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Ram Chandra Paudel

2026-05-20T16:18:03Z

CoralRaphael599:

{{Short description|President of Nepal since 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = 
| honorific_suffix = 
| name = Ram Chandra Paudel
| native_name = {{nobold|रामचन्द्र पौडेल}}
| image = President Ram Chandra Poudel, Official portrait (January 2024).jpg
| caption = Paudel in 2024
| order = 
| office = [[President of Nepal]]
| term_start = 13 March 2023
| vice_president = [[Nanda Kishor Pun]]<br>[[Ram Sahaya Yadav]]
| prime_minister = [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]<br>[[K. P. Sharma Oli]]<br>[[Sushila Karki]]{{small| (interim)}}<br>[[Balen Shah]]
| predecessor = [[Bidya Devi Bhandari]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Leader of the Opposition (Nepal)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| term_start1 = 6 February 2011
| term_end1 = 14 March 2013
| prime_minister1 = [[Jhala Nath Khanal]]<br>[[Baburam Bhattarai]]
| predecessor1 = Pushpa Kamal Dahal
| successor1 = Pushpa Kamal Dahal (2014)
| office2 = [[Speaker of the House of Representatives (Nepal)|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]
| term_start2 = 18 December 1994
| term_end2 = 23 March 1999
| monarch2 = [[Birendra of Nepal|Birendra]]
| deputy2 = Ram Vilas Yadav<br>Lila Shrestha Subba<br>[[Bhojraj Joshi]]
| predecessor2 = [[Daman Nath Dhungana]]
| successor2 = [[Taranath Ranabhat]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Ministerial positions|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| office3 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]]
| term_start3 = 1 February 2000
| term_end3 = 13 July 2001
| monarch3 = Birendra
| prime_minister3 = [[Krishna Prasad Bhattarai]]<br/>[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]
| predecessor3 = [[Shailaja Acharya]] (1998){{efn|This position was vacant from 23 December 1998 until 1 February 2001.}}
| successor3 = [[Bharat Mohan Adhikari]] (2004){{efn|name=fn1|There was no deputy prime minister from 13 July 2001 until 5 July 2004.}}
| office4 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (Nepal)|Minister of Home Affairs of Nepal]]
| term_start4 = 29 September 2000
| term_end4 = 13 July 2001
| monarch4 = Birendra
| prime_minister4 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| predecessor4 = [[Govinda Raj Joshi]]
| successor4 = [[Chakra Prasad Bastola]]
| office5 = Minister of Education of Nepal
| term_start5 = 10 March 2000
| term_end5 = 20 March 2000
| monarch5 = Birendra
| prime_minister5 = Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
| predecessor5 = Yog Prasad Upadhaya
| successor5 = Amod Prasad Upadhyay
| office6 = Minister of Agriculture of Nepal
| term_start6 = 27 July 1992
| term_end6 = 30 November 1994
| monarch6 = Birendra
| prime_minister6 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| predecessor6 = Shailaja Acharya
| successor6 = [[Radha Krishna Mainali]]
| office7 = Minister of Local Development of Nepal
| term_start7 = 21 March 2000
| term_end7 = 7 February 2001
| monarch7 = Birendra
| prime_minister7 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| predecessor7 = Chiranjibi Wagle
| successor7 = Govinda Raj Joshi
| term_start8 = 29 May 1991
| term_end8 = 30 November 1994
| monarch8 = Birendra
| prime_minister8 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| predecessor8 = [[Mahendra Narayan Nidhi]]
| successor8 = [[C. P. Mainali]]
| office9 = Minister of Information and Communication of Nepal
| term_start9 = 1 February 2000
| term_end9 = 20 March 2000
| monarch9 = Birendra
| prime_minister9 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| predecessor9 = [[Purna Bahadur Khadka]]
| successor9 = [[Jay Prakash Gupta]]
| office10 = Minister of Peace and Reconstruction of Nepal
| term_start10 = 1 April 2007
| term_end10 = 18 August 2008
| president10 = Girija Prasad Koirala {{smaller|(as Acting Head of State of Nepal)}}
| prime_minister10 = Girija Prasad Koirala
| predecessor10 = Position established
| successor10 = Janardan Sharma
{{Collapsed infobox section end|Ministerial positions|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Parliamentary offices|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| office11 = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]]
| term_start11 = 22 December 2022
| term_end11 = 9 March 2023
| predecessor11 = [[Krishna Kumar Shrestha]]
| successor11 = [[Swarnim Wagle]]
| constituency11 = [[Tanahun 1]]
| term_start12 = 28 April 2006
| term_end12 = 16 January 2008
| predecessor12 = ''Himself'' (2002)
| successor12 = ''Himself'' (as Member of the Constituent Assembly)
| constituency12 = [[Tanahun 2]]
| term_start13 = 15 December 1994
| term_end13 = 22 May 2002
| predecessor13 = [[Govinda Raj Joshi]]
| successor13 = ''Himself'' (2006)
| constituency13 = [[Tanahun 2]]
| term_start14 = 20 June 1991
| term_end14 = 11 July 1994
| predecessor14 = ''Constituency established''
| successor14 = Govinda Raj Joshi
| constituency14 = [[Tanahun 1]]
| office15 = Member of the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Constituent Assembly]] / [[2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly|Legislature Parliament]]
| term_start15 = 28 May 2008
| term_end15 = 14 October 2017
| predecessor15 = ''Himself'' (as Member of Parliament)
| successor15 = [[Kedar Sigdel]] (as Member of Parliament)
| constituency15 = [[Tanahun 2]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end|Parliamentary offices|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Senior party positions|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| office16 = Vice President of the [[Nepali Congress]]
| term_start16 = 2008
| term_end16 = 2016
| predecessor16 = [[Prakash Man Singh]]<br>[[Gopal Man Shrestha]]
| successor16 = [[Bimalendra Nidhi]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end|Senior party positions|titlestyle=background-color:lavender}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1944|10|06|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Tanahun]], Nepal
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (since 2023)
| other_party = [[Nepali Congress]] (until 2023)
| spouse = [[:simple:Sabita_Poudel|Sabita Poudel]]
| children = 5
}}

'''Ram Chandra Paudel'''{{efn|{{Langx|ne|रामचन्द्र पौडेल|Rāmacandra Pauḍel}}; {{IPA|ne|rämt͡sʌn̪d̪rʌ‿pʌu̯ɽel|IPA}}}} (born 6 October 1944) is a Nepalese politician serving as the third [[president of Nepal]] since 2023. A former senior leader of the [[Nepali Congress]], Paudel previously served as the [[Speaker (politics)|speaker]] of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|House of Representatives]] from 1994 to 1999, and was the [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal|deputy prime minister]] and [[Ministry of Home Affairs (Nepal)|Minister for Home Affairs]] from 1999 to 2002. First elected to [[Federal Parliament of Nepal|parliament]] in [[1991 Nepalese general election|1991]], he served in numerous other ministerial positions and was the [[Leader of the Opposition (Nepal)|Leader of the Opposition]] from 2011 to 2013, as the parliamentary party leader of the Nepali Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paudel caps his career with presidency |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/03/10/paudel-caps-his-career-with-presidency |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ram Chandra Paudel was born on 6 October 1944 in a [[Bahun]] farming family in the remote village of [[Satiswara]], located in the present-day [[Vyas Municipality]] of [[Tanahun District]]. He completed his secondary education ([[School Leaving Certificate (Nepal)|SLC]]) from Nandi Ratri Secondary School in Kathmandu and studied [[Sanskrit literature]] at the [[Nepal Sanskrit University]] from 1963 to 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=१४ वर्षको बन्दी जीवनदेखि राष्ट्रपतिसम्म |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/56856 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=रासस |date=2021-06-14 |title=संस्कृत भाषाको पुनर्जागरण गर्नुपर्छः रामचन्द्र पौडेल |url=https://deshsanchar.com/2021/06/14/521649/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=देशसञ्चार |language=en-US}}</ref> He also completed a [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[Nepali literature]] from the [[Tribhuvan University]] in 1970, appearing in his examinations while being detained in prison for anti-Panchayat activities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=वामपन्थी राजनीति छाडेर कांग्रेसमा होमिएका रामचन्द्र, यस्तो छ बेलथुम्कीदेखि शीतलनिवाससम्मको यात्रा :: शिलापत्र संवाददाता :: Shilapatra शिलापत्र - खबरको स्थायी ठेगाना |url=https://shilapatra.com/detail/107292 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=shilapatra}}</ref>

==Political career==

=== Early years and student politics (1960s and 1970s) ===
Paudel got into politics aged just 16 when he joined the protests and movement against the [[1960 Nepal coup d'état|dismissal]] of the [[B.P. Koirala cabinet, 1959|B.P. Koirala-led government]] and imposition of [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat rule]] by [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] in December 1960, and participated in numerous Congress-led armed struggles for the restoration of democracy in the 1960s. A key campaigner for the students’ movement in Nepal, he was elected president of the student union at the Saraswati Campus in 1967 and elected general secretary of the Democratic Socialist Youth League in 1968.

Paudel, became a member of the [[Arjun Narasingha K.C.]] led Student Rally Coordination Committee along with [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite news |title=पाँचौँ पटक प्रधानमन्त्री बनेका शेरबहादुर देउवा को हुन्? |url=https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-57818500 |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=BBC News नेपाली |language=ne}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=को हुन् देउवा ? के चाहन्छन् उनी ? |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2021/07/990197 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> He took initiatives in organizing the [[Nepal Student Union]], the Congress party’s student wing established in 1970, and was the union's founding central committee member.

=== Party politics (1970s – 2023) ===
Paudel entered into mainstream party politics in 1977, when he was elected member of the Nepali Congress Tanahun district committee. He was elected vice-president of the district committee in 1979, and president in 1980. Paudel was appointed coordinator of the Nepali Congress's Central Publicity Committee in 1983, and was appointed member of the party's central committee and chief of the party's central level publicity bureau in 1987.

Paudel was first elected to parliament from [[Tanahun 1 (constituency)|Tanahun 1]] in the [[1991 Nepalese general election|1991 general election]], and served as the Minister for Local Development and Agriculture from May 1991 to 1994.

In the [[1994 Nepalese general election|1994 general election]], he switched seats and was elected from [[Tanahun 2 (constituency)|Tanahun 2]], a seat he then held consecutively until 2017. Paudel was elected speaker of the House of Representatives following the election, and served until 1999. Following the [[1999 Nepalese general election|1999 general election]], he was appointed deputy prime minister and Minister for Home Affairs, and he served in those positions until 2002.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ram Chandra Paudel elected new President of Nepal |url=https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/ram-chandra-paudel-elected-new-president-of-nepal-39370 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Annapurna Express |language=en}}</ref>
Paudel was elected general secretary of the Nepali Congress following the party's general convention in 2006. He played an important role in the peace process as the coordinator of the Peace Secretariat after the end of the civil war, and served as the Minister for Peace and Reconstruction from 2007 to 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Paudel was elected vice-president of the Nepali Congress in 2008, and defeated former prime minister [[Sher Bahadur Deuba]] to become Congress' parliamentary party leader following the [[2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election|2008 Constituent Assembly election]]. Paudel contested the prime ministerial election in parliament in 2010, but was not elected even after 17 rounds of election.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-10 |title=Ram Chandra Paudel Failed to Become Nepal Prime Minister 17 Times, But Won President Polls in First Attempt |url=https://www.news18.com/world/ram-chandra-paudel-failed-in-nepal-general-election-17-times-won-president-polls-in-first-attempt-7262011.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He served as the Congress party's acting president after the death of [[Sushil Koirala]] in 2016, but was defeated by Deuba in the party's 13th general convention later in the year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-02-16 |title=Koirala's death sparks leadership tussle in Nepali Congress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/koirala-s-death-sparks-leadership-tussle-in-nepali-congress/story-1cm5vdQrfpUTtFvb6rldXN.html |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-07 |title=Sher Bahadur Deuba elected Nepali Congress president |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/sher-bahadur-deuba-elected-nepali-congress-president |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Having decided to switch back to his old seat of Tanahun 1, Paudel was defeated by [[Krishna Kumar Shrestha]] of the CPN (UML) in the [[2017 Nepalese general election|2017 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Sandeep |date=2017-12-10 |title=NC senior leader Poudel defeated in Tanahun 1 |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepali-congress-senior-leader-ramchandra-poudel-defeated-tanahun-1 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref> He remained active in party politics, and was elected from Tanahun 1 in the [[2022 Nepalese general election|2022 general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=NC leader Paudel elected as HoR member from Tanahun-1 |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/133874/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>

=== Detentions ===
Paudel spent over 15 years as a prisoner of conscience on various occasions, mostly for being an opponent of the panchayat system. He was detained on the following occasions:{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

* For 10 months in 1962 in connection with the armed seizure of [[Bharatpur, Nepal|Bharatpur]] by Nepali Congress.
* For 12 months in 1964 in connection with student movements in Kathmandu.
* For 6 months in 1966 for being involved in a movement to oust the then-Deputy inspector General of Police.
* For 14 months in 1967 in connection with organisational activities of DSYL in Pokhara.
* For one year in 1969 in connection with the reorganization of DSYL in western Nepal.
* For 3 months in 1970 for being involved in the organization and inauguration of Nepal Student Union.
* For 4 years from 1971 to 1975 for being involved in revitalizing political activities after the release of [[BP Koirala|B.P. Koirala]].
* For 10 months in 1977 for being involved in the Patan Conference of the Nepali Congress, where a decision was taken to launch a civil disobedience movement (''Satyagraha'') for the restoration of democracy and release of its ailing leader, B.P. Koirala.
* For 6 months in 1979 for taking a leading role in anti-Panchayat movements
* For 6 months in 1981 in connection with the boycott of [[1981 Nepalese general election|Panchayati elections]].
* For 9 months in 1985 in connection with the civil disobedience movement (''Satyagraha'').
* For 3 months in 1988 on a charge of publishing a Nepali Congress organ and for breaching the ''Publication Act''.
* For 5 months in 1989 on a charge of organizing and inspiring people to take part in movement for restoration of democracy.
* For about one and half years from 2003 to 2005 during the King's direct rule.

== Presidency (2023–present) ==

Paudel was the candidate from Nepali Congress and its 10-party alliance for the 2023 presidential election, and was [[2023 Nepalese presidential election|elected president on 9 March 2023]], defeating former speaker [[Subaschandra Nemwang|Subas Chandra Nemwang]] of the [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)|CPN (UML)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eight political parties to support Congress candidate in presidential election |url=https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2023/02/24/eight-political-parties-to-support-congress-candidate-in-presidential-election |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-09 |title=Nepal elects new president amid political uncertainty |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-president-parliament-vote-kathmandu-e1fb6b22fb61995262574c3bc4ad14e7 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref> He disassociated himself from all party responsibilities and resigned as an active member of the Nepali Congress after being elected president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President-elect Paudel separates himself from party responsibilities |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/137539/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> Paudel resigned as member of Parliament before assuming office as president on 13 March 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Paudel resigns as HoR member |url=https://english.khabarhub.com/2023/13/296505/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=Khabarhub |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=President Paudel assumes his office, resigns from the post of HoR member |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/137592/ |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref>

There were reports that Paudel had resigned as a result of the [[2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests|2025 Gen Z protests]].<ref name="09092025IndiaTV">{{cite news |last1=Sheoran |first1=Abhishek |title=President Ram Chandra Poudel resigns as violent protests push Nepal on edge |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/nepal-president-poudel-resigns-as-ardent-protests-push-kathmandu-on-edge-2025-09-09-1007427 |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=India TV |publisher=Independent News Service |date=9 September 2025}}</ref> He denied those reports and the [[Nepali Army]] confirmed that Paudel did not resign.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nepalese President's Resignation: New Statement Made in Kathmandu |url=https://unn.ua/en/news/nepalese-presidents-resignation-new-statement-made-in-kathmandu |access-date=9 September 2025 |work=Ukrainian National News (UNN) |date=9 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/topstories/nepal-protests-latest-ramchandra-paudel-hasnt-resigned-says-nepalese-army/ar-AA1Mca1T?ocid=BingNewsVerp|title=Nepal protests latest: Ramchandra Paudel hasn't resigned, says Nepalese Army|publisher=MSN|accessdate=10 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2025/09/09/nepal-army-confirms-president-ram-chandra-poudel-has-not-resigned-warns-protesters-against-taking-unfair-advantage.html|title=Nepal Army confirms President Ram Chandra Poudel has not resigned, warns protesters against taking 'unfair advantage'|publisher=The Week|accessdate=10 September 2025|date=10 September 2025}}</ref> His [[official residence]] as president, the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan, Kathmandu|Rastrapati Bhawan]], was also set ablaze during the protests.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-09 |title=Nepal’s prime minister resigns as protests against the government and corruption rage on |url=https://apnews.com/article/nepal-protest-social-media-ban-89cf500969536cf2a35c3fb884cfa620 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Paudel is married to [[:simple:Sabita_Poudel|Sabita Poudel]], who became Nepal’s first First Lady. and the couple have five children: four daughters and one son.

=== Publications ===
Paudel is an active writer and his political and theoretical affairs are frequently published in national vernaculars, including:{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

* ''What Nepali Congress Says'' (1976)
* ''Satyagraha – Why and How'' (1984)
* ''Democratic Socialism – A study'' (1990)
* ''Journey of Faith'' (1996)
* ''Abhisapta Itihas'' (2004)
* ''Socialism – In New Context'' (2012)
* ''Agricultural Revolution and Socialism'' (2013)
Paudel received the ''Mahendra Bikram Shah Prize'' for an article titled "Human Rights Condition in Nepal" in 1987.<ref name=":0" />

==Honors==
* {{flag|Japan}}: [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|60px]] Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (29 April 2020) {{ndash}} ''for contributions in enhancing [[Japan–Nepal relations|Nepal-Japan ties]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress leader Ram Chandra Paudel to receive Japanese honours |url=https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2020/04/30/congress-leader-ram-chandra-poudel-to-receive-japanese-honours |access-date=2021-02-12 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310091719/https://kathmandupost.com/miscellaneous/2020/04/30/congress-leader-ram-chandra-poudel-to-receive-japanese-honours |url-status=dead }}</ref>''

== Notes ==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.facebook.com/RCPaudelNepal Facebook page]
*{{Official website|english.presidentofnepal.gov.np}} of the [[President of Nepal]]
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Bidya Devi Bhandari]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Nepal]]|years=2023–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Heads of State of Nepal}}
{{Heads of state of republics}}
{{Current Socialist rulers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Poudel, Ram Chandra}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tanahun District]]
[[Category:Nepali Congress politicians from Gandaki Province]]
[[Category:Speakers of the House of Representatives (Nepal)]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Interior ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1991–1994]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1994–1999]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 1999–2002]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Nepalese Constituent Assembly]]
[[Category:Nepal MPs 2022–2025]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Nepal]]
[[Category:Presidents of Nepal]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition (Nepal)]]

Modhura Palit

2026-05-07T06:28:58Z

CoralRaphael599: Started initial biography v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
'''Modhura Palit (ISC)''' is an [[Indian cinematographers|Indian cinematographer]] and director. She is the first Indian to receive the ''[[Pierre Angénieux Excellens in Cinematography|Pierre Angénieux ExcelLens]]'' award at Cannes.

== Career ==
She studied [[cinematography]] from [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] (SRFTI). Member of the Indian Society of Cinematographers (ISC), Indian Women Cinematographers Collective (IWCC) as well as of the Eastern India Cinematographers Association (EICA), she is part of the Busan Asian Film Academy (AFA), and she took part in the Looking China Youth Film Project in 2015. She was part of Berlinale Talents 2023 under Berlin International Film Festival. She has received PESGSPC" Honorary Membership for the Outstanding Contribution to International Art Photography by Cyprus Pascal English School and Greek School Photography Club and the PESGSPC Grand Progress Award "GPA - By FIAP (Fédération Internationale de l'Art Photographique). She was also in board of Jury in ImagineIndia International Film Festival Madrid. She is the recipient of the Shera Bangali Award for Cinema in 2024, presented by ABP Ananda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights from the 20th edition of ABP Ananda Sera Bangali Awards |url=https://t2online.in/events/events-1/highlights-from-the-20th-edition-of-abp-ananda-sera-bangali-awards/1220886 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

She has been working on over innumerable feature films, web series and other visual mediums. Her work includes a wide range of films that have been both critically and commercially acclaimed. She is known for her masterful visual work in films like Ami O Manohar, Bahadur-the brave, Amar Colony, Tekka, Kishmish, Dilkhush, Naxalbari, Ek duaa, Dabaru, Kacher Manush, Kothamrito, The PaperBoy, Aator etc. She has also worked as the Director of Photography for Kurukshetra, an extremely popular animation series on Netflix. Making it one of the technical firsts in India<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt38235589/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.imdb.com}}</ref>. She had also worked on one of India's first VR projects Black Wing in 2018 which was an Indo-British production but never released<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-23 |title=Depth of field |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/depth-of-field-5791858/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>. Watchmaker – experimental feature film Modhura shot is part of Dhaka University film studies curriculum. The films she has worked in has won multiple awards in India and in other prestigious film festivals across the world. She is currently the most prolific female cinematographer working in eastern India, championing and inspiring the inclusion of more women in the technical field in filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-07 |title=Modhura Palit On Breaking Cinematography’s Glass Ceiling {{!}} Women's Day Special |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/modhura-palit-on-breaking-cinematographys-glass-ceiling-womens-day-special |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> She has recently made her directorial debut with the episode of Troilokyo in the Zee5 web series Ganoshotru, receiving critical and popular acclaim.

== Reception and Awards ==
She was awarded the ''[[Pierre Angénieux Excellens in Cinematography|Pierre Angénieux ExcelLens in Cinematography]] (Special Encouragement Award for promising cinematographer)'' at the [[2019 Cannes Film Festival]] making her the first Indian to win this award.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-31 |title=Cinematographer Modhura Palit on being the first Indian to receive the Angenieux award at Cannes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/cinematographer-modhura-palit-on-being-the-first-indian-to-receive-the-angenieux-award-at-cannes-6359661.html |access-date=2019-04-26 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> She received the award alongside legendary cinematographer Bruno Delbonnel, who received the lifetime achievement award for cinematography.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2019-05-25 |title=At Cannes, Modhura Palit gets India its moment in the sun |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/at-cannes-modhura-palit-gets-india-its-moment-in-the-sun/article27248944.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With this award she is one of the only three Indians who have received technical awards at Cannes. The other two being V. Santaram and Santosh Sivan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-13 |title=Cannes Film Festival: Only THREE Indians Ever Have Won Technical Awards; Know ALL About Them |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/cannes-film-festival-only-three-indians-ever-have-won-technical-awards-know-all-about-them-article-151623418 |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

She has also received the coveted Sera Bengali Award by ABP Ananda for her contribution to cinema in 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=MBDesk |date=2024-11-21 |title=ABP Ananda celebrates 20th anniversary of ‘Sera Bangali’ by honoring trailblazing women › Mediabrief.com |url=https://mediabrief.com/abp-anandas-sera-bangali-celebrates-20-years-honoring-bengals/ |access-date=2026-02-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Bahadur - the Brave won New Directors at San Sebastián International Film Festival (first Indian film to win this award) and Silver Gateway Award at Jio Mami Mumbai Film Festival 2023.

Amar Colony won Special Jury award at PÖFF Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival 2022 and Best Debut Director Award at Kerala International Film festival 2022

Ami O Manohar won best Debut Director award at Kerala International Film Festival 2018

Ek Duaa has won the special mention award at the National Film Awards in 2023.

She is currently serving as an Academic Counselling Member at SRFTI as an alumni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-28 |title=acmember Archives - Page 3 of 3 |url=https://srfti.ac.in/category/acmember-en/ |access-date=2026-01-09 |website=Satyajit Ray Film & Television Institute |language=English}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Director
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Ami O Manohar''
|Amitabha Chatterjee
|
|-
|''Watchmaker''
|Anindya Pulak Chatterjee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''[[Mukhosh (2020 film)|Mukhosh]]''
|Arghadeep Chatterjee
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |title=Mukhosh teaser: Atmospheric look determines its genre |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/nov/11/23205/mukhosh-teaser-atmospheric-look-determines-its-genre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725110423/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/nov/11/23205/mukhosh-teaser-atmospheric-look-determines-its-genre |url-status=live |archive-date=25 July 2020 |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
|''Naxalbari''
|[[Partho Mitra]]
|
|-
|2021
|''Ek Duaa''
|[[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Kishmish]]''
|Rahool Mukherjee
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snapshots from the mahurat of romcom Kishmish |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/snapshots-from-the-mahurat-of-romcom-kishmish/cid/1823525 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Sahobashe''
|Anjan Kanjilal
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiablooms |title=Anubhav Kanjilal, Ishaa Saha starrer Sahobashe's trailer released {{!}} Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/showbiz-details/T/13812/anubhav-kanjilal-ishaa-saha-starrer-sahobashe-s-trailer-released.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Indiablooms.com |date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kacher Manush]]''
|Pathikrit Basu
|
|-
|''Kothamrito''
|Jiit Chakraborty
|
|-
|''Amar Colony''
|[[Siddharth Chauhan]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''Dilkhush''
|Rahool Mukherjee
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-20 |title=Director Rahool Mukherjee ready with another tale of love, 'Dilkhush' |url=https://theoptimist.news/after-kishmish-director-rahool-mukherjee-ready-with-another-tale-of-love-dilkhush-19500/ |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=The Optimist |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Cheeni 2]]''
|[[Mainak Bhaumik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2024
|''Dadur Kirti''
|Rahool Mukherjee
|
|-
|''[[Dabaru]]''
|Pathikrit Basu
|
|-
|''[[Bahadur: The Brave]]''
|Diwa Shah
|
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''[[Tekka (film)|Tekka]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Gowsalya |date=2023-12-05 |title=Srijit Mukherji and Dev Join Forces for Thrilling Bengali Film 'Tekka' |url=https://chennaiprint.in/entertainment/srijit-mukherji-and-dev-join-forces-for-thrilling-bengali-film-tekka/ |access-date=2023-12-08 |website=Today Breaking News, India, World, Business, Entertainment, Sports Today Breaking News, India, World, Business, Entertainment, Sports |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''Junior''
|Rahool Mukherjee
|
|-
| style="background:#ffc;" |''Lohu''
|Rahool Mukherjee
|
|-
|''Debi''
|Rahool Mukherjee
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|Yakshi
|Karan Sunil
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|Drusht
|Aditya Chauhan
|-
|Lalaat
|Jaivi Dhanda
|-
|Kurukshetra (Animation Series)
|Ujaan Ganguly
|-
|Ganoshotru (Troilokyo)
|Modhura Palit
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|[[Mon Maaney Na]]
|Rahool Mukherjee
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Khadaan
|Visvesh Singh Sehrawat
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=Modhura Palit|website=[[IMDb]]| url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm9610757/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Palit, Modhura}}
[[Category:Bengali film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Attingal Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T13:39:54Z

CoralRaphael599: created a details

{{short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Attingal
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency|Attingal]]
| constituency_no = 128
| state = Kerala
| map_image = Kilimanoor - panoramio.jpg
| map_caption = [[Kilimanoor]] town in the constituency.
| established = 1957
| reservation = SC
| electors = 2,02,123 (2021)
| mla = [[O. S. Ambika|O S Ambika]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
}}
'''Attingal State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Attingal Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://trivandrum.nic.in/constituencies
|website = trivandrum.nic.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district
|access-date = 16 March 2020
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[O. S. Ambika]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Attingal Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thiruvananthapuram.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thiruvananthapuram District
}}</ref>

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
! width="100px" | Name
! width="130px" | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
! width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Attingal]]
| Municipality
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Karavaram]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Kilimanoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Nagaroor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Pazhayakunnummel]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Pulimath]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Vakkom]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Chirayinkeezhu taluk|Chirayinkeezhu]]
|-
| [[Cherunniyoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]
|-
| [[Manamboor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]
|-
| [[Ottoor]]
| Grama panchayat
| [[Varkala Taluk|Varkala]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attingal (SC) Assembly Election Results 2016, Winning MLA List, Constituency Map|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/attingal-sc-assembly-constituency-map.html|access-date=2020-06-03|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[R. Prakasam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
|[[N. Kunjuraman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. P. K. Das
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vakkom Purushothaman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|1985*
|P. Vijayadas
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|[[Anathalavattom Anandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|T. Sarath Chandra Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Anathalavattom Anandan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|Vakkom Purushothaman
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Anathalavattom Anandan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="2" |[[B. Satyan]]
|-
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |[[O. S. Ambika]]
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=CPI(M)|candidate= [[O. S. Ambika]]|votes=59,163|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=National Democratic Alliance|candidate=Adv. P. Sudheer|votes=45,788|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=United Democratic Front (Kerala)|candidate= Santhosh Bhadran|votes= 41372|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jayarajan M|votes=1019|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Anna Democratic Human Rights Movement Party of India|candidate=Sunitha Kilimanoor|votes=397|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1272|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 13,375
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,02,123 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[O. S. Ambika]]|votes=69,898|percentage=47.35|change={{decrease}}5.36}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Sudheer|votes=38,262|percentage=25.92|change={{increase}}5.94}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=A. Sreedharan|votes=36,938|percentage=25.02|change={{increase}}1.55}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,071|percentage=0.72|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vipinlal Vidhyadharan|votes=927|percentage=0.63|change={{increase}}0.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Ambili|votes=191|percentage=0.13|change=-}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=31,636|percentage=21.43|change={{decrease}}7.81}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,47,626|percentage=73.04|change={{increase}}3.51}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}5.36}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,98,678 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=B. Satyan|votes=72,808|percentage=52.71|change={{decrease}}2.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=K. Chandrababu|votes=32,425|percentage=23.47|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Raji Prasad|votes=27,602|percentage=19.98|change={{increase}}15.75}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. K. Manoj Kumar|votes=1,437|percentage=1.04|change={{decrease}}0.32}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,267|percentage=0.92|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. Sivanandan|votes=789|percentage=0.57|change={{decrease}}0.51}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Rajesh R.|votes=639|percentage=0.46|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=B. Jayanthakumar|votes=597|percentage=0.43|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. R. Thulasi|votes=411|percentage=0.30|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Pratheeshkumar P.|votes=162|percentage=0.12|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=40,383|percentage=29.24|change={{increase}}3.02}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,137|percentage=69.53|change={{increase}}2.76}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}2.73}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,71,684 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=B. Satyan|votes=63,558|percentage=55.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Thankamony Divakaran|votes=33,493|percentage=29.22|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Attingal Suresh|votes=7,857|percentage=6.85|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. P. Vava|votes=4,844|percentage=4.23|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=V. V. Selvaraj|votes=1,713|percentage=1.49|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=K. G. Soman|votes=1,561|percentage=1.36|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. Chinamma|votes=1,235|percentage=1.08|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=G. Anirudhan|votes=377|percentage=0.33|change=}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=30,065|percentage=26.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,14,638|percentage=66.77|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Anathalavattom Anandan|votes=42,912|percentage=53.75|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=C Mohanachandran|votes=31,704|percentage=39.71|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=11,208|percentage=14.04|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=79,836|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2001 ===
There were 1,36,588 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vakkom Purushothaman]]
|votes=51,139|percentage=53.68|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Kadakampally Surendran]]|votes=40,323|percentage=42.33|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=10,816|percentage=11.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=95,259|percentage=69.75|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1996 ===
There were 1,26,378 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Anathalavattom Anandan]]|votes=42,161|percentage=48.69|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vakkom Purushothaman]]|votes=41,145|percentage=47.52|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=S Kuttappan Chettiar|votes=1,311|percentage=1.51|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=1,016|percentage=1.17|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=86,592|percentage=69.98|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1991 ===
There were 1,30,610 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=T Saratchandra Prasad|votes=41,964|percentage=48.60|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Anathalavattom Anandan]]|votes=41,527|percentage=48.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=G Krishnan Kutty|votes=1,386|percentage=1.61|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=437|percentage=0.50|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=86,343|percentage=67.33|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1987 ===
There were 1,11,784 registered voters in the constituency for the 1987 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Anathalavattom Anandan]]|votes=42,413|percentage=52.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kaviyad Divakara Panicker|votes=33,528|percentage=41.68|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=8,885|percentage=11.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=80,447|percentage=72.44|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)||loser=Indian Congress (Socialist)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 by-election ===
{{Election box begin|title=1985 by-election: Attingal}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=P. Vijayadas|votes=36,430|percentage=51.38|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=S. Kunjukrishnan|votes=30,997|percentage=43.71|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=5,433|percentage=7.67|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=70,900|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian Congress (Socialist)||loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1982 ===
There were 89,839 registered voters in the constituency for the 1982 election.{{Election box begin|title=[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=[[Vakkom Purushothaman]]|votes=31,791|percentage=53.41|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian Congress (Socialist)|candidate=P. Vijayadas|votes=24,432|percentage=41.04|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=7,359|percentage=8.37|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=59,527|percentage=66.86|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Independent|loser=Indian National Congress (Urs)|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

=== 1965 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Attingal}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. Anirudhan|votes=25,598|percentage=47.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[R. Sankar]]|votes=23,515|percentage=43.87%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=2,083|percentage=3.88|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing=}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Attingal]]
* [[Thiruvananthapuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coord|8.69|76.81|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Tiswadi taluka

2026-05-05T14:17:53Z

CoralRaphael599: created new stub basic info

{{short description|Taluka in North Goa, India}}
{{Redirect|Ilhas|the album by Brazilian rock band Violeta de Outono|Ilhas (album)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2006}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiswadi
| native_name = {{langx|kok|Tiswadi}}
| other_name = {{langx|pt|Ilhas de Goa|lit=Islands of Goa}}
| settlement_type = [[Taluka]]
| image_map = Tiswadi.png
| map_caption = Location of Tiswadi in [[North Goa district|North Goa]], [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15.498598|N|73.829341|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Goa]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North Goa district|North Goa]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Panaji]]
| parts_type = Settlements
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 1 City <br/> 9 Towns <br/> 22 Villages
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name = na
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name1 = [[North Goa Lok Sabha constituency|North Goa]]
| area_total_km2 = 193.64
| population_total = 177219
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Rain
| blank_info_sec1 = na
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Assembly constituency]]
| leader_name2 = na
| leader_title3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = na
| demographics1_info1 = 81.83%
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 966
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#Goa|GA]]-07
}}

'''Tiswadi''', formerly known as '''Ilhas''', is a [[Tehsil|''taluka'']] in the district of [[North Goa district|North Goa]], situated in the [[India]]n coastal state of [[Goa]]. It is an estuarine island situated on the confluence of the [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]] and [[Zuari River|Zuari]] rivers. It was one of the first territories to be [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|annexed by the Portuguese]] in the 16th century. Both the state capital [[Panaji]], and the erstwhile capital [[Old Goa]] lie within the sub-district. It is the biggest and the most populated of the six major islands between the Mandovi and Zuari rivers.

==Geography==
It is geographically made up of several small riverine islands within the [[Mandovi River]] forming its northern boundary, the [[Cumbarjua Canal]] making its eastern border, and the [[Zuari River]] making up its southern border.

As the native name suggests, the sub-district includes the smaller islands of:
* [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]],
* [[Divar]],
* [[St Estevam]],
* [[Cumbarjua]],
* [[Vanxim]] and
* Several other small [[mangrove]] islands and [[sand banks]].

==History==
Tiswadi, along with the rest of Goa, regularly exchanged hands between the Muslim [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bhahmani Sultanate]] and the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of [[South India]] prior to the 14th century. By the 15th century, the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]] under the Adil Shahi dynasty conquered Goa, and it came under Muslim rule. The [[Old Goa|City of Goa]] was the regional capital of the sultanates as well as a hub for the [[Hajj|Hajj pilgrimage]]. Numerous temples were demolished under the rule of the sultanates. The Adil Shahi dynasty was defeated by a [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|Portuguese–Vijayanagar alliance]], and Ilhas de Goa was conquered under [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] in 1510. By the time Tiswadi was relieved from Muslim rule, Hindus formed a minority in the region, and the Portuguese started conversion efforts against the Muslim majority. The populace was made to accept Christianity or leave the islands. There was a mass exodus of natives who left the islands, for the safer havens of [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] and the [[Kanara|Canara]], [[Malabar Coast]], [[Chandgad]] and [[Joida]].{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The first temple to be built in [[Panaji|Panjim]] was in the mid-1700s, when the Portuguese authorities granted permission to the Hindus to build their place of worship.{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}

The evangelization of Tiswadi was spearheaded by the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], who were assigned 15 villages, and the [[Jesuits]], who were assigned the remaining part along with the smaller islands of [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]] and [[Divar]], by the Portuguese authorities. In 1552, the island of Chorão had a population of 300 Christians out of 3,000 and, by this time, also had a small church which was visited by a Jesuit from St. Paul's every Sunday. By the end of 1559, over 1,200 had accepted [[baptism]]. The following year, the first bishop from the [[Jesuit]] order, Dom João Nunes de Barreto, set up residence in Chorão, which eventually became a Noviciate. Most of Chorão's population converted en masse to Roman Catholicism in mid-1560.<ref name="Machado">''Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians'', Alan Machado Prabhu, I.J.A. Publications, 1999, pp. 100–101.</ref>

By January 1563, the Jesuit provincial claimed that Ilhas de Goa had been completely Christianized, with a population of 70,000, the great majority of which had converted in the last six years, corresponding to the terms of Viceroys [[Francisco Barreto]] and [[Constantino of Braganza]], whose {{frac|2|1|2}}-year term saw between 25,000 and 30,000 conversions.<ref name="Machado" />

==Demographics==

As per the 2011 Census of India, Tiswadi taluka has a population of 177,219 people. The sex-ratio of Tiswadi taluka is around 966, compared to the state average of 973. The literacy rate of Tiswadi taluka is 81.83% out of which 84.49% males are literate and 79.07% females are literate. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.81% and 10.60% of the population respectively. The total area of Tiswadi is 193.64 sq.km with population density of 915 per sq.km. 78.81% of population of the taluka lives in urban areas.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – North Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/368/download/1120/DH_2011_3001_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH_GOA.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Tiswadi Taluka (2011)<ref name="langs"/>
|label1 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value1 = 65.51 |color1 = salmon
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 10.64 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value3 = 6.62 |color3 = red
|label4 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] |value4 = 5.27 |color4 = darkslateblue
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 2.78 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Malayalam]] |value6 = 1.31 |color6 = cornflowerblue
|label7 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value7 = 1.26 |color7 = steelblue
|label8 = [[English language|English]] |value8 = 1.14 |color8 = blue
|label9 = Others |value9 = 5.47 |color9 = grey
}}

Konkani is the most spoken language in Tiswadi taluka.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 65.51% of the population of Tiswadi taluka spoke [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 10.64% [[Hindi]], 6.62% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 5.27% [[Kannada]], 2.77% [[Urdu]], 1.31% [[Malayalam]], 1.26% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.14% [[English language|English]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10202/download/13314/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

===Religion===

{{bar box
|title = Religion in Tiswadi Taluka (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar = #Fcd116
|left1 = Religion
|right1 = Percent
|float = left
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Goa|Hinduism]]|darkorange|62.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Goa|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|27.73}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|9.27}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.50}}
|caption =
}}

The majority of the population in Tiswadi taluka follow Hinduism, although Christians and Muslims are a significant minority.

62.50% of the population in the taluka follow Hinduism, 27.73% Christianity, 9.27% Islam and the remaining 0.50% follow other religions or stated no religion.<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Goa |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11372/download/14485/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Notable sites==
Towns in the area include [[Panaji|Panjim]], [[Velha Goa]] and its monuments, [[Divar]], [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]] [[St Estevam]], [[Cumbarjua]], and [[Vanxim]].

Tiswadi taluka has many beaches.

The area contains the [[Dr. Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary]] and the [[Basilica of Bom Jesus]].

== Settlements ==

=== Cities ===
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!City
!State
!Population
|-
|1
|Panjim Municipal Corporation
|Goa
|40000
|}

=== Towns ===
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Town
!State
!Population
|-
|1
|[[Chimbel]] Census Town
|Goa
|15,289
|-
|2
|[[Calapor]] or [[Santa Cruz, Goa]] Census Town
|Goa
|14,077
|-
|3
|Murda, Census Town
|Goa
|7,517
|-
|4
|[[Bambolim]] Census Town
|Goa
|6,885
|-
|5
|[[Corlim]] Census Town
|Goa
|6,568
|-
|6
|[[Mercurim]] Census Town
|Goa
|4,970
|-
|7
|[[Cumbarjua]] Census Town
|Goa
|4,917
|-
|8
|[[Goa Velha]] Census Town
|Goa
|4,322
|-
|9
|Jua Census Town
|Goa
|4,134
|-
|10
|[[Old Goa]] (Velha Goa) Census Town
|Goa
|2,550
|-
|11
|[[Ribandar]] Census Town
|Goa
|2,450
|-
|12
|[[Tiswadi Town|Tiswadi]] Census Town
|Goa
|2,300
|}

=== Villages ===
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Villages
!Administrative Division
!Population
|-
|1
|Ambarim
|Tiswadi
|93
|-
|2
|Azossim
|Tiswadi
|1,142
|-
|3
|Bainguinim
|Tiswadi
|1,501
|-
|4
|Batim
|Tiswadi
|1,489
|-
|5
|Capão
|Tiswadi
|135
|-
|6
|Caraim
|Tiswadi
|202
|-
|7
|Carambolim
|Tiswadi
|5,179
|-
|8
|Chorão
|Tiswadi
|5,268
|-
|9
|Curca
|Tiswadi
|2,518
|-
|10
|Ella
|Tiswadi
|5,372
|-
|11
|Gancim
|Tiswadi
|519
|-
|12
|Gandaulim
|Tiswadi
|301
|-
|13
|Goalim Moula
|Tiswadi
|441
|-
|14
|Goltim
|Tiswadi
|1,634
|-
|15
|Malar
|Tiswadi
|1,630
|-
|16
|Mandur
|Tiswadi
|3,113
|-
|17
|Naroa
|Tiswadi
|487
|-
|18
|Navelim
|Tiswadi
|1,133
|-
|19
|Neura-O-Grande
|Tiswadi
|1,440
|-
|20
|Neura-O-Pequeno
|Tiswadi
|563
|-
|21
|[[Siridao|Siridão]]
|Tiswadi
|2,417<ref name="Census 2011 India">{{cite web | title=Siridao Village Population - Tiswadi - North Goa, Goa | website=Census 2011 India | date=29 May 1980 | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/626724-siridao-goa.html | access-date=17 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|22
|Talaulim
|Tiswadi
|972
|}

==Maps==
The evidence of the existence of Ilhas de Goa can be seen on historic maps.
[[File:AMH-6577-KB Bird's eye view of the city of Goa.jpg|thumb|left|A [[South-up map orientation|historic map]] of the island of Goa, with an emphasis on the [[Old Goa|capital city]]]]
[[File:AMH-6152-NA_Map_of_the_city_of_Goa.jpg|thumb|center|Another [[South-up map orientation|historic map]] of the island of Goa, with an emphasis on the [[Old Goa|capital city]]]]

==Water Bodies==
The island lies within the water bodies of:
* [[Mandovi River]] to the north.
* [[Cumbarjua Canal]] to the east.
* [[Zuari River]] to the south.
* [[Arabian Sea]] to the west.

==Ferries==
Prior to the construction of the bridges, the primary commute to and from the island was done via [[ferry]]. Some have become redundant, but most are still in use, they include:
* Panjim to [[Betim]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/travel-on-panaji-betim-ferry-route-not-to-be-charged/articleshow/73341398.cms|title=Travel on Panaji-Betim ferry route not to be charged | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Ribandar to [[Chorao]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=17 Dec 2019|title=Ribandar-Chorao ferry ramp nears completion {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ribandar-chorao-ferry-ramp-nears-completion/articleshow/72783906.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Ribandar to [[Divar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/how-to-reach-divar-island-in-goa-3227545/|title=How to Reach Divar Island in Goa|date=20 November 2017|website=India News, Breaking News | India.com}}</ref>
* [[Old Goa]] to Divar.
* [[Daugim]] to [[Tolto]] in [[St Estevam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/56-years-on-goas-oldest-ferry-tale-comes-to-an-end/articleshow/57926669.cms|title=56 years on, Goa's oldest ferry-tale comes to an end | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Gandaulim to Cumbarjua.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=21 Aug 2010|title=Ferry services disrupted for two hours at Gandaulim {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ferry-services-disrupted-for-two-hours-at-gandaulim/articleshow/6385215.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
* Agaçaim to Cortalim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Ferry-service-on-AgassaimCortalim-route/82808|title=Ferry service on Agassaim-Cortalim route|website=oHeraldo}}</ref>

==Bridges==
There are a number of bridges built over the last hundred years, linking the island to other parts of the mainland.

