle, Zakiganj was captured by Indian military. The activities and actions of Bangladeshi force and the Gorkha rifles made Pakistanis believe that the attack would come from the north and east. Rao came up with a different plan to attack from the south. He assembled two regular brigades for the advance from the south and stationed the 4th and 5th Gorkha battalion on Sunamganj with the Z forces of Bangladesh.

On 4 December 1971, the [[Rajput Regiment|6th Rajput]] regiment along with 4th and 5th Gorkha Rifles of the Indian 59th Infantry brigade commenced to capture [[Kulaura Upazila]] held by Pakistanis. Kulaura eventually fell to 4th, 5th Gorkha Rifles [[Battle of Gazipur|after a long confrontation]]. Following this, 6th Rajput battalion of apprehended the [[Baloch Regiment|22nd Baloch]] Regiment of the Pakistan army in Tenchu ganj. The 81st Mountain Brigade started operations on the same day. They commenced to capture the airfield and Chhatarpur tea factory. The [[Mahar Regiment|10 Mahars]] battalion took over Chattarpur tea factory by after a stiff fight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Day 2022: Brigadier Rattan Kaul recounts his time during the Battle of Sylhet |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/army-day-2022-brigadier-rattan-kaul-recounts-his-time-during-the-battle-of-sylhet |access-date=24 November 2023 |website=[[Free Press Journal]]}}</ref> The [[Kumaon Regiment|4th Kumaon]], assisted by two companies of [[Punjab Regiment (India)|3rd Punjab]], captured the airfield on 6 December, after a two-day battle. The airfield was heavily mined and cratered. The 81st Mountain Brigade was now tasked to capture Moulvi Bazar, which was subjected to heavy artillery shelling by Bangladeshi force's 2nd field artillery battery and air attacks of the [[Indian Air Force]]. The Pakistani troops had to withdraw from Moulvibazar on 8 and 9 December and Bangladeshi-Indian forces successfully captured [[Moulvibazar]] on 9 December 1971 and secured the bridge crossing on the [[Manu River (Tripura)|Manu River]] a [[Transboundary river|transboundary]] stream the following day.

==Deployments==
===Bangladesh===
The [[Z Force (Bangladesh)|Z Force]] was responsible for emancipating Sylhet. This included
* [[1st East Bengal Regiment]] - [[Jaintiapur Upazila|Jaintiapur]]
* 8th East Bengal Regiment - [[Sunamganj]]
* 2nd Field Artillery Battery - [[Sreemangal Upazila|Sreemangal]]
[[List of sectors in the Bangladesh Liberation War|Sector IV]] was responsible for emancipating Sylhet comprising [[East Pakistan Rifles]], [[Bangladesh Ansar|Ansar]] and civilian troops. The sector headquarters was at [[Habiganj]].

===India===
The [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Mountain Division]] was responsible for the operations in Sylhet. This included:-
* [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Gorkha Rifles]] - [[Sunamganj]] (Adhoc)<ref name="Praval1987p464" />
* [[4th Gorkha Rifles]] - Sumanganj (Adhoc)
* 59th Mountain Brigade - [[Dharmanagar]]
* 81st Mountain Brigade - [[Kailashahar]]

===Pakistan===
The [[II Corps (Pakistan)|14th Infantry Division]] was responsible for the defence of Sylhet. This included
* 202nd Infantry Brigade - [[Sylhet]], [[Karimganj Upazila|Karimnaganj]], [[Kulaura Upazila|Kulaura]]
* 313rd Infantry Brigade - [[Comilla District|Comilla]], [[Moulvibazar]]
* 27th Infantry Brigade - [[Akhaura Upazila|Akhaura]]

==Objectives==
===Pakistan===
Pakistan adopted a fortress strategy. They converted the towns and cantonments into fortresses with the help of mines and [[Pillbox (military)|pillboxes]]. Re-enforcement of additional troops securing their defences.

In accordance with this strategy, ten cities, [[Jessore]], [[Jhenaidah]], [[Bogra]], [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur]], [[Jamalpur, Bangladesh|Jamalpur]], [[Mymensingh]], [[Sylhet]], [[Bhairab Upazila|Bhairab Bazar]], [[Comilla]], and [[Chittagong]], were converted into fortresses.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sālik |first1=Ṣiddīq |author1-link=Siddique Salik |title=Witness to Surrender |year=1977 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-19-577257-1 |page=125}}</ref>

According to this plan, if Indian troops attacked the cities they would suffer heavy casualties and if they tried to bypass them they would be surrounded.

In both the cases the it would ease the defence of Sylhet and buy time to build international pressure on India.

===India===
India adopted a Maneuver style of warfare throughout the war. Consequently, in this strategy, an all out effort is made to threaten, capture, destroy the critical vulnerability of enemy. Critical vulnerability include specific selected areas which are attacked to create gaps for specific logistics corridors. of Once critical vulnerability is threatened the forces regardless of their strength rendered ineffective.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Panag (retd) |first=Lt Gen H. S. |date=14 December 2018 |title=Dhaka & Pakistan's psychological defeat: How Indian military commanders won 1971 |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/dhaka-pakistans-psychological-defeat-how-indian-military-commanders-won-1971/163216/ |access-date=1 December 2023 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The India objective was to get absolute victory. Indian forces exploited the gaps and abandoned the Highways and used the byways to attack enemy strongholds.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 December 2022|title=How India-Pakistan War of 1971 started, how we won & significance of Vijay Diwas |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-india-pakistan-war-of-1971-started-how-we-won-significance-of-vijay-diwas/articleshow/96271054.cms |access-date=1 December 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Initially in November, the Karimganj Bulge was viewed as a stronghold for Pakistani sabotage groups, thus clearing them would clear the area to the right. Hence, to achieve this Indian forces were tasked to capture Atgram and [[Zakiganj Upazila|Zakiganj]] the area east of road connecting the spaces.<ref name="bharat-rakshak.com"/>

The advance towards Sylhet was started along three axis:-
* 5th Gorkha Rifles with Bangladeshi forces to advance through Atgram – Jaintiapur – Sylhet axis
* 59th Mountain Brigade to advance through Gazipur – Kulaura – Tenchu ganj – Sylhet axis
* 81 Mountain Brigade to advance through Shamshernagar – Moulvibazar – Sylhet axis.
After Indian troops captured Gazipur and Kalaura. A heliborne Operation was planned to capture Sylhet. 4 / 5 Gurkha Rifles were airlifted to Sylhet on the night of 7 December

==Battle==

Following the Indian intervention of [[East Pakistan]], 202nd infantry Brigade of Pakistan army was the sole defence of [[Sylhet]]. Unknown to the Indian and Bangladeshi forces, Iftikhar Rana transported his brigade and retreat to Sylhet in order to support Salimulah Chohan the commander of 202nd brigade at [[Jalalabad Cantonment]]. On Indian formation, both of Gorkha Battalions divided their operations through four companies. On 7 December after aerial surveillance, 14 [[Mil Mi-4]] helicopters took off with 4th and 5th Gorkha Rifles landing at pre-selected spots. Around 384<ref>{{cite book | last1=Cardozo | first1=Ian | title=1971: Stories of Grit and Glory from the Indo-Pak War | date=21 June 2021 | publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited | isbn=978-93-5492-028-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAwxEAAAQBAJ&q=sylhet }}</ref> Gorkha troops were airlifted to Sylhet.

Around 3 pm that day, the Charlie company and Bravo company was airlifted followed by small portion of Bravo company 40–45 minutes later. The Charlie company men, along with commanding officers somehow managed to hold the enemy attack as they were engaged in small arms fire soon after the landing.

Pakistani troops mounted heavy [[medium machine gun]] (MMG) fire upon them throughout the operation. On 8 December at 4 p.m, the Alpha and Delta company landed at [[Sylhet]]. In the twilight hours, a wave of helicopters came with two mounted guns and bringing 9 Guards and the rest of Bravo company as reinforcements. The company was consisted of 60 to 75 troops and was deployed in the depth along the banks of [[Surma River]] the troops were aided with 300 rebel Bangladeshis. The mounted guns lacked a suitable deployment area at a closer range as Alpha and Delta companies were present on the forward areas. After the last light of that day, Pakistani troops launched a counterattack supported by artillery and heavy MMG fire. The Gorkha troops quickly repulsed this counter-attack. On 9 December, the Gorkha battalions deployed Alpha and Delta companies through [[Companiganj Upazila, Sylhet|Companiganj]]. That day, the Charlie company was tasked to conduct a combined patrol with 8th [[East Bengal Regiment]] in the morning and lay an ambush through [[Khadim Nagar National Park|Khadim Nagar]]. They ambushed a Pakistani convoy. Then the Alpha Company sent a patrol towards rail-road bridge leading from Sylhet and attacked Pakistani troops who were deployed alongside of the bridge.

On 10 December, Gorkhas at Sylhet received air support from the Indian Air Force and received a news that a transport aircraft would be dropping supplies and ammunition. At 12 p.m, Indian Air Force dropped supplies and ammunition which was scattered across the dropping zone. The [[Pakistan Army|Pakistani troops]] immediately opened fire, which caused the battalion, party under [[Ian Cardozo]], delays in collecting supplies and artillery ammunition. Nevertheless, replenishment of small arms and ammunition was retrieved.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alexander |first=Deepa |date=15 July 2021 |title=Ian Cardozo, who amputated his own leg on the battlefield, writes about the 1971 Indo-Pak War -IN |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/major-general-ian-cardozo-interview-book-1971-indo-pak-war-grit-and-glory/article35339873.ece |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As the day comes by, in the morning [[Hawker Hunter]] jets of the Indian Air Force engaged the Pakistani battalions at Sylhet. At dusk, the Pakistan army again countered with heavy artillery and MMG fire, The contact between Alpha and Delta broke down and only way remained to establish contact was through their commanding officer. The Gorkhas retaliated with full charge anyhow with few casualties. A day later, the firefight continued, and two helicopters arrived with some ammunition and evacuated some of the dead. The battalion was able to survive for a week without any link up and countering major attacks. While broadcasting the war theatre around Sylhet, journalists from the [[BBC|British Broadcasting Corporation]] cited that a whole Indian brigade was dropped on Sylhet. The following day, 6th Rajput battalion linked up with the companies of 4th and 5th Gorkha, while approaching from Tenchu ganj in the south, followed by a column of 8th Mountain brigade linking up on 15 December. Major Malik, the commander of Charlie company with the 4th Gorkha rifles was the first to be informed about the surrender of Pakistani troops. As the Bangladesh troops and Indian officers encircled city, a temporary cease-fire was declared by Rao later at night of that day.

On 16 December Pakistani army troops consisting of 107 officers, 219 [[Junior commissioned officer]]s, and presumably 6,190 soldiers surrendered to the Bangladeshi-Indian troops as a part of [[Pakistani Instrument of Surrender]]. The Indian troops remained at Sylhet till 25 December of 1971 while apprehending Pakistani military personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of Sylhet - Bharat Rakshak - Indian Army & Land Forces |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/ARMY/history/1971war/431-battle-of-sylhet.html |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Zorawar |date=13 November 2020 |title=Mention-in-Despatches III: Battle honour Sylhet |url=https://der-wille.medium.com/mention-in-despatches-iii-battle-honour-sylhet-4c89e7205e33 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=Medium }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Basantar]]
* [[Battle of Longewala]]
* [[Battle of Hilli|Battle Of Hilli]]

==References==
'''Footnotes'''
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladesh Liberation War}}

{{Military of Pakistan}}

{{coord missing|Bangladesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sylhet 1971}}
[[Category:Battles of the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Battles of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Aerial operations and battles of India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:December 1971 in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:History of Sylhet|Battle, 1971]]
[[Category:Helicopter history]]
[[Category:Sieges involving India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Pakistan]]
[[Category:1970s sieges]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in 1971]]
[[Category:Battles involving airports]]
[[Category:Attacks on air bases]]
[[Category:Attacks on airports in Asia]]

Mundari Bani

2026-03-13T09:34:55Z

Corel Bazaar: add structure and improved wording as per guidelines

{{Short description|Alphabetic script for Munda people}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Mundari Bani
| altname = {{Script|Nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}}
| languages = [[Mundari language|Mundari]]
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| time = 1982 to present
| direction = Left to Right
| region = [[India]]
*[[Odisha]]
*[[Jharkhand]]
*[[West Bengal]]
*[[Assam]]
| creator = [[Rohidas Singh Nag]]
| date = 1982
| fam1 = Original invention
| iso15924 = Nagm
| sample = Shukla Mundari.svg
| image size = 250px
| caption = 'Mundari' in Mundari Bani Script
| unicode=[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E4D0.pdf U+1E4D0–U+1E4FF] Nag Mundari
| ipa-note= IPA
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] text
| fix = Help:Multilingual support
| characters = Mundari Bani (script)
| image = Mundari Bani - A.png
}}
{{Writing systems in India}}
'''Mundari Bani''' ({{langx|unr|{{Script|Nagm|{{small|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}}}}|Mundari Bani}}) also known as '''Nag Mundari''' ({{langx|unr|{{Script|Nagm|{{small|𞓨𞓕𞓦 𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚}}}}|Nag Mundari}}) and '''Mundari Bani Hisir''' , or the ''Mundari alphabet'', is the writing system created for the [[Mundari language]], spoken in eastern India. Mundari is an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language. Mundari Bani has 27 letters and five diacritics, the forms of which are intended to evoke natural shapes. The script is written from [[Writing system#Directionality|left to right]].

Community elder and author [[Rohidas Singh Nag]] invented and published in late 1980 the [[alphabet]]ic writing system Mundari Bani, which has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing.

==History==
[[Rohidas Singh Nag]] started designing the initial characters of Mundari bani in 1949 while in grade school, which he wrote on the walls using clay.<ref>{{cite book |title=Know Your State West Bengal |date=22 August 2019 |publisher=Arihant Experts |isbn=9789313198017 |pages=272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhrzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Mundari+Bani%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA272}}</ref><ref name="unicode 2021">{{cite web|title=L2/21-031: Proposal to Encode the Mundari Bani Script in the Universal Character Set |first1=Lawrence |last1=Wolf-Sonkin |first2=Biswajit |last2=Mandal |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21031-mundari-bani.pdf |date=8 January 2021|access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> By 1953 he had finished a set of 35 characters. He further simplified the alphabet in 1980 by reducing it to 27 alphabetical characters. In 2008 Bharat Munda Samaj, Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda and Nag reformed the script in styling and adding glyphs. Since then, fonts were developed using this standard.

[[File:Rohidas-Singh-Nag.jpg|thumb|[[Rohidas Singh Nag]], creator of Mundari Bani script]]

Nag presented the alphabet in the 1980s to then-[[Chief Minister of Odisha]] [[Janaki Ballabh Patnaik]] and submitted a memorandum to recognize the Munda language constitutionally. Nag along with others submitted a memorandum to the then [[president of India]] in 1999 appealing again for the constitutional recognition. "Mundari Samaj Sanwar Jamda", a social organisation of the Munda community based in Poda Astia, [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]] has been demanding to incorporate the [[Munda language]] in the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India]], to air [[Munda language]] through [[All India Radio]], and establish a [[Munda language]] department at [[North Odisha University]] for higher studies on the basis of the writing system and literature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf | title = page no.96, Adivasi, A Journal of Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes Research and Training Institute (SCSTRTI)| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161108183956/http://www.stscodisha.gov.in/pdf/June-Dec-2012-Vol-1-2.pdf| archive-date = 8 November 2016}}</ref> The writing system has seen limited but increasing use in literature, education, and computing.


==Alphabets==
[[File:MundariLanguageScript.jpg|thumb|A Primer showing typical didactic presentation of Mundari Bani. The first section consists of five rows, each headed by a vowel, with the first letter of their names matching the vowel of the row. The second section is a collection of diacritics (''Tong'') that play a secondary phonetic role.<ref name="unicode 2021"/>]]
Unlike the [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic abugidas]] (such as [[Devanagari]], [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]], or [[Odia language|Odia]]), Mundari Bani is a [[Alphabet|true alphabet]]. The script is [[Unicase|unicameral]], designed to accommodate the unique phonetic features of [[Munda languages|Austroasiatic Munda languages]], such as checked consonants and heavy vowel sequences, while using [[Diacritic|diacritics]] and [[Digraphs and trigraphs (programming)|digraphs]] to adapt to [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] loanwords.

Since the 2008 edits, it consists of 27 distinct letters and 5 diacritical marks, written from left to right, where consonants do not possess an inherent vowel. Their names follow traditional naming schemes.<ref name="unicode 2021"/>


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Mundari Alphabet ( {{lang|unr-nagm|𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚 𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓡𞓚}} {{transliteration|unr|Bani Mundi}} )
|-
! rowspan=2 | Letter !! rowspan=2 | Mundari Name !! rowspan=2 | Romanised Name !! colspan=5 | Transliteration !! rowspan=2 | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="WWS"/>
|-
! [[ALA-LC romanization|ALA-LC]] !! [[Norman Zide|Zide]]<ref name="WWS">{{cite book | title=The World's Writing Systems | year=1996 | editor1-first=Peter T. | editor1-last=Daniels | editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels | editor2-last=Bright | editor2-first=William | editor2-link=William O. Bright | author-first=Norman | author-last=Zide | author-link=Norman Zide | publisher=Oxford University Press, Inc | isbn=978-0195079937 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/614 614-615] | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195079937/page/614 }}</ref> !! [[Devanagari|Deva.]] !! [[Bengali alphabet|Beng.]] !! [[Odia alphabet|Odia]]
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓐}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐}} || O || o || ọ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ओ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ও}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଓ}}}} || /ɔ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓑}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐𞓑}} || OP || p || p || {{large|{{script|Deva|प}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|প}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ପ୍}}}} || /p/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓒}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐𞓒}} || OL || l || l || {{large|{{script|Deva|ल}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ল}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଲ୍}}}} || /l/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓓}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐𞓓}} || OY || y || y || {{large|{{script|Deva|य}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|য}}}} / {{large|{{script|Beng|য়}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଯ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Orya|ୟ}}}} || /j/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓔}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐𞓔}} || ONG || ng || ṅ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ङ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ঙ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଙ}}}} || /ŋ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓕}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕}} || A || ā || a || {{large|{{script|Deva|अ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Deva|आ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|অ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Beng|আ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଅ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Orya|ଆ}}}} || /a/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓖}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕𞓖}} || AJ || j || cʼ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ज}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|জ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଜ୍}}}} || /d͡ʑ/ , /ɟ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓗}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕𞓗}} || AB || b || pʼ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ब}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ব}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ବ୍}}}} || /pʼ/ , /b/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓘}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕𞓘}} || ANY || ny || ñ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ञ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ঞ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଞ୍}}}} || /ɲ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓙}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕𞓙}} || AH || ḥ || h || {{large|{{script|Deva|ः}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ঃ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଃ}}}} || /ʔ/ , /h/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓚}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚}} || I || i || i || {{large|{{script|Deva|इ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Deva|ई}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ই}}}} / {{large|{{script|Beng|ঈ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଇ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Orya|ଈ}}}} || /i/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓛}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓛}} || IS || s || s || {{large|{{script|Deva|स}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|স}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ସ୍}}}} || /s̪/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓜}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓜}} || IDD || ḍ || ḍ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ड}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ড}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଡ୍}}}} || /ɖ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓝}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓝}} || IT || t || t || {{large|{{script|Deva|त}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ত}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ତ୍}}}} || /t̪/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓞}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓞}} || IH || h || ([[Consonant|C]])h || {{large|{{script|Deva|ह}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|হ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ହ୍}}}} || /ʰ/ , /h/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓟}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓟}} || U || u || u || {{large|{{script|Deva|उ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Deva|ऊ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|উ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Beng|ঊ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଉ}}}} / {{large|{{script|Orya|ଊ}}}} || /u/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓠}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓟𞓠}} || UC || ch || c || {{large|{{script|Deva|च}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|চ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଚ୍}}}} || /t͡ʃ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓡}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓟𞓡}} || UD || d || tʼ || {{large|{{script|Deva|द}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|দ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଦ୍}}}} || /tʼ/, /d̪/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓢}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓟𞓢}} || UK || k || k || {{large|{{script|Deva|क}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ক}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|କ୍}}}} || /k/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓣}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓟𞓣}} || UR || r || r || {{large|{{script|Deva|र}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|র}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ର୍}}}} || /r/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓤}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤}} || E || e || e || {{large|{{script|Deva|ए}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|এ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଏ}}}} || /e/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓥}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓥}} || ENN || ṇ || ṇ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ण}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ণ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଣ୍}}}} || /ɳ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓦}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓦}} || EG || g || kʼ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ग}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|গ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଗ୍}}}} || /g/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓧}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓧}} || EM || m || m || {{large|{{script|Deva|म}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ম}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ମ୍}}}} || /m/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓨}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓨}} || EN || n || n || {{large|{{script|Deva|न}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ন}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ନ୍}}}} || /n/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓩}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓩}} || ETT || ṭ || ṭ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ट}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ট}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଟ୍}}}} || /ʈ/
|-
| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓪}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓪}} || ELL || ṛ / ḷ || ḷ || {{large|{{script|Deva|ड़}}}} / {{large|{{script|Deva|ळ}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|ড়}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଡ଼}}}} / {{large|{{script|Orya|ଳ}}}} || /ɽ/, /ɭ/
|}


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+ Mundari Diacritics ( {{lang|unr-nagm|𞓝𞓐𞓔}} {{transliteration|unr|Toṅ/Tong}} )
|-
! rowspan=2 | Letter !! rowspan=2 | Mundari Name !! rowspan=2 | Romanised Name !! colspan=3 | Transliteration !! rowspan=2 | Function/[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]<ref name="WWS"/>
|-
! [[Devanagari|Deva.]] !! [[Bengali alphabet|Beng.]] !! [[Odia alphabet|Odia]]
|-
|style="padding:20px;"| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|𞓫}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐𞓖𞓐𞓡}} || OJOD || {{large|{{script|Deva|्}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|্‌}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|୍}}}} || Modifies preceding consonant; check/gemination
|-
|style="padding:20px;"| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|◌𞓬}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓬𞓞𞓐𞓣}} || MUHOR || {{large|{{script|Deva|ँ}}}} /{{large|{{script|Deva| ं}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|্ঁ}}}} /{{large|{{script|Beng| ং}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|ଁ}}}} /{{large|{{script|Orya| ଂ}}}} || Vowel Nasalization /◌̃/
|-
|style="padding:20px;"| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|◌𞓭}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓝𞓐𞓓𞓐𞓣}} || TOYOR || {{large|{{script|Deva|◌ा}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|◌া}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|◌ା}}}} || Vowel Lengthener /ː/
|-
|style="padding:20px;"| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|◌𞓮}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓢𞓚𞓣}} || IKIR || {{large|{{script|Deva|◌्व}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|◌্ব}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|◌୍ୱ}}}} || Labialization /ʷ/
|-
|style="padding:20px;"| {{script|Nagm|{{huge|◌𞓯}}}} || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓛𞓟𞓝𞓟𞓙}} || SUTUH || {{large|{{script|Deva|़}}}} || {{large|{{script|Beng|়}}}} || {{large|{{script|Orya|଼}}}} || Nukta (for non-native sounds)
|}

== Vowels ==
[[Vowel|Vowels]] are called ''Munu Bani'' ({{langx|unr-nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓟 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚|Munu Bani}}) in Mundari. All vowels have long and short as well as [[Nasalization|nasalised]] [[Allophone|allophones]], but neither length nor nasality is contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables.{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=100}}
The following table shows the five base vowel phonemes:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Mundari Vowel Inventory ({{lang|unr-nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓟 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}} {{transliteration|unr|Munu Bani}})
|-
!rowspan=2|
!scope="col" colspan=3 | [[Vowel length|Short]]
!scope="col" colspan=3 | Long
|-
!scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
!scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|i}} '''{{large|𞓚}}''' i
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|u}} '''{{large|𞓟}}''' u
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|iː}} '''{{large|𞓚𞓭}}''' ī
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|uː}} '''{{large|𞓟𞓭}}''' ū
|-
!scope="row" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|e}}'''{{large|𞓤}}''' e
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|o}} '''{{large|𞓐}}''' o
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|eː}} '''{{large|𞓤𞓭}}''' ē
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|oː}} '''{{large|𞓐𞓭}}''' ō
|-
!scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|a}} '''{{large|𞓕}}''' a
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|aː}} '''{{large|𞓕𞓭}}''' ā
|
|}
In native Mundari grammar, vowels are categorised by phonetic length into short and long vowels. The five base vowel alphabets of the Mundari Bani script are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mundari Base Vowels {{lang|unr-nagm|𞓡𞓚𞓔𞓦𞓕𞓤𞓙 𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓟 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}} {{transliteration|unr|Dingaeḥ Munu Bani}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓐|iso=o|ipa=/oɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓕|iso=a|ipa=/a/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓚|iso=i|ipa=/i/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓟|iso=u|ipa=/u/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓤|iso=e|ipa=/e/}}
|}

Unlike Brahmic scripts, Mundari Bani lacks independent letters for long vowels. Instead, long vowels are formed by attaching the ''TOYOR'' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|◌𞓭}}) diacritic to a base vowel, but not all long vowels are demarcated, depending upon the scribe. 
*{{large|𞓕}} (/a/) + {{large|◌𞓭}} → {{large|𞓕𞓭}} (/aː/)
*'''Example 1:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐𞓪𞓕𞓭}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/oɽ.aː/'' , Translation: ''House''
*'''Example 2:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓗𞓚𞓭𞓔}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/biːŋ/'' , Translation: ''Snake''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mundari Long Vowels {{lang|unr-nagm|𞓖𞓚𞓒𞓚𞓔 𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓟 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}} {{transliteration|unr|Jiliṅ Munu Bani}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓐𞓭|iso=ō|ipa=/oː/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓕𞓭|iso=ā|ipa=/aː/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓚𞓭|iso=ī|ipa=/iː/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓟𞓭|iso=ū|ipa=/uː/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓤𞓭|iso=ē|ipa=/eː/|color=green|}}
|}

=== Loan Words ===
To denote the signature /O/ sound in the neighbouring Odia/Bengali language, the script uses {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓐}} (/o/) with the ''SUTUH'' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|◌𞓯}}) diacritic.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓐𞓯|iso=O|ipa=/O/|color=green|}}
|}
=== Nasalisation ===
Nasalisation in Mundari is represented by the ''MUHOR'' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|◌𞓬}}) diacritic. It attaches to the primary vowels or the final vowel in a cluster.
 
* {{large|𞓕}} (/a/) + {{large|◌𞓬}} → {{large|𞓕𞓬}} (/ã/)
*'''Example 1:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr|𞓝𞓟𞓕𞓬}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/t̪uãː/'' , Translation: ''Milk/Breast''
*'''Example 2:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓬}} , [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/mũː/'' , Translation: ''Nose''
Vowels preceding or following nasal phonemes like /ŋ/, /ɲ/, /ṇ/, /ɳ/ and /m/ are also nasalised. {{sfn|Osada|2008|p=100}} Native writers do not usually add the ''MUHOR'' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|◌𞓬}}) in these cases because, unlike the ''ONG'' ({{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓔}}) letter, which represents the nasal consonant /ŋ/, the ''MUHOR'' indicates the nasalisation of the vowel itself, crucial for distinguishing word pairs in native Munda vocabulary.
* {{large|𞓧}} (/m/) + {{large|𞓕}} (/a/) → {{large|𞓧𞓕}} (/mã/)
Additionally, those following /ɟ/ are also nasalised.
* {{large|𞓖}} (/ɟ/) + {{large|𞓕}} (/a/) → {{large|𞓖𞓕}} (/ɟã/)
=== Dipthongs ===
Mundari frequently uses sequences where two or three vowels follow each other without an intervening consonant. Unlike English diphthongs, they are treated as distinct syllables. Some common clusters are:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓕𞓚|iso=ai|ipa=/ai/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓕𞓐|iso=ao|ipa=/ao/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓚𞓕|iso=ia|ipa=/ia/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓤𞓕|iso=ea|ipa=/ea/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓐𞓚|iso=oi|ipa=/oi/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|ch=𞓐𞓯𞓟|iso=ou|ipa=/Ou/|color=green|note={{noteTag|group=Dipthongs|This cluster is a loan word from the ''Odia'' / ''Bengali'' languages, hence the use of the ''SUTUH'' diacritic.}}}}
|}
{{noteFoot|Dithongs}}
=== Vowel Absence ===
The absence of vowel phonemes in consonant clusters or after word-end consonants is marked by the absence of vowel letters. There is no [[Virama|halant]] to indicate a vowel negation as in [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic abugidas]].
*'''Example 1:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/Muɳɖārī/'' , Translation: Mundari ''(lang.)''
*'''Example 2:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓗𞓟𞓒𞓟𞓔}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/buluŋ/'' , Translation: ''Salt''

== Consonants ==
=== Basic Consonants ===
In Mundari, consonants are called ''Boja Bani'' ({{langx|unr|𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚|Boja Bani}}). Mundari Bani represents consonants using 22 basic letters, plus one diacritic. They are organised into five clusters, each led by a primary vowel. The first letter of the consonant's name matches the primary vowel. These basic letters are:
{| class="wikitable letters-table"
|-
|+ Mundari consonants<ref name="unicode 2021"|p=2/> ({{lang|unr-nagm|𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚}} {{transliteration|unr|Boja Bani}})
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓐|iso=o|ipa=/o/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓑|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓑|iso=p|ipa=/p/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓒|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓒|iso=l|ipa=/l/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓓|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓓|iso=y|ipa=/j/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓐𞓔|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓔|iso=ṅ|ipa=/ŋ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓕|iso=a|ipa=/a/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓖|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖|iso=j|ipa=/d͡ʑ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓗|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗|iso=b|ipa=/b/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓘|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓘|iso=ñ|ipa=/ɲ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓕𞓙|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓙|iso=ḥ|ipa=/ʔ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓚|iso=i|ipa=/i/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓛|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛|iso=s|ipa=/s̪/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓜|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜|iso=ḍ|ipa=/ɖ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓝|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓝|iso=t|ipa=/t̪/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓚𞓞|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓞|iso=h|ipa=/h/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓟|iso=u|ipa=/u/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓠|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠|iso=ch|ipa=/t͡ʃ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓡|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓡|iso=d|ipa=/d̪/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓢|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢|iso=k|ipa=/k/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓟𞓣|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓣|iso=r|ipa=/ɾ/}}
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓤|iso=e|ipa=/e/|color=blue|}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓥|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓥|iso=ṇ|ipa=/ɳ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓦|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓦|iso=g|ipa=/g/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓧|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓧|iso=m|ipa=/m/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓨|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓨|iso=n|ipa=/ɳ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓩|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓩|iso=ṭ|ipa=/ʈ/}}
| {{letter|top=𞓤𞓪|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓪|iso=ṛ / ḷ|ipa=/ɽ/,/ɭ/}}
|}
Because of centuries of contact with neighbouring eastern [[Indo-Aryan languages]], specifically [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Odia language|Odia]], dialects like ''Naguri'' and ''Kera'' have aspirated loan words. Because native Mundari lacks aspirated distinction, these aspirated phonemes are denoted by adding the /h/ letter ({{script|nagm|𞓞}}) to the consonant.
*'''Example:''' {{large|𞓢}} (/k/) + {{large|𞓞}} (/h/) → {{large|𞓢𞓞}} (/kʰ/)
There are no conjunct forms or ligatures, and the letters do not change shape in compound syllables, unlike Brahmic abugidas. Mundari also lacks gemination.

Below is the consonant phonology of Mundari depicted using Mundari Bani, which encompasses native phonemes (basic consonants shown in red and unique phonemes in blue) and aspirated loan words (shown in green).
{|class="wikitable letters-table"
|-
|+ Mundari Consonant Inventory<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffmann |first=Johann|title=Mundari Grammar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280908 |access-date=19 February 2026|year=1903|publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press|pages=67-70}}</ref>
![[Articulatory phonetics|Stricture]] →
! colspan=5 | [[Occlusive]]s
! colspan=4 | [[Sonorant]]s
|-
![[Articulation (phonetics)|Articulation]] →
! colspan=5 | [[Plosives]] & [[Affricate]]s
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! [[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! colspan=2 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
! colspan="2"| [[Voiceless]]
! colspan="2"| [[Voiced]]
! rowspan="2"| Checked {{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|Checked Consonants are a unique feature of the Munda language group wherein terminal /b/ and /d/ sounds are characterised by a simultaneous [[Glottal stop|glottal closure]] and a faint [[nasal release]].}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| [[Voiced]]
! rowspan="2"| Voiceless
! rowspan="2"| Voiced
|-
! [[aspirated consonant|Aspiration]] → {{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|Native Mundari lacks aspirated distinction, but ''Naguri'' and ''Kera'' dialects include aspirated stops due to contact with Indo-Aryan languages. Unlike Brahmic abugidas, these sounds do not have a distinct glyph to represent them.}}
! Unaspirated
! Aspirated
! Unaspirated
! Aspirated
|-
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢|iso=k|ipa=/kɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢𞓞|iso=kh|ipa=/kʰɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓦|iso=g|ipa=/ɡɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓦𞓞|iso=gh|ipa=/ɡʱɔ/|color=green|}}
|
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓔|iso=ṅ|ipa=/ŋɔ/}}
| colspan=3 |
|-
![[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠|iso=ch|ipa=/tʃɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠𞓞|iso=ch'|ipa=/tʃʰɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖|iso=j|ipa=/dʒɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖𞓞|iso=jh|ipa=/dʒʱɔ/|color=green|}}
|
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓘|iso=ñ|ipa=/ɲɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓓|iso=y|ipa=/jɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛𞓯|iso=ś|ipa=/ɕɔ/|color=green|}}
|
|-
![[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]] {{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|The native phonemes for /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ are [[Affricate|affricates]], i.e. they start as a ''plosive'' and release immediately into a ''fricative'', producing a "hissing" sound. Because of the variation between native pronunciation and dialects, the sound can become palatal in most cases and is speaker dependent.}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠|iso=tc|ipa=/t͡ɕ/|color=blue|note={{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|The letter {{script|Nagm|𞓠}} for /tʃ/ is also used to represent /t͡ɕ/.}}}}
|
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖|iso=dz|ipa=/d͡ʑ/|color=blue|note={{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|The letter {{script|Nagm|𞓖}} for /dʒ/ is also used to represent /d͡ʑ/.}}}}
|
|
| colspan="4" |
|-
![[Retroflex]]
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓩|iso=ṭ|ipa=/ʈɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓩𞓞|iso=ṭh|ipa=/ʈʰɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜|iso=ḍ|ipa=/ɖɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜𞓞|iso=ḍh|ipa=/ɖʱɔ/|color=green|}}
|
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓥|iso=ṇ|ipa=/ɳɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓣|iso=r|ipa=/ɾɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛𞓯|iso=ṣ|ipa=/ʂɔ/|color=green|}}
|
|-
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓝|iso=t|ipa=/t̪ɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓝𞓞|iso=th|ipa=/t̪ʰɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓡|iso=d|ipa=/d̪ɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓡𞓞|iso=dh|ipa=/d̪ʱɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓫𞓡|iso=d'|ipa=/ˀd̥(ⁿ)/|color=blue|note={{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|The diacritic ''OJOD'' ({{script|Nagm|𞓫}}) is applied by some authors to represent 'checked' forms of word-final /d/.}}}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓨|iso=n|ipa=/nɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓪|iso=ḷ|ipa=/ɭɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛|iso=s|ipa=/sɔ/}}
|
|-
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓑|iso=p|ipa=/pɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓑𞓞|iso=ph|ipa=/pʰɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗|iso=b|ipa=/bɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗𞓞|iso=bh|ipa=/bʱɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓫𞓗|iso=b'|ipa=/ˀb̥(ᵐ)/|color=blue|note={{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|The diacritic ''OJOD'' ({{script|Nagm|𞓫}}) is applied by some authors to represent 'checked' forms of word-final /b/.}}}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓧|iso=m|ipa=/mɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=◌𞓮|iso=w|ipa=/ʷ/|color=blue|note={{noteTag|group=Mundari consonants|This diacritic ''IKIR'' ({{script|Nagm|◌𞓮}}) attaches to a vowel to impart a deep, rounded glide, creating a /ʷ/ sound, a unique phoneme of Munda languages}}}}
| colspan="2"|
|-
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓙|iso=ḥ|ipa=/ʔ/}}
| colspan=7 |
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓞|iso=h|ipa=/ɦɔ/}}
|-
|}
'''Notes:'''
{{noteFoot|Mundari consonants}}

Mundari grammar also categorises consonants into four categories according to their [[place of articulation]]:
*Soft consonants ({{langx|unr|𞓣𞓕𞓗𞓕𞓒 𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚|Rabal Boja Bani}})
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢|iso=k|ipa=/k/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓦|iso=g|ipa=/g/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠|iso=c|ipa=/tʃ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖|iso=j|ipa=/dʒ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓩|iso=ṭ|ipa=/ʈ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜|iso=ḍ|ipa=/ɖ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓝|iso=t|ipa=/t̪/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓡|iso=d|ipa=/d̪/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓑|iso=p|ipa=/p/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗|iso=b|ipa=/b/}}
|}
*Aspirated consonants ({{langx|unr|𞓞𞓕𞓧𞓗𞓕𞓒 𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚|Hambal Boja Bani}})
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢𞓞|iso=kh|ipa=/kʰ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓦𞓞|iso=gh|ipa=/ɡʱ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓠𞓞|iso=ch|ipa=/tʃʰ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖𞓞|iso=jh|ipa=/dʒʱ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓩𞓞|iso=ṭh|ipa=/ʈʰ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜𞓞|iso=ḍh|ipa=/ɖʰ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓝𞓞|iso=th|ipa=/t̪ʱ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓡𞓞|iso=dh|ipa=/d̪ʰ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓑𞓞|iso=ph|ipa=/pʱ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗𞓞|iso=bh|ipa=/bʱ/|color=green|}}
|}
*Nasal consonants ({{langx|unr|𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓟 𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚|Munu Boja Bani}})
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓔|iso=ṅ|ipa=/ŋɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓘|iso=ñ|ipa=/ɲɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓥|iso=ṇ|ipa=/ṇ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓨|iso=n|ipa=/ɳɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓧|iso=m|ipa=/m/}}
|}
*Unstructured consonants ({{langx|unr|𞓝𞓕𞓣𞓕 𞓗𞓐𞓖𞓕 𞓗𞓕𞓨𞓚| Tara Boja Bani}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓓|iso=y|ipa=/jɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓒|iso=l|ipa=/lɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓪|iso=ṛ / ḷ|ipa=/ɽ/,/ɭ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛|iso=s|ipa=/sɔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓙|iso=ḥ|ipa=/ʔ/}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓞|iso=h|ipa=/ɦɔ/}}
|}

=== Aspirated stops ===
A unique feature of Mundari is the word-final /b/ and /d/, which may be pronounced as checked sounds /ˀb̥(ᵐ)/ or /ˀd̥(ⁿ)/. This is represented by placing the diacritic ''OJOD'' ({{Script|Nagm|𞓫}}) before the consonant.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓫𞓡|iso=d'|ipa=/ˀd̥(ⁿ)/|color=blue}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch= 𞓫𞓗|iso=b'|ipa=/ˀb̥(ᵐ/|color=blue}}
|}
*'''Example:''' Mundari: {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓒𞓕𞓩𞓕𞓫𞓗}}, [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: ''/laʈaˀb/'' , Translation: ''Scissors''
However, the use of ''OJOD'' to denote aspirated stops is dependent on the scribe and is not universal.<ref name="unicode 2021"/>
=== The Mundari /ʷ/ phoneme===
The Mundari phoneme /w/ or /ʷ/ has two distinct forms of representation in Mundari Bani using the ''IKIR'' diacritic ({{Script|Nagm|◌𞓮}}):
*'''Consonantal /ʷ/''': A standalone glide used at the beginning of syllables.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓢𞓮𞓕|iso=kwa|ipa=/kʷa/|color=blue}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch= 𞓢𞓮𞓚|iso=kwi|ipa=/kʷi/|color=blue}}
|}
*'''Vocalic /ʷ/''': It is written by adding the ''IKIR'' to the vowel that follows to impart a labialized glide.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓖𞓚𞓮𞓭 |iso=jīw|ipa=/d͡ʑiʷ/|color=blue}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch= 𞓢𞓕𞓮|iso=kaw|ipa=/kaʷ/|color=blue}}
|}
/w/ never occurs in the initial position in Mundari,{{sfn|Osada|2008|p=101}} but some use the ''IKIR'' in conjunction with vowel letters to write /wa/ or /wi/ syllables from other languages.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓕𞓮|iso=wa|ipa=/wa/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓚𞓮|iso=wi|ipa=/wi/|color=green|}}
|}
=== Loan Words ===
Loan words are denoted with the diacritic ''SUTUH'' ({{script|Nagm|◌𞓯}}) when transcribed. Phonemes like 'ẏ', 'ṛ', 'ṛh', 'ś' and 'ṣ', which are common in Indo-Aryan languages, are denoted using the Mundari equivalent with the ({{script|Nagm|◌𞓯}}).
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓓𞓯|iso=ẏ|ipa=/y/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜𞓯|iso=ṛ|ipa=/ɽɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓜𞓯𞓞|iso=ṛh|ipa=/ɽʰɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛𞓯|iso=ś|ipa=/ɕɔ/|color=green|}}
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓛𞓯|iso=ṣ|ipa=/ʂɔ/|color=green|}}
|}
*{{script|Nagm|𞓛𞓯}} is used to denote both ''/ʂɔ/'' and ''/ɕɔ/'' phonemes. The reader is expected to understand from context which phoneme is being depicted, often the case when transcribing widely used loan words.
In many eastern Indian languages, the sounds for 'b' and 'v/w' are closely related or interchangeable. While native Mundari uses {{script|Nagm|𞓕𞓮}} for the /w/ sound, {{script|Nagm|𞓗𞓯}} is sometimes used in formal transliteration to represent the /ʋ/, which is lacking in native Mundari.
* {{large|𞓗}} (/b/) + {{large|◌𞓯}} → {{large|𞓗𞓯}} (/ʋ/)
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| {{letter|l=unr|s=Nagm|ch=𞓗𞓯|iso=v|ipa=/ʋ/|color=green|}}
|}