===Northern Bridges===
These bridges are built over the [[Mandovi River]]. They pass through the villages of [[Penha de França]] and the city of [[Panjim]]:
* 2 [[Mandovi Bridge (Goa)|Mandovi Bridge]]s: Connects Goa to [[Bardez|Bardes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/07/10/magazines/panorama/thirty-years-after-mandovi-bridge-collapse/|title=Thirty years after Mandovi Bridge collapse|first=Navhind|last=Times|date=9 July 2016}}</ref>
* [[Atal Setu, Goa|Atal Bridge]]: Connects Goa to [[Bardez|Bardes]], but avoids the busy roads of [[Panjim]] entirely.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/vehicles-on-atal-setu-only-from-tomorrow/articleshow/67823804.cms|title=Vehicles on Atal Setu only from February 5 | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Eastern Bridges===
These bridges are built over the [[Cumbarjua Canal]].
* [[Gandaulim Bridge]]: Connects [[Gandaulim (Ilhas)|Gandaulim]] in Goa to [[Cumbarjua]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net//gaundalim-cumbarjua-bridges-opened-for-traffic/15899.html|title=Gaundalim, Cumbarjua bridges opened for traffic|website=The Goan EveryDay}}</ref>
* [[Banastarim Bridge]]: Connects [[Corlim]] in Goa to [[Banastarim]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaunveiled.in/subdestination/banastari-bridge|title=Banastari Bridge | IndiaUnveiled|website=www.indiaunveiled.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=22 Mar 2021|title=Banastarim bridge work to hit Tiswadi water supply {{!}} Goa News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/banastarim-bridge-work-to-hit-tiswadi-water-supply/articleshow/81621576.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

===Southern Bridges===
These bridges are built over the [[Zuari River]]. They pass through the villages of [[Agaçaim]] and [[Cortalim]].
* [[Zuari Bridge]]: Connects Goa to [[Mormugão]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-27|title=Work on new Zuari bridge may start by Sept 2013: Dhavalikar - Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Work-on-new-Zuari-bridge-may-start-by-Sept-2013-Dhavalikar/articleshow/17148940.cms|access-date=2021-05-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127022711/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-09/goa/35015848_1_zuari-bridge-ramkrishna-sudin-dhavalikar-transport-and-highways|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>
* A new Bridge is being constructed (similar in scale to the Atal Bridge) over the Zuari River.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/first-section-of-new-zuari-bridge-to-open-next-dec/articleshow/71668733.cms|title=First section of new Zuari bridge to open in December 2020 | Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Internal Bridges===
These bridges are a link to places within the island, which are geographically close, but are separated by a body of water.
* [[Ponte Conde de Linhares]]: This links Panjim to [[Ribandar]], and is the oldest and most famous of all the internal bridges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccpgoa.com/panjim-history-ci5|title=CCP Goa :: City Information|website=www.ccpgoa.com}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Konkani people]]
*[[History of Goa]]
*[[Salcette]]
*[[Bardez]]
*[[Goan Catholics]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

{{Goa Topics}}

[[Category:Islands of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Islands of Goa]]
[[Category:Talukas of Goa]]
[[Category:Geography of North Goa district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in North Goa district]] https://jsdl.in/RSL-UIH1726745536

Islam in Uttar Pradesh

2026-05-05T00:46:24Z

CoralRaphael599: new

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = Islam in Uttar Pradesh

| flag =
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| flag_caption =
| image = EidgahBahraich 03.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Eid al-Fitr in Uttar Pradesh

| population = '''38,483,967''' (2011){{increase}}<br /> 19.26% of the Uttar Pradesh population
| founder =
| regions =
| tablehdr =

| region1 = [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| pop1 = 50.8%
| region2 = [[Rampur district|Rampur]]
| pop2 = 50.6%
| region3 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| pop3 = 43.0%
| region4 = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| pop4 = 42.0%
| region5 = [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]
| pop5 = 41.3%
| region6 = [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
| pop6 = 40.8%
| region7 = [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur]]
| pop7 = 37.5%
| region8 = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| pop8 = 34.5%
| region9 = [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| pop9 = 33.53%
| region10 = [[shravasti district|Shravasti]]
| pop10 = 30.79%
| religions = '''[[Islam]]''' <br /> Majority [[Sunni Islam]] • Minority [[Shia islam]]
| scriptures =
| languages = [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Urdu]]-[[Hindi]]) • [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] • [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] • [[Braj Bhasha]]
| related-c =
| website =
| notes =
}}

[[Islam]] is the second largest religion in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] with 38,483,967 adherents in 2011, forming 19.26% of the total population.<ref name="Indian Census 2001 - Religion">[http://demotemp257.nic.in/httpdoc/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm Indian Census 2001 – Religion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312153215/http://demotemp257.nic.in/httpdoc/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm |date=12 March 2007 }}</ref> They do not form a unified ethnic community, but are differentiated by sectarian and [[Baradari (brotherhood)|Baradari]] divisions, as well as by language and geography. Nevertheless, the community shares some unifying cultural factors. [[Uttar Pradesh]] has more Muslims than any Muslim-majority country in the world except Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Afghanistan.<ref name="pewmuslim12">{{cite web |url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/ |title=Muslim Population by Country |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh also has the fastest-growing Muslim population in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Stephanie |date=2021-09-21 |title=Religious demography of Indian states and territories |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/09/21/religious-demography-of-indian-states-and-territories/ |access-date=2026-04-15 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Early history ===
[[File:The Ghaznavid Empire at its maximum extent.png|300px|thumb|left|Zenith of the Ghaznavid Empire (1030 CE), with vassal states that included much of present-day Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (g)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185}}</ref>]]
The earliest traces of Islam in Uttar Pradesh can be traced back to the early 11th century (1000-1030CE), when the religion was introduced to the region through various [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] and [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavid]] attacks and incursions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=History of Uttar Pradesh|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh/History}}</ref>

However, the first consolidated Muslim rule over much of [[Uttar Pradesh]] began after 1205 CE, when the region formed part of the various [[Delhi sultanate|sultanates]] and was ruled from their capital, Delhi; as a result there arose a community in what is now Uttar Pradesh, referred to as Hindustani [[Muslims|Musalmans]]. The term ''Hindustani Musalman'' was applied to Muslims who either converted to [[Islam]] or who had settled for a long time in [[India]]. They did not form a unified community as they were divided by ethnic, linguistic, and economic differences. When the [[Mongols]] rose to power under [[Genghis Khan]], there was an influx of Muslim refugees into [[North India]], a number of whom settled in the provincial kasbahs and brought administrators from [[Iran]]; painters from China; theologians from [[Samarkand]], [[Nishapur]] and [[Bukhara]]. In Azamgharh, Mubarakpur, Mau, and Vanaras, a number of cultural norms arose over time which typified multiple Uttar Pradesh Muslim traditions.<ref>Muslims in India edited by Zafar Imam Orient Longman</ref> The [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultans of Delhi]] and their Mughal successors patronized the émigré Muslim culture: Islamic jurists of the [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] school, Persian literati who were [[Shia]] [[Ithnā‘ashariyyah]], and [[Sufi]]s of several orders, including the [[Chishti]], [[Qadiri]] and [[Naqshbandi]].<ref name="autogenerated823">Muslim Peoples: volume 2: A World Ethnographic Survey edited by Richard Weekes pages 823 to 828</ref>

A number of Sufi missionaries from the Middle East and Central Asia migrated and settled in South Asia. A number of natives converted to [[Islam]] due to the [[missionary]] Sufi saints whose [[dargah]]s populate South Asia. The Muslims from various Northern provinces such as [[Hyderabad Deccan]], [[Balochistan region|Balochistan]], [[Sindh]], [[Punjab region|Punjab]], Gujarat, [[Kashmir]] and other parts of South Asia also moved to capitals of the Muslim empire in Delhi and [[Agra]]. Millions of natives converted to [[Islam]] during the Muslim rule. The [[Lodi dynasty]] was dominated by the [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] soldiers from [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Afghanistan]] who settled in northern India. After the [[First Battle of Panipat]], Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] defeated the Lodi dynasty with [[Chagatai people|Chagatai]] or Gurkani Türks, [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]], [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] and [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] soldiers and nobility. These soldiers and nobles were awarded estates and they settled with their families in northern India. These diverse ethnic, cultural, and linguistic groups merged with the Muslims of Uttar Pradesh over the centuries to form the [[Urdu language|Urdu]] speaking Muslim community of [[South Asia]].
[[File:Najibabad, 19th century.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Najibabad]], [[Rohilkhand]] {{Circa|1784-94}}. Rohilkhand derives its name from the Rohillas, groups of Pashtun Muslims who settled in northwestern Uttar Pradesh during the 17th and 18th centuries.|left]]
The Rohilla leader Daud Khan was awarded the [[Katehar]] (later called [[Rohilkhand]]) region in the then-northern India by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir (ruled 1658–1707) to suppress the [[Rajput]] uprisings. Originally, some 20,000 soldiers from various Pashtun tribes ([[Yusafzai]], Ghori, Osmani, [[Ghilzai]], Barech, [[Marwat]], [[Durrani]], [[Tareen]], [[Kakar]], [[Naghar]], [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] and [[Khattak]]) were hired by Mughals to provide soldiers to the Mughal armies. Their performance was appreciated by Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]] Alamgir, and an additional force of 25,000 Pashtuns were recruited from modern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Afghanistan]] and were given respected positions in Mughal Army. Nearly all of [[Pashtuns]] settled in the [[Katehar]] region and also brought their families from modern [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] and [[Afghanistan]]. During [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of northern India in 1739, the new wave of Pashtuns settled increasing their population to over one 1 million. Due to the large settlement of Rohilla Afghans, the Katehar region became known as Rohilkhand. [[Bareilly]] was made the capital of the Rohilkhand state and it became a major Pashtun city with [[Gali Nawaban]] as the main royal street. Other important cities included [[Moradabad]], [[Rampur (Uttar Pradesh)|Rampur]], [[Shahjahanpur]], and [[Badaun District|Badaun]].<ref>''An Eighteenth Century History of North India: An Account Of The Rise And Fall Of The Rohilla Chiefs In Janbhasha'' by Rustam Ali Bijnori by Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui Manohar Publications</ref><ref>''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' by W M Hunter</ref>

[[File:Sayyid from Saadat-e Barah.jpg|thumb|A Sayyid cavalryman belonging to the Saadat-e Barah clan native to the Upper Doab, who were kingmakers of the Mughal empire]]
The [[Kayastha]] and [[Manihar]] community were historically involved in land [[Records management|record keeping]] and accounting. Multiple Hindu Kayasth found favour with [[Muslim]] rulers for whom they acted as [[Qanungoh Shaikh|Qanungo]]s. This close association led to the conversion of a number of members of the [[Kayastha]] community to [[Islam]]. The [[Muslim Kayasths]] speak [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref name="ReferenceA">People of India Uttar Pradesh page 1047</ref> The Kayasth sometimes use [[Siddiqui]], [[Quraishi]], [[Khan (surname)|Khan]], [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]], [[Usmani]] and [[Farooqi]] as their surnames, and consider themselves to belong to the [[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]] community.<ref name="ReferenceC">Endogamy and Status Mobility among Siddiqui Shaikh in Social Stratication edited by Dipankar Gupta</ref> A number of the converts belonged to the [[Hindu]] artisan [[caste]]s, who were drawn to the new kasbahs. Over time, some of the artisan groups evolved into caste-like groupings, such as the [[Momin Ansari|Momin]], who were weavers. A number of these new converts continued to speak their original dialects, such as [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]] and [[Kauravi dialect|Khari boli]]. Over time a fourfold division arose among the Ashraf, with the [[Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh|Sayyid]]s (the actual or claimed descendants of the Islamic prophet, [[Mohammad]]), the [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh|Shaikh]], communities signifies [[Arab people|Arab]] descent and comes under high [[Baradari (brotherhood)|Baradari]] of society, however majority are the native [[Brahmin]], [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya]] clans who used the title of Sheikh after conversion to [[Islam]], the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]]s, descendants of Central Asian [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Mongol]]s and the [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Pathans]], descendants of [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] tribesmen from [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref name="autogenerated1931">The Caste System of North India by E A H Blunt, first edition in 1931 by Oxford University Press</ref> Occasionally, important convert communities such as the [[Muslim Kayasths|Kayastha Muslim]] and [[manihar]] of eastern Uttar Pradesh, were also granted [[Ashraf]] status.
[[File:Abu's Tomb, Merat.jpeg|thumb|right|Tomb of [[Nawab Khair Andesh Khan|Abu Muhammed Khan Kamboh]], the [[Kamboh Nawabs of Meerut|Nawab of Meerut]]. It served as the starting point of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Rebellion]] in 1857.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ameer |first1=Sabine |last2=Umair |first2=Shah |last3=Ahmad |first3=Ameer |date=27 August 2023 |title=Fading Legacy of Abu ka Maqbara: A Space of Resistance During the 1857 Uprising |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/fading-legacy-of-abu-ka-maqbara-a-space-of-resistance-during-the-1857-uprising |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref> Painting by [[Thomas Colman Dibdin|T. C. Dibdin]], {{circa|1850}}.]]

In western Uttar Pradesh, there was conversion to [[Islam]] of a number of agrarian [[castes]] such as the [[Tyagi (Muslim)|Tyagi]], [[Ranghar]], [[Gurjars]] and [[Muley Jat]]. Some of these convert communities kept a number of their pre-Islamic customs, such as [[clan]] [[exogamy]]. According to some scholars, this also led to the creeping into [[Baradari (brotherhood)|Baradari]] system.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh: A Study in Culture Contact by Ghaus Ansari</ref> With the collapse of the [[Sultanate of Delhi]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] established control and Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of their vast empire; the region was known as Hindustan, which is used to this day as the name for India in several languages. [[Agra]] and [[Fatehpur Sikri]] were the capital cities of [[Akbar]], the Mughal emperor of India. At their zenith, during the rule of [[Aurangzeb]], the Mughal Empire covered almost all of South Asia (including present day [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]]), which was ruled at different times from Delhi, [[Agra]], and [[Allahabad]].

=== Later history ===
[[File:Tilly Kettle painting a portrait of Shuja ud-Daula and his ten sons.jpg|thumb|Watercolour on paper depicting Tilly Kettle painting a portrait of Shuja ud-Daula and his ten sons.|300px]]

When the [[Mughal Empire]] disintegrated, their territory remained confined to the [[Doab]] region and Delhi. Other areas of Hindustan (Uttar Pradesh) were ruled by different rulers: [[Oudh]] was ruled by the [[Shia]] Nawabs of Oudh, [[Rohilkhand]] by the [[Rohilla]]s. The state's capital city of [[Lucknow]] was established by the Muslim [[Nawabs of Oudh]] in the 18th century. It became an important centre of [[Muslim]] culture and the development of [[Urdu]] literature.<ref>The Rise and Decline of the Ruhela by Iqbal Hussain</ref><ref name="autogenerated2">The crisis of empire in Mughal north India : Awadh and the Punjab, 1707–48 / Muzaffar Alam</ref>

Of all the Muslim states and dependencies of the Mughal Empire, [[Awadh]] had the newest royal family. They were descended from a [[Persian people|Persian]] adventurer called [[Saadat Ali Khan I|Sa'adat Khan]], who was originally from [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]] in [[Persia]], one of a number of Khurasanis in the service of the Mughals, mostly soldiers, who hoped for rich rewards if successful. These Khurasanis were [[Shia]], and [[Lucknow]] became a centre of [[Shia]] culture in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

By the early 19th century, the British had established their control over what is now Uttar Pradesh. This led to an end of almost six centuries of Muslim rule over Uttar Pradesh.

[[File:1st Regiment of Skinner's Horse returning from a General Review, 1828.jpg|thumb|400px|Skinner's Horse, raised in Hansi|left]]
[[File:An Officer of Col Gardiner’s irregular Cavalry.jpg|thumb|Gardner's Horse, raised in Mainpuri and Farrukhabad]]
The British began to hire indigenous cavalry in their conquered provinces. The end of Muslim rule saw a large number of unemployed Muslim horsemen, who were employed in the British army.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4mgMAQAAMAAJ&q=enlist+excluded+the+poorest+segment+of+the+unemployed+Muslim+horsemen |title= Stranglers and Bandits: A Historical Anthology of Thuggee |publisher= Oxford University Press |date= 2009 |author= Kim A. Wagner |isbn= 978-0-19-569815-2 }}</ref> In early British India, the cavalry was almost entirely composed of Muslims, as Hindus were "not so much disposed as the Mahomedans to the duties of a trooper".<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=GR2URX7SRQkC&dq=hindoos+not+suited+to+the+duties+of+the+trooper&pg=PA132 |title= The East India Military Calendar: Containing the Services of General and Field Officers of the Indian Army · Volume 1 |author= John Philippart |date= 1823 |publisher= Kingsbury, Parbury and Allen |isbn= 978-1-02-226744-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AttiEAAAQBAJ&dq=three-fourths+cavalry+muslim&pg=PA297 |title= New Dimensions of Indian Historiography : Historical Facts and Hindutva Interpretation |author= Dr. Ijaz Ahmed |date= 2022 |publisher= K.K. Publications |page= 297}}</ref> These cavalry regiments were primarily recruited among Hindustani Musalman [[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradaris]], such as the [[Ranghar|Ranghar(Rajput Muslims)]], [[Shaikhs of Uttar Pradesh|Sheikhs]], [[Sayyid]]s, [[Mughal people|Mughals]], and [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|localized Pathans]], who made up three-fourths of the cavalry branch of the British army.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fWEeEAAAQBAJ&dq=skinner%27s+horse+muslims+delhi&pg=PA125 |title= Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security |year= 2021 |author= Sumit Walia |page= 125|publisher= Lancer Publishers |isbn= 9788170623311 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4g8xAQAAMAAJ&q=Three+-+fourths+of+the+Cavalry+branch+of+the+Bengal+Army+were+recruited+from+the+Muslims+of+various+descriptions+such+as+Hindusthanee+Muhammadans+,+Sheikhs+,+Syuds+,+Moguls+,+Pathans+,+Rangars+(+Rajput+Mussalmans+)+and+Afghans+,+while |title= Calcutta Review 1956 |page= 38 |publisher= University of Calcutta. |date= 1956 }}</ref> Irregular cavalry regiments such as [[1st Horse (Skinner's Horse)|Skinner's Horse]], [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)|Gardner]], Hearsay's Horse and Tait's Horse preserved the traditions of cavalry under the former Mughal empire, which had a political purpose because it absorbed pockets of cavalrymen who might otherwise become disaffected plunderers.<ref>{{ cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8bqEzPPp8xIC&dq=irregular+cavalry+syud&pg=PA159 |title= Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 |author= Christopher Alan Bayly, C. A. Bayly |date= 1996 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9780521663601 }}</ref>

[[File:Mahmud Hasan Deobandi.jpg|100px|thumb|Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]
[[File:Mohsinul Mulk, Syed Ahmad Khan and Syed Mahmood.jpg|thumb|Syed Ahmad Khan and Mohsin-ul-Mulk]]
The British rulers created a class of feudal landowners who were generally referred to as [[zamindar]]s, and in [[Awadh]] as [[taluqdar]]s. Some of these landowners provided patronage to the arts and funded a number of the early Muslim educational institutions. A major educational institution was the [[Aligarh Muslim University]], which gave its name to the [[Aligarh]] movement. Under the guidance of Sir [[Sayyid Ahmed Khan]], the Urdu speaking Muslim elite sought to retain their position of political and administrative importance by reconciling their Mughal and Islamic culture with English education. A somewhat different educational movement was led by the [[Ulema]] of [[Deoband]], who founded a religious school or Dar-ul-Uloom designed to revitalize Islamic learning. The aim of the [[Deobandi]]s, as the movement became known as was to purge the Muslims of all strata of traditions and customs that were claimed to be [[Hindu]]. Most of the early [[Proselytism|proselytization]] was concentrated in the [[Doab]] region where [[Deoband]] is located, which was home to a number of peasant castes, such as the [[Ranghar|Rajput Muslim]], [[Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)|Gujjar]], [[Muslim Tyagi|Tyagi]] and [[Muley Jat|Jat]], who had maintained a number of pre-Islamic customs. A reaction to the growth of the [[Deobandi]] movement was the rise of the [[Barelvi]] sub-sect, which was much more tolerant of the customs and traditions of the local population.<ref name="autogenerated823"/> However, the Barelvis under [[Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi]] opposed Hindu-Muslim unity, declaring that the Quran forbade friendship with disbelievers, warning that this could result in Muslims losing their identity.<ref>{{cite book |title= Syncretic Islam: Life and Times of Ahmad Raza Khan Barelvi |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YMMpEAAAQBAJ |author= Anil Maheshwari, Richa Singh |date= 2021 |publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn=9789354350092 }}</ref> He opposed the Deobandi leaders for their political cooperation with Hindu figures, such as Gandhi. According to [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] the Shari'a norms mandate "distinguishing the Muslim community[qawm], the maintenance of difference in our clothing, our manners, our way of speaking, and our behavior." He forbade the wearing of the English coat and pants, tying a [[Dhoti]][worn by Hindu men], Gurgabi shoes and [[Lehenga]], which were "things that are purely characteristics of other communities[aqwam]".<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hkFyDwAAQBAJ&dq=thanvi+dhoti&pg=PA104 |title= Revival from Below: The Deoband Movement and Global Islam |date= 2018 |author= Brannon D. Ingram |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 9780520970137 }}</ref>

The role of the [[Urdu language]] played an important role in the development of Muslim self-consciousness in the early twentieth century. Uttar Pradesh Muslims set up [[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu|Anjumans]] or associations for the protection and promotion of [[Urdu]]. These early [[Muslim]] associations formed the core of the [[All India Muslim League]] in [[Dhaka]] in 1905. Some of the leaders belonged to the Ashraf category. Uttar Pradesh Muslims created the movement for a separate Muslim state, later known as Pakistan. The eventual effect of this movement led to the [[partition of India]], and creation of Pakistan. This led to an exodus of multiple Muslim professionals to Pakistan, and the division of the Uttar Pradesh Muslims, with the formation of the [[Muhajir (Pakistan)|Muhajir]] ethnic group of Pakistan. The role of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] was extremely important in the creation of [[Pakistan]].<ref>Separatism among Indian Muslims : the politics of the United Provinces' Muslims 1860–1923 / Francis Robinson</ref>

=== Modern history ===

The net result of partition and independence in 1947 was the division of the [[Urdu-speaking people|Urdu speaking]] Uttar Pradesh Muslims. It led to major social, political, and cultural changes; for example, [[Urdu]] lost its status. The abolishment of the [[zamindar]]i system also had a profound impact on culture as these large landowners provided patronage to local artisans; this was especially true in the [[Awadh]] region. Muslim artisan communities persevered with the growth of specialized industries such as lock manufacturing in [[Aligarh]]. The Muslim peasantry in western Uttar Pradesh benefited from the [[Green Revolution]], while those in eastern Uttar Pradesh did poorly. The Muslim League eventually declined, with most Muslims initially supporting the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>Legacy of a divided nation: India's Muslims since independence By [[Mushirul Hasan]]</ref> The post partition period saw a reduction in [[Religious violence in India#Violence against Muslims|communal violence]] between [[Hindu]]s and [[Muslims]]. This was also a period where Muslims were led by [[Ashraf]] leaders such as [[Abdul Majeed Khwaja]] in [[Aligarh]] and [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]] in [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]. However, from the late 1960s onwards, there was an increase in the number of communal riots, culminating in the destruction of the [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]] in December 1992. This period has also seen the decline of Muslim support for the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]].<ref name="autogenerated3">The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India By Paul R. Brass</ref>

From the 1990s there have been two issues confronting the Muslim community: the [[Mandir]] and [[Mandal Commission|Mandal]]. Mandir refers to the construction of a [[Hindu]] temple supported by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the town of [[Ayodhya]] in eastern Uttar Pradesh, on the site of [[Babri Mosque]]. The project was poorly received and resulted in [[Religious violence in India#Violence against Muslims|communal violence]].<ref name="autogenerated3"/> The other issue is commonly referred to as Mandal, a reference to the [[Mandal Commission]], which was set up to consider the question of seat reservations and quotas for people to address caste discrimination. Among the groups identified for reservation were a number of Ajlaf communities, which led to greater assertion of ''Ajlaf'' political power and a decline in the Ashraf leadership. A major controversy is a demand for the Muslim community to receive reservation as a whole, which is being opposed by multiple Ajlaf communities. There are also demands to extend the [[scheduled caste]] status, which the Indian Constitution restricts to [[Hindu]] [[caste]]s and Muslim Ajlaf groups like the [[Halalkhor]] and [[Lal Begi]].<ref>Identity and Identification in India: Defining By Laura Dudley Jenkins</ref>

== Culture ==
=== Social system ===

Some South Asian Muslims stratify their society according to ''quoms''.<ref name="barth_leach_aspects">{{cite book
| last = Barth
| first = Fredrik
| editor = E. R. Leach
| title = Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon, and North-West Pakistan
| access-date = 12 June 2007
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| chapter = The System of Social Stratification in Swat, North Pakistan
| chapter-url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2995517
| page = 113
| year = 1962
| archive-date = 6 April 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120406091830/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=2995517
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> ''Quoms'' are further divided into ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradaris]]'', which claim descent from an actual or putative common male ancestor. For example, an individual will belong to the [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh|Shaikh]] ''quom'' and [[Behlim]] [[Rangrez]] or [[Fareedi]] ''biradari''.<ref>Caste and social stratification among Muslims in India, edited by Imtiaz Ahmad.</ref> This system of stratification, unlike the Hindu caste system, lacks any concept of ritual purity or pollution.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Sdz9AAAAQBAJ&dq=muslim+no+caste+ritual&pg=PA20 |title= Muslim Backward Classes: A Sociological Perspective |author= Azra Khanam |date= 2013 |page= 20 |publisher= SAGE Publications |isbn= 9788132116509 }}</ref>

It is commonly believed{{By whom|date=February 2011}} that Muslims in Uttar Pradesh are divided into the Ashraf and Ajlaf categories which are distinguished by ethnic origin and descent. However, students making empirical studies of Muslim communities in different parts of India found that this distinction is not really meaningful in understanding the existing pattern among the diverse social groups in any locality. Technically, the Ashraf are descendants of groups with foreign ancestry, while the Ajlaf are those whose ancestors are said to have converted to [[Islam]]. The Ashraf are further divided into four groups: the [[Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh|Sayyid]], the alleged descendants of [[Mohammed]]; the [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh|Shaikh]] and Siddiqui Manihar claiming descent from early [[Arab people|Arab]] or [[Persian people|Persian]] settlers; the [[Turkish people|Turks]] & the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] descent from the [[Mughal dynasty]] or [[Timurid dynasty|Gurkani]] Turks; and the [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh|Pathan]], who claim descents from [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] groups that have settled in [[India]]. Technically the first two groups intermarry with each other, while the latter two intermarry. Included sometimes in the [[Ashraf]] category are [[Muslim Rajput]] groups such as the [[Rangrez]], [[manihar]] and [[Khanzada (Awadh)|Khanzada]]. A third category, ''arzaal'' are supposed to be converts from [[Hindu]] [[Dalit]] communities, though the term is never used in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Groups that tend to fall in this category include the [[Halalkhor]] and [[Lal Begi]].<ref>Basic problems of OBC & Dalit Muslims / edited by Ashfaq Husain Ansari.</ref> Uttar Pradesh Muslims often identify themselves in smaller units called biradaris, which are localized lineage groupings; for example, the [[Qidwai]] Shaikh.<ref>Muslim Caste in Uttar Pradesh (A Study of Culture Contact), Ghaus Ansari, Lucknow, 1960</ref>

Communities in the Ajlaf category were traditionally associated with the practice of a particular craft. For example, the [[Momin Ansari|Ansari]] were weavers, while the [[Saifi (community)|Saifi]] were blacksmiths. These artisan communities call themselves ''biradaries'' and each is characterised by strict endogamy. In the older parts of town and cities in Uttar Pradesh, they are also characterised by residential segregation.<ref>Boundaries and identities : Muslims, work and status in Aligarh / E. A. Mann. {{ISBN|0-8039-9422-2}}</ref> Among other traditional artisan biradaris in UP are the [[Mansoori]], [[Bhatiara]], [[Bhisti]], [[Muslim Dhobi|Dhobi]], [[Muslim Halwai]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]] and Raj, which were at one time associated with a particular craft or trade.<ref>''People of India''. Uttar Pradesh, general editor, K.S. Singh; editors, Amir Hasan, B.R. Rizvi, J.C. Das. ISBN 8173041148 (set)</ref>

In addition to occupational specialization, biradaris are also concentrated in a particular geographic area. For example, the [[Doab]] region is home some cultivation biradaris, such as the [[Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)|Baloch]], [[Dogar]], [[Garha]], [[Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)|Gujjar]], [[Turkish people|Turks]], [[Muslim Kamboh (Uttar Pradesh)|Kamboh]], [[Ranghar|Rajput]], and [[Muslim Tyagi]]. They often live in their own villages and follow distinct customs.

The population is further divided by linguistic division. Muslims in Uttar Pradesh speak [[Urdu]], as well as also local Hindi dialects, such as [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi]], Kauravi, and [[Braj Bhasha]].

===Dress===
[[File:Pensioned Sepoy of Moradabad.jpg|thumb|Pensioned Indian Muslim Sipahi of [[Moradabad]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], 1839-1842|150px|left]]
[[File:Muslim women in purdah.jpg|Muslim women in Purdah in India|thumb|right]]
Both Muslim men and women wore the [[shalwar kameez]],<ref>{{cite book |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v25zAwAAQBAJ&dq=indian+muslims+in+north+india+shalwar+kameez&pg=PA103 |title= Diana and Beyond: White Femininity, National Identity, and Contemporary Media Culture |date= 2014 |author= Raka Shome |publisher= University of Illinois Press |isbn= 9780252096686 }}</ref> and kurta pajama/churidar, while men wore the [[sherwani]] and women wore the [[gharara]] for formal wear.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ&dq=muslim+men+sherwani&pg=PT228 |title= Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture |author= Niraalee Shah |date= 2021 |publisher= Notion Press|isbn= 9781638865544 }}</ref> Indian Muslim women in urban areas historically also wore a white [[purdah]], which hung around the figure around a small skull-cap.<ref>{{cite book |title= Routledge Library Editions: Women in Islamic Societies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DaseEAAAQBAJ |publisher= Taylor & Francis |date= 2021 |page= 176 | isbn=9781315449555 }}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
[[File:Indian Chicken Seekh Kebab.jpg|thumb|Traditional North Indian Muslim cuisine]]

The [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughal]] and [[Indo-Iranians|Indo-Persian]] heritage influenced their cuisine, having tastes vary from mild to spicy and is often associated with [[Odor|aroma]]. It tends to use stronger spices and flavors. Most of a ''[[Dastarkhān|dastarkhawan]]'' dining table includes [[Chapati|chapatti]], rice, [[dal]], vegetable and meat (beef, [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]], [[Chicken (food)|chicken]], [[Fish as food|fish]]) dishes. Special dishes include [[biryani]], [[Korma|qorma]], [[kofta]], [[Kebab|seekh kabab]], [[Nihari]] and [[Haleem]], [[Kofta|Nargisi Koftay]], [[Shashlik]], [[Kata-Kat]], [[Naan|Roghani Naan]], [[Naan]], [[Sheer khurma]] (sweet), qourma, [[Masala chai|chai]] (sweet, milky tea), [[paan]], and other delicacies associated with [[Indian Muslim|North Indian Muslim]] culture.

=== Sufi orders ===
[[File:TombSalimChisti.jpg|thumb|Tomb of Sufi saint Shaikh [[Salim Chisti]] in Fatehpur Sikri, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Sufi]]s (Islamic mystics) played an important role in the spread of Islam in India. They were successful in spreading Islam, as multiple aspects of Sufi belief systems and practices had their parallels in Indian philosophical literature, in particular nonviolence and [[monism]]. The Sufis' orthodox approach towards Islam made it easier for Hindus to practice. [[Moinuddin Chishti|Hazrat Khawaja Muin-ud-din Chishti]], [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], syed jalaluddin surkh posh bukhari[[Nizam-ud-din Auliya]], [[Shah Jalal]], nasiruddin chirag Dehlvi, makhdoom jahaniya jahangasht, syed sadruddin raju qattal[[Amir Khusro]], [[Sarkar Sabir Pak]], Shekh Alla-ul-Haq Pandwi, [[Hazrat Qutabuddin Dehlvi]], [[Hazrat Nasiruddin kaaly]], [[Hazrat Jamal Shah Khurma Waly]], [[Hazrat Shah Ahmad Shah Pir Ji Sarkar]], [[Hazrat Syed Chishti Miyan (Muradabad)]], [[Hazrat Imam Shah Chishti]], [[Ashraf Jahangir Semnani]], [[Sarkar Waris Pak]], and [[Ata Hussain Fani Chishti]] trained Sufis to propagate Islam in different parts of India. When the Islamic Empire was established in India, the Sufi movement attracted followers from the [[artisan]] and [[Dalit (outcaste)|untouchable]] communities; they assisted in bridging the distance between Islam and the indigenous traditions. [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], a prominent member of the [[Naqshbandi]] [[Sufi]], advocated the peaceful conversion of Hindus to Islam. [[Ahmed Rida Khan]] contributed a lot by defending traditional and orthodox Islam in India through his work ''Fatawa Razvia''.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== Demographics ==
{{Expand section|* {category: Muslim Communities in Uttar Pradesh}
* {And also at the (1900-2011) population}|date=April 2025}}

=== Population by district ===
[[File:Islam_in_Uttar_Pradesh_(2011).png|thumb|Islam percent in Uttar Pradesh by district, 2011 census]]
The following table gives the proportion of Muslims in the population of every district in Uttar Pradesh according to the 2011 Census. Excluded are the districts of [[Hapur district|Hapur]], [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]] and [[Shamli district|Shamli]] which did not exist at the time of the census.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Muslim Population in Uttar Pradesh by District<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Census of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0900.xlsx}}</ref>
|-
!District
!Total Population
!Muslim Population
!%
|-
|[[Agra]]
|4,418,797
|411,313
|{{Percentage | 411,313 | 4,418,797| 2 }}
|-
|[[Aligarh]]
|3,673,889
|729,283
|{{Percentage | 729,283| 3,673,889| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ambedkar Nagar]]
|2,397,888
|401,678
|{{Percentage | 401,678 | 2,397,888| 2 }}
|-
|[[Auraiya]]
|1,379,545
|101,963
|{{Percentage | 101,963| 1,379,545| 2 }}
|-
|[[Azamgarh]]
|4,613,913
|718,692
|{{Percentage | 718,692| 4,613,913| 2 }}
|-
|[[Baghpat]]
|1,303,048
|364,583
|{{Percentage | 364,583| 1,303,048 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Bahraich]]
|3,487,731
|1,169,436
|{{Percentage |1,169,436 | 3,487,731| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ballia]]
|3,239,774
|213,440
|{{Percentage | 213,440| 3,239,774| 2 }}
|-
|[[Balrampur]]
|2,148,665
|805,975
|{{Percentage | 805,975 | 2,148,665| 2 }}
|-
|[[Banda district, India|Banda]]
|1,799,410
|157,612
|{{Percentage | 157,612| 1,799,410| 2 }}
|-
|[[Barabanki]]
|3,260,699
|737,106
|{{Percentage | 737,106| 3,260,699| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bareilly]]
|4,448,359
|1,536,534
|{{Percentage | 1,536,534| 4,448,359| 2 }}
|-
|[[Basti district|Basti]]
|2,464,464
|364,510
|{{Percentage | 364,510| 2,464,464| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bijnor]]
|3,682,713
|1,585,210
|{{Percentage | 1,585,210| 3,682,713| 2 }}
|-
|[[Budaun]]
|3,681,896
|790,515
|{{Percentage | 790,515| 3,681,896| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bulandshahr]]
|3,499,171
|777,407
|{{Percentage | 777,407| 3,499,171| 2 }}
|-
|[[Chandauli]]
|1,952,756
|215,081
|{{Percentage | 215,081| 1,952,756| 2 }}
|-
|[[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakoot]]
|991,730
|34,559
|{{Percentage | 34,559| 991,730| 2 }}
|-
|[[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|3,100,946
|358,539
|{{Percentage | 358,539| 3,100,946| 2 }}
|-
|[[Etah]]
|1,774,480
|146,346
|{{Percentage | 146,346| 1,774,480| 2 }}
|-
|[[Etawah]]
|1,581,810
|113,961
|{{Percentage | 113,961| 1,581,810| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ayodhya]]
|2,470,996
|365,806
|{{Percentage | 365,806| 2,470,996| 2 }}
|-
|[[Farrukhabad]]
|1,885,204
|276,846
|{{Percentage | 276,846| 1,885,204| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
|2,632,733
|350,700
|{{Percentage | 350,700| 2,632,733| 2 }}
|-
|[[Firozabad]]
|2,498,156
|314,812
|{{Percentage | 314,812| 2,498,156| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gautam Buddh Nagar]]
|1,648,115
|215,500
|{{Percentage | 215,500| 1,648,115| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ghaziabad]]
|4,681,645
|936,829
|{{Percentage | 936,829 | 4,681,645| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ghazipur]]
|3,620,268
|368,153
|{{Percentage | 368,153| 3,620,268| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gonda district|Gonda]]
|3,433,919
|678,615
|{{Percentage | 678,615| 3,433,919| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gorakhpur]]
|4,440,895
|403,847
|{{Percentage | 403,847| 4,440,895 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|1,104,285
|91,269
|{{Percentage | 91,269| 1,104,285| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hardoi]]
|4,092,845
|556,219
|{{Percentage | 556,219| 4,092,845| 2 }}
|-
|[[Jalaun]]
|1,689,974
|171,581
|{{Percentage | 171,581| 1,689,974| 2 }}
|-
|[[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
|4,494,204
|483,750
|{{Percentage | 483,750| 4,494,204| 2 }}
|-
|[[Jhansi]]
|1,998,603
|147,842
|{{Percentage | 147,842| 1,998,603| 2 }}
|-
|Jyotiba Phule Nagar ([[Amroha]])
|1,840,221
|750,368
|{{Percentage | 750,368| 1,840,221| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kannauj]]
|1,656,616
|273,967
|{{Percentage | 273,967| 1,656,616| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kanpur Dehat]]
|1,796,184
|176,327
|{{Percentage | 176,327| 1,796,184| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kanpur Nagar]]
|4,581,268
|720,660
|{{Percentage | 720,660| 4,581,268| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kanshiram Nagar]]
|1,436,719
|213,822
|{{Percentage | 213,822| 1,436,719| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]
|1,599,596
|220,423
|{{Percentage | 220,423| 1,599,596| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kheri]]
|4,021,243
|807,600
|{{Percentage | 807,600| 4,021,243| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kushinagar]]
|3,564,544
|620,244
|{{Percentage | 620,244| 3,564,544| 2 }}
|-
|[[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur]]
|1,221,592
|33,724
|{{Percentage | 33,724| 1,221,592| 2 }}
|-
|[[Lucknow]]
|4,589,838
|985,070
|{{Percentage | 985,070| 4,589,838| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hathras]]
|1,564,708
|159,448
|{{Percentage | 159,448| 1,564,708| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mahoba]]
|875,958
|57,454
|{{Percentage | 57,454| 875,958| 2 }}
|-
|[[Maharajganj district|Mahrajganj]]
|2,684,703
|458,650
|{{Percentage | 458,650| 2,684,703| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mainpuri]]
|1,868,529
|100,723
|{{Percentage | 100,723| 1,868,529| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mathura]]
|2,547,184
|216,933
|{{Percentage | 216,933 | 2,547,184| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mau district|Mau]]
|2,205,968
|428,555
|{{Percentage | 428,555| 2,205,968| 2 }}
|-
|[[Meerut]]
|3,443,689
|998,969
|{{Percentage | 998,969| 3,443,689| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mirzapur]]
|2,496,970
|195,765
|{{Percentage | 195,765 | 2,496,970| 2 }}
|-
|[[Moradabad]]
|3,126,507
|1,588,297
|{{Percentage | 1,588,297 | 3,126,507 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Muzaffarnagar]]
|4,143,512
|1,711,453
|{{Percentage | 1,711,453| 4,143,512| 2 }}
|-
|[[Pilibhit]]
|2,031,007
|489,686
|{{Percentage | 489,686| 2,031,007| 2 }}
|-
|[[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|3,209,141
|452,394
|{{Percentage | 452,394| 3,209,141| 2 }}
|-
|[[Prayagraj]]
|5,954,391
|796,756
|{{Percentage | 796,756 | 5,954,391| 2 }}
|-
|[[Rae Bareli]]
|3,405,559
|413,243
|{{Percentage | 413,243| 3,405,559| 2 }}
|-
|[[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]
|2,335,819
|1,181,337
|{{Percentage | 1,181,337| 2,335,819| 2 }}
|-
|[[Saharanpur]]
|3,466,382
|1,454,052
|{{Percentage | 1,454,052| 3,466,382| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sant Kabir Nagar]]
|1,715,183
|404,410
|{{Percentage | 404,410| 1,715,183| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sant Ravidas Nagar]] ([[Bhadohi]])
|1,578,213
|203,887
|{{Percentage | 203,887| 1,578,213 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Shahjahanpur]]
|3,006,538
|527,581
|{{Percentage | 527,581| 3,006,538 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Shrawasti]]
|1,117,361
|343,981
|{{Percentage | 343,981| 1,117,361 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Siddharthnagar]]
|2,559,297
|748,073
|{{Percentage | 748,073| 2,559,297 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Sitapur]]
|4,483,992
|893,725
|{{Percentage | 893,725| 4,483,992| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sonbhadra]]
|1,862,559
|103,567
|{{Percentage | 103,567| 1,862,559| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
|3,108,367
|650,261
|{{Percentage | 650,261| 3,108,367| 2 }}
|-
|[[Unnao]]
|3,108,367
|363,453
|{{Percentage | 363,453| 3,108,367| 2 }}
|-
|[[Varanasi]]
|3,676,841
|546,987
|{{Percentage | 546,987 | 3,676,841 | 2 }}
|-
| '''STATE'''{{efn-lr|Percentages in 'STATE' are calculated out of total population of UP, depicting the share of each religion's population}}
|'''199,812,341'''
|'''38,483,967'''
|'''{{Percentage | 38,483,967| 199,812,341| 2 }}'''
|-
| colspan="4" |<small>{{notelist-lr|close=1}}</small>
|}

== Language ==
[[File:Nuskaha-e-Hamidiyya.jpg|thumb|Opening pages of the Urdu divan of Ghalib, 1821]]

Urdu has much in common with the [[Hindustani language]] and is mutually intelligible with [[Hindi|Standard Hindi]]. The grammatical description in this article concerns standard Urdu. During the [[Mughal Empire]], the development of Urdu was further strengthened and started to emerge as a new language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://szh.20m.com/learn/bhulang.html |title=SZH: Brief History of Urdu Language |access-date=4 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414104404/http://szh.20m.com/learn/bhulang.html |archive-date=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The official language of the [[Ghurids]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was [[Persian language|Persian]], while the language of religion was [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Gradually, the need to communicate with local inhabitants led to a composition of Sanskrit-derived languages, written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] with literary conventions and specialized vocabulary being retained from Persian, Arabic, and Turkic; the new standard was eventually called ''Urdu''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kachru |first=Yamuna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQC&dq=urdu+heavy+persian&pg=PA2 |title=Hindi |date=2006-01-01 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |isbn=978-90-272-3812-2 |language=en}}</ref>

According to the Tashih Gharaib-ul-Lughat by Khan-i Arzu, the "zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi [the Imperial Urdu] had attained special importance in the time of [[Aurangzeb|Alamgir]]"(1658-1707).<ref>{{cite book|title= A House Divided: The Origin and Development of Hindi/Hindavi |author=Amrit Rai |date= 1984 |publisher= Oxford University Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BJGBAAAAIAAJ&q=From+all+available+evidence+,+imperial+Urdu+seems+to+have+started+being+given+a+shape+in+the+time+of+Shahjahan+and+to+have+acquired+it+substantially+by+the+end+of+Aurangzeb%27s+reign+.+This |page= 240 |isbn= 978-0-19-561643-9 }}</ref> During this time period, Urdu was referred to as [[Muslim|"Moors"]] by European writers,<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_kWROaer5UsC&dq=british+moors+urdu&pg=PA1118 |title= Allied Chambers transliterated Hindi-Hindi-English dictionary |author1= Henk W. Wagenaar |author2=S. S. Parikh |author3=D. F. Plukker |author4=R. Veldhuijzen van Zanten |date= 1993 |publisher= Allied Publishers |isbn= 9788186062104 }}</ref> such as the English priest [[John Ovington]] in 1689 after his visit to India:<ref>{{cite book |title= A Voyage to Surat in the Year 1689 |page= 147 |date= 1994 |publisher= Asian Educational Services |author= John Ovington }}</ref>

<blockquote>The language of the Moors is different from that of the ancient original inhabitants of India, but is oblig'd to these Gentiles for its characters. For though the ''Moors dialect'' is peculiar to themselves, yet it is destitute of Letters to express it; and therefore in all their Writings in their Mother Tongue, they borrow their letters from the Heathens, or from the Persians, or other Nations.</blockquote>

Urdu is often [[Hindi#Standard Hindi and Urdu|contrasted with Hindi]], another standardised form of Hindustani. The main differences between the two are that Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the [[Nastaʿlīq script|Nastaliq calligraphy style]] of the [[Perso-Arabic script]] and draws vocabulary from Persian, Arabic, Turkish and local languages<ref name="Language in India-Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in the British Raj">{{cite web|url = http://www.languageinindia.com/oct2001/punjab1.html| title = Bringing Order to Linguistic Diversity: Language Planning in the British Raj|publisher = Language in India|access-date = 20 May 2008}}</ref> while Standard Hindi is conventionally written in [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] and draws vocabulary from [[Sanskrit]] more heavily.<ref name="Sikmirza">{{cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html |title=A Brief Hindi – Urdu FAQ |publisher=sikmirza |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202103338/http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html |archive-date=2 December 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most linguists consider Urdu and Hindi to be two standardized forms of the same language;<ref name="UC Davis-Linguists">{{cite web|url=http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/hindiurdu/index.html |title=Hindi/Urdu Language Instruction |publisher=University of California, Davis |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405210308/http://mesa.ucdavis.edu/hindiurdu/index.html |archive-date=5 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue Report for Hindi">{{cite web | url = http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=hin | title = Ethnologue Report for Hindi | publisher = Ethnologue | access-date = 26 February 2008 | archive-date = 1 October 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001003730/http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=hin | url-status = dead }}</ref> others classify them separately,<ref>The Annual of Urdu studies, number 11, 1996, "Some notes on Hindi and Urdu", pp.204</ref> while some consider any differences to be [[sociolinguistics|sociolinguistic]].<ref name="South Asian Voice">{{cite web| url = http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html| title = Urdu and {{sic|i|t's|nolink=y}} Contribution to Secular Values| publisher = South Asian Voice| access-date = 26 February 2008| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071111145027/http://india_resource.tripod.com/Urdu.html| archive-date = 11 November 2007}}</ref> Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts. Due to religious [[nationalism]] since the partition of [[British India]] and consequent continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu increasingly assert them to be completely distinct languages.

Urdu's vocabulary remains heavily influenced by the Persian language.<ref name="theurdulanguage">{{cite web|url=http://www.theurdulanguage.com/History.htm|title=THE URDU LANGUAGE|publisher=theurdulanguage.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313041838/http://www.theurdulanguage.com/History.htm|archive-date=2013-03-13|url-status=usurped|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref> Since the 1800s, English started to replace Persian as the official language in India and it also contributed to influence the Urdu language. As of today, Urdu's vocabulary is strongly influenced by the English language.

== Controversies ==
{{Main|Demolition of the Babri Masjid|2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020|Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Uttar Pradesh|Cow vigilante violence in India}}

In the [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|1992 Babri Masjid demolition]], a large group of [[hindutva]] activists of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and [[Sangh Parivar|allied organisations]] destroyed a Mughal mosque in the city of [[Ayodhya]] which is considered to be the sacred birthplace of [[Rama]] provoking several months of [[Communal violence|inter-communal rioting]] in which Hindus and Muslims attacked one another, burning and looting homes, shops and places of worship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-05 |title=Babri mosque: The build-up to a demolition that shook India |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-42106056 |access-date=2025-07-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|Muzaffarnagar riots]] resulted in over 60 deaths and displacement of thousands, mostly Muslims. The violence stemmed from escalating communal clashes and was heavily politicized, further deepening divisions. The Commission said his speech “had the effect of provoking feelings of enmity or hatred” and “aggravating the existing differences or create mutual hatred or cause tension between different castes and communities.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: New Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh must retract previous statements against Muslims |url=https://www.amnesty.nl/actueel/india-new-chief-minister-of-uttar-pradesh-must-retract-previous-statements-against-muslims |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-24 |title=Government releases data of riot victims identifying religion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-releases-data-of-riot-victims-identifying-religion/articleshow/22998550.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The state’s [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020|Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance]], commonly referred to as the "[[Love jihad conspiracy theory|Love Jihad]]" law, criminalizes religious conversions through force or coercion and has been criticized for disproportionately targeting Muslims and restricting interfaith marriages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adityanath Cabinet Approves Ordinance Against 'Love Jihad' |url=https://thewire.in/communalism/adityanath-cabinet-approves-ordinance-against-love-jihad-law |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

Extremist elements linked to UP's Muslim community have been involved in terrorism-related cases, attracting law enforcement attention. These cases often become politicized, affecting perceptions of the wider Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-11-12 |title=Uttar Pradesh ATS arrests four men allegedly linked to ISIS' Aligarh module |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/uttar-pradesh-ats-arrests-four-men-allegedly-linked-to-isis-aligarh-module/article67526904.ece |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Reports also document instances where Muslims faced obstacles in practicing their religion, including restrictions on public Eid prayers and Ramadan observances. Additionally, an increase in [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] hate speech and discrimination has been noted, contributing to a climate of religious intolerance in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AsiaNews.it |title=Uttar Pradesh covers mosques with tarpaulins during Hindu Holi festival |url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/Uttar-Pradesh-covers-mosques-with-tarpaulins-during-Hindu-Holi-festival-62678.html |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.asianews.it |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Akhtar |first=Vaseem |date=June 2018 |title=Status of Muslim Communityin Uttar Pradesh Issues of Deprivation and Exclusion |url=https://www.actionaidindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Status-of-Muslim-Community-in-Uttar-Pradesh-Issues-of-Deprivation-and-Exclusion-Web.pdf |journal=ActionAid}}</ref>

In late 2019 and early 2020, widespread [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests in Uttar Pradesh|protests]] erupted across Uttar Pradesh against the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], which some critics{{Which|date=September 2025}} viewed as discriminatory against Muslims. Demonstrations occurred in cities like Lucknow, Kanpur, and Meerut, often turning violent. At least 20 people died, and over 1,200 were arrested. Authorities imposed internet shutdowns and were accused of excessive force and targeting Muslim communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Why is India's Citizenship Amendment Act so controversial? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/12/why-is-indias-citizenship-amendment-act-so-controversial |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In early 2022 the hijab controversy in Uttar Pradesh emerged, in [[Aligarh]], Dharma Samaj College banned both the hijab and saffron scarves. The principal stated that students covering their faces would not be allowed entry, leading to protests from Muslim students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn |date=16 February 2022 |title=India's hijab dispute reaches Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1675352 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Cattle slaughter in India|cow slaughter laws]] have led to [[Cow vigilante violence in India|communal clashes]] over Muslims engaging in cattle trade and beef consumption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two killed in protests over alleged cow slaughter |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/12/3/india-two-killed-in-protests-over-alleged-cow-slaughter |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Studies including the [[Sachar Committee|Sachar Report]] have claimed that the [[Muslim]] community in Uttar Pradesh lags behind in terms of economics, educational attainment and political representation. The general political consensus in India has been, for a number of historic reasons, that the Muslim community as whole should not be subject to any [[affirmative action]] policies, such as other socially deprived groupings like the [[Scheduled Castes]]. However, the state has conceded that certain [[Baradari (brotherhood)|baradaris]] within the larger Muslim community of Uttar Pradesh deserve reservations in jobs and quotas in educational institutions. This principle has been established by the [[Mandal Commission]].<ref>Politics of inclusion : caste, minority, and representation in India / Zoya Hasan Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2009. ISBN/{{ISBN|9780195696950}}</ref>

Many of these baradaris that have been traditionally associated with a particular craft have been granted [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) status, which in theory makes them eligible for a number of affirmative action schemes.<ref>Basic problems of OBC & dalit Muslims / edited by Ashfaq Husain Ansari. {{ISBN|8183870880}}</ref> There has been some criticism as the selection of criteria, which a number of disadvantaged Muslim [[Baradari (brotherhood)|Baradaris]] excluded from the lists drawn up by the [[Government of India]]. For example, certain Baradaris whose [[Hindu]] counterparts were lists as Scheduled Castes were omitted from the first Uttar Pradesh list. This was part dealt with by including [[Nat (Muslim)|Muslim Nat]]s, [[Mochi (Muslim)|Muslim Mochi]]s and [[Muslim Dhobi]]s, whose [[Hindu]] counterparts have Scheduled Caste status as backward communities.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Letter to Shri Mata Prasad | author=P.S. Krishnan | date=1995-01-09 | url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Uttar%20Pradesh/Uttanpradesh-Vol1/5.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328165738/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Uttar%20Pradesh/Uttanpradesh-Vol1/5.pdf | archive-date=28 March 2012 | access-date=29 December 2011 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, a number of extremely marginalized Muslim communities such as the [[Muslim Dabgar]]. [[Muslim Bandhmati]]s. Muslim Dom and Muslim Bansphor remain excluded despite the fact that there Hindu counterparts are on the Scheduled Caste list. Other economically deprived groups such as the [[Kankali]], [[Kanmailia]] and [[Kingharia]] have also been excluded, while groups like the [[Muslim Kayasths|Kayastha Muslims]] and [[Muslim Kamboh (Uttar Pradesh)|Muslim Kamboh]] have been included. Approximately 44 communities have been included in the Uttar Pradesh OBC list.<ref name="muslimsocieties">{{cite web|url=http://www.muslimsocieties.org/Vol_4_No_1_Scheduling_the_OBCs_Among_the_Muslims_in_Uttar_Pradesh.html|title=Islam and Muslim Societies – The Journal | Vol. 4 No. 1 – 2011 | Scheduling the OBCs Among the Muslims in Uttar Pradesh: Discrepancies and Irregularities|publisher=muslimsocieties.org|access-date=30 May 2016|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730081928/http://www.muslimsocieties.org/Vol_4_No_1_Scheduling_the_OBCs_Among_the_Muslims_in_Uttar_Pradesh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] made an announcement to establish a sub-quota of 4.5% for minorities within the existing 27% reservation meant for the OBC. This decision was said to be made to address Muslim communities that have been granted OBC status are unable to compete with wealthier section of the Hindu OBC community.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/4-5-quota-fails-to-impress-Muslims-in-Uttar-Pradesh/articleshow/11213735.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510190929/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-23/lucknow/30550356_1_muslims-christian-dalits-religion-based-reservation | url-status=live | archive-date=10 May 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=4.5% quota fails to impress Muslims in Uttar Pradesh | date=23 December 2011}}</ref> However, Justice Sachar who headed the [[Sachar Committee]] criticized the government decision saying, "Such promises will not help the backward section of minorities. It is like befooling them. These people are making tall claims just to win elections"<ref name="Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar">{{cite news | url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/228547/govt-trying-befool-minorities-quota.html | title=Govt trying to befool minorities with quota: Sachar | date=19 February 2012 | access-date=20 February 2012}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
Notable Muslims from Uttar Pradesh include [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]], [[Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya]], [[Amir Khusrau]], [[Ziauddin Barani]], [[Abdul Qadir Badauni]], [[Malik Muhammad Jayasi]], [[Shaikh Salim Chishti]], [[Abul Fazl]], [[Faizi]], [[Shah Waliullah Dehlawi]], [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlawi]], [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]], [[Allama Shibli Nomani]], [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar]], [[Shaukat Ali]], [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Rafi Ahmed Kidwai]], [[Begum Hazrat Mahal]], [[Nawab Wajid Ali Shah]], [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Mirza Ghalib]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Kaifi Azmi]], [[Israr Ahmed]], [[Irfan Habib]], [[Mushirul Hasan]], [[Saeed Naqvi]], [[Kuldip Nayar]], [[Naiyer Masud]], [[Masud Husain Khan]], [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Muzaffar Ali]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Naseeruddin Shah]], [[Tabu]], [[Salman Khurshid]], [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], [[Azam Khan]], [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]], [[Mohsina Kidwai]], [[Hamid Ansari]], [[Syed Sibtey Razi]], [[Kalbe Sadiq]], [[Kalbe Jawad]], [[Asaduddin Owaisi]], [[Mohammad Ali Khan (Rampur)]], [[Raza Ali Khan]], [[Hamid Ali Khan]], [[Wasif Ali Wasif]], [[Mohammad Rafi]], [[Talat Mahmood]], [[Begum Akhtar]], [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]], [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[Ustad Amjad Ali Khan]], [[Mohammad Kaif]], [[Mohammed Shami]], [[Piyush Chawla]], [[Shahid Afridi]], [[Zakir Naik]], [[Arif Mohammad Khan]], [[Yusuf Ansari]], [[Shahnawaz Hussain]], [[Nawabzada Liaqat Ali Khan]], [[Rashid Kidwai]], [[Masood Azhar]], [[Mohammad Yunus]], [[Zafar Sareshwala]], [[Anees Jung]], [[Shujaat Husain Rizvi]], [[Raza Murad]], [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Sanjay Khan]], [[Zayed Khan]], [[Mohammad Azharuddin]], [[Shakeel Badayuni]], [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]], [[Ismat Chughtai]], [[Qurratulain Hyder]], [[Rahi Masoom Raza]], [[Akhtar ul Iman]], and [[Jaan Nisar Akhtar]].

== See also ==

*[[Islam in India]]
*[[States of India by Urdu speakers]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Islam in India by region}}

[[Category:Islam in Uttar Pradesh| ]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India|*]]
[[Category:Urdu]]

Son of Alladin

2026-05-04T22:55:50Z

CoralRaphael599: created a data and citations

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Son of Alladin
| image = Son of alladin dvd cover.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| producer = V. Chandrasekharan
| writer =
| screenplay = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Mark Zaslove]]
}}
| story = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao
| starring =
| music = [[Pravin Mani]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Venkata Krishnan M
| studio = [[Pentamedia Graphics]]
| distributor = [[Shemaroo]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|8|29}}
| runtime = 80 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/catch-son-of-alladin-on-cartoon-network/story-W0WWFH7hbeJpEhjEAEhyVN.html|title=Catch Son Of Alladin on Cartoon Network|date=9 June 2006|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804041112/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/catch-son-of-alladin-on-cartoon-network/story-W0WWFH7hbeJpEhjEAEhyVN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Son of Alladin''''' is a 2003 Indian animated film based on the life of the [[Aladdin]] written and directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lenburg |first1=Jeff |title=The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons |date=2009 |publisher=Checkmark Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-6600-1 |edition=3rd |page=228}}</ref> Produced by [[Pentamedia Graphics]], the film had 1100 shots and 125 characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031006/login/main3.htm|title=‘Son of Alladin,’ India’s step in 3-D animation|date=6 October 2003|publisher=The Tribune|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404025208/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031006/login/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film won Special Mention in the Competition section at the 2003 International Children’s Film Festival Hyderabad,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/11/22/stories/2003112201731700.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : Children's film fest comes to a close|publisher=|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-date=15 August 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815134922/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/11/22/stories/2003112201731700.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tintin-a-bonanza-for-children-at-film-festival/articleshow/261488.cms|title=Tintin a bonanza for children at film festival|work=The Times of India|date=November 2003|access-date=7 October 2014|archive-date=18 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118221626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tintin-a-bonanza-for-children-at-film-festival/articleshow/261488.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/20/stories/2003112001612200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141005141606/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/20/stories/2003112001612200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-10-05|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-11-20|title=Lights, camera... chaos}}</ref> and was subsequently premiered at the 37th [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffigoa.org/|title=IFFI 52 – 52nd International Film Festival of India, Goa|access-date=15 November 2023|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308223031/https://iffigoa.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, the film was released as ''Mustafa & the Magician'' in Los Angeles and was submitted for consideration for the [[Academy Award]] for [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Best Animated Feature]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-a-record-27-animated-feature-films-vie-trophy-946614|title=Oscars: A Record 27 Animated Feature Films Vie for the Trophy|website=The Hollywood Reporter|date=11 November 2016|access-date=4 May 2019|archive-date=4 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504233425/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-a-record-27-animated-feature-films-vie-trophy-946614|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Voice cast ===
*Pete Luciano
*Glenn Coulthard
*Joe Halls
*Marty Croft
*Cindy Carlton
*Kareen Oliver
*Allison Beecroft

=== Motion capture cast ===
*Suhaas Ahuja as Mustafa
*Meka Rajan as Laila
*[[Michael Muthu]] as [[Aladdin]], King Ali, and Abu
*Sudhir Ahuja as Zeezeeba
*Rena Thiagarajan as Dayeena
*Sriya Chari as Habibi
*Sourabh Ahuja as Khan and Vazier
*Chandran Christian as Ghassan

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Pravin Mani]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mustafa Theme
| extra1 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Timmy, Sean, Pravin Mani
| length1 =
| title2 = Dream
| extra2 = Glenn Coulson, Samyukta Ranganathan
| length2 =
}}

== Reception ==
Chitra Mahesh of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "IT IS obvious that tremendous effort, time and money have gone into Pentamedia's 3-D animated film, ''Son Of Alladin''. And the attempt is worthy of appreciation, fed as we are by the classic Disney animations that are unparalleled so far".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=26 September 2003 |title=Son of Aladin |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340203.htm |work=The Hindu |access-date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903204547/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340203.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian animated feature films]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0380724|title=Son of Aladdin}}

{{India Animation Industry}}
{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Indian animated feature films]]
[[Category:Animated musical films]]
[[Category:Films set in Asia]]
[[Category:Genies in film]]
[[Category:Indian animated fantasy films]]
[[Category:2000s musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Animated films based on Aladdin]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian computer-animated films]]
[[Category:Indian musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:2003 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language musical films]]
[[Category:2003 animated films]]
[[Category:English-language musical fantasy films]]
[[Category:2003 musical films]]

{{2000s-animation-film-stub}}

Sillery Gaon

2026-05-04T09:55:27Z

CoralRaphael599: created new data added tags

{{more citations needed|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sillery Gaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Sillery Gaon Top View.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.14|88.58|type:city_region:IN|display=inline, title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong]]
| website = {{URL|kalimpongdistrict.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sillery Gaon''' is a village in the [[Kalimpong II]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kalimpong Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Kalimpong district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Etymology==
There are many myths and legends associated with the name ''Sillery''. It is said to be a portmanteau derived from the word ''sillery'', which is a plant that grows in abundance in the region.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=280| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|27|1|0|N|88|40|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision in Kalimpong district'''<br/>CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, M: municipality, F: facility, NP: national park<br/>Abbreviations used in names – TG for tea garden (town/village)<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|27|7|4|N|88|35|1|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Algarah| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Algarah]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|5|33|N|88|28|53|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Bhalukhop| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Bhalukhop]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|8|45|N|88|38|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Bich Kagay| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Bich Kagay]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|5|53|N|88|52|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Bindu| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Bindu, Kalimpong]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|57|18|N|88|41|42|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Gorubathan| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Gorubathan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|7|55|N|88|34|32|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Icche Gaon| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Icche Gaon]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|2|0|N|88|52|23|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Jaldhaka| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Jaldhaka]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|2|40|N|88|52|26|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jhalong| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jhalong]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|0|2|N|88|49|39|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Kumai TG| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Kumai Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|5|10|N|88|39|38|E}}| label-pos10=left|label10=Lava| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Lava, West Bengal]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|1|14|N|88|33|54|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Loleygaon| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Loleygaon]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|56|59|N|88|42|47|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Lower Fagu TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Lower Fagu Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|52|39|N|88|30|7|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Mongpong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Mongpong]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|56|35|N|88|26|20|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14= Kalijhora| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Kalijhora]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|9|36|N|88|36|56|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15= Pedong| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Pedong]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|7|17|N|88|34|0|E}}| label-pos16=left|label16= Ramdhura| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Ramdhura]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|59|33|N|88|24|49|E}}| label-pos17=bottom|label17= Rambi Bazar| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Rambi Bazar]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|43|N|88|39|40|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Rishyap| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Rishyap]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|2|36|N|88|50|6|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19= Rongo| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Rongo, Kalimpong]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|3|18|N|88|39|20|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20= Samabiyong TG| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Samabiyong Tea Garden]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|27|8|44|N|88|34|48|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21= Sillery Gaon| numbered21=R| mark-title21= Sillery Gaon (R)|shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black 
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|0|48|N|88|47|16|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22= Suntalekhola| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Suntalekhola]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|27|3|36|N|88|25|48|E}}| label-pos23=top|label23= Teesta Bazaar| numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Teesta Bazaar]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|49|30|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24= Todey|labela24= Tangta| numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Todey Tangta]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|58|37|N|88|35|26|E}}| label-pos25=left|label25= Nimbong| numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Nimbong]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|6|0|N|88|41|0|E}}| label-pos26=left|label26= Kolakham| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Kolakham]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|46|N|88|34|50|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Mansong| numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Mansong]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|3|25|N|88|28|12|E}}| label-pos28=right |label28=Kalimpong| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Kalimpong]] (M)| shape-color28=#800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|4|32|N|88|29|50|E}}| label-pos29=right|label29=Dungra| numbered29=CT| mark-title29= [[Dungra, Kalimpong]] (CT) |shape-color29= #A40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|27|5|22|N|88|29|50|E}} | label-pos30=top|label30= Dr. Graham's Homes| numbered30=F| mark-title30= [[Dr. Graham's Homes]] (F) |shape-color30=#967117
|mark-coord31={{coord|27|5|30|N|88|45|0|E}}| label-pos31=bottom|label31=Neora Valley |labela31= National Park| numbered31=NP| mark-title31= [[Neora Valley National Park]] (NP)| shape-color31=#228B22
|mark-coord32={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|26|10|E}}|label32= Teesta |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32=75| label-pos32=top| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32=none
|mark-coord33={{coord|26|58|50|N|88|52|23|E}}|label33= Jaldhaka River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33=85| label-pos33=top| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33=none
|mark-coord34={{coord|26|55|42|N|88|27|21|E}}| label34= Teesta Low|labela34= Dam IV| label-color34 = #C42222 | label-angle34=0| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=12| numbered34=D|mark-title34 =[[Teesta Low Dam - IV Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color34=#C42222
|mark-coord35={{coord|27|0|6|N|88|26|35|E}}| label35= Teesta Low|labela35= Dam III| label-color35 = #C42222 | label-angle35=0| label-pos35=right| label-size35=10| mark-size35=12| numbered35=D|mark-title35 =[[Teesta Low Dam - III Hydropower Plant]]| shape-color35=#C42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-50| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|27|10|0|N|88|54|0|E}}|arc-textB= BHUTAN| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=50| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}
{{clear}}

===Location===
Sillery Gaon is located at {{coord|27.14|88.58|type:city_region:IN|display=inline}}.

Sillery Gaon is situated at an altitude of 6000 ft. The area offers views of the Mt. [[Kangchenjunga]] and its allied peaks and the [[Teesta River]]. This area also abounds in cinchona [[plantation]], which was introduced in the region by the [[British people|British]] as a source of quinine used for the treatment of malaria.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://kalimpongdistrict.in/tourism/ | title = Tourism| work=Sillerigaon | publisher = District administration |accessdate = 2 April 2020}}</ref>

An attraction for tourists visiting Sillery Gaon is Sangchen Dorjee Monastery, which was built during the [[Bhutan]]ese rule in [[Pedong]].

===Area overview===
The map above shows the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision of Kalimpong district. Physiographically, this area forms the Kalimpong Range, with the average elevation varying from {{convert|300 to 3000|m}}. This region is characterized by abruptly rising hills and numerous small streams.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1901_PART_A_DCHB_DARJILING.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Darjeeling, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 Census of India| work= Page 13: Physiography| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 77.67% of the population living in rural areas and only 22.23% living in the urban areas. While [[Kalimpong]] is the only municipality, [[Dungra, Kalimpong|Dungra]] is the sole [[census town]] in the entire area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref> The economy is agro-based and there are 6 tea gardens in the Gorubathan CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://kalimpongdistrict.in/about-kalimpong/ |title = About Kalimpong District |work = Tea Gardens |publisher = District administration |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref> In 2011, Kalimpong subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.85%, comparable with the highest levels of literacy in the districts of the state.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Table 4.5 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |title = Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal | work = Statement-4 Ranking of Districts by Literacy Rate in 2001 and 2011 | publisher =Office of the Registrar General and & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |accessdate = 2012-06-20 }}</ref> While the first degree college in the subdivision was established at [[Kalimpong]] in 1962<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.collegeadmission.in/KalimpongCollege/Kalimpong_College.shtml |title = Kalimpong College |publisher= College Admission | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref> the entire subdivision (and now the entire district), other than the head-quarters, had to wait until as late as 2015 (more than half a century) to have their first degree colleges at [[Pedong]] and [[Gorubathan]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://pedongcollege.in/ |title = Government General Degree College at Pedong |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gorubathanggdc.co.in/ |title = Government General Degree College, Gorubathan |publisher= GGDC | accessdate = 6 April 2020 }}</ref>

<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small>

==Transport==
Sillery Gaon can be reached by a motorable road from Pedong.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kalimpong District}}

[[Category:Villages in Kalimpong district]]

Janamejaya Mitra Arman

2026-05-03T05:34:23Z

CoralRaphael599: stub

{{lead too short|date=May 2026}}
{{Short description|19th-century Bengali Urdu poet (1796–1869)}}

{{small|[[Raja]]}} '''Janamejaya Mitra "Arman"'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|{{nq|جنمے جئے مِتر ارمانؔ}}}}, {{langx|bn|জনমেজয় মিত্র}}}} (1796 – 1869) was a noted [[Urdu]] poet of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattāchārya |first=Shānti Ranjan |author-link=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/bangali-hinduwon-ki-urdu-khidmat-shanti-ranjan-bhatta-charya-ebooks?lang=ur#169 |publisher=Hindustan Art Press |year=1963 |location=Calcutta |page=168 |language=ur |script-title=ur:بنگالی ہندوؤں کی اردو خدمات |trans-title=The Urdu Contributions of Bengali Hindus}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkirah-nuskha-e-dilkusha-janme-jai-mitr-arman-ebooks?lang=ur#15|title=Introduction: Tazkira Nuskha-i-Dilkusha|last=Rahman|first=Raees Anwer|publisher=Ilmi Markaz|year=1979|location=Calcutta|pages=11–13|language=ur-IN}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Janamejaya Mitra was born on 5 October 1796 in [[Calcutta]] to Brindaban Chandra Mitra, son of Raja Pitambara Mitra. He belonged to the lineage of Sanskrit scholar Kalidās Mitra. His early education was under the supervision of his grandfather Pitambara Mitra who had taught him [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]]. He later studied various languages like [[Braj Bhasha]], [[Bengali language|Bangla]], and [[Urdu]], and wrote in several of them. He was an expert in [[Persian language|Persian]], yet no surviving written text in that language is known to exist. In [[Urdu poetry|Urdu poetics]], he became the disciple of [[Zaigham]], a most noted teacher of his times, and adopted the pen name "Armān". He was a contemporary of [[Ghalib]] and one of his [[ghazal]]s became popular in Ghalib's homeland. In 1824, Arman shifted with his family from the ancestral home in Machua Bazar to Surah (now [[Beliaghata]]), where he lived for the rest of his life. He did not embrace a princely position but devoted himself to literature entirely. He was in poor health from 1854 onwards and died on 25 August 1869 at 73.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arman |first=Janamejaya Mitra |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkirah-nuskha-e-dilkusha-janme-jai-mitr-arman-ebooks?lang=en#239 |title=Tazkira Nusha-i-Dilkusha |date=1979 |publisher=Ilmi Markaz, Deoband |editor-last=Rahman |editor-first=Rais Anwer |pages=III–V |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghoshe |first=Loke Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVgOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA400 |title=The Modern History of the Indian Chiefs, Rajas, Zamindars, & C: The native aristocracy and gentry |date=1881 |publisher=J. N. Ghose & Co. |volume=II |pages=400–401 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattāchārya |first=Shānti Ranjan |author-link=Shanti Ranjan Bhattacharya |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/bangali-hinduwon-ki-urdu-khidmat-shanti-ranjan-bhatta-charya-ebooks?lang=ur#171 |publisher=Hindustan Art Press |year=1963 |location=Calcutta |pages=170–176 |language=ur |script-title=ur:بنگالی ہندوؤں کی اردو خدمات |trans-title=The Urdu Contributions of Bengali Hindus}}</ref>

==Works==
Some of his notable works in [[Urdu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Braj Bhasha|Braj Bhasa]] include:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Arman |first=Janamejaya Mitra |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tazkirah-nuskha-e-dilkusha-janme-jai-mitr-arman-ebooks?lang=en#241 |title=Tazkira Nusha-i-Dilkusha |date=1979 |publisher=Ilmi Markaz, Deoband |editor-last=Rahman |editor-first=Rais Anwer |page=I |language=en}}</ref>
# ''Muntakhabut Tazkirā'' (Selected biographical memoir)
# ''Tazkira Nuskha-i-Dilkushā'' (Biographical dictionary)
# ''Diwan-i-Armān'' (Collection of poems)
# Collection of Sanskrit Bhajans
# Collection of Bengali Bhajans
# Review of 18 Purāṇas
# Explanatory notes on Bhāgavata Purāṇa

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arman, Janamejaya Mitra}}
[[Category:1796 births]]
[[Category:1869 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
{{Authority control}}

Robert Adams (Indian Army officer)

2026-05-03T04:53:53Z

CoralRaphael599: put up basic data needs work

{{Short description|Scottish general of the Indian Army and recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major-General (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
| name = Sir Robert Adams
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|VC|KCB}}
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Victoria Cross Winners- Pre 1914. Q80464.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Robert Adams, c1897 (IWM Q80464)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1856|07|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|02|13|1856|07|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Muree, [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Inverness]], Scotland
| burial_place = [[Glasgow]]
| burial_label =
| burial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{flag|United Kingdom|23px}}
| branch = [[Bengal Army]]<br />{{army|British India|23px}}
| service_years = 1876 - 1911
| rank = [[Major-General]]
| service_number = 
| unit =
| commands =
| battles = [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]]<br />[[Chitral Expedition]]<br />[[Tirah Campaign]]
| battles_label =
| awards = [[Victoria Cross]]<br />[[Order of the Bath]]
| memorials =
| spouse = 
| relations = [[Edward Donald Bellew]] VC (second cousin)
| other_work =
| signature =
| website = 
| module =
}}
[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] '''Sir Robert Bellew Adams''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|VC|KCB}} (Muree, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]], 26 July 1856 – 13 February 1928, [[Inverness]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] general of the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] and recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces.

==Military career==
Robert Bellew Adams, the son of an officer of the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]] regiment of the Indian Army, entered the Army in 1876 as a [[sub-lieutenant]] in the 12th Foot (later the [[Suffolk Regiment]]).<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24362|page=4962|date=12 September 1876}}</ref> His promotion to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] in 1878 was backdated to 1876.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24625|page=5174|date=17 September 1878}}</ref> He transferred to the [[Bengal Staff Corps]] in 1879,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24905|page=5939|date=23 November 1880}}</ref> served with his father's regiment in the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] and was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in 1887.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25758|page=6067|date=15 November 1887}}</ref> In 1891 he was appointed to command the cavalry of the Guides. He took part in the [[Chitral expedition]] and afterwards was promoted to [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in 1896<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26795|page=6275|date=17 November 1896}}</ref> and [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] "in recognition of his services during the operations of the [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] [[Chitral Expedition|Relief Force]], 1895."<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26797|page=6507|date=24 November 1896}}</ref>

In 1897 the Guides took part in the [[Tirah campaign]], and the following event took place:
{{blockquote|During the fighting at Nawa Kili, in [[Swat District|Upper Swat]], on the 17th August, 1897, Lieutenant-Colonel R.B. Adams proceeded with Lieutenants [[Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean|H.L.S. MacLean]] and [[Alexander Murray, 8th Earl of Dunmore|Viscount Fincastle]], and five men of the Guides, under a very heavy and close fire, to the rescue of Lieutenant R.T. Greaves, Lancashire Fusiliers, who was lying disabled by a bullet wound and surrounded by the enemy's swordsmen. In bringing him under cover he (Lieutenant Greaves) was struck by a bullet and killed—Lieutenant MacLean was mortally wounded—whilst the horses of Lieutenant-Colonel Adams and Lieutenant Viscount Fincastle were shot, as well as two troop horses.<br />— ''London Gazette'', 9 November 1897<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=26908|page=6143|date=9 November 1897}}</ref>}}
Lieutenant Greaves was acting as [[war correspondent]] for ''[[The Times of India]]''. Viscount Fincastle was also acting as a war correspondent, for ''[[The Times]]''. A fuller account is given by [[Winston Churchill]] in ''[[The Story of the Malakand Field Force]]''.<ref>Churchill, W.S., [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_ugUZWB1GsC&pg=PA81 ''The Story of the Malakand Field Force - An Episode of the Frontier War''], reprinted by Arc Manor, 2008, pages 81-82</ref>

Adams and Fincastle were awarded the Victoria Cross (VC). At that time the VC was not awarded posthumously, and the ''London Gazette'' noted "Lieutenant Hector Lachlan Stewart MacLean, Indian Staff Corps, on account of his gallant conduct as recorded above, would have been recommended to Her Majesty for the Victoria Cross had he survived." MacLean was awarded a posthumous VC in 1907 after the policy had been changed.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27986 |page=325|date=15 January 1907}}</ref>

During the same campaign Adams was [[mentioned in despatches]] three times and made a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB). In 1899 he was appointed to the command of the Guides, and in September 1901 he was appointed [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Edward VII|King Edward VII]] and received the [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27359 |date=27 September 1901 |page=6295 }}</ref> Promotion to the substantive rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-colonel]] followed on 11 September 1902.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27498 |page=7941 |date=25 November 1902}}</ref> In June 1904 he was promoted to temporary brigadier general<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27736|page=7477|date=18 November 1904}}</ref> and given the command of the [[Ambala Cavalry Brigade|Umballa Cavalry Brigade]]. In March 1906 he was promoted to [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major-general]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27911|page=3168|date=8 May 1906}}</ref> and transferred to the [[Derajat Brigade]], but due to illness he resigned the command in 1908. He was invalided out of the army in 1911 and appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the [[King's Birthday Honours]] of 1912.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28617 |page=4297 |supp=y |date=11 June 1912}}</ref>

Adams died in retirement at [[Inverness]] in February 1928 at the age of 71. After cremation in Maryhill, [[Glasgow]], his ashes were buried at Tomnahuich Cemetery, Inverness.<ref>[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/scoinver.htm Burial location of Robert Adams] ''Inverness''</ref>

==Family==
Adams was unmarried. He was the [[second cousin]] of [[Edward Donald Bellew]], a Canadian WWI VC recipient.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U192612 ADAMS, Maj.-Gen. Sir Robert Bellew], Who Was Who, A & C Black, 1920–2008; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007, accessed 4 November 2012
*Major-General Sir R.B. Adams, V.C. (obituary), ''The Times'', London, 14 February 1928, page 19
*[[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

==External links==
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/scoinver.htm Burial location of Robert Adams] ''Inverness''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adams, Robert Bellew}}
[[Category:1856 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Murree]]
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Tirah campaign]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Corps of Guides (India) officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]
[[Category:Indian Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:Suffolk Regiment officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]

16th Punjab Assembly

2026-05-01T08:21:59Z

CoralRaphael599: created new info

{{Short description|Current Legislative Assembly since 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Punjab
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| session_room =
| established = 11 March 2022
| preceded_by = [[Fifteenth Legislative Assembly of Punjab|15th Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_length = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]'''
| party1 =
| election1 = 31 August 2021
| leader2_type = [[List of Speakers of Punjab Legislative Assembly#Speaker|Speaker]]
| leader2 = '''[[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]'''
| party2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election2 = 21 March 2022
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader3 = '''[[Jai Krishan Singh]]'''
| party3 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election3 = 30 June 2022
| leader4_type = [[Leader of the House of Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the House]]<br>([[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]])
| leader4 = '''[[Bhagwant Mann]]'''
| party4 = [[Aam Admi Party|AAP]]
| election4 = 16 March 2022
| leader5_type = [[Government of Punjab, India|Deputy Leader of the House]]<br>([[Government of Punjab, India|Cabinet Minister]])
| leader5 = '''[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]'''
| party5 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| election5 = April 2022
| leader6_type = [[Government of Punjab, India|Minister of Legislative Affairs]]
| leader6 = '''[[Balkar Singh]]'''
| party6 = [[Aam Admi Party|AAP]]
| election6 = 31 May 2023
| leader7_type = [[List of Leader of Opposition in Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader7 = '''[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]'''
| party7 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election7 = 9 April 2022
| members = '''117'''
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Punjab, India|Government]] (95)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}}} [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] (95)
'''Official Opposition (14)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (14)
'''[[Parliamentary opposition|Other opposition]] (9)'''
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}}} [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (2)
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)<ref name="Sandeep Jakhar suspended by INC">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/congress-mla-sandeep-jakhar-suspended-for-anti-party-activities-after-supporting-bjp-chief-uncle-statement-101692472746203.html|title=Congress suspends Abohar MLA Sandeep Jakhar for ‘anti-party’ activities|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=20 August 2023|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820060018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/congress-mla-sandeep-jakhar-suspended-for-anti-party-activities-after-supporting-bjp-chief-uncle-statement-101692472746203.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}}} [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] (1)
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|20 February 2022]]
| next_election1 = [[Next Punjab Legislative Assembly election|February 2027 or earlier]]
| meeting_place = [[File:Palace of Assembly Chandigarh 2006.jpg|thumb|[[Palace of Assembly]], [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]]]
| website = {{URL|https://punjabassembly.gov.in/|Punjab Legislative Assembly}}
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
}}

Election for the '''Sixteenth Legislative Assembly''' was held in the Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. Polling was done on 20 February 2022 to elect the 117 members of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. The counting of votes declaration of results was done on 10 March 2022.<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310065739/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027091043/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310030153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[15th Punjab Assembly|Fifteenth Punjab assembly]] was dissolved on 11 March 2022. The dissolution was necessitated after the results of the election was declared on 10 March.<ref name="Dissolved 11 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Governor dissolves 15th Punjab Assembly |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/states/punjab-governor-dissolves-15th-punjab-assembly-1503051390.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523111347/https://www.thestatesman.com/states/punjab-governor-dissolves-15th-punjab-assembly-1503051390.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="recommends dissolution 11 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet recommends Governor for dissolution of 15th Punjab Assembly |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/chandigarh/punjab-cabinet-recommends-governor-dissolution-15th-punjab-assembly-1503051314.html |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=The Statesman |date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=13 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313041249/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/chandigarh/punjab-cabinet-recommends-governor-dissolution-15th-punjab-assembly-1503051314.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<section begin="Composition of Sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly"/><section begin="Parties and leaders"/>
In the Sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly, 94 members of the ruling [[Aam Aadmi Party]] form the treasury benches. The main [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]] party in the assembly is [[Indian National Congress]] with 14 seats. The other parties which are in opposition are the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] and [[Independent politician|independents]]. AAP MLA, [[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]] was announced as the speaker of the assembly.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Cabinet swearing-in Live Updates: From uprooting corruption to tackling drug addiction in Punjab — newly-inducted Ministers set targets |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-cabinet-swearing-in-live-updates-bhagwant-mann-7826467/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319063815/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-cabinet-swearing-in-live-updates-bhagwant-mann-7826467/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Incumbent Chief Minister Bhagwant Mann took the oath of office on 16 March at Khatkar Kalan, the ancestral village of [[Bhagat Singh]]. [[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]] took the oath as Protem Speaker. On 17 March Nijjar administered the oath of office to all the 117 legislators of the Sixteenth Punjab Legislative assembly.<ref name="Cabinet NDTV 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Punjab Cabinet, Bhagwant Mann Keeps Home, Harpal Cheema Gets Finance |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-punjab-cabinet-bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-cheema-gets-finance-2834331 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |date=21 March 2022 |archive-date=21 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321120858/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-punjab-cabinet-bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-cheema-gets-finance-2834331 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other 10 cabinet ministers of the [[Mann ministry]], took oath on 19 March.

On 22 June 2022, Speaker Kultar Singh Sandhwan announced that the legislators will get answers on all issues that they raise during the Assembly debates. The answers would be provided during the Zero Hour. This was done for the first time in the history of Punjab Assembly.<ref name="Zero Hour 23 June">{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=All Zero Hour questions to be answered: Punjab Speaker Kultar Singh Sandhwan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/all-zero-hour-questions-to-be-answered-punjab-speaker-kultar-singh-sandhwan-406168 |access-date=23 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=22 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

On 24 April 2026, 7 [[members of parliament]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[State of Punjab]] defected from [[Aam Aadmi Party]] and joined [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] through a merger. Due to this jolt the ruling party in Punjab is now facing a fatal challenge <ref name="After Raghav Chadha shock, can AAP hold its 92-MLA fortress in Punjab?"> {{cite news |title=After Raghav Chadha shock, can AAP hold its 92-MLA fortress in Punjab? |url= https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/will-raghav-chadhas-exit-spark-a-rebellion-among-aam-aadmi-partys-92-punjab-mlas-527364-2026-04-24 |access-date=24 April 2026 |work= [[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |date=24 April 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Leaders==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+
!Title
!Name
!Portrait
!Since
|-
! colspan="4" |Constitutional Posts
|-
|[[List of governors of Punjab (India)|Governor]]
| [[Gulab Chand Kataria]]

|[[File:Gulab Chand Kataria Minister.jpg|75px]]

|30 July 2024

|-
|[[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|[[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-18 |title=AAP nominates party MLA Kultar Singh Sandhwan as next Punjab assembly speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/aap-nominates-party-mla-kultar-singh-sandhwan-as-next-punjab-assembly-speaker-101647621201993.html |access-date=2022-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318181636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/aap-nominates-party-mla-kultar-singh-sandhwan-as-next-punjab-assembly-speaker-101647621201993.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[File:S. Kultar Singh Sandhwan.jpg|75px]]
|21 March 2022
|-
|[[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speaker|Deputy speaker]]
|[[Jai Krishan Singh]]<ref name="Deputy Speaker">{{cite news |date=30 June 2022 |title=Jai Krishan Singh Rouri is new Deputy Speaker of Punjab assembly |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jai-krishan-singh-rouri-is-new-deputy-speaker-of-punjab-assembly-8000854/ |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630112831/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/jai-krishan-singh-rouri-is-new-deputy-speaker-of-punjab-assembly-8000854/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|
|30 June 2022
|-
|Leader of the House<br/><small>([[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]])</small>
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]]
|16 March 2022
|-
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
|[[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]
|[[File:Pratap Singh Bajwa.jpg|75x75px]]
|9 April 2022
|-
! colspan="4" |Political posts
|-
|Leader of [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] legislature party
|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[File:Bhagwant Mann.png|75px]]
|16 March 2022
|-

|Leader of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] legislature party
|[[Pratap Singh Bajwa]]
|[[File:Pratap Singh Bajwa.jpg|75x75px]]
|9 April 2022
|-
|Leader of [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] legislature party
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|[[File:Manpreet Singh Ayali.jpg|75px]]
|April 2022
|-
|Leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] legislature party
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|
|April 2022
|-
|Leader of [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] legislature party
|[[Nachhatar Pal]]
|
|April 2022
|}<section end="Parties and leaders" />

==Committees==
List of committees and chairpersons for the term 2022–2023.<ref name="HT Appointment 22">{{cite news |title=Punjab speaker appoints heads of House committees |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 May 2022 |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522184912/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-speaker-appoints-heads-of-house-committees-101653170285870.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Committee<ref>{{cite web |title=Committees |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/committies |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521194853/http://www.punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/committies |url-status=live }}</ref>
! Chairperson
! colspan=2| Party or Organization
|-
|[[Committee on Local Bodies]]
|[[Jagroop Singh Gill]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|Committee on Public Accounts
|[[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Estimates|Committee on Estimates]]
|[[Aman Arora]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Public Undertakings|Committee on Public Undertakings]]
|[[Budh Ram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes,<br>Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]
|[[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Privileges|Committee on Privileges]]
|[[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Government Assurances|Committee on Government Assurances]]
|[[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]
|[[Jagroop Singh Gill]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]
|[[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Subordinate Legislation|Committee on Subordinate Legislation]]
|[[Barinder Kumar Goyal Vakeel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Papers Laid/to be Laid on the Table and Library|Committee on Papers Laid/to be Laid on the Table and Library]]
|[[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]
|[[Mohammad Jamil Ur Rahman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly House Committee|House Committee]]
|[[Jai Krishan Singh]]<br><small>Deputy speaker (Ex-Officio Chairperson)</small>
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Questions & References|Committee on Questions & References]]
|[[Baljinder Kaur (politician)|Baljinder Kaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|Press Gallery Committee
|Naresh Sharma
|bgcolor="white"|
|{{left|[[Punjab Kesari]]}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities|Committee on Co-operation and its allied activities]]
|[[Sarvjit Kaur Manuke]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]
|[[Gurpreet Singh Banawali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

==Composition==
{{Further|2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election#Results}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Seat Share'''
|label2 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]] - 16
|value2 = 13.7
|color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}|
|label3 = [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] - 2
|value3 = 1.7
|color3 = {{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}|
|label1 = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]] - 95
|value1 = 81.2
|color1 = {{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|
|label4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] - 2
|value4 = 1.7
|color4 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|
|label5 = [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] - 1
|value5 = 0.9
|color5 = {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}|
|label6 = [[Independent politician|IND]] - 1
|value6 = 0.9
|color6 = #DDDDDD
}}

=== By alliance and party ===

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Seats
! rowspan="2" |Legislative
Party Leader
! colspan="3" rowspan="2" |Bench
|-
!Won <ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab Results Live |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S19.htm?st=S19 |website=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=10 March 2022 |archive-date=10 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310024225/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S19.htm?st=S19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Change{{efn|As compare with previous result of [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]}}
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|colspan="3"|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|95
|{{increase}} 75
|[[Bhagwant Mann|Bhagwant Singh Mann]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/punjab-election-result-2022-aap-bhagwant-mann-elected-leader-of-legislative-party-2022-03-11-763908 |title=Bhagwant Mann elected leader of legislative party leader |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317141139/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/punjab-election-result-2022-aap-bhagwant-mann-elected-leader-of-legislative-party-2022-03-11-763908 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="1" |94
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{Party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|
| rowspan="1" |Government
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|15
|{{decrease}} 62
|[[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
| rowspan="1" |16
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{Party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|
| rowspan="1" |Main Opposition
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
|colspan="3"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]
|2
|{{decrease}} 13
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=142234&headline=SAD-appoints-its-new-leader-of-Legislative-Party-and-Chief-Whip |title=SAD appoints its new leader of legislative party |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508115855/https://www.babushahi.com/full-news.php?id=142234&headline=SAD-appoints-its-new-leader-of-Legislative-Party-and-Chief-Whip |url-status=live }}</ref>
|rowspan=4|7
|rowspan=4 bgcolor={{Party color|Others}}|
|rowspan=4|Other Opposition
|-
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
| rowspan="1" |[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| bgcolor="{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2
|{{decrease}} 1
|[[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
|colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|[[Nachhatar Pal]]
|-
|bgcolor="{{Party color|Independent politician}}"|
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|1
|{{increase}} 1
|[[Rana Inder Partap Singh]]
|-
! colspan = 4|Total
!117
!colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
!117
!colspan="2" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|}