== Numerals ==
Mundari Bani has its own set of decimal digits (0–9) that function identically to standard Western numerals.<ref>{{cite book|last1= Singh|first1= Birbal|last2= Singh|first2= Pahan Basanta Kumar|title= Mundari Bhasa Shiskha: A Multilingual Education (Mundari-Odia-English-Hindi)|date= 2017|publisher= Academy of Tribal Languages and Culture|language= English, Hindi, Mundari, Odia|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.language.0663/page/n11/mode/2up|access-date= 20 February 2025|pages=1-3}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Mundari Digits ( {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓒𞓤𞓨𞓤𞓢𞓕}} {{transliteration|unr|Leneka}} )
|-
|{{letter|l=unr|top=0|ch=𞓰|iso=Sūn|ipa=/s̪uːn/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=1|ch=𞓱|iso=Mod'|ipa=/moˀd̥(ⁿ)/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=2|ch=𞓲|iso=Bar'|ipa=/baːɾ/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=3|ch=𞓳|iso=Āpī|ipa=/aːpiː/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=4|ch=𞓴|iso=Upun'|ipa=/upun̪/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=5|ch=𞓵|iso=Moñe|ipa=/moŋe/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=6|ch=𞓶|iso=Turī|ipa=/t̪uriː/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=7|ch=𞓷|iso=Eyā|ipa=/ejaː/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=8|ch=𞓸|iso=Irāl'|ipa=/iraːl/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=9|ch=𞓹|iso=Āre|ipa=/aːre/}}
|{{letter|l=unr|top=10|ch=𞓱𞓰|iso=Gel|ipa=/gel/}}
|}
 
Below are the names of the base digits (0-10) rendered in Mundari Bani:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Numeral !! Mundari !! Transliteration !! Translation
|-
| 𞓰 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓛𞓟𞓭𞓨}} || ''Sūn''|| Zero
|-
| 𞓱 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓐𞓡𞓫}} || ''Mod'''|| One
|-
| 𞓲 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓗𞓕𞓭𞓫𞓣}} || ''Bar''' || Two
|-
| 𞓳 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓭𞓑𞓚𞓭}} || ''Āpī'' || Three
|-
| 𞓴 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓟𞓑𞓟𞓫𞓨}} || ''Upun''' || four
|-
| 𞓵 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓧𞓐𞓥𞓤}} || ''Moñe'' || Five
|-
| 𞓶 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓝𞓟𞓣𞓚𞓭}} || ''Turī'' || Six
|-
| 𞓷 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓭}} || ''Eyā'' || Seven
|-
| 𞓸 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓚𞓣𞓕𞓡𞓒}} || ''Irāl''' || Eight
|-
| 𞓹 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓕𞓣𞓤}} || ''Āre'' || Nine
|-
| 𞓱𞓰 || {{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓦𞓤𞓒}} || ''Gel'' || Ten
|}

==Sample text==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], written in Mundari Bani:{{efn|a suitable Unicode font may be required for proper viewing}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm |title=Mundari Bani Alphabet |website=Omniglot.com |access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref> 
=== Mundari Script ===
{{Block indent|{{lang|unr-Nagm|𞓝𞓐𞓨𞓐𞓗-𞓱: 𞓛𞓐𞓗𞓤𞓨 𞓞𞓐𞓪𞓐 𞓢𞓐𞓢𞓤𞓮 𞓧𞓕𞓨𞓕𞓣𞓔 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓙 𞓐𞓢𞓝𞓚𞓓𞓕𞓣 𞓢𞓐𞓣𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓦 𞓑𞓕𞓚𞓝𞓚 𞓗𞓕𞓗𞓐𞓝 𞓣𞓤 𞓖𞓐𞓨𞓐𞓧 𞓖𞓐𞓣𞓐𞓔𞓤𞓝𞓤 𞓕𞓡𞓕𞓨𞓕𞓡 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓦 𞓗𞓐𞓣𞓕𞓗𞓐𞓣𞓚 𞓨𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓨𞓕. 𞓚𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓦𞓢𞓤 𞓛𞓤𞓥𞓕 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓦 𞓖𞓚𞓮𞓭 𞓑𞓤𞓪𞓤𞓦 𞓖𞓚𞓭𞓟𞓣𞓤𞓓𞓕𞓙 𞓤𞓨𞓤𞓧𞓢𞓐 𞓨𞓕𞓧𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓨𞓕 𞓐𞓜𞓐𞓙 𞓚𞓨𞓢𞓟𞓙 𞓒𞓐𞓙𞓝𞓤 𞓞𞓕𞓦𞓤𞓓𞓕 𞓗𞓐𞓓𞓕 𞓒𞓤𞓢𞓕 𞓖𞓕𞓦𞓕𞓣 𞓗𞓕𞓢𞓕𞓝𞓚𞓘𞓕𞓙.}}}}
=== Romanisation ===
{{Block indent|{{translit|unr|ISO|Tonob-Mod: Soben hoḷo kokew manarng oḍoḥ oktiyar koreyag paiti babot re jonom jorongete adanad oḍog borabori namakana. Inkugke seṇa oḍog jīw peḷeg jī ureyaḥ enemko namakana oḍoḥ inkuḥ loḥte hageya boya leka jagar bakatiñaḥ.}}}}
=== IPA Transcription ===
{{Block indent|{{IPA|t̪onob-mod̪: soben hoɽo kokeʷ manaraŋ oɖoʔ okt̪iaːra koreʔ pait̪i-baːbat̪a re d͡ʑanama d͡ʑoroŋɡʔet̪e ahɖaːnaɖa oɽoo baraːbariː namaː kanaː. inku ke seŋɽãː oɽoo-d͡ʑiʷː peɽeː, d͡ʑiːu reʔ enemako namaː kanaː oɽoo inku looːt̪e haɡeaː-woaː lekaː d͡ʑaɡar bakat̪iɲaʔ.}}}}
=== Translation ===
{{Block indent|'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.}}

==Unicode==
{{main|Nag Mundari (Unicode block)}}
The Mundari Bani alphabet was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in September, 2022 with the release of version {{Unicode version|version=15}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ch24.pdf|title=The Unicode Standard|version=15.0.0|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|isbn=978-1-936213-32-0|date=2022}}</ref>
The Unicode block is called Nag Mundari (U+1E4D0–U+1E4FF):
{{Unicode chart Nag Mundari}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Gregory D.S |date=2008 |title=The Munda languages |series=Routledge Language Family Series 3 |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-415-32890-X}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Osada|first1=Toshiki|title=The Munda Languages|chapter=Mundari|place=New York|publisher=Routledge|date=2008|isbn=0-415-32890-X|pages=99–164}}

==External links==
*[https://fonts.google.com/ Noto Sans Nag Mundari] - A free Mundari Bani Unicode font that harmonises with other fonts of the [[Noto fonts|Noto font family]]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm Mundari script at Omniglot.com]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Alphabets]]
[[Category:Munda scripts]]
[[Category:Constructed scripts]]
[[Category:1982 introductions]]
[[Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1980s]]

Veppam Kulir Mazhai

2026-03-11T20:03:41Z

Corel Bazaar: Made Some Article From Scratch - done

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Veppam Kulir Mazhai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pascal Vedamuthu
| writer = Pascal Vedamuthu
| producer = Dhirav
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Dhirav]]
* Ismath Banu
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]]
}}
| cinematography = Prithvi Rajendran
| editing = Dhirav
| music = Shankar Rangarajan
| studio = Hashtag FDFS Productions
| distributor = Sri Subbulakshmi Movies
| released = {{film date|2024|3|29|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Veppam Kulir Mazhai''''' ({{Translation|Heat, cold and rain}}) is 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[social thriller]] film written and directed by Pascal Vedamuthu. The film stars [[Dhirav]], Ismath Banu and [[M. S. Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2024-02-05 |title=Veppam Kulir Mazhai: The parenthood predicament |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/05/veppam-kulir-mazhai-the-parenthood-predicament |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324120010/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Feb/05/veppam-kulir-mazhai-the-parenthood-predicament |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film was produced by Dhirav under the banner of Hashtag FDFS Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2024 |script-title=ta:குழந்தை பிரச்னையை பேசும் வெப்பம் குளிர் மழை |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/wheneverchildtalks-problem-coldrain/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314183512/https://cinema.dinakaran.com/wheneverchildtalks-problem-coldrain/ |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Petthaperumal and Paandi joined hands as husband and wife in a celebratory nuptial moment stepping into the world of excitement and joy. But it fades away sooner with the societal pressure to conceive a baby which becomes a pseudo-integral part in fulfilling the wholeness of a married life. Will their nuptial bonding last forever?

== Cast ==
* [[Dhirav]] as Petthaperumal<ref>{{Cite web |title=இளம் தம்பதிகளின் குழந்தையின்மை பிரச்சனையை பேசும் 'வெப்பம் குளிர் மழை' |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/179380 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324115837/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/179380 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>
* Ismath Banu as Paandi
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Thiri Ayya
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Pottu
* Dev Habibullah as Gandhi
* Vijaya Lakshmi as Arputhammal

== Production ==
The film marks the directorial debut for Pascal Vedamuthu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2024 |title=Pascal's Tamil film talks about the pressure that childless couples face |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pascals-tamil-film-talks-about-the-pressure-that-childless-couples-face/articleshow/107418462.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314183511/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pascals-tamil-film-talks-about-the-pressure-that-childless-couples-face/articleshow/107418462.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2024 |script-title=ta:தம்பதிகள் சந்திக்கும் சவால்களை பேசும் 'வெப்பம் குளிர் மழை' |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/veppam-kulir-mazhai-movie-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314183512/https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/veppam-kulir-mazhai-movie-update |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=[[Nakkheeran]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Raghav Kumar of ''[[Kalkionline]]'' rated 3.5 out of 5 star and noted that "Appreciate the film for taking such a sensitive concept and choosing the right actors."<ref>{{Cite web |last=ராகவ்குமார் |date=2024-03-28 |title=விமர்சனம்: குழந்தையின்மை பிரச்னையை சொல்லும் 'வெப்பம் குளிர் மழை'! |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/veppam-kulir-mazhai-movie-review-in-tamil |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[Times Now]]'' critic rated 3.5 out of 5 and stated that "Lead actors Dhirav and Ismath Banu have delivered outstanding performances, particularly in emotionally charged scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-29 |title=Veppam Kulir Mazhai Review: A Thought-provoking Film That Speaks Through Its Subtleties! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/veppam-kulir-mazhai-review-a-thought-provoking-film-that-speaks-through-its-subtleties-review-108881812 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329195154/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/veppam-kulir-mazhai-review-a-thought-provoking-film-that-speaks-through-its-subtleties-review-108881812 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

Akshay Kumar of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' wrote that "Debut director Pascal Vedama has successfully walked a tightrope in how he embraces natural parenthood while also not vilifying IVF treatment and portraying the societal pressure faced by newly wed couples through an empathetic lens" and gave 3 out of 5 star rating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-03-29 |title=Veppam Kulir Mazhai Movie Review: Strong performances hold this rural drama on pregnancy taboos |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/29/veppam-kulir-mazhai-movie-review-strong-performances-hold-this-rural-drama-on-pregnancy-taboos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329195324/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/29/veppam-kulir-mazhai-movie-review-strong-performances-hold-this-rural-drama-on-pregnancy-taboos |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt31719063}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Second Saini ministry

2026-03-05T05:13:57Z

Corel Bazaar: Made New Pg V1

{{Short description|25th Ministry of Haryana (since October 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_name = Second Saini ministry
| flag = Emblem of Haryana.svg
| jurisdiction = [[Haryana]]
| image = Nayab Singh Saini.jpg
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| flag_border = true
| cabinet_number = 25th
| incumbent = 2024 - present
| date_formed = 17 October 2024
| governor = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]] (17 October 2024 - 20 July 2025)

[[Ashim Kumar Ghosh]] (21 July 2025 - Present)
| government_head = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| government_head_title = [[Chief Minister of Haryana|Chief Minister]]
| total_number = 14
| political_party = {{color box|{{party color|BJP}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition_leader =
| election = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]]
| legislature_term = [[15th Haryana Assembly|15th Assembly]] (since 2024)
| predecessor = [[First Saini ministry]]
| opposition_party = {{color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government]]{{composition bar|51|90|hex={{party color|BJP}}|per=1}}
}}
The '''Second Saini ministry''' was formed on 17 October 2024, with incumbent [[Nayab Singh Saini]] as [[Chief Minister of Haryana]] for the second time, following victory in the [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024 Haryana Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Nayab Singh Saini To Take Oath As Haryana Chief Minister On October 17 |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/nayab-singh-saini-to-take-oath-as-haryana-chief-minister-on-october-17-9083756.html |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Nayab Saini's oath as Haryana Chief Minister now on Oct 17, PM to attend: Sources |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nayab-singh-saini-oath-ceremony-haryana-chief-minister-october-17-likely-pm-narendra-modi-to-attend-say-sources-2615754-2024-10-12 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-12 |title=Haryana set for new BJP government; Nayab Singh Saini to take oath as CM on October 17 |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/haryana-set-for-new-bjp-government-nayab-singh-saini-to-take-oath-as-cm-on-october-17-766882 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Notification | url=https://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Notifications-%26-Orders/Cabinet-Section/14781.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103222741/https://csharyana.gov.in/WriteReadData/Notifications-%26-Orders/Cabinet-Section/14781.pdf | archive-date=3 November 2024 | access-date=13 December 2025 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Council of Ministers==
===Ministers===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Haryana|'''Chief Minister''']] • Home • Finance • Law and Justice • Excise and Taxation • Town and Country planning • Information • Language and Culture • General Administration • Personal and Training ''• Any other department not allotted to any minister''.
| minister1 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Industries & Commerce • Environment • Forests and Wild Life • Foreign Cooperation • Sainik & Ardh Sainik Welfare
| minister1 = [[Rao Narbir Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Energy • Transport • Labour
| minister1 = [[Anil Vij]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Development & Panchayat • Mines & Geology
| minister1 = [[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • School Education • Higher Education • Archives • Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Mahipal Dhanda]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Revenue & Disaster Management • Urban Local Bodies • Civil Aviation
| minister1 = [[Vipul Goel]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Co-operation • Jails • Elections • Heritage & Tourism
| minister1 = [[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Agriculture & Farmers Welfare • Animal Husbandry & Dairying • Fisheries
| minister1 = [[Shyam Singh Rana]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Public Health Engineering • Public Works (Building & Roads)
| minister1 = [[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Social Justice, Empowerment • SCs & BCs Welfare and Antyodaya (SEWA) • Hospitality • Architecture
| minister1 = [[Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)|Krishan Kumar Bedi]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Women & Child Development • Irrigation & Water Resources
| minister1 = [[Shruti Choudhry]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = • Health • Medical Education & Research • Ayush
| minister1 = [[Arti Singh Rao]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Ministers of state===
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (I/C) Food Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs Printing & Stationery Youth Empowerment & Entrepreneurship
| minister1 = [[Rajesh Nagar]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State (I/C) Youth Empowerment & Entrepreneurship Sports Law & Legislative (Attached)
| minister1 = [[Gaurav Gautam]]
| minister1_termstart = 17 October 2024
| minister1_termend =
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
| caption= Representation of ministers by district
| label1 = Ambala
| value1 = 7.14 | color1 = magenta
| label2 = Yamunanagar
| value2 = 7.14 | color2 = red
| label3 = Kurukshetra
| value3 = 7.14 | color3 = silver
| label4 = Panipat
| value4 = 14.28 | color4 = lime
| label5 = Sonipat
| value5 = 7.14 | color5 = wheat
| label6 = Jind
| value6 = 7.14 | color6 = aqua
| label7 = Hisar
| value7 = 7.14| color7 = pink
| label8 = Bhiwani
| value8 = 7.14 | color8 = yellow
| label9 = Mahendragarh
| value9 = 7.14 | color9 = #FF6634
| label10 = Gurgaon
| value10 = 7.14 | color10 = green
| label11 = Palwal
| value11 = 7.14 | color11 = chocolate
| label12 = Faridabad
| value12 = 14.28 | color12 = orange
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" border="1" width="75%"
|-
! District
!Ministers
!Name of ministers
|-
|[[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Ambala district|Ambala]]
|1
|[[Anil Vij]]
|-
|[[Yamunanagar district|Yamunanagar]]
|1
|[[Shyam Singh Rana]]
|-
|[[Kurukshetra district|Kurukshetra]]
|1
|[[Nayab Singh Saini]]
|-
|[[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Karnal district|Karnal]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Panipat district|Panipat]]
|2
|[[Mahipal Dhanda]] [[Krishan Lal Panwar]]
|-
|[[Sonipat district|Sonipat]]
|1
|[[Arvind Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|[[Jind district|Jind]]
|1
|[[Krishan Kumar (Narwana politician)|Krishan Kumar Bedi]]
|-
|[[Fatehabad district|Fatehabad]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Sirsa district|Sirsa]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Hisar district|Hisar]]
|1
|[[Ranbir Singh Gangwa]]
|-
|[[Bhiwani district|Bhiwani]]
|1
|[[Shruti Choudhry]]
|-
|[[Charkhi Dadri district|Charkhi Dadri]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Rohtak district|Rohtak]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Jhajjar district|Jhajjar]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Mahendragarh district|Mahendragarh]]
|1
|[[Arti Singh Rao]]
|-
|[[Rewari district|Rewari]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]]
|1
|[[Rao Narbir Singh]]
|-
|[[Nuh district|Nuh]]
|0
|
|-
|[[Palwal district|Palwal]]
|1
|[[Gaurav Gautam]]
|-
|[[Faridabad district|Faridabad]]
|2
|[[Vipul Goel]] [[Rajesh Nagar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Current Indian ministries}}

[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Haryana ministries|Saini II]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries of Haryana|Saini II]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial ministries|S]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024|Saini II]]

Varnoli Moti State

2026-02-28T16:38:33Z

Corel Bazaar: Made Some Data More To Come - done

{{Short description|Princely state in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Varnoli Moti State
| common_name = Varnoli Moti
| nation = [[British India]]
| subdivision = [[Princely State]]
| era =
| year_start =
| date_start =
| event_start =
| year_end = 1948
| date_end =
| event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 =
| s1 = India
| flag_p1 =
| flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = File:Rewa_Kantha_Agency_with_all_Princely_States_Gujarat_during_British_India_1811-1937_with_labels.svg
| image_map_caption = Location of Varnoli Moti
| stat_area1 = 5.18
| stat_year1 = 1931
| stat_pop1 = 342
| footnotes =
}}

'''Varnoli Moti''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Rewa Kantha Agency]]<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 266, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n297/mode/2up and then by the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency.</ref> and then by the [[Baroda and Gujarat States Agency]].<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up?view=theater</ref> It was part of the 26 Princely States making up the [[Pandu Mehwas]], petty states placed under British protection between 1812 and 1825.<ref>Memoranda On Native State In India 1909, p. 270,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.108717/page/n301/mode/2up</ref> The state had a population of 342 and an area of 2 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==
The minor princely state, belonging to the [[Pandu Mehwas]] division of [[Rewa Kantha]], was ruled by [[Rajput]] Chieftains.

In 1901 it comprised only the single village, yielding 409 Rupees state revenue (1903–4, mostly from land), paying 78 Rupees tribute, to the Gaekwar [[Baroda State]].<ref>https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_297.gif Imperial Gazetteer</ref>

== Rulers ==

The Rulers held the title of Thakur.

* Ratansing Bhagwanji (b. 1888) May 6, 1899-fl. 1934 <ref>Memoranda on the Indian states, 1934 : (Corrected up to the 1st January 1934), p. 104, https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.04376/page/103/mode/2up</ref>
* Ranjit Sinh Ratansinh (b. October 16, 1930) June 22, 1934-fl. 1939 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939, p. 26,
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_297.gif Imperial Gazetteer, on DSAL.UChicago.edu - Rewa Kantha]

== See also ==
* [[Varnol Mal]], neighboring princely state
* [[Varnoli Nani]], neighboring princely state

{{Princely states of the Baroda and Gujarat States Agency}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

The Immortals of Meluha

2026-02-27T19:43:31Z

Corel Bazaar: Made Some Stub More To Come

{{short description|2010 novel by Amish Tripathi}}
{{Distinguish|Meluhha}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = The Immortals of Meluha
| image = The Immortals Of Meluha.jpg
| alt = Back profile of Shiva overlooking a huge lake, which is surrounded by snow-clad mountains. In front of his naked torso, a trident is kept
| author = [[Amish Tripathi]]
| cover_artist = Rashmi Pusalkar
| country = India
| language = English
| series = [[Shiva trilogy]]
| subject = [[Shiva]], [[Myth]], [[Fantasy]]
| publisher = [[Westland Books|Westland Press]]
| release_date = February 2010
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 390
| isbn = 978-93-80658-74-2
| followed_by = [[The Secret of the Nagas]]
}}
'''''The Immortals of Meluha''''' is a [[fantasy novel]] by Indian writer [[Amish Tripathi]], his first book and the first in both the Amishverse and of Shiva Trilogy. The story is set in the land of Meluha and starts with the arrival of the Shiva. The Meluhans believe that Shiva is their fabled saviour [[Nilkanth|Neelkanth]]. Shiva decides to help the Meluhans in their war against the [[Lunar Dynasty|Chandravanshis]], who had joined forces with the cursed Nagas; however, during his journey and the fight that ensues, Shiva learns how his choices actually reflect who he aspires to be and how they lead to dire consequences.

Tripathi had initially decided to write a book on the philosophy of evil, but was dissuaded by his family members, so he decided to write a book on Shiva, one of the [[Hindu mythology|Hindu]] Gods. He decided to base his story on a radical idea that all Gods were once human beings; it was their deeds in the human life that made them famous as Gods. After finishing writing ''The Immortals of Meluha'', Tripathi faced rejection from many publication houses. Ultimately when his agent decided to publish the book himself, Tripathi embarked on a promotional campaign. It included posting a live-action video on [[YouTube]], and making the first chapter of the book available as a free [[E-book|digital download]], to entice readers.

Ultimately, when the book was published in February 2010, it went on to become a huge commercial success. It had to be reprinted a number of times to keep up with the demand. Tripathi even changed his publisher and hosted a big launch for the book in Delhi. It was critically appreciated by some Indian reviewers, others noted that Tripathi's writing tended to lose focus at some parts of the story. With the launch of the third installment, titled ''[[The Oath of the Vayuputras]]'', in February 2013, the Shiva Trilogy has become the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing, with 2.5 million copies in print and over {{INRConvert|60|c}} in sales.

==Plot ==
Meluha is a near perfect empire, created many centuries earlier by Lord [[Rama|Ram]], one of the greatest kings that ever lived. However, the once proud empire and its [[Suryavansha|Suryavanshi]] rulers face severe crisis as its primary river, [[Sarasvati River|Saraswati]], was slowly drying to extinction. They also face devastating attacks from the [[Lunar Dynasty|Chandravanshis]] who have joined forces with the Nagas, a cursed race of people with physical deformities. The present Meluhan king, Daksha, sends his emissaries to Tibet, to invite the local tribes to Meluha.

Shiva, chief of the Guna tribe, has been dealing with attacks from a rival tribe for many years. There is no peace to be had and the conflict has led to the death of many. Concluding that moving from Tibet will bring peace to his people and wanting a better future for them, he accepts the proposal sent by Daksha and moves to Meluha with his people. Once reached they are received by Ayurvati, the Chief of Medicine of the Meluhans. The Gunas are impressed with the Meluhan way of life. On their first night of stay the tribe wake up with high fever and sweating. The Meluhan doctors administer medicine.

Ayurvati finds out that Shiva is the only one devoid of these symptoms and that his throat has turned blue. The Meluhans announce Shiva as the Neelkanth, their fabled saviour. Shiva is then taken to Devagiri, the capital city of Meluha, where he meets Daksha. While staying there, Shiva and his comrades, Nandi and Veerbhadra, encounter Princess Sati, the daughter of Daksha. She is a [[Karma in Hinduism|Vikarma]], an untouchable person due to sins committed in her previous births. Shiva tries to court her, but she rejects his advances. Ultimately Shiva wins her heart and even though the Vikarma rule prohibits them from doing so, an enraged Shiva vows to dissolve it and marries Sati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary of The Immortals of Meluha by Amish Thripathy{{!}} Kaitholil.com |url=https://kaitholil.com/blog/the-immortals-of-meluha-Amish-Thripathy-summary |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=kaitholil.com}}</ref>

During his stay in Devagiri, Shiva learns of the war with the Chandravanshis and also meets Brahaspati, the Chief Inventor of the Meluhans. Brahaspati invites Shiva and the royal family on an expedition to [[Mount Mandara|Mount Mandar]], where the legendary drink [[Soma (drink)|Somras]] is manufactured using the waters of the Saraswati. Shiva learns that the potion which made his throat turn blue was actually undiluted Somras, which can be lethal when taken in its pure form. But he was safe, indicating him to be the Neelkanth. Somras has anti-ageing properties making the Meluhans live for many years. Brahaspati and Shiva develop a close friendship and the royal family returns to Devagiri. One morning, the Meluhans wake up to a blast that took place at Mandar, destroying parts of the mountain and killing the scientists living there. There is no sign of Brahaspati, but Shiva finds the insignia of the Nagas, confirming their involvement with the Chandravanshis.

Enraged by this, Shiva declares war on the Chandravanshis at Swadweep, consulting with Devagiri Chief Minister Kanakhala and the Head of Meluhan Army, Parvateshwar. A fierce battle is fought between the Meluhans and the Swadweepans in which the Meluhans prevail. The Chandravanshi king is captured but becomes enraged upon seeing the Neelkanth. The Chandravanshi princess Anandmayi explains that they too had a similar legend that the Neelkanth will come forward to save their land by launching an assault against the "evil" Suryavanshis. Hearing this, Shiva is dumbfounded and utterly distressed. With Sati he visits the famous Ram temple of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], the capital of Swadweep. There he has a philosophical discussion with the priest about his karma, fate and his choices in life, which would guide him in future. As Shiva comes out of the temple, he finds Sati being kidnapped by a Naga.

==Characters and locations==
Tripathi believes "Myths are nothing but jumbled memories of a true past. A past buried under mounds of earth and ignorance."<ref name="shiva">{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/mahadev_myth.html|title=Theory on Indian Gods|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308093657/http://www.authoramish.com/mahadev_myth.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The book has known characters from [[Hindu texts]] as well as those born from Tripathi's imagination;<ref name = "characters"/> however the former do not inherit all of their classical traits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-immortals-of-meluha-a-review/story-a8DrV10Y6un5Jx11KNd9oI.html|title=The Immortals of Meluha: A review|date=29 September 2010|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=4 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410133009/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-immortals-of-meluha-a-review/story-a8DrV10Y6un5Jx11KNd9oI.html|archive-date=10 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Characters===
*[[Shiva]] – The main character in the story. He is a Tibetan immigrant to Meluha and the chief of the Guna tribe. On arriving in Meluha and consuming the Somras, his throat turns blue making him the [[Nilkanth|Neelkanth]] of the Meluhan legend, which speaks of the appearance of Neelkanth as a destroyer of evil. The Meluhans end up believing that Shiva would be their saviour against evil.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 3, 45–49</ref>
*[[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] – The Meluhan princess, she is the daughter of emperor Daksha. Shiva falls in love with her but cannot marry her because of a law that considers her to be a [[Karma in Hinduism|Vikarma]], an untouchable. Vikarmas are people who bear misfortunes in this life due to sins of their past births. She is a skilled swords-woman and has been brave since childhood.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 34, 78</ref> During the course of novel she marries Shiva and bears his child.
*[[Ganesh|The Lord of the People]] — A powerful Naga with mysterious origins.
*[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] – A captain in the Meluhan army. A loyal devotee of Shiva, who is often considered for his opinion and suggestions by Shiva.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 13</ref>
*[[Virabhadra|Veerbhadra]] – A captain of Shiva's army and his close childhood friend. He was later renamed as Veer Bhadra, a title earned by once defeating a tiger single-handedly.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 4, 90</ref> He seeks Shiva's permission, the leader of Gunas, to marry Krittika.
*[[Bṛhaspati|Brahaspati]] – The chief Meluhan scientist who becomes Shiva's good friend. Though he does not believe the legend of the Neelkanth, he believes that Shiva is capable of taking Meluha to its new glory.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 119</ref>
*[[Daksha]] – The Emperor of the Meluhans, he is appreciative of every effort that Shiva does to save his country.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 67–71</ref>
*[[Mekhala and Kanakhala|Kanakhala]] – The prime minister of Daksha's royal court' in-charge of administrative, revenue and protocol matters, Kanakhala is an extremely learned and intelligent woman, who gets into verbal conflicts with Parvateshvar regarding Shiva.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 62</ref>
*[[Himavat|Parvateshvar]] – Head of Meluhan Army; in-charge of army, navy, special forces, and police. He is a staunch Suryavanshi, Parvateshvar is critical of Shiva's ways with the Meluhans, and is loyal to Daksha. He eventually becomes an avid follower of Shiva as he realizes that Shiva could actually lead them to victory and finish Lord Ram's unfinished task. He is a good follower of Lord Ram.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 65</ref>
*Ayurvati – The Chief of Medicine, Ayurvati is an intelligent and revered woman, who is capable of curing any disease. She is the first to realize that Shiva is the "Neelkanth", their savior.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 19–21</ref>

===Races===
*[[Suryavansha|Suryavanshis]] – The Suryavanshis are followers of [[Rama|Shri Ram]] and the Solar Calendar and try to lead a life that is as ideal as possible. The Suryavanshis believe in [[Satya]], [[Dharma]], Maan—Truth, Duty, and Honor.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 44</ref>
*[[Lunar Dynasty|Chandravanshis]] – The Chandravanshis are followers of the Lunar Calendar. Traditionally the Chandravanshis and Suryavanshis are enemies. They are democratic dynasty who believes in Shringar, Saundarya and Swatantrata- Passion, Beauty and Freedom.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 72</ref>
*[[Nagas]] – A cursed race of people who have physical deformities. They are extremely skilled warriors.<ref>''The Immortals of Meluha'', 2010, p. 32</ref>

===Kingdoms===
*Meluha – Meluha is based in the areas of the modern Indian provinces of [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and the whole of Pakistan. It also includes parts of eastern Afghanistan.
*Swadweep – Swadweep comprises the modern Indian provinces of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and all of the country of Bangladesh, besides most parts of Nepal and Bhutan.

Characters and locations are per the books from the series and from the official website.<ref name="characters">{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/the-characters/|title=The Characters|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703042637/http://www.authoramish.com/the-characters/|archive-date=3 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/the-world/|title=The World|access-date=12 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703090646/http://www.authoramish.com/the-world/|archive-date=3 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
[[File:Secretofthenagasrelease2.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Amish Tripathi's writing style was critically appreciated.]]
After its publication, ''The Immortals of Meluha'' received mostly positive response from critics for its concept but the prose received mixed reviews. Pradip Bhattacharya from ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' felt that the "plot skips along at a brisk pace, the characters are well etched and the reader’s attention is not allowed to flag. It will be interesting to see how the trilogy progresses. One cannot but admire the creative drive that impels a finance professional to embark on such an ambitious odyssey on uncharted seas."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=344122:in-antediluvian-india-&catid=44:8th-day|title=In Antidiluvian India|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pradip|date=7 October 2010|access-date=9 January 2011|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|publisher=Statesman India Ltd.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807055813/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=344122:in-antediluvian-india-&catid=44:8th-day|archive-date=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another review by [[Gaurav Vasudev]] from the same newspaper wrote that "the book is a gripping mythological story written in modern style."<ref name="state">{{cite journal|title=Shiva Re-loaded|last=Vasudev|first=Gaurav|date=19 September 2010|journal=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|publisher=Statesman India Ltd.}}</ref>

[[Devdutt Pattanaik]] from ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' commented that "the writer takes us on a sinister journey with the characters, who frequently sound as if they are one of us only."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|title=Mythology, management and more|date=19 September 2010|journal=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|publisher=Tribune Trust|volume=982|pages=21}}</ref> ''Society'' magazine complimented Tripathi's writing by saying, "Reading this beautifully written creation is like plunging into the icy and venerable waters of the [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar Lake]]. One can actually sense the beats of Shiva's ''[[damaru|dumru]]'' and fumes of intoxicating ''[[chillum (pipe)|chillum]]''. Simply unputdownable."<ref>{{cite web|title=Book Reviews for April 2010|date=23 April 2010|work=Society |publisher=Condenast Publications Ltd. }}</ref> Nandita Sengupta from ''[[The Times of India]]'' felt that "while the author spins a tale of adventure, it could have been a slightly snappier, tighter read. Some crunching of thoughts that tended to overlap and repeat would be welcome in the next two books." However, Sengupta was most impressed by the author's crafting of Shiva as a "rough-hewn, hot-headed, a great dancer, smitten by [[Dakshayani|Sati]]... Shiva's our definition of a hero, ready to fight for a good cause anytime."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sengupta|first=Nandita|title=Shiva in a New Light|date=22 April 2010|journal=[[The Times of India]]|oclc=23379369|publisher=[[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]|volume=1408}}</ref>

Lisa Mahapatra from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' was impressed with the story and Tripathi's writing and praised "the interactions between Shiva and Sati, [which were] intriguing. Age-old thoughts and philosophies were delivered in a very modern context, which I thought made for an interesting juxtaposition." Mahapatra added that "the only downside throughout the novel, I was unable to really get into the main characters—they remained mostly on a two-dimensional level."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mahapatra|first=Lisa|title=The Raconteur|date=11 March 2010|journal=[[The New Indian Express]]|publisher=Express Publications Ltd.|oclc=243883379|volume=21|pages=4}}</ref> It received a mixed review from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', where the reviewer was critical of Tripathi's usage of common, everyday language. "There are many other subtle depictions of Lord Ram and other characters and overall its very well written. I wrote to Amish to express one small observation, the script writing is not that sharp. You have words like 'Goddamnit', 'bloody hell', 'In the name of God what is this nonsense?' etc, which I guess would be great for an Indian audience but after you just finish a [[Steven Erikson]] novel you find it falling a little flat," the reviewer concluded.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2010/09/the-immortals-of-meluha-%E2%80%93-a-review/|title=The Immortals of Meluha: A review|date=29 September 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|access-date=10 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228180338/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2010/09/the-immortals-of-meluha-%E2%80%93-a-review/|archive-date=28 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Sunita Sudhir of Learn Religions also gave a glowing review stating that 'whether the book fires your imagination to dwell on the larger questions of life or not, it certainly is a populist page-turner.'<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.learnreligions.com/the-immortals-of-meluha-book-review-1770110|title = The Immortals of Meluha: Book Review}}</ref>

==Commercial performance==
''The Immortals of Meluha'' was a commercial success. Just after a week of its publication in February 2010, the book hit the best seller list of several magazines and newspapers, including ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'', ''[[The Economic Times]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Rolling Stone|Rolling Stone India]]'', among others.<ref name="open">{{cite journal|last=Tripathi|first=Amish|date=1 September 2010|title=The MBA Writer|journal=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|publisher=Open Media Network Pvt Ltd.|volume=35}}</ref><ref name="listofbestsellers">''The Immortals of Meluha'' Best-seller listings across different outlets:
*{{cite journal|last=Umair|first=Siddique|title=Faith at Heart|date=11 September 2010|journal=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=Kasturi and Sons Ltd.|issn=0971-751X|volume=1345|issue=211|pages=13}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bestsellers-on-your-bookshelf/Article1-644915.aspx|title=Bestsellers on your bookshelf|date=31 December 2010|access-date=9 January 2011|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|last=Mazumder|first=Jayeeta|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715003557/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bestsellers-on-your-bookshelf/Article1-644915.aspx|archive-date=15 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.topnews.in/law/khushwant-fatima-bhutto-amongst-2010s-most-read-authors-244150|title=Khushwant, Fatima Bhutto amongst 2010's most read authors|last=Iyer|first=Raman|date=28 December 2010|access-date=9 January 2011|publisher=Topnews.in|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014105356/http://www.topnews.in/law/khushwant-fatima-bhutto-amongst-2010s-most-read-authors-244150|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/Myth-and-match-Talk-with-Amish-Tripathi/articleshow/10539313.cms|title=Myth and match: Talk with Amish Tripathi|date=5 December 2011|last=Bhawani|first=Namrata|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-05/books/30338847_1_amish-tripathi-religious-book-financial-sector|url-status=live}}</ref> The book had to be re-printed for another 5,000 copies thrice within the next week, and by the end of July, it had sold around 45,000 copies across India.<ref name="open"/> Both Tripathi and Bahri decided that a transfer of the rights of the book to a larger publisher was needed, so as to take the book to higher grounds.<ref name="open"/> Many publishers bid for it, but they went with Westland Publishers, who had been the distributing partner for the book.<ref name="open"/> The Westland edition of the book was published on 10 September 2010, in Delhi amidst a media frenzy.<ref name="state"/> It was launched by former UN diplomat [[Shashi Tharoor]], who praised it.<ref name="state"/> The edited version of ''The Immortals of Meluha'' was accompanied by the release of an [[audiobook]] for the novel.<ref name="state"/> As of January 2013, ''The Immortals of Meluha'', and its sequel, ''[[The Secret of the Nagas]]'', have crossed a print run of a million copies. These books have continued to top the bestseller lists of [[Nielsen BookScan]], with the gross retail sales being impressive at {{INRConvert|22|c}} within two years of publishing.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=1SBWM6OYHQO5&linkid=a4cf965f-bdd9-4d45-8ae4-47de17b68db9&pdaffid=5ncoZjso4AlFtIgb4L6Vlg%3d%3d|title=HT Nielsen BookScan Top 10|date=2 June 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002553/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=1SBWM6OYHQO5&linkid=a4cf965f-bdd9-4d45-8ae4-47de17b68db9&pdaffid=5ncoZjso4AlFtIgb4L6Vlg%3D%3D|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live|publisher=HT Media Ltd|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/books/36035437_1_vayuputras-3rd-book-meluha|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/books/36035437_1_vayuputras-3rd-book-meluha|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=Shiva Trilogy's final book to release in March 2013|date=11 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> As of June 2015 over 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold and have also made over {{INRConvert|60|c}} in revenue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20150629-amish-tripathi-new-book-myth-ram-819917-2015-06-18|title=The myths of Amish|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmie|date=18 June 2015|access-date=22 June 2015|work=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622202431/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amish-tripathi-new-book-myth-ram/1/445483.html|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="sales">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/After-Shiva-Trilogy-Lord-Rams-Story-Next-on-Tripathis-Plan/878631|title=After Shiva Trilogy, Lord Ram's Story Next on Tripathi's Plan|date=23 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129063341/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/After-Shiva-Trilogy-Lord-Rams-Story-Next-on-Tripathis-Plan/878631|archive-date=29 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Translations==
The books have been translated into a number of languages like English (South Asia), [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Malayalam]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], Bahasa Indonesian, [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English (UK), Estonian, Czech and Spanish,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/released-in-several-regional-languages-amishs-shiva-trilogy-is-the-fastest-selling-book-series-in-indian-publishing-history/ |title=Language editions |date=9 December 2013 |publisher=This Week Bangalore |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230020435/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/released-in-several-regional-languages-amishs-shiva-trilogy-is-the-fastest-selling-book-series-in-indian-publishing-history/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> with the author believing that publishing as a whole is gradually being embedded in the Indian business sensibilities.<ref name="zee">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/english-mass-market-books-tap-hindi-speakers_2456.htm|title=English mass-market books tap Hindi speakers|date=11 August 2012|access-date=31 August 2012|publisher=Zee News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202120/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/english-mass-market-books-tap-hindi-speakers_2456.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Further explaining his thoughts, Tripathi said "I genuinely believe those five years from today, we will have a situation when other languages will account for higher sales of books than in English. That is the big change happening in publishing—it is taking pride in its own culture than knowing other cultures like in television, where regional language channels have more [[Target rating point|TRP]]s."<ref name="zee"/> The local language versions were also commercial successes. The Telugu version was translated by Rama Sundari and published by BCS Publishers and Distributors; the book sold more than 5,000 copies in a month and went for a second print order of 10,000 copies.<ref name="dontwakeme">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/its-a-dream-dont-wake-me/article4126820.ece|title=It's a dream; don't wake me'|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeeta Devi|date=23 November 2012|access-date=27 December 2012|work=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu Group|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228233105/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/its-a-dream-dont-wake-me/article4126820.ece|archive-date=28 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Other than the local versions, the books have also been released as an [[Amazon Kindle]] version, available only in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Immortals-of-Meluha-ebook/dp/B008593O8S/ref=pd_sim_kstore_1?ie=UTF8&m=AH9CGK6QR37LL|title=Immortals of Meluha <nowiki>[Kindle Edition]</nowiki>|date=22 May 2012|access-date=31 August 2012|publisher=Amazon Kindle}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
In January 2012, [[Karan Johar]]'s [[Dharma Productions]] bought the film rights of ''The Immortals of Meluha''. Johar said that he was "blown away with the world of Meluha and rivetted by Amish's creation of it." The director was confirmed to be looking into the finer details of the production, along with the screenplay.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Karan-Johar-brings-Meluha-to-life/articleshow/11350653.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704153309/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-04/news-interviews/30588163_1_lord-shiva-book-rights-karan-johar-s-dharma-productions|url-status=live|archive-date=4 July 2013|title=Karan Johar brings Meluha to life|date=4 January 2012|access-date=25 January 2012|last=Basu|work=[[The Times of India]]|first=Upala}}</ref> Though initially rumored that [[Karan Malhotra]]'s ''Shuddhi'' was to be the film adaptation of the book, it was a different film.<ref name="shuddhi">{{cite news|url=http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/66aa0ef1ee0d1e4e3ceee6f14cd7b41b/whos-playing-sati|title=Who's Playing Sati?|date=9 March 2013|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|access-date=9 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501105539/http://india.nydailynews.com/entertainmentarticle/66aa0ef1ee0d1e4e3ceee6f14cd7b41b/whos-playing-sati|archive-date=1 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hrithik's Shuddhi not based on Immortals of Meluha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hrithik-shuddhi-not-inspired-immortals-of-meluha-156420-2013-03-17|access-date=29 September 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=18 March 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911191138/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-shuddhi-not-inspired-immortals-of-meluha/1/258391.html|archive-date=11 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In September 2013, Johar announced that Malhotra would be directing ''The Immortals of Meluha'', but only after the release of ''Shuddhi''.<ref name="Agneepath director’s next Is The Immortals Of Meluha">{{cite web|title=Agneepath director's next Is The Immortals Of Meluha|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-agneepath-director---s-next-is-the-immortals-of-meluhasanjay-dutt-to-star-4116824-NOR.html|work=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|authorlink=Subhash K. Jha|last=K. Jha|first=Subhash|access-date=5 February 2014|date=9 September 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108062512/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/ENT-agneepath-director---s-next-is-the-immortals-of-meluhasanjay-dutt-to-star-4116824-NOR.html|archive-date=8 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tripathi also revealed during [[Jaipur]] Literature Festival that an unnamed [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] producer bought the rights for an American version of the film. This led to speculation in the media whether Johar would indeed helm the film or the release would be an American production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/karan-johar-vs-hollywood-who-will-win-the-race-to-film-amish-tripathis-immortals-of-meluha/|title=Karan Johar vs Hollywood: Who will win the race to film Amish Tripathi's Immortals of Meluha?|last=Sur|first=Prateek|date=4 February 2014|access-date=5 February 2014|publisher=Bollywoodlife.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204072330/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/karan-johar-vs-hollywood-who-will-win-the-race-to-film-amish-tripathis-immortals-of-meluha/|archive-date=4 February 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In January 2015, Tripathi confirmed that the film adaptation was on-going and would have the biggest budget of any film series.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/av-india/attention-amish-tripathi-fans-the-author-speaks-on-the-film-adaption-of-shiva-trilogy/article2-1310280.aspx|title=Attention Amish Tripathi fans! The author speaks on film adaption of the Shiva Trilogy|date=24 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124190300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/audio-news-video/av-india/attention-amish-tripathi-fans-the-author-speaks-on-the-film-adaption-of-shiva-trilogy/article2-1310280.aspx|archive-date=24 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Malhotra started adapting the story into a film script, with Tripathi acting as creative consultant and reviewer.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/new-book-is-a-respectful-interpretation-of-lord-ram-s-tale-amish-tripathi/article1-1333173.aspx|title=New book is an interpretation of Lord Ram's tale: Amish Tripathi|last=Mukherjee|first=Shreya|date=2 April 2015|access-date=14 April 2015|work=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413133942/http://www.hindustantimes.com/books/new-book-is-a-respectful-interpretation-of-lord-ram-s-tale-amish-tripathi/article1-1333173.aspx|archive-date=13 April 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In May 2017, the author revealed that Dharma Productions had dropped the film rights due to the contract expiring. Although media reported that Johar canceled the project in fear of any backlash from making a film on an Indian God, Tripathi said that a new contract had been signed with another unnamed film studio.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-will-hrithik-roshan-appear-as-shiva-in-amish-tripathi-s-shiva-trilogy-2458570|title=Will Hrithik Roshan appear as Shiva in Amish Tripathi's Shiva trilogy?|date=2 June 2017|access-date=7 June 2017|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606150439/http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-will-hrithik-roshan-appear-as-shiva-in-amish-tripathi-s-shiva-trilogy-2458570|archive-date=6 June 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In June 2017, it was reported that [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]] bought the film rights from Dharma Productions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-sanjay-leela-bhansali-reunite-for-film-on-the-immortals-of-meluha/articleshow/59587738.cms|title=Hrithik Roshan and Sanjay Leela Bhansali Reunite for Film on 'The Immortals of Meluha?|last=Coutinho|first=Natasha|date=14 July 2017|access-date=17 November 2017|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728104500/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/hrithik-roshan-and-sanjay-leela-bhansali-reunite-for-film-on-the-immortals-of-meluha/articleshow/59587738.cms|archive-date=28 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In March 2022, [[Shekhar Kapur]] announced that he, along with [[Roy Price]], would adapt the book into a web series, with [[Suparn Verma]] as director and showrunner. The series will be the maiden project of Roy Price's film and television production house, International Art Machine, which will mark the adaptation as its debut production venture in India.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Shweta Keshri |date=March 9, 2022 |title=Amish Tripathi's Shiva Trilogy to be adapted in series, Shekhar Kapur to direct The Immortals of Meluha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/amish-tripathi-s-shiva-trilogy-to-be-adapted-in-series-shekhar-kapur-to-direct-the-immortals-of-meluha-1922494-2022-03-09 |access-date=2022-03-09 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shivatrilogy.com ''Shiva Trilogy'' — Official website]