=== By constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
|1
|[[Sujanpur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Sujanpur]]
| Naresh Puri
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|2
|[[Bhoa Assembly constituency|Bhoa]] (SC)
| [[Lal Chand Kataruchakk]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|3
|[[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
| [[Ashwani Kumar Sharma (Punjab politician)|Ashwani Kumar Sharma]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
|4
|[[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| [[Barindermeet Singh Pahra]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|5
|[[Dina Nagar Assembly constituency|Dina Nagar]] (SC)
| [[Aruna Chaudhary]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly#Deputy leader of the opposition|Dy. Leader of Opposition]]
|-
|6
|[[Qadian Assembly constituency|Qadian]]
| [[Partap Singh Bajwa]]
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Punjab Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|-
|7
|[[Batala Assembly constituency|Batala]]
| [[Amansher Singh|Amansher Singh (Shery Kalsi)]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|8
|[[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]] (SC)
| [[Amarpal Singh]]
|
|-
|9
|[[Fatehgarh Churian Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Churian]]
| [[Tripat Rajinder Singh Bajwa]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |10
|rowspan=2 |[[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
| [[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
|
|-
|[[Gurdeep Singh Randhawa]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
|11
|[[Ajnala Assembly constituency|Ajnala]]
|[[Kuldeep Singh Dhaliwal|Kuldip Singh Dhaliwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|-
|12
|[[Raja Sansi Assembly constituency|Rajasansi]]
|[[Sukhbinder Singh Sarkaria]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|13
|[[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha]]
| [[Ganieve Kaur Majithia]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|
|-
|14
|[[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]] (SC)
| [[Harbhajan Singh E.T.O.]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|15
|[[Amritsar North Assembly constituency|Amritsar North]]
| [[Kunwar Vijay Pratap Singh]]
|
|-
|16
|[[Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Amritsar West]] (SC)
| [[Jasbir Singh Sandhu]]
|
|-
|17
|[[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency|Amritsar Central]]
|[[Ajay Gupta]]
|
|-
|18
|[[Amritsar East Assembly constituency|Amritsar East]]
|[[Jeevan Jyot Kaur]]
|
|-
|19
|[[Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Amritsar South]]
|[[Inderbir Singh Nijjar]]
|
|-
|20
|[[Attari Assembly constituency|Attari]] (SC)
|[[Jaswinder Singh (politician)|Jaswinder Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
|21
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|[[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|22
|[[Khemkaran Assembly constituency|Khemkaran]]
| [[Sarvan Singh Dhun]]
|
|-
|23
|[[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
| [[Laljit Singh Bhullar]]
|
|-
|24
|[[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
|[[Manjinder Singh Lalpura]]
|
|-
| [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
|25
|[[Baba Bakala Assembly constituency|Baba Bakala]] (SC)
|[[Dalbir Singh Tong]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
|26
|[[Bholath Assembly constituency|Bholath]]
| [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|27
|[[Kapurthala Assembly constituency|Kapurthala]]
| [[Rana Gurjeet Singh]]
|
|-
|28
|[[Sultanpur Lodhi Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Lodhi]]
| [[Rana Inder Pratap Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|
|-
|29
|[[Phagwara Assembly constituency|Phagwara]] (SC)
|Balwinder Singh Dhaliwal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
|rowspan=2 |30
|rowspan=2 |[[Phillaur Assembly constituency|Phillaur]] (SC)
|rowspan=2 |[[Vikramjit Singh Chaudhary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|Suspended by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in April 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/congress-suspends-phillaur-mla-vikramjit-chaudhary-for-anti-party-activities-9289470/|title=Congress suspends Phillaur MLA Vikramjit Chaudhary for anti-party activities|work=Indian Express|accessdate=25 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|31
|[[Nakodar Assembly constituency|Nakodar]]
| [[Inderjit Kaur Mann]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|32
|[[Shahkot Assembly constituency|Shahkot]]
|Hardev Singh Laddi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|33
| [[Kartarpur Assembly constituency|Kartarpur]] (SC)
| [[Balkar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |34
|rowspan=2 |[[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency|Jalandhar West (SC)]]
|[[Sheetal Angural]]
|rowspan=2 |
|-
|Mohinder Pal Bhagat
|-
|35
|[[Jalandhar Central Assembly constituency|Jalandhar Central]]
| [[Raman Arora]]
|
|-
|36
|[[Jalandhar North Assembly constituency|Jalandhar North]]
| [[Avtar Singh Junior]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|37
|[[Jalandhar Cantonment Assembly constituency|Jalandhar Cantonment]]
| [[Pargat Singh]]
|
|-
|38
|[[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur]] (SC)
|[[Sukhwinder Singh Kotli]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
|39
|[[Mukerian Assembly constituency|Mukerian]]
| Jangi Lal Mahajan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|40
|[[Dasuya Assembly constituency|Dasuya]]
| [[Karambir Singh Ghuman]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|41
|[[Urmar Assembly constituency|Urmar]]
| [[Jasvir Singh Raja Gill]]
|
|-
|42
|[[Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency|Sham Chaurasi]] (SC)
| [[Ravjot Singh]]
|[[Government of Punjab, India|Minister of Legislative Affairs]]
|-
|43
|[[Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
|[[Brahm Shankar Jimpa|Bram Shanker]]
|
|-
|Rowspan=2|44
|Rowspan=2|[[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]] (SC)
| [[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| [[Ishank Kumar Chabbewal|Ishank Kumar]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|45
|[[Garhshankar Assembly constituency|Garhshankar]]
| [[Jai Krishan Singh]]
|[[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speaker|Dy. Speaker]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar]]
|46
|[[Banga Assembly constituency|Banga]] (SC)
| [[Sukhwinder Kumar]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| Defected from SAD to AAP
|-
|47
|[[Nawan Shahr Assembly constituency|Nawan Shahr]]
|[[Nachhatar Pal]]
|{{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|
|-
|48
|[[Balachaur Assembly constituency|Balachaur]]
|[[Santosh Kumari Katariaa|Santosh Katariaa]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
|49
| [[Anandpur Sahib Assembly constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
|[[Harjot Singh Bains]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|50
|[[Rupnagar Assembly constituency|Rupnagar]]
|[[Dinesh Chadha]]
|
|-
|51
| [[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]] (SC)
| [[Charanjit Singh (politician)|Dr Charanjit Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district|Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]
|52
|[[Kharar Assembly constituency|Kharar]]
| [[Anmol Gagan Maan]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|53
|[[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly constituency|S.A.S. Nagar]]
| [[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
|54
|[[Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency|Bassi Pathana]] (SC)
| [[Rupinder Singh]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|55
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| [[Lakhbir Singh Rai]]
|
|-
|56
|[[Amloh Assembly constituency|Amloh]]
|[[Gurinder Singh Garry]]
|
|-
| rowspan="14" | [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
|57
|[[Khanna Assembly constituency|Khanna]]
| [[Tarunpreet Singh Sond]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=11}}
|
|-
|58
|[[Samrala Assembly constituency|Samrala]]
| [[Jagtar Singh]]
|
|-
|59
|[[Sahnewal Assembly constituency|Sahnewal]]
|[[Hardeep Singh Mundian]]
|
|-
|60
|[[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East]]
|[[Daljit Singh Grewal]]
|
|-
|61
|[[Ludhiana South Assembly constituency|Ludhiana South]]
|[[Rajinder Pal Kaur Chhina]]
|
|-
|62
|[[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Atam Nagar]]
|[[Kulwant Singh Sidhu]]
|
|-
|63
|[[Ludhiana Central Assembly constituency|Ludhiana Central]]
| [[Ashok Prashar Pappi]]
|
|-
|64
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]
| [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|
|-
|65
|[[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Ludhiana North]]
|[[Madan Lal Bagga]]
|
|-
|66
|[[Gill Assembly constituency|Gill]] (SC)
|[[Jiwan Singh Sangowal]]
|
|-
|67
|[[Payal Assembly constituency|Payal]] (SC)
|[[Manwinder Singh Gyaspura]]
|
|-
|68
|[[Dakha Assembly constituency|Dakha]]
|[[Manpreet Singh Ayali]]
|{{Party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|
|-
|69
|[[Raikot Assembly constituency|Raikot]] (SC)
|[[Hakam Singh Thekedar]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|70
|[[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon]] (SC)
|[[Saravjit Kaur Manuke]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Moga district|Moga]]
|71
|[[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency|Nihal Singh Wala]] (SC)
|[[Manjit Singh Bilaspur]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|72
|[[Bhagha Purana Assembly constituency|Bhagha Purana]]
|[[Amritpal Singh Sukhanand]]
|
|-
|73
|[[Moga Assembly constituency|Moga]]
|[[Amandeep Kaur Arora]]
|
|-
|74
|[[Dharamkot Assembly constituency|Dharamkot]]
|[[Devinder Singh Laddi Dhos]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Ferozpur district|Ferozpur]]
|75
|[[Zira Assembly constituency|Zira]]
|[[Naresh Kataria]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
|76
|[[Firozpur City Assembly constituency|Firozpur City]]
|[[Ranveer Singh Bhullar]]
|
|-
|77
|[[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency|Firozpur Rural]] (SC)
|[[Rajnish Dahiya]]
|
|-
|78
|[[Guru Har Sahai Assembly constituency|Guru Har Sahai]]
|[[Fauja Singh Sarari]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]
|79
|[[Jalalabad (Punjab Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
|[[Jagdeep Kamboj Goldy]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|80
|[[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka]]
|[[Narinderpal Singh Sawna]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|81
|rowspan=2|[[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sandeep Jakhar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|Suspended by [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in August 2023.<ref name="Sandeep Jakhar suspended by INC"/>
|-
|82
|[[Balluana Assembly constituency|Balluana]] (SC)
|[[Amandeep Singh Musafir|Amandeep Singh ‘Goldy’ Musafir]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
|83
|[[Lambi Assembly constituency|Lambi]]
| [[Gurmeet Singh Khudian]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |84
|rowspan=2 |[[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha]]
| [[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|[[Hardeep Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|85
|[[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout]] (SC)
|[[Baljit Kaur]]
|
|-
|86
|[[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
|[[Jagdeep Singh Brar]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
|87
|[[Faridkot Assembly constituency|Faridkot]]
|[[Gurdit Singh Sekhon]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|88
|[[Kotkapura Assembly constituency|Kotkapura]]
|[[Kultar Singh Sandhwan]]
|[[List of speakers of the Punjab Legislative Assembly#Speaker|Speaker]]
|-
|89
|[[Jaitu Assembly constituency|Jaitu]] (SC)
|[[Amolak Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
|90
|[[Rampura Phul Assembly constituency|Rampura Phul]]
| [[Balkar Singh Sidhu]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=6}}
|
|-
|91
|[[Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency|Bhucho Mandi]] (SC)
|[[Master Jagsir Singh]]
|
|-
|92
|[[Bathinda Urban Assembly constituency|Bathinda Urban]]
|[[Jagroop Singh Gill]]
|
|-
|93
|[[Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency|Bathinda Rural]] (SC)
|[[Amit Rattan Kotfatta]]
|
|-
|94
|[[Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
|[[Baljinder Kaur (Punjab politician)|Baljinder Kaur]]
|
|-
|95
|[[Maur Assembly constituency|Maur]]
|[[Sukhvir Maiser Khana]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
|96
|[[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|[[Dr Vijay Singla|Vijay Singla]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|97
|[[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]]
|[[Gurpreet Singh Banawali]]
|
|-
|98
|[[Budhalada Assembly constituency|Budhlada]] (SC)
|[[Budhram Singh]]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
|99
|[[Lehra Assembly constituency|Lehragaga]]
| [[Barinder Kumar Goyal]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=7}}
|
|-
|100
|[[Dirba Assembly constituency|Dirba]] (SC)
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema]]
|[[List of deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India#Deputy leader of the house|Dy. Leader of the House]]
|-
|101
|[[Sunam Assembly constituency|Sunam]]
|[[Aman Arora]]
|
|-
|102
|[[Malerkotla Assembly constituency|Malerkotla]]
|[[Mohammad Jamil Ur Rehman]]
|
|-
|103
|[[Amargarh Assembly constituency|Amargarh]]
| [[Jaswant Singh Gajjan Majra]]
|
|-
|104
|[[Dhuri Assembly constituency|Dhuri]]
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|[[Chief Minister of Punjab, India|Chief Minister]]
|-
|105
|[[Sangrur Assembly constituency|Sangrur]]
| [[Narinder Kaur Bharaj]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
|106
|[[Bhadaur Assembly constituency|Bhadaur]] (SC)
|[[Labh Singh Ugoke]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|rowspan=2 |107
|rowspan=2 |[[Barnala Assembly constituency|Barnala]]
|[[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|
|-
|[[Kuldeep Singh Dhillon]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|108
|[[Mehal Kalan Assembly constituency|Mehal Kalan]] (SC)
|[[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
|109
|[[Nabha Assembly constituency|Nabha]] (SC)
| [[Gurdev Singh Mann|Gurdev Singh Dev Maan]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|
|-
|110
|[[Patiala Rural Assembly constituency|Patiala Rural]]
|[[Dr. Balbir Singh|Balbir Singh]]
|
|-
|111
|[[Rajpura Assembly constituency|Rajpura]]
| [[Neena Mittal]]
|
|-
| [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar district|Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]
|112
|[[Dera Bassi Assembly constituency|Dera Bassi]]
| [[Kuljit Singh Randhawa]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
|113
|[[Ghanaur Assembly constituency|Ghanaur]]
| [[Gurlal Ghanaur]]
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
|114
|[[Sanour Assembly constituency|Sanour]]
| [[Harmit Singh Pathanmajra]]
|
|-
|115.
|[[Patiala Assembly constituency|Patiala]]
| [[Ajit Pal Singh Kohli]]
|
|-
|116
|[[Samana Assembly constituency|Samana]]
|[[Chetan Singh Jaura Majra]]
|
|-
|117
|[[Shutrana Assembly constituency|Shutrana]] (SC)
| [[Kulwant Singh Bazigar]]
|
|}
<section end="Composition of Sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly"/>

==Resolutions passed==
On 22 March 2022, the assembly unanimously passed a resolution to install the statues of [[Bhagat Singh|Shaheed Bhagat Singh]], [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar]] and [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] in the assembly complex.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=Punjab assembly to have statues of Bhagat Singh, Dr Ambedkar, Maharaja Ranjit Singh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-assembly-to-have-statues-of-bhagat-singh-dr-ambedkar-maharaja-ranjit-singh-101647977142441.html |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816200921/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-assembly-to-have-statues-of-bhagat-singh-dr-ambedkar-maharaja-ranjit-singh-101647977142441.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 April 2022, the assembly unanimously passed a resolution to immediately transfer union territory of Chandigarh — the joint capital of Punjab and Haryana, to Punjab.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasudeva |first=Vikas |date=2022-04-01 |title=Punjab assembly passes resolution; asks Centre to transfer Chandigarh to Punjab |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bhagwant-mann-moves-resolution-urging-centre-to-immediately-transfer-chandigarh-to-punjab/article65280761.ece |access-date=2022-08-16 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816195232/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bhagwant-mann-moves-resolution-urging-centre-to-immediately-transfer-chandigarh-to-punjab/article65280761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Punjab Vidhan Sabha passes resolution asking for Chandigarh to be given to Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/1-day-special-assembly-session-today-382474 |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513030335/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/1-day-special-assembly-session-today-382474 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 June 2022, the assembly passed a resolution recommending the state government that it urges the [[Government of India]] to immediately rollback the [[Agnipath Scheme|Agnipath scheme]]. The resolution was opposed by BJP members of the assembly who were in minority. Punjab was the only state to pass such a resolution.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amid opposition by BJP MLAs, Punjab Vidhan Sabha passes resolution against Agnipath scheme |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amid-opposition-by-bjp-mlas-punjab-vidhan-sabha-passes-resolution-against-agnipath-scheme-408286 |access-date=1 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=30 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701022203/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/amid-opposition-by-bjp-mlas-punjab-vidhan-sabha-passes-resolution-against-agnipath-scheme-408286 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 June 2022, the assembly passed a resolution recommending the state government that it urges the [[Government of India]] to not alter the nature and character of [[Panjab University]]. The resolution was opposed by BJP members of the assembly who were in minority.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-01 |title=Punjab Assembly passes resolution against any bid to change ‘nature, character’ of PU |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/punjab-assembly-passes-resolution-against-any-bid-to-change-nature-character-of-pu-8002194/ |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Bypolls 2022-2026==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Date
!colspan="2"|Constituency
!colspan="3"|Previous MLA
!Reason
!colspan="3"|Elected MLA
|-
|10 July 2024
!34
|[[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency|Jalandhar West]]
|[[Sheetal Angural]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|Resigned on 28 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=Sheetal Angural resigns as Punjab MLA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/sheetal-angural-resigns-as-punjab-mla-101711653994908.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mohinder Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|rowspan="4" |20 November 2024
!44
|[[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]]
|[[Raj Kumar Chabbewal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|Resigned on 15 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Raj Kumar Chabbewal Resigns from Congress Primary Membership and MLA Position |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/national/raj-kumar-chabbewal-resigns-from-congress-primary-membership-and-mla-position-likely-to-join-aap-a517/ |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>
|Ishank Kumar
|-
!10
|[[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
|[[Sukhjinder Singh Randhawa]]
| rowspan=3|Elected to Lok Sabha on 4 June 2024
|Gurdeep Singh Randhawa
|-
!84
|[[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha]]
|[[Amrinder Singh Raja Warring]]
|Hardeep Singh Dimpy Dhillon
|-
!103
|[[Barnala Assembly constituency|Barnala]]
|[[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|Kuldeep Singh Dhillon
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|19 June 2025
!64
|[[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]
|[[Gurpreet Gogi]]
|Died on 11 January 2025<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP Punjab MLA Gurpreet Gogi Bassi found dead due to gunshot wound under ‘mysterious circumstances’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/aap-punjab-mla-gurpreet-gogi-bassi-found-dead-under-mysterious-circumstances-101736541308411.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 January 2025 |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>
|[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|11 November 2025
!21
|[[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
|[[Kashmir Singh Sohal]]
|Died on 27 June 2025 <ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-tarn-taran-aap-mla-dr-kashmir-singh-sohal-passes-away-at-62-101751017900835.html Punjab: Tarn Taran AAP MLA Dr Kashmir Singh Sohal passes away at 62 — Hindustan Times]</ref>
|[[Harmeet Singh Sandhu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Punjab Legislative Assembly|state=expanded}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|16th]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027| ]]
[[Category:Lists of current Indian state and territorial assemblies|punjab]]

Shetphal, Mohol

2026-04-26T22:45:11Z

CoralRaphael599: created a info more to come

{{Short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{about|the village in Mohol taluka|the village in Karmala taluka|Shetphal, Karmala}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shetphal
| settlement_type = village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.90|N|75.42|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solapur district]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 413324
| native_name_lang = mr
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mohol]]
| area_total_ha = 3089
}}

'''Shetphal''' is a village in the [[Mohol]] taluka of [[Solapur district]] in [[Maharashtra]] state, [[India]]. According to [[2011 Census of India|Census 2011]] information, the location code or village code of Shetphal village is 562192. It is situated 24 km away from sub-district headquarter Mohol (tehsildar office) and 69 km away from district headquarter [[Solapur]]. As per 2009 stats, Shetphal village is also a [[gram panchayat]]. The total geographical area of village is 3089 hectares. [[Kurduvadi]] is nearest town to shetphal for all major economic activities, which is approximately 22 km away.

It is a fact well known that India is a [[country]], where [[snakes]] are considered as revered creatures due to their ancient origin, and their connection with [[Hindu]] deity [[Shiva]]. Every year, on the [[Naga Panchami|Nag Panchami festival]], thousands of devout people in Indian villages worship and feed the snakes to receive divine blessings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Times of India, Land of snakes in Maharashtra where human and snake live in one roof|url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/shetphal-village-land-of-snakes-in-maharashtra-that-has-humans-and-cobras-under-one-roof-5462504/amp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/shetphal-village-a-place-where-cobras-and-humans-live-together-as-a-family/articleshow/92299862.cms|title=Cobras and human live together as a family}}</ref> Shetpal is a village, where snakes have no restriction in their movement and none of the 2,600 plus villagers ever harm them in any way.

However, about 200 km from [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], in the Solapur district, is located another village named Shetpal.

==Census==
===Years 2011===
Shetphal is a large village located in Mohol Taluka of [[Solapur]] district, [[Maharashtra]] with total 1245 families residing. The Shetphal village has population of 5772 of which 3055 are males while 2717 are females.

In Shetphal village population of [[children]] with age 0-6 is 754 which makes up 13.06% of total [[Population (human biology)|population]] of village. Average Sex Ratio of Shetphal village is 889 which is lower than Maharashtra state average of 929. Child Sex Ratio for the Shetphal as per census is 866, lower than Maharashtra average of 894.

Shetphal village has lower literacy rate compared to Maharashtra. In 2011, literacy rate of Shetphal village was 76.88% compared to 82.34% of Maharashtra. In Shetphal Male literacy stands at 85.55% while female literacy rate was 67.17%.

As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Shetphal village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.

====Caste data====
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 14.40% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.29% of total population in Shetphal village.

====Working population====
In Shetphal village out of total population, 2683 were engaged in [[Work (human activity)|work]] activities. A total of 97.02% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than six months) while 2.98% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than six months. Of 2683 workers engaged in Main Work, 1474 were [[cultivators]] (owner or co-owner) while 649 were [[Agricultural]] labourer.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Solapur district]]

Global Indian International School, Singapore

2026-04-26T12:23:13Z

CoralRaphael599: put up basic entry more to come

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Global Indian International School Singapore
| logo =
| image = File:GIIS Singapore, East Coast Campus 1.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = East Coast Campus (2020)
| established = {{Start date and age|2002}}
| location = East Coast: 82 Cheviot Hill<br>Singapore 459663<br>
SMART: 27 Punggol Field Walk<br>Singapore 828649
| country = Singapore
| principal = Ms. Melissa Maria
| principal_label = SMART Campus Principal
| chairman = Mr. Atul Temurnikar<ref name="Management">{{cite web |title=Campus Management {{!}} Executive Management {{!}} GIIS |url=https://www.globalindianschool.org/about/management |website=www.globalindianschool.org |access-date=28 June 2019 |archive-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190616081834/https://www.globalindianschool.org/about/management |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| faculty = 200 academic; 70 admin (2019)
| classes_offered = Grades KG-12
| avg_class_size = 30
| enrollment = ≈ 4,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kim |first1=Hyejin |title=How Global Capital is Remaking International Education |chapter=The Creation of an International Education Sector |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-32-9672-5_2|access-date=5 July 2022 |series=SpringerBriefs in Education |year=2019 |pages=15–27 |doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9672-5_2 |isbn=978-981-32-9671-8 |s2cid=202353529 }}</ref>
| schooltype = Private International School
| system = GMP, IB PYP, CBSE, Cambridge IGCSE, CLSP, IBDP
| language = English, Hindi, Tamil, French, Mandarin and Spanish
| campus = SMART Campus, East Coast Campus
| slogan = Nurturing Future Citizens
| accreditation = IB Diploma Programme, University of Cambridge IGCSE, Central Board of Secondary Education, EduTrust Singapore
| website = https://singapore.globalindianschool.org/
| coordinates = {{Coord|1.3902|103.9117|type:edu_region:SG|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Global Indian International School''' ('''GIIS''') is a Singapore-based [[international school]] established in 2002.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=School History {{!}} International School History {{!}} It falls under the aegis of Global Schools Foundation. GIIS|url=https://www.globalindianschool.org/about/history|website=www.globalindianschool.org|access-date=11 May 2018|archive-date=12 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512045358/https://www.globalindianschool.org/about/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> With two campuses located in [[Punggol]] (Smart Campus) and Cheviot Hill (East Coast Campus), GIIS provides a diverse range of curricula options including GMP, IB PYP, IB DP, Cambridge IGCSE, CLSP, and CBSE. Admissions are open throughout the year. GIIS is under the Global Schools Foundation.

==History==
GIIS' first campus at Cheviot Hill was established by Global Schools Foundation in 2002 with just 48 students,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLNIfXe0FowC&dq=%22Global+Indian+International+School%22+East+Coast+Campus&pg=PA19 |title=English in Singapore: Modernity and Management |last2=Pakir |first2=Anne |last3=Wee |first3=Lionel |date=2010-06-01 |publisher=[[Hong Kong University Press]] |isbn=978-988-8028-42-9 |location=[[Hong Kong]] |pages=38 |language=en}}</ref> with the aim of providing education to the expatriate community in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kesavapany |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ohxqDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Global+Indian+International+School%22&pg=PT456 |title=Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia |date=2003-08-01 |publisher=Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. |isbn=978-981-4517-60-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Global Indian International School Opens Second Tokyo Campus to Meet Growing Demand |url=https://www.businesswireindia.com/global-indian-international-school-opens-second-tokyo-campus-meet-growing-demand-54746.html |access-date=4 May 2019 |work=Business Wire India |agency=Business Wire India |publisher=Business Wire India}}</ref> In 2006, GIIS opened 2 other campuses in [[Malaysia]] and [[Japan]] and another campus in Singapore.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Read Our School History since 2002 {{!}} GIIS Singapore |url=https://globalindianschool.org/sg/about/giis-history |access-date=January 8, 2025}}</ref>

A new campus, PG Smart Campus, was initially planned to start its operations in July 2018, having the capacity of 3,000 students. However, a fire had occurred, possibly due to the burning of rubber, during the construction of the newly planned campus, delaying the progress.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2017 |title="Punggol construction site fire likely caused by burning of rubber material: Global Indian International School" |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/punggol-construction-site-fire-likely-caused-by-burning-of-rubber-material-global-indian |work=The Straits Times}}</ref> The construction was eventually finished in 2018.<ref name=":1" /> The Queenstown, Eastcoast
and Balestier campus later shut down to merge with the new campus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Giis smart campus will commence operations from July |url=https://news.globalindianschool.org/global-schools/giis-smart-campus-will-commence-operations-from-july}}</ref> The school has since expanded across South East Asia, Japan, Middle East and India throughout the years.

==Campuses==
GIIS has two campuses in Singapore, one at Cheviot Hill, the East Coast campus, and another at Punggol, SMART Campus.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Barman |first=Amrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EXplBwAAQBAJ&q=Global+Indian+International+School&pg=PR7 |title=India Fever: The New Indian Professional in Singapore |date=2009 |publisher=[[ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute]] |isbn=978-981-08-2319-1 |pages=84 |language=en}}</ref>

Besides that, it has presence in over seven countries and 23 campuses which include those in Singapore, Malaysia ([[Kuala Lumpur]]), [[India]] ([[Hyderabad]], [[Pune]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Noida]], and [[Bangalore]]), [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] ([[Abu Dhabi]] and [[Dubai]]), [[Thailand]] ([[Bangkok]]), [[Vietnam]] ([[Ho Chi Minh City]]) and Japan ([[Tokyo]]).<ref name=":2">{{cite web |last=Watanabe |first=Shin |date=February 25, 2019 |title=Japan's international schools flourish despite legal gray area |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Japan-immigration/Japan-s-international-schools-flourish-despite-legal-gray-area |access-date=25 February 2019 |work=NikkieAsia |agency=NikkieAsia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bunnell |first=Tristan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VefpAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Global+Indian+International+School%22&pg=PA109 |title=The Changing Landscape of International Schooling: Implications for theory and practice |date=2014-06-27 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-81449-8 |pages=109 |language=en}}</ref>

The GIIS campus in Surat discontinued its operations following challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, its affiliation with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) was revoked, according to information provided by globalindianschool.org.<ref>https://globalindianschool.org/nagpur/clarification-on-cbse-affiliation-of-global-indian-international-school-surat/</ref>

==Curriculum==
Educational programs offered by GIIS include:<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Global Indian International School to Launch NextGen SMART Campus in Singapore's Digital District |url=https://www.asiaone.com/corporate-news-media-outreach/global-indian-international-school-to-launch-nextgen-smart-campus-in |access-date=27 April 2019 |work=AsiaOne |agency=AsiaOne |publisher=AsiaOne}}</ref>

* Global Montessori Plus (GMP) Programme
* Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)
* International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme (IB PYP) (In Singapore and Tokyo)
* Cambridge Lower Secondary Programme (CLSP) (In Singapore, Tokyo, Bangalore and Kuala Lumpur)
* Cambridge's International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) (In Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Bangalore)
* International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme (IBDP) (In Singapore, Tokyo)

==See also==
* [[Global Indian International School, Tokyo Campus]]
* [[Global Indian International School, Pune]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|globalindianschool.org}}
*[https://singapore.globalindianschool.org/ Global Indian International School, Singapore]

{{authority control}}

{{Indian international schools}}
{{International schools in Singapore}}

[[Category:Indian international schools in Singapore]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Singapore]]

Kerala Books and Publications Society

2026-04-24T03:42:13Z

CoralRaphael599: entry

{{Infobox organization
|image =
|caption =
|formation = August 1978
|extinction =
|type =
|status =
|purpose = Printing the textbooks of SCERT syllabus

|headquarters = [[Kakkanad]], [[Kochi]]
|language = [[Malayalam]]
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|remarks =
|name = Kerala Books and Publications Society

|image_border =
|image_size =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|abbreviation = KBPS

|founder =
|location = [[Kerala]]
|region_served =
|membership =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|website = http://www.keralabooks.org/
}}

The '''Kerala Books and Publications Society''' is a society owned by the Government of [[Kerala]] headquartered at [[Kakkanad]], [[Kochi]]. It is registered under the [[Travancore]] - Cochin Literary, Scientific and Charitable Society registration Act, 1955{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}. It was established for printing the entire textbooks of [[Kerala State Education Board|SCERT]] syllabus required by the school children in the state and is functioning on a no loss no profit basis.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/KBPS-Confident-of-Completing-Textbook-Printing-in-Two-Weeks/2015/06/10/article2858062.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213080734/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/KBPS-Confident-of-Completing-Textbook-Printing-in-Two-Weeks/2015/06/10/article2858062.ece | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 13, 2015 | title=KBPS Confident of Completing Textbook Printing in Two Weeks | publisher=New Indian Express | date=10 June 2015 | accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref>

==Overview==
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
The Society started commercial production in August 1978{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}. The Society is also carrying out the printing of various Government Department & Universities and lottery tickets{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}.

The Society's Press at Kakkanad was established in 3.97 hectares of land at Kakkanad near Civil Station{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}. It is the biggest multicolour offset printing unit in Government Sector with a Harris M-300 High Speed Multicolor Web offset printing machine, four Web Offset colour Printing Machines, four Sheet fed Offset Printing Machines, three HMT Letterpress machines and a Label Printing Machine.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} It also has a Muller Martini [[Saddle stitcher]] imported from [[Switzerland]]{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]

Neeraj Kumar (filmmaker)

2026-04-21T15:37:57Z

CoralRaphael599: Started some biography w/ refs - done

{{short description|American actor}}
{{orphan|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Neerajkumar.jpg
| name = Neeraj Kumar
| birth_place = [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Filmmaker]], [[actor]], [[Film director|director]], software engineer
| website = [http://www.neerajkumar.com Official site]
}}
'''Neeraj Kumar''' is an american filmmaker, actor, writer and director at Neerajfilms and software consultant based in the [[United States]]. His debut film, the critically acclaimed children's human rights feature-length documentary film, ''Child Marriage'', won the 2005 New York International Independent Film & Video Festival Best International Documentary Award,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nyfilmvideo.net/content/view/183/124/|title=2005 Awards - New York November|work=New York International Independent Film & Video Festival|accessdate=31 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232059/http://nyfilmvideo.net/content/view/183/124/|archivedate=28 July 2014}}</ref> and recognition in the South Asian International Film Festival. He is dedicated to making socially conscious documentaries and fiction films.

He is also an actor. He played the leading roles in the satire films titled ''What the Hell!'' and ''The Great Meltdown''.

==Filmography==
* ''Child Marriage'' (2005)
* '' What the Hell '' (2006)
* '' The Great Meltdown'' (2007)

==Awards and recognition==
* 2005 New York International Independent Film & Video Festival - Best Documentary International<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140728232059/http://nyfilmvideo.net/content/view/183/124/ Best Documentary International]</ref>
* South Asian International Film Festival - Best Documentary<ref>[http://www.saiff.org/pressreleases/2005closingrelease.pdf Best Documentary]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}


==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1030688|name=Neeraj Kumar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Neeraj}}
[[Category:Film directors from California]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Male actors from Colorado]]
[[Category:Male actors from California]]
[[Category:American film directors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American male actors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Padmanabhanagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:30Z

CoralRaphael599: put up the pg initial version.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Padmanabhanagar
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 171
| map_image = 171-Padmanaba Nagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Karnataka]]
|district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]
|established = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:278959}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
|reservation = None
|incumbent_image = R. Ashoka.jpg
|mla = [[R. Ashoka]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
}}
'''Padmanabhanagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in India. It is a segment of [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>

Padmanabhanagar constituency (ಪದ್ಮನಾಭನಗರ) came into existence after the 2008 delimitation of assembly segments came into effect under the provisions of the [[Delimitation Act, 2002]].

== Members of Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist. See: [[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency|Uttarahalli]]''}}
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="4" |[[R. Ashoka]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|title=Karnataka election results 2018: Full list of constituency wise winners and losers from BJP, Congress, JD(S) in Karnataka assembly elections|last1=Financialexpress|date=16 May 2018|accessdate=4 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104174553/https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-election-results-2018-full-list-of-winners-losers-from-bjp-congress-jds/1167608/|archivedate=4 January 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|title=Karnataka Election Results 2023 winners: Full list of winning candidates|last1=India Today|date=14 May 2023|accessdate=14 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514043110/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/karnataka-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-2378524-2023-05-13|archivedate=14 May 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bangalore South election 2023 results LIVE: Govindraj Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Basavanagudi, Padmanabhanagar, BTM Layout">{{cite news |last1=Hindustan Times |title=Bangalore South election 2023 results LIVE: Govindraj Nagar, Vijay Nagar, Basavanagudi, Padmanabhanagar, BTM Layout |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bangalore-south-election-2023-results-for-govindraj-nagar-vijaynagara-chickpet-basavanagudi-padmanabhanagar-btm-layout-101683885327790.html |access-date=15 May 2023 |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515054725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/bangalore-south-election-2023-results-for-govindraj-nagar-vijaynagara-chickpet-basavanagudi-padmanabhanagar-btm-layout-101683885327790.html |archive-date=15 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanaba Nagar<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[R. Ashoka]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 98,750
|percentage = 61.72
|change = +13.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = V. Raghunatha Naidu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,575
|percentage = 27.24
|change = -1.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manjunath Banjarapalya
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 7,857
|percentage = 4.91
|change = -23.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = R. Rakshit
|party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party
|votes = 2,789
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,367
|percentage = 1.48
|change = -0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 55,175
|percentage = 34.48
|change = +14.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,59,991
|percentage = 57.35
|change = -0.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Padmanaba Nagar<ref name=election2018/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[R. Ashoka]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,868
|percentage = 48.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = V. K. Gopal
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 45,702
|percentage = 28.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[M. Srinivas (born 1942)|M. Srinivas]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,400
|percentage = 20.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,404
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 32,166
|percentage = 19.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 161,608
|percentage = 58.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
* R Ashoka (BJP): 53,680 votes<ref name="elections2013">{{cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/padmanabanagar-karnataka-assembly-constituency|website=resultuniversity.com|title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2013|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>
* L S Chethan Gowda (INC): 33,557 votes
* Dr M R V Prasad (JD-S): 26,272 votes

===2008===
* R Ashoka (BJP): 61,561 votes<ref name="elections2008">{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|website=elections.in|title=Karnataka Assembly Election Results in 2008|access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>
* M. V. Prasad Babu (Kabbadi Babu) (JD-S): 30,285 votes

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttarahalli Assembly constituency]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]
{{coords|12.916|77.555|display=title}}

Dhar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:33:12Z

CoralRaphael599: put up the pg initial version

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 201
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| map_image = 201-Dhar.svg
| district = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Neena Vikram Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Jaswant Singh Rathore
}}
'''Dhar''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It is part of [[Dhar district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Vasntrao Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kanhiyalal
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Vasntrao Pradhan
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Surendrasingh Gangasingh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vikram Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Mohansingh Bundela
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vikram Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| Karansingh Pawar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Jaswant Singh Rathore
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Neena Vikram Verma]]
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-

|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Dhar Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Dhar Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/dhar |access-date=27 February 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250227140317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/dhar |archive-date=27 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhar<ref name="Dhar Constituency Election Results 2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Neena Vikram Verma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:90371}}
|percentage = 44.08
|change = -5.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Prabha Balmukund Gautam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:80677}}
|percentage = 39.35
|change = -7.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajeev Yadav-Raju
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:21114}}
|percentage = 10.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kuldeep Mohan singh bundela
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:6948}}
|percentage = 3.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1198}}
|percentage = 0.58
|change = -0.28
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9694}}
|percentage = 4.73
|change = +1.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205033}}
|percentage = 79.5
|change = +5.96
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhar<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-2">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Neena Vikram Verma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:93180}}
|percentage = 49.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Prabha Balmukundsingh Goutam
|votes = {{formatnum:87462}}
|percentage = 46.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1615}}
|percentage = 0.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5718}}
|percentage = 3.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188357}}
|percentage = 73.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Prior results ==
2018
Neena Vikram Verma BJP Winner 93,180 49% 5,718
Prabha Balmukundsingh Goutam INC Runner Up 87,462 46%

2013
Neena Vikram Verma BJP Winner 85,624 50% 11,482
Kunw. Balmukund Singh Gautam INC Runner Up 74,142 43%

2008
Balmukund Singh Goutam INC Winner 50,510 47%
Neena Vikram Verma BJP Runner Up 50,509 47% 1

2003
Jaswant Singh Rathore (advocate) BJP Winner 80,732 56% 29,851
Karan Singh Pawar INC Runner Up 50,881 35%

1998
Karansingh Pawar INC Winner 53,862 49% 147
Vikram Verma BJP Runner Up 53,715 49%

1993
Vikram Verma BJP Winner 42,514 44% 14,713
Karan Singh Panwar INC Runner Up 36,058 38%

1990
Vikram Verma BJP Winner 50,294 57% 15,506
Mohan Singh Bundela INC Runner Up 34,788 39%

1985
Mohansingh Bundela INC Winner 36,844 57% 11,882
Vikram Verma BJP Runner Up 24,962 39%

1980
Vikaram Varma BJP Winner 24,112 49% 3,450
Surendra Singh Neemkhera INC(I) Runner Up 20,662 42%

1977
Vikram Verma JNP Winner 28,176 67% 15,780
Surendrasingh Neemkheda INC Runner Up 12,396 29%

==See also==
* [[Dhar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.60|75.31|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dhar]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Tuljapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:33Z

CoralRaphael599: created basic page needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tuljapur
| map_image = 241-Tuljapur.svg
| map_caption = Ranajagjit Sinha, present MLA of Tuljapur
| mla = [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 241
| electors = 383,672
}}

'''Tuljapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies, in [[Maharashtra]] state in western India.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archivedate=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Overview==
Tuljapur (constituency number 241) is one of the four Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Osmanabad district]]. It covers the entire [[Tuljapur tehsil]] and part of the [[Osmanabad tehsil]] of this district.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=271}}</ref> The number of electors in 2009 was 298,290 (male 159,017, female 139,273).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|accessdate=5 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archivedate=9 April 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Tuljapur is part of [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]], [[Umarga Assembly constituency|Umarga]] and [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]] in Osmanabad district, [[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]] in the [[Solapur district]] and [[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]] in [[Latur district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=278}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Sahebrao Hangargekar
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2| Shivajirao Shahajirao Patil (Babhalgaonkar)
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Manikrao Khapale
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Sidramappa Alure
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Manikrao Khapale
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Madhukarrao Chavan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Manikrao Khapale
|style="background-color: {{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| rowspan=4|[[Madhukarrao Chavan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tuljapur">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tuljapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13241.htm |accessdate=6 December 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206063919/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13241.htm |archivedate=6 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil|Ranajagjitsinha Padmasinha Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 131,863 |percentage = 50.97% |change={{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kuldeep Dhiraj Appasaheb Kadam Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 94,984 |percentage = 36.71% |change={{increase}}3.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rochkari Devanand Sahebrao |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 16,335 |percentage = 6.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Sneha Apparao Sonkate |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 7,908 |percentage = 3.06% |change={{decrease}}12.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 769 |percentage = 0.30% |change={{decrease}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,879 |percentage = 14.25% |change= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 259,489 |percentage = 67.63% |change= {{increase}}2.75 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 258,720}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 383,672|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ranajagjitsinha Patil|Ranajagjitsinha Padmasinha Patil]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 99,034 |percentage = 43.50% |change={{increase}}26.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 75,865 |percentage = 33.32% |change={{increase}}0.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Haridas Jagdale |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 35,383 |percentage = 15.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahendra (Kaka) Dhurgude |party=Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 7,458 |percentage = 3.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mahanandha Rajendra Dudhbhate |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,460 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Navgire Prashant Prakash |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,431 |percentage = 0.63% |change={{decrease}}15.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 960 |percentage = 0.42% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,169 |percentage = 10.18% |change= {{decrease}}3.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 228,662 |percentage = 64.88% |change= {{decrease}}0.35 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 227,688}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 352,449|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 70,701 |percentage = 32.72% |change={{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gore Jeevanrao Vishwanathrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 41,091 |percentage = 19.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nimbalkar Sanjay Prakash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,380 |percentage = 16.84% |change={{decrease}}8.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devanand Sahebrao Rochkari |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 35,895 |percentage = 16.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Sudhir Keshavrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 24,991 |percentage = 11.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dornalikar Premanand Balwantrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,405 |percentage = 1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,314 |percentage = 0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,610 |percentage = 13.70% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 217,414 |percentage = 65.62% |change= {{decrease}}0.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 216,094}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 331,310|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.07 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 65,802 |percentage = 33.51% |change={{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Subhash Sureshchandra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,469 |percentage = 25.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rochkari Devanand Sahebrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 45,942 |percentage = 23.39% |change={{increase}}22.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gore Arvind Janardhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 15,665 |percentage = 7.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Salgar Arjun Sidram |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,999 |percentage = 2.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathan Mainoddin Mohmmad Khaja |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,530 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prakash Changdev Hangarkar |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,095 |percentage = 1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,333 |percentage = 8.32% |change= {{increase}}5.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,565 |percentage = 65.90% |change= {{decrease}}5.32 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,393}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 298,290|ref = |change= {{increase}}81.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,958 |percentage = 35.10% |change={{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devanand Sahebrao Rochkari |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 37,513 |percentage = 32.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borgaonkar Narendra Baburao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 28,879 |percentage = 24.75% |change={{increase}}13.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kharade Sidramappa Ganapatrao |party=Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 3,574 |percentage = 3.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rokade Milind Somnath |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,438 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hangargekar Suhas Mohanrao |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,039 |percentage = 1.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Kakasaheb Shankar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 1.11% |change={{decrease}}7.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,445 |percentage = 2.95% |change= {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,870 |percentage = 71.27% |change= {{increase}}6.68 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,693}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,981|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 30,151 |percentage = 31.72% |change={{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Borgaonkar Narendra Baburao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,364 |percentage = 27.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rochkari Devanand Sahebrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 16,079 |percentage = 16.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vadne Shamal Kedari |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,773 |percentage = 11.33% |change={{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 8,033 |percentage = 8.45% |change={{decrease}}48.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pailwan Rajesh Prataprao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,856 |percentage = 1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mallkunaik Malku Limbaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 847 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,787 |percentage = 3.98% |change= {{decrease}}20.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,371 |percentage = 68.77% |change= {{decrease}}9.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,053}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,406|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}25.64 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 62,437 |percentage = 57.36% |change={{increase}}21.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,924 |percentage = 33.00% |change={{decrease}}19.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Sudhir Kisanrao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 7,707 |percentage = 7.08% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narote Mahadeo Gena |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,440 |percentage = 1.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,513 |percentage = 24.36% |change= {{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,435 |percentage = 75.34% |change= {{increase}}6.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 108,850}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,901|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,474 |percentage = 52.46% |change={{increase}}10.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 32,108 |percentage = 35.48% |change={{decrease}}21.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kadam Anantrao Shahajirao |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 6,938 |percentage = 7.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amrutrao Annasaheb Dagdoba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,486 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suryakant Goroba Dande |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,235 |percentage = 1.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,366 |percentage = 16.98% |change= {{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 92,338 |percentage = 68.67% |change= {{decrease}}3.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,501}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,458|ref = |change= {{increase}}26.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}4.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 42,553 |percentage = 56.67% |change={{increase}}25.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alure Sidramappa Nagappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 31,323 |percentage = 41.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sonkamble Sadashiv Chokhaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 624 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balchandra Biru Vaidya |party=Independent politician |votes = 588 |percentage = 0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,230 |percentage = 14.96% |change= {{decrease}}8.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,789 |percentage = 72.18% |change= {{increase}}5.41 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,088}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,387|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Alure Sidramappa Nagappa |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,121 |percentage = 54.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 19,542 |percentage = 31.42% |change={{decrease}}16.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Hangargekar Sahebrao Dadarao |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 5,678 |percentage = 9.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khatib Syed Tanvir Syed Ali |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,687 |percentage = 2.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagadale Sudhir Ambadadsrao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,159 |percentage = 1.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,579 |percentage = 23.44% |change= {{increase}}6.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,633 |percentage = 66.68% |change= {{decrease}}3.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,187}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,425|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}7.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khaple Manikrao Bhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 28,438 |percentage = 47.46% |change={{increase}}21.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Shivajirao Shahajirao ( Babhalgaonkar ) |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,072 |percentage = 30.16% |change={{decrease}}39.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alure Sidramappa Nagappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 11,999 |percentage = 20.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shrigiri Laxman Naganath |party=Independent politician |votes = 875 |percentage = 1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Birajdar Sidram Shivappa |party=Independent politician |votes = 534 |percentage = 0.89% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,366 |percentage = 17.30% |change= {{decrease}}26.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,585 |percentage = 70.65% |change= {{increase}}19.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,918}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,164|ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}22.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,077 |percentage = 69.86% |change={{increase}}30.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. A. K. Mohammed Isakhan |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,499 |percentage = 26.40% |change={{increase}}11.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shinde Ramchandra Genuji |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,772 |percentage = 3.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,578 |percentage = 43.46% |change= {{increase}}39.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,096 |percentage = 50.68% |change= {{decrease}}9.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,348}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,878|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}30.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,001 |percentage = 39.75% |change={{decrease}}14.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. S. Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,870 |percentage = 35.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. B. Khaple |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,587 |percentage = 15.08% |change={{decrease}}26.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=D. S. Deshmukh |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 4,865 |percentage = 9.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,131 |percentage = 4.23% |change= {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,798 |percentage = 63.41% |change= {{increase}}13.12 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,323}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,419|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}14.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Dada |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,095 |percentage = 53.85% |change={{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Devidas Nagoba |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,404 |percentage = 41.28% |change={{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishnathrao Ambadasrao |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 1,819 |percentage = 4.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,691 |percentage = 12.57% |change= {{decrease}}16.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,485 |percentage = 48.94% |change= {{decrease}}15.49 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,318}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,725|ref = |change= {{increase}}58.94 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tuljapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sahebrao Dada |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,313 |percentage = 64.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narsingrao Balbhimrao |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,230 |percentage = 35.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,083 |percentage = 28.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,543 |percentage = 60.60% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,543}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,048|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]
* [[Tuljapur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Osmanabad district topics}}
{{coords|18.01|76.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Deepika Soreng

2026-04-13T03:31:10Z

CoralRaphael599: put up some post w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Deepika Soreng
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|12|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| height =
| weight =
| position = Forward
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Jharkhand
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railways]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2022–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 6
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Japan]]|}}
}}
'''Deepika Soreng''' (born 17 December 2003)<ref name="hockeyindia">{{Cite web |title=Deepika Soreng - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/deepika-soreng-profile-3246 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from [[Jharkhand]]. She made her senior India debut in 2024 in the FIH Hockey Pro League 2023–24. She plays as a forward for [[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Railway Sports Promotion Board]] and Hockey Jharkhand in the domestic tournaments and for [[Soorma Hockey Club]] in the [[Hockey India League|Hero Hockey India League 2024]].

== Career ==
Soreng made her junior India debut in women's Junior Asia Cup in June 2023 at [[Kakamigahara]], Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepika Soreng {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/others/women/2023-4-nations-junior-womens-invitational-tournament-d-sseldorf-1555/player/deepika-soreng-27314 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref> She scored seven goals in six matches and became the second highest goal scorer of the tournament which India won. In 2023, she also took part in the 4 Nations Junior Women Invitational tournament at Düsseldorf. She was part of the Indian junior team that played the Junior World Cup in 2023 at [[Santiago]]. In 2024, she played the [[FIH Women's Hockey5s World Cup|FIH Hockey5s World Cup]] at [[Oman]] where India won a silver medal.<ref name="hockeyindia"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=Hockey5s World Cup: Mariana Kujur and Deepika Soreng lead India to victory over USA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/hockey5s-world-cup-mariana-kujur-and-deepika-soreng-lead-india-to-victory-over-usa/articleshow/107134749.cms |access-date=24 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Hockey News and Updates - Hockey India |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/indian-womens-hockey5s-squad-leaves-for-fih-hockey5s-womens-world-cup-oman-2024 |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=www.hockeyindia.org}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* 2023: Asunta Lakra Award for Upcoming Player of the Year 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Memorable moment": Deepika Soreng on winning Asunta Lakra Award for Upcoming Player of the Year |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/memorable-moment-deepika-soreng-on-winning-asunta-lakra-award-for-upcoming-player-of-the-year20240416160448/ |access-date=24 January 2025 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soreng, Deepika}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey forwards]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Dhakshineswar Suresh

2026-04-13T02:50:34Z

CoralRaphael599:

{{Short description|Indian tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name = Dhakshineswar Suresh
|image =
|caption =
|fullname = Dhakshineswar Suresh Ekambaram
|country = {{Flagu|India}}
|residence =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|3|29|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Madurai]], India
|height = {{convert|1.96|m|abbr=on}}
|weight = 172 lbs
|turnedpro =
|plays = Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney = $50,879
|college = [[Georgia Gwinnett Grizzlies|Georgia Gwinnett]]<br>[[Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's tennis|Wake Forest]]
|singlesrecord = 3–1 <small> (at [[ATP Tour]] level, [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, and in [[Davis Cup]])</small>
|singlestitles = 0
|highestsinglesranking = No. 462 (13 April 2026)
|currentsinglesranking = No. 462 (13 April 2026)
|doublesrecord = 3–2 <small> (at [[ATP Tour]] level, [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] level, and in [[Davis Cup]])</small>
|doublestitles = 0
|highestdoublesranking = No. 352 (18 August 2025)
|currentdoublesranking = No. 457 (13 April 2026)
|updated = 13 April 2026
}}

'''Dhakshineswar Suresh Ekambaram''' (born 29 March 2000) is an [[India]]n tennis player. He has a career-high [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] singles ranking of world No. 462 achieved on 13 April 2026 and a doubles ranking of No. 352 achieved on 18 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atptour.com/en/players/dhakshineswar-suresh/s0de/overview|title=Dhakshineswar Suresh | Overview | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref> He was India's hero in their defeat of Netherlands in a [[2026 Davis Cup]] Round 1 tie, winning both his singles matches and also pairing up with [[Yuki Bhambri]] to win the doubles match.

==College==
He played college tennis at [[Georgia Gwinnett College]] before transferring to [[Wake Forest University|Wake Forest]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ggcathletics.com/sports/mens-tennis/roster/dhakshineswar-suresh/1347|title=Dhakshineswar Suresh - Men's Tennis|website=Georgia Gwinnett College Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godeacs.com/sports/mens-tennis/roster/dk-suresh+ekambaram/7743|title=DK Suresh Ekambaram - Men's Tennis|website=Wake Forest University Athletics}}</ref> During the 2023–24 season, he was part of the top ranked college tennis doubles team with partner Holden Koons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://godeacs.com/news/2024/6/6/mens-tennis-suresh-ekambaram-and-koons-named-ita-doubles-all-americans|title=Suresh Ekambaram and Koons Named ITA Doubles All-Americans|website=Wake Forest University Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2024/06/09/dhakshineswar-suresh-climbing-to-the-top-a-journey-through-us-college-tennis/|title=Dhakshineswar Suresh: Climbing to the Top - A Journey Through US College Tennis - Indian Tennis Daily|date=9 June 2024|website=indiantennisdaily.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Suresh made his ATP main draw debut at the [[2024 Winston-Salem Open]] after receiving a wildcard into the doubles main draw with [[Luca Pow]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

During India's [[2026 Davis Cup]] qualifier against the Netherlands, Suresh beat [[Guy den Ouden]] and [[Jesper de Jong]] to lead India to a 3-2 upset over the higher-seeded Netherlands team. They will play South Korea to qualify for the finals.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player|new_id=d2bfa70a-fd6a-44be-9e15-2fd3ab67b526}}

{{Top male singles tennis players by country|IND}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Dhakshineswar}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madurai]]
[[Category:Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's tennis players]]
[[Category:Georgia Gwinnett Grizzlies athletes]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate tennis players in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-tennis-bio-stub}}

Puthiya Paravai

2026-04-11T21:48:23Z

CoralRaphael599: put up a post w/ refs.

{{short description|1964 film directed by Dada Mirasi}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Puthiya Paravai
| image = Puthiya Paravai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Dada Mirasi
| screenplay = Nannu<br />[[Aaroor Dass]] (dialogues)
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Sesh Anka]]''|Rajkumar Mitra}}
| producer = [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
| starring = Sivaji Ganesan<br />[[B. Saroja Devi]]<br />[[M. R. Radha]]<br />[[Sowcar Janaki]]
| cinematography = [[K. S. Prasad]]
| editing = N. M. Shankar
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| studio = [[Sivaji Productions|Sivaji Films]]
| distributor = Sivaji Films
| released = {{film date|1964|9|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Puthiya Paravai''''' ({{translation|New Bird}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by Dada Mirasi. Produced by [[Sivaji Ganesan]], the film stars himself, [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[M. R. Radha]] and [[Sowcar Janaki]], with [[Nagesh]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[O. A. K. Thevar]] and [[S. V. Ramadas]] in supporting roles. The plot revolves around Gopal, who falls in love with Latha, when his previously presumed-dead wife Chitra arrives. He claims her to be an impostor but no one believes him.