{{Amish Tripathi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Immortals of Meluha}}
[[Category:2010 Indian novels]]
[[Category:2010 debut novels]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:2010 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:Works set in the 19th century BC]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Novels by Amish Tripathi]]
[[Category:Novels set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation in popular culture]]
[[Category:Shiva]]
[[Category:Novels set in Tibet]]
[[Category:Novels set in Sindh]]
[[Category:Novels set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Novels set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novels set in Punjab]]

Aarya Ambekar

2026-02-16T04:39:11Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Short description|Indian Marathi singer and actress (born 1994)}}
{{Indian patronymic|Aarya|Ambekar}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aarya Ambekar
| image = Aarya Ambekar Zee Award 2018.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 16 June 1994
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| website =
| known_for = {{plainlist|
*''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]''
*''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''
}}
| spouse =
| module = {{infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| instrument = Vocal
| label = Universal Music India
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]
}}
}}

'''Aarya Ambekar''' is a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] playback singer and actor from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. She has recorded numerous songs for films and albums in Marathi and Hindi. She has also performed at various prestigious concerts across India and overseas including [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], [[United States|USA]] amongst others. '''Aarya''' has won numerous accolades including a [[Filmfare Marathi Awards|Filmfare Award]] and [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<ref name="Filmfare 2022" /><ref name="Maharashtra State Film Awards 2025 news18marathi">{{Cite web |last=Gurav |first=Minal |date=2025-08-06 |title=आणि विजेते आहेत... Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards 2025, विनर्सची संपूर्ण लिस्ट |url=https://news18marathi.com/entertainment/rinku-rajguru-amruta-khanvilkar-60th-and-61st-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-2025-winners-full-list-1451798.html |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=news18marathi.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra State Film Awards 2025 lokmat">{{cite web| url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/maharashtra-state-marathi-films-awards-2025-aarya-ambekar-receive-best-plaback-singer-award-for-bai-ga-song-share-post-a-a991/|date=2025-08-06|title=आर्या आंबेकरला राज्य शासनाचा सर्वोत्कृष्ट गायिकेचा पुरस्कार प्रदान! भावना व्यक्त करत म्हणाली...|access-date=2025-09-23|language=mr}}</ref>

She participated and reached the finals of the first season of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]''<ref name="ZEE News - Acting debut and background">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/Aarya-Ambekar-to-make-her-debut-in-acting/articleshow/48422755.cms |title=Aarya Ambekar to make her debut in acting |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 August 2015 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref> aired on [[Zee Marathi]] channel between July 2008 and February 2009.

Aarya made her acting debut in January 2017 through the film and act character Tanvi in ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]''.<ref name="ZEE News - Acting debut and background" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/4th-jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2018-aarya-ambekar-roots-for-herself-at-the-do/articleshow/65983344.cms |title=4th Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2018 |date=27 September 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Lagu Bandhu a Mumbai based jewellery brand announced Aarya as their brand ambassador in October 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gjc.org.in/gjc-connect/GJC/article_18.html|title=Aarya Ambekar and Lagu Bandhu: A Melody of Tradition and Modern Grace|access-date=2025-11-08}}</ref>

==Career==
Aarya Ambekar's musical journey began early, as her grandmother, a classical vocalist, recognized her talent when she was just two years old. Aarya began formal music training at the age of five and a half under the guidance of her mother, Shruti Ambekar, and gave her first public performance at six.<ref name="lokmat times article">[http://epaper.lokmat.com/lokmattimes/newsview.aspx?eddate=04/09/2013&pageno=2&edition=113&prntid=&bxid=undefined&pgno=2 "Spotting Talent" – Article on Aarya in Lokmat Times paper] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130629175805/http://epaper.lokmat.com/lokmattimes/newsview.aspx?eddate=04/09/2013&pageno=2&edition=113&prntid=&bxid=undefined&pgno=2 |date=29 June 2013 }}</ref>

She rose to fame as a finalist in ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'' in 2008, which served as a launchpad for her professional career.<ref name="TOI article 'singing over acting'">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/singing-over-acting-says-aarya-ambekar/articleshow/66015348.cms |title=Singing over acting says Aarya Ambekar |date=30 September 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Aarya made her playback singing debut with the Marathi film ''[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]'' (2011),<ref name="Balgandharva" /> performing classical compositions, and has since sung for films like ''[[Rama Madhav]]'' and ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-07 |title=Aarya Ambekar wishes to sing for Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/aarya-ambekar-wishes-to-sing-for-bollywood/articleshow/64493702.cms |access-date=2025-05-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> receiving numerous awards. In addition to playback singing, she has released independent singles in Marathi and Hindi and performs live music shows across Maharashtra. Ambekar made her acting debut in the 2017 film ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarya Ambekar Shares 'A Different Love Story Of Rain And Calories'; Watch Video |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aarya-ambekar-shares-a-different-love-story-of-rain-and-calories-watch-video-5580169.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> further establishing herself in the Marathi entertainment industry.

===Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs===
In 2008, Aarya was auditioned for the debut season of ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]]'', a competitive music reality show organized by the [[Zee Marathi]] television channel. She was one of the final 50 who were selected from amongst several thousand children aged between 8 and 14 across Maharashtra. She made her way to the top 10 finalists and then to the Final 5 Mega-Finalists. Aarya was popularly referred to as the "Pretty Young Girl", during the show.

[[File:Aarya in Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs.jpg|thumb|Aarya in the TV series ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs'']]

Aarya sang a wide variety of songs in the competition. She created the record of receiving full marks from the judges many times. Aarya created an unbeatable record when she got ''Upper Ni''(equivalent to 200%), for her beautifully sung "Paan Khae Saiyyan Hamaro", which remains unbroken in all the nine Schedules of ''SA RE GA MA PA'' and even after two schedules of ''SA RE GA MA PA'' for professional singers. Singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] was the celebrity judge for that episode.

Aarya was also awarded performer of the week in numerous episodes by eminent singing personalities like [[Mahalaxmi Iyer]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] etc. Aarya sings a wide variety of songs ranging from pure classical songs, Natyageet, Bhavgeet, Bhaktigeet to [[Marathi language|Marathi]] Chitrapat Sangeet, Hindi songs, folk songs, Lavanis as well.<ref name="TOI article 'singing over acting'"/>

She sang "[[Aye Mere Watan Ke Logo]]" to pay tribute to those who died in the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] on 26 November 2008. She also performed the same song at [[Shivaji Park]], [[Dadar]] in a program organised by [[Mumbai Police]] to pay tribute to the martyrs who laid down their lives fighting the terrorists in that attack. The song was originally sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] after the [[1962 India-China War]]. During the course of the program, Aarya was also awarded the [[Manik Varma#Legacy|Manik Varma Scholarship]]. She is the youngest singer to win the scholarship.

===''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs Season 3''===
Aarya along with other finalists of the first season returned to the singing reality show 12 years after the debut season as a judge on the show.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/rohit-raut-aarya-ambekar-kartiki-gaikwad-mugdha-vaishampayan-and-prathamesh-laghate-to-join-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-jury/articleshow/83599928.cms |title=Rohit Raut, Aarya Ambekar, Kartiki Gaikwad, Mugdha Vaishampayan, and Prathamesh Laghate to join Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs' jury |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Acting ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Ref.
|-
|2017 || ''[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]'' || Young Tanvi Dev ||<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhanage |first=Mihir |title='Ti Sadhya Kay Karte' Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/ti-sadhya-kay-karte/movie-review/56377006.cms |date=6 January 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |department=Entertainment |access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
Aarya is the daughter of Samir Ambekar and Shruti Ambekar. Shruti Ambekar is a classical vocalist of [[Jaipur Gharana]] whereas Samir is a doctor by profession. Aarya holds a Bachelor of Arts, BA, degree with a major in economics. She studied in the prestigious [[Fergusson College]] for her bachelor's degree. She holds a Master of Arts, MA, degree in music. She ranked first in the university for her MA examination and earned a gold medal. She has completed a certificate course in Sound Engineering.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kalabrand.com/pages/aarya-ambekar |title=Aarya Ambekar Bio |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

==Discography==
[[File:Aarya Ambekar January 2017.jpg|thumb|Aarya Ambekar at the premiere event of the film ''Ti Saddhya Kay Karte'']]

===Albums===
* '''Pancha Ratna''' Vol. 1,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=566&hotcom=2&category=1 |title=PanchaRatna Vol 1 |access-date=20 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402032504/http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=566&hotcom=2&category=1 |archive-date=2 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 2,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=567&hotcom=2&category=1 |title=Pancha-Ratna Vol 2 |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717154348/http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=567&hotcom=2&category=1 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> 3<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=568&hotcom=2&category=1 |title=Pancha-Ratna Vol 3 |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155555/http://www.umusicindia.com/album.php?albumid=568&hotcom=2&category=1 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> on Universal Music India
* '''Garjati Sahyadriche Kade'''
* '''Jai Hari Vitthal'''
* '''[[Marathi Abhimaangeet]]''' composed by [[Kaushal Inamdar]]<ref>[http://www.marathiasmita.org/ मराठी अस्मिता]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mumbaipluses.com/thaneplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2010030620100309130656319ede364b3&sectxslt=&comments=true |title=अभिमानगीत बातमी |access-date=7 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714133636/http://www.mumbaipluses.com/thaneplus/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=2010030620100309130656319ede364b3&sectxslt=&comments=true |archive-date=14 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Aathava Swar''' composed by Mrs. Varsha Bhave<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/home.php?#!/pages/litala-cempasa-albama-athava-svara/122417764459106 आठवा स्वर]</ref><ref>
[http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73201:2010-05-28-14-25-25&catid=41:2009-07-15-03-58-17&Itemid=81 आठवा स्वर, लोकसत्ता]</ref><ref>
[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100602/4686885035779178982.htm आठवा स्वर, सकाळ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024104830/http://esakal.com/esakal/20100602/4686885035779178982.htm |date=24 October 2010 }}</ref>
* '''Mala Mhanatyat Aarya Ambekar'''
* '''Geet Tujhe Gata Gata''' – Collections of poems of famous poets<ref>[http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=8&id=771 Ba. Bha. Borkar] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808190122/http://www.manase.org/en/maharashtra.php?mid=68&smid=23&pmid=8&id=771 |date=8 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/1Dec2010/Normal/PuneCity/PuneToday/page8.htm Details of the Album in Sakal Daily] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308093843/http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/1Dec2010/Normal/PuneCity/PuneToday/page8.htm |date=8 March 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118053:2010-11-29-15-06-54&catid=41:2009-07-15-03-58-17&Itemid=81 Details of the Album in Loksatta Daily]</ref>
* '''Khaucha Gaav''' composed by Yashwant Deo<ref>[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110507/4988224982289957328.htm Details of the album in Saakal Daily] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710202207/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110507/4988224982289957328.htm |date=10 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://jalgaonlive.com/%E2%80%98%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%99-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95/ |title=Detils of Music Launch in Jalgaon Live Newspaper |access-date=8 August 2011 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818194451/http://jalgaonlive.com/%E2%80%98%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E2%80%99-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Hum Aur Tum''' – Hindi songs album composed by Khalil Abhyankar
* '''Aanandwan Ale Ghari''' – Shri Baba Amte
* '''Majhya Matiche Gayan''' – Kusumagraj Pratishthan
* '''Diva Lagu De Re Deva''' – First solo album based on poems of eminent Marathi poets. The album is composed by famous composer [[Saleel Kulkarni]]<ref name="Diva Lagu De Re Deva Album Details">{{cite web |url=http://www.timesmusic.com/album/regional/diva-lagu-de-re-deva-2958.html |title=Diva Lagu De Re Deva Album Details |access-date=3 November 2014 |archive-date=3 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103224035/http://www.timesmusic.com/album/regional/diva-lagu-de-re-deva-2958.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''Door Chandanyanchya Gaava''' – composer, Neeraj; lyrics, Dr Kshama Valsangkar

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Track !! Language !! Co Artist(s)!! Lyricist !! Composer(s) !! Label
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|Alavar Majhe Man Bavare<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VC89P9GRFwQ|title=Watch: Alavar Majhe Man Bavare on Universal Music India's official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=27 September 2016 }}</ref>
|Marathi
|
|Khalil Abhyankar
|Khalil Abhyankar
|Universal Music India
|-
|Kaare Se<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/aarya-ambekar-to-work-on-marathi-single/articleshow/64930508.cms|title=Details of Kaare Se song in Times Of India daily|newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 July 2018|access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>
|Hindi
|
|Rohan Nikam
|Devendra Bhome
|TaleScope Pictures
|-
|2018
|Vande Maataram<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/vande-mataram-marathi-sung-by-aarya-ambekar/videoshow/65409926.cms|title=Vande Mataram (Marathi) Sung By Aarya Ambekar|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 August 2018|access-date=25 September 2024}}</ref>
|Marathi
|
|Sudhir Moghe
|[[Saleel Kulkarni]]
|Times Music Marathi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=onox0uE3aeg|title=Watch: Vande Maataram music video on Times Music Marathi official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=22 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=6|2024
|Hriday Mein Shri Ram Hain{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|Hindi
|Suresh Wadkar
|Sandip Khare
|Saleel Kulkarni
|India Independent (ii Music)
|-
|Gum Ka Nagma<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/59wD3bVfyWNg52JprXcYRk|title=Details of 'Gum Ka Nagma' single on Spotify|website=[[Spotify]] |access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2XcIN11qeOc&ab_channel=SvpMusics|title=The official video of 'Gum Ka Nagma' single on Youtube|website=[[YouTube]] |date=25 February 2024 |access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|Hindi
|
|Ilahi Jamadar
|Prasad Phatak
|S.V.P. Muscis
|-
|Dukkh Jalte Ajun<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVoACaHjYo0&ab_channel=%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%3AKaviAnandJorvekarPratishthan|title=Video of 'Dukkh Jalte Ajun' single on Youtube|website=[[YouTube]] |date=20 April 2024 |access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|Marathi
|
|Anand Jorvekar
|Sanjay Gite
|
|-
|Asale Kase<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AVP2_gZ0nB0&ab_channel=DawnStudios|title=Video of 'Asale Kase' single on Dawn Studios' official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|Marathi
|
|Rutuja Deshkar
|Tanmay Bhide
|
|-
|Aathavaninno<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/athavaninno-single/1747592708|title=Details of Aathavaninno single on Apple Music|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
|Marathi
|Nisarg Patil
|
|
|Merchant Records
|-
|Moraya Vinayaka<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wApkNGdTpNE&ab_channel=TimesMusicMarathi|title=Details of 'Moraya Vinayaka' single on Time Music Marathi's official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=3 September 2024 |access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|Marathi
|
|Guru Thakur
|Ankush Boradkar, Mayur Bahulkar
|Times Music
|-
|rowspan="4"|2025
|Pasaayadaan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2ebDwxZAKY | title=Pasaydan | CS Music | Devdutta Manisha Baji | Aarya Ambekar | Santsreshtha Dnyaneshwar Mauli | website=[[YouTube]] | date=4 April 2025 }}</ref>
|Marathi
|
|[[Sant Dnyaneshwar]]
|Devdutta Manisha Baji
|CS Music
|-
|Hanumaan Chalisa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C0GlhaW40Y | title=Shree Hanuman Chalisa | Goswami Tulsidas | Milind Vasudev | Shree Hanuman Jayanti 2025 | website=[[YouTube]] | date=11 April 2025 }}</ref>
| Awadhi
|Various
|[[Goswami Tulsidas]]
|Milind Vasudev Kulkarni
|
|-
|Mulgi Jhali<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpADnLvj6nA|title=मुलगी झाली - Mulgi | Jhali Official Full Song|website=YouTube|date=13 September 2025}}</ref>
|Marathi
|Viraj Daki
|Sujit Viraj
|Sujit Viraj
|Abhiman Marathi
|-
|Assal Marathi Garba<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=il4tp5dmEJw|title=Assal Marathi Garba|website=YouTube|date=20 September 2025}}</ref>
|Marathi
|Mangesh Pangarkar
|Mangesh Pangarkar
|Rushikesh Shelar
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Composer
!Channel
!Co-artist
|-
|2011
|''Suvasini''
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Solo
|-
|2015
|''[[Dil Dosti Duniyadari]]''
|Pankaj Padghan
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|[[Rohit Raut]], Juilee Joglekar
|-
|2018
|''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''
|[[Ashok Patki]]
|Solo
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Jeevlaga]]''
|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Pravah]]
|[[Vaishali Samant]], [[Hrishikesh Ranade]], [[Swapnil Bandodkar]]
|-
|''[[Aai Kuthe Kay Karte!]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-08 |title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs winner Arya Ambekar sings for mentor Avadhoot Gupte; shares his excitement with fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-lil-champs-winner-arya-ambekar-sings-for-mentor-avadhoot-gupte-shares-his-excitement-with-fans/articleshow/73157102.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
| rowspan="3" |Solo
|-
|''[[Aggabai Sasubai]]'' (Rang Punha Aala)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-03 |title=Aarya Ambekar records 'Ranga Punha Aala' for Aggabai Sasubai; shares her excitement with fans |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aarya-ambekar-records-ranga-punha-aala-for-aggabai-sasubai-shares-her-excitement-with-fans/articleshow/73908008.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Patki]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|-
|2020
|''[[Majha Hoshil Na]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-29 |title=Aarya Ambekar lends voice for Majha Hoshil Na title track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aarya-ambekar-lends-voice-for-majha-hoshil-na-title-track/articleshow/74417933.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Tuza Maza Jamtay''
|Sai-Piyush
|[[Zee Yuva]]
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
|''[[Man Udu Udu Jhala]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-09 |title=Aarya Ambekar shares a BTS video of Man Udu Udu Jhala; says, "It was a learning experience" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/aarya-ambekar-shares-a-bts-video-of-man-udu-udu-jhala-says-it-was-a-learning-experience/articleshow/86061735.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|[[Saleel Kulkarni]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Marathi]]
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|-
|''[[Yeu Kashi Tashi Me Nandayla]]'' (Mann Bawarle)
|[[Ashok Patki]]
|[[Rohit Raut]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Majhi Manasa]]''
|Pankaj Padghan
|[[Sun Marathi]]
| rowspan="2" |Solo
|-
|''[[Tuzech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2022-05-01 |title=Tujhech Mi Geet Gaat Aahe: 'तुझेच मी गीत गात आहे'साठी एक-दोन नाही तर तब्बल 18 गाणी झाली रेकॉर्ड |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/television/18-songs-recorded-for-star-pravah-serial-tujhech-mi-geet-gaat-aahe-698970.html |access-date= |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]]
|[[Star Pravah]]
|-
|2023
|''[[Kasturi (2023 TV series)|Kasturi]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-06 |title=New TV show 'Kasturi' featuring Ekta Labde and Dushyant Wagh is all set to launch soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-tv-show-kasturi-featuring-ekta-labde-and-dushyant-wagh-is-all-set-to-launch-soon/articleshow/100790625.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Kunal-Karan
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|[[Rohit Raut]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Thoda Tuza Ani Thoda Maza]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title='स्टार प्रवाह' वाहिनीवर लवकरच येतेय आणखी एक नवी मालिका, आर्या आंबेकर व नचिकेत लेले यांनी गायलं शीर्षकगीत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/thoda-tujha-thoda-majha-new-marathi-serial-coming-soon-on-star-pravah-title-song-sung-by-aarya-ambekar-and-nachiket-lele-pps-98-4335260/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|[[Star Pravah]]
|Nachiket Lele
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Composer(s) !! Lyricist(s) !! Co-artist(s)
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|2010
|Let's Go Back<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/small-talk/682144/0 |title=Singing wonder - Details of the music launch of Let's go back movie |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 May 2010 |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>
|Tujhya Vina
| [[AV Prafullachandra]]
| Ramkumar Shedge
| Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2011
|[[Balgandharva (film)|Balgandharva]]<ref name="Balgandharva">[https://www.saregama.com/album/balgandharva_11138 Details of the Balgandharva album on SAREGAMA site]</ref>
|Pariyeva Ke Payal Sajani
|[[Kaushal Inamdar]]
|K.P. Khadilkar
| Solo
|-
|Kali<ref name="Aarya interview in radioandmusic.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/interviews/180606-i-had-never-thought-singing-classical |title=I had never thought of singing classical professionally: Aarya Ambekar |date=6 June 2018 |access-date=30 May 2020 |last=Metkari |first=Minal |website=radioandmusic.com}}</ref>
|Umalun Yein Kali
|[[Shrinivas Khale]]
|[[Guru Thakur]]
| Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|2013
|Yoddha<ref name="Aarya interview in radioandmusic.com"/>
|Trivaar Jay Jay Kar
|Omkar Kelkar
|[[Namdeo Dhondo Mahanor]]
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"|2014
|[[Rama Madhav]]<ref name="Rama Madhav Music Review">{{cite news |last=Shetty |first=Akshata |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/MUSIC-REVIEW-Rama-Madhav/articleshow/39812652.cms |title=Rama Madhav Music Review |date=7 August 2014 |access-date=20 May 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/music-melange-2/ |title=Music melange - Rama Madhav Music Launch |date=8 August 2014 |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|Hamamma Re Pora
|[[Anand Modak]]
|[[Sant Dnyaneshwar]]
|Sharayu Date
|-
|Sant Kaikadi Maharaj
|Sant Kaikadi
|[[Anand Modak]]
|
|Solo
|-
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|Goshta Tichya Premachi<ref name="Aarya interview in radioandmusic.com"/><ref name="Goshta Tichya Premachi Movie Details">{{cite web |url=http://www.moviebuff.com/goshta-tichya-premachi |title=Goshta Tichya Premachi Movie Details |access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/goshta-tichya-premachi-21265/cast-crew |title=Goshta Tichya Premachi Cast and Crew |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|Sakhya Re
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|Vikrant Warde
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|Narendra Thakur
|Solo
|-
|Hur Hur
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"|2015
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Cinderella (2015 Indian film)|Cinderella]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/cinderella-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1120579164 |title=Cinderella album on iTunes |access-date=28 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/cinderella/movie-review/50170719.cms |title=Cinderella movie synopsis and album details on The Times Of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref>
|Deva
| rowspan="2" |Pankaj Padghan
|Omkar Mangesh Datta
|Solo
|-
|Deva Kasa Re
|Omkar Mangesh Datta
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="1"|2016
|[[Photocopy (film)|Photocopy]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/photo-copy-21549 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203044802/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/photo-copy-21549 |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2020 |title=Photocopy Cast and Crew |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|Lag Bag Sakharpudyachi
| [[AV Prafullachandra|A.V. Prafullachandra]]
|[[AV Prafullachandra]]
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"|2017
| scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]]
|Jara Jara Tipur Chandane
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|[[Nilesh Moharir]]
| scope="row" rowspan="2"|Ashwini Shende
|[[Hrishikesh Ranade]]
|-
|Jara Jara Tipur Chandane (reprise)
|Solo
|-
|Hrudayat Vaje Something (female)
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|Vishwajeet Joshi
|Solo
|-
|Kitida Navyane
|Mandar Apte
|Devyani Karve-Kothari
|Mandar Apte
|-
|Autumgiri<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/atumgiri-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1242255742 |title=Autumgiri album on iTunes |access-date=28 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|O Sajna
|P. Shankaram
|
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|2019
|Ready Mix<ref name="Ready Mix romantic song for Avinash Vishwajeet">{{cite web |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/avinash-vishwajeet-show-premiere-february-2015-141202 |title=Ready Mix romantic song for Avinash Vishwajeet |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/readymix-38862/song/ka-mann-he-134782 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111222216/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/readymix-38862/song/ka-mann-he-134782 |url-status=live |archive-date=11 January 2021 |title=Ka Mann He |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
|Kaa Mann He
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|Ashwini Shende
|Farhad Bhiwandiwala
|-
|[[Wedding Cha Shinema]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/wedding-cha-shinema-39698/song/mazya-mamachya-lagnala-135290 |title=Majhya Mamachya Lagnala song details |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref>
|Majhya Mamachya Lagnala
|[[Saleel Kulkarni]]
|[[Sandeep Khare]]
|Shubhankar Kulkarni, Prasenjit Kosambi
|-
|66 Sadashiv<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/66-sadashiv-40136/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423181225/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/66-sadashiv-40136/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=23 April 2022 |title=66 Sadashiv Cast and Crew |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/66-sadashiv-40136/song/dahi-dishatun-sone-146693 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423180058/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/66-sadashiv-40136/song/dahi-dishatun-sone-146693 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 April 2022 |title=Dahi dishatun sone |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
|Dahi Dishatun Sonech Sone
|[[Narendra Bhide]]
|Vaibhav Joshi
|Savani Shende
|-
!2020
|Bayko Deta Ka Bayko<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bayko-deta-ka-bayko-41368/song/gavat-hyo-navin-aalay-143931 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417100947/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/bayko-deta-ka-bayko-41368/song/gavat-hyo-navin-aalay-143931 |url-status=live |archive-date=17 April 2022 |title=Gavat Hyo Navin Aalay song details |access-date=30 May 2020}}</ref>
|Gavat Hyo Navin Aalay
|Dhanashree Ganatra
|Dhanashree Ganatra
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"|2022
|Kulup<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kulup-48964/song/kesari-kesari-148839 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423180914/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kulup-48964/song/kesari-kesari-148839 |url-status=live |archive-date=23 April 2022 |title=Kesari Kesari |access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>
|Kesari Kesari
|Rudra Karpe
|
|Solo
|-
|143<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/143-18446/song/bharli-ura-madhi-148962 |title=Bharala Ura Madhi |work=Cinestaan |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
|Bharala Ura Madhi
|P. Shankaran
|Lakhan Choudhari
|Solo
|-
|[[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/singer-aarya-ambekar-records-a-song-with-ajay-atul/articleshow/80288824.cms |title=Aarya Ambekar records a song with Ajay-Atul |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/arya-ambekar-croons-for-ajay-atul-in-the-upcoming-marathi-blockbuster-chandramukhi/60055e71ab770840cc0008eb |title=Aarya Ambekar Croons For Ajay-Atul In The Upcoming Marathi Blockbuster Chandramukhi |date=18 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |publisher=SpotBoyE}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/19/34098/chandramukhi-song-bai-ga-aarya-ambekar-s-melodious-vocals-emphasize-amruta-khanvilkar-s-ethereal-beauty |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423020349/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/19/34098/chandramukhi-song-bai-ga-aarya-ambekar-s-melodious-vocals-emphasize-amruta-khanvilkar-s-ethereal-beauty |url-status=live |archive-date=23 April 2022 |title=Chandramukhi song 'Bai Ga': Aarya Ambekar's melodious vocals emphasize Amruta Khanvilkar's ethereal beauty |work=Cinestaan |date=19 April 2022 |access-date=22 April 2022}}</ref>
|Bai Ga
|[[Ajay-Atul]]
|[[Guru Thakur]]
|Solo
|-
|[[Timepass 3]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/timepass-3-aarya-ambekar-joins-the-musical-bandwagon-of-ravi-jadhav-s-upcoming-marathi-blockbuster/6034e8522e91ed4bfbb18a3f |title=Timepass 3: Aarya Ambekar Joins The Musical Bandwagon Of Ravi Jadhav's Upcoming Marathi Blockbuster |work=[[SpotboyE]] |date=23 February 2021 |access-date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/timepass-3-song-lovable/videoshow/92803635.cms |title=Timepass 3 - Song - Lovable |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref>
|Loveable
|[[Amitraj]]
|[[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
|Harshwardhan Wavare
|-
|Sahela Re<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/mx/album/sai-bai-ga/1646994482?i=1646994483&l=en |title=Sahela Re soundtrack on Apple Music}}</ref>
|Sai Bai Ga
|[[Saleel Kulkarni]]
|Aruna Dhere
|[[Madhura Datar]]
|-
|Tu Fakt Ho Mhan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/tu-fakt-ho-mhan-song-man-moharal/videoshow/94702473.cms |title=tu Fakt Ho Mhan song Man Moharal |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|Man Moharala
|Bhaskar Daberao
|Surekha Gavande
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="6"|2023
|[[Sarla Ek Koti]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/to/album/kevadyacha-paan-tu-from-sarla-ek-koti-original-motion/1663176249 |title=Kevadacha Paan Tu soundtrack on Apple Music}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://policenama.com/sarla-ek-koti-trailer-sarla-ek-koti-trailer-launch-music-is-superb/ |title=Sarala Ek Koti trailer launch news in Policenama |date=9 January 2023 |access-date=11 March 2023}}</ref>
|[[Kevadyacha Paan Tu]]
|[[Vijay Narayan Gavande]]
|[[Guru Thakur]]
|[[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
|-
|[[Sari (film)|Sari]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/dhim-dhim/IwscVEdDfAc |title=Dhim Dhim from Sari on JioSaavan |date=26 April 2023}}</ref>
|Dhim Dhim
|[[Amitraj]]
|Mandar Cholkar
|Harshavardhan Wavare
|-
|scope="row" rowspan ="2"|Get Together<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vFHMgxc3XGo |title=Roop Sajalaya song on Youtube |date=16 May 2023 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/roop-sajalaya-female/1687254644?i=1687255000 |title=Get Together album on Apple Music}}</ref>
|Roop Sajalaya (Duet)
|scope="row" rowspan ="2"|Ajay Ranpise
|Ajay Ranpise
|Ajay Ranpise
|-
|Roop Sajalaya (Female version)
|Ajay Ranpise
|Solo
|-
|[[Chhapa Kata]]
|Kuni Sanjava Majhya Manala
|Mukul Kashijat
|Meghana Gore
|[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]]
|-
|[[Chandramukhi 2]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/aarya-ambekar-sung-hindi-song-swagathaanjali-for-kangana-ranaut-chandramukhi-2-and-musician-mm-keeravaani/articleshow/104096312.cms|title=Aarya Ambekar Hindi Song Swagathanjali in Chandramukhi 2|publisher= times of India|date=2 October 2023|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
|Swagathanjali (Hindi version)
|[[M. M. Keeravaani]]
|Chaitanya Prasad
|Solo
|-
! scope="row" rowspan ="10"|2024
|[[Sridevi Prasanna]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/toch-aahe-from-%e2%80%9csridevi-prasanna%e2%80%9d/ZfsvXxP9Heo_ |title=Toch Ahe song on Jio Savan |date=9 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/sridevi-prasanna-song-toch-aahe-teaser/videoshow/106661816.cms |title=Details of Toch Ahe song on Times Of India |publisher=Times of India|date=9 January 2024}}</ref>
|Toch Ahe
|[[Amitraj]]
|[[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
|Harshvardhan Wavare
|-
|[[Delivery Boy (film)|Delivery Boy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/check-out-the-music-video-of-the-latest-marathi-song-tu-aai-honar-sung-by-aarya-ambekar/videoshow/107213633.cms|title=Details of Tu Aai Honar song on Times Of India |publisher=Times of India|date=29 Jan 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
|Tu Aai Honar
|Chinar-Mahesh
|Prashant Madpuwar
|Solo
|-
|Fatwa<ref>{{cite web|url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/marathi-actress-and-singer-aarya-ambekar-big-gift-for-fans-on-occasion-of-valentine-day-choru-chorun-song-released-pvm91|title=Details of 'Choru Chorun' song on Saam Tv website|date=14 Feb 2024|access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lRvm3oLW8o|title=Video of Choru Chorun song on Youtube|website=[[YouTube]] |date=13 Feb 2024|access-date=4 Oct 2024}}</ref>
|Choru Chorun (female)
|Sanjeev-Darshan
|Dr. Vinayak Pawar
|Solo
|-
|[[MyLek (film)|MyLek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/mylek-song-nastana-tu/videoshow/109690359.cms|title=Details of Nastana Tu song on Times Of India |publisher=Times of India|date=29 Apr 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
|Nastana Tu
|Pankajj Padghan
|[[Kshitij Patwardhan]]
|Pankajj Padghan
|-
|Kaasara<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rangmarathi.com/kaasra-movie/|title=Kaasra movie details on Rang Marathi website|date=3 July 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/kaasra-song-mann-paltaya/videoshow/110004870.cms |title=Details of Man Palataya song on Times Of India |publisher=Times of India|date=10 May 2024|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>
|Man Palataya
|Prashant Nakti and Sanket Gurav
|Prashant Nakti
|Rishabh Sathe
|-
|[[Phullwanti]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/phullwanti-song-phullwanti/videoshow/113518343.cms|title=Details of Phullwanti song on Times Of India|publisher=Times of India|date=20 September 2024|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>
|Phullwanti Title Track
|[[Avinash–Vishwajeet]]
|Vaibhav Joshi
|Solo
|-
|Gulaabi
|Phiruni Navyane Janmen Mi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aeIuM4_C2hE|title=Phiruni Navyane Janmen Mi song on Panaroma Music's official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=11 Nov 2024}}</ref>
|Sai-Piyush
|Mandar Cholkar
|Solo
|-
|Hashtag Tadev Lagnam<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkH8tq97Wmc|title=Video of song on Zee Music's official YouTube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=9 Dec 2024|access-date=17 Dec 2024}}</ref>
|Sagalyancha Photo Aala Pahije
|Pankajj Padghan
|Kshitij Patwardhan
|[[Nakash Aziz]]
|-
|scope="row" rowspan ="2"|[[Dharmarakshak Mahaveer Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj: Part 1]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0ERHVS5QoY|title=Song on Aarya's official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=20 Dec 2024}}</ref>
|Raja Sambhaji Re Majha (Sad version)
|scope="row" rowspan ="2"|Mohit Kulkarni
|scope="row" rowspan ="2"|Hrishikesh Zambare
|scope="row" rowspan ="2"|Solo
|-
|Sher Sambhaji Hamare (Sad version)<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=huTDdWWWeXo|title=Song on Aarya's official Youtube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=20 Dec 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |2025
|scope="row" rowspan ="4"|[[Sangeet Manapmaan|Sangeet Manapamaan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sangeet-manapaman-subodh-bhaves-musical-film-brings-a-traditional-launch/articleshow/115735877.cms|
title='Sangeet Manapmaan': Subodh Bhave's musical film brings a traditional launch|publisher=Times of India|date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/featured/sangeet-manapmaan-music-released-28-november-2024/|title='Sangeet Manapamaan' Music Released|date=28 Nov 2024}}</ref>
|Mala Madan Bhase
| rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]]
|scope="row" rowspan ="4"|K. P. Kadhilkar
|Solo
|-
|Shura Mee Vandile
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Avadhoot Gupte]], Asmita Chinchalkar
|-
|Prem Seva Sharan
|[[Anand Bhate]]
|-
|Jai Ho Sangrampur
|[[Avadhoot Gupte]], [[Savani Ravindra]], Shrinidhi Ghatate
|-
|[[Ilu Ilu 1998|Ilu Ilu 1988]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ilu-ilu-1988-from-ilu-ilu-1988-single/1785915900|title=Ilu Ilu song in Apple Music}}</ref>
|Ilu Ilu (title track)
|Rohit Nagbhide
|Prashant Madpuwar
|
|-
|[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rl7_uPfgz3A | title=Ved Hai - Lyrical | Hey Minnale Marathi | Aarya Ambekar | Harshavardhan W | Sai P | Sivakarthikeyan | website=[[YouTube]] | date=5 February 2025 }}</ref>
|Ved He (He Minnale)
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|Magesh Kangane
|Harshavardhan Wavare
|-
|[[Devmanus (film)|Devmanus]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Details of Devmanus movie on NDTV entertainment portal |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/devmanus-movie-130704|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ae/song/sobati-from-devmanus/1808952774|title=Sobati song on Apple Music}}</ref>
|Sobati
|[[Rohan-Rohan]]
|Prashant Madpuwar
|[[Shekhar Ravjiani]]
|-
|26 November<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5gCPDFzAak|title=Saad Ghali Man Majh song on Zee Music Marathi's official YouTube channel|website=[[YouTube]] |date=17 April 2025 }}</ref>
|Saad Ghali Man Majh
|Amar Prabhakar Desai
|Nilesh Onkar
|Swapnil Bandodkar
|-
|Gondhal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cI-XCFR7F1k|title=Chandan song on Youtube}}</ref>
|Chandan
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|
|[[Ajay-Atul|Ajay Gogavale]]
|-
! rowspan="1" scope="row" |2026
|After Operation London Cafe<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QwEqYnm0As|title=Kay bolu ya pudhe mi song on Youtube}}</ref>
|Kay Bolu Ya Pudhe Mi
|Prashnu Jha
|Kshitij Pathvardhan
|Abhay Jodhpurkar
|}