''Puthiya Paravai'' is the maiden Tamil production of Sivaji Films, later renamed [[Sivaji Productions]], and the company's third overall production after the [[Hindi]] films ''[[Amardeep (1958 film)|Amardeep]]'' (1958) and ''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]'' (1962). It is a remake of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Sesh Anka]]'' (1963) which is itself inspired by the British film ''[[Chase a Crooked Shadow]]'' (1958). The screenplay was written by Nannu, and the dialogues by [[Aaroor Dass]]. Cinematography was handled by [[K. S. Prasad]] and editing by N. M. Shankar. The soundtrack album and [[background music|background score]] were composed by the duo [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]].

''Puthiya Paravai'' was released on 12 September 1964. The film received positive reviews; critics praised its style, music, and the performances of Ganesan and Janaki, but criticised the comic subplot featuring Nagesh and Manorama. It was also a commercial success, with a theatrical run of over 100 days. ''Puthiya Paravai'' was re-released on 23 July 2010 at Ganesan's family-owned [[Shanti Theatre]], and was again met with positive response and commercial success.

== Plot ==
Gopal is a rich businessman ''en route'' to India from Singapore on a [[cruise ship]]. He meets Latha, another traveller who has been accompanied by her father Ramadurai. Gopal and Latha find that they like each other, so Gopal invites them to stay at his mansion in [[Ooty]], which they accept. One day, Latha discovers that Gopal becomes agitated whenever he sees an onrushing train and demands to know why. He explains that the reason behind this is his first wife.

Gopal recalls that, after losing his mother, in sorrow he had been wandering aimlessly at Singapore. He fell in love with Chitra, a nightclub singer, and they married in the presence of her brother Raju. But to Gopal's dismay, Chitra always came home inebriated, and despite his repeated requests, had little respect for tradition and family values. When Chitra showed up drunk for Gopal's birthday party, he tried to control her, but she refused to co-operate; Gopal's father died of a heart attack after seeing Chitra's behaviour. Irritated by Gopal, Chitra later tried to leave him; he caught up and begged her to change her decision, but Chitra berated him for controlling her, and he slapped her. Later that night, he heard that Chitra committed suicide on a railway track, and this hurts him a lot. Latha sympathises with Gopal and accepts his love.

The engagement of Gopal and Latha is fixed. While the reception is being held at Gopal's mansion, a woman claiming to be Chitra arrives, accompanied by her uncle Rangan. Gopal's engagement with Latha is cancelled after Rangan convinces everyone that the woman is indeed Chitra. Gopal says she is an impostor and shows Chitra's death certificate as proof, but Rangan reads in the certificate that though the corpse was disfigured beyond recognition, Gopal insisted that it was Chitra so it was declared to be her. Rangan's actions convince Gopal's police officer friend Kumar, although Gopal is adamant that his wife is dead. "Chitra" and Rangan become disruptive and Gopal gets frustrated, fearing that Latha might leave him because his "wife" has turned up.

After many failed attempts to expose the impostor, Gopal reveals the truth to everyone: when he slapped Chitra, not knowing she was suffering from a heart condition, she died immediately. Gopal realised that he had inadvertently killed his wife. To avoid arrest, and safeguard the honour of his family, he manipulated the murder to appear like a suicide on a railway track and fabricated the necessary evidence to show that Chitra committed suicide.

With everyone believing his story, Gopal orders Kumar to arrest the Chitra impostor. However, Latha reveals herself as a police officer investigating Chitra's death based on the complaint filed by Raju, who suspected she could not have committed suicide. Ramadurai is Latha's senior posing as her father, Rangan is the local investigating officer, and the Chitra impostor is Rangan's aide, Sarasa. Together, they staged an entrapment to get the killer's confession because there was no clinching evidence. Latha confesses to a dejected Gopal that though she initially pretended to love him, his good nature impressed her and she truly loves him; she promises that she will wait for him till he returns after completing his jail term. Gopal is relieved, but is still arrested.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Gopal<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
* [[B. Saroja Devi]] as Latha<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
* [[M. R. Radha]] as Rangan<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2015 |title=எம்.ஆர்.ராதா – கலகக்காரனின் கதை! (21) |trans-title=M. R. Radha – The story of the rebel! (21) |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/vara-malar-weekly-magazine/mr-radha---the-rebels-story-21/25788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190704173051/https://www.dinamalar.com/supplementary_detail.asp?id=25788&ncat=2 |archive-date=4 July 2019 |access-date=6 July 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Chitra and Sarasa<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />
* [[Nagesh]] as Sanjeevi<ref name="55 years" />
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Alli<ref name="55 years" />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ramadurai<ref name="dinamalar" />
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Kumar<ref name="RandorGuy" />
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as Raju<ref name="55 years" />
* Dada Mirasi as Gopal's father (uncredited)<ref name="RandorGuy" />
}}

== Production ==


=== Development ===

The 1958 British [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] film ''[[Chase a Crooked Shadow]]'', directed by [[Michael Anderson (director)|Michael Anderson]], was a global success, especially in India. It inspired the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Sesh Anka]]'' (1963) whose screenplay was written by Rajkumar Mitra. The screenplay was acquired by [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s company Sivaji Films (later renamed [[Sivaji Productions]]) to be remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name="RandorGuy" /> In mid-April 1963, Sivaji Films announced the remake, titled ''Puthiya Paravai'', with Dada Mirasi as its director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 1963 |title=Sivaji Films Private Ltd. proudly presents ''Puthiya Paravai'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19630417&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> While the screenplay was written by Nannu who also worked as associate director,<ref name="poster" /> Shanmugham, a relative of Ganesan, also made inputs to the screenplay,<ref name="bird flies high" /> and [[Aaroor Dass]] wrote the dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 February 2012 |title=Applause and accolades |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/applause-and-accolades/article2925771.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101092708/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/applause-and-accolades/article2925771.ece |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The script was written to be substantially different from the original, with regards to the portrayal of romance between the lead characters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=செல்லப்பா |date=12 May 2017 |title=சினிமாஸ்கோப் 33: உன்னைப் போல் ஒருவன் |trans-title=CinemaScope 33: A man like you |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/178111-33.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530141049/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/178111-33.html |archive-date=30 May 2021 |access-date=30 May 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> ''Puthiya Paravai'' was the third production for Sivaji Films after the [[Hindi]] films ''[[Amardeep (1958 film)|Amardeep]]'' (1958) and ''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]'' (1962).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 September 2006 |title=And now... scaling heights in Delhi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/and-now-scaling-heights-in-delhi/article3230508.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207100534/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/and-now-scaling-heights-in-delhi/article3230508.ece |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> K. S. Prasad, N. M. Shankar, and Ganga were hired as the cinematographer, editor and art director respectively.<ref name="poster" />

=== Casting ===
{{Quote box
| title =
| quote = Any role that is unusual, unconventional has a special appeal for me, a character like the one I played in ''Puthiya Paravai''. Maybe it has something to do with my own psyche. I love complex characters.
| source = Sowcar Janaki, in a 1972 interview with ''Film World''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gopalie |first=S. |year=1972 |editor-last=Ramachandran |editor-first=T. M. |title=Sowcar Janaki Wants to Retire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZnhTAAAAYAAJ |access-date=24 September 2016 |magazine=Film World |page=45 |volume=8}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| width = 31%
| align = right
}}
While Sivaji Ganesan played the male lead Gopal,<ref name="dinamalar" /> [[B. Saroja Devi]] was cast as Gopal's love interest Latha at Shanmugham's suggestion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2016 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 144 – சுதாங்கன் |trans-title=The Celluloid King Sivaji Chapter 144 – Sudhangan |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/15182 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200912115142/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/15182 |archive-date=12 September 2020 |access-date=12 September 2020 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |location=Nellai}}</ref> According to Ganesan's eldest son [[Ramkumar Ganesan|Ramkumar]], Ganesan "always thought of [[Sowcar Janaki]] as classy and sophisticated," which was why he cast her as a "modern woman" in ''Puthiya Paravai''. "Before that Sowcar had only acted in homely roles".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2012 |title=Fans go back in time to pay tribute to Sivaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Fans-go-back-in-time-to-pay-tribute-to-Sivaji/articleshow/11596183.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217032009/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Fans-go-back-in-time-to-pay-tribute-to-Sivaji/articleshow/11596183.cms |archive-date=17 February 2016 |access-date=24 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Janaki was "exasperated" after acting in so many "glycerine-laced tales", and readily accepted to act in ''Puthiya Paravai'' when approached by Ganesan.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 December 2006 |title=A dauntless spirit showcased |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122900820200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107141413/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/12/29/stories/2006122900820200.htm |archive-date=7 November 2012 |access-date=24 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Janaki portrayed Gopal's wife Chitra and her decoy Sarasa.<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />

Mirasi, who made a [[cameo appearance]] as Gopal's father,<ref name="RandorGuy" /> initially objected to Ganesan's desire to cast Janaki because he felt the actress, then known mainly for sentimental roles, would not fit the stylish character of Chitra. But Ganesan remained adamant as he felt Janaki was perfect as Chitra and was supported by Aaroor Dass, so Mirasi half-heartedly agreed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 May 1993 |title=வித்தியாச வாய்ப்பு; கூடவே சோதனை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n63/mode/2up? |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240328140953/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-05-02/page/n63/mode/2up? |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=62–63 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> After seeing Janaki's performance in the song "Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo", he began to appreciate her.<ref name="kamadenu" /> Janaki added her own subtle distinctions and inputs to her role as portraying an out-and-out seductive vamp, according to her, would have felt deplorable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhumika |first=K. |date=10 June 2011 |title=Shine on |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/shine-on/article2091748.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216100029/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/shine-on/article2091748.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===

[[Principal photography]] for ''Puthiya Paravai'' took place at Neptune Studios and [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]],<ref name="Dinamalar October 2016" /> though filming also took place at [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narayanan |first=Sujatha |date=25 August 2019 |title=Thamizh Talkies: When the clouds break in films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/aug/25/thamizh-talkies-when-the-clouds-break-in-films-13852.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191001063256/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2019/aug/25/thamizh-talkies-when-the-clouds-break-in-films-13852.html |archive-date=1 October 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2019 |title=பட்டத்துக்கு வேறு சிற்றரசன் யாரு?- போற்றிப் பாடுவோம் நடிகர் திலகம் புகழை |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/155365-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/0mmHA |archive-date=5 March 2026 |access-date=5 March 2026 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was filmed in [[Eastmancolor]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=18 July 1964 |title=Tit-Bits |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98085/page/n439/mode/2up |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=18|language=en}}</ref> The majority of costumes were tailored and brought from Singapore and England.<ref name="bird flies high" /> On the first day of shooting, Janaki did not like the dress tailored for her, and instead opted for a black [[sari]] she bought in Hong Kong a few months earlier. This was the dress she wore during the filming of "Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo" after it was given some embroidery.<ref name="kamadenu" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=19 August 2015 |title=A celebration of 'Sowcar' Janaki |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-celebration-of-sowcar-janaki/article7557707.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820034807/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-celebration-of-sowcar-janaki/article7557707.ece |archive-date=20 August 2015 |access-date=20 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The tuxedo worn by Ganesan in the film was ordered from London.<ref name="Blast" /> For the filming of the song "Unnai Ondru Ketpen", he smoked so as to set the mood for the song's feel.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=11 June 2005 |title=Going up in smoke |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/11/stories/2005061100270300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101094005/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/11/stories/2005061100270300.htm |archive-date=1 November 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> As Gopal, he did not actually play the piano onscreen, and only gave the impression that he was doing so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2016 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 127 – சுதாங்கன் |trans-title=The Celluloid King Sivaji Chapter 127 – Sudhangan |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8329 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708111940/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/8329 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref> For some scenes in the film, Saroja Devi was made to walk with mincing steps and flutter her eyelashes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Riti |first=M. D. |date=15 November 1987 |title=Speak Memory |url=https://ibb.co/8N5r1xS |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223113420/https://ibb.co/8N5r1xS |archive-date=23 February 2023 |access-date=23 February 2023 |magazine=[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]] |pages=46–47 |volume=108}}</ref>

After the climax was finished, Aaroor Doss immediately requested Ganesan and Mirasi to do the sequence again with the addition of the dialogue "Pennmaye! Nee Vaazhga! Ullame Unakku Oru Nanri" ({{translation|Oh lady! May you live long! A note of thanks to your heart}}). When Ganesan asked the reason for including it, Aaroor Dass mentioned that Gopal would be looked upon by the theatre audiences in a negative light if he did not say anything to confirm his love for Latha. Understanding the dialogue's essence, Mirasi then re-filmed the climax and included it.<ref name="Dinamalar October 2016" /> The film was processed at Gemini Color Laboratory.<ref name="Mutharam" /> The final length of the film was over {{Convert|4400|m|ft}}.{{efn|While the film's official length given by its [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate is {{Convert|4473|m|ft}},<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 1964 |title=Puthiya Paravai (Celluloid) |url=https://archive.org/details/PuthiyaParavaiCBFC |access-date=21 June 2016 |publisher=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref> film historian [[Film News Anandan]]'s 2004 book ''Saadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru'' measures it at {{Convert|4486|m|ft}}.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />}}

== Themes ==
In her 2002 book ''Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genres in Contemporary Indian Cinema'', Lalitha Gopalan noted that the male protagonists in Indian films use the piano to express their desire with no regard to the consequences and cited Sivaji Ganesan in ''Puthiya Paravai'' as an example for the same.{{sfn|Gopalan|2002|p=194}} According to ''[[The Hindu]]''{{'}}s Sudhir Srinivasan, the film being titled ''Puthiya Paravai'' ({{translation|New Bird}}) reflects "Tamil cinema's fascination for fauna when it comes to titles".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=17 January 2015 |title=Going wild over titles |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702083835/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/going-wild-over-titles/article6796878.ece |archive-date=2 July 2019 |access-date=2 July 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] (a duo consisting of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]) while the lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]]; [[T. M. Soundararajan]] and [[P. Susheela]] are the only singers featured in the soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthiya Paravai (1964) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/Tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000226 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124195313/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=T0000226 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |access-date=13 February 2012 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saregama Album Details : Puthiya Paravai |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/puthiya-paravai_14881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004150854/http://www.saregama.com/portal/pages/music.jsp |archive-date=4 October 2014 |access-date=24 March 2013 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> The first song recorded was "Chittu Kuruvi".<ref name="bird flies high" /> "Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo" is inspired by [[Dean Martin]]'s version of "[[¿Quién será?#Dean Martin cover version|Sway]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=15 July 2015 |title=The world was his music |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=THE-WORLD-WAS-HIS-MUSIC-15072015006005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110093217/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com//Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=THE-WORLD-WAS-HIS-MUSIC-15072015006005 |archive-date=10 January 2018 |access-date=10 January 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song includes [[Tango music|tango]] and [[bossa nova]] style music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2015 |title='In the paper boat of our lives, MS Viswanathan's music was the anchor' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/paper-boat-our-lives-ms-viswanathans-music-was-anchor-31607 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510101340/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/paper-boat-our-lives-ms-viswanathans-music-was-anchor-31607 |archive-date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Philips, an [[Autodidacticism|autodidact]] guitarist, played the guitar for "Aha Mella".<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2014 |title=Harmony with strings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/harmony-with-strings/article6641033.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207094623/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/harmony-with-strings/article6641033.ece |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=3 July 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples- Exotic Instruments in Film music – Part 1 |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/07/03/filmy-ripples-exotic-instruments-in-film-music-part-1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710061952/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/07/03/filmy-ripples-exotic-instruments-in-film-music-part-1/ |archive-date=10 July 2019 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> "Unnai Ondru Ketpen" has a [[ragtime]] piano introduction while its interlude includes saxophone music.{{Sfnm|1a1=Mishra|1y=2006|1p=102|2a1=Cooke|2a2=Ford|2y=2016|2p=348}} Viswanathan played the piano off-screen for the song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=31 July 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples- Exotic Instruments in Film music – Part 5 (Final) |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/07/31/filmy-ripples-exotic-instruments-in-film-music-part-5-final/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710040609/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/07/31/filmy-ripples-exotic-instruments-in-film-music-part-5-final/ |archive-date=10 July 2019 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref> It is set in [[Harikambhoji]], a [[Carnatic raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=7 December 2013 |title=Positively tranquil |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/positively-tranquil/article5431006.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029085114/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/positively-tranquil/article5431006.ece |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=164}}

The heavily orchestrated "Engey Nimmadhi", at that time, had the highest number of instruments used for recording. Choir singers from the [[Purasawalkam]] and [[Vepery]] areas of Madras (now [[Chennai]]) were used in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnamachari |first=Suganthy |date=26 August 2010 |title=Motivating, musically |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/motivating-musically/article595994.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207095645/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/motivating-musically/article595994.ece |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to film historian [[Mohan Raman]], "Kannadasan could not get the right words nor was there a tune ready and Sivaji came to the composing and did a pantomime of what he would like to do and thus was born the line and the song".<ref name="madrasmusings" /> Cellist R. Selvaraj, whose father was a part of the orchestration for "Engey Nimmadhi" said 250 instrumentalists were used for playing different instruments in sync.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=11 June 2010 |title=Instrumentalists facing odds |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article452338.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028072458/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article452338.ece |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Other sources state that Viswanathan used over 300 instruments for the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2015 |title=மறைந்த இசை மன்னர் எம்.எஸ்.வி-யின் பெர்சனல் பக்கங்கள் |trans-title=The personal pages of the late music king M.S.V. |url=http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/49408.art |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506043259/http://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/49408.art |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2015 |title=3ல் முடிவது 300ம் முடியும்: புதிய பறவையில் எம்.எஸ்.வி.யின் வயலின் சாதனை |trans-title=What finished at 3 will also finish at 300: M.S.V's accomplishment with the Violin in Puthiya Paravai |url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2015/jul/14/3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-300%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF-1148742.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506043425/http://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2015/07/14/3%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81-300%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF/article2919736.ece |archive-date=6 May 2016 |access-date=6 May 2016 |work=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Instruments used included the [[harp]], [[violin]]s, [[cello]], bass, [[vibraphone]], [[Bongo drum|bongos]], [[Timpani|kettle drums]], [[flute]]s, [[castanets]], [[trumpet]]s, [[tuba]], [[trombone]], [[clarinet]] and [[mandolin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P. V. |date=21 February 2017 |title=Filmy Ripples : Movie Studios (Part 2) |url=https://tcrcindia.com/2017/02/21/filmy-ripples-movie-studios-part-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190710061231/https://tcrcindia.com/2017/02/21/filmy-ripples-movie-studios-part-2/ |archive-date=10 July 2019 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=The Cinema Resource Centre}}</ref>

Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy tried over 100 different ways of composing the tune of "Engey Nimmadhi" before the song was recorded.<ref name="bird flies high" /> It is set in [[Bilaskhani Todi]], a [[Hindustani raga]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=23 July 2015 |title=Hindustani raag and hit songs |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-msvs-favourite-hindustani-raag-bilaskhanitodi/article7456091.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829235231/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/on-msvs-favourite-hindustani-raag-bilaskhanitodi/article7456091.ece |archive-date=29 August 2015 |access-date=30 August 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]|author-link=Randor Guy|language=en}}</ref> S. S. Vasan of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' compared the sombre moments in the song to that of "Mujhko Is Raat Ki Tanhai Me" from ''[[Dil Bhi Tera Hum Bhi Tere]]'' (1960).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasan |first=S. S. |date=6 March 2015 |title=இரவின் தனிமையில் அழுகின்ற வீணை- மொழி பிரிக்காத உணர்வு 34 |trans-title=The Veena cries in the loneliness of the night – Emotions that are not bound by language 34 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/34792-34.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024105047/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/34792-34.html |archive-date=24 October 2019 |access-date=24 October 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref> Music composer and singer [[Ramesh Vinayakam]] said "Engey Nimmadhi" was an example of "the unconscious yet natural and healthy fusion that was happening to cinema music at the hands of music directors."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=15 March 2012 |title=Film music down the ages |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/film-music-down-the-ages/article2998246.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122103546/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/film-music-down-the-ages/article2998246.ece |archive-date=22 November 2014 |access-date=22 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

"Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo" was later [[Sampling (music)|sampled]] in "Yae Dushyanta", composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]] for ''[[Aasal]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 January 2010 |title=Aasal's music is for Ajith fans |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-aasal/20100108.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709144600/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-music-review-aasal/20100108.htm |archive-date=9 July 2013 |access-date=6 March 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Singer [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] performed "Aha Mella" live at "Two to Tango", an October 2016 concert organised by the [[Rotary International|Rotary Club]] of Madras South.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujan |first=Srinivasa |date=4 October 2016 |title=The sound of music |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-sound-of-music/article15424142.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502155649/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/The-sound-of-music/article15424142.ece |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=17 October 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The soundtrack received positive response from critics; all the songs were successful,<ref name="RandorGuy" /> especially "Engey Nimmadhi".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthahar Saqaf |first=Syed |date=25 June 2005 |title=Melody king |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/25/stories/2005062500560100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005150657/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/06/25/stories/2005062500560100.htm |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=19 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The songs were featured in a charity concert held by M. S. Viswanathan at the Kamaraj Arangam in Chennai on 14 July 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2012 |title=Sweet memories |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sweet-memories/article3633352.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141207101301/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/sweet-memories/article3633352.ece |archive-date=7 December 2014 |access-date=7 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Susheela has named "Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo" and "Unnai Ondru Ketpen" as among her favourite songs that she had recorded.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balaganessin |first=M. |date=15 April 2006 |title=Voice defying age |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/voice-defying-age/article3190832.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216094409/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/voice-defying-age/article3190832.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=29 March 2016 |title=P. Susheela enters Guinness World Records |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/veteran-playback-singer-p-susheela-recognised-by-guinness-and-asia-book-of-records/article8409692.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330065834/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/veteran-playback-singer-p-susheela-recognised-by-guinness-and-asia-book-of-records/article8409692.ece |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=30 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> "Paartha Nyabagam Illayo" was recreated in ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushottaman |first=Kirubakar |date=21 July 2023 |title=Kolai review: A plastic murder mystery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kolai-review-a-plastic-murder-mystery-film-8852481/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722125312/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kolai-review-a-plastic-murder-mystery-film-8852481/ |archive-date=22 July 2023 |access-date=22 July 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:31
| title1 = Engey Nimmadhi
| extra1 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length1 = 6:21
| title2 = Chittu Kuruvi
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 = 5:08
| title3 = Aha Mella
| extra3 = T. M. Soundararajan
| length3 = 4:12
| title4 = Unnai Ondru Ketpen
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 = 3:02
| title5 = Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo
| extra5 = P. Susheela
| length5 = 3:38
| title6 = Paartha Gnaabagam Illaiyo
| note6 = melancholic
| extra6 = P. Susheela
| length6 = 4:00
| title7 = Unnai Ondru Ketpen
| note7 = [[Tempo#Basic tempo markings|adagio]]
| extra7 = P. Susheela
| length7 = 2:10
}}

== Release ==

''Puthiya Paravai'' was released on 12 September 1964,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and was distributed by Sivaji Films themselves.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 1964 |title=Puthiya Paravai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640905&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=11 July 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was originally slated to be released in [[Shanti Theatre]],<ref name="madrasmusings" /> owned by Ganesan and his family.<ref name="Blast" /> However, the Hindi film ''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]'' was already running there successfully, and its lead actor [[Raj Kapoor]] requested Ganesan to allow his film to continue running at Shanti since "no other theatre in the city had such facilities".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=14 April 2017 |title=Last day, Last show |url=https://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/last-day-last-show-643? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729133909/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/last-day-last-show-643 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |access-date=29 July 2017 |work=[[Financial Chronicle]]}}</ref> Ganesan obliged, and instead released ''Puthiya Paravai'' in the now non-existent Paragon Theatre, which underwent refurbishment for two weeks before the film's screening.<ref name="madrasmusings" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Venkatesan |date=16 May 2016 |title=Shanti theatre bids adieu on last day, last show |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Shanti-theatre-bids-adieu-on-last-day-last-show/2016/05/16/article3434369.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517153457/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Shanti-theatre-bids-adieu-on-last-day-last-show/2016/05/16/article3434369.ece |archive-date=17 May 2016 |access-date=17 May 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''Puthiya Paravai'' was later dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Singapore CID''.<ref name="dinamalar" />

=== Box office ===
''Puthiya Paravai'' did not open well as audiences were unwilling to accept Gopal killing his wife and Latha deceiving him. However, after this the film's reception improved; initially released at only 60 theatres, this was later increased to 100.<ref name="dinamalar" /> It had a theatrical run of 132 days at Paragon, 76 days at the theatres Krishna and Sayani, and for eight weeks in all major centres in Madras. Due to its successful run at Paragon, ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' (1964), which was also running at the same theatre, had to be removed after completing 70 days.<ref name="madrasmusings" />

=== Critical reception ===
''Puthiya Paravai'' received mainly positive reviews upon release.<ref name="RandorGuy" /> In a review published on the day of its release, the critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote about the film's central mystery, "[W]hen it is revealed after seven songs[,] a lot of love-play and familiar kitchen comedy, it loses its suspense and does not amount to much." The critic praised the performances of Ganesan and the supporting cast but criticised the comic subplot featuring Nagesh, the dialogue, lyrics, songs and make-up, and concluded, "The photographer and the art director seem to have a weakness for the colour red, but otherwise have done a good job."<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 1964 |title='Spots' mar Sivaji's ''Paravai'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Yn9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v50NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1011%2C2285881 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710121553/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Yn9lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=v50NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1011%2C2285881 |archive-date=10 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=9 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> On 1 October, Dinakaran, writing for the magazine ''Mutharam'', found the film to be truly [[Hitchcockian]]. He praised the performances of Ganesan and Janaki, noting that the former pulls it off with effortless ease. He however, criticised Nagesh and Manorama's comedy, finding it dry.<ref name="Mutharam" />

On 4 October, Shekar and Sundar of the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' jointly reviewed the film. Sundar appreciated the cast performances, Mirasi's direction, the photography and the colour, and Shekar was particularly appreciative of Ganesan and Janaki's performances, the night scenes and the set designs, but mildly critical of Nagesh's comedy. Sundar concluded that the film could be accepted intellectually, but found it emotionally tough to accept due to the climax.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Shekar |last2=Sundar |date=4 October 1964 |title=புதிய பறவை |trans-title=New Bird |url=https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37744--2 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201010133653/https://www.vikatan.com/arts/nostalgia/37744--2 |archive-date=10 October 2020 |access-date=10 October 2020 |magazine=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> Writing for ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' in a review dated 10 October, T. M. Ramachandran praised the performances of Ganesan as Gopal and Janaki as both Chitra and her decoy, but said there was "nothing much to write" about Saroja Devi. He said the film's pre-[[Intermission|interval]] portions were generic, but "the story begins to grip only after the interval" and applauded the [[Plot twist|twist ending]] as "thought-provoking". Ramachandran added that Nagesh "fails to provoke laughter with his antics", but concluded his review by appreciating the colour processing by Gemini.<ref name="Sport and Pastime" />

== Re-releases ==
Footage from ''Puthiya Paravai'' was screened at Ganesan's 80th birthday celebrations held at Kalaignar Arangam, Chennai in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha |first=P. |date=3 October 2008 |title=Vaah ji Sivaji |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2008/10/03/60/Ar06002.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2008&DOCID=74246&Keyword=%28%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Eputhiya%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Eparavai%29&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004061940/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2008/10/03/60/Ar06002.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2008&DOCID=74246&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Eputhiya%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3Eparavai)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=4 October 2015 |access-date=4 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was re-released on 23 July 2010 to commemorate the ninth anniversary of Ganesan's death.<ref name="madrasmusings" /> The negatives of the film were "cleaned up at a lab" prior to release, and the film was released at Shanthi Theatre, where it could not originally be released in 1964. It earned public acclaim and had a strong opening, running to one-hundred percent theatre occupancy for three days,<ref name="Blast" /> and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 April 2011 |title=His charisma rules |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-charisma-rules/article1716511.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009034851/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/his-charisma-rules/article1716511.ece |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film was screened at the [[Consulate General of Russia, Chennai|Russian Cultural Centre Auditorium]] in [[Alwarpet]] on 14 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 September 2014 |title=12fr calendar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/12fr-calendar/article6402093.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029084429/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/12fr-calendar/article6402093.ece |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''Puthiya Paravai'' is frequently screened on Tamil television channels,<ref name="RandorGuy" /> most notably [[Jaya TV]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 August 2013 |title=TV programme listings (01/08/2013) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article4973952.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216102210/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article4973952.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2014 |title=TV programme listings (20/04/2014) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article5928864.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216102437/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article5928864.ece |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=16 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Many scenes from the film, especially those involving Sivaji Ganesan and Saroja Devi were parodied many times. One notable parody is the comedy track from ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' (2009), which featured [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] and [[M. S. Bhaskar]], who imitate Latha and Gopal respectively. The parody became popular and was frequently screened on comedy channels like [[Adithya TV]] and [[Kalaignar TV|Sirippoli]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 September 2008 |title=Vivek into a girl's world! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-into-a-girls-world/articleshow/3503331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005012228/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vivek-into-a-girls-world/articleshow/3503331.cms |archive-date=5 October 2014 |access-date=5 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koXI_eSSTrk |title=Guru En Aalu – Baskar in love with Lady Vivek |date=1 April 2013 |publisher=Star Music India |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109020438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=koXI_eSSTrk&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=9 November 2019 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxgOJShMrjM |title=Guru En Aalu – Ultimate Hit Comedy |date=1 April 2013 |publisher=Star Music India |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109024943/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxgOJShMrjM&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=9 November 2019 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8NFETrED8s |title=Guru En Aalu – Hilarious Romance |date=1 April 2013 |publisher=Star Music India |access-date=7 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717154414/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U8NFETrED8s |archive-date=17 July 2017 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In ''[[Thenali]]'' (2000), Kailash ([[Jayaram]]) watches "Chittu Kuruvi" on television but changes the channel after imagining that Gopal's face morphs into that of Thenali ([[Kamal Haasan]]).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thenali |author-link=K. S. Ravikumar |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=R. K. Celluloids |year=2000 |time=2:15:22}}</ref> In ''[[Siruthai]]'' (2011), Kaatu Poochi ([[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]) watches the film's climax on television before stealing the television set.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Siruthai |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=[[Studio Green]] |year=2011 |time=21:37}}</ref> Scenes from ''Puthiya Paravai'' are featured in the film ''[[Burma (film)|Burma]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 September 2014 |title=Burma: Wild romp in the dark |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/burma-movie-review/article6407724.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210170517/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/burma-movie-review/article6407724.ece |archive-date=10 December 2014 |access-date=10 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=13 May 2014 |title=Burma Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Burma/movie-review/42397383.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024100302/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Burma/movie-review/42397383.cms |archive-date=24 October 2015 |access-date=7 May 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In the [[Super Singer 3|third season]] of the television show ''[[Super Singer (Tamil TV series)|Super Singer]]'', the show's host [[Dhivyadharshini]] and singer [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] imitate Latha and Gopal's mannerisms.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Super Singer Special – MGR Saroja Devi Round |series=Super Singer |series-link=Super Singer (Tamil TV series) |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=11 September 2011 |season=[[Super Singer 3|3]] |language=ta}}</ref> Saroja Devi's pronunciation of the name "Gopal" also attained popularity, and was imitated by Vijayalakshmi ([[Jyothika]]) in ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2018 |title=Kaatrin Mozhi teaser: Jyothika's Tumhari Sulu remake promises a fresh, lighthearted interpretation for Tamil audiences |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaatrin-mozhi-teaser-jyothikas-tumhari-sulu-remake-offers-a-fresh-lighthearted-interpretation-for-tamil-audiences-5228061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122030134/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaatrin-mozhi-teaser-jyothikas-tumhari-sulu-remake-offers-a-fresh-lighthearted-interpretation-for-tamil-audiences-5228061.html |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=26 September 2018 |website=[[Firstpost]]|language=en}}</ref> [[C. V. Sridhar|Sridhar]] who was present during the story narration alongside V. C. Shanmugam and Sivaji Ganesan was impressed with the way Dada Mirasi narrated the plot and decided to incorporate this as comedy scene in his directorial ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964) where Nagesh narrates a horror story to T. S. Balaiah.<ref name="madrasmusings" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="RandorGuy">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=26 June 2009 |title=Puthiya Paravai 1964 |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/06/26/stories/2009062650331600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129013559/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/06/26/stories/2009062650331600.htm |archive-date=29 January 2012 |access-date=24 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=12 September 1964 |title=Puthiya Paravai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640912&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=20 April 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2014 |title=பொன்விழா படங்கள்: புதிய பறவை: சிலிர்க்க வைத்த சிவாஜி ஸ்டைல் |trans-title=Golden Jubilee Movies: Puthiya Paravai: Sivaji's style which gave goosebumps |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/25224/cinema/Kollywood/Golden-Jubliee-movie-:-Puthiya-pavai.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207040232/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/25224/cinema/Kollywood/Golden-Jubliee-movie-%3A-Puthiya-pavai.htm |archive-date=7 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Dinamalar October 2016">{{Cite news |date=16 October 2016 |title=செலுலாய்ட் சோழன் சிவாஜி தொடர் 148 – சுதாங்கன் |trans-title=The Celluloid King Sivaji Chapter 148 – Sudhangan |url=http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/16643 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224082746/http://www.dinamalarnellai.com/web/news/16643 |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=24 December 2016 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |location=Nellai |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=28 December 2018 |title=புதிய பறவை... கருப்புப் புடவை! – செளகார் ஜானகி ப்ளாஷ்பேக் |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/13242-puthiya-paravai-soukar-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190227111202/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/13242-puthiya-paravai-soukar-2.html |archive-date=27 February 2019 |access-date=27 February 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Blast">{{Cite news |date=27 July 2010 |title=Blast from the past as Sivaji movie runs housefull |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Blast-from-the-past-as-Sivaji-movie-runs-housefull/articleshow/6224856.cms? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160928011346/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Blast-from-the-past-as-Sivaji-movie-runs-housefull/articleshow/6224856.cms |archive-date=28 September 2016 |access-date=24 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Mutharam">{{Cite magazine |date=1 October 1964 |title=புதிய பறவை |trans-title=New Bird |url=http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events/page144&PHPSESSID=ae43001a19eb85e0db4b1f6052cb97c6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206051901/http://www.mayyam.com/talk/showthread.php?10239-Nadigar-Thilagam-Sivaji-Ganesan-Filmography-News-and-Events%2Fpage144&PHPSESSID=ae43001a19eb85e0db4b1f6052cb97c6 |archive-date=6 December 2016 |access-date=6 December 2016 |magazine=Mutharam |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="bird flies high">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 August 2010 |title=The bird flies high |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-bird-flies-high/article16120756.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502155317/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-bird-flies-high/article16120756.ece |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=24 April 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="madrasmusings">{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=September 2010 |title=Partha Gnyabagam Illayo |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2011/partha_gnyabagam_illayo.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501044452/http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%2011/partha_gnyabagam_illayo.html |archive-date=1 May 2017 |access-date=23 May 2012 |work=[[Madras Musings]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1964 – புதிய பறவை – சிவாஜி பிலிம்ஸ் (கலர்) |trans-title=1964 – Puthiya Paravai – Sivaji Films (Colour) |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails24.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170327065019/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1964-cinedetails24.asp |archive-date=27 March 2017 |access-date=27 March 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref>
<ref name="Sport and Pastime">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=10 October 1964 |title=They Break New Ground! |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12016/page/n121/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202094731/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12016/page/n121/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=8 April 2024 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=50 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=18}}</ref>
<ref name="55 years">{{Cite news |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=13 September 2019 |title='பார்த்த ஞாபகம் இல்லையோ..' – 'புதிய பறவை'க்கு 55 வயது |trans-title='Remember Seeing It..' – Puthiya Paravai turns 55 |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/515461-puthiyaparavai-55-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916115356/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/515461-puthiyaparavai-55-years.html |archive-date=16 September 2019 |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Cooke |first1=Mervyn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvF7DQAAQBAJ&q=puthiya+paravai&pg=PA391 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Film Music |last2=Ford |first2=Fiona |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-107-47649-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Lalitha |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofinterrup00lali |title=Cinema of Interruptions: Action Genres in Contemporary Indian Cinema |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-85170-923-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=D. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAplAAAAMAAJ |title=Great masters of Indian cinema: the Dadasaheb Phalke Award winners |date=2006 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] |isbn=978-81-230-1361-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1960s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:1960s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about uxoricide]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Films set in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films set on cruise ships]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of British films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Sailing films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Bengali films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic thriller films]]

J. M. H. Aassan Maulaana

2026-04-11T05:59:51Z

CoralRaphael599: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = J. M. H. Aassan Maulaana
| image = File:JMH Aassan Maulaana.jpg
| birth_date = 8 October 1983
| birth_place = [[Chennai]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| constituency = [[Velachery Assembly constituency|Velachery]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]]|
| father = [[J. M. Haroon Rashid]]
| spouse = Shajitha Hassan
| education = [[M.B.A.]], [[L.L.B.]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
}}
'''J. M. H. Aassan Maulaana''' (born 8 October 1983) is an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.gov.in/directory/whos-who/mla/thiru-aassan-maulaana-jmh-28803599837915558|title=Aassan Maulaana|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 April 2026}}</ref> He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Velachery (state assembly constituency)|Velachery]] constituency as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate during the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Velachery, Tamil Nadu Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/velachery-tamil-nadu-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797403-2021-05-02|access-date=7 February 2022|work=[[India Today]]|date=2 May 2021}}</ref> He is the son of [[J. M. Haroon Rashid]], former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], who represented [[Theni Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/Njc5NA==/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM=|access-date=20 October 2021|work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Velachery Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Velachery Assembly constituency|2021}}}}
{{transcluded section|source=Ambattur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Ambattur Assembly constituency|2016}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aassan Maulaana, JMH}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy

2026-04-11T00:14:49Z

CoralRaphael599: Started initial stub first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy
| image = File:Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| term_end1 = 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[Akepati Amarnath Reddy]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| other_party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]<br />[[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1964}}
| birth_place = [[Rajampet]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = Government Degree College, Rajampet
| occupation = Politician, real estate businessman
| spouse = Sucharitha
| parents = Meda Ramakrishna Reddy (father)
}}

'''Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Rajampet Assembly constituency]] in [[Kadapa district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024 : Party Wise Candidates, Voting Date, Voting Percentage, Exit Poll, Results |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/rajampet-assembly-constituency-s01aed2008a125/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-24 |title=Rajampet Assembly Election Results 2024: Rajampet Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/rajampet-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy hails from [[Rajampet]], Kadapa district. His father's name is Ramakrishna Reddy. His Brother Name is [[Meda Raghunath Reddy]]. He completed his B.Sc. degree from Government Degree College, Rajampet in 1984. He married Sucharitha. He runs his own real estate business, Meda Constructions private limited.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Chennaiah Garipalli {{!}} Nandalur {{!}} YSRCP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/meda-venkata-mallikarjuna-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy started his political career with [[Indian National Congress]]. He lost the [[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections|2012 by-elections]] on Congress ticket. Later, he joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] and won the 2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election defeating Akepati Amarnath Reddy of YSR Congress Party by a margin of 11,617 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajampet Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Rajampet Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/rajampet-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, he shifted to YSRCP and won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] beating [[Bathyala Changal Rayudu]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 35,272 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2019-03-28 |title='Outsider' tag haunts Rajampet heavyweights |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/outsider-tag-haunts-rajampet-heavyweights/article26667288.ece |access-date=2024-05-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=S. Nagaraja |date=2024-05-20 |title=Belief: Rajampet segment winner's party forms govt in Andhra Pradesh! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/May/20/rajampet-segment-winners-party-forms-govt-in-andhra-pradesh |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy, Meda}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Bharathan (film)

2026-04-06T21:11:56Z

CoralRaphael599: created entry

{{For-multi|the1991 Indian Malayalam-language musical drama film| Bharatham|other uses|Bharathan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bharathan 1992.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]
| story = [[Rajkumar Santoshi]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]''|Rajkumar Santoshi}}
| producer = [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Vijayakanth]]|[[Bhanupriya]]}}
| cinematography = Rajarajan
| editing = G. Jayachandran<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 June 2020 |title=Film editor G. Jayachandran dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-editor-g-jayachandran-dead/article31914312.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628085214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/film-editor-g-jayachandran-dead/article31914312.ece |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=27 June 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Rowther Films
| distributor = Srinivasulu<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=பரதன் |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |pages=15 |language=ta}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|04|16}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bharathan''''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ər|ə|ð|ən}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]], directed by [[Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]] in his debut,<ref name="IE" /> and produced by [[Ibrahim Rowther|A. S. Ibrahim Rowther]]. The film stars [[Vijayakanth]] and [[Bhanupriya]], while [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anandaraj]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Sumitra]], and [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] play supporting roles. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Ghayal (1990 film)|Ghayal]]'' (1990).<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 June 2023 |title=33 years of 'Ghayal': Sunny Deol recalls how no one else wanted to make the film |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/33-years-of-ghayal-sunny-deol-recalls-how-no-one-else-wanted-to-make-the-film-23293753 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804015411/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/33-years-of-ghayal-sunny-deol-recalls-how-no-one-else-wanted-to-make-the-film-23293753 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=12 October 2023 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> The film was released on 16 April 1992,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 December 2002 |title=நட்சத்திர படப் பட்டியல் |url=https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202064212/https://ibb.co/cTSgjhM |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |pages=41–43 |language=Ta}}</ref> and completed a 100-day run.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 January 1993 |title=Run-of-the-mill fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930101&printsec=frontpage |access-date=23 December 2013 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bharathan is sent to jail for a murder and is sentenced to the death penalty.

In the past, Bharath was in love with Indhu. He had a brother named Ramkumar and a sister-in-law named Janaki. His brother dreamt to see him as a government official, but Bharath preferred to be a [[kickboxing]] champion.

One day, Ramkumar disappeared, and Bharath began to look for him. Finally, Ramkumar's labourer explained to Bharath what happened to his brother. Gangadharan, a powerful businessman, helped Ramkumar in his business. Ramkumar was grateful to him, and Gangadharan took some advantages and began to smuggle [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] illegally in Ramkumar's company. When Ramkumar decided to report it to the police, he was kidnapped by Gangadharan. Gangadharan killed Ramkumar, and the innocent Bharath is arrested for the murder. Bharath appointed his family friend Viswanathan as the advocate, but Viswanathan, an ally of Gangadharan, betrayed him, and Bharath was sentenced to capital punishment. Thereafter, Janaki committed suicide.

In jail, Bharath makes friends with his cellmates, and they escape from jail to punish Gangadharan. Johnson, an honest [[Criminal Investigation Department#India|CID]] officer, is appointed to protect Gangadharan. Bharath first kills the traitor Viswanathan. He then threatens the commissioner and his family to kill Gangadharan more easily.

In the meantime, Indhu is kidnapped by Gangadharan's henchmen, and Bharath saves her in time. Shameful to protect a criminal and worried to punish an innocent, the commissioner and Johnson try to stop Bharath. In the end, Bharath kills Gangadharan and gets sent to jail.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Vijayakanth]] as Bharathan a.k.a. Bharath
*[[Bhanupriya]] as Indhu
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Ramkumar
*[[Anandaraj]] as Gangadharan
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as CID Johnson
*[[Sumitra]] as Janaki
*[[Auditor Sridhar]] as Viswanathan
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Ramkumar's labourer
*[[Vasu Vikram]] as Bharath's cellmate
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Gangadharan's man
*[[Srividya]] as Lakshmi
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Gangadharan's right hand
*[[Srihari]] as Uttam Singh (guest appearance)
*[[Prabhu Deva]] in a special appearance
*[[Disco Shanti]] in an [[item number]]}}

== Production ==
Anandaraj reprises the role originally played by [[Amrish Puri]]. Due to the wide age gap between the actors, Anandaraj sported a certain getup to match his character's age, and claimed the others on set did not recognise him.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2017-06-18 |title=The villain who isn't: Anandraj |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/Jun/18/the-villain-who-isnt-634.html |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130204101/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/jun/18/the-villain-who-isnt-634.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 1992 |title=Bharathan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/bharathan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1604518541 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112122354/https://music.apple.com/us/album/bharathan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1604518541 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |access-date=12 January 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Azhage Amuthe" || rowspan=2|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || rowspan=2|Ponnadiyan || 4:45
|-
| "Nalveenai Naatham" || 1:55
|-
| "Pottathalem" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:00
|-
| "Punnakaiyil Minsaram" || Ilaiyaraaja, [[S. Janaki]] ||5:04
|-
| "Vaa Vaathiyare" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Gangai Amaran]] || 4:49
|}

== Critical reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Despite the remake of the original being before the eyes, debutant director Saba has been able to warm up for viewers only a lukewarm concoction of various box-office elements".<ref name=IE>{{Cite news |date=24 April 1992 |title=Bharathan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920424&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:1992 action drama films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sabapathy Dekshinamurthy]]
[[Category:Films produced by Ibrahim Rowther]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1971 JVP insurrection

2026-03-27T19:59:25Z

CoralRaphael599: rework information additionally and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|Armed revolt in Ceylon}}
{{Distinguish|1987–1989 JVP insurrection}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = 1971 JVP insurrection
| partof = the [[Cold War]]
| image = Deniyau.png
| caption = Attack on the Deniyaya police station
| date = 5 April – June 1971
| place = [[Dominion of Ceylon]]
| territory = The JVP controlled Ceylon's [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] and [[Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka|Sabaragamuwa Province]] for several weeks
| result = Ceylonese government victory
*Rebel leaders were captured and the remaining members surrendered
*Ceylonese government re-established control of the entire island
*Expulsion of [[North Korea]]n diplomats
| combatant1 = {{tree list}}
*{{flag|Ceylon}}
**{{flagicon|Dominion of Ceylon|size=25px}} '''Sri Lankan Coalition''' (from 15 May)
***{{flagicon image|Blue_flag.svg}} [[Sri Lanka Freedom Party|SLFP]]
***{{Flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of Sri Lanka|CCP (Pro-Soviet)]]
***{{Flagicon image|Red_flag_waving.svg}} [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|LSSP]]

'''Military intervention:'''
*{{flag|India}}
*{{flag|Pakistan}}
*{{flag|Soviet Union}}
{{tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} '''[[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna|JVP]]'''<br>'''Supported by:'''
*{{flag|North Korea}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2017/10/the-story-of-a-north-korea-backed-rebellion-in-1971-sri-lanka/|title=The story of a North Korea-backed rebellion in Sri Lanka – North Korea News|date=2017 |publisher=[[NKNews]]}}</ref><ref name="Farrel">{{cite web|title=North Korea's role in Sri Lanka's bloody insurgencies|url=https://www.nknews.org/2014/03/north-koreas-role-in-sri-lankas-bloody-insurgencies|last=Farrel|first=Tom |date=12 March 2014 |publisher=[[NKNews]]}}</ref><ref name="USA">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7GLZonoF_EC&q=north+korea+jvp&pg=RA1-PA182|title=Commission on the Organization of the Government|year=1975|location=USA}}</ref>
*{{flagdeco|Albania|1946}} [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania|Albania]] (arms support){{sfn|Iqbal|1972|p=9|ps=.{{verify source|date=February 2022|reason=Not a valid page number for article.}}}}
*{{flag|China}} (alleged)
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Iraq (1963–1991).svg|size=23px|link=Ba'athist Iraq}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ba'ath Party.svg|link=Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)}} [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|ASBPI]]<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the JVP, 1965–1994 |publisher=Niyamuwa Publications |isbn=978-955-8696-39-2 |edition=1st |date=November 2014 |url=http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/english/download/1168/}} .{{page needed|date=February 2022|reason=Did not find mention of "Arab Socialist" or "ASBPI" in the PDF.}}</ref><ref>Sri Lanka the years of Terror. p. 59</ref>
*{{Flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} [[Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)|CCP (Maoist)]] (''alleged'')
'''Diplomatic support:'''
*{{flag|South Yemen}}{{sfn|Gunaratna|1990|page=8}}
| units1 = *{{Flagicon|Ceylon}} [[Military of Sri Lanka|Royal Ceylon Armed Forces]]<br>
*{{Flagicon image|Flag of the Sri Lanka Police.svg}} [[Sri Lanka Police|Ceylon Police]]
*{{armed forces|India}}
*{{armed forces|Pakistan}}
*{{Air force|Soviet Union}}
| units2 = *[[Socialist Students Union|SSU]]
*{{armed forces|DPRK}}<ref name="retrospect">{{cite news |url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/010401/spec.html |title=Revolution in retrospect |date=1 April 2001 |work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] |access-date=12 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424171021/https://www.sundaytimes.lk/010401/spec.html |archive-date=24 April 2023}}</ref>
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Ceylon|1971}} [[Sirima Bandaranaike]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Ceylon}} [[Sepala Attygalle]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Ceylon}} [[S.A. Dissanayake]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Ceylon}} [[D. V. Hunter]]<br/>{{Flagicon|Ceylon}} [[Paddy Mendis]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Rohana Wijeweera]]<br/>{{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} Wijesena Vidanage (Sanath) {{KIA}}<br/>{{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} W.T.Karunnarathe<br/>{{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} [[Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe|N. Jayasinghe (Loku Athula)]]<br>{{Flagicon image|South_Asian_Communist_Banner.svg}} [[P. Kumarasiri]] {{POW}}
| strength1 = 7,000 Army <br> 1,900 Air Force<br> 2,000 Navy<br>Soviet Air Forces: 60
| strength2 = {{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} 10,000–12,000 combatants <br>80,000 followers (estimate)
| casualties1 = [[Sri Lanka Police|Police]]: 37 killed; 195 wounded
[[Sri Lankan Armed Forces|Armed Forces]]: 26 killed; 310 wounded; 1 Aircraft lost
| casualties2 = {{Flagicon image|Communist Hammer and Sickle flag.svg}} 15,000 killed (per [[Rohana Wijeweera]])<br/><12,000 killed (official Government estimate)<ref name = "april">{{cite web|title=April 1971|url=http://pact.lk/april-1971/|publisher=Peace and Conflict Timeline|access-date=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714233109/http://pact.lk/april-1971/|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><br/>5,700 surrendered{{sfn|Kearney|1975}}<br> {{flagicon|North Korea}} Several arrested, multiple North Korean supply vessels captured by the Ceylon navy and Indian navy{{sfn|Gunaratna|1990|p=109}}<br>{{flagicon image|South Asian Communist Banner.svg}} Several leaders arrested{{efn|[[Nagalingam Shanmugathasan]] was arrested, and the party was almost shut down.}}
| casualties3 = 12,000 killed (official Government estimate)<br/>15,000 - 20,000+ killed (neutral estimates)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jayasinghe|first1=Amal|title=Analysis: Sworn enemy turned ally|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1523458.stm|work=[[BBC News]]|date=3 September 2001}}</ref><br/>up to 50,000 killed (activist estimates)<ref name = "april"/><br/>100+ killed in run-up events in March<ref name="UCAPolSciSriLanka">{{cite web |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/ceylonsri-lanka-1948-present/ |title=Ceylon/Sri Lanka (1948–Present) |website=University of Central Arkansas Department of Political Science |publisher=University of Central Arkansas |access-date=3 May 2024}}</ref>
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Politics of Sri Lanka}}
The '''1971 Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna''' ('''JVP''') '''insurrection''' (also known as the '''1971 Revolt''') was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the [[Marxist-Leninist|communist]] [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] (JVP) against the socialist [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] [[Government of Sri Lanka]] (then Ceylon) under [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|Prime Minister]] [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]]. The revolt began on 5 April 1971 and lasted until June of that year. The insurgents held towns and rural areas for several weeks, until the regions were recaptured by the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|armed forces]], following strong support from friendly nations that sent men and material.<ref name="Source">{{cite web |url=https://newleftreview.org/I/69/fred-halliday-the-ceylonese-insurrection |title=The Ceylonese Insurrection
|last=Halliday |first=Fred |date=September–October 1971 |work=[[New Left Review]] |access-date=14 February 2018}}</ref> Although this first attempt to seize power was quickly crushed by force, in 1987 the JVP launched a low-intensity insurgency in the island's southern, central and western regions that lasted several years.

The insurrection formally began in 1971, but the first attacks took place in 1970. The JVP fought the right-wing [[United National Party]] (UNP) before launching an island-wide, militant opposition to the newly elected, pro-socialist [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] government. The government's socialist background drew the attention of many states which offered to support it. The [[Soviet Union]] sent 60 air-force troops;<ref>{{harvnb|Iqbal|1972|p=7}}: "In the past because of [[Ceylon]]'s pro-West regimes, its relations to the Soviet Union had not been very close, but the victory of the left had raised Russian hopes."{{verify source|date=February 2022|reason=Not a valid page number for article.}}</ref> India guarded the forts, stopping [[North Korea]]n vessels and a Chinese freighter which raided the harbours. Although China provided diplomatic aid, it was accused of supporting the JVP; Chinese diplomats allegedly contacted North Korea, which supplied weapons and ammunition to the JVP.

==Origins==
{{See also|History of Sri Lanka}}
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) became a [[dominion]] when it gained self-rule from the British on 4 February 1948 with a conservative government formed under the premiership of [[D. S. Senanayake]], who had been instrumental in the negotiations with the British government which led to self-rule. He founded the [[United National Party]] (UNP), amalgamating three right-leaning pro-dominion parties which won a majority in parliament at the general election. The UNP was defeated in 1956, when [[S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike]] became prime minister on a wave of nationalist sentiment bringing together leftist groups. His wife, [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], entered politics after his assassination in 1959 and became the world's first female prime minister in 1960. Due to successive governments, varying economic policies and frequent strikes, Ceylon's economic outlook during the 1960s had fallen below what it was when it gained independence in 1948; this led to an [[1962 Ceylonese coup d'état attempt|attempted coup in 1962]].

===Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna===
{{main|Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna}}

The Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) movement was founded during the late 1960s by [[Rohana Wijeweera]], a former [[Lumumba University]] medical student and [[Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)|Ceylon Communist Party]] functionary. At odds with party leaders and impatient with its lack of revolutionary purpose, Wijeweera formed the movement in 1965 with other like-minded young people. He was apparently expelled from the Maoist wing of the Ceylonese Communist Party the following year and brought his Marxist ideology to what became known as the Sinhalese Marxist Group. Along with Wijeweera, three close supporters emerged as the leaders of the new movement: Sanath, Karunnarathe and [[Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe]] (Loku Athula).{{sfn|Hill|2013}}{{clarify|date=September 2021|reason=Full names would be helpful.}} Initially known also as the New Left, the group attracted students and unemployed rural youth (most between ages 16 and 25) who felt that their economic interests had been neglected by the nation's leftist coalitions. The standard program of indoctrination, the "Five Lectures", included discussions of Indian imperialism (expansionism), the growing economic crisis, the failure of the island's communist and socialist parties, and the need for a sudden, violent seizure of power.

==Prelude==
==={{anchor|JVP Expansion}}JVP expansion and United Front victory===
[[File:Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime Minister of Ceylon 1960.PNG|thumb|left|200px|Sirima Bandaranaike Prime Minister in 1960–1965 and 1970–1977.]]
The JVP expanded its membership and influence rapidly between 1967 and 1970, gaining control of the student socialist movement on a number of major university campuses (including the [[Socialist Students Union]]) and receiving recruits and sympathizers from the armed forces;{{sfn|Alles|page=34}} some provided sketches of police stations, airports, and military facilities, a factor in the revolt's initial success. At the Vidyalankara campus, it won the support of the Jatika Sishya Sangamaya (Lanka National Students Society) led by G. I. D. ‘Castro’ Dharmasekera, at the Peradeniya campus it gained control of the Samajawadi Sishiya Sangamaya (the Socialist Students Society) and Vidyodaya campus. [[Mahinda Wijesekara]] lead the Sishiya Sangamaya (Students Society).<ref name="Somasundaram1">{{cite news |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Jayantha |date=5 April 2021 |title=Origins and growth of Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (The April 1971 Revolt – I) |url=https://island.lk/origins-and-growth-of-janatha-vimukthi-peramuna/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324065713/https://island.lk/origins-and-growth-of-janatha-vimukthi-peramuna/ |archive-date=24 March 2023}}</ref> To draw new members further into the organization and prepare them for a coming confrontation, Wijeweera opened "education camps" in remote areas of the south and south-western coasts, which provided training in [[Marxism–Leninism]] and basic military skills. The movement's [[central committee]] was formed at Madampella in 1969. Following the Madampella conference, two more conferences took place at Urubokka and Dondra. At Urubokka the structure of the organization, with secret, five-member cells and regional commands known as "district secretaries" was decided and the prospect of manufacturing weapons was taken up. In the Dondra conference in early 1970, in addition to collecting and manufacturing weapons, details of recruitment, training, uniforms, and collecting information on the armed forces, were discussed.<ref name="Somasundaram1"/> At this point, it was alleged that Dharmasekera had informed the Minister of State, [[J. R. Jayewardene]] about the existence of the JVP and a [[Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID) unit under [[Assistant superintendent#Sri Lanka|ASP]] K. C. de Silva had started investigating this group, which was called the "[[Che Guevara]] clique" and began making arrests. Then-opposition leader Sirimavo Bandaranaike referred to it in her [[May Day]] speech that year.<ref name="retrospect"/>

The group had its first public meeting in 1969 and by early 1970, Wijeweera's group began to take a more public role; its cadres campaigned openly for the socialist [[United Front (Sri Lanka)|United Front]] (UF) for the [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970 General Election]]. They also distributed posters and pamphlets promising violent rebellion if Bandaranaike did not address proletarian interests.{{sfn|Clodfelter|2002|page=669}} In a manifesto issued during this period, the group used the name "Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna" (People's Liberation Front) for the first time. Because of the subversive tone of his publications, the [[United National Party]] (UNP) government had Wijeweera arrested at Hambantota on 12 May, days before the general elections in May. The UF won a landslide victory against the UNP and formed a government. Wijeweera was released in July 1970. In the politically tolerant atmosphere of the next few months, as the new government attempted to win over a variety of unorthodox leftist groups, the JVP intensified its public campaign and secret preparations for a revolt. Although their group was relatively small, the members hoped to immobilize the government by selective kidnapping and sudden, simultaneous strikes against security forces throughout the island. Some of the necessary weapons had been bought with funds supplied by members, but most party funding came from a string of robberies. The JVP decided to rely on raids against police stations and army camps to secure weapons at the onset of the revolt, and they planned to manufacture their own explosive weapons in preparation.<ref name="retrospect"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Phadnis |first=U. |title=Insurgency in Ceylon: Hard Challenge and Grim Warning |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=6 |issue=19 |pages=965–968}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Preparations of the revolution}}Preparations of the revolution===
By 1970, the movement had begun recruiting and training cadres at camps in rural areas of [[Kurunegala]], [[Akmeemana]], [[Tissamaharama]], [[Elpitiya]] and [[Anuradhapura]]. Classes delivering the "Five Lectures" were held throughout the island, primarily in secluded locations such as cemeteries. After raising a force of about 10,000 full-time members, the JVP stopped recruiting in 1971. The movement was based on five-member cells with a leader, and there were several such cells in a police station area with an area leader. The area leaders selected a district leader, and the district leaders made up the Central Committee. Above the Central Committee was a 12-member [[politburo]] which included Wijeweera. Communications were in code by couriers, with the district secretaries communicating messages from the Politburo (which met every two months in [[Colombo]]).<ref name="retrospect"/> The JVP published a newspaper (the ''Janatha Vimukthi'', or ''People's Liberation''), and carried out several robberies{{snd}}including the Okkampitiya and Ambalangoda bank robberies, the Badulla mailbag robbery and the York Street robbery{{snd}}to raise money. Members were also asked to contribute personal funds.<ref name="retrospect"/>{{sfn|Alles|page=185}}

In September 1970, the JVP Political Bureau met at Ambalangoda and decided to begin collecting arms, with Loku Athula appointed to head the armed section. The group identified that the primary weapon in their arsenal would be the hand bomb and planned to make over 100,000 in several bomb-making factories located in rural areas along with underground storage locations. At the next Political Bureau, at the end of the year, Loku Athula reported that 3,000 bombs had been manufactured. The JVP gave [[Sri Lankan rupee|Rs]] 30,000 stolen from York Street to [[Victor Ivan]] (alias Podi Athula) to manufacture bombs.{{sfn|Alles|page=222}} The bombs were crude home-made types that sometimes exploded in the process of manufacture. One such incident took place on 17 December 1970, Podi Athula lost his left hand and was critically injured when a grenade exploded while being tested. The cells began arming themselves with [[shotgun]]s; each member was expected to have a shotgun, 10 cartridges, blue uniforms, military boots, and [[haversack]]s. However, this process had mixed results, the JVP was only able to manufacture around 3,000 bombs and some exploded in the process. A JVP cache of weapons was found by the police at the Talagalle Temple at Homagama and at the Vidyodaya Campus, the JVP produced blue uniforms, cartridge belts, boots and helmets.<ref name="Somasundaram1"/>

===Ceylon's defense establishment===
{{main|1962 Ceylonese coup d'état attempt}}


Since its formation in 1949, [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces|Ceylon's armed force]]s were an internal security force assisting the [[Ceylon Police]] during strikes and riots. After the [[1962 Ceylonese coup d'état attempt|attempted coup in 1962]], the armed forces had major cuts in funding, recruitment and joint operations, and were unprepared for a large-scale insurrection.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite news |first=James P. |last=Sterba |title=Ceylon's Police and Army Fight Rebels With Terror |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/25/archives/ceylons-police-and-army-fight-rebels-with-terror-ceylon-using.html |access-date=25 December 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 April 1971}}</ref> In 1970, the armed forces had an annual budget of Rs 52 million (US$10mn), just 1.2% of total government expenditure. The [[Ceylon Army]] had an authorized strength of 329 officers and 6,291 other ranks with three infantry regiments each consisting of two [[battalion]]s (one regular and one volunteer) armed mostly with World War II-era weapons such as [[Lee–Enfield|Lee–Enfield .303]] rifles, [[Sten|Sten sub machine guns]], [[Bren light machine gun]]s and [[Vickers machine gun]]s, with a few [[L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle|SLR rifles]]; a recce regiment equipped with [[Ferret armoured car|Ferret]] and [[Daimler Armoured Car]]s; an artillery regiment armed with light [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s and [[anti-aircraft gun]]s.<ref name="Somasundaram2">{{cite news |last1=Somasundaram |first1=Jayantha |date=6 April 2021 |title=The JVP's Military Battle for Power (The April 1971 Revolt – II) |url=https://island.lk/the-jvps-military-battle-for-power/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129153458/https://island.lk/the-jvps-military-battle-for-power/ |archive-date=29 January 2022}}</ref> It lacked tanks, field artillery, automatic rifles, submachine guns and other modern weapons, and peacetime ammunition stocks could sustain only one week of combat operations. The [[Royal Ceylon Navy]], which had suffered the most from the fallout of the attempted coup (its recruitment had been frozen until 1969) had only one [[frigate]], [[SLNS Gajabahu (1972)|HMCyS Gajabahu]] in its fleet along with a few Thorneycroft [[Coastal Motor Boat|coastal motor boat]]s. The [[Royal Ceylon Air Force]] which had three flying squadrons and a few trained pilots in 1971, [[No. 1 Wing SLAF|No. 1 Flying Training Squadron]] consisted of nine [[de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk|de Havilland Chipmunk trainers]] tasked with basic pilot training; the [[No. 2 Squadron SLAF|No. 2 Transport Squadron]] had three [[de Havilland Dove]], four [[de Havilland Heron]] and three [[Scottish Aviation Pioneer]] fixed-wing aircraft and three [[Bell 206 JetRanger]] helicopters; and the [[No. 3 Squadron SLAF|No. 3 Reconnaissance Squadron]] had two de Havilland Doves tasked with maritime patrol. It had mothballed its five [[BAC Jet Provost|Hunting Jet Provost T51s]] jet trainers after plans for introducing jet fighters were scrapped.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ratwatte |first1=Mano |date=17 April 2021 |title=First reign of terror by the JVP |url=https://island.lk/first-reign-of-terror-by-the-jvp/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Government's initial response}}Initial government response ===
The government received multiple warnings of preparations undertaken by the JVP, but failed to comprehend the scale of the insurrection and was unprepared to counter it. Early warnings came from the [[Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)|Police Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID), which had been tasked with [[internal security]] with its late-1969 and early-1970 establishment of the "Che Guevara Desk" under ASP K. C. de Silva. [[John Attygalle]], former [[Inspector General of Police (Sri Lanka)|Inspector General of Police]] who had been appointed special security advisor to the [[Ministry of External Affairs and Defence]], submitted a report on the new group's potential threat to Prime Minister [[Dudley Senanayake]]'s government. The government instructed the police to arrest Wijeweera, who was taken into custody in May 1970. After the [[1970 Ceylonese parliamentary election|1970 general election]], however, newly elected Prime Minister Sirima Bandaranaike had Wijeweera released from police custody; reports from the previous administration were overlooked. Bandaranaike's new administration made changes to the police force, removing officers and disbanding units perceived as disloyal. These changes affected the CID; the new government was fearful of another coup by security forces loyal to the previous administration. Bandaranaike's cousin and [[Anuruddha Ratwatte]], a captain in the [[Ceylon Volunteer Force]] was promoted to [[lieutenant colonel]] and appointed commanding officer of the Army's Field Security Detachment, tasked with [[internal security]] by identifying potentially-disloyal officers. Captain [[Denzil Kobbekaduwa]] (who led the investigations) reported that a more substantial threat to the government was posed by the JVP, and the police investigation of bomb-making factories began.<ref name="retrospect"/>

==={{anchor|Call for aid}}Foreign aid===
In 1970, a parcel sent by the [[People's Socialist Republic of Albania]] containing Chinese-made rifles was captured by the police; other similar incidents occurred at the beginning of the insurgency. The [[Party of Labour of Albania]] had sent a delegation early in 1965, meeting Wijeweera.{{sfn|Iqbal|1972|p=8|ps=.{{verify source|date=February 2022|reason=Not a valid page number for article.}}}}<ref>{{cite book |title=History of the JVP, 1965–1994 |year=2007 |pages=9–10}}.{{verify source|date=February 2022|reason=Worldcat has a book with this title first published in 2014.}}</ref>

Wijeweera also visited North Koreans in the country, who congratulated him.<ref name="Farrel" /> He sent a JVP member to the Middle East to forge a link with the [[National Liberation Front (South Yemen)|South Yemen National Liberation Front]]. The envoy returned with a letter from the government promising to ship weapons to the island if possible,{{sfn|Samaranaike|2008|page=213}} hinting at aid from South Yemen diplomats to the JVP.

=== Lead up to the insurrection ===
After a lull since October 1970, the JVP held a large public rally on 27 February 1971 at Colombo's Hyde Park, where Wijeweera said: "Let the revolution of the workers, farmers, and soldiers be triumphant". It would be the last JVP rally before the insurrection.

==== Anti-Vietnam War protests ====
{{main|Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War}}

At this point, there seems to be a division within the JVP. A faction led by Castro Dharmasekera wanted the movement to remain secret and prepare for a guerrilla war. However, the majority of the carder disagreed and Dharmasekera and his supporters were expelled. On 6 March, this faction calling themselves the Maoist Youth Front began [[Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War|protests against the Vietnam War]] in front of the United States Embassy in Colombo. These turned violent on 10 March with a petrol bomb thrown at the embassy, rioters then attacked and damaged the vehicles parked outside the embassy. Led by [[Loku Athula]], members of the [[Mao Youth Front]] attacked the embassy.<ref name="UCAPolSciSriLanka"/>
A police officer on duty outside the embassy was stabbed and later died. The student elements of the [[Ceylon Communist Party (Maoist)|Ceylon Communist Party]] (CCP) and the JVP were suspected of being the embassy attack and the government ordered a crackdown on these groups.

==== Accidental explosions ====
On 9 March, after an accidental explosion in one of the JVP bomb factories which killed five members, police found 58 bombs in a hut in Nelundeniya, [[Kegalle District]]. This gained national attention and indicated that JVP was arming itself. A few days later on 16 March, an explosion took place at Marrs Hall at the Peradeniya campus. The police search the halls of residence at the Peradeniya campus and found a stock of detonators at Hilda Obeysekera Hall.<ref name="Somasundaram1"/>

==== State of emergency ====
Although the JVP denounced Dharmasekera, Wijeweera and hundreds of his supporters were arrested during March, the JVP claimed that 4,000 cadres were now behind bars. Wijeweera traveled around the country but was arrested on 13 March in [[Ampara]] by a special police team and later transferred to the Jaffna Prison, along with 450 others. As a result of the attack on the US Embassy and explosions, the government declared a [[state of emergency]] on 16 March, giving broader powers to the police and military for arrest and detention, but no general military mobilization took place. The Ceylon Army, deployed two platoons of the 1st Battalion, Ceylon Light Infantry (1CLI) to the [[Kegalle District]], followed by two platoons to Kandy. By 27 March, the police and the army had arrested over 300 youths mainly from the CCP in connection with the embassy attack and had raided the Vidyodaya and Vidyalankara campuses. By 2 April, more than 400 arrests had been made.<ref name="Somasundaram1"/>

==== Decision to attack ====
With the arrest of Wijeweera and other mass arrests of its carders, a meeting was held at the [[Vidyodaya University]] ''Sangaramaya'' (temple) by the JVP politburo on 2 April in response to a request by Wijeweera that posters and leaflets calling for his release be published and, if the insurgency began, 500 cadres be sent to Jaffna to break him out of prison. The group, consisting of S. V. A. Piyathilaka, Lionel Bopage, [[Jayadeva Uyangoda]], Sunanda Deshpriya, [[Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe|Loku Athula]], W. T. Karunarathne, Susi L. Wickrama, Wijesena Vidanage (alias Sanath), Somasiri Kumanayake and Anura Ranjith Kurukulasooriya, decided that all [[police station]]s in the country would be attacked on 5 April at 11:00 pm. The JVP believed that police stations were the government's principal local element of power, and hoped that disabling them would encourage local populations to rise up in their support. The district leader for [[Monaragala]] and [[Wellawaya]] was not at the meeting, and the decision to attack was conveyed via a paid radio obituary notice by [[Ceylon Broadcasting Corporation]] that read: "JVP Appuhamy expired. Funeral 5.". The Wellawaya leader interpreted the order as to attack on the morning of 5 April, not in the evening.<ref name="retrospect"/><ref>{{cite news |title=41 Years After 1971 JVP: Where Have The Decision Makers Gone? |url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/41-years-after-1971-jvp-where-have-the-decision-makers-gone/ |access-date=26 March 2020 |agency=Colombotelegraph}}</ref>

== Insurrection ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=August 2019}}

=== {{anchor|JVP plan of attack}}Missions ===
Four missions were planned and assigned to the nationwide 5 April attack. The main responsibility for the attacks was given to the student wing, which Wijeweera had called the "Red Guard". The first of the four missions was to attack the [[Panagoda Cantonment]], which was one of the country's largest military installations and housed a large [[arsenal]]. Piyasiri was in charge of the attack by 800 students, who were divided into groups of twenty-five; a smaller attack was to be made on [[SLAF Katunayake|RCyAF Katunayake]]. The second mission, led by Nimal, [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]], Sanath Kumar, and Lal Pieries with more than 50 students, was to abduct the prime minister. The third mission, led by Bopage, was to capture of the city of Colombo. The capital was divided into five areas: Colombo South, Colombo North, Kandy Road, Colombo Central, and Kotte. The insurgents were to attack police stations along the way, obtaining arms and ammunition from them. The targets were [[Welikada Prison]], [[Srawasthi Mandiraya|Srawasthi]], [[Radio Ceylon]] and the homes of government officials, including Justice Minister [[Felix Dias Bandaranaike]], the [[Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)|Army Commander]] and the [[Inspector General of Police (Sri Lanka)|IGP]]. The fourth mission was to rescue Wijeweera from prison in Jaffna.{{sfn|Alles|pages=102;105–107;109}}

=== {{anchor|The Wellawaya attack}}Wellawaya attack ===
Planning for the countrywide insurrection was hasty and poorly coordinated, with some district leaders not informed until the morning of the uprising. At 5:20 am on 5 April, the [[Wellawaya]] police station was attacked and two police constables were killed.{{sfn|Alles|page=145}} The Wellawaya attack had preempted the initial wave of simultaneous attacks planned by the JVP, which lost the element of surprise. Following the attack, soon after dawn on 5 April, [[Major General]] [[D. S. Attygalle]], [[Commander of the Army (Sri Lanka)|Commander of the Ceylon Army]] ordered a platoon of the 1st Battalion, [[Gemunu Watch]] from [[Diyatalawa]] to Wellawaya. At 7:00 am, [[Radio Ceylon]] reported the attack and warned of further attacks. Major [[Gratian Silva]], Army HQ [[Staff (military)#British and Commonwealth staff|GSO 1]] (Ops), and DIG [[Rudra Rajasingham]] flew by an air force helicopter to Wellawaya that morning to inspect the ground situation in Wellawaya and reported to Attygalle and the [[Inspector General of Police (Sri Lanka)|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP). The government began frantic preparations for further attacks. A curfew was declared in parts of the island, all police stations were warned of an impending attack, and Attygalle ordered the army to begin [[mobilization]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Fifth of April 1971– JVP attack at Wellawaya |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/210404/sunday-times-2/the-fifth-of-april-1971-jvp-attack-at-wellawaya-438854.html |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] |date=4 April 2021}}</ref>

Several JVP cadres were arrested at [[Viharamahadevi Park]] on 5 April as they prepared to abduct (or assassinate) Prime Minister Bandaranaike at her private residence at Rosemead Place. This was followed by a quick citywide curfew and more arrests in Kotahena and Borella, with large numbers of bombs, weapons, and medical equipment meant to be used in the planned attack on the city. At 8:00 pm, General Attygalle, IGP [[Stanley Senanayake]] and Lieutenant Colonel Anuruddha Ratwatte arrived at the prime minister's residence and briefed her on the attack on Wellawaya and an impending attack that night. Soon afterwards, the prime minister left for [[Temple Trees]] (her official residence) with General Attygalle, Captain A.R.P. (Kalu) Wijeratne, and her normal escort. Temple Trees became the centre of government operations (both civil and military) during the crisis, and its security was strengthened. It was a refuge for the ministers, most of whom were from leftist parties. Helicopter patrols around the capital began as rumours spread that the JVP was marching on Colombo.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanguinary memories : JVP insurgence of 1971 |url=https://www.dailynews.lk/2017/04/05/features/112482/sanguinary-memories-jvp-insurgence-1971?page=3 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=Daily News}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Initial wave of attacks}}First wave of attacks ===
With a curfew imposed and suspects being arrested, some JVP leaders went into hiding. The attack began as planned. Ninety-two police stations across the country were attacked simultaneously by JVP groups armed with shotguns, bombs, and Molotov cocktails; five (in [[Deniyaya]], [[Uragaha]], [[Rajangane]], [[Kataragama]] and [[Warakapola Divisional Secretariat|Warakapola]]) were overrun by the insurgents, and 43 were abandoned by the police for "strategic reasons" during the following days. Fifty-seven police stations were damaged. The insurgents cut telephone and power lines and blocked roads with trees. The Hanwella police station, near Colombo, was attacked on 6 April and overrun. It was soon recaptured by army reinforcements from the Panagoda Cantonment. The No. 2 Squadron of the Royal Ceylon Air Force deployed its three [[Bell 206A JetRanger]] helicopters, which began flying missions to remote police stations to supply them with weapons and ammunition; over the following days, the helicopters returned wounded to hospitals. [[RCyAF Ekala]] was also attacked. The police withdrew personnel from smaller police stations. The rebels had taken control of [[Matara District]] and the town of [[Ambalangoda]] in the [[Galle District]] by 10 April, and came close to capturing the remainder of [[Southern Province, Sri Lanka|Southern Province]] except for cities of [[Galle]] and [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]] (both of which had two Dutch colonial forts and small army garrisons). However, none of the JVP's four major missions succeeded. The abduction of the prime minister failed, with arrests of JVP members in Colombo on 5 April. The Panagoda Cantonment and Colombo were never attacked, because the members did not assemble. Jaffna Prison was attacked on the night of 5 April to rescue Wijeweera. The cadre booked a bus to the prison, and Pyatilake led the attack. It failed, however, when police reinforcements arrived; many of the attackers were arrested, and some were killed. Attacks on the Jaffna police station and Karainagar naval detachment also failed, with four insurgents killed on 6 April at [[Elephant Pass]].{{sfn|Chandraprema|1991|page=35}}{{sfn|Gunaratna|1990|page=98}}

Loku Athula, who was given leadership of the Kegalle District and Kurunegala District, moved into the area on 3 April and began organizing the area leaders. He coordinated operations with detachments in Veyangoda and Mirigama, with over 600 JVP carders deployed across the Kegalle District concentrated at Warakapola and Rambukkana. The Pindeniya detachment, led by Patrick Fernando attacked both the local Police Station and the Bogala Graphite Mines, capturing a lorry load of explosives from the mines. On 8 April, the Warakapola Police Station was attacked, weapons including two submachine guns seized and the building set alight. Police stations in Bulathkohupitiya, Aranayaka, Mawanella, Rambukkana and Dedigama were attacked and the one at Aranayake burned down. Only the police station in Kegalle town and its surrounding area remained under government control in the Kegalle District. In the North Central Province, only the Anuradhapura town and its police station held out, while the police station in Vavuniya and Polonnaruwa were attacked. Less intense activity was reported in the Kandy, Badulla and Moneragala Districts.<ref name="Somasundaram2"/>

=== {{anchor|The government's reaction}}Government response ===
Having lost the element of surprise and coordination, the JVP's first wave of attacks was executed as planned. Although on high alert, the government could do little to prepare and withstand the first wave. Weapons and ammunition were a key problem for both sides, with the JVP lacking access and aimed at gaining these from the police and military they would overrun in their first wave; while the government soon found out that its pre-insurrection stocks of small-arms ammunition was enough to hold out for only a week. On 5 April when the warning of the impending attack was issued, some police stations found that they lacked operational firearms or live ammunition. The three Bell 206A Jet Ranger helicopters of the RCyAF began on 5 April with a flurry of activity, they began flying weapons and ammunition to isolated police stations. Flying over 12 hours a day, these three helicopters airlifted 36,500 lb of ammunition during April. The Doves flew supply missions to different parts of the island moving 900 soldiers and 100,000 lb of equipment in April. The army reported its first [[Killed in action|KIA]] on the first day of the insurrection when Staff Sergeant Jothipala was killed at Thulhiriya in the Kurunegala District.<ref name="Somasundaram2"/>

As the insurgents overran five police stations and forty-three were abandoned in the days that followed, the JVP gained control over large parts of the island uncontested. They would raise the red flag and assert their dominance over the population. The government forces responded by first securing Colombo, other cities and large towns with sizable police and military garrisons. Roadblocks were set up; bridges, ports and airports were secured, overstretching the armed forces, which began mobilizing its [[military reserve force|reservist]]s. Army, navy, and air-force personnel were initially deployed on ground duty in a defensive posture; in most areas, the police were able to hold out themselves. The government considered the situation dire during the insurrection's early days; its pre-insurrection stocks of small-arms ammunition were expected to run out in a week, and the shooting of [[naval rating]]s by a fellow rating in Jaffna stoked fears of JVP infiltration of the armed forces. Therefore, the government adopted a strategy of holding out, until it received assistance from friendly nations.<ref name="Somasundaram2"/>

Former [[Inspector General of Police (Sri Lanka)|Inspector General of Police]] (IGP) [[S. A. Dissanayake]] was appointed Additional Permanent Secretary to the [[Ministry of External Affairs and Defence]], and coordinated the government's defense from the situation room at Temple Trees. Local military coordinating officers, appointed from the three branches of the armed forces for each affected district, were tasked with carrying out local [[counter-insurgency]] operations. These were Colonel [[E. T. De Z Abeysekera]] in Anuradhapura, Colonel [[S. D. Ratwatte]] in Badulla, Colonel [[P. D. Ramayanayake|Douglas Ramanayake]] in Galle, Colonel [[Derrick Nugawela]] in Hambantota, Lieutenant Colonel R. R. Rodrigo in Jaffna, Lieutenant Colonel [[Cyril Ranatunga]] in Kegalle, Lieutenant Colonel D. J. de S. Wickremasinghe in Matara, Lieutenant Colonel [[Tissa Weeratunga]] in Moneragala and Lieutenant Colonel [[Dennis Hapugalle]] in Vavuniya. These appointments changed rapidly as the ground situation changed.<ref name="Somasundaram2"/>

With many parts of the island under JVP control, communication and transport was limited. The JVP had blocked roads having fallen trees, damaged culverts and bridges preventing vehicular movements. Many army convoys were ambushed such as in Aranayake and in Anuradhapura, where Captain [[Noel Weerakoon]] was killed. Initial government offensives were pushed back in areas such as [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]], where local [[Member of Parliament (Sri Lanka)|member of parliament]] [[Sumanapala Dahanayake]] was wounded accompanying the first joint army and police expedition into rebel-held areas.{{sfn|Karunaratne|2020}}

== International involvement ==
=== {{anchor|United States}}International assistance ===
With the government desperately short of weapons and ammunition, Bandaranaike [[Telegraphy|telegraphed]] a request for support to friendly countries. The response from many governments was swift. The [[United Kingdom]] was the first to respond positively, allowing the Ceylonese government to use an [[Air Ceylon]] [[Hawker Siddeley Trident|Trident]] to ferry small arms and ammunition from its bases in [[Singapore]] within four days of the initial attack. This was followed by a British commitment to supply six [[Bell 47]] helicopters armed with 7.62mm machine guns.

The United States said that it was aware that the JVP was not the organization which [[Ceylonese protests against the Vietnam War|attacked the US Embassy in Ceylon]], but had no specific intention to militarily aid the government. On a request made by the previous government, a [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[Lockheed C-141 Starlifter]] landed on 12 April carrying much-needed spares for RCyAF helicopters.

Pakistan responded with an airlift of supplies, troops, and helicopters to [[Ratmalana Airport]], taking over the airport's defense and freeing Ceylonese troops for other duties.

India did not receive the cable, and the Indian High Commissioner in Ceylon was sent back to India with the aid request on 13 April. The day after units of the [[Southern Command (India)|Indian Army Southern Command]] were airlifted from [[Bangalore]] and [[Madras]] (Chennai) to [[RCyAF Katunayake]], and six [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Chetak helicopters]] from the [[No. 104 Helicopter Squadron, IAF|104th Helicopter Squadron]] followed with arms and ammunition. The squadron logged 573 flying hours on as many as 1,122 [[sortie]]s in Ceylon. 150 [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Indian Gorkha]]s took over securing RCyAF Katunayake. [[RAF]] heavy transports flew in six [[Bell 47|Bell 47-G2]] helicopters and ammunition purchased from Singapore on 17 April.

Ceylon received the most aid from the Soviet Union, with Air Ceylon transporting nine tons of military equipment which the Soviet Union made available from supplies in Cairo on 19 April. On 22 April, [[Soviet Air Forces|Soviet Air Force]] [[Antonov An-22]] transporters flew in with five [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17]]F fighter bombers, a [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15 UTI]] trainer, and two [[Kamov Ka-26]] helicopters. The Soviet aircraft were accompanied by 200 trainers and ground crew. In addition, the Soviet Union also sent 12 light mortars and 10 [[BTR-152]] armoured personnel carriers in November.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=61809 |title=A delayed build-up of lethal offensive capability – War on terror revisited |date=18 September 2012 |first=Shamindra |last=Ferdinando |newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]] |location=Sri Lanka |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref> [[Yugoslavia]] supplied four [[76 mm mountain gun M48|76mm mountain guns]]. Although China supplied 30 [[85 mm anti-tank gun D-48|85mm Type 60 anti-tank guns]], 30,000 automatic and semi-automatic rifles, it was still suspected of supporting the JVP.{{sfn|Wickremesekera|2016|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}<ref name="Policy1975">{{cite book |last=Rubin |first=Barnett R. |title=Commission on the Organization of the Government for the Conduct of Foreign Policy |series=Appendices, Volumes 5–7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzZIAQAAMAAJ&q=ceylon&pg=PA7 |access-date=15 April 2021 |year=1975 |pages=185–187 |chapter=The U.S. Response to the JVP Insurgency in Sri Lanka, 1971}}</ref>

The [[Indian Navy]] deployed three frigates, the [[INS Ganga (D94)|INS Ganga]], the [[HMS Lamerton (L88)|INS Gomathi]] and the [[ORP Ślązak (L26)|INS Godawari]] setting up a naval cordon around Ceylon while the Royal Ceylon Navy had deployed its sailors (including the crew of its sole frigate) on shore duty and harbour defense, making it incapable of preventing the JVP from obtaining aid by sea. Soon harbor defense was taken over by Indian and Pakistani troops, releasing Ceylonese personnel for offensive operations. [[Australia]] donated 5,000 SLR rifles.{{sfn|Wickremesekera|2016|p={{page needed|date=February 2022}}}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vayu-sena.indianmilitaryhistory.org/other-coin-1971-ceylon.shtml |title=COIN operations in Ceylon – 1971 |date=8 February 2009 |website=Vayu Sena |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

=== North Korea ===
North Korea used revolutionary propaganda daily in newspapers; North Korean newspapers quoted [[Kim Il-Sung]] about the revolution, and the government of Sri Lanka was suspicious of the country's motives. JVP bases contained [[Juche]] literature distributed by the North Korean high commission in the country, which helped to develop the party. On 15 May 1971, 18 North Koreans affiliated with the JVP were arrested. Indian patrol boats deployed around the island stopped two North Korean vessels, capturing weapons, food parcels and literature; the vessels may have been headed to JVP-controlled territory to reinforce it against the Ceylonese army.{{sfn|Samaranaike|2008|page=371}}{{sfn|Bermudez|1990|page=163}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Relations to the third world |journal=North Korea Country Studies |url=http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-9642.html}}</ref> Aid may also have come through the Ceylon-North Korea Friendship Association, which had branches throughout the country.{{sfn|Arasaratnam|1972|pages=7–8}}

=== Chinese influence and alleged support ===
At the time of the start of the insurrection, there was a Chinese cargo vessel bound for Tanzania in the Colombo Harbour. The Ceylonese government requested to acquire these arms failed following appeals to both Beijing and Dar es Salaam. Thereafter, the Ceylonese government said that the weapons were for the JVP.{{sfn|Gunaratna|1990|page=109}} In April, a Chinese freighter raided a harbour; it was turned back by Indian warships maintaining a naval cordon around Ceylon's coast.{{sfn|Iqbal|1972|p=8|ps=.{{verify source|date=February 2022|reason=Not a valid page number for article.}}}} An unfamiliar ship was seen off the JVP-controlled coast of Matara; according to an eyewitness, it was larger than any ship the Royal Ceylon Navy had at the time.{{sfn|Karunaratne|2020}}

== Counter-insurgency operations ==
=== Turning the tide ===
Having lost the element of surprise, the JVP's initial attack did achieve a degree of success. However, it failed in its key missions. This meant that it was not able to acquire the modern weapons it need to face the government forces. By withdrawing its small police stations and army detachments, the government denied the JVP the opportunity to capture weapons and ammunition. Having withdrawn to defensible locations such as major cities and towns, the government brought time to replenish its limited stocks of ammunition and receive new weapons.

Wijeweera had been successful in building up the political ideology and the large following of carders. However, these carders large in numbers, lacked proper military training. In comparison, the government forces especially its regulars, although small in number were an all-volunteer professional army with better leadership and training. When the influx of modern weaponry and ammunition began to roll in, the tide turned. The wide array of weapons it received resulted in its own logistical problems.

The regular personnel of the armed services were soon supplemented by the mobilization of reservists (most of whom were World War II veterans) and while Pakistani and Indian troops that were flown in took over the defense of key installations such as airports and harbors. This released the regular troops from static defense to offensive operations. Furthermore, the popular uprising Wijeweera expected from the oppressed classes failed to take place and JVP carders who captured areas did not consolidate these nor prepare for a long drawn out insurgency, as the JVP had not planned for such; local JVP committees raised a red flag in a captured area, and did little else. Widespread looting and damage to state property took place, and several civilians were murdered by the insurgents.<ref name="Somasundaram2" />

=== Air operations ===
The RCyAF took out five [[BAC Jet Provost|Hunting Jet Provosts]] which had been mothballed in 1970, serviced and armed them in three days, and flew them from [[RCyAF Chinabay]] to RCyAF Katunayake (attacking rebel locations en route). On 12 April following a bombing run on a target in Polonnaruwa, one Jet Provost lost power and crashed on its approach to RCyAF Chinabay killing its pilot, [[Sergeant pilot]] Ranjith Wijetunga.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernando |first1=Menaka Ashi |title=SLAF Stories: Tragedy over Thampalakamam |url=https://aviadoradeceilan.medium.com/slaf-stories-tragedy-over-tampalakamam-229be8144ae1 |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=aviadoradeceilan.medium.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Craft followed craft until they flew no more |url=https://www.sundaytimes.lk/160117/plus/appreciations-11-178860.html |access-date=25 December 2021 |last1=Sally |first1=Siddique |last2=Sally |first2=Shayir |date=17 January 2016 |work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]]}}</ref> Several weeks later, the Jet Provosts were joined by the Bell 47-G2s in ground attacks.

=== Ground operations ===
The government forces began to enhance its firepower on the ground and began offensive operations into JVP-controlled areas. The Yugoslavian mountain guns were deployed in Kegalle to flush out insurgents and by late April many suspected JVP members were captured, arrested or surrendered. The remaining carders withdrew into the jungle in the Kegalle, Elpitiya, Deniyaya and Kataragama areas. The army received twelve British [[Alvis Saladin]] armoured cars in May and put them to use in Kurunegala and Anuradhapura districts. After three weeks of fighting, the government regained control of all but a few remote areas. In most cases, the government regained control of townships; insurgent groups melted away into the jungle and continued to operate, with some groups operating into early 1972. The government announced two amnesties in May and June 1971, airdropping leaflets encouraging the insurgents to surrender. Without food, weapons, and leadership, many youths surrendered; other groups were surrounded and captured. Two JVP leaders, Sanath (Wijesena Vidanage) and Susil, were killed in confrontations with the armed forces; [[Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe|Loku Athula]], who led the remnants of his group from Kegalle into the jungles of [[Wilpattu National Park|Wilpattu]], was wounded and captured. In jungles in Anuradhapura, the JVP had established a base camp with supplies along with six sub-camps with which they conducted operations in Rajangana and Tambuttegama. A detachment from the 1CLI troops with 82mm mortars, commanded by Major Jayawardena carried out Operation Otthappuwa in May and cleared these camps. By the end of May, much of the insurrection was crushed. Counter-insurgency operations went on for another year, with the 1CLI establishing a forward base in Horowapatana from November 1972 to April 1973, while the D company, 1CLI closed its operations in Kegalle District only in December 1974. Many youths were detained in rehabilitation camps for months. The official arrest total was 5,067 (of whom 1,117 were from Colombo), but arrests of up to 20,000 were claimed. The government imposed strict censorship of all domestic and foreign news during the period. Reports of summary executions were reported, including the public execution of [[Premawathi Manamperi]] of Kataragama. Caste-based discrimination was common with armed forces arresting all the youth from low-caste villages, regardless of participation.<ref name="retrospect"/><ref name="Somasundaram2"/>

== Aftermath ==
=== Casualties ===
The official death toll was 1,200, but unofficial sources reliably estimated it at 4,000–5,000. Forty-one civilians were killed by the insurgents; thirty-seven police officers were killed and 195 were wounded. Twenty-six armed-services personnel were killed, including one officer (19 from the Army, four from the air force, and three from the Navy) and 130 were wounded (87 Army, 15 air force, and 28 Navy) in 1971 and 1972.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hettiarachchi |first1=Kumudini |last2=Sadanandan |first2=Renuka |date=8 April 2001 |url=http://sundaytimes.lk/010408/spec.html |title=Crushing the revolt |work=[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times]] |access-date=12 December 2014}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|Prosecution of insurgents}}Prosecution ===
Advised by Justice Minister Felix Dias Bandaranaike, the prime minister appointed an investigative unit headed by retired IGP [[Aleric Abeygunawardena]] to prosecute the captured insurgents. The unit was made up of [[crown counsel]]s and police officers. The crown counsels were made [[assistant superintendent]]s, enabling them to record statements from suspects which would be admissible in court. It soon became apparent that convicting a large number of suspects in custody within the contemporary procedure and laws would take years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ian Wickramanayake: Well known, powerful personality |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/04/29/fea40.asp |access-date=11 April 2020 |work=Daily News}}</ref>

==== Criminal Justice Commission ====
{{main|Criminal Justice Commission (Sri Lanka)}}

The Criminal Justice Commission was established by the government to prosecute the detained rebels expediently. The commission was composed of Chief Justice H. N. G. Fernando (chairman), Justice [[A. C. Alles]], Justice V. T. Thamotheram, Justice H. Dheragoda and Justice [[T. W. Rajaratnam]]. By 1975, 139 inquiries were conducted and 3872 insurgent suspects were charged and 2919 were produced before the commission. 2413 suspects were released under suspended sentences while 258 received terms of rigorous imprisonment, which included 3 imprisonments for life. 50 suspects were acquitted. A second commission was formed in 1976, consisting of three judges. 2520 suspects were released under a suspended sentence, while 372 received terms of rigorous imprisonment, which included 5 imprisonments for life. 92 suspects were acquitted.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alles |first1=A.C. |title=Insurgency – 1971 |date=1976 |publisher=Trade Exchange (Ceylon) |location=Colombo}}</ref> In 1975, Wijeweera was sentenced to life imprisonment (later reduced to 20 years of [[Penal labour|rigorous imprisonment]]). Many of the surviving JVP leaders received prison sentences; some, including [[Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe|Loku Athula]] and Somasiri Kumanayake, turned crown witness and were pardoned. Most of the youths in rehabilitation camps were released gradually.<ref>{{cite web |title=Criminal Justice Commissions (Repeal) Law |url=https://www.lawnet.gov.lk/1946/12/31/criminal-justice-commissions-repeal-law-2/ |publisher=LawNet}}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CRIMINAL JUSTICE COMMISSION LIKELY TO PUNISH BIG RACKETEERS IN SRI LANKA |url=https://srilankabrief.org/2016/12/criminal-justice-commission-likely-to-punish-big-racketeers-in-sri-lanka/ |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420005945/https://srilankabrief.org/2016/12/criminal-justice-commission-likely-to-punish-big-racketeers-in-sri-lanka/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
The insurgency caused Rs 2.7 million in damage to public and private property; other institutions lost Rs 3 million. Over Rs 450 million earmarked for capital development was not spent as intended due to the insurgency. Ceylon severed diplomatic ties with North Korea based on information that the country supported the JVP and diplomatic relations were not reestablished till 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferdinando |first=Shamindra |date=7 October 2011 |url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=15332 |title=SL: NK, Iran arms not used in war |work=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]] |access-date=12 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213014241/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=15332 |archive-date=13 December 2014}}</ref> The government expanded the armed forces, the air force which had 1,400 personnel in 1971 grew to 3,100 by 1976 with the addition of a [[Sri Lanka Volunteer Air Force|Volunteer Force]] and the army formed the [[National Service Regiment]]. The police formed the [[Sri Lanka Reserve Police]] in 1974. Under the six years of emergency rule following the uprising, the JVP remained dormant. No medals were awarded by the government to the police or armed services personnel. After the victory of the United National Party in the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 general elections]], however, the new government tried to broaden its mandate with a period of political tolerance. With the repeal of the Criminal Justice Commission in 1977, all convicted under it received a general amnesty including Wijeweera. The ban on the party was lifted, and the JVP entered the arena of legal political competition. As a candidate in the [[1982 Sri Lankan presidential election|1982 presidential elections]], Wijeweera finished fourth with over 250,000 votes (compared with winner [[J. R. Jayewardene]]'s 3.2 million).