==Public appearances==
A few events where Aarya has performed –
* Vasantotsav 2008 – Musical concert arranged in Pune every year by [[Rahul Deshpande]] in memory of his legendary grandfather [[Vasantrao Deshpande]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vasantotsav.org/index.html |title=Vasantotsav |access-date=27 August 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914054304/http://www.vasantotsav.org/index.html |archive-date=14 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Shrimant Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Music Festival 2009, 2010.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100405192218/http://www.dagadushethganapati.com/trustees/activities.htm Shrimant Dagadusheth Halwai Ganapati Music Festival]</ref>
* Little Champs live shows in many cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Nashik]] [[Sangli]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Goa]], [[Ratnagiri]], [[Thane]], [[Nagpur]], [[Wardha]], [[Bhopal]] etc. and at international venues like [[Dubai]], [[Abu Dhabi]]. These are runaway popular shows where Aarya performs with four other Little Champs [[Mugdha Vaishampayan]], [[Prathamesh Laghate]], [[Rohit Raut]] and Kartiki Gaikwad in perfect sync. This group is known as 'Panch-Ratna'.<ref>[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=citytimes&xfile=data/citytimes/2009/may/citytimes_may119.xml Dubai Performance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608213018/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?section=citytimes&xfile=data%2Fcitytimes%2F2009%2Fmay%2Fcitytimes_may119.xml |date=8 June 2011 }}
[http://mmdubai.org/Photogallery/SAREGAMAPA/index.html Dubai Photos] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619063136/http://www.mmdubai.org/Photogallery/SAREGAMAPA/index.html |date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>
* Live performance in the devotional program arranged in the presence of [[Sathya Sai Baba]] in Sai Ashram at village Hadshi, near [[Pune]] in October 2009<ref>[http://www.saibabaofindia.com/day3_sri_sathya_sai_baba_pune_mumbai_hadshi_temple_panduranga_kshetra.htm Sai Baba's Visit to Pandurang Kshetra, Hadashi, Pune]</ref><ref>
[http://www.saibabaofindia.com/june09/4-3day-evening-sri-sathya-sai-baba-hadshi-panduraga-kshetra-pune-mumbai-maharashtra.jpg Aarya Performing in front of Sathya Sai Baba]</ref>
* Live performance in the special program arranged on the occasion of the birthday of [[Sathya Sai Baba]] in Sai Ashram at [[Puttaparthi]]. November 2009<ref>[http://www.saibabaofindia.com/When_Little_Champs_Regaled.htm Sai Baba's B'day at Puttaparthi]
</ref>
* Live performance in Swar Asha program arranged to felicitate [[Asha Bhosale]] in [[Pune]] in March 2010. Aarya sang duets with [[Sudesh Bhonsle]] in this program. The program was aired on Mi Marathi Channel.
* Live performance at a function organised by [[Deccan Education Society]] to mark its 125th year of existence. Aarya performed in front of [[President of India|The Honourable President of India]], [[Pratibha Patil|Her Excellency Pratibha Patil]].
* Live performance along with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] in special function organised by [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] on occasion of the Golden Jubilee Year of [[Maharashtra State]] on Maharashtra Day.
* Antarnaad – a program consisting of compositions by [[Shrinivas Khale]]. The program was aired on [[Mi Marathi]] Channel on 29 August 2010.
* As a celebrity guest in Ashtavinayak Darshan along with [[Prathamesh Laghate]]. Ashtavinayak Darshan program consists of visits to the eight holy temples of Lord Ganesha ([[Ashtavinayaka]]) situated around Pune district. This program was telecast on [[Star Majha]] news channel during the Ganpati Festival 2010 from 11 to 18 September 2010.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqdK-emts9E The video montage uploaded by Star Majha channel on YouTube]</ref>
* Live performance in Nashik Festival 2011<ref>[http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Feb2011/Normal/Nashik/page3.htm Nashik Festival 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405094247/http://72.78.249.107/Sakal/3Feb2011/Normal/Nashik/page3.htm |date=5 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110203/5546015131338756463.htm Nashik Festival details in Sakal website] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723170614/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20110203/5546015131338756463.htm |date=23 July 2011 }}</ref>
* Bheeti Laagi Jeeva 2010, 2011 – a special show on the yearly pilgrimage from Alandi to Pandharpur telecast on [[News18 Lokmat|IBN Lokmat]].<ref>[http://ibnlokmat.tv/showvideo.php?id=182352 Details and video on IBN Website]</ref>
* Maharashtra Mandal Dubai (MPFS) 2017 – As a part of Waarsa Suraancha
* TEDxVIT 2021<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/40146 |title=TEDxVIT 2021 |access-date=14 July 2021}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* 2008 – Youngest to be awarded the "Manik Varma Scholarship" towards her future music studies<ref>[http://beta.esakal.com/2009/07/05004631/maharashtra-arya-ambekar.html Details of Manik Varma Scholarship in Sakal ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708114224/http://beta.esakal.com/2009/07/05004631/maharashtra-arya-ambekar.html |date=8 July 2009 }}</ref>
* 2009 – Runner-up of the [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs]] reality-based music competition organised by [[Zee Marathi]]
* 2009 – Maharashtra Shasan Puraskar
* 2010 – Haribhau Sane Award<ref>[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100728/5147986706998193458.htm Article about Haribhau Sane Award in Sakal Daily] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710201617/http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100728/5147986706998193458.htm |date=10 July 2011 }}</ref>
*2010 – Punyaratna – YuvaGaurav Award<ref>[http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94689:2010-08-19-20-49-59&catid=44:2009-07-15-04-01-11&Itemid=212 Details in Loksatta]</ref><ref>[http://www.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=95444:2010-08-22-20-11-11&catid=44:2009-07-15-04-01-11&Itemid=212 News of Punyaratna Awardsin Loksatta]</ref><ref>[http://www.esakal.com/esakal/20100823/5516237615355570986.htm News of Punyaratna Awards in Sakal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919061729/http://esakal.com/esakal/20100823/5516237615355570986.htm |date=19 September 2010 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/punaya-ratna-awards-presented/663634/ Details of the award in India Express]</ref>
* 2011 – Big Marathi Rising Star Award (Music)
* 2012 – Young Achievers Award – awarded by [[Whistling Woods International]]<ref name="Young Achievers Award">{{cite web |url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4760960785081477440&SectionId=4635700988208141724&SectionName=Nation&NewsDate=20120628&NewsTitle=Gen%20Next%20gets%20tips%20about%20life%20from%20experts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223080005/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=4760960785081477440&SectionId=4635700988208141724&SectionName=Nation&NewsDate=20120628&NewsTitle=Gen%20Next%20gets%20tips%20about%20life%20from%20experts |url-status=usurped |archive-date=23 December 2014 |title=Young Achievers Award – Sakaal Times News Article |access-date=3 November 2014}}</ref>
* 2012 – Dr. Vasantrao Deshpande Puraskar
* 2014 – Aarya Puraskar
* 2015 – Dr. Usha Atre Award by Swaranand Pratisthan<ref>{{cite web |title=संगीत शिकण्यासाठी प्रत्येक क्षण शिष्य बनून राहावे |url=http://online5.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5024218265563065114&SectionId=10 |date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104531/http://online5.esakal.com/NewsDetails.aspx?NewsId=5024218265563065114&SectionId=10 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=eSakal.com |language=mr |access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>
* 2016 – Vidya Pradnya Puraskar by Ga.Di.Ma. Pratisthan<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/jabbar-patel-get-gadima-award-1344880/ |title=जब्बार पटेल यांना गदिमा पुरस्कार |website=Loksatta |language=mr |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2017 – Godrej Fresh Face of the Year – Sahyadri Navaratna Awards <ref>{{cite web |url=http://prahaar.in/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF// |title=DD Sahyadri Navaratna Awards' News in Prahaar daily |date=21 June 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2018 – Best Female Singer and Best Acting Debut – Female for [[Ti Saddhya Kay Karte]] - Maharashtracha Favourite Kon by [[Zee Talkies]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/photos/exclusive/4877-zee-talkies-maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2017-awards-winners-photos |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130140741/http://marathicineyug.com/photos/exclusive/4877-zee-talkies-maharashtracha-favorite-kon-2017-awards-winners-photos |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 January 2018 |title=Zee Talkies' 'Maharashtracha Favorite Kon 2017' Awards Winners Photos |date=28 January 2018 |access-date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnxmasti.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/news/faster-fene-marathi-movie-maharashtracha-favourite-kon-2018/28715 |title='फास्टर फेणे' ठरला महाराष्ट्राचा फेव्हरेट चित्रपट |date=25 January 2018 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>
* 2018 – Most Natural Performance of the Year for Ti Sadhya Kay Karate – Zee Chitra Gaurav <ref>{{cite web |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/5028-zee-chitra-gaurav-awards-2018-winners-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314193646/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/5028-zee-chitra-gaurav-awards-2018-winners-list |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 March 2018 |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav Awards 2018 Winners List |date=12 March 2018 |access-date=10 May 2018}}</ref>
*Nominated - [[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Playback Singer – Female]] For Song Hridayat waje something From the Movie [[Ti Sadhya Kay Karte]].
* 2018 – Best Female Singer and Best Acting Debut – Female for Ti Sadhya Kay Karate – City Cine Awards Marathi by [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]
* 2019 – Lokmat [[Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards|Sur Jytosna National Music Award]] by the hands of Union Minister Shri Nitin Gadkari <ref>{{cite web |title=सूर ज्योत्स्ना' राष्ट्रीय संगीत पुरस्काराचे आज वितरण |url=https://www.lokmat.com/nagpur/distribution-sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards-today/ |date=23 March 2019 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr |access-date=24 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/6th-sur-jyotsna-national-music-awards-given-to-actorsinger-arya-ambekar-percussionist-shikhar-naad/1523571 |title=6th Sur Jyotsna National Music Awards given to actor-singer Aarya Ambekar, percussionist Shikhar Naad |date=26 April 2019 |website=Outlook India |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>
* 2021 - Best Female Singer of the Decade for the song, 'Hrudayat Vaje Something' from the 2017 movie 'Ti Sadhya Kay Karate' - [[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/maharashtra-cha-favourite-kon-suvarndashak-sohala.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122134701/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/maharashtra-cha-favourite-kon-suvarndashak-sohala.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 January 2022 |title='Maharashtra cha Favourite Kon?' Suvarndashak Sohala |date=27 December 2021 |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>
* 2022 – Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Playback Singer Female for "Bai Ga" from [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=फक्त मराठी सन्मान: धर्मवीरची बाजी, चंद्रमुखीचा डंका.. |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/fakt-marathi-sanman-winner-dharmveer-and-chandramukhi-movie-nsa95 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=[[Sakal]] |date=28 July 2022 |language=mr-IN}}</ref>
* 2023 – Best Playback Singer Female for "Bai Ga" from [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]] (Shared with [[Shreya Ghoshal]]) – Zee Chitra Gaurav<ref>{{cite web |title=Zee Marathi's announcement on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/zeemarathi/status/1640006632229818370}}</ref>
*2023 – Best Playback Singer Female for "Bai Ga" from [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]] – Filmfare Awards <ref name="Filmfare 2022">{{cite web |title=Winners of Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/winners}}</ref>
* 2023 - Best Playback Singer Female for "Bai Ga" from [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]] – [[Sakaal Times|Sakaal Premier Awards]].
* 2023 6TH MAJJA DIGITAL AWARD - Best Singer Female for "Bai Ga" from [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]].
*2024 - [[Fergusson College]] Alumni Association felicitated her as a Distinguished Alumnus and awarded her with 'Fergusson Gaurav Puraskar' at the hands of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj ([[Shahu II of Kolhapur]]), the Chairperson of [[Deccan Education Society]] which runs the Fergusson College
*2024 - Best Singer (Female) for "Kevadyache Paan Tu" from [[Sarla Ek Koti]] - [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] Cine Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi|title=Radio City Cine Awards 2023|access-date=1 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304125556/https://www.radiocity.in/ccamarathi|archive-date=4 March 2024}}</ref>
*2025 - 60th Maharashtra State Flim Awards Best Playback Singer Female for "Bai Ga" from [[Chandramukhi (2022 film)|Chandramukhi]]<ref name="Maharashtra State Film Awards 2025 news18marathi" /><ref name="Maharashtra State Film Awards 2025 lokmat" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/Aaryaambekarofficialpage Aarya's Official Facebook Page]
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCOgBAzMJE2zBPs-rKKxixcw Aarya's Official YouTube Channel]
* {{IMDb name|4728596}}

{{Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi Li'l Champs}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambekar, Aarya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

Vijay Amritraj

2026-02-06T06:31:57Z

Corel Bazaar: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian sports commentator, actor, and tennis player}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|image = The former Tennis player, Shri Vijay Amritraj calling on the Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (IC), Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Shri Vijay Goel, in New Delhi on April 11, 2017 (cropped).jpg
|caption =Amritraj in 2017
|name = Vijay Amritraj
|country = {{IND}}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|12|14}}
|birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]], India
|residence = [[Southern California]], U.S.
|height = {{height|ft=6|in=4}}
|turnedpro = 1970
|retired = 1993
|plays = Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney = $1,331,913
|singlesrecord = 399–308<ref>[http://www.atpworldtour.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/?playernumber=A022 Vijay Amritraj] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205180546/http://www.atpworldtour.com/5/en/players/playerprofiles/?playernumber=A022 |date=5 February 2009 }} at the [[Association of Tennis Professionals]]</ref>
|singlestitles = 15<ref>webarchive ATP Tour 2009</ref>
|highestsinglesranking = No. 18 (7 July 1980)
|AustralianOpenresult = 2R ([[1984 Australian Open – Men's singles|1984]])
|FrenchOpenresult = 3R ([[1974 French Open – Men's singles|1974]])
|Wimbledonresult = QF ([[1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1973]], [[1981 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1981]])
|USOpenresult = QF ([[1973 US Open – Men's singles|1973]], [[1974 US Open – Men's singles|1974]])
|Othertournaments = yes
|WCTFinalsresult = SF ([[1982 World Championship Tennis Finals – Singles|1982]])
|doublesrecord = 264–218
|doublestitles = 14
|highestdoublesranking = No. 23 (24 March 1980)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult =
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult =
|WimbledonDoublesresult = SF ([[1976 Wimbledon Championships#Men's doubles|1976]])
|USOpenDoublesresult = QF (1973, 1976)
|Team = yes
|DavisCupresult = F ([[1974 Davis Cup|1974]], [[1987 Davis Cup|1987]])
}}

'''Vijay Amritraj''' ({{IPA|ta|ˈʋɪdʒaɪ amrit̪ˈɾaːdʒ}}; born 14 December 1953) is an Indian retired professional [[tennis]] player, sports commentator and actor from [[Madras]].<ref name="James Bond">{{cite web | url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/tennis/article/2145578/james-bond-cameo-biopic-his-extraordinary-life-tennis-legend-vijay | title=From James Bond cameo to biopic on his extraordinary life: tennis legend Vijay Amritraj to serve up another smash hit | work=South China Morning Post | author=Andrew McNicol | date=11 May 2018 | access-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726201820/https://www.scmp.com/sport/tennis/article/2145578/james-bond-cameo-biopic-his-extraordinary-life-tennis-legend-vijay | archive-date=26 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/sep/13/tennis-legend-vijay-amritraj-biopic-in-works-1656667.html | title=Tennis legend Vijay Amritraj biopic in works | publisher=New Indian Express | date=17 September 2017 | access-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726233852/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2017/sep/13/tennis-legend-vijay-amritraj-biopic-in-works-1656667.html | archive-date=26 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports-champions-say-a-big-thank-you-to-mahindra-scorpio-toisa/articleshow/63104364.cms | title=Sports champions say a big thank you to Mahindra Scorpio TOISA | work=The Times of India | author=Dhananjay Roy | date=28 February 2018 | access-date=26 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418195402/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports-champions-say-a-big-thank-you-to-mahindra-scorpio-toisa/articleshow/63104364.cms | archive-date=18 April 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-02-sp-930-story.html | title=TENNIS DIPLOMAT : Vijay Amritraj Helps Pave the Way for Israel's Davis Cup Team to Play in India Despite Terrorist Threats | work=Los Angeles Times | author=Lisa Dillman | date=2 August 1987 | access-date=27 July 2018 | archive-date=14 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214070432/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-08-02-sp-930-story.html | url-status=live }}</ref> He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] (India's fourth-highest civilian honour), in 1983, and the [[Padma Bhushan]] (India's third-highest civilian honour) in 2026.<ref name="award80-89">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002842/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106121430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|publisher=Times of India|title=Top Male Tennis Players of India through History|archive-date=6 January 2015|access-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/padma-award-winners-in-foreigner-nri-and-oci-categories/article70549835.ece]</ref> In 2022, he was honored for his contributions to tennis in London by the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] and [[International Tennis Federation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/vijay-amritraj-honoured-with-golden-achievement-award-by-itf-international-tennis-hall-of-fame/article38506328.ece|date=June 2022|work=The Hindu|title=Vijay Amritraj honoured with Golden Achievement Award by ITF|access-date=5 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805073446/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/vijay-amritraj-honoured-with-golden-achievement-award-by-itf-international-tennis-hall-of-fame/article38506328.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 20, 2024 he was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in [[Newport, Rhode Island|Newport]], [[Rhode Island]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Tennis Hall of Fame |url=https://www.tennisfame.com/vijay-amritraj |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=www.tennisfame.com}}</ref> [[File:Anand and Vijay Amritraj 2000 Wimbledon Sr Invitation Doubles Finals.jpg|thumb|300px|Vijay Amritraj partnering brother [[Anand Amritraj|Anand]] at the [[2000 Wimbledon Championships]]]]

==Early life==
Vijay was born in [[Chennai|Madras]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|date=January 2012|publisher=Itz Chennai|title=Pride of Chennai - A list of people that make Chennai proud|access-date=8 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108232312/http://www.itzchennai.com/pride-of-chennai.html|archive-date=8 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> India to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Nadar (caste)|Christian Nadar]] family consisting of parents Maggie Dhairyam and Robert Amritraj,<ref name="hindu_04">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900950400.htm | location=Chennai, India | title=At home on every turf | date=29 July 2004 | access-date=9 June 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001740/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/07/29/stories/2004072900950400.htm | archive-date=1 October 2007 | work=The Hindu | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/tennis/2019/apr/21/maggie-amritraj-passes-away-at-92-1966939.html|title=Maggie Amritraj passes away at 92|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424181248/http://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/tennis/2019/apr/21/maggie-amritraj-passes-away-at-92-1966939.html|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and brothers [[Anand Amritraj]] and [[Ashok Amritraj]], who were also international tennis players.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/mother-of-amritraj-brothers-maggie-dies-at-92/articleshow/68974066.cms|title=Mother of Amritraj brothers, Maggie, dies at 92|website=The Times of India|date=21 April 2019 |access-date=2019-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521004523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/mother-of-amritraj-brothers-maggie-dies-at-92/articleshow/68974066.cms|archive-date=21 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
After playing his first [[Grand Prix tennis tournaments|Grand Prix]] event in 1970, Amritraj achieved his first success in singles in 1973 when he reached the quarterfinals at two [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] events.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results Archive {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/results-archive?year=1973 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104011627/https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/results-archive?year=1973 |url-status=live }}</ref> At [[1973 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]], he lost in five sets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/wimbledon/540/1973/results |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104011714/https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/wimbledon/540/1973/results |url-status=live }}</ref> to the eventual champion [[Jan Kodeš]] and later that summer at the [[1973 US Open (tennis)|US Open]], lost to [[Ken Rosewall]] after having beaten [[Rod Laver]] two rounds earlier.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/us-open/560/1973/results |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104011753/https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/us-open/560/1973/results |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amritraj beat [[Björn Borg]] in the second round in the [[1974 US Open (tennis)|US Open]] in 1974, losing to Rosewall in quarterfinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bjorn Borg VS Vijay Amritraj {{!}} Head 2 Head {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/bjorn-borg-vs-vijay-amritraj/B058/A022 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903094528/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/bjorn-borg-vs-vijay-amritraj/b058/a022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ken Rosewall VS Vijay Amritraj {{!}} Head 2 Head {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/ken-rosewall-vs-vijay-amritraj/r075/a022 |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227030728/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/ken-rosewall-vs-vijay-amritraj/r075/a022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1979, he lost in the second round of [[1979 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] to defending champion Borg after being up two sets to one and leading 4–1 in the fourth set.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/wimbledon/540/1979/results |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228155911/https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/wimbledon/540/1979/results |url-status=live }}</ref> He reached his career-high ranking in singles of world No. 16 in July 1980. In 1981, he reached the quarterfinals of [[1981 Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] before losing in five sets to [[Jimmy Connors]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/scores/archive/wimbledon/540/1981/results |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en}}</ref> He beat [[John McEnroe]] in the first round of [[Cincinnati Masters]] in 1984. Overall, he had five career wins over Jimmy Connors in their eleven matches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Connors VS Vijay Amritraj {{!}} Head 2 Head {{!}} H2H {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/jimmy-connors-vs-vijay-amritraj/c044/a022 |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223143300/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/atp-head-2-head/jimmy-connors-vs-vijay-amritraj/c044/a022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Amritraj was part of the [[India Davis Cup team]] that reached the finals in [[1974 Davis Cup|1974]] and [[1987 Davis Cup|1987]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}} Amritraj had a career singles win–loss record 405–312, winning 15 singles and 13 doubles titles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Amritraj {{!}} FedEx ATP Win/Loss {{!}} ATP Tour {{!}} Tennis |url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/vijay-amritraj/a022/atp-win-loss?tourtype=tour |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=ATP Tour |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707045610/https://www.atptour.com/en/players/vijay-amritraj/a022/atp-win-loss?tourtype=tour |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Acting career==
Amritraj has also pursued an acting career. His best known role is probably as the [[Secret Intelligence Service|MI6]] intelligence operative [[List of James Bond allies in Octopussy#Vijay|Vijay]] in the 1983 [[James Bond]] film ''[[Octopussy (film)|Octopussy]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/allies/vijay.php3|title=MI6 allies|access-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202015022/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/allies/vijay.php3|archive-date=2 February 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He also appeared briefly in ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]'' (1986) as starship captain Joel Randolph.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092007/characters/nm0025398 | title=Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home (1986) - IMDb | website=[[IMDb]] | access-date=7 March 2024 | archive-date=7 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707045610/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0092007/characters/nm0025398 | url-status=live }}</ref>

He was also a regular character in the NBC TV series ''[[The Last Precinct]]'' and the [[Yakov Smirnoff]] comedy ''[[What a Country!]]'', as well as a guest star on various television shows such as ''[[Hart to Hart]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-09 |title=Voice Of Wimbledon: Documentary On Indian Tennis Player & Actor Vijay Amritraj Is In The Works |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/voice-of-wimbledon-documentary-on-indian-tennis-player-actor-vijay-amritraj-is-in-the-works-574365.html |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> He has since gone on to become a sports commentator, has been a judge at the [[Miss Universe]] pageant, and has developed a multimedia business. Amritraj also hosts a talk show named ''Dimensions with Vijay Amritraj'' broadcast on CNN-IBN.{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==Personal life==
Amritraj lives in [[ Southern California]] with his wife Shymala and sons [[Prakash Amritraj]] and Vikram.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lidz|first=Franz|title=Tennis Player Vijay Amritraj Is as Fine on Film As He Is on the Court|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064667/2/|publisher=Sports Illustrated|access-date=29 June 2013|date=31 March 1986|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928233627/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1064667/2/|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Honeymoon over for Amritraj|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19830214&id=kbcfAAAAIBAJ&pg=4054,4019459|publisher=The Southeast Missourian|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-date=29 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929235859/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19830214&id=kbcfAAAAIBAJ&pg=4054,4019459|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amritrajs' Big-Fat Wedding in Colombo|date=4 November 2012 |url=http://fashionscandal.com/tag/prakash-amritraj/|publisher=Fashion Scandal|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703041212/http://fashionscandal.com/tag/prakash-amritraj/|archive-date=3 July 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prakash and his paternal cousin [[Stephen Amritraj]] are also professional tennis players.

On 9 February 2001, Vijay was appointed a [[United Nations Messengers of Peace|United Nations Messenger of Peace]]. He has been raising awareness on the issues of drugs and HIV/AIDS and has raised funds to fight the spread of AIDS worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/ossg/messengers.htm|title=Messengers of Peace|publisher=Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General|access-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021226213650/http://www.un.org/News/ossg/messengers.htm|archive-date=26 December 2002|url-status=live}}</ref>

He founded The Vijay Amritraj Foundation in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijayamritrajfoundation.org/|title=The Vijay Amritraj Foundation|access-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711123938/http://www.vijayamritrajfoundation.org/|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.looktothestars.org/charity/763-vijay-amritraj-foundation|title=Look to the Stars|access-date=13 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702213017/http://www.looktothestars.org/charity/763-vijay-amritraj-foundation|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Film
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|1983|| ''[[Octopussy]]'' || Vijay ||
|-
|1985|| ''Nine Deaths of the Ninja'' || Rankin ||
|-
|1986|| ''[[Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home]]'' || Starship Captain Joel Randolph ||
|-
|2015|| ''Of God and Kings'' || Duke Bora Swain ||
|}

==Career statistics==

===Singles performance timeline===
{{Performance key|active=no}}
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:97%
!Tournament!![[1972 Grand Prix (tennis)|1972]]!![[1973 Grand Prix (tennis)|1973]]!![[1974 Grand Prix (tennis)|1974]]!![[1975 Grand Prix (tennis)|1975]]!![[1976 Grand Prix (tennis)|1976]]!![[1977 Grand Prix (tennis)|1977]]!![[1978 Grand Prix (tennis)|1978]]!![[1979 Grand Prix (tennis)|1979]]!![[1980 Grand Prix (tennis)|1980]]!![[1981 Grand Prix (tennis)|1981]]!![[1982 Grand Prix (tennis)|1982]]!![[1983 Grand Prix (tennis)|1983]]!![[1984 Grand Prix (tennis)|1984]]!![[1985 Grand Prix (tennis)|1985]]!![[1986 Grand Prix (tennis)|1986]]!![[1987 Grand Prix (tennis)|1987]]!![[1988 Grand Prix (tennis)|1988]]!![[1989 Grand Prix (tennis)|1989]]!![[1990 ATP Tour|1990]]!!SR
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1983 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1984 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
| 0 / 2
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1974 French Open – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
| 0 / 1
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1972 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[1973 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1974 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1975 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1976 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1977 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1978 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1979 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1980 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[1981 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1982 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1983 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1984 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1985 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|4R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1990 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
| 0 / 17
|-
| style="background:#efefef; text-align:left;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1972 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[1973 US Open – Men's singles|QF]]
| style="background:#ffebcd;"|[[1974 US Open – Men's singles|QF]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1975 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1976 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1977 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1978 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1979 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1980 US Open – Men's singles|3R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1981 US Open – Men's singles|3R]]
|A
|A
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1984 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
| style="background:#afeeee;"|[[1985 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
| 0 / 12
|}

==Career finals==
===Singles: 27 (19–8)===
{| class="wikitable"
! Legend
|- bgcolor="#f3e6d7"
| Grand Slam (0)
|- bgcolor="#e9e9e9"
| ATP Masters Series (0)
|-
| ATP Tour (15)
|}
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#eeeeee;"
!style="width:40px"|Result
!style="width:45px" class="unsortable"|W/L
!style="width:60px"|Date
!style="width:190px"|Tournament
!style="width:50px"|Surface
!style="width:150px"|Opponent
!style="width:175px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|1–0
|{{dts|Jun 1973}}
|Rothmans Chichester, England (ATP Challenger Tour)
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Doug Crawford (tennis)|Doug Crawford]]
|6-1, 7-6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|2–0
|{{dts|Jul 1973}}
|[[1973 Volvo International – Singles|Volvo International]] Bretton Woods, U.S.
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Jimmy Connors]]
|7–5, 2–6, 7–5
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|2–1
|{{dts|Aug 1973}}
|South Orange, U.S.
|Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Colin Dibley]]
|4–6, 7–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|3–1
|{{dts|Oct 1973}}
|New Delhi, India
|Grass
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Mal Anderson]]
|6–4, 5–7, 8–9, 6–3, 11–9
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|3–2
|{{dts|Mar 1974}}
|Tempe, U.S.
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} Jimmy Connors
|1–6, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|4–2
|{{dts|Apr 1974}}
|Washington D.C., U.S. (ATP Challenger Tour)
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Karl Meiler]]
|6–4, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|5–2
|{{dts|Jun 1974}}
|[[Kent Championships|Beckenham]], England
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tom Gorman (tennis)|Tom Gorman]]
|6–7, 6–2, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|6–2
|{{dts|Aug 1975}}
|Columbus, U.S.
|Hard
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Lutz (tennis)|Bob Lutz]]
|6–4, 7–5
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|7–2
|{{dts|Nov 1975}}
|Calcutta, India
|Clay
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Orantes]]
|7–5, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|8–2
|{{dts|Mar 1976}}
|Memphis, U.S.
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Stan Smith]]
|6–2, 0–6, 6–0
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|9–2
|{{dts|Sep 1976}}
|Newport, U.S.
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Teacher]]
|6–3, 4–6, 6–3, 6–1
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|10–2
|{{dts|Jan 1977}}
|Auckland, New Zealand
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tim Wilkison]]
|7–6, 5–7, 6–1, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|11–2
|{{dts|Nov 1977}}
|Bombay, India
|Clay
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Terry Moor]]
|7–6, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|12–2
|{{dts|Sep 1978}}
|Mexico City, Mexico
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
|6–4, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|12–3
|{{dts|Oct 1978}}
|Cologne, West Germany
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojciech Fibak]]
|2–6, 1–0 ret.
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|13–3
|{{dts|Nov 1979}}
|Bombay, India
|Clay
|{{flagicon|FRG}} [[Peter Elter]]
|6–1, 7–5
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|13–4
|{{dts|Feb 1980}}
|WCT Invitational Salisbury, U.S.
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Björn Borg]]
|5–7, 1–6, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|13–5
|{{dts|Mar 1980}}
|[[1980 Milan Indoor|Milan]], Italy
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[John McEnroe]]
|2–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|14–5
|{{dts|Jul 1980}}
|Newport, U.S.
|Grass
|{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Andrew Pattison]]
|6–1, 5–7, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|15–5
|{{dts|Nov 1980}}
|Bangkok, Thailand
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} Brian Teacher
|6–3, 7–5
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|15–6
|{{dts|Dec 1980}}
|[[WCT Challenge Cup]], Canada
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} John McEnroe
|1–6, 6–2, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|15–7
|{{dts|Mar 1981}}
|Salisbury WCT, U.S.
|Carpet (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} Bill Scanlon
|6-3, 2-2, 4-6, 6-3, 4-6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
|15–8
|{{dts|Aug 1983}}
|Stowe, U.S.
|Hard
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Fitzgerald (tennis)|John Fitzgerald]]
|6–3, 2–6, 5–7
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|16–8
|{{dts|May 1984}}
|Spring, Texas, U.S. (ATP Challenger Tour)
|Hard (i)
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Leif Shiras]]
|7–5, 4–6 7–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|17–8
|{{dts|Jul 1984}}
|Newport, U.S.
|Grass
|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Tim Mayotte]]
|3–6, 6–4, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|18–8
|{{dts|Jun 1986}}
|Bristol, England
|Grass
|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Leconte]]
|7–6, 1–6, 8–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
|19–8
|{{dts|Aug 1988}}
|New Haven, U.S. (ATP Challenger Tour)
|Hard
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zeeshan Ali]]
|6–3, 6–1
|}

===Doubles: 29 (14–15)===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- style="background:#eeeeee;"
!style="width:40px"|Result
!style="width:45px" class="unsortable"|W/L
!style="width:60px"|Date
!style="width:170px"|Tournament
!style="width:50px"|Surface
!style="width:150px"|Partner
!style="width:150px"|Opponents
!style="width:140px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 0–1
| {{dts|Oct 1973}}
| New Delhi, India
|
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anand Amritraj]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jim McManus (tennis)|Jim McManus]] {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Raúl Ramírez]]
| 2–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 1–1
| {{dts|Nov 1974}}
| Bombay, India
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dick Crealy]] {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Onny Parun]]
| 6–4, 7–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 1–2
| {{dts|Aug 1974}}
| South Orange, U.S.
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Gottfried]] {{flagicon|MEX}} Raúl Ramírez
| 6–7, 7–6, 6–7
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 2–2
| {{dts|Aug 1974}}
| Columbus, U.S.
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tom Gorman (tennis)|Tom Gorman]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Lutz (tennis)|Bob Lutz]]
| walkover
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2–3
| {{dts|Feb 1975}}
| Toronto, Canada
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Dick Stockton (tennis)|Dick Stockton]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Erik van Dillen]]
| 4–6, 5–7, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 2–4
| {{dts|Mar 1975}}
| Washington D.C., U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Estep]] {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Jeff Simpson]]
| 6–75, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 3–4
| {{dts|Mar 1975}}
| Atlanta, U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Mark Cox (tennis)|Mark Cox]] {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Cliff Drysdale]]
| 6–3, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 3–5
| {{dts|Aug 1975}}
| Louisville, U.S.
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Wojciech Fibak]] {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Guillermo Vilas]]
| (not played)
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 4–5
| {{dts|Sep 1975}}
| Los Angeles, U.S.
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} Cliff Drysdale {{flagicon|USA}} [[Marty Riessen]]
| 7–6, 4–6, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 4–6
| {{dts|Nov 1975}}
| Calcutta, India
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Gisbert]] {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manuel Orantes]]
| 6–1, 4–6, 3–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 5–6
| {{dts|Mar 1976}}
| Memphis, U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Roscoe Tanner]] {{flagicon|USA}} Marty Riessen
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 5–7
| {{dts|Mar 1977}}
| St. Louis, U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} Dick Stockton
| {{flagicon|ROM|1965}} [[Ilie Năstase]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Adriano Panatta]]
| 4–6, 6–3, 6–76
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 5–8
| {{dts|Mar 1977}}
| Rotterdam, Netherlands
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} Dick Stockton
| {{flagicon|POL}} Wojciech Fibak {{flagicon|NED}} [[Tom Okker]]
| 4–6, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 6–8
| {{dts|May 1977}}
| Masters Doubles WCT, U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} Dick Stockton
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Vitas Gerulaitis]] {{flagicon|ITA}} Adriano Panatta
| 7–6, 7–6, 4–6, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 7–8
| {{dts|Jun 1977}}
| London, England
| Grass
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|GBR}} [[David Lloyd (tennis)|David Lloyd]] {{flagicon|GBR}} [[John Lloyd (tennis)|John Lloyd]]
| 6–1, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 8–8
| {{dts|Sep 1978}}
| Mexico City, Mexico
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Fred McNair]] {{flagicon|MEX}} Raúl Ramírez
| 6–4, 7–5
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 8–9
| {{dts|Apr 1979}}
| Cairo, Egypt
| Clay
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Peter McNamara]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul McNamee]]
| 5–7, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 8–10
| {{dts|Jul 1979}}
| Louisville, U.S.
| Hard
| {{flagicon|MEX}} Raúl Ramírez
| {{flagicon|USA}} Marty Riessen {{flagicon|USA}} Sherwood Stewart
| 2–6, 6–1, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 8–11
| {{dts|Oct 1979}}
| Sydney, Australia
| Hard
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Pat DuPré]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Frawley]] {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Francisco González (tennis)|Francisco González]]
| walkover
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 9–11
| {{dts|Mar 1980}}
| Rotterdam, Netherlands
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Stan Smith]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bill Scanlon]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Brian Teacher]]
| 6–4, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 10–11
| {{dts|Mar 1980}}
| Frankfurt, West Germany
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|USA}} Stan Smith
| {{flagicon|Southern Rhodesia}} [[Andrew Pattison]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Butch Walts]]
| 6–7, 6–2, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 10–12
| {{dts|Aug 1981}}
| Columbus, U.S.
| Hard
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Bruce Manson]] {{flagicon|USA}} Brian Teacher
| 1–6, 1–6
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 10–13
| {{dts|Nov 1982}}
| Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Fred Stolle]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tony Giammalva]]
| 5–7, 2–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 11–13
| {{dts|Nov 1982}}
| Chicago, U.S.
| Carpet (i)
| {{flagicon|IND}} Anand Amritraj
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Cahill (tennis)|Mike Cahill]] {{flagicon|USA}} Bruce Manson
| 3–6, 6–3, 6–3
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 12–13
| {{dts|Feb 1983}}
| Kuwait City, Kuwait (ATP Challenger Tour)
| Hard
| {{flagicon|ROM|1965}} Ilie Năstase
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Broderick Dyke]] {{flagicon|AUS}} Rod Frawley
| 6–3, 3–6, 6–2
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 13–13
| {{dts|Jul 1983}}
| Newport, U.S.
| Grass
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[John Fitzgerald (tennis)|John Fitzgerald]]
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tim Gullikson]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tom Gullikson]]
| 6–3, 6–4
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 13–14
| {{dts|Aug 1983}}
| Columbus, U.S.
| Hard
| {{flagicon|AUS}} John Fitzgerald
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Scott Davis (tennis)|Scott Davis]] {{flagicon|USA}} Brian Teacher
| 1–6, 6–4, 6–7
|-
| style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss
| 13–15
| {{dts|Oct 1984}}
| Stockholm, Sweden
| Hard (i)
| {{flagicon|ROM|1965}} Ilie Năstase
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Henri Leconte]] {{flagicon|TCH}} [[Tomáš Šmíd]]
| 6–3, 6–7, 4–6
|-
| style="background:#98fb98;"|Win
| 14–15
| [[1986 Hall of Fame Tennis Championships|{{dts|Jul 1986}}]]
| [[Hall of Fame Tennis Championships|Newport]], U.S.
| Grass
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Tim Wilkison]]
| {{flagicon|RSA|1928}} [[Eddie Edwards (tennis)|Eddie Edwards]] {{flagicon|PAR}} Francisco González
| 4–6, 7–5, 7–6
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}
* {{IMDb name|0025398|name=Vijay Amritraj}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-new | first}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[ATP Awards|ATP Most Improved Player]] | years = 1973}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Guillermo Vilas]]}}
{{end}}

{{Padma Bhushan Award Recipients 2020–2029}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amritraj, Vijay}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Indian sports commentators]]
[[Category:Olympic tennis players for India]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Amritraj family]]
[[Category:United Nations Messengers of Peace]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Tamil people]]

Faisal Khan (dancer)

2026-02-04T20:57:20Z

Corel Bazaar: Started post

{{short description|Indian dancer and actor (born 1999)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Faisal Khan
| image =
| caption =
| nationality =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1999|1|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Dancer|actor}}
| years_active = 2012–present
| known_for = ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'' ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap]]''
}}

'''Faisal Khan''' (born 30 January 1999) is an Indian dancer and actor. He is the winner of reality shows including ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-08|title=Faisal Wins Jhalak + 11 Facts About The Boy Who Danced His Way Into The Hearts Of A Bn Indians|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/faisal-khan-wins-jhalak-11-facts-about-the-boy-who-danced-his-way-into-the-hearts-of-a-billion-indians-246021.html|access-date=2021-08-13|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN}}</ref>''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters | Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faisal Khan|url=https://www.india.com/topic/faisal-khan/|access-date=2021-08-13|website=India.com|language=en}}</ref> ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]'' and ''[[DID Dance Ka Tashan]]''.