{{main|1987–1989 JVP insurrection}}

The JVP began a [[1987–89 JVP Insurrection|second insurrection]], which lasted from 1987 to 1989 and was more of a [[low intensity conflict]] than an open revolution. The movement fought with a well-organized military wing, that carried out raids on military installations and targeted assassinations waging a brutal campaign of terror and intimidation across the Southern part of the island. It ended after an equally brutal counter-offensive targeting JVP cells and leadership that resulted in the death of Wijeweera in 1989.

=== {{anchor|Causes for resurgence}}Incentives for resurgence ===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2021}}
Two incentives for a renewed insurgency exist – unemployment and government corruption. With a rapid population increase and relatively-slow economic growth, many youths who were the beneficiaries of free education are unemployed or underemployed; the unemployment rate is high relative to the output of the educational system, which the labour market has failed to address. Political factors include President [[J. R. Jayewardene|Jayawardena]]'s political strategy of oppressing the opposition; the weakness of the main opposition party ([[Sri Lanka Freedom Party|SLFP]]); the exclusion of those without political connections from some state jobs; the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|Indo-Sri Lankan Peace Accord]], and the entry of Indian troops into Sri Lanka.

== {{anchor|Notable people}}Notable figures ==

=== {{anchor|Notable people arrested}}Arrested ===
* [[Nagalimgam Shanmugathasan]]{{snd}}leader of CCP (Maoist), had official links to the Chinese government
* Captain [[Ravi Jayewardene]], former army officer and son of J. R. Jayewardene

=== {{anchor|Notable people killed}}Killed ===
* [[Lt. Col.]] [[Medical Doctor|Dr.]] [[Rex De Costa]], [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]], [[Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force|CAVF]] – former commanding officer of the [[Ruhunu Regiment]] and vice-president of the [[World Veterans Federation]]
* [[Major (rank)|Maj.]] [[Noel Weerakoon]], [[Ceylon Artillery|CA]] – [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst|RMA Sandhurst]] and [[Ceylon Army]] cricketer
* [[Premawathie Manamperi]] – [[Kataragama]] beauty queen

=== {{anchor|Notable rebels involved}}Rebels and supporters ===
* [[S. D. Bandaranayake]] – Member of Parliament
* [[Athula Nimalasiri Jayasinghe]] – JVP politburo member, later a government minister
* [[Jayadeva Uyangoda]] – JVP politburo member, later an academic
* [[Mahinda Wijesekara]] – Became a government minister
* [[Somawansa Amarasinghe]] – Became a JVP politburo member and party leader
* [[Upatissa Gamanayake]] – Deputy leader of the JVP during the 1987–1989 insurrection
* [[Victor Ivan]] – Became a journalist

== See also ==
* [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]
* [[1967 Hong Kong riots]]
* [[1987–1989 JVP insurrection]]
* [[1932 armed uprising in Mongolia]]
* [[2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alles |first=A. C. |title=The JVP, 1969–1989}}
* {{cite journal |last=Arasaratnam |first=S. |title=The Ceylon Insurrection of April 1971: Some Causes and Consequences |year=1972 |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.2307/2756507 |jstor=2756507}}
* {{cite book |last=Bermudez |first=Joseph S. |title=Terrorism, the North Korean Connection |year=1990 |publisher=Crane Russak |isbn=0844816094}}
* {{cite book |last=Chandraprema |first= C.A. |title=The Years of Terror |location=Sri Lanka |year=1991 |isbn=9559029037}}
* {{cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheel |title=Warfare and Armed Conflict |year=2002}}
* {{cite book |last=Gunaratna |first=Rohan |author-link=Rohan Gunaratna |date=1990 |title=Sri Lanka: A lost revolution? Inside story of the JVP |url= |location=Sri Lanka |publisher=Institute of Fundamental Studies |isbn=9789552600043}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hill |first=Tom H. J. |date=June 2013 |title=The Deception of Victory: The JVP in Sri Lanka and the Long-Term Dynamics of Rebel Reintegration |journal=International Peacekeeping |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=357–374 |doi=10.1080/13533312.2013.830024 |s2cid=143790388 |issn=1353-3312}}
* {{cite journal |last=Iqbal |first=M. |title=The Insurgency in Ceylon and its Repercussions |journal=Pakistan Horizon |year=1972 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=51–61 |jstor=41393126}}
* {{cite news |last1=Karunaratne |first1=Garvin |title=How the JVP ruined rural Sri Lanka |url=http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items/2020/07/18/how-the-jvp-ruined-rural-sri-lanka/ |date=18 July 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Island}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kearney |first1=Robert N. |title=Educational Expansion and Political Volatility in Sri Lanka: The 1971 Insurrection |journal=[[Asian Survey]] |date=1975 |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=727–744 |doi=10.2307/2643170 |jstor=2643170 |issn=0004-4687}}
* {{cite book |last=Samaranaike |first=Gamini |title=Political Violence in Sri Lanka |year=2008 |publisher=Gyan publishers |author-link=Gamini Samaranayake}}
* {{cite book |last1=Wickremesekera |first1=Channa |title=The Tamil Separatist War in Sri Lanka |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317293859 }}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite book|series= South Asia studies|title=One-day Revolution in Sri Lanka: Anatomy of 1971 Insurrection}}
*{{cite book|last= Cooke|first= Michael Colin|year= 2011|title= Rebellion, Repression and the Struggle for Justice in Sri Lanka: The Lionel Bopage Story|location= Colombo|publisher= Agahas|isbn=978-955-0230-03-7}}
*[[Fred Halliday|Halliday, Fred]] (1975). "The Ceylonese Insurrection". In Blackburn, Robin. ''Explosion in a Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Ceylon''. Harmondsworth, Eng.; Baltimore: Penguin. {{ISBN|0-14-021822-X}}
*{{cite journal|last=Warnapala|first=W. A.|title=Marxist parties in Sri Lanka and the 1971 Insurrection |year=1975|journal=Asian Survey|volume=15|issue=9|pages=745–757|doi=10.2307/2643171| jstor=2643171 |jstor-access=free}}
*[[Rohana Wijeweera|Wijeweera, Rohana]] (1975). "Speech to the Ceylon Criminal Justice Commission". In Blackburn, Robin. ''Explosion in a Subcontinent: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Ceylon''. Harmondsworth, Eng.; Baltimore: Penguin. {{ISBN|0-14-021822-X}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.jvpsrilanka.com/ }}
* [http://members.tripod.com/~jvp_srilanka/history/71st1.html THE 1971 CEYLONESE INSURRECTION – Fred Halliday]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050822073446/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sem/IR/research/cstpv-old/Lostrevo.htm SRI LANKA – A LOST REVOLUTION? The Inside Story of the JVP by Rohan Gunaratna]
* [http://www.lankalibrary.com/pol/jvp1971.htm A Lost Revolution: The JVP Insurrection 1971]
* [http://libcom.org/library/third-worldism-or-socialism-solidarity-group Ceylon: The JVP Uprising (Third Worldism or Socialism)] – Account of the Uprising by British Libertarian Socialist group [http://libcom.org/library/solidarity Solidarity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060117163839/http://libcom.org/library/solidarity |date=17 January 2006 }}

{{JVP}}
{{Armed Conflicts Involving Sri Lanka}}
{{Sri Lankan coups}}
{{Cold War}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:JVP insurrection}}
[[Category:1971 JVP insurrection| ]]
[[Category:1971 in Ceylon]]
[[Category:Communist rebellions]]
[[Category:Cold War rebellions]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Wars involving North Korea]]
[[Category:Wars involving Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Military history of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)]]
[[Category:Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]]
[[Category:Wars involving India]]
[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
[[Category:Rebellions in Sri Lanka]]

Kakarla Subba Rao

2026-03-27T12:03:11Z

CoralRaphael599: bio

{{Short description|Indian doctor (1925–2021)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
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| name = Kakarla Subba Rao
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| birth_place = [[Krishna district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|04|16|1925|01|25|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
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| education = [[Andhra Medical College]] ([[MBBS]])<br />[[New York University]] (MS)
| occupation = {{hlist|Radiologist|hospital administrator}}
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'''Kakarla Subba Rao''' (25 January 1925{{spnd}}16 April 2021) was an Indian radiologist who served as the first director of [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Hyderabad]]. For his contributions to the field of medicine, Rao was conferred [[Padma Shri]] in 2000, the fourth highest civilian award by the Government of India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Renowned radiologist and first Director of NIMS, Kakarla Subba Rao passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/apr/16/renowned-radiologist-and-first-director-of-nims-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away-2290688.html|access-date=16 April 2021|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He was also the founder and president of the [[Telugu Association of North America]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leadership - TANA|url=https://tana.org/previous/leadership/1/Executive-Committee|access-date=17 April 2021|website=tana.org|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418164854/https://tana.org/previous/leadership/1/Executive-Committee|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Rao was born on 25 January 1925 to a middle class [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking [[Kamma (caste)|Kamma]] family in Pedamuttevi, a small village in [[Krishna district|Krishna District]] of present day [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Subbarao |first1=Kakarla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqUwBQAAQBAJ&dq=kakarla+subba+rao+kamma+caste&pg=PA15 |title=A Doctor's Story of Life & Death: Dr. Kakarla Subbarao's Insightful Reflections on the Medical Profession |last2=Tiwari |first2=Arun K |date=19 January 2021 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9788184301809 |page=15}}</ref> He completed his schooling at S. R. High School in [[Challapalli]], followed by studies at The Hindu College, in [[Machilipatnam]] between 1937 and 1944. He completed his [[MBBS]] from [[Andhra Medical College]] of the [[Andhra University]] in 1950.<ref name=":1">{{cite book |title=Andhra Entrepreneurs: Past, Present and Future |date=2018 |publisher=Indian Innovators Association |location=Chennai |isbn=9781643249346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OflmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Andhra+Medical+College+the+Hindu&pg=PT164 |access-date=23 July 2020}}</ref> After obtaining his medical degree he interned at the K. G. Hospital in [[Vizag]] (now [[Visakhapatnam]]) in 1951. He then went to the United States for higher studies on a scholarship, where he did his residency at the [[Bronx Hospital]] and completed his MS in radiology from [[New York University]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=.:Indian Radiology:.|url=https://www.indianradiologist.com/beta/index.php/interview/dr-kakarla-subbarao|access-date=17 April 2021|website=www.indianradiologist.com}}</ref> During this time, he also worked as a night technician at the Bronx Hospital to pay his tuition.<ref name=":5"/> Between 1954 and 1956, he was a special fellow of radiology at hospitals in New York and Baltimore. He cleared the American Board exam in Radiology in 1955.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==

After his residency in the [[United States]], Rao returned to India and worked as a [[Radiology|radiologist]] at [[Osmania Medical College]] and again went back to the [[United States]] to complete his fellowship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nims.info/kakarla/kakarla.htm|title=Dr. Kakarla's profile}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiologyworld.com/interview.htm|title=Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao – a Profile}}</ref><ref name=NIMS>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/09/stories/2004070904650400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804022515/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/09/stories/2004070904650400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2004|title=Dr. Rao formally hands over charge of Director, NIMS| location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=24458|title=Tele-Radiology set up of Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological and Imaging Educational Sciences Trust, Hyderabad}}</ref> His decision to move back to the United States was prompted by an incident in 1969 where his house was burnt during the [[1969 Telangana Agitation|Telangana Agitation]]. He joined [[Montefiore Medical Center]] where he completed his fellowship, and went on to become an assistant professor, and later a professor.<ref name=":5"/> He went on to serve as a professor of radiology at the [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], a private medical school in the Bronx, New York.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao is no more|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/renowned-radiologist-kakarla-subba-rao-is-no-more/article34335744.ece|access-date=17 April 2021|website=@businessline|date=16 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref> During this time, he was also a member of the [[International Skeletal Society]] and served as a member of the society's editorial board.<ref name=":5" /> Rao was the founder and first president of the [[Telugu Association of North America]], an umbrella organization for [[Telugu language|Telugu]] speakers in the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Past Presidents of TANA|url=http://www.tana.org/?docid=127|publisher=Telugu Association of North America}}</ref>

On the call of late Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister [[N. T. Rama Rao|Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao]], Subba Rao returned to India in 1986 and joined [[Nizams Institute of Medical Sciences|Nizam Orthopaedic Hospital]]. He did much to improve it, making it into a premier medical institution modeled on the All India Institutes of Medical Sciences. It is now called the Nizam Institute of Medical Sciences.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=NIMS /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=16 April 2021|title='Radiologist of the Millennium' Dr Kakarla Subba Rao leaves a legacy behind|url=https://www.siasat.com/radiologist-of-the-millennium-dr-kakarla-subba-rao-leaves-a-legacy-behind-2124868/|access-date=17 April 2021|website=The Siasat Daily|language=en-US}}</ref> In the initial years, he did not draw any salary for his work, while he established changes in the institution. Recalling his experience later, he would note that the hospital had poor equipment and infrastructure and no CAT scanner or pathology labs. From 1985 and 1990, Rao served as its first director, and again between 1997 and 2004, before retiring.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2021|title=Noted radiologist and former NIMS director Kakarla Subba Rao passes away|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/noted-radiologist-and-former-nims-director-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away-682059|access-date=16 April 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> His efforts established the hospital as a prestigious medical institute across patient service, education, training and research while focusing on affordability and access.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He was also the Chairman at [[SVIMS - Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women|Padmavathi Medical College for Women]] and had also served as the chairman of KIMS Medical Research Foundation, International Educational Academy, and the Kakarla Subba Rao Radiological Educational Services in Hyderabad.<ref name=":3" /> He had also served as the personal doctor of the former chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[N. T. Rama Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 April 2021|title=Renowned Radiologist Dr. Kakarla Subba Rao Passes Away|url=https://www.gulte.com/trends/80234/renowned-radiologist-dr-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Gulte|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[Government of India]] honoured Rao with the [[Padma Shri]] on 26 January 2000, in recognition of his valuable contributions to the field of [[medicine]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Rao died on 16 April 2021 in [[Secunderabad]] at the [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group)|Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences]] due to age-related ailments.<ref name=":0" /> He had been admitted to the hospital a month earlier and was undergoing treatment. He was aged 96.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=16 April 2021|title=Noted radiologist Kakarla Subba Rao passes away|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/noted-radiologist-kakarla-subba-rao-passes-away/article34338970.ece|access-date=17 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Books ==

* {{Cite book|last=Subba Rao|first=Dr Karkala|title=A Doctors Story of Life & Death|year=2013|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-8184301809}}
* {{Cite book|last=Subba Rao|first=Dr Karkala|title=Diagnostic radiology and imaging|date=2003|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|isbn=81-8061-069-1|location=New Delhi|oclc=601059826}}
* Subba Rao, Dr Kakarla (2019). An Atlas of Hand Radiographs in Pediatrics: Kalajyothi Publishers.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140606213405/http://nims.ap.nic.in/ Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Kakarla Subba}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian radiologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]

Naresh Kumar HN

2026-03-25T12:31:04Z

CoralRaphael599: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian film director and a screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Naresh Kumar HN
| image =
| birth_name =
| caption =
| birth_place =
| othername =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
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| yearsactive = 2015{{emdash}}present
| occupation = Director
| parents =
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}}
'''Naresh Kumar HN''' is an Indian film director who works in Kannada-language films. He is known for ''[[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' (2015) and ''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]'' (2018).

== Early life ==
Naresh Kumar HN was born in 1987 at rural [[Bangalore]], [[Doddaballapura|Dodaballapura]] Taluk to Narshima Murthy and Roopakala. Naresh graduated with a degree in [[engineering]] from [[PES University|PESIT]] in 2008. He obtained a Diploma in [[Film director|Film Direction]] at KANFIDA (Karnataka Film Director Association).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kanfida.com/|title=Karnataka film Directors association|website=kanfida.com|access-date=2019-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508210355/http://kanfida.com/|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career ==
Naresh worked as an assistant director to [[Master Anand]], [[Ramesh Aravind]] and Madhu Chandru. In 2015, Naresh directed his debut film ''[[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' starring [[Gurunandan]].<ref name="Kumar">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raju-kannada-medium-review-carry-oodles-of-patience/article22520393.ece|title='Raju Kannada Medium' review: Carry oodles of patience|last=Kumar|first=S. shiva|date=2018-01-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-06-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The movie was screened for 100 days and was well received by the audience. In the year 2018 he directed his second movie [[Raju Kannada Medium]] which saw Kannada movie star [[Sudeep|Kicha Sudeep]] be a part of it along with [[Gurunandan]] and [[Avantika Shetty]] which was screened for 75 days.<ref name="R">{{Cite news |last=Sivaraman |first= S |date=25 January 2018 |title='Raju Kannada Medium' review: Carry oodles of patience |work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raju-kannada-medium-review-carry-oodles-of-patience/article22520393.ece |url-status=live |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320141439/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/raju-kannada-medium-review-carry-oodles-of-patience/article22520393.ece |archive-date=20 March 2022 }}</ref> Following the success of his movies, He is replicating the First Rank Raju story in Telugu for the audience of tollywood as [[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]].<ref name="Codingest">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntvtelugu.com/post/1st-rank-raju-is-a-comedy-film-with-a-difference|title='1st Rank Raju' is a comedy film with a difference|last=Codingest|website=NTV Telugu|language=en|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref> He has also made appearances in the famous Kannada version of the [[Bigg Boss Kannada|Bigg Boss]] hosted by [[Sudeep|Kicha Sudeep.]] In 2023 he opened a production house Riyanshi Films and made his next movie ''[[South Indian Hero]]'' under his banner.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !!Note !!Ref.
|-
|2015 ||''[[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' || ||<ref name="Kumar"/>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Raju Kannada Medium]]'' || ||<ref name="R"/>
|-
|2019||''[[1st Rank Raju (2019 film)|1st Rank Raju]]'' ||Telugu Film ||<ref name="Codingest"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/First-Rank-Raju-team-to-work-tgether-again/articleshow/50693208.cms|title=First Rank Raju team to work together again|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2023|| ''[[South Indian Hero]]'' || ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Naresh Kumar's 'South Indian Hero' gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/feb/09/naresh-kumars-south-indian-hero-gets-a-release-date-2545684.html |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

# Won the Best Dialogue writer for [[1st Rank Raju (2015 film)|1st Rank Raju]] at the [[The Times of India|Times Of India]] - KAFTA Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Times-KAFTA-Full-list-of-nominees/articleshow/53476064.cms|title=Times KAFTA: Full list of nominees for 2015 - Times of India|last=First Rank Raju Kannada|first=Dialogue writer Award|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>
# Nominated for BIFFES film festival for [[Raju Kannada Medium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://biffes.in/movie-details.php?mid=MTU2|title=Bengaluru International Film Festival - BIFFES|last=Movie showcased in International film Festival|first=First Rank Raju Kannada|website=biffes.in|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|7760208}}

[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Insurance Institute of India

2026-03-25T07:58:27Z

CoralRaphael599: improved article

{{Short description|National apex body for insurance underwriters}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Insurance Institute of India
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| picture = Mohd. Hamid Ansari at the valedictory function of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of Insurance Institute of India, in Mumbai. The Governor of Maharashtra, Shri C. Vidyasagar Rao, the Chief Minister of Maharashtra.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] at the valedictory function of the diamond jubilee celebrations of the Insurance Institute of India, Mumbai. Present: [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]], [[Governor (India)|governor]] of [[Maharashtra]], and [[Devendra Fadnavis]], chief minister of Maharashtra, among others.
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]]
| employees =
| chief1_name =
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| website = {{URL|https://www.insuranceinstituteofindia.com}}
| footnotes =
| agency_type = National apex body
| budget =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
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| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
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| chief6_name =
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| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
}}

The '''Insurance Institute of India''' ('''III''') is the sole national apex body for [[underwriting|insurance underwriters]] in [[India]], established in 1955 in [[Mumbai]]. The institute, formerly known as Federation of Insurance Institutes (J.C. Setalvad Memorial) (Regd.), was created for the purpose of promoting insurance education and training in India.<ref name=PIB>{{Cite press release |title=Vice President Addreses at Diamond Jubilee Celebrations of the Insurance Institute of India, Mumbai |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |date=26 August 2018 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126348| access-date=14 October 2016}}</ref> The institute conducts examinations at various levels. It is the professional institute in India devoted solely to insurance education.

Certificates and diplomas like [[Licentiate (Insurance)|Licentiate]], Associateship and Fellowship, etc. are awarded by the institute to successful candidates. These are recognised by the government of India, the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] and insurers<ref>{{cite web |title=Insurance Institute of India (III) |publisher=General Insurance Council |url=https://www.gicouncil.in/knowledge/insurance-education/insurance-institute-of-india-iii/ |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web |title=India (III) |publisher=Chartered Insurance Institute |url=https://www.ciigroup.org/en/membership/international/affiliated-institutes/directory-of-affiliated-institutes/india-iii/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |archive-date=14 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014021357/https://www.ciigroup.org/en/membership/international/affiliated-institutes/directory-of-affiliated-institutes/india-iii/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> These qualifications are recognised by similar institutes in the UK, Canada and the United States, for the grant of exemption from some of their papers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cross Recognition of Insurance Qualifications |publisher=Insurance Institute of India |url=https://www.insuranceinstituteofindia.com/downloads/Forms/III/Professional%20Exams/CROSS%20RECOGNIZATION/CROSS%20RECOGNITION%20OF%20INSTITUTE%20QUALIFICATIONS.pdf |access-date=12 October 2023}}</ref>

III is a chartered member of the Institute of Global Insurance Education.<ref>{{cite web|title=Current Members |publisher=The Institute for Global Insurance Education |url=https://www.igie.org/members|access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref> The presence of 91 associated iInstitutes spread all over the country and the affiliation of the Sri Lanka Insurance Institute, the Sri Lanka Insurance Academy and The R.I.C.B. Insurance Institute, Bhutan, testify to the prestige and professional repute of the institute.<ref name=PIB/>

The institute supports research projects involving insurance and risk management sponsored by public and private organisations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Insurance Requirements of Indian Logistics and Warehousing Industry and their Customers 2017-2018 |publisher=Transport Corporation of India Ltd. and III |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/Insurance%20Report.pdf |access-date=14 October 2023}}<br>- {{cite web |title=Disaster Risk Financing, Insurance, and Risk Transfer Working Group Report |publisher=National Institute of Disaster Management and III |url=https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/WGR_NIDMandIII_2021.pdf |access-date=14 October 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.insuranceinstituteofindia.com}}
*{{cite press release |url=https://ifsca.gov.in/Viewer?Path=Document%2FLegal%2Fpress-release_-mou_ifsca_iii-19012022063635.pdf&Title=IFSCA%20inks%20MOU%20with%20Insurance%20Institute%20of%20India%20%28III%29&Date=19%2F01%2F2022 |title=IFSCA inks MOU with Insurance Institute of India (III) |publisher=International Financial Services Centres Authority |date=19 January 2022}}

[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1955]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Insurance schools in India]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in Bombay State]]

Mohammad Farooq Shaikh

2026-03-24T18:44:16Z

CoralRaphael599: Started basic info with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Mohammad Farooq Hussain Miyan Shaikh''' is an Indian politician. He was a Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Kalupur Assembly constituency]] since 1998 to 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebel Cong leader backs party nominee in Dariyapur - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/rebel-cong-leader-backs-party-nominee-in-dariyapur/1044008/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-07-17 |title=The story of 40 abolished Gujarat assembly seats |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2012/07/17/the-story-of-40-abolished-gujarat-assembly-seats/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Devesh |title=Gujarat fails to get its caste equation right |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/gujarat-fails-to-get-its-caste-equation-right/articleshow/2475473.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-12-24}}</ref> He is associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-25 |title=Kalupur 2007 Assembly MLA Election Gujarat {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/kalupur-constituency-gujarat-assembly-election-2007-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-25 |title=Kalupur 2002 Assembly MLA Election Gujarat {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/kalupur-constituency-gujarat-assembly-election-2002-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-25 |title=Kalupur 1998 Assembly MLA Election Gujarat {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/election-and-politics/kalupur-constituency-gujarat-assembly-election-1998-results-mla-voters-political-parties-data/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shaikh, Mohammad Farooq}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2007–2012]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]

Zakaria Taher Sumon

2026-03-23T08:41:20Z

CoralRaphael599:

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zakaria Taher Sumon
| native_name = {{nobold|জাকারিয়া তাহের সুমন}}
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Zakaria Taher Sumon (MP) in 2022.01.jpg
| caption = Sumon in 2022
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]
| office = [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works|Minister for Housing and Public Works]]
| primeminister = [[Tarique Rahman]]
| predecessor = [[Adilur Rahman Khan]]
| term_start = 17 February 2026

| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency1 = [[Comilla-8]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 2026
| predecessor1 = [[A. Z. M. Shafiuddin Shamim]]

| constituency2 = [[Comilla-7]]
| term_start2 = 19 December 2004
| term_end2 = 27 October 2006
| predecessor2 = [[Abu Taher (banker)|Abu Taher]]
| successor2 = [[Ali Ashraf (politician)|Ali Ashraf]]

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Comilla District]], [[East Pakistan]] now [[Bangladesh]]
| father = Abu Taher
| party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]
}}

'''Zakaria Taher Sumon''' (born 15 December 1965)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/members/list-of-members?view=current&searchBy=constituency&page=1&search=Cumilla|title=Member details|publisher=Bangladesh Parliament|accessdate=2026-03-01}}</ref> is a [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] politician and the incumbent [[Jatiya Sangsad]] member representing the [[Comilla-8|Cumilla-8]] constituency and the incumbent [[Ministry of Housing and Public Works|minister of housing and public works]] since February 2026.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gazette notification on allocation of portfolios to ministers, state ministers |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/nlsgfo6hl9 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Prothom Alo|date=18 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Sumon was elected to parliament from Cumilla-7 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 2004 by election which was called following the death of the then incumbent [[Abu Taher (banker)|Abu Taher]], and also Sumon's father.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP lawmaker Taher passes away |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/09/24/d40924012118.htm |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=The Daily Star |agency=UNB |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233226/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/09/24/d40924012118.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ruling coalition candidate wins Comilla by-poll |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/12/19/d41219011515.htm |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=The Daily Star |archive-date=2 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702233215/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/12/19/d41219011515.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=254 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229001002/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=254 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sumon provided an office to former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia to use as the office of the chairperson of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party in Gulshan in October 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=BNP chairperson gets new office |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-chairperson-gets-new-office |access-date=5 October 2019 |work=bdnews24.com |date=6 October 2008}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumon, Zakaria Taher}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:People from Barura Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Ministers of housing and public works of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{BangladeshNationalistParty-politician-stub}}

Pachuvum Kovalanum

2026-03-21T04:13:56Z

CoralRaphael599:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pachuvum Kovalanum
| image = Pachuvum Kovalanum.jpg
| caption =
| alt =
| director = [[Thaha]]
| producer = Elvin John
| writer = [[Francis T. Mavelikkara]]
| starring = {{Hlist | [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] | [[Suraj Venjaramood]] | [[Meghna Raj]] | [[Jyothirmayi]]}}
| music = {{Ubl | Mohan Sithara | [[Rajeev Alunkal]] (lyrics)}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Eva productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pachuvum Kovalanum''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by [[Thaha]], starring [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Suraj Venjaramood]], [[Meghna Raj]] and [[Jyothirmayi]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/an-malayalam-eight-part-docu-series-looks-at-the-history-of-malayalam-comic-books-from-the-1970s/article33108039.ece |title=From Steel Claw to 'Irumbukayi Mayavi' — the history of Malayalam comics in reel |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |date=16 November 2020 |last1=Anand |first1=Shilpa Nair |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116125353/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/an-malayalam-eight-part-docu-series-looks-at-the-history-of-malayalam-comic-books-from-the-1970s/article33108039.ece |archive-date=16 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/remember-cid-moosa-docu-series-captures-magic-malayalam-comics-138124 |title=Remember 'CID Moosa'? This docu series captures the magic of Malayalam comics |date=21 November 2020}}</ref>

==Plot==

The film producer of a serial is killed during its shooting. The director is accused of it as he is the producer's son-in-law.

==Cast==
* [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as Thomaskutty
* [[Suraj Venjaramood]] as Joseph
* Nelson as Kuttappan
* [[Meghna Raj]] as Sukanya
* [[Jyothirmayi]] as Sneha
* [[Jagathi Sreekumar]] as Producer Esthappan
* [[Riyaz Khan]] as ACP John Kuruvila
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Bhadranpillai
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Production controller Paulos Tharakan
* [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Chinna
* [[Narayanankutty]]
* [[Sona Nair]] as Anna
* [[Lakshmi Priya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8901/malayalam/pachuvum-kovalanum/index.htm Nowrunning article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122211115/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8901/malayalam/pachuvum-kovalanum/index.htm |date=22 January 2021 }} (nowrunning is not a reliable source)
* [https://archive.today/20130218002426/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/10333/pachuvum-kovalanum.html OneIndia article] (oneindia is not a reliable source)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110401113236/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/65395.html indiaglitz article]

{{Thaha}}

[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2011 comedy films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]

{{2010s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Magadha

2026-03-20T23:44:41Z

CoralRaphael599: slightly cleaned up article and added references

{{short description|Region and Mahajanapada in ancient eastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Magadha
| common_name = Kingdom of Magadha
| era = [[Iron Age in India|Iron Age]]
| life_span = Unknown (by 1200 BCE) – 625 CE
| government_type = 
| p1 = Kikata kingdom
| s1 = Satavahana Empire
| s2 = Mahameghavahana dynasty{{!}}Kalinga (Mahameghavanas)
| s3 = Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era){{!}}Vidarbha kingdom
| image_coat =
| image_map = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_map_caption = Kingdom of Magadha and other Mahajanapadas during the second urbanisation
| image_map2 = {{Switcher
| [[File:Magadha Expansion 1.gif|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Expansion and decline of Magadha-based rule <br/>between 6th and 2nd century BCE
| [[File:Magadha Expansion (6th-4th centuries BCE).png|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Magadha-based rule under Haryanka and{{space|6}}<br/>Shaisunga dynasties
| [[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Magadha-based rule under Nanda dynasty {{space|4}}
| [[File:Maurya Empire, c.250 BCE 2.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Magadha-based rule under Maurya dynasty{{space|3}}
| [[File:Map of the Shungas.png|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Magadha-based rule under Shunga dynasty{{space|3}}
| [[File:India in 50 bc.jpg|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Magadha-based rule under Kanva dynasty{{space|5}}
| [[File:South Asia historical AD450 EN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| Magadha-based rule under Gupta dynasty{{space|6}}
| default=1
}}
| image_map2_caption = Territorial expansion of Magadha-based rulers 6th century BCE onwards
| capital = [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]] (Girivraj)<br/>Later, [[Pataliputra]] (modern-day [[Patna]])
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]<ref name="JainCardona2007-script1">{{cite book|last=Jain|first=Dhanesh |editor=George Cardona |editor2=Dhanesh Jain |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA51|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-79711-9|pages=47–66, 51|chapter=Sociolinguistics of the Indo-Aryan languages}}</ref><br/>[[Magadhi Prakrit]]<br/> [[Ardhamagadhi Prakrit]]
| religion = [[Brahmanism]]<br/>[[Buddhism]]<br/>[[Jainism]]
| demonym = [[Māgadhī]]
| currency = [[Coinage of India|Panas]]
| title_leader = Magadha-based dynasties and empires
| leader1 = [[Haryanka dynasty]]
| year_leader1 = {{Circa|544|413 BCE}}
| leader2 = [[Shaishunaga dynasty]]
| year_leader2 = {{Circa|413|345 BCE}}
| leader3 = [[Nanda dynasty]]
| year_leader3 = {{Circa|345|321 BCE}}
| leader4 = [[Maurya Empire]]
| year_leader4 = {{Circa|321|185 BCE}}
| leader5 = [[Shunga Empire]]
| year_leader5 = {{Circa|185|73 BCE}}
| leader6 = [[Kanva dynasty]]
| year_leader6 = {{Circa|73|28 BCE}}
| leader7 = Extraneous rule by [[Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)]]
| year_leader7 = {{Circa|1st cent. BCE|2nd cent. BCE}}
| leader8 = Extraneous rule by [[Kushan Empire]] and [[Mahameghavahana dynasty]]
| year_leader8 = {{Circa|2nd|3rd CE?}}
| leader9 = [[Gupta Empire]]
| year_leader9 = {{Circa|240|579 CE}}
| leader10 = [[Later Guptas]]
| year_leader10 = {{Circa|6th|8th cent. CE}}
| leader11 =
| year_leader11 =
| leader12 =
| year_leader12 =
| leader13 =
| year_leader13 =
| leader14 =
| year_leader14 =
| today = {{plainlist| * [[India]]
* [[Nepal]]
* [[Pakistan]]
* [[Bhutan]]
* [[Afghanistan]]
* [[Bangladesh]]
}}}}
{{History of Bihar}}
<div class="toccolours" style="float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 300px; font-size: 90%; background: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1;">

<div style="background: #eaecf0; text-align: center; padding: 8px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 110%; border-bottom: 1px solid #a2a9b1;">
Empires of Magadha
</div>

<div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;">
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|280px|center]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 2px 5px 8px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #c8ccd1; font-size: 95%;">
'''Mahajanapada Period'''<br/>Magadha among the 16 great ancient kingdoms.
</div>

<div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;">
[[File:Magadha Expansion (6th-4th centuries BCE).png|280px|center]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 2px 5px 8px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #c8ccd1; font-size: 95%;">
'''Haryanka Dynasty'''<br/>Early territorial expansion under Bimbisara and Ajatashatru.
</div>

<div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;">
[[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|280px|center]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 2px 5px 8px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #c8ccd1; font-size: 95%;">
'''Nanda Empire'''<br/>Magadha's dominance over Northern India.
</div>

<div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;">
[[File:Magadha_Expansion_1.gif|280px|center]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 2px 5px 8px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #c8ccd1; font-size: 95%;">
'''Maurya Empire'''<br/>Pan-Indian expansion originating from Pataliputra.
</div>

<div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;">
[[File:Shunga Empire.jpg|280px|center]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 2px 5px 8px; text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #c8ccd1; font-size: 95%;">
'''Shunga Empire'''<br/>Post-Mauryan dynasty controlling central and eastern India.
</div>

<div style="text-align: center; padding: 5px;">
[[File:Map of the Gupta Empire.png|280px|center]]
</div>
<div style="padding: 2px 5px 8px; text-align: center; font-size: 95%;">
'''Gupta Empire'''<br/>The Classical Age centered in Magadha.
</div>

</div>
'''Magadha''' ({{ipa|bho|məɡəd̪ʰaː|ipa}}) was a region and kingdom in ancient India, based in the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|eastern Ganges Plain]]. It was one of the sixteen [[Mahajanapadas]] during the [[Second Urbanization]] period. The region was ruled by several dynasties, which overshadowed, conquered, and incorporated the other Mahajanapadas. Magadha played an important role in the development of [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]]<ref name="Keown2004">{{cite book|author=Damien Keown|title=A Dictionary of Buddhism|url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198605607.001.0001/acref-9780198605607-e-1054?rskey=6R59Bf&result=1 |date=26 August 2004|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-157917-2|page=163}}</ref> and formed the core of the [[Maurya Empire]] (c. 320–185 BCE).

==Geography==
The territory of the Magadha kingdom proper before its expansion was bounded to the north, west, and east respectively by the [[Ganges|Gaṅgā]], [[Son River|Son]], and [[Chandan River|Campā]] rivers, and the eastern spurs of the [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya mountains]] formed its southern border. The territory of the initial Magadha kingdom thus corresponded to the modern-day [[Patna district|Patna]] and [[Gaya district|Gaya]] districts of the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |date=1953 |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of Gupta Dynasty |pages=110–118 |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] }}</ref>

The region of [[Greater Magadha]] also included neighbouring regions in the eastern Gangetic plains, and had a distinct culture and belief.

==History==

===Vedic period (semi-legendary) (ca. 1700 BCE-6th cent. BCE)===
{{Main|Vedic period}}

In the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (5.22) (ca. 1200-900 BCE) the Magadhas are listed along with the [[Anga]]s, [[Gandhara|Gandharis]] and Mujavats as non-Vedic tribes located outside of the [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]]-[[Panchala]] cultural sphere.<ref>Michael Witzel (1987), "On the localisation of Vedic texts and schools (Materials on Vedic Śākhās, 7)" in G. Pollet (ed.), ''India and the Ancient world. History, Trade and Culture before A.D. 650''</ref><ref name="Majumdar_1977"/>

====Kikata kingdom====
{{Main|Kikata kingdom}}

Some scholars have identified the Kīkaṭa tribe—mentioned in the [[Rigveda]] (3.53.14) with their ruler Pramaganda—as the forefathers of Magadhas because Kikata is used as synonym for Magadha in the later texts.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA159|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|date=1995|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=9788120813328|language=en}}</ref> Like the Magadhas in the Atharvaveda, the Rigveda speaks of the Kikatas as a hostile tribe, living on the borders of Brahmanical India, who did not perform Vedic rituals, but Witzel argues that it is "misplaced" to locate the Kikatas within Magadha, as in the Rigveda "their [Kikata] territory is clearly described as being to the south of Kurukshetra, in eastern Rajasthan or western Madhya Pradesh, and Magadha is beyond the geographical horizon of the Rigveda".<ref name="Witzel1995">M. Witzel. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ0gAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 Rigvedic history: poets, chieftains, and polities]," in ''The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity.'' ed. G. Erdosy (Walter de Gruyer, 1995), p. 333</ref>

====Brihadratha dynasty====
{{Main|Brihadratha dynasty}}

According to the [[Puranas]], the legendary<ref>{{cite book | last=Chakrabarty | first=D.K. | title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties | publisher=OUP India | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=legendary&pg=PT24}}</ref> Brihadratha dynasty was the first ruling dynasty of Magadha.

===Mahajanapada (6th-4th cent. BCE)===
[[File:Cyclopian wall, Rajgir. (5457385482) (cropped).jpg |thumb|right| [[Cyclopean Wall of Rajgir]] which encircled the former capital of Magadha, Rajgir. Among the oldest pieces of cyclopean masonry in the world]]

====Second urbanisation====
Much of the [[Second Urbanisation]] took place in Greater Magadha from {{Circa|500 BCE}} onwards, and it was here that [[Jainism]] and Buddhism arose.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|loc=p.4: Bronkhorst ''"It is also in this area that a number of religious and spiritual movements arose, most famous among them Buddhism and Jainism."''}}

==== Haryanka dynasty (544 BCE–413 BCE) ====
{{main|Haryanka dynasty}}

There is little certain information available on the early rulers of Magadha. The most important sources are the Buddhist ''[[Pāli Canon]]'', the ''[[Jain Agamas]]'' and the Hindu ''[[Puranas]]''. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is also mentioned in the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. Based on Jain and Buddhist sources, it appears that Magadha was ruled by the [[Haryanka dynasty]] for some 130 years, c. 543 to 413 BCE,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Jnan |title=Some Unknown Facts About Bimbisāra |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1958 |volume=21 |pages=215–217 |jstor=44145194}}</ref> although dates are uncertain, and could be significantly later.<ref name="Bechert"/>

Two notable Haryanka dynasty rulers of Magadha were [[Bimbisara]] (also known as ''Shrenika'') and his son [[Ajatashatru]] (also known as ''Kunika''), who are mentioned in Buddhist and Jain literature as contemporaries of the Buddha and Mahavira. Later, the throne of Magadha was usurped by [[Mahapadma Nanda]], the founder of the [[Nanda Dynasty]] ({{Circa|345|322 BCE}}), which conquered much of north India. The Nanda dynasty was overthrown by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of the [[Maurya Empire]] ({{Circa|322}}–185 BCE).

There is much uncertainty about the succession of kings and the precise chronology of Magadha prior to [[Mahapadma Nanda]]; the accounts of various ancient texts (all of which were written many centuries later than the era in question) contradict each other on many points. Furthermore, there is a "Long Chronology" and a contrasting "Short Chronology" preferred by some scholars, an issue that is inextricably linked to the uncertain [[Gautama Buddha#Historical Siddhārtha Gautama|chronology of the Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]].<ref name="Bechert">{{cite book|last=Bechert|first=Heinz|author-link=Heinz Bechert|title=When Did the Buddha Live?: The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImnYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA129|year=1995|publisher=Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=978-81-7030-469-2|page=129}}</ref>
According to historian [[K. T. S. Sarao]], a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE.<ref>{{citation |last=Sarao |first=K. T. S. |title= The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha. |journal=Indian Historical Review |volume=30 |issue=1–2 |year=2003 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1177/037698360303000201 |s2cid=141897826 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/037698360303000201|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
According to historian [[John Keay]], a proponent of the "Long Chronology," Bimbisara must have been reigning in the late 5th century BCE,<ref>{{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT141|year=2011|publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0|page=141}}</ref> and Ajatashatru in the early 4th century BCE.<ref name="Keay 2010, p.149">{{cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT149|year=2011|publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0|page=149}}</ref> Keay states that there is great uncertainty about the royal succession after Ajatashatru's death, probably because there was a period of "court intrigues and murders," during which "evidently the throne changed hands frequently, perhaps with more than one incumbent claiming to occupy it at the same time" until Mahapadma Nanda was able to secure the throne.<ref name="Keay 2010, p.149"/>

The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the [[Ganges]]; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern [[Rajgir|day Rajgir]]), then [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna]]).<ref name="Majumdar_1977">Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). ''Ancient India''. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. {{ISBN|81-208-0436-8}}.</ref> Rajagriha was initially known as 'Girivrijja' and later came to be known as so during the reign of [[Ajatashatru]]. Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and [[Bengal]] with the conquest of [[Vajjika League]] and [[Anga]], respectively.<ref name="Majumdar_1977"/>

=== Expansion ===

====Shaishunaga dynasty (413 BCE–345 BCE)====
[[File:Magadha Expansion (6th-4th centuries BCE).png|thumb|right|The approximate extent of the Haryanka dynasty and the Shaisunaga dynasty between the 6th and 5th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182}}</ref>]]
{{Main|Shaishunaga dynasty}}

====Nanda dynasty (c. 345 BCE–c. 322 BCE)====
{{Main|Nanda dynasty}}

====Maurya Empire (322 BCE – 185 BCE)====
{{Main|Maurya Empire}}

====Shunga Empire (185 BCE–73 BCE)====
{{Main|Shunga Empire}}

====Kanva dynasty (73 BCE–28 BCE)====
{{Main|Kanva dynasty}}

===Extraneous rule (28 BCE-c.240 CE)===

====Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) ( 1st cent. BCE - 2nd cent. CE)====
{{Main|Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)}}

====Kushan Empire and Mahameghavahana dynasty (2nd-3rd cent. CE)====
{{Main|Kushan Empire|Mahameghavahana dynasty}}

===Guptas===

====Gupta Empire (c. 240–c. 579)====
{{Main|Gupta Empire}}

===Post-Gupta===
====Later Guptas (c. 6th century CE–c. 8th century CE)====
{{Main|Later Guptas}}

[[File:Archer type coinage of King Mahasenagupta of the Later Gupta dynasty.png|thumb|Archer type coinage of King [[Mahasenagupta]] of the Later Gupta dynasty, c. 6th century CE]]
The Later Gupta dynasty, also known as the Later Guptas of Magadha, were the rulers of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] region and partly of [[Malwa]] from the 6th and 8th centuries CE. The Later Guptas emerged after the disintegration of the [[Gupta Empire|Imperial Guptas]] as the rulers of Magadha and Malwa however, there is no evidence to connect the two dynasties and the Later Guptas may have adopted the -gupta suffix to link themselves the Imperial Guptas.<ref name=Ghosh2021>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |chapter=Later Guptas |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: Asia and Africa |date=2022 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00571 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00571|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

====Maukharis (c. 510 CE–c. 606 CE)====
{{Main|Maukharis of Kannauj|Maukharis of Gaya}}

[[File:Map of the Maukharis.png|thumb|Map of the [[Maukharis of Kannauj]]]]
The initial branch of the Maukharis ruled from [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in Magadha before later moving to [[Kannauj]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |chapter=Maukharīs |title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History: Asia and Africa |date=2023 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00569 |isbn=978-1-119-39991-9 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781119399919.eahaa00569}}</ref> The Maukharis have been associated with the Magadha region since the [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan period]]. The earliest inscription of the Maukhari dynasty has been found in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] dating back to the third-century BCE on a clay seal and the Maukharis continued to have a recorded presence in Gaya until the 6th century CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghosh |first1=Suchandra |chapter=Maukhari Empire |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |date=2016 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe271 |isbn=978-1-118-44064-3 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe271}}</ref>

Due to the events leading to the collapse of the Gupta Empire, [[Harivarman]], the first Maukhari of Kannauj likely migrated westwards to carve out his own kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tripathi |first1=Rama Shankar |title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804043 |pages=28–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&dq=maukharis+of+gaya&pg=PA32}}</ref>

===Late Medieval===
{{Main|Pithipatis of Magadha}}

From the 11th century until the late 13th century, a group of Buddhist kings known as the [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya|Pithipatis]] ruled parts of the Magadha region. These kings referred to themselves as ''Magadhādipati'' which translates to "Lords of Magadha".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sircar |first1=D. C. |title=Bodhgayā Inscription of Pithipati Ācārya Buddhasena |journal=Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume |date=1978 |pages=255–256 |doi=10.1163/9789004646476_033 |isbn=978-90-04-64647-6 |url=https://brill.com/edcollchap/book/9789004646476/B9789004646476_s033.xml|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Buddhism and Jainism==
[[Gautama Buddha]], the founder of [[Buddhism]], lived much of his life in the kingdom of Magadha. He attained [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], gave his first sermon in [[Sarnath]] and the [[Buddhist councils|first Buddhist council]] was held in [[Rajgriha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lumbinitrust.org/articles/view/214 |title=Lumbini Development Trust: Restoring the Lumbini Garden |access-date=6 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306041858/http://www.lumbinitrust.org/articles/view/214 |archive-date=6 March 2014 }}</ref>

Several [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇic movements]] had existed before the 6th century BCE, and these influenced both the [[āstika and nāstika]] traditions of Indian philosophy.<ref name=reginaldray247>{{cite book |first=Reginald |last=Ray |year=1999 |title=Buddhist Saints in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195134834 |pages=237–240, 247–249 }}</ref> The [[Śramaṇa|Śramaṇa movement]] gave rise to diverse range of heterodox beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, atomism, antinomian ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, idealisation of extreme asceticism to that of family life, strict [[ahimsa]] (non-violence) and vegetarianism to the permissibility of violence and meat-eating.<ref>{{cite book |first=Padmanabh S. |last=Jaini |year=2001 |title=Collected papers on Buddhist Studies |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-8120817760 |pages=57–77 }}</ref> Magadha kingdom was the nerve centre of this revolution.

[[Jainism]] was revived and re-established after [[Mahavira]], the last and the 24th ''[[Tirthankara]]'', who synthesised and revived the philosophies and promulgations of the ancient Śramaṇic traditions laid down by the first Jain tirthankara [[Rishabhanatha]] millions of years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last=Patel|first=Haresh|title=Thoughts from the Cosmic Field in the Life of a Thinking Insect [A Latter-Day Saint]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SXgEfiNY46sC&pg=PA271|year=2009|publisher=Strategic Book Publishing|isbn=978-1-60693-846-1|page=271}}</ref> [[Buddha]] founded [[Buddhism]] which received royal patronage in the kingdom.