==Personal life==
Khan was born in 1999 and brought up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-simply-a-dream-come-true-faisal-khan/story-C4hc3JEzVzahmuQXg19ZAL.html |title=It's simply a dream come true: Faisal Khan | tv |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2012-08-15 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> His father was an auto rickshaw driver.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/want-to-work-with-nawazuddin-siddiqui-faisal-khan-115101100211_1.html |title=Want to work with Nawazuddin Siddiqui: Faisal Khan | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> Khan completed his tenth class studies at Meera Academy school in [[Ghatkopar]], Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130811/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/pint-sized-prodigies |title=Pint-sized Prodigies |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=2013-08-11 |access-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018174307/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130811/commentary-sunday-chronicle/article/pint-sized-prodigies |archive-date=18 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120922/jsp/jharkhand/story_16002916.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923065349/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120922/jsp/jharkhand/story_16002916.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2012 |title=Dancing stars light up Carmel stage |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2012-09-22 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/will-continue-studying-apart-from-acting-and-dancing-faisal-115071000119_1.html |title=Will continue studying apart from acting and dancing: Faisal | Business Standard Mobile Website |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 July 2015 |publisher=Wap.business-standard.com |access-date=2015-10-19|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref> He learnt freestyle dance by dance teacher Shrikanth Ahire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/with-gods-grace/article7747558.ece |title=With God's grace |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=2015-10-11 |access-date=2015-10-19|last1=Khan |first1=Atif }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/i-want-to-be-like-hrithik-roshan-did-li-l-masters-2-winner-faisal-khan-254440 |title=I want to be like Hrithik Roshan: 'DID Li'l Masters 2' winner Faisal Khan |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=13 August 2012 |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327140346/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/i-want-to-be-like-hrithik-roshan-did-li-l-masters-2-winner-faisal-khan-254440 |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/i-will-now-focus-more-on-studies-faisal-khan_154733.html |title=I will now focus more on studies: Faisal Khan |date=9 May 2014 |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Faisal-Khan-wants-to-become-a-choreographer/articleshow/15476216.cms |title=Faisal Khan wants to become a choreographer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 August 2012 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
===Dancing===
Khan began his career at the age of 15 as a dancer, he gave an audition in the [[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters (season 2)|second kids special season]] of [[Zee TV]]'S dance reality series ''[[Dance India Dance]]'', where he was selected and came out as the winner with {{INRConvert|10|l}} prize money, and won a Favorite Shisya award at [[Zee Rishtey Awards]]. The show was judged by [[Geeta Kapoor]], [[Marzi Pestonji]], [[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glossary/story/20120827-dance-india-dance-lil-masters-season-2-faisal-khan-759494-2012-08-17 |title=Faisal Khan wins Dance India Dance Li'l Masters Season 2 : Glossary – India Today |date=18 August 2012 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/I-want-to-open-my-own-dance-academy-Faisal-Khan/articleshow/15528661.cms |title=I want to open my own dance academy: Faisal Khan |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2012-08-17 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150702/entertainment-tvmusic/article/maharana-ready-dance |title=Maharana is ready to dance |publisher=Deccanchronicle.com |date=2015-07-02 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Dance-will-always-be-my-first-love-Faisal-Khan/articleshow/20292027.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923034228/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-27/tv/39556837_1_first-love-hoarding-dancer |url-status=live |archive-date=23 September 2013 |title=Dance will always be my first love |date=27 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref> The series aired from April 2012 to August 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/It-feels-good-to-be-recognized-Faisal-Khan/articleshow/31540538.cms |title=It feels good to be recognized: Faisal Khan |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>

After winning the series, he participated in another season of ''[[Dance India Dance]]'' title, ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]''. he was team-up with [[Raghav Juyal]], [[Kruti Mahesh]] and Prince Gupta in the "Yahoo" team, which he won. The series was aired in September 2012 on Zee television.<ref>{{cite web|last=Updated |first=Smitha |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2012/dance-ke-superkids-promote-faisal-khan-vatsal-vithlani-099321.html |title=Dance ke Superkids promote themselves |publisher=Filmibeat |date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref>

===Acting===
Khan made his acting debut with [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]'s historical drama series ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'', where he played the younger version of the protagonist [[Maharana Pratap]]. His performance in this series, he received critical praise, and won two Best Child Actor – Male awards at [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] and [[Indian Telly Awards]], and received several nominations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/television/faisal-khan-shoots-classical-dance-sequence-for-maharana-pratap-389804 |title=Faisal Khan shoots classical dance sequence for Maharana Pratap |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |date=9 July 2013 |access-date=15 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327140355/http://movies.ndtv.com/television/faisal-khan-shoots-classical-dance-sequence-for-maharana-pratap-389804 |archive-date=27 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/DID-winner-Faisal-Khan-to-play-Maharana-Pratap/articleshow/19837455.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506074653/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-02/tv/38983101_1_bharat-ka-veer-putra-maharana-pratap-faisal-khan |url-status=live |archive-date=6 May 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=DID winner Faisal Khan to play Maharana Pratap |date=2 May 2013 |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-09/news-and-gossip/40468598_1_maharana-pratap-bharat-ka-veer-putra-faisal-khan |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207070300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-09/news-and-gossip/40468598_1_maharana-pratap-bharat-ka-veer-putra-faisal-khan |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 February 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Faisal Khan entertains the cast of Maharana Pratap |access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref>

In August 2014, Khan gave a special dance performance in the eighth season of Sony TV's game show ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'', he performed there dressed up as [[Maharana Pratap]] on grand premiere.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/big-b-s-blessings-mean-a-lot-faisal-khan-114081200961_1.html |title=Big B's blessings mean a lot: Faisal Khan | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/kaun-banega-crorepati-8-amitabh-bachchan-open-song-and-dance-for-first-time-203013-2014-08-06 |title=Kaun Banega Crorepati 8 to open with song and dance for first time : Top Stories, News – India Today |date=6 August 2014 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Faisal-Khan-Amitabh-Bachchans-blessings-mean-a-lot/articleshow/40180666.cms |title=Faisal Khan: Amitabh Bachchan's blessings mean a lot |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-08-13 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> In the same month, Khan appeared as a guest dance performer in the seventh season of [[Colors TV]]'s celebrity dance reality series ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'', where he joined the contestant [[Mouni Roy]] and choreographer partner [[Punit Pathak]], in special "Teen Ka Tadka" episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa-Six-new-contestants/articleshow/40412466.cms |title=Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa: Six new contestants |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-08-20 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> Later in November 2014, Khan acted in Sony TV's crime thriller series ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D.]]''. He portrayed an episodic role as the character of a dancer Faizal Khan, who is the prime suspect of a murder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/TV/News/Dancer-to-Detective-Faisal-Khan-to-be-seen-in-CID/articleshow/45148895.cms |title=Dancer to Detective – Faisal Khan to be seen in CID! |newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-11-14 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> In April 2015, Khan played the pivotal role in [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]]'s courtroom drama series ''[[Bhanwar (1998 TV series)|Bhanwar – Kalyug Ki Hairatangez Kahaniyaa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/faisal-khan-joins-bhanwar/16144155 |title=Faisal Khan joins 'Bhanwar' – Entertainment |date=17 April 2015 |publisher=Mid-day.com |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> In June 2015, Khan gave a special dance performance on the finale episode of Colors TV's talent-based reality show ''[[India's Got Talent]]'', he performed with the contestants X1X and Beat Breakers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-inside-pictures-elli-evaram-faisal-khan-rapper-raftaar-to-perform-inindias-got-t-5035256-PHO.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701021400/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-inside-pictures-elli-evaram-faisal-khan-rapper-raftaar-to-perform-inindias-got-t-5035256-PHO.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2015 |title=Inside Pictures: Elli Evaram, Faisal Khan & Rapper Raftaar to perform in'India's Got Talent' finale |work=dailybhaskar |publisher=daily.bhaskar.com |date=2015-06-27 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref>

In August 2015, Khan participated in the eighth season of Colors TV's celebrity dance reality show ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''. He won and emerged as the youngest winner of the series, and received {{INRConvert|30|l}} prize money and a [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahendra]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]] car,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/shah-rukh-is-my-idol-faisal-khan-115101100087_1.html |title=Shah Rukh is my idol: Faisal Khan | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=11 October 2015 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2015-10-19|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jhalaks-youngest-winner-Faisal-Khan-I-want-to-become-a-Bollywood-hero/articleshow/49300607.cms|title=Jhalak's youngest winner, Faisal Khan: I want to become a Bollywood hero |newspaper=The Times of India|date=2015-10-11|publisher=Times of India}}</ref> the show was judged by [[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Malaika Arora Khan]], [[Lauren Gottlieb]] and [[Ganesh Hegde]]. The series ran from July to October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/small-screen-s-maharana-pratap-faisal-wins-jhalak-115101000975_1.html |title=Small screen's 'Maharana Pratap' Faisal wins 'Jhalak' | Business Standard News |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=10 October 2015 |publisher=Business-standard.com |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-maharana-pratap-fame-faisal-khan-to-participate-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-4976446-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506111731/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-maharana-pratap-fame-faisal-khan-to-participate-in-jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-4976446-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2015 |title='Maharana Pratap' fame Faisal Khan to participate in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa-8 |publisher=Daily.bhaskar.com |date=2015-04-27 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/DID-star-Faisal-Khan-in-Jhalak-Dikhhla-Jaa/articleshow/47262634.cms |title=DID star Faisal Khan in Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa |date=2015-05-13 |newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref> In January 2016, he participated in ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''. He teamed up with his choreographer [[Raghav Juyal]] and the host of ''DID Little Masters'' [[Jay Bhanushali]].<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-19|title=Jhalak Reloaded contestant Faisal Khan bags a Marathi film|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/television/jhalak-reloaded-contestant-faisal-khan-bags-a-marathi-film/article1-1381983.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819213953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/television/jhalak-reloaded-contestant-faisal-khan-bags-a-marathi-film/article1-1381983.aspx|archive-date=19 August 2015|access-date=2015-10-19|publisher=Hindustantimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2015-08-20|title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8' Contestant Faisal Khan to Make a Film Debut Soon|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-contestant-faisal-khan-make-film-debut-soon-643544|access-date=2015-10-19|publisher=Ibtimes.co.in}}</ref> He got eliminated in February 2016.

In May 2019, he was cast to portray elder version of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] in [[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|''Chandragupta Maurya'']] replacing [[Kartikey Malviya]] whi portrayed younger version of the same.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/after-maharana-pratap-faisal-khan-to-play-chandragupta-maurya/articleshow/69218836.cms|title=After Maharana Pratap, Faisal Khan to play Chandragupta Maurya|newspaper=The Times of India|date=7 May 2019|language=en}}</ref>

Khan made his film debut with [[Marathi film]] ''Prem Kahani'', he portrayed the role of a [[Rajasthan]]i boy Baiju.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prem Kahani Movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/prem-kahani/movieshow/61257944.cms |access-date=15 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

In 2022, he is portraying Lord [[Garuda]] in [[Sony SAB]]'s ''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]''.<ref name= "Garud">{{Cite web|title=Faisal Khan लेकर आ रहे 'धर्म योद्धा गरुड़' की कहानी, जिसने मां के लिए दिया बलिदान|url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/television/story/faisal-khan-is-coming-up-with-his-new-show-dharm-yoddha-garud-on-sab-tmov-1414012-2022-02-18|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Aaj Tak|date=18 February 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| ''[[Dance India Dance Li'l Masters 2]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| rowspan="2" | Winner
|
|-
| ''[[Dance Ke Superkids]]''
|
|-
|2013
| ''[[India's Best Dramebaaz]]''
| Himself
| Guest
|
|-
|2013–2014
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| [[Maharana Pratap]]
|
|
|-
|2013
| ''[[DID Dance Ka Tashan]]''
|Contestant
| Winner
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati#Season 8|Kaun Banega Crorepati 8]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
| rowspan="2" | Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
|
|-
| ''[[C.I.D. (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]]''
| Faisal
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| Winner
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 7]]''
| 13th place
|
|-
| ''[[Tuyul & Mba Yul Reborn]]''
| rowspan="2" | Himself
| rowspan="2" | Guest
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 9)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 9]]''
|
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dance Champions]]''
| Contestant
| 5th place
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
|Himself
|Episode 308
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Siddharth Nigam and Faisal Khan's Performance in Kumkum Bhagya and Kundali Bhagya crossover |url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/kundali-bhagya/0-6-366/kundali-bhagya/0-1-kundalibhagya-kundalibhagyaseason1-episode_1286660714 |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| [[Chandragupta Maurya]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2019 |title=Faisal Khan shares his new look as Chandragupta Maurya; see pic – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/faisal-khan-shares-his-new-look-as-chandragupta-maurya-see-pic/articleshow/69344842.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 9|Nach Baliye 9]]''
| Contestant
| 11th place
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Last of 'Nach Baliye 9' contestants announced; Keith Sequiera-Rochelle Rao, Faisal Khan-Muskaan Katria ready to groove {{!}} Latest News & Updates at DNAIndia.com |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-last-of-nach-baliye-9-contestants-announced-keith-sequiera-rochelle-rao-faisal-khan-muskaan-katria-ready-to-groove-2774414 |access-date=2019-07-23 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-03 |title=Nach Baliye 9: Faisal Khan quits after injury, no eviction this weekend |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/nach-baliye-9-faisal-khan-quits-no-eviction-this-week-5962241/ |access-date=2019-09-08 |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]''
|[[Garuda|Garud Dev]]
|
|<ref name="Garud" />
|-
|2024
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya - Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|Abhay Bansal
|
|
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
|-
|2016
|''[[Prem Kahani - EK Lapleli Goshta (2016 Film)|Prem Kahani]]''
| Baijoo
| Marathi
|}

=== Web series ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2019 ||''Modi: Journey of a Common Man''|| Young [[Narendra Modi|Modi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/mar/21/ashish-sharma-to-feature-as-young-narendra-modi-in-webseries-1953743.html|title=Ashish Sharma to feature as young Narendra Modi in webseries|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 March 2019 |access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/bollywood-news/modi-journey-of-a-common-man-trailer-out-ashish-sharma-faizal-khan-played-young-modi-154478.html|title=Modi – Journey Of A Common Man Trailer out; Ashish Sharma, Faizal Khan played young Modi|website=CatchNews.com|language=en|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Tere Bina''
|[[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]]
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''Saat Samundar''
|Niyati Handa
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
|''Deva Deva''
|Swarit Kelkar, Nikhil Palkar, Heli Majmudar
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
|''Naraaj''
|Laksh
|{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}
|-
|2023
|''Haan Magar''
|Naveen Arora
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Haan Magar - Faisal Khan & Karishma Mirza {{!}} Zee Music Company | date=27 April 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9cjf6OI64o |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Role
! Work
! Result
|-
| 2013
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| GR8! Face of the Year – Male
| rowspan="4" | Maharana Pratap Singh
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]''
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=80 |title=THE INDIAN TELEVISION ACADEMY AWARDS 2013 – TOP – 5 NOMINEES (JURY & POPULAR) |publisher=Indiantelevisionacademy.com |access-date=2015-10-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001735/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=80 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2014
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Lead Actor (Male)
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Narayan |first=Girija |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html |title=Zee Gold Awards 2014 Complete List Of Winners – Oneindia Entertainment |publisher=Oneindia |date=2014-05-21 |access-date=2015-10-19 |archive-date=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613023031/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/television/news/2014/zee-gold-awards-2014-list-of-winners-list-jodha-akbar-beintehaa-diya-baati-140309.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| Best Child Artiste (Male)
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular |title=Indian Telly Awards 2014 _ Popular |publisher=Tellyawards.indiantelevision.com |date=2014-05-20 |access-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121135/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/tellyawards/2014/index/pages/popular |archive-date=26 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Child Actor
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news/Bharat-Ka-Veer-Putra-Maharana-Pratap-bags-Best-Historical-Show-Award/articleshow/42188843.cms |title=Bharat Ka Veer Putra Maharana Pratap bags Best Historical Show Award! |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-09-10 |access-date=2015-10-19}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|Popular Actor - Drama
|Garud Dev
|''[[Dharm Yoddha Garud]]''
|{{nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The 22nd ITA Awards |url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Indian Television Academy |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm5882845|name=Faisal Khan}}
*{{Facebook|FaisuKhanOfficial}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{Succession box
| before=Jitumoni Kalita (Season 1)
| title=[[DID Li'l Masters]]
| years=[[DID Li'l Masters|2012]] '''(Season 2)'''
| after=[[Teriya Magar]] (Season 3)
}}
{{S-end}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Ashish Sharma]]}} (Season 7)
{{S-ttl|title=[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa - Dancing with the Stars]]
| years = [[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 8)|2016]]}} '''(Season 8)'''
{{S-aft|after=[[Teriya Magar]] (Season 9)}}
{{S-end}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Child Actor}}
{{DID Li'l Masters}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, FaiSal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male dancers]]
[[Category:Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa winners]]
[[Category:Indian television male child actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Contestants on Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Participants in Indian reality television series]]

Morè (clan)

2026-01-26T15:52:11Z

Corel Bazaar: quick adjust article to improve readability additionally and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Indian clan and surname}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}
'''Morè''' is the name of a [[Maratha clan]] as well as a [[Mahar|Mahar clan]] from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Members of the More Maratha clan as well as the Mahar clan use the clan name as their surname. The [[totem]] associated with the clan is a peacock. Members of the Mahar clan worshipping the same Totem cannot intermarry.<ref>{{cite journal |title=CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 Andhra Pradesh |journal=Census of India 1961 |date=1961 |volume=2 |issue=Part V-B (11) |page=43}}</ref><ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.[https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&q=javali+maratha+more&pg=PT8]</ref> 'More' is also an [[exogamy|exogamous]] clan in the [[Bhils]] of Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India, Oxford University Press | series=National series | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1148 | access-date=2024-08-19 | page=1148}}</ref>

According to Kosambi, the adoption of the title 'Chandrarav More' in the Marathas may have been inspired because of the admiration for Candragupta Maurya from the north and locals even to the south of Goa had knowledge of the "petty 'Mauryans'".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nHN4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT195|title=The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in HIstorical Outline|last=Kosambi|first=D. D.|date=2022-09-01|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-000-65347-2|language=en|quote=Such petty 'Mauryans' were known as far south as Goa, down to the tenth century. Some of the enduring lustre of Candragupta Maurya may have caused the Maratha name Candrarāv More to become the title for which it passed in the seventeenth century.}}</ref><ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.[https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8]</ref>

==Mores of Javli==
[[File:Javli More Coins.jpg|thumb|Coins issued by the Morè rulers of Javli or Jayavalli]]
The Maratha Morè clan of Javli or Jayavalli came to prominence early in the 16th century when the first [[Adil Shahi dynasty|sultan of Bijapur]] granted them the kingdom ([[Jagir]]) of [[Jaoli State|Javli]].This branch was called the Chandrarao Morè branch of Javli. The ruler of the kingdom had a title of Chandrarao. The first recognized Chandrarao was Raja Parsojiraje Bajirao More who was given the jagir of Javli due to his immense valour of killing a tiger alone in a hunt with Adilshah. Javli, near the modern day hill station of [[Mahabaleshwar]], occupied a strategic position in the eastern foothills of the [[Western Ghats|Northern Sahyadri mountain range]]. Within 60 miles length of the mountains there are eight passes through which trade flowed from the coastal [[Konkan]] ports of [[Chiplun]] and [[Colaba]] on their way to the inlands of [[Deccan]]. For eight generations, the Morès amassed great fortune by taxing the trade with a help of a force of 12,000 soldiers.<ref>Kulkarni, A.R., 1990. Maratha Policy Towards the Adil Shahi Kingdom. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, 49, pp.221-226.[https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&q=javali+maratha+more&pg=PT8]</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar | first = Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | title = Shivaji and His Times |pages=43–47 |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich| edition = Second| publisher = Longmans, Green and Co.| location = London| year = 1920 |orig-year=1919}}</ref>{{full|date=January 2024}}

===Controversy on conquest of Javli by Shivaji===

Modern historian [[Dipesh Chakrabarty]] writes about the controversial circumstances in which Javali was obtained by [[Shivaji]], the founder of [[Maratha Empire]] in 1656. Javli was very important to Shivaji Maharaj for the founding of his Kingdom. Upon review of the documents, prominent historian Sarkar concluded that "the acquisition of Javli was the result of deliberate murder and organized treachery on part of Shivaji". However, Chakrabarty says that this conclusion did not sit well with the nationalist historians from Maharashtra of Sarkar's time. This was despite the fact that all the old Hindu biographers agreed that it was an act of premeditated murder.<ref>{{citation |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |title=A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxhAtCflwOMC&pg=PA317 |year=2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |page=317}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Dipesh |last=Chakrabarty|title=The Calling of History: Sir Jadunath Sarkar and His Empire of Truth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gPhCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA147|year=2015|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-24024-4|page=147}}</ref> The remaining son of Chandra rao continued his fight against Shivaji by seeking refuge with the Adil shah. Other members of the clan joined the Mughals and helped the Mughal general, Jai Singh in his campaign against Shivaji.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pagdi |first1=Setu Madhav Rao |title=Shivaji |date=1983 |publisher=National Book Trust |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-237-0647-2 |pages=14–16}}</ref>
Historian [[Stewart_N._Gordon|Gordon]] agrees with Sarkar and concludes based on historical documents that Shivaji had no legal rights to Javali hence this was an act of "conscious treachery" on his part.<ref name="Gordon2007">{{cite book | author = Stewart Gordon | date = 1 February 2007 | title = The Marathas 1600-1818 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | pages = 62– | isbn = 978-0-521-03316-9 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA62}}</ref> and Indian historian [[Satish_Chandra_(historian)|Satish Chandra]] also comes to the same conclusion.<ref name="Chandra2005">{{cite book | author = Satish Chandra | date = 2005 | title = Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II | publisher = Har-Anand Publications | pages = 318– | isbn = 9788124110669 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA318}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More (clan)}}
[[Category:Maratha clans]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]

Vellore Cantonment railway station

2026-01-23T12:42:03Z

Corel Bazaar: content fix

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name= Vellore Cantonment
| native_name=
| native_name_lang=ta
| address= Infantry Road, Cantonment, Vellore, [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| line= Broad gauge
| other= Taxi, Autorickshaw, Bus
| structure= Railway station
| platform= 3
| tracks=5
| parking= Available
| bicycle= Available
| status= Functioning
| electrified= Yes
| elevation= {{convert|215|m}}
| code= VLR
| owned= [[Indian Railways]]
| zone= [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railways]]
| accessible = {{accessicon|20px}}}}

'''Vellore Cantonment''' (station code: VLR) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Tiruchirappalli railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=8 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It is a railway station that serves the city of [[Vellore]], in addition to {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}. The station is located on [[Viluppuram]]–Tirupati line. It is located at the heart of the city on Infantry road (near [[Vellore Municipal Corporation]]).

The station was originally served by a metre-gauge line. After a [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]] drive taken up by Southern Railways, the line was converted to a broad gauge in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/06/stories/2010100651340300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009125344/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/06/stories/2010100651340300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 October 2010|title= Opening of BG track between Vellore Cantonment, Villupuram awaited|date=6 October 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> After gauge conversion the first train Rameswaram–Tirupati Express passed through this station in April 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/first-passenger-train-starts-plying-on-newly-laid-bg-track/article1593769.ece|title= First passenger train starts plying on newly laid BG track|date=2 April 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

==Facilities==
Since this railway station is relatively new, not many facilities exist. A light refreshment functions on platform 1.

==Connections==
Bus facilities connecting the other parts of city and {{stnlnk|Katpadi Junction}}, [[Vellore Town]], [[Vellore Cantonment]] are available right outside the railway station. Taxis and Auto are other primary modes of transport.

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Vellore Cantonment|Vellore|Kaniyambadi||}}
{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Vellore district]]
[[Category:Transport in Vellore]]
[[Category:Trichy railway division]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority

2026-01-19T06:27:05Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Short description|Indian regulator for pensions}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA)
| logo = Emblem of India (navy blue).svg
| logo_size = 40px
| logo_caption = Emblem of The Government of India
| image = Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Logo.svg
| image_size = 150px
| image_caption = Logo of PFRDA
| type = [[Regulatory body]]
| ownership =
| foundation = {{start date and age|23 August 2003}}
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pfrda.org.in/indexmain.asp?linkid=56 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811181006/http://www.pfrda.org.in/indexmain.asp?linkid=56 |archivedate=2014-08-11 }}</ref>
| industry = [[Pension]]
| products =
| revenue =
| key_people = Sivasubramanian Ramann ''(Chairman)''
| owner = [[Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| num_employees = 98
| divisions = [[National Pension System]]
| homepage = {{URL |http://pfrda.org.in}}
}}

'''Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority''' ('''PFRDA''') is the [[regulatory body]] for overall supervision and regulation of [[pension]]s in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=April 27, 2023 |title=Important documents required for withdrawing funds from NPS after 1st April 2023 |pages=1 |work=Asian News International (ANI) |url=https://aninews.in/news/business/business/important-documents-required-for-withdrawing-funds-from-nps-after-1st-april-202320230427124238/ |access-date=August 29, 2023}}</ref> It operates under the [[jurisdiction]] of [[Ministry of Finance]] in the [[Government of India]]. It was established in 2003 based on the recommendations of the Indian government OASIS report and was part of the establishment of the Indian [[National Pension Scheme]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Functions of PFRDA {{!}} NATIONAL PENSION SYSTEM TRUST |url=https://npstrust.org.in/functions-of-pfrda |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=npstrust.org.in}}</ref>

==History==
In 1999, the Government of India had commissioned a national project titled "OASIS" (an acronym for old age social & income security) to examine policy related to old age income security in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Is reversing reforms to grab power the way forward for India? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/is-reversing-reforms-to-grab-power-the-way-forward-for-india-101667784468737.html |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Based on the recommendations of the OASIS report the Government of India introduced a new Defined Contribution Pension System for the new entrants to Central/State Government service, except to Armed Forces, replacing the existing system of Defined Benefit Pension System.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CGDA |url=https://cgda.nic.in/index.php?page=nps |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=cgda.nic.in}}</ref>

On 23 August 2003, the Interim Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority (PFRDA) was established through a resolution by the Government of India to promote, develop and regulate the pension sector in India.<ref name=":0" /> The contributory pension system was notified by the Government of India on 22 December 2003 to the National Pension System (NPS) with effect from 1 January 2004. The NPS was subsequently extended to all citizens of the country with effect from 1 May 2009 including self employed professionals and others in the unorganized sector on a voluntary basis.

The Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority Act was passed on 19 September 2013 and the same was notified on 1 February 2014. PFRDA regulates the NPS, subscribed by employees of Govt. of India, State Governments and by employees of private institutions/organizations & unorganized sectors. The PFRDA ensures the orderly growth and development of pension market.

PFRDA have set up a Trust under the Indian Trusts Act, 1882 to oversee the functions of the Pension Fund Managers (PFMs). The NPS Trust is composed of members representing diverse fields and brings wide range of talent to the regulatory framework. The Union Parliament passed the IPRDA ''Interim Pension Fund Regulatory & Development Authority'' Bill in February 2003 as a Budget Announcement, approved by the then [[President of India]], [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]]. It was meant to be in place until the final and fool-proof system was prepared, re-approved, and implemented in a way acceptable to all political parties in India, including the opposition. Tamil Nadu became the first state to implement NPS for its newly appointed employees from the financial year 2003–04, under the Chief Ministership of [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=Regulators of Banks and various Financial Institutions in India |url=https://iasbakra.wordpress.com/2016/08/31/regulators-of-banks-and-various-financial-institutions-in-india/ |access-date=2023-08-29 |website=IASBakra |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 September 2013,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pfrda.org.in/index.cshtml|title=Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority : Index|website=Pfrda.org|access-date=2020-01-15}}</ref> the President, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], gave his assent to Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Bill of 2013, which was passed in the Monsoon Session of Parliament on 4 September 2013 in the [[Lok Sabha]] and 6 September 2013 in the [[Rajya Sabha]], to make it a Permanent Act. This improved, foolproof and re-approved Bill, with the acceptance of all political parties in India, has replaced the old and imperfect IPRDA Bill of 2003.<ref name="EGazette">{{cite web | url=http://www.egazette.nic.in | title=serial no.s 82 and 10 for Ministry of Law and attention as The Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority Act, 2013 | publisher=The Gazette of India | work=Act No. 23 | date=19 September 2013 | accessdate=22 June 2014 | author=Government of India}}</ref> The President of India is the guardian of the PFRDA, subject to his Financial Emergency Powers, as per the Articles of Indian Constitution. PFRDA now has Full Autonomy & functioning Independently from F.Y. 2014–15.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prabhu |first=Ruchi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aAYREAAAQBAJ&dq=PFRDA+now+has+Full+Autonomy+and+functioning+Independently+from+F.Y.+2014%E2%80%9315.&pg=PA99 |title=Financial Regulations |date=2020-12-18 |publisher=Puffins Publishers Private Limited |language=en}}</ref>

== National Pension System ==
{{Main|National Pension Scheme}}
[[National Pension Scheme|National Pension System]] is a defined contributory pensions introduced by [[Government of India]]. It is mandatory for all Central Government employees with effect from 1 January 2004. It extends to all citizens of India including workers of the unorganized sector on a voluntary basis with effect from 1 May 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pfrda.org.in/writereaddata/linkimages/Offer%20Document%20All%20Citizen1783097450.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-07-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527085446/http://www.pfrda.org.in/writereaddata/linkimages/Offer%20Document%20All%20Citizen1783097450.pdf |archivedate=2014-05-27 }}</ref> On 29 October 2015 the [[Reserve Bank of India]] allowed [[Non-Resident Indians]] (NRI) to subscribe to NPS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Motiani |first=Preeti |date=2019-10-30 |title=Now, Overseas Citizens of India can invest in NPS |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/invest/now-overseas-citizen-of-india-can-invest-in-nps/articleshow/71817067.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-29 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Structure ==
The Authority consists of a chairperson and not more than six members, of whom at least three shall be whole-time members, to be appointed by the Central Government.

=== Members ===
# Shri Sivasubramanian Ramann , Chairperson
# Smt. Mamta Shankar, Whole-Time Member (Economics)
# Shri Randip Singh Jagpal, Whole-Time Member (Law)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home-Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA) |url=https://pfrda.org.in/index.cshtml |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=pfrda.org.in}}</ref>
# Shri Sanjay Pandey, Whole-Time Member (Finance)

==See also==
* [[List of financial supervisory authorities by country]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.pfrda.org.in/WriteReadData/Links/FAQsAllCitizensModelbf322a1a-be90-4eba-9356-4258f4bdfafd.pdf National Pension Scheme FAQs]

[[Category:Financial services in India]]
[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Pension regulation]]
[[Category:Pensions in India]]
[[Category:2003 in India]]

Indira Kanwar

2026-01-06T04:15:05Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Indira Kanwar
| title =
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Princess|Maharajkumari]] of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Farrukhsiyar]]|1715|9 April 1719|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}
| issue =
| house = [[Rathore Dynasty|Rathore]]
| father = [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Raja Ajit Singh]]
| mother = Udot Kanwarji
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1696
| birth_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1763|1696}}
| death_place = [[Jodhpur]], [[Kingdom of Marwar|Marwar]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| full name = Shri Indira Kanwar Baiji Lall Sahiba
}}

'''Indira Kanwar''' ({{circa}} 1696 – 1763) was the second wife of Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]], married in a grand ceremony.<ref>{{cite book|author1=R.K. Gupta |author2=S.R. Bakshi |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC |publisher=Sarup & Sons|date=1 January 2008|pages=219|isbn=978-8-176-25841-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Annemarie Schimmel|title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture|publisher=Reaktion Books|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/112 112]|isbn=978-1-861-89185-3|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/112}}</ref> She returned to Jodhpur and her father's household after her husband was executed by the [[Sayyid brothers]] and her father [[Ajit Singh of Marwar]], during an imperial power struggle after which [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] was crowned emperor by Ajit Singh and [[Jai Singh II]] of Amber. Rafi was a puppet under the Sayyids.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4a2qDwAAQBAJ&dq=Indira+kanwar+converted+to+hinduism&pg=PT204|title=MAHAL: Power and Pageantry in the Mughal Harem|publisher=Hachette UK|author=Subhadra Sen Gupta|date=20 October 2019 |isbn=9789388322553}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Others |first=Muzaffar H. Syed & |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=US5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=indira+kanwar&pg=PA178 |title=History of Indian Nation : Medieval India |date=2022-02-20 |publisher=K. K. Publications |language=en}}</ref>

She was the daughter of Raja Ajit Singh and Rani Udot Kanwarji, the daughter of Maharaj Shri Gaj Singh Sahib. She was the sister of [[Bakht Singh of Marwar|Bakht Singh]] and [[Abhai Singh of Marwar|Abhai Singh]], the next rulers of [[Jodhpur State]].

==Marriage==
When Ajit Singh, Maharaja of Marwar was moved from Subedari (governorship) of [[Gujarat Subah]] to [[Thatta Subah]], he refused and returned to Marwar and captured Ajmer. Husain Ali Khan, one of the [[Sayyid brothers]] was sent against him but the emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]], who was in a power struggle against them and who were trying to control him, secretly encouraged Ajit Singh to resist the imperial troops and if he won he would be rewarded. Ajit Singh withdrew against Hussain Ali Khan's force and made an agreement with him, in which Ajit Singh was returned to the Subedari of Gujarat, his son Abhay Singh sent to the imperial court and his daughter Indira Kanwar married Farrukhsiyar, who became his second wife in 1715. They had no children. She came back to Jodhpur after the Sayyid brothers and her father had Farrukhsiyar blinded and executed in 1719.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India|publisher=CUP Archive|pages=456}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sunanda Bhattacharya|title=Role of Jats and Rajputs in the Mughal Court, 1707–1740|publisher=Books Treasure|year=1993|pages=27–8}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Indira Kanwar'''
|2= 2. [[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Ajit Singh]], [[Raja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
|3= 3. Udot Kanwarji
|4= 4. [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]], [[Raja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
|5= 5. Rani Jadamanji
|6= 6. Gaj Singh
|7=
|8= 8. [[Gaj Singh of Marwar|Gaj Singh]], [[Raja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
|9= 9. Pratap Devi
|10= 10. ?
|11=
|12= 12. [[Raj Singh I]], [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
|13=
|14=
|15=
|16= 16. [[Sur Singh]], [[Raja]] of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
|17= 17. Sobha Devij
|18= 18. Bhan Saktavat
|19=
|20= 20. Tulsi Pal, [[Maharaja]] of [[Karauli State|Karauli]]
|21=
|22=
|23=
|24= 24. [[Jagat Singh I]], [[Maharana]] of [[Mewar]]
|25=
|26=
|27=
|28=
|29=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sajith2007.blogspot.com/2014/03/indira-kanwar-and-road-to-ayodhya.html Indira Kanwar and the Road to Ayodhya]

[[Category:1690s births]]
[[Category:1763 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Mughal royal consorts]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Converts to Hinduism from Sunni Islam]]
[[Category:Indian former Sunni Muslims]]

Babai, Rajasthan

2025-12-12T03:37:42Z

Corel Bazaar: Created A Data - done

{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Babai
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhunjhunu district| Jhunjhunu]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khetri]]
| population_total = 2,237
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 333501
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Babai''' is a town in the [[Jhunjhunu district]] of the state of [[Rajasthan]], India. It is located in the foothills of the [[Aravalli Range|Arawali]] mountain range at 420 meters above sea level. It has a fort with a [[moat]] surrounding it,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vasimkhanhardiya.blogspot.com/|title=HINDI NEWS|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Babai, Khetri Village information {{!}} Soki.In |url=https://soki.in/babai-khetri-jhunjhunu |access-date=2021-02-05 |website=soki.in}}</ref>

The town has a population of 2237.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref> The population speaks [[Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] and [[haryanvi]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|19|13|35.49|n|72|50|46.96|E|display=title}}

{{Jhunjhunu district}}[[Category:Villages in Jhunjhunu district]]

{{Jaipurdivision-geo-stub}}

National Digital University

2025-12-08T17:36:36Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Short description|Online university in India}}
{{Infobox university
|name = National Digital University (NDU)
|native_name =
|image_name =
|image_size =
|motto =
|established = 2023
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|endowment =
|staff = 
|provost =
|president =
|rector =
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor =
|dean =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|city =
|state =
|country =
|coor =
|campus = Virtual (Online)
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|mascot =
|nickname =
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]
|footnotes =
|website =
|logo =
}}
The '''National Digital University (NDU)''' is India's first digital university, constituted by the [[Ministry of Education (India)]] under its [[National Education Policy 2020]]. The start of the academic year for 2023-24 is scheduled to take place in July 2023 (now 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital University to begin in India by July 2023: Know how it works, courses to be offered |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-digital-university-to-begin-in-india-by-july-2023-know-how-it-works-courses-to-be-offered-2991583 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[DNA India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
During the [[2022 Union budget of India]], [[Nirmala Sitharaman]], the [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] in India, revealed plans to establish the National Digital University.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Kritika |date=2023-01-26 |title=Budget 2023: Digital University, announced by Sitharaman last year, to begin classes this July |url=https://theprint.in/budget/budget-2023-digital-university-announced-by-sitharaman-last-year-to-begin-classes-this-july/1325798/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

NDU plans to provide online courses exclusively through its partner institutes, which can include both private and public universities. It will operate under a hub-and-spoke framework, and the institution will centrally deliver courses to various stakeholders. Through a single portal—in this case, the government's [[massive open online course]] portal, ''[[SWAYAM|Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds]]''—students are able to study their courses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Anvittii |date=2023-01-07 |title=Explainer: All about National Digital University |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/education-2/explainer-all-about-national-digital-university/2939559/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goreja |first=Rahul |date=2023-01-02 |title=India to Get Its First National Digital University in 2023: How Will It Work? |url=https://www.thequint.com/coronavirus/faq/india-national-digital-university-2023-date-degree-how-will-it-work-online-courses |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[TheQuint]] |language=en}}</ref>

NDU will be linked to the [[Academic Bank of Credits (India)|Academic Bank of Credits]], enabling students to earn credits from various institutions and providing them with multiple exit points during their course of study. This system allows students to receive certificates, diplomas, or degrees based on their progress.<ref name=":0" />

Since [[SWAYAM]]'s inception in 2017, the outcomes have been discouraging in three aspects: the rate of course completion, student satisfaction, and faculty morale. A mere 4% of students who enrolled in courses have successfully completed them.<ref>{{Cite web |last=J Kennedy |first=P John |date=2023-05-23 |title=National Digital University:Promises and challenges |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/dh-education/national-digital-universitypromises-and-challenges-1221147.html |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Online universities and colleges]]
{{India-university-stub}}

Shiva (actor)

2025-12-02T13:42:10Z

Corel Bazaar: cleanup content also per sources

{{Short description|Indian film actor, comedian, radio jockey, dialogue writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiva
| image = Mirchi Shiva.jpg
| caption = Shiva
| birth_name =
| nickname = Mirchi Shiva
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|12|10|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://celebrity.astrosage.com/about-shiva-actor-who-is-shiva-actor.asp|title = About Shiva Actor / Shiva Actor Biography}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| years_active = 2001–present
| alma mater =
| spouse = {{marriage|Priya|2012}}
| occupation = {{hlist | Actor | [[radio jockey]] | dialogue writer}}
| children = 2
}}
'''Shiva''' is an Indian actor and dialogue writer who appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films. Prior to his acting career, Shiva worked as a [[radio jockey]] with [[Radio Mirchi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/12/stories/2009091251421200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107151011/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/12/stories/2009091251421200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Funny side up|last=Kamath|first=Sudish|date=12 September 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 February 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/22/stories/2010012250500400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131092654/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/01/22/stories/2010012250500400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2010|title= Spoofing around... |last=Rangarajan|first=Malathi|date=22 January 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 February 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/21/stories/2009092150010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107151043/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/09/21/stories/2009092150010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title= Everybody loves Shiva |last=Kamath|first=Sudhish|date=21 September 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 February 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/08/22/stories/2008082250010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824060317/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/08/22/stories/2008082250010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 August 2008|title= Thriller instinct |date=22 August 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2 February 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Shiva-A-star-in-the-making/articleshow/5513529.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033046/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-30/news-interviews/28149806_1_tamil-cinema-real-life-hero-tamizh-padam|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Shiva: A star in the making|last=Sangeetha|first=P|date=30 January 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 February 2010}}</ref> His tenure earned him the nickname '''Mirchi Shiva'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Pradeep |date=2019-07-20 |title=What happened on the sets of Mirchi Shiva-starrer 'Sumo'? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/what-happened-on-the-set-of-mirchi-shiva-starrer-sumo/article28619546.ece |access-date=2024-11-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> Acting mainly in comedy films, he rose to fame following his performances in the [[Venkat Prabhu]] directorials ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007) and ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008). He is humorously known by fans as "Agila Ulaga Superstar" (worldwide superstar) after his hilarious spoof on Tamil cinema's portrayal in ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/mirchi-shiva-next-new-movie-directed-by-suresh-krishna-baasha-director-tamil-news-267656/|title = Agila Ulaga Superstar Mirchi Shiva gets Superstar Rajini's director for his next}}</ref>

==Film career==

Shiva's first film role was a supporting role in the 2001 film ''[[12B]]'', where he played [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]]'s friend.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/16/i-wont-be-doing-multi-starrers-anymore-tamizh-padam-actor-shiva-1843770.html|title=I won't be doing multi-starrers anymore: Tamizh Padam actor Shiva|website=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2018 |access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=2 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902222111/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jul/16/i-wont-be-doing-multi-starrers-anymore-tamizh-padam-actor-shiva-1843770.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He debuted as a lead actor in [[Venkat Prabhu]]'s 2007 [[sports comedy]] ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' alongside several stars.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/15-years-of-chennai-600028-five-celebs-from-the-cricket-drama-who-emerged-into-a-popular-starsy/photostory/91153710.cms|title = 15 years of 'Chennai 600028': Five celebs from the cricket drama who emerged into a popular stars}}</ref> His next role, again under Venkat's direction, ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008). Both films were box office hits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/tamil-chennai-600028-ii-2nd-innings-box-office-collection/|title=Tamil Chennai 600028 II 2nd Innings 5th Day Box Office Collection Total Earning Worldwide Report|access-date=12 September 2021|archive-date=20 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120143247/https://www.dekhnews.com/entertainment/tamil-chennai-600028-ii-2nd-innings-box-office-collection/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Shiva then starred in ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010), a full-length parody of contemporary [[Tamil cinema]], and his performance earned rave reviews. His comedy ''[[Va (film)|Va Quarter Cutting]]'', was an average grosser. His first 2011 release became the long-delayed romantic drama ''[[Pathinaaru]]'', which was his first non-comedy venture. During the period, he also completed another comedy film titled ''Siva Poojaiyil Karadi'', by [[Rama Narayanan]], but the film was never released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/celebs-cheer-for-charity/article1506572.ece|title=Celebs cheer for charity|date=3 March 2011|access-date=9 September 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Kamath|first1=Sudhish|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209190012/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/celebs-cheer-for-charity/article1506572.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, he featured alongside [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] in [[Sundar C]]'s comedy film ''[[Kalakalappu]]'', which won positive reviews and performed well commercially. Portraying the role of the small-time crook Raghu, critics noted that Shiva was the film's "scene-stealer" and "carries the first half with his quips".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalakalappu-review-tamil-14998487.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101156/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalakalappu-review-tamil-14998487.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 July 2013|title=Sify Movies – Review listing|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kalakalappu/movie-review/13106085.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Kalakalappu – The Times of India | access-date=24 September 2013 | archive-date=14 November 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114231404/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Kalakalappu/movie-review/13106085.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The success of the film fetched the actor more scripts and Shiva went on to feature in four comedies in 2013. His first release ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'', a remake of the 1981 [[Rajinikanth]] starrer, featured him alongside [[Isha Talwar]] and [[Prakash Raj]] and also fared well commercially. The actor also won positive portrayal of a conman with a critic noting that "Shiva has taken the entire film in his shoulders and has given his best. His comic timing is perfect and the one-liners are hilarious."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-thillu-mullu-is-good-fun-50227180-in-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619020016/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-movie-review-thillu-mullu-is-good-fun-50227180-in-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2013|title=Top Latest News, Breaking News Headlines India, Live World News, Indian News Stories|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thillu-mullu-review-tamil-15031617.html |title=Movie Review : Thillu Mullu |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615040435/http://www.sify.com/movies/thillu-mullu-review-tamil-15031617.html |archive-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His second release of the year ''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'', where he played a dubbing artist, also won good reviews. Sudhish Kamath of [[The Hindu]] praised the actor's performance noting that "Nobody makes silly jokes work with a straight face like Shiva does", also that he is the "funny man pretending to be important".<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sonna-puriyathu-getting-it-right/article4959784.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Sudhish | last=Kamath | title=Sonna Puriyathu: Getting it right | date=27 July 2013 | access-date=24 September 2013 | archive-date=26 September 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926224152/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/sonna-puriyathu-getting-it-right/article4959784.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> The next release ''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]'', featured him alongside [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] in the lead role. Shiva was next seen in Kiruthiga Udhayanidhi's directorial debut ''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'', a romantic musical opposite [[Priya Anand]]. The film received positive to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-vanakkam-chennai-is-a-feel-good-love-story/20131011.htm|title = Review: Vanakkam Chennai is a feel-good love story}}</ref>

In 2015, he starred in two films with ''[[Masala Padam]]'' and ''[[144 (film)|144]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/what-is-a-masala-padam/article7738650.ece|title = What is a 'masala padam'?|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 8 October 2015|last1 = Ramanujam|first1 = Srinivasa|access-date = 12 September 2021|archive-date = 12 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132251/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/what-is-a-masala-padam/article7738650.ece|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/144-movie-review/article7927466.ece|title = 144: A shaky start, but lots of laughs later|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 28 November 2015|last1 = Rangan|first1 = Baradwaj|access-date = 12 September 2021|archive-date = 12 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132251/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/144-movie-review/article7927466.ece|url-status = live}}</ref> In 2016, his films were ''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]'' and ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'', a sequel sports comedy to ''Chennai 600028''.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Adra-Machan-Visilu-Exhausted-fans/article14477824.ece|title = Adra Machan Visilu: Exhausted fans|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 7 July 2016|last1 = Rangan|first1 = Baradwaj|access-date = 12 September 2021|archive-date = 12 September 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132251/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/Adra-Machan-Visilu-Exhausted-fans/article14477824.ece|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-chennai-600028-ii-second-innings-is-a-laugh-riot/20161209.htm|title=Review Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings is a laugh riot|access-date=12 September 2021|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132251/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-chennai-600028-ii-second-innings-is-a-laugh-riot/20161209.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'', the sequel to that film ''Kalakalappu'', has been released, directed by the same [[Sundar C]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kalakalappu-2-movie-review-sundar-c-jai-jiiva-1165956-2018-02-09|title=Kalakalappu 2 Movie Review: This Sundar C film is no match for its prequel|date=9 February 2018 |access-date=12 September 2021|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912132251/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/kalakalappu-2-movie-review-sundar-c-jai-jiiva-1165956-2018-02-09|url-status=live}}</ref> After a gap of eight years, [[C. S. Amudhan]]'s ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018) has released, amidst high expectations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/thamizh-padam-2/movie-review/64956541.cms|title = Tamizh Padam 2 Movie Review}}</ref> His voiceover has also appeared in films such as ''[[Vandi (film)|Vandi]]'' (2018) and ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vandi Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Vandi by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/vandi/movie-review/66770058.cms |access-date=2018-11-23 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/charlie-chaplin-2-review-did-2019-really-need-dated-prabhu-deva-sequel-95663|title='Charlie Chaplin 2' review: Did 2019 really need this dated Prabhu Deva sequel?|date=25 January 2019|access-date=12 September 2021|archive-date=12 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912134244/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/charlie-chaplin-2-review-did-2019-really-need-dated-prabhu-deva-sequel-95663|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, Shiva made his comeback with a horror-comedy movie ''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Idiot Movie Review: A horror-comedy created in a world of 'Idiots'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/idiot/movie-review/90572354.cms|access-date=2022-03-31|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2023, he had two released in ''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]'' and ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum' review: A middling film that needed better upgrades
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Feb/25/single-shankarum-smartphone-simranum-review-a-middling-film-that-needed-better-upgrades-2550618.html|access-date=2023-02-25|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Kasethan Kadavulada Movie Review: Very few laughs in this rather disappointing remake of a 70s classic
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/May/28/kasethan-kadavulada-movie-review-very-few-laughs-in-this-rather-disappointing-remake-of-a-70s-class-43971.html|access-date=2023-05-28|work=Cinema Express}}</ref> In 2024, Shiva, in his usual quirky style, opens up the dusty box from the [[Soodhu Kavvum|sequel 2013 original]] and tries to revive his ‘kidnapping’ business after a jail term in ''[[Soodhu Kavvum 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Soodhu Kavvum 2' movie review: An uninspired, emotionally distant sequel|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Dec/14/soodhu-kavvum-2-movie-review-an-uninspired-emotionally-distant-sequel|access-date=2024-12-14|work=New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2025, the sports comedy ''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]'' as well as the musical road ''[[Paranthu Po]]'' was released.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sumo Movie Review: Suffers from rudimentary storytelling and weak humour|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Apr/26/sumo-movie-review-suffers-from-rudimentary-storytelling-and-weak-humour|access-date=2025-04-26|work=New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=‘Paranthu Po’ movie review: A gentle reflection on escaping the grind
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paranthu-po-review-director-ram-mirchi-shiva-grace-antony-mithul-ryan-anjali-aju-varghese/article69771379.ece|access-date=2025-07-20|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Shiva married his long time girlfriend and former national level [[badminton]] player Priya on 15 November 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121117/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/actor-mirchi-shiva-weds|title=Actor Mirchi Shiva weds – Deccan Chronicle|access-date=9 September 2016|archive-date=4 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004110319/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/121117/entertainment-kollywood/gallery/actor-mirchi-shiva-weds|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kollyinsider.com/2012/11/mirchi-rj-shiva-married-ajiths-cousin.html|title=Mirchi (RJ) Shiva married Ajith's cousin|first=Ajith Marriage Shalani|last=Shiva|date=16 November 2012|website=KollyInsider - Tamil Cinema, Kollywood Movie News}}</ref> They have one son Agasthya and a Daughter Meera <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-shiva-blessed-with-baby-boy/articleshow/70392614.cms|title=Actor Shiva blessed with baby boy!|date=26 July 2019|work= The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

===As actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Shiva film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=3| 2001 || ''[[12B]]'' || Shakti's co-worker || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Nayak: The Real Hero]]'' || Crowd member || Hindi film; uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' || Partygoer || Uncredited role
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || Jeeva's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || Karthik || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Ajay Raj ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2010 || ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Va (film)|Va]]'' || Sunderrajan (Sura) ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Pathinaaru]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
| ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Himself || Special appearance
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Kalakalappu]]''|| Raghu ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2013|| ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || Pasupathy (Ganguly Kanthan) ||
|-
|''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'' || Shiva ||
|-
|''[[Ya Ya (film)|Ya Ya]]''|| Ramarajan "Ram" (Dhoni) ||
|-
|''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]'' ||Madasamy (Ajay)||
|-
|rowspan=2|2015||''[[Masala Padam]]''|| Mani ||
|-
| ''[[144 (film)|144]]'' || Thesu ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2016||''[[Adra Machan Visilu]]''|| "Simmakkal" Shekar ||
|-
| ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
|rowspan=3|2018 ||''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' || Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' || Shiva / Barathamuni ||
|-
|''[[Party (upcoming film)|Party]]'' {{Dagger}} || Babu Murali / Bob Marley || Unreleased Film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 || ''[[Naai Sekar]]'' || Padaiyappa || Voice only
|-
|''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]''|| Chinnarasu, Paandi and Thor ||
|-
|Rowspan ="2" |2023 || ''[[Single Shankarum Smartphone Simranum]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
|''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]''|| Ramu ||
|-
| 2024 ||''[[Soodhu Kavvum 2]]''|| Gurunath "Guru" ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 ||''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]''|| Shiva || also screenplay and dialogues
|-
| ''[[Paranthu Po]]'' || Gokul ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-05-23 |title=Aju Varghese makes his Tamil debut with Ram's Paranthu Po |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/May/23/aju-varghese-makes-his-tamil-debut-with-rams-paranthu-po |access-date=2025-05-26 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of performances and appearances on television
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2014 || [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="6" | Host
| rowspan="3" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Co-hosted with [[Pooja Ramachandran]] ||
|-
| 2015 || [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Co-hosted with [[Suchitra]] ||
|-
| 2016 || [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Co-hosted with [[Sathish]] ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Colors Super Kids]]'' || [[Colors Tamil]] || {{mdash}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Co-hosted with [[Janani Iyer]] ||
|-
|''Bigil'' audio launch|| Co-hosted with VJ Ramya||
|-
| ''Sun Kudumbam Virudhugal'' || Himself || Appeared in a TV serial spoof video, portraying a doctor ||
|-
| 2022 || [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Host || Co-hosted with [[VJ Ramya]] ||
|-
|}

===As lyricist===
* "Saudi Baasha" (''[[Va (film)|Va]]'')
* "Rosa Hai" (''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'')

===As singer===
* "Rosa Hai" (''[[Sonna Puriyathu]]'')

===As writer===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Shiva film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2014||''[[Aadama Jaichomada]]'' ||dialogues
|-
|2025||''Sumo''||Screenplay and dialogues
|-
|}

===As narrator===
*''[[Vandi (film)|Vandi]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Charlie Chaplin 2]]'' (2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3585913}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiva}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1982 births]]

Karunagappalli

2025-11-22T09:05:16Z

Corel Bazaar: update citations as per guidelines and corrected details

{{Short description|Municipality in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karunagappally
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|3|16|N|76|32|7|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam District|Kollam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body =
| leader_title1 = Chairman
| leader_name1 = Kottayil Raju
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 18.65
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 49,604
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881034/20 |title=Karunagapally Municipality Profile |website=www.kudumbashree.org}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = Karunagapallikkaran
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 690518
| area_code = +91 (0)4762
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = KL-23
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kollam]] (24 km)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Am/Aw]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name2 = Sakeena Salam
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = 999 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 94.26%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank4_info_sec1 =
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Karunagappally Municipality
| blank2_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|27.2|°C|°F}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|35|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|24.4|°C|°F}}
| website =
}}

'''Karunagappally''' is a [[municipality]] in the [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is 24 km north of [[Kollam]] and {{convert|60|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Alappuzha]]. Karunagappally taluk consists of [[Alappad]], [[Ochira]], [[Adinad]], [[Karunagappally]], [[Thazhava]], [[Pavumba]], [[Thodiyoor]], [[Kallalibhagom]], [[Thevalakkara]], [[Chavara]], [[Neendakara]], [[Clappana]], [[Kulasekharapuram]], [[Thekkumbhagam]], [[Ayanivelikulangara]], [[Panmana]], Ponmana and [[Vadakumthala]].<ref>[http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210123336/http://kollam.nic.in/villa.html|date=10 February 2007}} Taluks & Villages - Kollam District</ref> The taluk is bound on the north by [[Kayamkulam]], on the east by [[Kunnathur (Kerala)|Kunnathur]] taluk, on the south by [[Kollam]] and on the west by the [[Arabian Sea]]. It is one of the fastest developing towns in Kerala and is part of Kollam metropolitan area.

Karunagappally is the location of a government engineering college named the [[College of Engineering Karunagappally]], also known as<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceknpy.ac.in|title=CEK - College of Engineering Karunagappally|website=College of Engineering Karunagappally}}</ref> CEK, and a Government Arts & Science College under the University of Kerala. Europeans called Karunagappally Martha. It is also home to renowned [[Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham]] University's campus.

== Tourist attractions ==
{{AI-generated|date=October 2025|section=Tourist}}
* [[Azheekal Beach]]– A coastal beach located about 10 km from Karunagappally town. Known for its scenery, clean sands, and sunset views.<ref name="kerala-tourism">{{cite web |title=Azheekkal Beach |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/azheekkal-beach/609/ |website=Kerala Tourism |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref>
* [[Alumkadavu Backwaters and Houseboat Facility]] – The village of Alumkadavu (3 km from Karunagappally) offers backwater views and houseboat services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumkadavu |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2021/alumkadavu/1143 |website=Kerala Tourism |date=December 2021 |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref>
* [[Oachira Temple]] – Dedicated to Parabrahmam, this temple is a pilgrimage site and known for the Oachirakkali festival (June–July) and the Panthranduvilakku Utsavam in November–December. The temple is about 8 km away from Karunagappally and falls under the Karunagappally Taluk (sub-district)<ref name="Kerala-Tourism-Oachira">{{cite web |title=Oachira Temple near Karunagappally, Kollam |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/ochira-temple-kollam/357/ |website=Kerala Tourism |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref>
* Vallickavu / [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math|Amritapuri Ashram]] – Located within Karunagappally Taluk, this spiritual campus (Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham’s presence) draws many visitors.<ref name="Amritapuri-history">{{cite web |title=History of Amritapuri |url=https://www.amritapuri.org/ashram/history |website=Amritapuri.org |publisher=Mata Amritanandamayi Math |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref>
* [[Kannetty]](Pallickal) River Boat Race – Sree Narayana Trophy – An annual boat race held in the Pallickal / Kannetty river during Onam festival season.<ref name="Hindu-Kannetty">{{cite news |title=Chambakulam Chundan wins Sree Narayana Trophy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/chambakulam-chundan-wins-sree-narayana-trophy/article3320078.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2012 |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref><ref name="Youtube-Kannetty">{{cite video |title=Sree Narayana Trophy Kannetti Vallamkali 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OAjKOfZiasc |publisher=GroupNTBR |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=2025-11-22}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India census, Karunagappalli Municipality had a population of 25,336 where 12,219 are males and 13,117 are females.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628368-karunagappally-kerala.html|title = Karunagappalli Population - Census 2011|access-date = 9 January 2016 |website = census2011.co.in |publisher =Census India }}</ref> 75% of the population is Hindu; Muslims, the second-largest community having 19%. Christians are scattered and spread over Panchayths and Municipality limits, and account for 6% of the population. In the coastal panchaythat Azheekal, almost 100% of the population is Hindu. The high literacy of Kerala is reflected in Karunagappalli as well with 94.23% of the population classified as literate as against the national average of 74.04%.

==Economy==

Karungappalli used to be an agrarian economy until the late 19th century with [[coconut]], [[banana]], [[tapioca]] and [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]] as the main crops grown. With rapid urbanization and the consequent pressure on land, the reliance on agriculture has dwindled. Several cottage and small industries have now come up in the area including brick making, engineering and electronics. Proximity to [[Kollam]] (27 km) and the excellent road and rail infrastructure have helped in this transition.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

Fishing forms the major source of livelihood for the coast dwellers. The area also receives some foreign remittances from the large number of people from here working in the Gulf countries. Now Kerala's many prominent{{what?|date=October 2025}} business centres had their branches here.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

==Environment==

Karunagappalli is known for high [[background radiation]] from [[thorium]]-containing [[monazite]] sand. In some coastal panchayats, median outdoor radiation levels are more than 4 [[Gray (unit)#Effect on the body|mGy]]/yr and, in certain locations on the coast, it is as high as 70 mGy/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nair RR, Rajan B, Akiba S, Jayalekshmi P, Nair MK, Gangadharan P, Koga T, Morishima H, Nakamura S, Sugahara T |title=Background radiation and cancer incidence in Kerala, India-Karanagappally cohort study. |journal=Health Physics |date=January 2009|pmid=19066487 |doi=10.1097/01.HP.0000327646.54923.11 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=55–66 |bibcode=2009HeaPh..96...55N }}</ref>

==Transport==
===Road===

Karunagappally is on the Kanyakumari-Kochi-Panvel [[NH 66|National Highway 66]] route. In taluk, Oachira to Neendakara is accessible through this same highway.

Main road transport is provided by State owned [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation]] (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators. KSRTC Bus Station is situated in the heart of the town, on the National Highway 66. Buses are available from Karunagappally to Kollam, Thiruvananthapuram, Alappuzha, Ernakulam, Thrissur, Kottayam, Kayamkulam, Shasthamkotta, Harippad, Kottarakkara, Kodungallur, Guruvayur, etc. Local services are also available to destinations throughout the district. The station operates Super Fast, Fast Passenger, Non AC low-floor, Venad and Ordinary buses.

Road transport is also supported by private taxis and autorickshaws, also called as autos.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

===Rail===

[[Karunagappalli railway station]], (KPY) is a NSG 4 category railway station situated in Edakkulangara. It lies on the Kollam-Kayamkulam rail route of the Thiruvananthapuram-Ernakulam railway line and is only 1.5 km far from the KSRTC bus station. Auto rickshaws are available from and to the railway station. Buses are available to railway station bus stop every 15 minutes (150 meters from station). Also buses are available from town to Alumoodu Jn. bus stop every 5 minutes, which is only 700 meters away from KPY railway station. There are 32 express and 18 passenger trains are available from here.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

Mumbai (Lokamanyathilak)-Thiruvananthapuram-Lokamanyathilak [[Netravati Express]], Kanyakumari-Bangalore-Kanyakumari [[Island Express (train)|Island Express]], TVC-Hydrabad-TVC [[Sabari Express]], Kanyakumari-Mumbai-Kanyakumari [[Kanyakumari Mumbai Express|Jayanthy Janatha Express]], Nagarcoil-mangalur-Nagarcoil [[Ernad Express]], TVC-Mangalur-TVC [[Maveli Express]], TVC-Ernakulam-TVC [[Vanchinad Express]], Nagarcoil-mangalur-Nagarcoil [[Parasuram Express]], TVC-Shornur-TVC [[Venad Express]], TVC-Mangalur-TVC [[Malabar Express]], TVC-palakkad-TVC [[Amritha Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express]], Thiruvananthapuram-Guruvayoor-TVC Intercity Express, [[Kollam - Visakhapatnam Express]], Trivandrum-Mangalapuram-Trivandrum Express and Punalur Palakkad [[Palaruvi Express]] are the main train connections. Around 50 trains have stop here in both directions.{{fact|date=October 2025}}
Station Code: KPY.

===Air===

[[Trivandrum International Airport]] is the nearest airport and is accessible via the National Highway 66.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

==Politics==
[[Karunagappally (Assembly constituency)|Karunagapalli assembly constituency]] is part of [[Alappuzha]] [[Lok Sabha]] [[constituency]] and the major political parties in Karunagappally municipality and nearby panchayaths were CPI[M], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], Congress, BJP.{{clarify|Explain what this abbreviations mean|date=March 2021}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-20
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date= 4 March 2009
}}</ref>

Including Neendakara, Thevalakkara, Chavara and Panmana Panchayaths, [[Chavara]] assembly constituency is part of [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Quilon Lok Sabha]] constituency. CPI(M), RSP, CPI, BSP, BJP, {{clarify|Explain what this abbreviations mean|date=March 2021}} are major political parties there.

==Industries==
The major industries in the public sector are [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IRE) and [[Kerala Minerals and Metals]] Limited (KMML) in Shankaramangalam. [[KERAFED]] in Puthiyakavu, house-boat manufacturing in Alumkadavu, the state owned Kerala Feeds Ltd in Kallelibhagom are also major industries.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

The cashew nut industry plays a role in the local economy.{{fact|date=October 2025}} Western India cashews in Puthiyakavu and Latha cashews processing, imports and exports in Charamurimuk are the major cashew processing units in town limits. Coconut, paddy, tapioca and banana are the other main agricultural crops. Other small scale and cottage industries are based on bricks, well rings making, engineering, electronics items and handicrafts.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

==Religious centers==
There are many religious centers in and around [[Karunagappally]]. The Municipality is known for its religious harmony. Major religious centers include Kattilmekkathil Devi Temple, Ochira Parabrahma Temple, Sree Subhramanyaswami Temple Panama, Changankulangara Sree Mahadevar Temple, Thevalakkara Major Devi Temple, Pulithitta Chathushashti Yogini Sametha Mahakali Dharmadaiva Temples (Pulithitta Sree Bhadrabhagavathy Dharmadaiva Temple), India Pentecostal Church of God, Karunagappally, Assemblies of God Church, Karunagappally, The Pentecostal Mission, Karunagappally, Karunagappally Sheikh Masjid, Karunagappally Jama'at Mosque, Padanayarkulangara Mahadeva Temple, Sree Mookumpuzha Devi Temple, Maruthoorkulangara Mahadeva Temple, Mararithottam Mahadeva Temple, Puthiyakavu Devi Temple, Edakkulangara Sree Devi Temple, Vallikkavu Temple, and Puliyankulangara Temple, Shree kasiviswanatha temple and Vadakke nada bhagavathi temple Cheriazheekal.{{fact|date=October 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://kollam.nic.in/karu.html Karunagappally Taluk]

{{commons category|Karunagappally}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Karunagappally
|North = [[Pathanamthitta district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli district, Tamil Nadu]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Arabian Sea]]
|Northwest = [[Alappuzha district]]
}}

{{Navboxes
|list =

{{Kerala}}
{{Kollam district}}
{{Taluks of kollam}}
{{Central Travancore}}
{{South Travancore region}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}
}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kollam district]]

Australian cricket team in India in 1997–98

2025-10-28T15:27:53Z

Corel Bazaar: started initial bio w/ infobox!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket series
|series= 1997–98 Border–Gavaskar Trophy
|partof=
|image=
|caption=
|date= 24 February – 14 April 1998
|place= {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
|result= India won the 3-match series 2–1
|player of series= {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
|team1={{cr|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|IND}}
|captain1=[[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]]
|captain2=[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|runs1= [[Mark Waugh]] (280)
|runs2= [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (446)
|wickets1= [[Gavin Robertson]] (12)
|wickets2= [[Anil Kumble]] (23)
|previous=[[1996–97 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|1996–97 Series]]
|next=[[1999–2000 Border–Gavaskar Trophy|1999–2000 Series]]
}}

The [[Australian cricket team]] toured India from February to April 1998 for a three Test series and an ODI tri-series featuring Australia, India and Zimbabwe.

== Background ==
Entering the 1997–98 tour of India, Australia had not won a series in that country since Bill Lawry's team recorded a 3–1 series win in [[Australian cricket team in Ceylon and India in 1969–70|1969–70]].

When the Australian squad was announced only 8 of the touring party of 15 had played a Test match in India previously including only two of the bowlers, [[Paul Reiffel]] and [[Shane Warne]].<ref>[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/ARTICLES/REIFFEL_KEEN_19FEB1998 "Reiffel keen for India" by Ken Piesse]</ref> Missing from the previous series against South Africa were [[Matthew Elliott (cricketer)|Matthew Elliott]], [[Andy Bichel]], [[Michael Bevan]], (all dropped) and [[Glenn McGrath]] (injured).

Shane Warne caused something of a stir before the series began by stating that he was "not a fan of exotic cuisine", which prompted Qantas, the Australian national airline, to fly in 1,900 tins of baked beans and spaghetti for the team.<ref>[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/ARTICLES/WARNES_BEANS_06MAR1998.html "Warne has craving for bean feat" by David Rennie]</ref>

== Tour matches ==
=== Three-day: Mumbai v Australians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–26 February 1998
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS|name=Australians}}
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 305/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (89.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Michael Slater]] 98 (162)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rajesh Pawar]] 3/59 (20.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 410/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (78.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 204[[not out|*]] (192)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] 2/46 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 135 (41.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Greg Blewett]] 50 (102)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Nilesh Kulkarni]] 5/23 (13.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 31/0 (5.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sulakshan Kulkarni]] 21[[not out|*]] (18)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] 0/11 (3 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by 10 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/AUS_BOM_24-26FEB1998.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[S. K. Bansal]] and [[Vijay Chopra]]
| motm =
| toss = Australians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Michael Slater]] (Australians) passed 8,000 runs in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai v Australians|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/65/65412.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=28 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111181728/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/65/65412.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
}}

=== Three-day: Indian Board President's XI v Australians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 1–3 March 1998
| team1 = [[Board President's XI (India)|Indian Board President's XI]]
| team2 = {{cr|AUS|name=Australians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 329/4[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (124.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] 102[[not out|*]] (229)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shane Warne]] 2/88 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 567/8 (138 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Michael Slater]] 207 (236)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Abey Kuruvilla]] 3/105 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/AUS_IND-BPRES-XI_01-03MAR1998.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Indira Priyadarshini Stadium|Municipal Corporation Vizag Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] and [[Chandra Sathe]]
| motm =
| toss = Indian Board President's XI won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== Three-day: India A v Australians ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 13–15 March 1998
| team1 = [[India A cricket team|India A]]
| team2 = {{cr|AUS|name=Australians}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 216/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (86.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacob Martin (cricketer)|Jacob Martin]] 45 (154)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Stuart MacGill]] 4/67 (30 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 391 (96.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Steve Waugh]] 107 (167)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] 3/71 (17 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 241/2 (44 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Amay Khurasiya]] 117[[not out|*]] (106)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stuart MacGill]] 2/77 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/AUS_IND-A_13-15MAR1998.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Keenan Stadium]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| umpires = [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]] and [[K. Parthasarathy]]
| motm =
| toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

== Test series ==

=== First Test ===
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 March 1998
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 257 (104.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Navjot Sidhu]] 62 (133)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gavin Robertson]] 4/72 (28.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 328 (130.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ian Healy]] 90 (194)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/103 (45 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 418/4d (107 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 155 (191)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Greg Blewett]] 1/35 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 168 (67.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shane Warne]] 35 (52)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 4/46 (22.5 overs)

| result = India won by 179 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63794.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[MA Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[George Sharp (cricketer)|George Sharp]] and [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]]
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Australian Test debut: [[Gavin Robertson]]
* ''Indian test debut: [[Harvinder Singh (cricketer)|Harvinder Singh]]''
}}
The Indian openers started the first innings at a steady pace and put on a hundred run opening stand before [[Nayan Mongia|Mongia]] was caught at the wicket on 58 in the 43rd over when the score had reached 122. A mini-collapse followed with [[Navjot Sidhu|Sidhu]], run out for 62 and [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]] falling quickly with India then finding themselves at 130/3. [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]] was resolute with a patient 52 from 169 balls, but of the rest of the batsmen only [[Mohammad Azharuddin|Azharuddin]] with 26 and [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]] with 30 reached double figures. The last five wickets fell for the addition of only 10 runs. [[Shane Warne]] and [[Gavin Robertson]] shared the bowling honours for the visitors with 4 wickets each.<ref name=test1405report>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153377.html|title=First Test Match, Australia v India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>

Australia began its run-chase slowly and lost a steady stream of wickets with only [[Mark Waugh]] of the top-order batsmen making more than 50. When Warne fell in the 80th over Australia were 201/8, and it appeared that the first innings scores would be close. However, [[Ian Healy|Healy]]'s 90 and Robertson's 57 on debut pushed the score to a total of 328, from 130.3 overs, a lead of 71 on the first innings. Kumble was the pick of the bowlers with 4/103.

India erased Australia's lead for the loss of only Mongia. When Sidhu departed with India effectively 2–44 Australia had a hope of dismissing India for a low score and pushing for a win. But Dravid was joined by Tendulkar and the pair added 113 for the 3rd wicket. This was followed by 127 for the 4th wicket partnership between Tendulkar and Azharuddin, and then another 63 for the 5th between Tendulkar and [[Sourav Ganguly|Ganguly]]. Azharuddin declared the innings closed at 418/4 with 15 overs left to be played on the 4th day.

Australia was set a target of 348 to win in the fourth innings of the match from approximately 107 overs. This was the same target required by India in the Tied Test at the same ground in 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63438.html|title=1st Test: Australia v India at Madras, 18–22 September 1986|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 November 2014}}</ref>

Australia started badly and lost [[Michael Slater|Slater]], [[Greg Blewett|Blewett]] and [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Taylor]] cheaply to end day 4 at 31/3, still needing 317 runs to win with 7 wickets in hand. On the 5th day Australia, offered little resistance and only [[Steve Waugh]], Healey and Warne passed 20. Australia were eventually dismissed for 168, giving India a win in the first Test by 179 runs. Kumble again took 4 wickets in the innings to be by far the best bowler in the match.<ref name=test1405report />

=== Second Test ===
{{Test match
| date = 18–22 March 1998
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 233 (89.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Steve Waugh]] 80 (175)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sourav Ganguly]] 3/28 (13.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 633/5d (159 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 163* (246)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gavin Robertson]] 2/163 (33 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 181 (88.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]] 45 (116)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Anil Kumble]] 5/62 (31 overs)

| result = India won by an innings and 219 runs
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63795.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[B.C. Cooray]] and [[K Parthasarathy]]
| motm = [[Javagal Srinath]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Australian Test debut: [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]]
}}
Australia were in trouble from the start of their innings with Srinath taking two wickets in the opening over of the Test, only the second such instance (prev. SJ Snooke, South Africa v England at Cape Town, 1909–10).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/62504.html|title=4th Test: South Africa v England at Cape Town, 7–9 March 1910|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> With the dismissal of [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]] in the 10th over Australia found themselves at 29/4. [[Steve Waugh]] with 80, and [[Ricky Ponting]] with 60 helped restore some respectability to the score although Australia were dismissed just before stumps on the first day for 233.<ref name=test1406report>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153378.html|title=Second Test Match, Australia v India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>

India then proceeded to dominate the Australian attack for 159 overs, scoring at close to 4 runs per over. All top six batsmen scored more than sixty although [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] was the only one to pass a hundred; he remained 163 not out when he declared India's innings closed at 633/5, their highest ever score against Australia.

In reply Australia's batsmen struggled against [[Anil Kumble]] and with only five of them reaching double figures Australia was dismissed for 181 runs in 88.4 overs. Kumble finished the innings with five wickets, taking his series total to 16 in the two matches played. India's win, by an innings and 219 runs, remains its best win ever against Australia and ranks 4th all-time in losses (by an innings) suffered by Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=1;id=2;type=opposition |title=Records / v Australia / Test matches / Largest victories |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104094046/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/largest_margins.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dopposition |archive-date=4 November 2014 }}</ref>

=== Third Test ===
{{Test match
| date = 25–28 March 1998
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 424 (123.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 177 (207)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Adam Dale]] 3/71 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 400 (111.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mark Waugh]] 153* (267)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Anil Kumble]] 6/98 (41.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 169 (61 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Navjot Sidhu]] 44 (62)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Michael Kasprowicz]] 5/28 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 195/2 (58 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]] 102* (193)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 1/41 (11.2 overs)

| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63796.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[V. K. Ramaswamy (umpire)|V. K. Ramaswamy]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Michael Kasprowicz]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = Australian Test debuts: [[Darren Lehmann]], [[Adam Dale]]
* ''Indian Test debut: [[Harbhajan Singh]]''
}}
Australia went into the Third test of the series with a number of injury concerns: Steve Waugh had not recovered from an injury sustained during the Second test and was replaced by [[Darren Lehmann]] in his first Test; [[Paul Reiffel]] and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] had returned home so [[Adam Dale]] came into the attack. India's [[Javagal Srinath]] had a side strain and was unable to take his place. In addition, [[Rajesh Chauhan]] was omitted to be replaced by the 17-year-old [[Harbhajan Singh]].<ref name=test1413report>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153379.html|title=Third Test Match, Australia v India |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>

On a slow pitch India started steadily reaching 290/4 at the close of the first day's play, [[Sachin Tendulkar]] on 117 not out, his second century of the series. [[Shane Warne]] bowled better than he had all series and with his second wicket, bowling [[Rahul Dravid]], his became the most successful Test spin bowler at that time, surpassing [[Lance Gibbs]]'s record of 309 wickets. Tendulkar scored 177 for the hosts, and Dale and Warne each took 3 wickets as India finished at 424 from 123.2 overs.

Australia's innings was similar to India's, in that the progress was brisk (3.58 runs per over) and one player, [[Mark Waugh]], stood out from the rest with 153 not out when the innings closed at 400 exactly. [[Michael Slater]] was out for 91, one of nine occasions in which he was dismissed in the "nervous nineties" in Test cricket.

At 92/2 in their second innings India appeared to be in relative control. However, they then proceeded to lose their last 8 wickets for only 77 runs, setting Australia a target of 194 runs for a consolation victory. Australia reached the required figure in 58 overs for the loss of only Slater and [[Greg Blewett]]. [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|Mark Taylor]] timed his innings to perfection, reaching 102 not out at the end of the match.

==Test squads==
{{clear}}
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 85%; margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"
! style="background:clear; width: 0px;" align=center | {{flagicon|India}}
| style="background: transparent; width:85;%" | [[India cricket team|Indian Test squad]] - [[Australian cricket team in India in 1997-98|Australian cricket team in India in 1997–98]]
| style="background:clear; width: 0px;" align=center | {{flagicon|India}}
|-
|colspan="3"|
1 [[Mohammad Azharuddin|MA Azharuddin]]* {{·}}
2 [[Sachin Tendulkar|SR Tendulkar]] {{·}}
3 [[Sourav Ganguly|SC Ganguly]] {{·}}
4 [[Rahul Dravid|R Dravid]] {{·}}
5 [[Navjot Sidhu|NS Sidhu]] {{·}}
6 [[VVS Laxman]] {{·}}
7 [[Nayan Mongia|NR Mongia]] † {{·}}
8 [[Anil Kumble|A Kumble]] {{·}}
9 [[Rajesh Chauhan|RK Chauhan]] {{·}}
10 [[Venkatapathy Raju|SLV Raju]] {{·}}
11 [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar|HH Kanitkar]] {{·}}
12 [[Javagal Srinath|J Srinath]] {{·}}
13 [[Harvinder Singh (cricketer)|Harvinder Singh]] {{·}}
14 [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] {{·}}
15 [[Debasis Mohanty|DS Mohanty]] {{·}}
|}

{{clear}}
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 85%; margin: 0.5em auto; text-align: center;"
! style="background:clear; width: 0px;" align=center | {{flagicon|Australia}}
| style="background: transparent; width:85;%" | [[Australia cricket team|Australian Test squad]] - [[Australian cricket team in India in 1997-98|Australian cricket team in India in 1997–98]]
| style="background:clear; width: 0px;" align=center | {{flagicon|Australia}}
|-
|colspan="3"|
1 [[Mark Taylor (cricketer)|MA Taylor]]* {{·}}
2 [[Steve Waugh|SR Waugh]] {{·}}
3 [[Greg Blewett|GS Blewett]] {{·}}
4 [[Michael Slater|MJ Slater]] {{·}}
5 [[Mark Waugh|ME Waugh]] {{·}}
6 [[Darren Lehmann|DS Lehmann]] {{·}}
7 [[Ricky Ponting|RT Ponting]] {{·}}
8 [[Ian Healy|IA Healy]] † {{·}}
9 [[Shane Warne|SK Warne]] {{·}}
10 [[Stuart MacGill|SCG MacGill]] {{·}}
11 [[Gavin Robertson|GR Robertson]] {{·}}
12 [[Paul Reiffel|PR Reiffel]] {{·}}
13 [[Adam Dale|AC Dale]] {{·}}
14 [[Michael Kasprowicz|MS Kasprowicz]] {{·}}
15 [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|P Wilson]] {{·}}
|}
{{clear}}

:''Key: *=Captain, †=[[Wicket-keeper]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/ Tour website on ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Australian Cricket Team In India In 1997-98}}
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1997–98 to 2000]]
[[Category:1998 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:1998 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Australian cricket tours of India|1997-98]]

Nicobar long-tailed macaque

2025-10-03T03:48:40Z

Corel Bazaar: Put up new info

{{Short description|Subspecies of Old World monkey}}
{{Subspeciesbox
| name = Nicobar long-tailed macaque
| image = Nicobar Long-tailed or Crab-eating Macaque (Macaca fascicularis umbrosa).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Nicobar long-tailed macaque in [[Nicobar Islands]], [[India]]
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Kumara, H.N. |author2=Kumar, A. |author3=Singh, M. |date=2021 |title=''Macaca fascicularis'' ssp. ''umbrosa'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T39791A17985345 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T39791A17985345.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Macaca
| species = fascicularis
| species_link = Crab-eating macaque
| subspecies = umbrosa
| authority = [[Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.|Miller]], 1902
}}

The '''Nicobar long-tailed macaque''' ('''''Macaca fascicularis umbrosa'''''), popularly known as the '''Nicobar monkey''', is a [[subspecies]] of the [[crab-eating macaque]] (''M. fascicularis''), [[Endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the [[Nicobar Islands]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. This [[primate]] is found on three of the Nicobar Islands—[[Great Nicobar]], [[Little Nicobar]] and [[Katchal Island|Katchal]]—in [[biome]] regions consisting of [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]].

==Description==
The Nicobar long-tailed macaque has brownish to grey fur, with lighter colouration on its undersides. Its face is pinkish-brown, with white colour spots on its eyelids. Infants are born with a dark [[natal coating]], which lightens as they reach maturity, which occurs at about one year of age. The [[gestation|gestational period]] is five-and-a-half months. Adult males are roughly one-and-a-half times larger than the females, and can measure up to {{convert|64|cm|ft|0}} in height, and weigh up to {{convert|8|kg|lb}}. The males also have larger [[canine teeth]] than the females. The tail is longer than the head-to-rump height. Like other [[macaque]]s it possesses cheek pouches in which it can store food temporarily, and transport it away from the foraging site to be eaten in shelter and safety. In captivity it can have a lifespan of up to approximately thirty years, however in the wild this is much shorter.<ref name=PrimateInfo>{{cite web |last=Cawthorn Lang |first=K.A. |year=2006 |title=Primate Factsheets: Long-tailed macaque (''Macaca fascicularis'') Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology |url=http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/long-tailed_macaque |work=Primate Info Net |publisher=National Primate Research Center, [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |access-date=17 January 2006 }}</ref>

==Distribution==
[[File:Nicobar Islands.jpg|right|thumb|380px|The [[Nicobar Islands]], three of which—[[Great Nicobar]], [[Little Nicobar]], and [[Katchal Island]]—provide the natural habitat for these macaques]]
A 2003 study identified some 788 groups of this subspecies in the wild across the three islands, in group sizes averaging 36 individuals, although groups of up to 56 were recorded.<ref name=IJP/> The groups are composed of multiple adult males and females, together with their immature offspring. Adult females in a group outnumbered the adult males by a general ratio of 4:1, with the ratio of immature young [[macaque]]s to adult females being near-equal, indicative of a healthy population replenishment.

Apart from these populations in the wild, only a single group (as of 2002) of some 17 individuals is held in an Indian [[zoological garden|zoo]] for captivity breeding and research purposes.<ref name=WII>{{cite book |last=Walker |first=Sally |author2=Sanjay Molur |date=December 2001 |chapter=Problems of Prioritizing Primate Species for Captive Breeding in Indian Zoos |chapter-url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/primates/downloads/page138problems.pdf |editor=A.K. Gupta (volume |title=Non-human Primates of India |series=ENVIS Bulletin: Wildlife and Protected Areas |issn=0972-088X |location=Dehra Dūn, India |publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]] |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=138–151 |isbn=0-14-302887-1 |oclc=50908207 }}</ref>

Populations of this subspecies are particularly noted in the [[Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve]], and its two constituent [[National parks of India]], [[Campbell Bay National Park]] and [[Galathea National Park]]. Although these regions are [[protected areas]], and the animal is classified as a Schedule I animal under [[India|India's]] 1972 Wildlife (Protection) Act, the increasing encroachment of settlements and farmlands in adjoining areas of the southeastern part of the island has led to some problems with the local inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Environment & Forest, A & N Administration |title=Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve |url=http://forest.and.nic.in/frst-great%20nicobar%20biosphere%20reserve1.htm |access-date=2006-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060208095618/http://forest.and.nic.in/frst-great%20nicobar%20biosphere%20reserve1.htm |archive-date=2006-02-08 }}</ref> Bands of Nicobar long-tailed macaques have been reported as damaging the settlers' crops, and a few macaques have been illegally killed. In particular, they are sometimes hunted or trapped to protect coconut plantations.

[[crab-eating macaque]]s on Great Nicobar have long been hunted for [[list of subsistence techniques|subsistence]] by the [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Shompen people|Shompen]] peoples of Great Nicobar,<ref name="iucn"/> although they do not form a substantial part of their diet.

As with other primates whose habitats overlap with or are encroached upon by human settlement activities, there is some risk of [[zoonosis|zoonotic]] disease transference to individuals who come into close contact with them.<ref name=PrimateInfo/> One 1984 study has identified their susceptibility to [[Plasmodium|malarial parasites]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Sinha |first=S. |author2=A. Gajana |year=1984| title=First report of natural infection with quartan malaria parasite ''Plasmodium shortti'' in ''Macaca fascicularis umbrosa'' (= virus) of Nicobar Islands |journal=[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] |location=Amsterdam |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=78 |issue=4 | page=567 | doi=10.1016/0035-9203(84)90095-6 |pmid=6485074 |oclc=114617853}}</ref>

==Habitat==
Its preferred [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] includes [[mangrove]]s, other coastal forests and [[riverine]] environments; however it is also found in inland forests at altitudes of up to {{convert|600|m|ft}} [[above mean sea level]] The highest point in the Nicobars, [[Mount Thullier]] on Great Nicobar, is some {{convert|642|m|ft}} high. In particular, areas of forest with trees of sp. ''[[Pandanus]]'' are favoured.<ref name=IJP>{{cite journal |last=Umapathy |first=G. |author2=Mewa Singh |author3=S.M. Mohnot |date=April 2003 |title=Status and Distribution of ''Macaca fascicularis umbrosa'' in the Nicobar Islands, India |journal=[[International Journal of Primatology]] |location=Dordrecht |publisher=[[Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=281–293 |doi=10.1023/A:1023045132009 |s2cid=12851499 |issn=0164-0291 |oclc=356841109 }}</ref> Bands of these macaques living in coastal zones tend towards a more terrestrial existence and spend less time living in the trees than do the more [[arboreal]] populations of the inland forest zones. Each band has a favoured territory, preferentially close to a water source, over which they roam; this territory measures some {{convert|1.25|km2|acre}} on average.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}

==Behaviour==
The Nicobar long-tailed macaque is a [[frugivore]], with its principal diet consisting of [[fruit]]s and nuts. In common with other crab-eating macaques it turns to other sources of food—typically in the dry and early rainy tropical seasons—when the preferred fruits are unavailable. This alternate diet includes young leaves, insects, flowers, seeds, and bark; it is also known to eat small [[crab]]s, [[frog]]s and other creatures taken from the shorelines and mangroves when foraging in these environments.<ref name=PrimateInfo/><ref>{{cite book |author=Molur, Sanjay |url=http://www.zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2003%20Primate%20Report.pdf |title=Status of South Asian Primates: Conservation Assessment and Management Plan (C.A.M.P.) Workshop Report, 2003 |author2=Douglas Brandon-Jones |author3=Wolfgang Dittus |author4=Ardith Eudey |author5=Ajith Kumar |author-link5=Ajith Kumar (biologist) |author6=Mewa Singh |author7=M.M. Feeroz |author8=Mukesh Chalise |author9=Padma Priya |publisher=[[Zoo Outreach Organisation]] |year=2003 |isbn=81-88722-03-0 |series=Report no. 22; ZOO and IUCN SSC Primate Specialist Group workshop, held State Forest Service College, Coimbatore 5–9 March 2002 |location=Coimbatore, India |oclc=56116296 |access-date=17 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221173754/http://zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/2003%20Primate%20Report.pdf |archive-date=21 December 2016 |name-list-style=amp |author10=Sally Walker}}</ref>{{rp|29}} Macaque populations which live in areas close to human settlements and farms frequently raid the croplands for food, and have even entered dwellings in search of sustenance if not actively discouraged by human presence.

Like all [[primate]]s, it is a social animal, and spends a good deal of time interacting and grooming with other group members. It typically forages for food in the morning, resting in groups during the midday hours and then a subsequent period of foraging in the early evening before returning to designated roosting trees to sleep for the night.<ref name=PrimateInfo/>

It moves [[quadruped]]ally on the ground as well as in the canopy, and it is capable of leaping distances of up to {{convert|5|m|ft}} from tree to tree. Like other long-tailed macaques, it is also a proficient swimmer and may use this ability when threatened to avoid arboreal or terrestrial predators.<ref name=PrimateInfo/>

==Conservation status==
Their [[conservation status]] as documented by the [[IUCN Red List]] is listed as [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]], having been amended in 2004 from the [[taxon]]'s previous status as ''data deficient'' following some more extensive studies. This reflects the likely increase in disturbances to their habitat caused by human activities, in particular on the island of Katchal.<ref name=iucn/> The Wildlife Institute of India however registered their status in 2002 as ''critically endangered'', reflecting also their concerns that conservation efforts with regards to a defined captive breeding programme were deficient.<ref name=WII/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Abegg |first=C. |author2=B. Thierry |year=2002 |title=Macaque evolution and dispersal in insular south-east Asia |journal=[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society]] |location=London |publisher=[[Academic Press]], on behalf of [[Linnean Society of London]] |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=555–576 |issn=0024-4066 |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00045.x|oclc=108076291|doi-access= }}
* {{cite book |last=Andrews |first=Harry V. |author2=Allen Vaughan |year=2005 |chapter=Ecological Impact Assessment in the Andaman Islands and Observations in the Nicobar Islands |editor=Rahul Kaul |editor2=Vivek Menon |title=The Ground Beneath the Waves: Post-tsunami Impact Assessment of Wildlife and their Habitats in India |volume=2 |chapter-url=http://www.wti.org.in/publications/ground-beneath-the-waves-vol2.pdf |series=Conservation action series, 20050904 |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]] |pages=78–103 |oclc=74354708 |access-date=2010-02-19 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180829/http://www.wti.org.in/publications/ground-beneath-the-waves-vol2.pdf }}
* {{cite journal |last=Blyth |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Blyth |year=1846 |title=Notes on the fauna of the Nicobar Islands |url=https://archive.org/stream/journalasiatics40benggoog |journal=[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]] |location=Calcutta |publisher=Bishop's College Press, on behalf of [[Asiatic Society of Bengal|The Society]] |volume=15 |pages=367–379 |oclc=83652615 }}
* {{cite book |last=Elliot |first=Daniel Giraud |author-link=Daniel Giraud Elliot |year=1912 |title=A Review of the Primates, Vol. 2. Anthropoidea: Aotus to Lasiopyga |url=https://archive.org/details/reviewofprimatesrp02elli |series=American Museum of Natural History Monograph series, no. 1 |location=New York |publisher=[[American Museum of Natural History]] |oclc=1282520 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Fooden |first=Jack |date=May 2006 |title=Comparative Review of ''Fascicularis''-Group Species of Macaques (Primates: ''Macaca'') |url=https://archive.org/details/comparativerevie107food |journal=[[Fieldiana Zoology]] |series=new series, Publication 1539 |volume=107 |issue=1 |pages=1–43 |location=Chicago |publisher=[[Field Museum of Natural History]] |doi=10.3158/0015-0754(2006)107[1:CROFSM]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0015-0754 |oclc=70137322 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Fooden |first=Jack |author2=Gene H. Albrecht |date=December 1993|title=Latitudinal and insular variation of skull size in crab-eating macaques (Primates, Cercopithecidae: ''Macaca fascicularis'') |journal=[[American Journal of Physical Anthropology]] |location=New York |publisher=[[Wiley-Liss]], on behalf of [[American Association of Physical Anthropologists|AAPA]] |volume=92 |issue=4 |pages=521–538 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330920409 |pmid=8296879|issn=0002-9483|oclc=116765849}}
* {{cite book |last=Kloss |first=C. Boden |author-link=Cecil Boden Kloss |year=1903 |title=In the Andamans and Nicobars: The Narrative of a Cruise in the Schooner "''Terrapin''", with Notices of the Islands, Their Fauna, Ethnology, etc. |url=https://archive.org/details/inandamansnicoba00klos |location=London |publisher=[[John Murray (publishing house)|John Murray]] |oclc=6362644 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Gerrit S. |author-link=Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. |date=May 1902 |title=The Mammals of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands |journal=Proceedings of the United States National Museum |volume=24 |issue=1269 |location=Washington DC |publisher=[[United States National Museum]] |pages=751–795 |oclc=24358381 |doi=10.5479/si.00963801.24-1269.751 |hdl=2027/hvd.32044107357428 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/53111 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Narasimmarajan|first=K. |date=2012 |title=Status of long tailed macaque (Macaca facsicularis umrosa) and conservation of the recovery population in the great nicobar island, India |journal=[[Wildl. Biol. Practice]] |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.2461/wbp.2012.8.6}}
* {{cite book |last=Pocock |first=Reginald Innes |author-link=Reginald Innes Pocock |year=1939 |title=Mammalia I. Primates and Carnivora (in part), Families Felidæ and Viverridæ |url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1 |series=[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma]] |edition=2nd |editor=R.B.S. Sewell |location=London |publisher=[[Taylor and Francis|Taylor and Francis Ltd]] |oclc=493193536 }}
* {{cite book |last=Poole |first=Arthur James |author2=Viola S. Shantz |year=1942 |title=Catalog of the type specimens of mammals in the United States National Museum, including the biological surveys collection |url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinunitedst1781942unit |series=United States National Museum Bulletin, no. 178 |location=Washington DC |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]] |oclc=2153011 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sankaran |first=R. |year=2005 |chapter=Impact of the Earthquake and the Tsunami on the Nicobar Islands |editor=Rahul Kaul |editor2=Vivek Menon |title=The Ground Beneath the Waves: Post-tsunami Impact Assessment of Wildlife and their Habitats in India |volume=2 |chapter-url=http://www.wti.org.in/publications/ground-beneath-the-waves-vol2.pdf |series=Conservation action series, 20050904 |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]] |pages=10–79 |oclc=74354708 |access-date=2010-02-19 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180829/http://www.wti.org.in/publications/ground-beneath-the-waves-vol2.pdf }}
* {{cite web |last=Sivakumar |first=K. |date=July 2006 |title=Wildlife and Tsunami: A rapid assessment on the impact of tsunami on the Nicobar megapode and other associated coastal species in the Nicobar group of islands |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/publications/others/megapode_tsunami.pdf |work=WII Research Reports |location=Dehra Dūn, India |publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]] |access-date=20 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162328/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/publications/others/megapode_tsunami.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}
* {{cite book |last=Walker |first=Sally |editor=Sanjay Molur (compilers |year=2007 |title=Guide to South Asian Primates for Teachers and Students of All Ages |url=http://www.gibboncenter.org/images/PDF/primate%20teachers%20guide%20FINAL.pdf |series=ZOO Education Booklet, no. 20 |location=Coimbatore, India |publisher=[[Zoo Outreach Organisation]] |isbn=978-81-88722-20-4 |access-date=2010-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728092946/http://www.gibboncenter.org/images/PDF/primate%20teachers%20guide%20FINAL.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-28 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060128095535/http://www.and.nic.in/faunalwealth/faunal_wealth.htm photo of ''M. f. umbrosa'' specimen, Science Centre, Port Blair, Andaman Islands]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5460541}}

[[Category:Macaca]]
[[Category:Primates of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of the Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Vulnerable fauna of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.]]

Naidukuppam

2025-09-20T08:19:12Z

Corel Bazaar: Starting pg!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Naidukuppam
| native_name = நாயுடுகுப்பம்
| native_name_lang = நாயுடுகுப்பம்
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.5322806|N|80.0339312|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gummidipoondi taluk]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 27
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 706
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 628549
| footnotes =
}}
'''Naidukuppam''' is a village in the [[Tiruvallur district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Gummidipoondi taluk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu village directory |publisher=Government of India |accessdate=2015-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095332/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Tamil%20Nadu.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Naidukuppam has 203 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 52.15%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-3301-F-Census.xlsx |title=Thiruvallur population |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu |accessdate=2015-10-11 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 706 || 354 || 352
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 79 || 39 || 40
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 594 || 295 || 299
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Literates || 327 || 187 || 140
|-
| Workers (all) || 342 || 173 || 169
|-
| Main workers (total) || 14 || 6 || 8
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 11 || 5 || 6
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 328 || 167 || 161
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 15 || 10 || 5
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 304 || 153 || 151
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 7 || 4 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 364 || 181 || 183
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gummidipoondi taluk}}

[[Category:Villages in Gummidipoondi taluk]]

Adarsh Nagar, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2025-09-15T08:53:30Z

Corel Bazaar: minor add article per sources

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Adarsh Nagar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-53-Adarsh Nagar.svg
| mla = [[Rafeek Khan]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:268419}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 53
}}
'''Adarsh Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]] district and is a segment of [[Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency]]. This seat came into existence after the 2008 delimitation exercise.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ashok Parnami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="elections2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 2013|accessdate=2020-06-18}}</ref><ref name="election1932">{{cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jaipur-pink-city-turns-saffron-1932149 |title=Jaipur: Pink City turns saffron |date= |author= |access-date= 29 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Rafeek Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Adarsh Nagar<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rafeek Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:103421}}
|percentage = 52.18
|change = +1.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravi Kumar Nayyar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:89348}}
|percentage = 45.08
|change = +1.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1377}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14073}}
|percentage = 7.1
|change = -0.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198217}}
|percentage = 73.85
|change = +1.85
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Adarsh Nagar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rafeek Khan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88541}}
|percentage = 50.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Parnami
|votes = {{formatnum:75988}}
|percentage = 43.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1493}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12553}}
|percentage = 7.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174371}}
|percentage = 72.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Jaipur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.91|75.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Jaipur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sarbari

2025-09-14T08:48:26Z

Corel Bazaar: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sarbari
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6558|N|86.8113|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5007
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 723121
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03251
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raghunathpur, Purulia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathpur]]
| website = {{URL|purulia.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sarbari''' is a village in [[West Bengal]], India. It is located within [[Neturia (community development block)|Neturia]] CD block of [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] of [[Purulia district]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=300| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|35|0|N|86|41|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Raghunathpur subdivision in Purulia district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|36|0|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Santaldih| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Santaldih]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|35|5|N|86|28|34|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Kanki| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Kanki, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|31|5|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Dubra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Dubra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|29|52|N|86|33|43|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4=Chapari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Chapari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|28|56|N|86|31|32|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Shankara| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Shankara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|28|19|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Nabagram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Nabagram, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|48|15|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Saltore| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Saltore]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|40|30|N|86|49|10|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Hijuli| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Hijuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|40|26|N|86|50|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Parbelia| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Parbelia]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|38|18|N|86|38|16|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Achkoda| numbered10=H| mark-title10= [[Achkoda]] (H) |shape-color10=#AA6666
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|28|48|N|86|33|37|E}} | label-pos11= right|label11=Anara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Anara, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|37|1|N|86|33|10|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Cheliyama| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Cheliyama]] (R) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|35|40|N|86|45|31|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Gobag| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Gobag]] (R) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|17|N|86|27|5|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Haraktor| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Haraktor]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|36|29|N|86|47|57|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Harmadih| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Harmadih]] (R) |shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|39|40|N|86|49|30|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Nituria| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Nituria]] (R) |shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|30|42|N|86|31|12|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Para| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Para, Purulia]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|48|30|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Sarbari| numbered18=R| mark-title18= Sarbari (R)|shape-color18=black| label-size18=13|label-color18=black 
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|45|N|86|31|25|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Usir| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Usir]] (R) |shape-color19=#C42222
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|36|10|N|86|33|31|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Banda Deul| numbered20=H| mark-title20= [[Banda Deul]] (H)| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|37|30|N|86|46|20|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Garh Panchkot| numbered21=H| mark-title21= [[Garh Panchkot]] (H)| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|39|58|N|86|36|23|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Telkupi| numbered22=H| mark-title22= [[Telkupi]] (H)| shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|34|46|N|86|45|42|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Ramkanali| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Ramkanali Junction railway station]] (R) |shape-color23=#C42222
|mark-coord24= {{coord|23|36|40|N|86|50|21|E}}| label-pos24=right|label24=Murulia| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Murulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord25= {{coord|23|30|23|N|86|41|37|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Arra| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Arra, Purulia|Arra, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|29|10|N|86|39|45|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Kantaranguri| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kantaranguri]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|30|10|N|86|40|0|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Adra| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Adra, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|25|19|N|86|39|43|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Lapara| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Lapara, Purulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|32|50|N|86|40|12|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathpur| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Raghunathpur, Purulia]] (M) |shape-color29=#800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|34|30|N|86|50|40|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=Baranti| numbered30=T| mark-title30= [[Baranti]] (T) |shape-color30=green
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|26|10|N|86|41|0|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Kalloli| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Kalloli]] (R) |shape-color31=#C42222
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|26|11|N|86|40|13|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Kashipur| numbered32=H| mark-title32= [[Kashipur, West Bengal]] (H) |shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|0|N|86|52|30|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=Madhukunda| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Madhukunda]] (R)|shape-color33=#C42222
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|35|20|N|86|49|27|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Muraddi| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Muraddi]] (R) |shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|34|45|N|86|48|24|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Ramchandrapur| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Ramchandrapur, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color35=#C42222
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|31|44|N|86|51|50|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Santuri| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Santuri, Purulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C42222
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|32|53|N|86|43|35|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37=Bero| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Bero railway station]] (R) |shape-color37=#C42222
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|31|10|N|86|40|51|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38=Joychandi Pahar| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Joychandi Pahar]] (R) |shape-color38=#C42222
|mark-coord39={{coord|23.6556|N|86.7486|E}}| label39= Panchet |labela39= Hill| label-color39 = #C42222 | label-angle39=-50| label-pos39=bottom| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none
|mark-coord40={{coord|23.6736|N|86.6886|E}} |label40=Panchet Dam|labela40= Reservoir| label-color40 = #77A1CB| label-angle40=0| label-pos40=top| label-size40=10| mark-size40=0| mark-title40 =none
|mark-coord41={{coord|23.6102|86.9303}}| label41=Damodar River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41=5| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|40|0|N|86|33|0|E}}|arc-textA= JHARKHAND| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.43}}

===Location===
Sarbari is located at {{coord|23.6558|N|86.8113|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Purulia district forms the lowest step of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The general scenario is undulating land with scattered hills.<ref>Houlton, Sir John, ''Bihar, the Heart of India'', 1949, p. 170, Orient Longmans Ltd.</ref> [[Raghunathpur subdivision]] occupies the northern part of the district. 83.80% of the population of the subdivision lives in rural areas. However, there are pockets of urbanization and 16.20% of the population lives in urban areas. There are 14 census towns in the subdivision.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purulia |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 12 January 2020 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref> It is presented in the map given alongside. There is a coal mining area around [[Parbelia]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.easterncoal.gov.in/contactus/cugtel/sripur.pdf | title = Area wise Closed User Group (CUG) Telephone Numbers | work =Sodepur Area | publisher = Eastern Coalfields Limited | access-date = 11 August 2018}}</ref> and two thermal power plants are there – the 500 MW [[Santaldih Thermal Power Station]]<ref name=santaldih>{{cite web |url = http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |title = Santaldih Thermal Power Station - WBPDCL |publisher = WBPDCL |access-date = 2011-08-24 |archive-date = 11 January 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100111024838/http://stpswbpdcl.n-stars.org/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> and the 1200 MW [[Raghunathpur Thermal Power Station]]. The subdivision has a rich heritage of old temples, some of them belonging to the 11th century or earlier. The [[Banda Deul]] is a [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|monument of national importance]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/purulia.aspx | title = Old temple at Banda (locally known as deul)| publisher = ASI, Kolkata Circle |access-date = 23 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-west-bengal/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of West Bengal - Archaeological Survey of India|publisher= ASI|work= Item no. 134|access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref> The comparatively more recent in historical terms, Panchkot Raj has interesting and intriguing remains in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asianheritagealertiaah.blogspot.in/2011/10/capital-in-shambles-garh-panchakot.html |title = Capital in shambles: Garh Panchakot, Purulia | publisher= Heritage in Peril| access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/East/West_Bengal/Garpanchkot/photo900506.htm |title = Historical ruins| publisher= Trek Earth | access-date = 1 December 2016}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Sarbari had a total population of 5,007, of which 2,562 (51%) were males and 2,445 (49%) were females. There were 811 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Sarbari was 2,505 (59.70% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 31 January 2020}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Panchakot Mahavidyalaya]] was established at Sarbari in 2001. Affiliated with the [[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]], it offers honours courses in Bengali, Hindi, English, history, geography, political science, philosophy, accountancy, computer science, zoology and general courses in arts, science and commerce.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.careers360.com/colleges/panchakot-mahavidyalaya-purulia| title = Panchakot Mahavidyalaya| publisher = Careers 360|access-date = 31 January 2020}}</ref>

Raghunathpur Government Polytechnic, established in 2016, offers diploma courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rgpolytechnic.co.in/ | title = Raghunathpur Government Polytechnic| publisher = RGC|access-date = 31 January 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[Garh Panchkot]] is a ruined 16th century fort/ palace of the Panchkot Raj at the foot of the [[Panchet Hill]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://puruliatourism.in/tourism/garhpanchakot.html | title = Purulia: Travel and Tourism | access-date = 3 February 2020 | archive-date = 28 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200128161209/http://puruliatourism.in/tourism/garhpanchakot.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Achkoda]], located in this block, showcases [[Atchala|aatchala-style]] temples with [[terracotta]] work on the walls. One of these temples is dedicated to Raghunath and it was constructed by the local landlord of the area. Other temples are mortuary temples of Vaishnava Sadhaks.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Commission, West Bengal |url=https://wbhc.in/home/place_details/ODNkMWYxZThlMGI1OGU4ZTI3ZDZhM2U2YmY3ZGFlYmUyMzJlYzMyZDRmZDRhZDA1OWMxNmE5ZmY1MzM4YmQ5NTc4YWVhMWM1ZDUyZDMyNWIzZDc0MTFmMGMyNzI1MzhjOTM4ZmMyYWU1NTQ1YWQxNzE2MjBlNjI4OTkzYzI4NzRIZFN1Y3haR0NtMnExc0laVW5KTXZ1QWQvNkJVQWp2UHhkTjR5SXdUSENNPQ==}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Harmadih Rural Hospital, with 30 beds at [[Harmadih]], is the major government medical facility in the Neturia CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =18 January 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purulia District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purulia district]]

Religion in Andhra Pradesh

2025-09-08T07:10:43Z

Corel Bazaar: Put up a info

{{Short description|none}} 
{{more citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Pie chart|label1=[[Hinduism]]|label2=[[Islam in India|Islam]]|label3=[[Christianity in Andhra Pradesh|Christianity]]|label4=[[Jainism]]|value1=90.9|value2=7.3|value3=1.3|value4=0.1|value5=0.4|color1=darkorange|color2=green|color3=blue|color4=white|color5=lightgreen|label5=Others & None|caption=Religion in Andhra Pradesh <ref name="census2011">{{cite web | title = Census of India – Religious Composition | publisher = Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | access-date = 27 August 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html | archive-date = 13 September 2015 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}

In the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] the most widely professed religion is [[Hinduism]], with significant [[Muslim]] communities. According to 2011 [[Census of India]] figures, [[Hindus]] (90.89%), [[Muslims]] (7.30%) and [[Christians]] (1.34%) form the three largest religious groups in the total population of the state. [[Jains]] (0.06%) and [[Buddhist]]s (0.04%) are the minority religious groups of the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Population 2025 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/regions/andhra-pradesh |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>

== Overview ==

=== Hinduism ===
[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] at [[Tirupati]] is the world's second-richest [[Hindu temple|temple]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} and is visited by millions of devotees throughout the year. Andhra Pradesh is home to Shankaracharya of Pushpagiri Peetham. Other Hindu saints include [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]], [[Kannappa|Bhaktha Kannappa]], [[Vemana|Yogi Vemana]], [[Sathya Sai Baba]], and [[Potuluri Veerabrahmam|Pothuluru Veerabrahmendra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Potuluri Veera Brahmendra Swami|url=http://www.mihira.com/wisdommasters/veerabrahmam.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120050546/http://www.mihira.com/wisdommasters/veerabrahmam.htm|archive-date=20 November 2008|access-date=29 November 2008|publisher=Mihira.com}}</ref>

Village deities or ''[[grama devata]]'' of village are also widely worshiped among the people of the villages. They are found in almost all villages throughout [[India]], and more common in [[Andhra Pradesh]] along with [[Tamil Nadu]]. They are known as Kula deivam (guardian deity) and Local Village Gods. They are associated to a main deity who is generally ascribed as Kuladeivam by various communities and castes as part of the tracing their generation through centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-09-15|title=India: Tamil Nadu: Village gardian gods (kaval, Munisvar)|url=http://www.cbmphoto.co.uk/India/gardian.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915100919/http://www.cbmphoto.co.uk/India/gardian.html|archive-date=2007-09-15|access-date=2019-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-11|title=Tamilnadu {{!}} Therukoothu Art|url=http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411213929/http://tamilnadu.com/arts/therukoothu.html|archive-date=2013-04-11|access-date=2019-11-25|website=archive.is}}</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Sri Kala Hasti.jpg|[[Srikalahasti]] Temple
File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]
File:Kanakadurga Temple gopuram.jpg|[[Kanaka Durga Temple]], [[Vijayawada]]
</gallery>

=== Islam ===
{{Main|Andhra Muslims}}

Andhra Muslims have different traditions and culture both from the rest of the Muslim world and the wider culture of the area they live in. Andhra Muslims speak a distinct dialect of [[Urdu]], referred to as [[Dakhini]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Language in India|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/april2003/urduinap.html|access-date=2012-07-16|publisher=Language in India}}</ref> however, most Andhra Muslims are fluent in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as well. Most of the Andhra Muslims are [[Sunni]], and follow the [[Hanafi]] school of [[Islamic Jurisprudence]]. There is also a minor [[Shia]] population in various districts.

Contrary to general impression that Islam started with Muslim invasions and forcible conversions, Islam in southern India grew gradually through traders and itinerant Sufis starting from 643 AD in Kerala. Proselytization was carried out by individual Sufi saints and major shrines may be found in [[Kadapa]] and [[Penukonda]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Understanding the Backward Classes of Muslim Society |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25741998 |last=Krishnan |first=P S |date=2010-08-21 |issue=34 |volume=45 |pages=46–56 |jstor=25741998}}</ref>

According to the Census of 2001, Andhra Pradesh has a population of approximately 7 million Muslims who form around a little under 9% of the State's population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census GIS HouseHold|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm|archive-date=2010-07-06|access-date=2012-07-16|publisher=Censusindiamaps.net}}</ref> Out of this around a million and a half live in Hyderabad. Therefore, an approximate figure for Andhra Muslims ''in Andhra region'' would be somewhere around 6 million. The sex ratio is around 960 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 933. The literacy rate stands at 68%, again higher than the national average of 64%.

=== Christianity ===
{{Main|Telugu Christians}}
[[File:Narsapurlutheranchurchbelltower.png|right|thumb|294x294px|Church bells from belfries such as the one above of the [[Christ Lutheran Church, Narsapur]] are still used in rural congregations for tolling the [[death knell]]]]
According to the [[Census of India]], there are over a million Christians in [[Andhra Pradesh]], constituting 1.51% of the state's population,<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|title=Census Reference Tables, C-Series Population by religious communities|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|work=Censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> although a decrease from the 1971 census figure which was 2%, as a result of low birth rates and emigration. However this has long been considered a significant underestimate as the majority of Christians, who almost exclusively converted from Dalit communities such as Malas and Madigas, record their religious identity as "Hindu" on government forms to avail reservation benefits restricted to Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist Dalits.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-first1=Rowena |editor-last1=Robinson |editor-first2=Joseph Marianus|editor-last2=Kujur|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/731252725 |title=Margins of Faith: Dalit and Tribal Christianity in India |date=2010 |publisher=[[Sage Publishing]] |isbn=978-81-321-0467-4 |oclc=731252725}}</ref> Most [[Telugu people|Telugu]] Christians are [[Protestant]], belonging to major Indian Protestant denominations such as the predominant [[Anglican]] [[Church of South India]], [[Pentecostals]] such as [[Assemblies of God in India]], [[India Pentecostal Church of God]], [[The Pentecostal Mission]], the [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]], the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] [[Bible Mission]] the Salvation Army and several others. There also is a significant number of [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and [[Evangelicalism|Evangelicals]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://medakcathedral.org/about-us/about-medak-diocese |url-status=unfit |title=About Medak Diocese |language=en |access-date=22 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707040147/http://medakcathedral.org/about-us/about-medak-diocese |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref> The first [[Protestant]] missionaries in [[Andhra Pradesh]] were Cran and Des Granges who were sent out by the [[London Missionary Society]]. They set up their station at [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1805 AD.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d4gsAAAAYAAJ&q=history+of+christianity+mission+kurnool&pg=PA89|title=History of Christianity in India: With Its Prospects : a Sketch Compiled ...|date=9 September 2008}}</ref><ref name="theindiapost1">{{cite web|title=National Minority Status For Jain Community In India|url=http://www.theindiapost.com/articles/national-minority-status-for-jain-community-in-india/|work=Theindiapost.com|access-date=13 April 2021|archive-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202085724/http://www.theindiapost.com/articles/national-minority-status-for-jain-community-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="servinghistory1">{{cite web|title=Census of India : Salient Features|url=http://www.servinghistory.com/topics/Census_of_India::sub::Salient_Features|work=Servinghistory.com}}</ref><ref name="geocommons1">{{cite web|title=Census of India, Religious composition by gender|url=http://finder.geocommons.com/overlays/5030.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110525054601/http://finder.geocommons.com/overlays/5030.html|archive-date=2011-05-25|work=Finder.geocommons.com|publisher=GeoCommons}}</ref>

The mother tongue of Telugu Christians is [[Telugu language|Telugu]], the most widely spoken [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] language in India. However, with mission schools being the first to teach using English as the primary medium, English is widely used among Telugu Christian communities for both religious and secular purposes. Most major churches offer religious services in both Telugu and English. Some churches such as [[St. John's Church, Secunderabad]] and [[St. George's Church, Hyderabad]] offer services exclusively in English. English is also the preferred [[lingua franca]] of urban Christian youth.

The music of Telugu Christians consists mostly of hymns. The ''Andhra Kraistava Keerthanalu'' (Andhra Christian Hymnal) is the single most important collection of hymns used in Telugu Christian congregations. It includes translations of English [[Hymns]] and original hymns written in Telugu by famous hymnists such as [[Puroshottam Choudhary|Purushottam Chaudhary]], John Bethala and the likes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Keerthanalu English|url=http://www.uecf.net/Keerthanalu_English.pdf|work=uecf.net}}</ref> Most of these Telugu Christian songs are set to the ''ragaas'' used in the [[Indian classical music]].

=== Buddhism ===
Buddhism spread to Andhra Pradesh early in its history. The Krishna river valley was "a site of extraordinary Buddhist activity for almost a thousand years."<ref>Davidson, Ronald. ''Tibetan Renaissance''. Columbia 2005, p. 29.</ref> The ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Krishna valley, including Amaravati, Nagarjunakonda and [[Jaggayyapeta]] "can be traced to at least the third century BCE, if not earlier."<ref>Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' SUNY Press 2008, p. 2.</ref>

The region played a central role in the development of [[Mahayana|Mahayana Buddhism]], along with the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]-area in northeastern India.<ref>Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. ''Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra.'' SUNY Press 2008, p. 1</ref><ref>Peter Harvey (2013), ''An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices'', Cambridge University Press, p.108</ref> [[A. K. Warder]] holds that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Andhra country."<ref>Warder, A. K. ''Indian Buddhism''. 2000. p. 313</ref> According to Xing, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajnaparamita probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India probably in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."<ref>Guang Xing. ''The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.'' 2004. pp. 65–66</ref> The [[Prajnaparamita|Prajñāpāramitā]] Sutras belong to the earliest [[Mahayana sutras|Mahayana Sutras]].<ref>Williams, Paul. ''Buddhist Thought''. Routledge, 2000, p. 131.</ref><ref>Williams, Paul. ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.'' Routledge, 2009, p. 47.</ref>
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Rock-cut Lord --Buddha-- Statue at Bojjanakonda near Anakapalle of Visakhapatnam dist in AP.jpg|Rock-cut [[Buddha]] statue at [[Bojjannakonda]] near [[Anakapalle]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
File:Entrance of Rock-cut temple.JPG|Entrance to the [[chaitya]] hall at [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalli Buddhist Monument]] near [[Eluru]]
</gallery>

=== Sikhism ===
The Sikhs comprise [[Banjara]] and Satnami. The process of blending the religion into southern India for the Sikligars began at the time of 10th Sikh Guru Gobind Singh, who came to the Deccan and died in 1708 at Nanded (Maharashtra).

It all came by the Sikligars as they came to southern India as expert arms-making camp followers of the tenth Guru. Sikligar is a compound of the Persian words {{transliteration|fa|saiqal}} and {{transliteration|fa|gar}} meaning a polisher of metal.<ref name="Zee New 18 10 2011">{{Cite web|date=October 18, 2011|title=Away from Punjab – the south Indian Sikhs|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/away-from-punjab-the-south-indian-sikhs_737141.html|website=Zee News}}</ref> The traditional occupation of the [[Sikligar]]s is crafting kitchen implements.

=== Jainism ===
The Jaina tradition is that Mahavira himself had come to the north-eastern borders of Andhra Pradesh and preached the religion. There is a tradition (that Samprati, the grandson of Asoka ''(aśoka),'' sent Jaina monks to Andhra in the capacity as his ambassadors, after instructing the people how to treat them. The ''Hāthīgumphā'' inscription of Kharavela ''(kharavēla),'' written in Mauryan year 165 (2nd century B.C.), says that the idol of the Jina

Kundakunda[ acharya (c. 1st century A.D.) is one of the greatest savants of South Indian Jainism. According to tradition, he belonged to the hill-tracts of Anantapur. According to another tradition, Simha-nandi, a Jaina monk, who lived in ''Pēr-ūr'' in Andhra Pradesh, helped two ''Ikṣvāku'' princes, ''Dāḍiga'' and ''Mādhava,'' to carve a kingdom of their own, which later came to be known as the Ganga ''(gaṅga)'' kingdom.

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Andhra Pradesh}}
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Religion
! colspan="2" |1991
! colspan="2" |2001
! colspan="2" |2011
|-
!pop
!%
!pop
!%
!pop
!%
|-
|[[Hinduism]]
|36,686,303
|90.77
|41,205,703
|91.12
|45,059,944
|90.89
|-
|[[Islam]]
|2,767,839
|6.85
|3,133,643
|6.93
|3,620,846
|7.30
|-
|[[Christianity]]
|936,970
|2.32
|797,544
|1.76
|684,586
|1.38
|-
|[[Jainism]]
|17,070
|0.04
|21,887
|0.05
|27,159
|0.05
|-
|[[Sikhism]]
|3,867
|0.01
|7,177
|0.02
|9,904
|0.02
|-
|[[Buddhism]]
|769
|0.00
|2,409
|0.01
|4,139
|0.01
|-
|Others
|964
|0.00
|1,686
|0.00
|4,572
|0.01
|-
|Not stated
|5152
|0.01
|52,687
|0.12
|165,953
|0.33
|-
!Total
! colspan="2" |40,418,934
! colspan="2" |45,222,736
! colspan="2" |49,577103
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Religion}}
* [[Buddhapad Hoard]]
* [[List of festivals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andhra Pradesh, Religion in}}
[[Category:Religion in Andhra Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Religion in India by state or union territory]]
[[Category:History of religion in India]]

Indian locomotive class ZDM-2

2025-07-06T21:29:08Z

Corel Bazaar: Adding A Info

{{Short description|Narrow gauge diesel hydraulic locomotives}}
{{Infobox locomotive
| name = Indian locomotive class ZDM-2
| image = ZDM 2 Diesel locomotive at Solan.jpg
| powertype = [[Diesel-hydraulic locomotive|Diesel-hydraulic]]
| builder = [[Maschinenbau Kiel]]
| serialnumber = 600478–600502
| buildmodel = MaK G 700 BB
| builddate = 1964–January 1965
| totalproduction = 25
| rebuilddate = 1980s–1990s
| uicclass = B′B′
| gauge = {{track gauge|762 mm}}
| wheeldiameter = {{cvt|700|mm|sigfig=3}}
| minimumcurve = {{cvt|30|m|sigfig=3}}
| over couplers = {{cvt|10250|mm|sigfig=3}}
| width = {{cvt|2260|mm|sigfig=3}}
| height = {{cvt|3180|mm|sigfig=3}}
| serviceweight = {{cvt|32|t}}
| primemover = [[Maybach]] MD 435
| rpmrange max = {{ubl|1400 min⁻¹|1700 min⁻¹}}
| maxspeed = {{cvt|50|km/h|sigfig=2}}
| poweroutput = {{ubl|{{cvt|650|PS|sigfig=3}}|{{cvt|700|PS|sigfig=3}}}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| fleetnumbers = 123–147
}}

The Indian locomotive class '''ZDM-2''' is a series of [[narrow gauge]] [[diesel-hydraulic locomotive]]s built for [[Indian Railways]] by the German company [[Maschinenbau Kiel]]. In the 1980s and 1990s, several of the type were fitted with KPC engines, these were reclassified as the '''ZDM-2R'''.

== History ==
The ZDM-2 class was designed and manufactured by [[Maschinenbau Kiel]] (MaK). The type was specially developed for the Indian [[762 mm railway]] lines.<ref name="Hughes" /> Locomotive No 600488 was tested on the [[Osterode–Kreiensen railway line|Kreisbahn Osterode-Kreiensen]] [[750 mm gauge railways|750 mm gauge railway line]] before delivery.<ref name="LaK1" /><ref name="LaK600488" /> The class was initially used on the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway]] and the [[Kangra Valley Railway]], then later in [[Nagpur]].<ref name="IRFCA2" /> On the Kalka-Shimla line, ten ZDM-2 locomotives partly replaced the ageing steam locomotives and partly the inefficient and failure-prone [[Indian locomotive class ZDM-1|ZDM-1]] diesel locomotives for passenger transport. On the Kalka–Shimla line, ZDM-1 locomotives pulled only three passenger coaches, while ZDM-2 locomotives often pulled seven.<ref name="Hughes">{{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Hugh |title=Indian Locomotives: Part 4 - 1941–1990 |date=1990 |orig-date=1996 |publisher=The Continental Railway Circle |location=[[Kenton, London]] |pages=72–73|isbn=0-9521655-1-1 }}</ref> The ZDM-2 and ZDM-1 locomotives that remained on the line were completely replaced by ten [[Indian locomotive class ZDM-3|ZDM-3]] locomotives delivered between 1970 and 1972, the former being transferred to the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] in 1971–1972 and the latter to the [[Matheran Hill Railway]] in 1976.<ref name="Hughes" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Wallace |first=Richard |title=Hill Railways of the Indian Subcontinent |date=2021-02-22 |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd. |pages=232–233 |location=[[Ramsbury]] |chapter=The Kalka–Shimla Railway|isbn=978-1-78500-808-5 }}</ref> The ZDM-2s were fitted with a hydraulic transmission of the Indian "Suri" type, which proved to be highly failure-prone.<ref name="IRFCA2" /> The series was equipped with the [[Maybach]] "MD 435" diesel engine.<ref name="IRFCA2" /><ref name="LaK1" /> On the first ten units these operated at the speed of 1400 min⁻¹ for a power output of {{convert|650|PS|sigfig=3}}, while on the latter fifteen at 1700 min⁻¹ for a power output of {{convert|700|PS|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="LaK1">{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1401464&lang=1 |title=MaK - G 700 BB für die Indian Railways (IR) |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>

Several members of the type were modified in the 1980s and 1990s; they were fitted with KPC hydraulic transmissions and MaK diesel engines.<ref name="IRFCA2">{{cite web |url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-loco-diesel-mg.html |title=ZDM-2 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref><ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos?search_term=ZDM-2 |title=All Locos |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref>

== Locomotive list ==
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="5" align="center" | '''List of MaK G 700 BB locomotives'''<ref name="Hughes" />
|-
!Serial number
!Year of production
!Operating number
!Operator
!Notes
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600478<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10879&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600478 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="9"| 1964
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 123
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="9"|1964–1971/72: NR, 1971/72–?: SER
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="9"| Scrapped
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600479<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10880&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600479 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 124
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600480<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10881&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600480 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 125
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600481<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10882&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600481 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 126
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600482<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10883&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600482 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 127
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600483<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10884&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600483 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 128
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600484<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10885&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600484 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 129
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600485<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10886&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600485 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 130
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600486<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10887&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600486 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 131
|- align="center"
| 600487<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10888&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600487 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| 1965
| 132
| 1965–1971/72: NR, 1971/72–?: SER
| In the 1980s or 1990s, it received a new transmission and engine. Preserved at the [[Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/10 |title=ZDM-2 132 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600488<ref name="LaK600488">{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10889&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600488 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="3"| 1964
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 133
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="3"| SER
| style="background:lightgrey;"| It was tested on the [[Osterode–Kreiensen railway line|Kreisbahn Osterode-Kreiensen]] before being delivered. In the 1980s or 1990s, it received a new transmission and engine. Scrapped<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/11 |title=ZDM-2 133 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600489<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10890&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600489 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 134
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="2"| Scrapped
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600490<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10891&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600490 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 135
|- align="center"
| 600491<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10892&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600491 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| 1964
| 136
| SER
| Plinthed at Nagpur Narrow Gauge Rail Museum<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/14 |title=ZDM-2 136 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600492<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10893&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600492 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="11"| 1964
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 137
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="11"| SER
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="2"| Scrapped
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600493<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10894&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600493 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 138
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600494<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10895&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600494 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 139
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="2"| In the 1980s or 1990s, it received a new transmission and engine. Scrapped<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/17 |title=ZDM-2 139 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/18 |title=ZDM-2 140 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600495<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10896&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600495 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 140
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600496<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10897&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600496 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 141
| style="background:lightgrey;" rowspan="5"| Scrapped
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600497<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10898&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600497 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 142
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600498<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10899&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600498 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 143
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600499<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10900&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600499 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 144
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600500<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10901&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600500 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 145
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600501<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10902&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600501 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 146
| style="background:lightgrey;"| In the 1980s or 1990s, it received a new transmission and engine. Scrapped<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/locos/24 |title=ZDM-2 146 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=IRFCA.org}}</ref>
|- align="center"
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 600502<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loks-aus-kiel.de/index.php?nav=1402425&lang=1&id=10903&action=portrait |title=Fahrzeugportrait MaK 600502 |accessdate=2023-12-10 |work=loks-aus-kiel.de |publisher=Lok-Datenbank.de |language=German}}</ref>
| style="background:lightgrey;"| 147
| style="background:lightgrey;"| Scrapped
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Narrow gauge locomotives of India|state=collapsed}}
{{MaK-Vossloh locomotives}}

[[Category:2 ft 6 in gauge locomotives]]
[[Category:B′B′ locomotives]]
[[Category:Diesel–hydraulic locomotives of India]]
[[Category:MaK locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1964]]

2004 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)

2025-07-01T09:28:01Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Short description|International kabaddi tournament in India}}
{{Primary sources|date=December 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox sport tournament
| name = 2004 Kabaddi World Cup
| image =
| caption =
| start_date = 19 November
| end_date = 21 November
| administrator = South Kanara Sports Club, under [[Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India]] Recognised by [[International Kabaddi Federation]]<ref name=":1"/>
| format = Standard style
| tournament_format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| host = India
| venues = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| participants = 12
| champions = {{kabaddi|IND}} (1st title)
| runners-up1 = {{kabaddi|IRN}}
| runners-up2 = {{kabaddi|BAN}} {{kabaddi|CAN}}
| matches = 23
| next = [[2007 Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|2007]]
}}

'''2004 Kabaddi World Cup''' was the first ever [[Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)|Kabaddi World Cup]] recognised by the [[International Kabaddi Federation]] (IKF). It was organised by South Kanara Sports Club, under [[Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India]] in [[India]]. Hosts [[India]] won the title defeating [[Iran]] 55–27 in the final.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiikf.com/worldcup.htm |title = Welcome to International Kabaddi Federation |accessdate=2011-11-22 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204114129/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/worldcup.htm |archivedate=2011-12-04 }}</ref>

==Teams==
With last minute withdrawal of [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]], 12 teams competed in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiikf.com/art1.htm |title = Welcome to International Kabaddi Federation |accessdate=2011-06-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005074912/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/art1.htm |archivedate=2011-10-05 }}</ref>
*<s>{{flag|Afghanistan|2004}}</s>
*{{BAN}}
*{{CAN}}
*{{GER}}
*{{IND}}
*{{IRN}}
*{{JAP}}
*{{MAS}}
*{{NEP}}
*<s>{{PAK}}</s>
*{{KOR}}
*{{THA}}
*{{UK}}
*{{flag|West Indies}}

==Pools==
The teams were divided into three pools of four teams each.
{| class="wikitable" width=80%
|-
!width=20%|Pool A
!width=20%|Pool B
!width=20%|Pool C
|-
|
{{IND}} 
{{CAN}} 
{{THA}} 
{{flag|West Indies}} 
|
{{JPN}} 
{{MAS}} 
{{KOR}} 
{{UK}} 
|
{{BAN}} 
{{GER}} 
{{IRN}} 
{{NEP}} 
|}

==Competition format==
Twelve teams competed in tournament consisting of two rounds. In the first round, teams were divided into three pools of four teams each, and followed [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format with each of the team playing all other teams in the pool once.
Following the completion of the league matches, teams placed first and second in each pool advanced to a [[single elimination]] round consisting of four quarterfinals, two semifinal games, and a final.

==Schedule==
All matches' timings were according to [[Indian Standard Time]] (UTC +5:30).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kabaddiikf.com/worldcupsched.htm |title = Welcome to International Kabaddi Federation |accessdate=2011-06-10 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425234255/http://www.kabaddiikf.com/worldcupsched.htm |archivedate=2011-04-25 }}</ref>
[[File:2004 Kabaddi World Cup teams.jpg|thumb|740x740px]]

===Group stage===

====Pool A====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 12.5em;" scope="col" | Team
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|W|Won}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | Qualification
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC;"
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|IND}}
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 162
| 85
| 77
| '''6'''
| rowspan="2" | Advance to [[#Knockout stage|knockout phase]]
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC;"
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Canada}}
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 161
| 90
| 71
| '''4'''
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|THA}}
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 2
| 122
| 131
| -9
| '''2'''
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|West Indies}}
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 77
| 216
| -139
| '''0'''
|
|}
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{flag|Canada}}
|score= 93 – 09
|team2={{flag|West Indies}}
|HT= 52 – 03
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|THA}}
|score= 63 – 26
|team2={{flag|West Indies}}
|HT= 39 – 06
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IND}}
|score= 51 – 14
|team2={{flag|Canada}}
|HT= 31 – 07
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IND}}
|score= 60 – 42
|team2={{flag|West Indies}}
|HT= 36 – 23
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{flag|Canada}}
|score= 54 – 30
|team2={{kd|THA}}
|HT= 26 – 18
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IND}}
|score= 51 – 29
|team2={{kd|THA}}
|HT= 33 – 14
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----

====Pool B====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 12.5em;" scope="col" | Team
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|W|Won}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | Qualification
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC;"
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|JPN}}
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 165
| 70
| 95
| '''6'''
| rowspan="2" | Advance to [[#Knockout stage|knockout phase]]
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC;"
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|GBR}}
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 142
| 142
| 0
| '''4'''
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|KOR}}
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 2
| 135
| 130
| 5
| '''2'''
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|MAS}}
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 85
| 184
| -99
| '''0'''
|
|}
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|GBR}}
|score= 60 – 37
|team2={{kd|MAS}}
|HT= 34 – 19
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|JPN}}
|score= 43 – 28
|team2={{kd|KOR}}
|HT= 25 – 06
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|GBR}}
|score= 54 – 49
|team2={{kd|KOR}}
|HT= 30 – 17
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|JPN}}
|score= 66 – 14
|team2={{kd|MAS}}
|HT= 25 – 07
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|JPN}}
|score= 56 – 28
|team2={{kd|GBR}}
|HT= 30 – 13
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|KOR}}
|score= 58 – 34
|team2={{kd|MAS}}
|HT= 28 – 17
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----

====Pool C====
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="width: 12.5em;" scope="col" | Team
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pld|Matches played}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|W|Won}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|D|Drawn}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|L|Lost}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SF|Scores for}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SA|Scores against}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|SD|Score difference}}
! style="width: 2.2em;" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | Qualification
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC;"
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|IRN}}
| 3
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 204
| 84
| 120
| '''6'''
| rowspan="2" | Advance to [[#Knockout stage|knockout phase]]
|- style="background-color: #CCFFCC;"
| style="text-align: left;" | {{kd|BAN}}
| 3
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 204
| 93
| 111
| '''4'''
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Nepal}}
| 3
| 1
| 0
| 2
| 125
| 140
| -15
| '''2'''
|
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | {{flag|Germany}}
| 3
| 0
| 0
| 3
| 73
| 281
| -208
| '''0'''
|
|}
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{flag|Nepal}}
|score= 78 – 19
|team2={{flag|Germany}}
|HT= 52 – 07
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IRN}}
|score= 53 – 41
|team2={{kd|BAN}}
|HT= 35 – 17
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=19 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IRN}}
|score= 96 – 19
|team2={{flag|Germany}}
|HT= 56 – 13
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|BAN}}
|score= 56 – 23
|team2={{flag|Nepal}}
|HT= 35 – 10
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IRN}}
|score= 65 – 24
|team2={{flag|Nepal}}
|HT= 28 – 12
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=20 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|BAN}}
|score= 107 – 35
|team2={{flag|Germany}}
|HT= 67 – 17
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----

===Knockout stage===
{{Round8


|21 November|'''{{kd|IND}}'''|'''Bye'''||
|21 November|{{kd|JPN}}|24|'''{{BAN}}'''|'''33'''
|21 November|'''{{flag|Canada}}'''|'''66'''|{{UK}}|28
|21 November|'''{{kd|IRN}}'''|'''Bye'''||

|21 November|'''{{kd|IND}}'''|'''39'''|{{kd|BAN}}|19
|21 November|{{flag|Canada}}|28|'''{{kd|IRN}}'''|'''54'''

|21 November|'''{{kd|IND}}'''|'''55'''|{{kd|IRN}}|27
}}

====Quarter-finals====

{{kabaddibox
|date=21 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|JPN}}
|score= 24 – 33
|team2={{kd|BAN}}
|HT= 11 – 12
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----
{{kabaddibox
|date=21 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{flag|Canada}}
|score= 66 – 28
|team2={{kd|GBR}}
|HT= 32 – 11
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}

====Semi-finals====
{{kabaddibox
|date=21 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IND}}
|score= 39 – 19
|team2={{kd|BAN}}
|HT= 12 – 05
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}
----{{kabaddibox
|date=21 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{flag|Canada}}
|score= 28 – 54
|team2={{kd|IRN}}
|HT= 09 – 31
|stadium=[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
}}

====Final====
{{kabaddibox
|date=21 November 2004
|time=
|team1={{kd|IND}}
|score= 56 – 28
|team2={{kd|IRN}}
|HT= 27-12
|stadium=[[Chennai]], [[Tamilnadu]]
}}
{| class="wikitable" width=55%; style="text-align:center;margin:1em auto;"
! colspan=4|2004 Kabaddi World Cup
|-
|style="background:gold;"|'''Champions'''
|style="background:silver;"|'''1st Runners-up'''
|colspan=4 style="background:#c96;"|'''2nd Runners-up'''
|-
|{{kd|IND}} (1st Title)
|{{kd|IRN}}
|{{kd|BAN}}
|{{flag|Canada}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kabaddi World Cup}}
{{International Kabaddi}}

[[Category:Kabaddi World Cup (International Kabaddi Federation)]]
[[Category:2004 in Indian sport|Kabaddi]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Mumbai]]
[[Category:International kabaddi competitions in India]]
[[Category:November 2004 sports events in India]]

Malakand Pass

2025-06-07T19:04:16Z

Corel Bazaar: page updated

{{short description|Mountain pass in Pakistan}}
{{more refs|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Malakand Tunnel.jpg|300px|thumbnail|Malakand Pass Tunnel]]
The '''Malakand Pass''' ({{langx|ps| درہ ملاکنډ}}; {{langx|ur|{{nq|درۂ ملاکنڈ}}}}) is a [[mountain pass]] in the [[Malakand District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] that connects [[Peshawar]] with the [[Chitral District]].

The pass road begins at [[Dargai]], which is 150 km the north-west from [[Islamabad]]. It then slopes upward towards the tunnel, reaching the areas of Swat and Dir. From the top of the pass, Swat Canal descends through the valley. The Canal was built by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in the colonial era to channel water from the [[Swat River]] through Malakand Pass to the plain areas around [[Mardan]].

The Pass is a wide open road and is well-structured but sometimes it may get extensively trafficked.

At the top end, it is guarded by the '''Malakand Fort''' from which it descends through the [[market town|bazaar]] of [[Batkhela]], with a [[Hindu]] [[Hindu Shahi|Shahi]] [[fort]] perched above it. After this, it continues to reach the headworks of the Swat Canal to the Swat River. At the bottom end, it meets the plain areas of Mardan and the [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda District.]]

==History==
{{see also|Battle of Malakand Pass}}
The pass came into prominence in 1895 during the [[Chitral Expedition]], when Pashtuns opposed a stout resistance to Sir Robert Low’s advance over the Malakand Pass in 1895 to the relief of Chitral.

During the frontier risings of 1897, the [[Swatis (Pashtun tribe)|Swatis]] made a determined attack on the Malakand, where 700 were killed, and on the adjacent post of Chakdara, where 2000 were killed. This was the origin of the Malakand Expedition of the same year.<ref>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Malakand Pass |volume=17 |page=460 |inline=1}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=August 2023|reason=requires a proper reference}}

==See also==
*[[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Pakistan]]
*[[List of forts in Pakistan]]
*[[List of museums in Pakistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mountain passes of Pakistan}}
{{coord|34|35|N|71|57|E|display=title|region:PK_type:pass_source:GNS-enwiki}}{{Castles in Pakistan}}
[[Category:Malakand District]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]

Jalore Fort

2025-05-31T23:52:33Z

Corel Bazaar: quick adjust details for accuracy and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|Fort in Jalore, Rajasthan, India}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox military structure
| name = Jalore Fort
| native_name = Jalore Fort or Swanagiri Durg
| partof = [[Marwar]] [[Rajputana]]
| location = [[Jalore district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| image = File:Sonagir_engraving2.jpg
| caption = Temples at Jalore Fort
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3373|72.6144|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline}}
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location of Jalore Fort in Rajasthan
| type = Hill fort
| code =
| built = 8th–10th centuries AD
| builder =
| materials =
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition = Protected Monument
| ownership =
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = Management under S Parmar AND [[Jodhpur State]]
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
}}
'''Jalore Fort''' also known as '''''Swarnagiri''''' (golden mountain) is the main attraction of [[Jalore]], a town in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], and one of the nine forts of the [[Marudesa|Maru]], under the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s in the 10th century. It is one of the most famous and impressive forts in the state and has been known through history as the Svangiri or the "golden mount".From this fort, the Songra [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chauhans]] defeated the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]]. With the blessings of Kuldevi Maa [https://www.google.com/search?gs_ssp=eJzj4tVP1zc0TDI3z8rJNqwyYLRSNagwtjSzMEo0MDBIMki0TLW0tDKoSLNMMzY3NLZMNjExBoole4klFmckFpQWJSrkJpYkKmRlKuQlpuTnAABRTBca&q=ashapura+mata+ji+nadol&oq=ashapura+mata+ji+nadol&aqs=chrome.1.0i355i512j46i175i199i512j0i10l3.10260j0j7&client=ms-android-samsung-gj-rev1&sourceid=chrome-mobile&ie=UTF-8 Ashapura] who is also known as Modara Mata. Chauhan gave a different direction to Jalore and to the fort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-02 |title=उडऩ खटोले से स्वर्णगिरी दुर्ग तक पहुंच सकेंगे पर्यटक {{!}} RoapWay to Jalore fort rajasthan tourism |url=https://www.patrika.com/jalore-news/roapway-to-jalore-fort-rajasthan-tourism-1772419?amp=1 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Patrika News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Pratap Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVs1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Swarngiri&pg=PA4 |title=Guns and Glories: Rajputana Chronicles |date=2017-09-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-93-5206-601-8 |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Refimprove-section|date=April 2020}}
'''Jalore Fort''' was built between the 8th and the 10th centuries by Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]], and Jalore was ruled by a [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara branch]] in the 10th century.

[[Kirtipala]], the youngest son of [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]], ruler of [[Nadol]], established the [[Chahamanas of Jalor|Jalore line of Chauhans]]. He captured it from the Paramaras in 1181 and took the clan name Songara after the place. His son, [[Samarasimha]], succeeded him in 1182. After him, [[Udayasimha]] became the ruler. The rule of Udayasimha was a golden period in the history of Jalore. He was a powerful and able ruler. He ruled over a large area. He regained [[Nadol]] and [[Mandore]] from the [[Muslims]]. In 1228 [[Iltutmish]] circled Jalore; however, Udayasimha offered stiff resistance. He was succeeded by [[Chachigadeva]] and [[Samantasimha (Chahamana)|Samantasimha]] respectively. After Samantasimha his son [[Kanhadadeva]] became ruler of Jalore.

During the reign of Kanhadadeva, [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Jalore|Jalore was conquered in 1311]] by [[Ala ud din Khilji|Alauddin Khilji]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]].

Jalore was conquered by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] of [[Ratlam State|Ratlam]] and remained a part of [[Jodhpur State]] until it integrated into India.<ref>Rathors of Marwar pg.212</ref>

== Physical features ==

Jalore fort is perched atop a steep and perpendicular hill. It commands the town from rocky outcrop 336m (1200 ft) high fortified with a wall and bastions with cannon mounted upon them.

The fort has four gigantic gates; however, it is approachable only from one side, after a two-mile (3 km) long serpentine ascent. The approach to the fort is from the north, up a steep, slippery road through three rows of fortification to a single rampart wall 6.1m (20ft) high. It takes an hour to climb up. The fort is built on the lines of traditional [[Hindu architecture]].

'''The main poles or gates'''

Built into the front wall are four mighty gates or pols that lead into the fort: The Suraj Pol, Dhruv Pol, Chand Pol and the Sire Pol. The Suraj Pol or the "Sun gate" is built so that the first rays of the morning sun enter through this gateway. It is an impressive gate with a small watch tower built over it. The Dhruv Pol is rather simple looking compared to Suraj Pol.

== Attractions inside the fort ==
The mahal or "the residential palace" inside the fort is now desolated, and what is left of it are the ruined symmetrical walls with huge rock formations around it. The cut-stone walls of the fort are still intact at many places. There are some drinking water tanks in the fort.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Swarngiri |title=Rajasthan: Lesser Known Destinations |date=1999 |publisher=Department Tourism, Art & Culture, Government of Rajasthan |language=en}}</ref>

===Hindu temples===
There is an old [[Shiva]] temple, a temple devoted to Lord Shiva. It was built by Kanhaddev Ruler of Jalore. Same was renovated by Mah Singh Ruler of [[Jodhpur]] and built a Samadhi Mandir of Shri Jalandharnath. Recently this temple renovated again by Shri Santinathji Maharaj in 2005 with all facility for devotees. A triple temple dedicated to Amba Mata, Ashapuri and [[Hanuman]] ji is also located within the fort premises.

===The Islamic mosques===
The Kila Masjid (Fort Mosque) within the fort is also noteworthy as they demonstrate the widespread influence of the architectural decorations associated with the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] styles of the period (i.e. late 16th century). This is because it was built by destroying existing Hindu temple.

Another shrine in the fort is that of Saint Rehmad Ali Baba. Near the main gate, there is the tomb of Malik Shah, a noted Mohammedan saint.

===The Jain temples===
Jalore is also a place of pilgrimage for [[Jain]]s and the famous Jain temples of [[Rishabha (Jain tirthankar)|Adinath]], [[Mahavira]], [[Parshvnath]] and [[Shantinath]] are located here.

The oldest temple is that of [[Rishabha (Jain tirthankar)|Adinath]], which existed as far back as in the 8th century. The [[mandapa]] was subsequently built in 1182 A.D. by Yasovira, a [[Srimali]] vaishya. The temple stands out the most among the dark fort walls and rocky surrounding. Built in white marble this imposing structure is quite a sight.

The temple of [[Parsvanath]] was built by the ruler of Jalore and then rebuilt in 1785 A.D. This temple has a spectacular toran or an archway and a golden "cupola" in the hall meant for theatre performances. Built near the Bal Pol, which is situated northwest of the fort.

The temple of [[Mahavira]] was also known as Chandanavihara Nahadarao, named after a [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] ruler and a hero of Jain tradition who built it in the 14th century.

The temples of Santinatha and the Ashtapads are believed to have existed in the 13th century.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721191408/http://www.maharajajodhpur.com/hh/magic_jalore.htm maharajajodhpur]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111007100206/http://jalore.nic.in/ Jalore district Official Website]

{{Forts in Rajasthan}}
{{Forts in India}}

[[Category:Forts in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Jalore district]]
[[Category:8th-century Jain temples]]

Thopanangadi

2025-05-11T22:36:42Z

Corel Bazaar: expanded information further and updated info per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

{{More citations needed|date=May 2025}}

'''Thopanangadi''' is a small village in [[Shirva, India|Shirva]], Karnataka, India<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> which is 17 km far away from [[Udupi]]. 100-175 people live in Thopanangadi.

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Udupi district}}

[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]

{{Udupi-geo-stub}}

2004 Indian general election in Pondicherry

2025-05-10T09:34:49Z

Corel Bazaar: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency#General election 2004]]

{{R to section}}

Mukut Bihari

2024-09-21T08:09:16Z

Corel Bazaar: expand content for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1945)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = श्री मुकुट बिहारी वर्मा.jpg
| office1 = Minister of Co-operation [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 19 March 2017
| term_end1 = 25 March 2022
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 = [[Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore]]
| office2 = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kaiserganj Assembly constituency|Kaiserganj]]
| term_start2 = 2012
| term_end2 = 2022
| predecessor2 = Gulam Mohammad Khan
| successor2 = Anand Kumar
| term_start3 = 2002
| term_end3 = 2007
| predecessor3 = Ram Tej Yadav
| successor3 = Gulam Mohammad Khan
| constituency3 = [[Kaiserganj Assembly constituency|Kaiserganj]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1945|12|28}}
| birth_place = [[Bahraich district|Madaria]], [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Savitri|1962}}
| father = Ramsukh Verma
| education = [[LLB]]
| source = http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12219/17
}}

'''Mukut Bihari''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Bihari is a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kaiserganj (Assembly constituency)]] in [[Bahraich district]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-targets-biggest-voter-pie-hopes-for-three-region-sweep-in-uttar-pradesh/articleshow/56576072.cms |title=BJP targets biggest voter pie, hopes for three-region sweep in Uttar Pradesh |first=Aman |last=Sharma |date=January 16, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/In-UP-BJP-eyes-to-reap-surgical-op-benefit/articleshow/54665695.cms |title=In UP, BJP eyes to reap surgical op benefit |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |first=Rajiv |last=Srivastava |date=October 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/kaiserganj.html Kaiserganj (Uttar Pradesh) Election and Results 2017]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Yogi ministry|Cooperative=Mukut Bihari Verma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bihari, Mukut}}
[[Category:People from Bahraich district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Yogi ministry]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1945 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Jaitwara

2024-07-28T02:12:21Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaitwara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|44|15|N|80|52|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Satna district|Satna]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8903
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jaitwara''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Satna district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]].

== Demographics ==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Jaitwara had a population of 8,903. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Jaitwara has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 50%. In Jaitwara, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age. It is located near the border of Uttar Pradesh. The nearest city is Satna.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rewa Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Satna district]]

29 AD Regiment (Samba)

2024-07-11T10:11:50Z

Corel Bazaar: rework structure based on references per sources

{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=29 AD Regiment (Samba)
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1957 – present
|country={{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
|allegiance=India
|branch= [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
|type= [[Corps of Army Air Defence]]
|role=
|size= Regiment
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders=

|identification_symbol=29 AD Regt
|identification_symbol_label=Abbreviation

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto= [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|आकाशे शत्रुन् जहि}} [[English language|English]]: {{lang|en|Defeat the Enemy in the Sky}} Ho ki hoi na! ho!!!
|colors= {{color box|#81BFFD}} {{color box|#DB0606}} Sky Blue and Red
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=
|anniversaries=1 January (Raising Day) 7 December (Battle Honours Day)
|decorations= [[Vir Chakra]] 2 [[Sena Medal]] 4 [[Mentioned in dispatches|Mention in Despatches]] 8
|battle_honours= ‘SAMBA VA / VP’<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/feb01-14/h9.htm|title='Samba' Honour Title Day|date=2014-02-01|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref>
}}
'''29 Air Defence Regiment (Samba)''' is an [[Anti-aircraft warfare|Air Defence]] regiment of the [[Indian Army]].

== Formation ==
The Regiment was raised on 1 January 1957 at [[Tirumalagiri|Trimulgherry]] in [[Secunderabad]] and the first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) Kanwar Bharat Singh. It was designated the '''29 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment''' and was equipped with [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm, L-60 guns]]. The initial troops were from the 8 and 9 Border Scout Battalions.<ref name="APO">{{cite web|url= https://samsshopping.com/product/29-ad-regt-samba/|title=29 AD-Golden Jubilee -Indian Army Postal Cover|date=|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> The regiment consists of 107, 108 and 109 air defence batteries.<ref name="DJAPO">{{cite web|url= https://exclusivecoins.blogspot.com/2017/08/562-29-air-defence-regiment.html|title=29 AD-Diamond Jubilee -Indian Army Postal Cover|date=2016-12-24|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref>

==Class composition==
The regiment consists of a battery each of [[Kumaon division|Kumaoni]], [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] and [[Gurkha|Gorkhali]] troops.<ref name="DJAPO"/><ref name="Sainik">{{cite web|url= http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2007/mar01-07/h9.htm|title=Golden Guns|date=2007-03-01|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref>

==Operations==
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965|Indo-Pak War (1965)]]: The regiment participated in Operation Ablaze between April and July 1965. It then saw action during Operation Riddle in the [[Sialkot]] sector under the command of [[1st Armoured Division (India)|1 Armoured Division]] from September to December 1965.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gulati|first=YB|title=History of the Regiment of Artillery, Indian Army|publisher=Leo Cooper Ltd|year=1973|page=280|isbn=978-0850521184}}</ref> It was the only air defence regiment integral to a field formation and was equipped with the [[Self-propelled artillery|self-propelled]] [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm, L-60 guns]] mounted on [[Morris Motors|Morris]] trucks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Mandeep|title= Baptism Under Fire: Anti Aircraft Artillery in India Pakistan War 1965|year=2017|publisher= VIJ Books (India) Pty Ltd|isbn= 978-9386457127}}</ref> Gunner (DMT) Prem Kumar was killed by enemy fire while taking down a Pakistani [[North American F-86 Sabre|Sabre]] jet near the Ammunition Point at Charma. In another incident, Major Harnam Grover, the Battery Commander of 107 AD Battery, personally took on a Pakistani aircraft and shot it down, but was seriously injured. For this brave actions, he was awarded the first gallantry award of the regiment in the form of [[mentioned in dispatches]].<ref name="APO"/><ref name="DJAPO"/> Following these incidents, the regiments got the sobriquet of "Sabre Slayers of Sialkot".
;[[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]: The regiment provided air defence protection to the assets of [[I Corps (India)|1 Corps]] in the Samba Sector.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Jagjit |title=Indian Gunners at War: The Western Front 1971|date=1994|publisher= Spantech & Lancer|isbn=978-1897829554|page=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/barodians-witness-indian-armys-weaponry-and-valour/articleshow/66020645.cms|title= Barodians witness Indian Army’s weaponry and valour|date=2018-10-01| access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> The gunners of the regiment successfully repulsed many Pakistani aircraft attacks on Indian airfields in the western border. 7 December 1971 saw an intense air defence battle over the skies of [[Samba district|Samba]]. During four different air raids, 14 Pakistani aircraft attacked the artillery gun areas located in the Samba Sector. These raids were effectively beaten back forcing the Pakistani Air Force to change tactics and attack the air defence guns itself. During this battle, four Pakistani aircraft (three [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19s]] and one Sabre Jet) were shot.<ref name="DJAPO"/> Gunner Bhadreshwar Pathak was posthumously awarded the [[Vir Chakra]]. He was deployed for protection of the gun area of a medium regiment and had successfully hit a MiG 19 on 7 December 1971. On the next day, five Sabre jets attacked his gun position. Disregarding his personal safety, he kept on supplying ammunition to his gun, till he was fatally wounded.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1320-1972-0025-58795.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 25, page 670|date=1972-06-17|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> Lance Havildar Bal Bahadur was awarded the second Vir Chakra for shooting down two Pakistani aircraft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1972/O-1321-1972-0034-58847.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 34, page 938|date=1972-08-19|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> The gunners of the regiment took down a total of eleven aircraft during the war - five MiGs and six F-86 Sabres.<ref name="Sainik"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/golden-moments-air-defence-regiment-celebrates-49th-samba-day/|title=Golden moments: Air Defence Regiment celebrates 49th Samba Day|date=2020-12-08|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref> For its exceptional performance in the war and heroic action of the gunners, the regiment was given the honour title ''Samba Vulnerable Area / Vulnerable Point''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2014/feb16-14/h13.htm|title= Army Air Defence Raising Day|date=2014-02-14|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref> In addition to the two Vir Chakras, the regiment was awarded three [[Sena Medal]]s (Naib Subedar Sardar Singh, Havildar Hira Singh, Naik Sohan Singh) and seven mentioned in dispatches.<ref name="APO"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1253-1974-0019-55503.pdf|title=Gazette of India, No 19, page 531|date=1974-05-11|access-date=2021-08-27}}</ref>
;Other Operations<ref name="APO"/> -
*[[Counterinsurgency|Counter-insurgency]] operations
*[[Kargil War|Operation Vijay]] – 17 June 1999 to 1 November 1999
*[[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff|Operation Parakram]] – 18 December 2001 to 9 January 2003
*[[2019 Vadodara flood]] – The regiment took part in rescue operations and evacuated more than 1,000 people and shifted almost 3,000 stranded railway passengers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/air-defence-regiment-evacuated-1000-flood-affected-persons/articleshow/70572802.cms|title=Air Defence regiment evacuates 1,000 flood-affected people in Vadodara|date=2019-08-07|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-train-and-bus-services-hit-after-heavy-rain-5870893/|title=Gujarat: Train and bus services hit after heavy rain|date=2019-08-02|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref>

==Regimental Motto==
The motto of the regiment is ''Ho ki hoi na! ho!!!'', which loosely translates to ''What is there now won’t be there tomorrow, so live for today''.<ref name="APO"/>

==Other achievements==
# Honour Title - 29 AD Regiment was tasked to provide air defence protection to Vulnerable Areas / Vulnerable Points (VAs/VPs) of a Strike Corps during 1971 Operations. It provided AD protection to medium guns of an Independent Artillery Brigade. During the course of the operation, the Pakistan Air Force carried out several air raids on the VAs/VPs. The maximum onslaught was on 03 December 1971, when 13 MiG-19 and four F-86 Sabres attacked the gun areas. 29 AD Regiment successfully repulsed the attacks without any damage to the gun areas. Five MiG-19 and six f-86 Sabres were shot down by the Regiment. For the commendable performance in the Samba Sector, 29 AD Regiment was awarded the Battle Honour title "SAMBA VA/VP".
# The regiment was awarded the Director General Army Air Defence's (DGAAD) unit appreciation award four times in the years 2005, 2011, 2013 and 2020.
# The unit was awarded the GOC-in-C [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]] Unit Citation in the year 2020.

==Notable personnel==
Lieutenant General Kuldip Singh {{small|PVSM, AVSM, ADC}} – He was commissioned in the regiment and was Director General of [[Corps of Army Air Defence|Army Air Defence]] from July 2011 to June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://indianarmy.gov.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmPhotoGalleryWithMenuWithTitle.aspx?MnId=eEoD8a4cXLqbQaWk+Q1DIw==&ParentID=e3K60Zhm0/ifJeO1HVvEeg==|title=Director General|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.spslandforces.com/ebook/26022012.pdf| title= ‘Airpower by itself cannot achieve lasting victory or success without boots on the ground’|date=2012-04-01|access-date=2021-08-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1957]]
[[Category:Air defence regiments of the Indian Army]]

Bhat clan

2024-05-20T04:18:05Z

Corel Bazaar: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Bhat]]

Maya Sarabhai

2024-05-02T01:36:36Z

Corel Bazaar: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[List_of_Sarabhai_vs_Sarabhai_characters#Maya Sarabhai née Majumdar]]

[[Category: Fictional Indian people]]

Saidanpur

2024-02-25T15:44:17Z

Corel Bazaar:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Saidanpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Rahi block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Saidanpur (#481) in Rahi CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.180106|N|81.202965|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.779
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1854
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Saidanpur''' is a village in [[Rahi, Raebareli|Rahi]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=219–43 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 9 km from [[Rae Bareli]], the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, it has a population of 1,854 people, in 330 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no medical facilities. It hosts a permanent market but not a weekly [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/> It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Khagipur Sandwa]].<ref name="Census 1991"/>

The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Saidanpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a population of 658 people (333 male and 325 female), in 156 households and 152 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1951">{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (42 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=152–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/933/1/23644_1951_RAE.pdf |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 674 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1951"/> 9 residents were literate, all male.<ref name="Census 1951"/> The village was listed as belonging to the [[pargana]] of Rae Bareli South and the [[thana]] of [[Kotwali, Raebareli|Kotwali]].<ref name="Census 1951"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Saidanpur as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 734 people (376 male and 358 female), in 161 households and 156 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xlviii-xlix of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 674 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Saidanpur as having a population of 1,118 people, in 213 households, and having an area of 100.37 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=96–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Saidanpur as having a total population of 1,397 people (718 male and 679 female), in 250 households and 250 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1991">{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village & Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 132–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1443/1/36846_1991_RAE.pdf |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was listed as 272 hectares.<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 315, or 22.5% of the total; this group was 51% male (162) and 49% female (153).<ref name="Census 1991"/> Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 474, or 34% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 27% (303 men and 78 women).<ref name="Census 1991"/> 400 people were classified as main workers (336 men and 64 women), while 6 people were classified as marginal workers (all women); the remaining 991 residents were non-workers.<ref name="Census 1991"/> The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 278 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 89 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 3 household industry workers; 13 workers employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 4 [[construction worker]]s; 3 employed in trade and commerce; 2 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 8 in other services.<ref name="Census 1991"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Donalia

2024-02-09T04:57:46Z

Corel Bazaar: Started a bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Donalia
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4587|N|88.1229|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type =
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.2161
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6081
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 03485
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 742213
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-57, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-58
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raghunathganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Raghunathganj]]
| website = {{URL|murshidbad.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Donalia''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Raghunathganj II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Jangipur subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=550| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|6|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the southern portion of Jangipur subdivision, Murshidabad district (including Suti I, Raghunathganj I, Raghunathganj II, Sagardighi CD blocks)''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Facility Abbreviation- TPS: Thermal Power Station, AMU: Aligarh Muslim University Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|33|50|N|88|3|18|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Ramakantapur | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ramakantapur]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|31|52|N|88|4|6|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Fatellapur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Fatellapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|34|8|N|88|2|13|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Madna| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Madna, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|3|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Nayabahadurpur| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Nayabahadurpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|28|2|N|88|2|2|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ghorsala| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Ghorsala]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|27|36|N|88|3|0|E}} | label-pos6= bottom|label6= Srikantabati| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Srikantabati]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|27|0|N|88|4|45|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Charka| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Charka, Jangipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|26|35|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Dafarpur| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Dafarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|26|9|N|88|6|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Ramnagar| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Ramnagar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|24|27|N|88|4|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Mirzapur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Mirzapur, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|30|30|N|88|4|36|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Giria| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Giria, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|29|11|N|88|4|57|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Mithipur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Mithipur]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|28|20|N|88|5|37|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Jot Kamal| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Jot Kamal]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|27|54|N|88|5|44|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Osmanpur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Osmanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|36|N|88|28|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Sahajadpur| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sahajadpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|27|45|N|88|6|27|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16= Khodarampur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Khodarampur]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|27|21|N|88|7|22|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Donalia| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=Donalia (CT)|shape-color17=black| label-size17=13|label-color17=black 
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|26|55|N|88|7|53|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Teghari| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Teghari, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|26|26|N|88|9|9|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Krishna Sali| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Krishna Sali]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|26|0|N|88|10|32|E}} | label-pos20=bottom|label20= Bara Jumla| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Bara Jumla]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|31|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= AMU: Murshidabad Centre| numbered21=F| mark-title21= [[Aligarh Muslim University: Murshidabad Centre]] (F) |shape-color21=#967117
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|22|9|N|88|6|22|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Sagardighi TPS| numbered22=F| mark-title22= [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]] (F) |shape-color22=#967117
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|28|8|N|88|6|11|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Jangipur| numbered23=M| mark-title23=[[Jangipur, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color23= #800000
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|31|5|N|88|1|12|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Ahiran| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Ahiran]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|24|N|87|59|40|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Bansabati| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Bansabati]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|31|32|N|87|59|23|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26= Harua| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Harua]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|24|21|33|N|88|6|51|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Manigram| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Manigram]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|18|20|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Morgram| numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Morgram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|28|14|N|88|2|58|E}} | label-pos29=top|label29= Raghunathganj| numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Raghunathganj]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|33|0|N|88|2|1|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Sadikpur| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Sadikpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|17|50|N|88|5|5|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31= Sagardighi| numbered31=R| mark-title31= [[Sagardighi, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color31=#C40000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|17|38|N|88|11|9|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32= Nurpur| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Nurpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|25|56|N|88|5|4|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Rajnagar| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Rajnagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|34|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label34= Padma River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 80| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|24|35|0|N|87|58|20|E}} | label35= Farakka Feeder Canal | label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= 43| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none
|mark-coord36={{coord|24|33|20|N|87|58|40|E}}| label36=Bansloi River| label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 30| label-pos36=right| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|23|0|N|88|9|0|E}} | label37= Bhagirathi River| label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 40| label-pos37=right| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|20|57|N|88|4|23|E}} | label-pos38= left|label38=Kherur Mosque| numbered38=H| mark-title38= [[Kherur Mosque]] (H)| shape-color38=#AA6666
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|88|10|0|E}}|arc-textA= BANGLADESH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=50| arc-gapA=4.0| arc-radiusA=0.35}}

===Location===
Donalia is located at {{coord|24.4587|N|88.1229|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Jangipur subdivision is crowded with 52 [[census towns]] and as such it had to be presented in two location maps. One of the maps can be seen alongside. The subdivision is located in the [[Rarh region]] that is spread over from adjoining [[Santhal Pargana division]] of [[Jharkhand]]. The land is slightly higher in altitude than the surrounding plains and is gently undulating.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref> The river [[Ganges]], along with its distributaries, is prominent in both the maps. At the head of the subdivision is the 2,245 m long [[Farakka Barrage]], one of the largest projects of its kind in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fbp.gov.in/ | title = Farakka Barrage Project | publisher = FBP | access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref> Murshidabad district shares with Bangladesh a porous international border which is notoriously crime prone (partly shown in this map).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://edgeofhumanity.com/2020/12/27/child-labor-illnesses-lost-childhoods-indias-tobacco-industry/ |title = Child labour, illness & lost childhoods, India’s tobacco industry |publisher= Edge of Humanity Magazine, 27 December 2020| access-date = 13 July 2021}}</ref> The subdivision has two large power plants - the 2,100 MW [[Farakka Super Thermal Power Station]] and the 1,600 MW [[Sagardighi Thermal Power Station]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ntpc.co.in/power-generation/coal-based-power-stations/farakka | title= Power Generation | work= Farakka |publisher= NTPC| access-date = 7 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | title = The West Bengal Power Development Corporation Limited | work = Sagardighi Thermal Power Project | publisher = WBPDCL | access-date = 15 August 2017 | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115439/http://www.wbpdcl.co.in/wbpdcl/sagardighipowerstation.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to a 2016 report, there are around 1,000,000 (1 million/ ten lakh) workers engaged in the [[beedi]] industry in Jangipur subdivision. 90% are home-based and 70% of the home-based workers are women.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/28080/6/06_chapter%201.pdf| title = Child workers in household industry: a study of beedi industry in Murshidabad district of West Bengal | first= Sunirmal| last= Kar| work = Viswa Bharati University thesis, page 5 | publisher = Shodhganga | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thestatesman.com/features/the-poor-man-s-cigarette-1485045757.html | title = The ‘Poor man’s cigarette’ | work = Gurvinder Singh | publisher = The Statesman, 22 January 2017 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Beedi-workers-of-Jangipur-hold-key/article16588097.ece#! | title = Beedi workers of Jangipur hold key | work = Indrani Dutta | publisher = The Hindu, 1 May 2009 | access-date = 28 August 2017}}</ref> As of 2013, an estimated 2.4 million people reside along the banks of the [[Ganges]] alone in Murshidabad district. [[River bank erosion along the Ganges in Malda and Murshidabad districts|Severe erosion]] occurs along the banks.<ref name="erosion1">{{cite web | url = http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | title = Types and sources of floods in Murshidabad, West Bengal | work = Swati Mollah | publisher = Indian Journal of Applied Research, February 2013 | access-date = 5 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170820073737/http://gangawaterway.in/assets/7-murshidabad.pdf | archive-date = 20 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The two maps present some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the maps are linked in the larger full screen maps.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Donalia had a total population of 6,081, of which 3,043 (50%) were males and 3,038 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 1,032. The total number of literate persons in Donalia was 2,979 (59.00% of the population 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, Series 20, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 314141, page 32-33|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 2 July 2021}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook, Murshidabad'', 2011, Donalia covered an area of 1.2161 km2. It had 21 km roads with open drains. The protected water-supply involved pressure tank, hand pump. It had 520 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 hospital, 4 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities, it had 4 primary schools, 1 middle school. It produced [[beedi]] and [[Papadam|papad]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Murshidabad, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 981-987: Statement I: Growth History, Pages 990-993: Statement III: Civic & Other Amenities, Pages 993-995: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 995-1001 Section V: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities; Pages 1 001- 1002: Statement VI: Industry & Banking | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2021}}</ref>

== Healthcare ==
Raghunathganj II CD block is one of the areas of Murshidabad district where ground water is affected by a high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. The maximum concentration in Raghunathaganj II CD block is 875 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Murshidabad| access-date = 4 August 2017| archive-date = 22 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722092741/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb1.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Murshidabad District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Murshidabad district]]

Hatkanangle (Lok Sabha constituency)

2022-07-29T15:34:26Z

Corel Bazaar: Page refined with updated information

#REDIRECT [[Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency]]

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