[[File:Magadha kingdom Circa 430-320s BC AR Karshapana.jpg|thumb|Magadha kingdom coin, {{Circa|430}}–320 BCE, Karshapana]]
[[File:Magadha kingdom coin Circa 350 BC AR Karshapana.jpg|thumb|Magadha kingdom coin, {{Circa|350 BCE}}, Karshapana]]
[[File:Mauryan Empire. Circa late 4th-2nd century BC.jpg|thumb|Chandragupta Maurya period [[Karshapana|Karshapana coin]], circa 315-310 B.C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=335378|title=Auction 396. INDIA, Mauryan Empire, Karshapana (14mm, 3.32 g). circa 315-310 BC|website=www.cngcoins.com|access-date=24 April 2024}}</ref>]]
According to Indologist [[Johannes Bronkhorst]], the culture of Magadha was in fundamental ways different from the Vedic kingdoms of the [[Indo-Aryans]]. According to Bronkhorst, the [[Śramaṇa|śramana]] culture arose in "[[Greater Magadha]]," which was Indo-Aryan, but not [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]]. In this culture, [[Kshatriya]]s were placed higher than [[Brahmin]]s, and it rejected [[Vedas|Vedic]] authority and rituals.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p={{page needed|date=April 2022}}}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Long |first=Jeffery D. |title=Jainism : an introduction |date=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-4416-3839-7 |location=London |oclc=608555139}}</ref> He argues for a cultural area termed "[[Greater Magadha]]", defined as roughly the geographical area in which the [[Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]] lived and taught.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p={{page needed|date=April 2022}}}} <ref name=Witzel>{{cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |title=Macrocosm, Mesocosm, and Microcosm: The Persistent Nature of 'Hindu' Beliefs and Symbolic Forms |journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |year=1997 |pages=501–539 |doi=10.1007/s11407-997-0021-x |jstor=20106493 |s2cid=144673508 }}</ref>

With regard to the Buddha, this area stretched by and large from [[Śrāvastī]], the capital of [[Kosala]], in the north-west to [[Rajgir|Rājagṛha]], the capital of Magadha, in the south-east".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007 |pp=xi, 4}} According to Bronkhorst, "there was indeed a culture of Greater Magadha which remained recognizably distinct from Vedic culture until the time of the grammarian Patañjali (ca. 150 BCE) and beyond".{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=265}} The Buddhologist Alexander Wynne writes that there is an "overwhelming amount of evidence" to suggest that this rival culture to the Vedic Aryans dominated the eastern [[Gangetic plain]] during the early Buddhist period. Orthodox Vedic Brahmins were, therefore, a minority in Magadha during this early period.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=31537|title=Review of Bronkhorst, Johannes, Greater Magadha: Studies in the Culture of Early India|last=Wynne|first=Alexander|date=2011|website=H-Buddhism|access-date=25 August 2019}}</ref>

The Magadhan religions are termed the [[sramana]] traditions and include [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Ājīvika]]. Buddhism and Jainism were the religions promoted by the early Magadhan kings, such as Srenika, [[Bimbisara]] and [[Ajatashatru]], and the [[Nanda Dynasty]] (345–321 BCE) that followed was mostly Jain. These Sramana religions did not worship the [[Rigvedic deities|Vedic deities]], instead of practising some form of [[asceticism]] and [[meditation]] ([[jhana]]) and tending to construct round burial mounds (called [[stupas]] in Buddhism).{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2007|p=265}} These religions also sought some type of liberation from the cyclic rounds of rebirth and karmic retribution through spiritual knowledge.

===Religious sites in Magadha===
[[File:Bodh gaya before restoration.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The ancient [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at Bodh Gaya prior to its restoration]]
Among the Buddhist sites currently found in the Magadha region include two UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s such as the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]]<ref name="Sarao2020">{{cite book|author=K.T.S. Sarao|title=The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5n9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|date=16 September 2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=9789811580673|pages=66–}}</ref> and the [[Nalanda]] monastery.<ref name="Kumar2018">{{cite book|author=Pintu Kumar|title=Buddhist Learning in South Asia: Education, Religion, and Culture at the Ancient Sri Nalanda Mahavihara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlZWDwAAQBAJ|date=7 May 2018|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-5493-0}}</ref> The Mahabodhi Temple is one of the most important places of pilgrimage in the Buddhist world and is said to mark the site where the Buddha attained enlightenment.<ref name="GearySayers2012">{{cite book|author1=David Geary|author2=Matthew R. Sayers|author3=Abhishek Singh Amar|title=Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on a Contested Buddhist Site: Bodh Gaya Jataka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izcenGMBfsoC|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-68452-1|pages=18–21}}</ref>

==Language==
{{Main|Magadhi Prakrit}}

{{See also|Ardhamagadhi Prakrit}}

Beginning in the Theravada commentaries, the [[Pali language]] has been identified with [[Magadhi Prakrit|Magadhi]], the language of the kingdom of Magadha, and this was taken to also be the language that the Buddha used during his life. In the 19th century, the British [[Oriental studies|Orientalist]] [[Robert Caesar Childers]] argued that the true or geographical name of the Pali language was [[Magadhi Prakrit]], and that because ''pāḷi'' means "line, row, series", the early Buddhists extended the meaning of the term to mean "a series of books", so ''pāḷibhāsā'' means "language of the texts".<ref>''A Dictionary of the Pali Language'' By Robert Cæsar Childers</ref> Nonetheless, Pali does retain some eastern features that have been referred to as ''Māgadhisms''.<ref name="Gethin2008">{{cite book|author=Rupert Gethin|title=Sayings of the Buddha: New Translations from the Pali Nikayas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AvogpRk9-5wC|date=9 October 2008|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-283925-1|pages=xxiv }}</ref>

Magadhi Prakrit was one of the three dramatic prakrits to emerge following the decline of Sanskrit. It was spoken in Magadha and neighbouring regions and later evolved into modern eastern [[Indo-Aryan languages]] like [[Magahi language|Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Beames|first=John|url=http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139208871|title=Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India: To Wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-20887-1|location=Cambridge|doi=10.1017/cbo9781139208871.003}}</ref>

==Historical figures from Magadha==
[[File:Mahavir.jpg|thumb|upright|The 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, [[Mahavira]], who was born in the [[Nāya]] republic near Magadha to a royal family ]]

Important people from the region of Magadha include:

*'''[[Mahākāśyapa]]''' - one of [[the Buddha]]'s principle disciples born in the 5th century BCE in Mahātittha village in Magadha<ref name=Princeton>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lopez |first=Donald |date=2014 |title=Mahākāśyapa |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2507|encyclopedia= Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|location= |publisher= Princeton University Press |access-date=}}</ref>
* '''[[Gautama Swami|Indrabhūti Gautama]]''' - a [[Brahmin]] born to Vasubhūti and in Gorbara village in Magadha. He is considered to be [[Mahavira]]'s chief disciple, a [[ganadhara]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vidyabhusana |first=Satis Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lG85RD9YZoC&q=%22gorbara%22&pg=PA159 |title=A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools |date=1 January 1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House |isbn=978-81-208-0565-1 |language=en}}</ref> His brothers, Agnibhūti and Vāyubhūti, were also ganadharas of Mahavira.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goldstücker |first=Theodor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvQqdjiHUPwC&dq=agnibhuti+vayubhuti&pg=PA106 |title=Literary Remains of the Late Professor Theodore Goldstücker: In Two Volumes |date=1879 |publisher=W.H. Allen |language=en}}</ref>
* '''[[Śāriputra]]''' – born to a wealthy ''[[Brahmin]]'' in a village located near [[Rājagaha]] in Magadha. He is considered the first of the Buddha's two chief male disciples, together with [[Maudgalyāyana]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Prasad |first1=Chandra Shekhar |title=Nalanda vis-à-vis the Birthplace of Śāriputra |journal=East and West |year=1988 |volume=38 |issue=1/4 |pages=175–188 |jstor=29756860 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756860}}</ref>
* '''[[Maudgalyāyana]]''' – born in the village of Kolita in Magadha. He was one of the Buddha's two main disciples. In his youth, he was a spiritual wanderer before meeting the Buddha.<ref name="Malalasekera2007">{{cite book|author=Gunapala Piyasena Malalasekera|title=Dictionary of Pāli Proper Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Au_lIP1ZnQC&pg=PA403|year=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-3022-6|pages=403–404}}</ref>
* '''[[Mahavira]]''' – the 24th [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]]. Born into a royal [[kshatriya]] family in what is now [[Vaishali district]] of [[Bihar]]. He abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of 30 and became an ascetic. He is considered to be the successor of [[Pārśvanātha]] and a slightly older contemporary of the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dundas |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdjNkZoGFCgC&pg=PA30 |title=The Jains |date=2002 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dutt2013">{{cite book|author=Romesh Chunder Dutt|title=A History of Civilisation in Ancient India: Based on Sanscrit Literature: Volume I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=udv7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA382|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-38189-8|pages=382–383}}</ref>
* '''[[Maitripada]]''' – an 11th-century Indian Buddhist [[Mahasiddha]] associated with the [[Mahāmudrā]] transmission. Born in the village of Jhatakarani in Magadha. Also associated with the monasteries of [[Nalanda University|Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tatz |first1=Mark |title=The Life of the Siddha-Philosopher Maitrīgupta |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |year=1987 |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=695–711 |doi=10.2307/603308 |jstor=603308}}</ref>
* '''[[Dhyānabhadra]]''' - 13th/14th century monk of [[Nalanda]] born to a minor chief in Magadha and later travelled across South and East Asia.<ref name=Buswell2014>{{cite book |last1=Buswell |first1=Robert |last2=Lopez |first2=Donald |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863 |pages=1056 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGmYDwAAQBAJ}}</ref>
*'''[[Subhūticandra]]''' - 11/12th-century Indian Buddhist monk associated with [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]] who belonged to Magadha.<ref name=Deokar2012>{{cite journal |last1=Deokar |first1=Lata |title=Subhūticandra: A Forgotten Scholar of Magadha |journal=Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka |date=2012 |volume=10 |pages=137–154 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7228101}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Greater Magadha]]
* [[History of India]]
* [[Magadha–Vajji war]]
* [[Magadha–Anga war]]
* [[Avanti–Magadhan War]]
* [[List of monarchs of Magadha]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[Magahi culture]]
* [[Magahi language]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
| last= Raychaudhuri
| first= H.C.
| date= 1972
| title = Political History of Ancient India
|location=Calcutta
| publisher = University of Calcutta
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Law
|first=Bimala Churn
|title=Ancient Indian Tribes
|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ancientindiantri032697mbp#page/n111/mode/2up
|year=1926
|location=Lahore
|chapter=4. The Magadhas
|publisher=Motilal Banarsidas}}
* {{cite book |last=Bronkhorst |first=Johannes |title=Greater Magadha: studies in the culture of early India |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden; Boston |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15719-4 |oclc=608455986 |url= http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Greater%20Magadha%20Studies%20in%20the%20Culture%20of%20Early%20India_Bronkhorst.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150911082421/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Greater%20Magadha%20Studies%20in%20the%20Culture%20of%20Early%20India_Bronkhorst.pdf |url-status= dead |archive-date= 11 September 2015 |series=Handbook of oriental studies. Section two, India |volume=19 |issn=0169-9377}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Pearson PLC|Pearson]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 |ref={{sfnref|Upinder Singh|2016}} }}
{{refend}}

{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
{{Empires}}
{{Mahajanapada}}
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
{{Magadh Division topics}}
{{coord missing|Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Historical regions of North India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Magadha| ]]
[[Category:6th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties]]
[[Category:Historical regions in India]]
[[Category:Ancient Bengal]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Bihar]]
[[Category:History of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:Iron Age cultures of South Asia]]
[[Category:Jain empires and kingdoms]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Magahi language]]
[[Category:Mahajanapadas]]
[[Category:Regions of Bihar]]
[[Category:Regions of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Regions of Odisha]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 17th century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 6th century]]

Bageshri

2026-03-19T15:52:56Z

CoralRaphael599: formatting fix

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Bageshri
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]<ref name="tanarang.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.tanarang.com/english/bageshree_eng.htm |title=Raag Bageshree – Hindustani Classical Music |publisher=Tanarang.com |accessdate=2022-08-25}}</ref>
| type = Audav Shadav/ Audav-Sampurna / Shadav sampurna Or sampurna sampurna<ref name="tanarang.com" />
| time = 2nd Prahar of the Night (9PM to 12AM)
| season =
| arohana = S g m D n S'<ref name="tanarang.com" />
| avarohana = S'n D m g R S
Or S' n D m P D g m g R S
Or S' n D,P D n D m g, R G m g R S<ref name="tanarang.com" />
| vadi = Ma<ref name="tanarang.com" />
| samavadi = Sa<ref name="tanarang.com" />
| pakad = D n s, m, m P D, m g R S
| chalan =
| synonym = Vagishvari{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
| equivalent =
| similar = [[Rageshree|Rageshri]]<ref name="tanarang.com" />
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
[[File:Bageshri - arohanam and avarohanam.wav|thumb|Bageshri]]
'''Raga Bageshri''' or '''Bageshree''' ({{IAST3|Bāgeśrī}}) is a [[Hindustani raga]]. It is meant to depict the emotion of waiting for reunion with one's lover. Being a very melodic raga it has gained popularity over the centuries. Like all ragas, Raga Bageshri traces its origins to the Samaveda, a sacred Hindu text with roots that likely date back to around 1500 BCE, though its oral tradition could be much older.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jamison |first1=S. W. |last2=Witzel |first2=Michael |date=1992 |title=Vedic Hinduism |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242441906_Vedic_Hinduism |journal=The Study of Hinduism |page=2}}</ref>

Raga Bageshri is a night time raga (''madhya raatri'' Ragsamaya), written in ''[[Kafi (thaat)|Kaafi]]'' [[thaat]], ''Ma'' [[Vadi (music)|Vadi]], ''Sa'' Samvadi, 5/7 Jati, Hasya Rasa (associated with joyful, the comic, and happy emotions).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ragopedia Raga Chapter - Rasa |url=https://www.ragopedia.com/raga/rasa.html |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.ragopedia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table of Indian Raags |url=http://www.p-sarkar.com/Table%20of%20Indian%20Raags.htm |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=www.p-sarkar.com}}</ref>

In modern days, people like the popular Hindi music director [[C. Ramchandra|C.Ramchandra]] favour composing songs in Bageshri, as he found it simple. In a 1978 interview at BBC studios with Mahendra Kaul, he explained this, while playing songs like ([[Azaad (1955 film)|Radha na bole – Azad, 1955]]) that were set to Bageshri.<ref name="int">{{cite news |last1=Kaul |first1=Mahendra |title=Interview with C Ramchandra |url=https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/bbcone/london/1979-09-02 |access-date=11 April 2019 |publisher=BBC Studios |date=2 February 1978 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411064435/https://genome.ch.bbc.co.uk/schedules/bbcone/london/1979-09-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Theory ==
The [[Music theory|theoretical]] aspects of Bageshri are as follows:

=== Scale ===
:[[Arohana]] : S g m D n S'<ref name="tanarang.com" />{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
:[[Avarohana]] : S' n D m P D g m g R S<ref name="tanarang.com" />{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}

=== Vadi & Samavadi ===
:[[Vadi (Hindustani classical music)|Vadi]] : Madhyam (Ma)<ref name="tanarang.com" />
:[[Samavadi]]: Shadja (Sa)<ref name="tanarang.com" />

=== [[Pakad]] or [[Raga|Chalan]] ===
D n s, m, m P D, m g R S

:'''Varjit Swara''' – P & R in Aaroh

:'''Jati :''' – Audav-Sampoorna (Vakra)

=== Organization & Relationships ===
[[Thaat]]: [[Kafi (raga)]]

=== [[Samayā]] (Time) ===
The time for this raaga is {{transliteration|hi|madhya raatri}} (middle of the night).

== Carnatic music ==
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Bageshri
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela = 22nd, [[Kharaharapriya]]
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
Bageshri raga a popular raga. It is derived from the 22nd [[Melakarta]], [[Kharaharapriya]].<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> This raga is a [[janya]] raga (derived) as it does not have all the seven notes in the ascending scale.

=== Structure and Lakshana ===
Bageshri is an asymmetric scale that does not contain ''panchamam'' or ''rishabam'' in the ascending scale. It is called a ''audava-sampurna'' rāgam,<ref name="ragas" /> in Carnatic music classification (as it has 5 notes in ascending and 7 notes in descending scale). Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|G2|M1|D2|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D2|N2|P|M1|G2|R2|S|foot=yes}}

This scale uses the notes {{transliteration|hi|shadjam, chathusruti rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham}}, and {{transliteration|hi|kaisiki nishadam}}.

=== Popular compositions ===
Bageshri is a very melodic raga in Carnatic music.<ref name="ragas" /> So, even though this scale has been used only in a few [[krithi]]s (compositions), many devaranamas, ashtapadis, thiruppugazhs, and other lyrics have been set to tune in this raga. It is typically sung in concerts after the main piece, in ''viruttams'', ''padams'', ''bhajans'', and [[ragamalika]].<ref name="ragas" />

Here are some popular compositions in ''Bageshri''.

*''Sagarasayana'' by [[M. D. Ramanathan]]
*''Maname Ariyen'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
*''Antakanadutarige Kimchittu Kayavilla'' by [[Purandaradasa]]
*''Govindamiha'' by [[Narayana Teertha|Narayana Theertha]]
*''Kanden Kanden'' by [[Arunachala Kavi]]-Also sung in [[Vasantha (raga)|Vasantha]]

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Kaanaa Inbam Kannidhadheno
|[[Sabaash Meena]]
|[[T. G. Lingappa]]
|T. A. Mothi, [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kalaiyae En Vazhkaiyin
|[[Meenda Sorgam]]
|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Idhaya Vaasal Thirantha Pothum
|[[Thoongatha Kannindru Ondru]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Anbale Thediya En
|[[Deivapiravi (1960 film)|Deivapiravi]]
|[[R. Sudarsanam]]
|[[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kangale Kangale
|[[Vaazhkai Padagu]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|Mayakkum Maalai
|[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]], [[Jikki]]
|-
|Malarukku Thendral
|[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]
|[[P. Susheela]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
|Paal Irukkum Pazham Irukkum
|[[Paava Mannippu]]
|rowspan="3"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Ponnezhil Pootadu
|[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]
| rowspan="5" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|Nee Ennenna Sonnalum
|[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]
|-
|Nilave Ennidam
|[[Ramu (1966 film)|Ramu]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Avan Nenaithaana
|[[Selva Magal]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Kannanin Sanithiyil
|Oru Kodiyil Iru Malargal
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Nee Engey En Ninaivugal
|[[Mannippu]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]], [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
|Punnagai Mannan
|[[Iru Kodugal]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[P. Susheela]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
|Melatha Mella
|[[Aruvadai Naal]]
|rowspan="17"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kelaayo Kanna
|[[Naane Raja Naane Mandhiri]]
|[[P. Susheela]], Usha Srinivasan
|-
|Kala Kala Sangamamo
|Ezhumalayaan Magimai
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Then Mozhi
|[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Kaviyam Padava Thendrale
|[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Idhayathai Thirudathe]]
|-
|Mounam Yen Mounamey
|[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]
|-
|Roja Ondru Mutham Ketkum Neram
|[[Komberi Mookan]]
|[[S P Balasubramaniam]] & [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Eduthu Naan Vidava
|[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Ingeyum
|[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Unnayum Ennayum
|[[Aalappirandhavan]]
|[[K.J. Jesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Yarodu Yaro
|Salangayil Oru Sangeetham
|rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Chinnai Chiru
|[[Endrum Anbudan]]
|-
|Rokkam Irukura Makkal
|[[Kasi (film)|Kasi]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Singalathu Chinnakuyile
(Ragam Bahudari touches also)
|[[Punnagai Mannan]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Vaikasi Masthula
|[[Ninaivu Chinnam]]
|-
|Mazhai Varuthu
|[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]
|rowspan="3"|[[K.J. Jesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Sangathamizh Kaviye
(Ragamalika:[[Abheri]], Bageshri, Sumanesa Ranjani)
|[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]
|-
|Santosham Kaanatha
|[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|-
|Koluse Koluse
|Pen Puthi Mun Puthi
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
|-
|Chinna Kannan
|[[Senthoora Poove]]
|rowspan=2|[[Manoj–Gyan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Thazham Poovai Theril Kanden
|Rojakkal Unakaga
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]](Humming only)
|-
|Malaicharal Oram
|Avathellam Pennalae
|rowspan=2|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|Kadalodu Nadhikenna Kobam
|Arthangal Ayiram
|rowspan=3|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Aruviyin Oram
|Paadum Paadal Unakkaga
|Maharaajaa
|-
|Naan Vandha Idam
|Thanga Kolusu
|rowspan=2|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Thalaivanai Azhaikuthu
|[[En Aasai Machan]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Uchathil Otha Kuyil
|Partha Parvayil
|M. M. A. Iniyavan
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Pollatha Kannan
|[[Swarnamukhi (film)|Swarnamukhi]]
|Swararaj
|[[K. S. Chithra]], Gajendran
|-
|Aaromale ([[Malayalam]])
|[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]
|rowspan=3|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[Alphons Joseph]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]](Female Version)
|-
|Valayapatti Thavile
(Ragamalika: [[Bihag]], Bageshri, Neelambhari)
|[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Ujjayinee Roy]], [[Srimathumitha]], Darshana KT
|-
|Seemanthapoo
|[[99 Songs]]
|[[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Sharanya Srinivas]], Sireesha Bhagavatula
|-
|Kaatru Vanthu Santham Solla
|Konjum Kili
|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Sunandha
|-
|Vallami Tharayo
|[[Vallamai Tharayo]]
|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|Bharadwaj, [[Surmukhi Raman]]
|-
|Thuli Thuliyai
(Ragamalika:[[Harikambhoji]], Bageshri)
|[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]
|[[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
|Ramesh Vinayakam, [[Kaushiki Chakrabarty]], Vinaya
|}

=== Language: Hindi ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Aja Re, Paradesi
|[[Madhumati]]
|[[Salil Chowdhury]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Phir Chhiddi Raat
|[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]
|[[Mohammed Zahur Khayyam|Mohd Khayyam]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Talat Aziz]]
|-
|[[Bachna Ae Haseeno (song)|Bachna Ae Haseeno]]
|[[Hum Kisise Kum Nahi]] (1977) / [[Bachna Ae Haseeno]] (2008)
|[[R D Burman]] (1977) / [[Vishal-Shekhar]] (2008)
|[[Kishore Kumar]] / Sumit Kumar
|-
|Ami Je To Mar
|[[Bhool Bhulaiya]]
|[[Pritam]]
|[[M.G. Sreekumar]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Ghadi Ghadi Mora Dil Dhadke
|[[Madhumati]]
|[[Salil Chowdhury]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Bedardi Dagabaz Ja Tu Nahin Balma Mora
|[[Bluff Master (1963 film)|Bluff Master]]
|[[Kalyanji-Anandji]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Chah Barbad Karegi
|[[Shahjehan]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[K. L. Saigal]]
|-
|Ja Re, Beiman Tujhe Jan Liya
|[[Private Secretary]]
|[[Dilip Dholakia]]
|[[Manna Dey]]
|-
|Jaag Dard-e-Ishq Jaag
|[[Anarkali]]
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[Hemant Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Shubh Ghadi Aai
|Insaaf Ki Tope
|Nagar Das Nayak
|Shaila V. Panchotia
|-
|Hamse aaya naa gayaa
|Dekh Kabiraa Roya
|Madan Mohan
|Talat Mehmood
|-
|Jao Jao Nand Ke Lala
|[[Rangoli]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Radha Na Bole Na Bole
|[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Ruth Ke Humse Kahin
|[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar]]
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|[[Jatin Pandit]]
|-
|Sanwoli Saloni Teri Jheel Si Aankhen
|[[Ham Sab Chor Hain (1995 film)|Ham Sab Chor Hain]]
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|Aab Ghar Aaja
|[[Haasil (film)|Haasil]]
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|[[Javed Ali]]
|-
|Mera Chand Mujhe Aaya Hai Nazar
|[[Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan]]
|[[Jatin–Lalit]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]]
|-
|Kahena Hi Kya
|[[Bombay]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Aisa Kyon Hota Hai Barbar
|[[Ishq Vishk]]
|[[Anu Malik]]
|[[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
|Bolo Na
|[[Chittagong]]
|[[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|-
|Emotional Atyachar
|[[Dev D]]
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|[[Amit Trivedi]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|-
|Chahaton Ka Silsila
|[[Shabd]]
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|Bhare Naina
|[[Ra.One]]
|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]
|[[Nandini Srikar]]
|-
|Raat Bhar Chand Jwala
|Moonlight Whispers (Album)
|[[Vivek Prakash]]
|[[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|Ishq Jalakar - Kaarvan
|[[Dhurandhar]]
|[[Shashwat Sachdev, Roshan]]
|[[Shashwat Sachdev, Shahzad Ali, Subhadeep Das Chowdhury, Armaan Khan]]
|}

=== Language: Kannada ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Kaalavannu Thadeyoru
|[[Kittu Puttu]] (1977) / [[Apthamitra]] (2004)
|[[Rajan-Nagendra]] (1977) / [[Gurukiran]] (2004)
|[[K J Yesudas]], [[S Janaki]] (1977) / [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Gurukiran]] (2008)
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*[[List of film songs based on ragas]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=978-0-9543976-0-9 |page=26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514235610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_others_samay_index.html SRA on Samay and Ragas]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070514234610/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_raga/sra_raga_that/sra_raga_that_index.html SRA on Ragas and Thaats]
*[http://www.parrikar.org/vault/ Rajan Parrikar on Ragas]
*[http://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/bageshree/ Rajan Parrikar on Bageshree]
*[http://chandrakantha.com/raga_raag/film_song_raga/bageshri.shtml Film Songs in Rag Bageshree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100916214523/http://www.chandrakantha.com/raga_raag/film_song_raga/bageshri.shtml |date=16 September 2010 }}
*[https://oceanofragas.com/ocean_HtmlPages/Bageshree.html More details about raga Bageshree]

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}
{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]
[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Jagan (actor)

2026-03-18T19:28:11Z

CoralRaphael599: new

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jagan Purushottam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|12|16|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]]
| othername =
| occupation = Actor, host
| yearsactive = 2005–present
| spouse = Vaanmathi<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Jagan-to-get-hitched/articleshow/16351356.cms|title=Jagan to get hitched|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Jagan''' (born December 16, 1976) is an Indian actor and [[comedian]] who has appeared in supporting roles in Tamil films. His breakthrough was with [[K. V. Anand]]'s ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'', where he played a small-time smuggler Chitti Babu, and the role won him critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050520200.htm|title=The Hindu : Friday Review Chennai / Film Review : Hail Action! - Ayan|date=13 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413153445/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/04/10/stories/2009041050520200.htm|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=13 April 2009}}</ref>

He was the anchor of popular show ''Kadavul Paadhi Mirugam Paadhi'', which was about reviewing movies, aired in [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]. The show was pulled off air citing hard-hitting criticism. He is also a prominent TV and stage show host.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jagan-takes-a-dig-at-venkat-prabhu-news-tamil-lmvk6Jcbdhj.html|title=Jagan takes a dig at Venkat Prabhu|date=8 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108011751/http://www.sify.com/movies/jagan-takes-a-dig-at-venkat-prabhu-news-tamil-lmvk6Jcbdhj.html|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> He also hosts the game show ''[[Connexion (TV show)|Connexion]]'' on [[Vijay TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/A-fresh-connect/article14380349.ece|title=A fresh connect|first=Malathi|last=Rangarajan|date=2 June 2016|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201020026/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/A-fresh-connect/article14380349.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He is married to his longtime girlfriend Vaanmathi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-jagan-about-suriya-helping-his-love-marriage-with-vaanmathi-tamil-news-210776|title=Actor Jagan reveals Suriya's role in his love marriage - Tamil News|website=Indiaglitz.com|date=4 April 2018|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013254/https://www.indiaglitz.com/actor-jagan-about-suriya-helping-his-love-marriage-with-vaanmathi-tamil-news-210776|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2005 || ''[[Kanda Naal Mudhal]]'' || Krishna's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]'' || Jaga ||
|-
| ''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]'' || ||
|-
|2006
|''[[Vallavan]]'' || Vallavan's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="3"|2007 || ''[[Satham Podathey]]'' || Jagan ||
|-
| ''[[Oram Po]]'' || Supply ||
|-
| ''[[Pori (film)|Pori]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2009 || ''[[Ayan (film)|Ayan]]'' || Chitti Babu ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010 || ''[[Paiyaa]]'' || Poochi ||
|-
| ''[[Chikku Bukku]]'' || Sekhar's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Nil Gavani Sellathey]]'' || Milo ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Ko (film)|Ko]]'' || Chander ||
|-
| ''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]'' || Kutty ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2012|| ''[[Ambuli]]'' || Marudhan ||
|-
|rowspan="6"|2013|| ''[[Vatthikuchi]]'' || Vanaraj ||
|-
| ''[[Karuppampatti]]'' || Karuppu ||
|-
| ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]'' || Vasanth ||
|-
| ''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' || Ada Murugesan ||
|-
| ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' || Sami ||
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' || Jackson ||
|-
|rowspan="6"| 2014 ||''[[Venmegam]]'' || Bhaskar ||
|-
| ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Jagan ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' || Satheesh ||
|-
| ''[[Sooran (film)|Sooran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pappali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'' || Jagan ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2015 || ''[[Iravum Pagalum Varum]]'' || Karthi's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Sagaptham]]'' || Maruthu ||
|-
| ''[[India Pakistan]]'' || Haridas/Pavadai ||
|-
| ''[[Anegan]]'' || Saamuda/Jagan ||
|-
| ''[[Aavi Kumar]]'' || Kumar's friend ||
|-
|''[[Savaale Samaali]]''|| Billa ||
|-
|''[[Thoonga Vanam]]''|| rowspan="2"|Jagan ||
|-
|'' Cheekati Rajyam'' || Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' || Rahul's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Manal Kayiru 2]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 ||''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' || Jagan ||
|-
| ''[[Bayama Irukku]]'' || Mani ||
|-
| ''[[Brahma.com]]'' || Jagan ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2018 || ''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' || Partha ||

|-
|rowspan="2"|2019|| ''Enakku Innum Kalyanam Aagala'' || Madhavan || Lead role<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/26/its-a-wrap-for-jagans-debut-as-the-lead-1779291.html|title=It's a wrap for Jagan's debut as the lead|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013257/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/26/its-a-wrap-for-jagans-debut-as-the-lead-1779291.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]'' || Rahul's friend ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2020|| ''[[Asuraguru]]'' || Jagannathan ||
|-
|rowspan="1"|2021|| ''[[Thalli Pogathey (film)|Thalli Pogathey]]'' || Karthik's friend||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''|| Scientist|| Also shot in Hindi and English<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-tv-host-jagan-joins-madhavan-in-rocketry/articleshow/70392718.cms|title=Popular TV host Jagan joins Madhavan in Rocketry|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201013253/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/popular-tv-host-jagan-joins-madhavan-in-rocketry/articleshow/70392718.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (2022 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''
|Madhan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
| ''[[Pallu Padama Paathuka]]'' || Arumai Nayagam ||
|-
|[[Ghosty (film)|''Ghosty'']]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghosty Movie Review: An irreverent, tasteless horror comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/17/kajal-aggarwals-ghosty-movie-review-an-irreverent-tasteless-horror-comedy-41199.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321000358/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/17/kajal-aggarwals-ghosty-movie-review-an-irreverent-tasteless-horror-comedy-41199.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Ithu Kathaiyalla Nijam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2024 ||''[[Idi Minnal Kadhal]]''||Raja||
|-
|''[[Indian 2]]''|| Thambesh ||
|-
| ''[[Rocket Driver]]'' || Professor||
|-
|}

===Director===
* ''Aanandham Aarambham'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/01/30020136/1341183/KV-Anand-would-have-certainly-been-happy-with-my-work-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130043849/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2022/01/30020136/1341183/KV-Anand-would-have-certainly-been-happy-with-my-work-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2022|title=KV Anand would have certainly been happy with my work: Jagan|via=DT Next}}</ref> (Micro Web Series)

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | TV Channel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2007
|''King Queen Jack''
|Host
| rowspan="5" |[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]
|[[Stand-up comedy]] show<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Tv Show King Queen Jack |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-shows/king-queen-jack |website=Nettv4u |access-date=24 July 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010071550/http://www.nettv4u.com/about/Tamil/tv-shows/king-queen-jack |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''Kadavul Paadhi Mirugam Paadhi''
| rowspan="2" |[[Film criticism|Film reviewer]]
(Jagan in a triple role as Nandu, Vandu, Jendu)
|
|-
|''Reel Paadhi Real Paadhi''
|
|-
|2013-2017
|''[[Connexion (TV show)|Connexion]]''
| rowspan="4" |Host
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|''[[Namma Ooru Connexion]]''
|
|-
|''Stunt Union's 50th year Golden Jubliee Celebrations''
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|2019
|''Inga Enna Solluthu''
|[[Kalaignar TV]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title="இது நம்ம ஆளு" {{!}} இங்க என்ன சொல்லுது {{!}} Inga Enna Solluthu {{!}} Game show {{!}} Jagan {{!}} Kalaignar TV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hUneJd9jAA |language=en |access-date=2022-08-27 |archive-date=27 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827045943/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hUneJd9jAA |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Rowdy Baby''
|Contestant
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|He participated with his wife, Vaanmathi.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Run Baby Run (TV show)|Run Baby Run]]''
|Host
|[[Zee Tamil]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Nandu' Jagan to host upcoming reality show 'Run Baby Run' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nandu-jagan-to-host-upcoming-reality-show-run-baby-run/articleshow/89830555.cms |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225141506/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/nandu-jagan-to-host-upcoming-reality-show-run-baby-run/articleshow/89830555.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''Sarkaar''
|Contestant
|[[Colors Tamil]] & [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Shrikant (TV series)

2026-03-05T06:23:24Z

CoralRaphael599: revise

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| based_on = {{based on|[[Srikanta (book)|''Srikanta'']]|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| director = [[Praveen Nischol]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Shrikant (TV series)#Cast|Farooque Shaikh]]
[[Rita Bhaduri]]
[[Sujata Mehta]]
[[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
[[Irrfan Khan]]
[[Ravindra Mankani]]
[[Satish Pulekar]]
[[Asha Sharma]]
| language = Hindi
| runtime = 25 minutes
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| first_aired = {{start date|1987}}
| last_aired =
| channel = [[DD National]]
}}

'''''Shrikant''''' is a TV show based on [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]a's 1917-1933 four volume novel [[Srikanta (book)|''Srikanta'']]. The show aired on [[Doordarshan]] in 1987.

The show was again telecast on [[DD National]] from 30 April 2020 during the [[2020 India coronavirus lockdown|lockdown due to coronavirus]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Irrfan Khan's Shrikant to run again on Doordarshan, here's when you can watch|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/irrfan-khan-s-shrikant-to-run-again-on-doordarshan-here-s-when-you-can-watch/story-pfhnr9UHtwB3WUV3C5aR2I.html|date=29 April 2020|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
The show tells the story of protagonist Shrikant ([[Farooque Shaikh]]). Sujata Mehta plays Raj Lakshmi. She nurses him to health when he is infected by plague. Later during a sea voyage to Burma, he meets Abhaya ([[Mrinal Kulkarni]]), a woman abandoned by her husband ([[Irrfan Khan]]).<ref name="Kulkarni">{{Cite web|title=Mrinal Kulkarni: I was embarrassed to scold Farooque Shaikh while enacting 'Shrikant'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrinal-Kulkarni-I-was-embarrassed-to-scold-Farooque-Shaikh-while-enacting-Shrikant/articleshow/50216180.cms|date=17 December 2015|website=Times of India|accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref>
In Burma, he receives the devotion of a lodge caretaker played by [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]. His love ideal remains Rajlakshmi.

== Cast ==
* [[Farooque Shaikh]] as Shrikant
* [[Late Master Vikas Khanna]] as Young Shrikant
*[[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Abhaya<ref name="Kulkarni2">{{Cite web|title=Mrinal Kulkarni: I was embarrassed to scold Farooque Shaikh while enacting 'Shrikant'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Mrinal-Kulkarni-I-was-embarrassed-to-scold-Farooque-Shaikh-while-enacting-Shrikant/articleshow/50216180.cms|date=17 December 2015|website=Times of India|accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Mankani]] as Rohini
* [[Irrfan Khan]] as Abhaya's husband.; Rudra Sen Gupta<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Shrikant-starring-Farooque-Sheikh-Mrinal-Kulkarni-Sujata-Mehta-and-Irrfan-Khan-is-all-set-to-make-a-comeback-on-television/articleshow/21929243.cms|title=Irrfan Khan's 80s TV show to make a comeback|website=Times of India|date=20 August 2013|accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref>
*[[Sujata Mehta]] as Raj Lakshmi
*[[Ashwini Bhave|Ashvini Bhave]] as Jamuna
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Dada Thakur
* [[Asha Sharma]]
* [[Priyadarshini]]
*[[Urvashi Dholakia]] as younger Raj Lakshmi
* [[Master Chhotu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3818922}}
* [https://www.wavespb.com/media/episode-1/23437 Prasar Bharati Waves link to watch this serial]

[[Category:1980s Indian television series]]
[[Category:1985 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:1986 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Myanmar]]

{{India-tv-prog-stub}}

Samrat (1994 film)

2026-03-03T22:07:38Z

CoralRaphael599: added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samrat
| image =

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Naganna]]
| producer = M. Rajashekar
| writer = Late Srivathsa Ranganath
| screenplay = T. N. Narasimhan
Naganna
| narrator =
| story = Naganna
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br>Soumya Kulkarni<br>[[Vinaya Prasad]]<br>[[Puneet Issar]]
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cinematography = J.G. Krishna
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| studio = Sri Gayatri Mata Pictures
| distributor = Manik Chand
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1994|05|04}}
| runtime = 126 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''Samrat''' is a 1994 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller]] film written and directed by [[Naganna]], making his debut,<ref>{{cite web|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagannas-epic-struggle-with-kurukshetra/article28855419.ece|title=Naganna's epic struggle with Kurukshetra|date=7 August 2019|access-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807143640/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nagannas-epic-struggle-with-kurukshetra/article28855419.ece|archive-date=7 August 2019}}</ref> and produced by M. Rajashekar.<ref>[https://chiloka.com/movie/samrat-1994 Samrat (ಸಾಮ್ರಾಟ್)- Action]</ref> The film starred [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/totlist.htm |title=Vishnuvardhan movies list |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=30 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130024318/http://www.vishnuvardhan.com/totlist.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sowmya Kulkarni (in her Kannada debut) and [[Vinaya Prasad]]. The film's music is scored by [[Hamsalekha]] whilst the cinematography is by J.G. Krishna.

==Cast==
*[[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] as Samrat
*Soumya Kulkarni as Sandhya, Samrat's lover
*[[Puneet Issar]] as Bhandaari
*[[Vajramuni]] as police commissioner
*[[Maanu (actor)|Maanu]] as Chief minister
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]] as Kulkarni Home Minister
*[[Rockline Venkatesh]] as Amavasye
*[[Ramesh Bhat]] as Baasha, Samrat's friend
*[[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Ekanath, Samrat's best friend and Sandhya's brother (special appearance)
*[[Lohithaswa]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*Sarigama Viji
*Nagendra Shah
*Bharat Bhagavatar
*Mahesh
*Jackie shivu
*[[Vinaya Prasad]] as a dancer (special appearance)

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film was composed and lyrics written by [[Hamsalekha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/nim-kade-sambarandre/1161635311?i=1161635422|title=Samraat (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|work=Apple Music|access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> After release, the soundtrack was well received and the track "Nimakade Sambarandre" became an all-time hit song.<ref name=fb /> It is rated as one of the top 10 Kannada patriotic songs by ''Filmibeat''.<ref name=fb>{{Cite web | url=http://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top-10-kannada-patriotic-songs-016883.html |title = ನಟರನ್ನು ಕನ್ನಡದ ಕಣ್ಮಣಿಯಾಗಿಸಿದ ಗೀತೆಗಳಿವು|date = 3 November 2014|access-date=25 June 2024|website=Filmibeat|first=Madhusudhan |last=Hegde|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107203926/https://kannada.filmibeat.com/news/top-10-kannada-patriotic-songs-016883.html|archive-date=7 November 2014}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eradu Manada Maathe
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics1 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Nange Duddandre Lekka Illa
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics2 = Hamsalekha
| length2 =
| title3 = Jeevanave Hudukaata
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| lyrics3 =Hamsalekha
| length3 =
| title4 = Nesara Banda
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra
| lyrics4 = Hamsalekha
| length4 =
| title5 = Nimkade Sambar Andre
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Malgudi Subha]]
| lyrics5 = Hamsalekha
| length5 =
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]
[[Category:1994 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Naganna]]
[[Category:1994 action films]]
[[Category:1994 crime drama films]]

{{1990s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Indraneil Sengupta

2026-03-02T22:34:26Z

CoralRaphael599: clean up

{{Short description|Indian film and television actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Indraneil Sengupta
| image = File:Indraneil Sengupta at the Press Meet, during the 43rd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2012) in Panaji, Goa.jpg
| caption = Sengupta in 2012
| image_size = 170px
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|09|08}}
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Barkha Bisht]]|2008|2022|end=div}}
| children = 1
| alma_mater = [[Scottish Church College]] [[University of London]]
| occupation = [[Model (person)|Model]], [[actor]]
| years_active = 2004–present
| known_for = [[Kahaani]], [[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]] [[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]], [[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]
}}

'''Indraniel Sengupta''' ({{IPA|bn|indronil ʃenɡupto}}), is an Indian actor and model who works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Bengali cinema (India)|Bengali]] films and television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=Indraneil Sengupta shares secret to eternal youth as he turns 45 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/indraneil-sengupta-shares-secret-to-eternal-youth-as-he-turns-45-1597602-2019-09-10 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sengupta was born on 8 September 1974 in [[Ahmedabad|Assam]], India, to a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] family. He completed his education from [[Scottish Church College]] in [[Kolkata]], India and then attended the [[University of London]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indraneil Sengupta Awards: Achievements & Honors |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/indraneil-sengupta/awards/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later, he started his career as a [[Model (person)|Model]].

==Career==
Sengupta was a finalist of the 1999 [[Gladrags Manhunt Contest]] in which [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] was the winner. He modelled for designer [[Rohit Bal]] and worked for choreographers [[Marc Robinson]] and [[Achala Sachdev]]. He also appeared in commercials for the [[Tata Indigo|Tata Indigo Marina]] car, VIP Frenchie and [[Aquafina]].

Later, he transitioned into music videos, including those for [[Falguni Pathak]]'s "Pal pal tere yaad sataye" and [[Jagjit Singh]]; one for the south Indian singer [[Yesudas]]'s Hindi album; and a remix of the old film song ''"Koi diya jale kahin (rum pum bum)"'', sung by [[Asha Bhosle]] from the movie ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]''. He also appeared in a television show on [[Star Plus]], ''[[Pyaar Ke Do Naam: Ek Raadha, Ek Shyaam]]''.<ref name="filmography">{{cite web |title=I am not chasing films: Indraneil Sengupta |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/i-am-not-chasing-films-indraneil-sengupta-2788516/}}</ref>

In 2004, he starred in the film ''[[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart]]'' which also starred [[Aftab Shivdasani]], [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Anupam Kher]]. He was to act in the movie ''[[Dus]]'' but the project got shelved.

In 2008, he played the negative role of Mohan Kanta, a British Indian army man who betrays his revolting pro-independence military regiment in the horror film ''1920'', written and directed by [[Vikram Bhatt]]. He also starred as Tushar in the [[Zee TV]] serial ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhan]].''<ref name=filmography/>

He appeared with his wife in ''[[Nach Baliye 3]]'' as a late entrant.

He starred in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] movies ''[[Mumbai Salsa]]'' and ''[[Kahaani]]''.<ref name=filmography/> He also appeared in few [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]]. In 2008, he starred in ''[[Janala]]'', also starring [[Swastika Mukherjee]] and directed by [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]].

At the beginning of 2009, he starred opposite [[Indrani Haldar]] in ''[[Angshumaner Chhobi]]'', which was directed by first-time filmmaker, [[Atanu Ghosh]]. The film was the only Bengali entry in the competitive section of the Indian Panorama in [[Goa]]. In late 2009, he starred as a bisexual lover in [[Kaushik Ganguly]]'s ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''. His love interest in this film is director [[Rituparno Ghosh]], and this was Rituparno's first movie as an actor.<ref name=filmography/>

In 2010, he did his first commercial Bengali film, ''Jodi Ekdin'', directed by Riingo. Indraneil received the [[Anandalok]] Fresh Face of the Year (male) award in 2009 for ''Anshumaner Chobi''.

Indraneil starred as a young aspiring director in the Bengali movie ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' with [[Prasenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Nandana Sen]]. The movie is a tribute to both [[Satyajit Ray]] and to [[Uttam Kumar]] as it is on the lines of the film ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]''.

In 2012, he acted in the [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]-directed Bengali movie ''[[Aparajita Tumi]]'', in which he played a young [[Bengali people|Bangladeshi]] professor. He played the role of a criminal in the Hindi film ''[[Kahaani]]'', directed by [[Sujoy Ghosh]] in the same year. In 2012 he also played a role in a [[Bangladesh]]i movie, ''[[Chorabali (2012 film)|Chorabali]]''.

He also starred in ''[[Goyenda Gogol]]'', which was released in 2013. He also starred in ''Teen Patti'', a Bengali film directed by Jenny Sarkar and Dipayan Mandal.

He is selected by [[Sandip Ray]] to play the Bengali sleuth [[Feluda]] in [[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]] (2022), which is the second reboot of [[Feluda (series)|Feluda film franchise]] and a loose sequel of the first reboot film [[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]] (2014). Also, he appeared as [[Feluda]] in the sequel [[Nayan Rahasya]] (2024).

==Personal life==
On 1 March 2008, Sengupta married [[Barkha Bisht]] who was his co-star in ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]'' and ''[[Pyaar ke do naam...Ek Radha Ek Shyaam]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barkha Sengupta on 10 years of being together with Indraneil: I can still manage to blow him away |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/barkha-sengupta-on-10-years-of-being-together-with-indraneil-i-can-still-manage-to-blow-him-away/articleshow/60020250.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> They have a daughter named Meira, who was born in October 2011.<ref name="Indraneil as a father TOI">{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=8 November 2011 |title=Being a father is the most beautiful experience: Indraneil |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news-interviews/30378296_1_meera-perfect-dad-aparajita-tumi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150211064850/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-08/news-interviews/30378296_1_meera-perfect-dad-aparajita-tumi |archive-date=11 February 2015 |access-date=11 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> They got officially divorced in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-03 |title=Indraneil Sengupta says divorce with Barkha Bisht brought a 'positive' change in his life, claims 'no one was wrong': 'Both of us were very different people' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indraneil-sengupta-says-divorce-with-barkha-bisht-brought-a-positive-change-in-his-life-9923015/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

He is dating Bengali Actress [[Ishaa Saha]] as of now.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Barkha Bisht accuses ex-husband Indraneil Sengupta of infidelity; recalls confronting him over rumoured affair with Ishaa Saha: 'Worst thing you can do to a woman' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/barkha-bisht-accuses-ex-husband-indraneil-sengupta-of-infidelity-recalls-confronting-him-over-rumoured-affair-with-ishaa-saha-worst-thing-you-can-do-to-a-woman-9915653/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
!
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Shukriya: Till Death Do Us Apart]]'' || Yash || rowspan=3 | Hindi
|
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mumbai Salsa (film)|Mumbai Salsa]]'' || Karan Kapoor
|
|-
| 2008 || ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' || Mohan Kant
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Angshumaner Chhobi]]'' || Angshuman || rowspan=9 | Bengali
|
|-
| ''Janala'' || Bimal Guha
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
| ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]'' ||Basu
|
|-
| ''Jodi Ekdin'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]''|| Shuvobrata
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011|| ''Bedini''|| Keshta
|
|-
| ''System''|| Eklavya
|
|-
|''Uro Chithi''
|Aniket Dasgupta
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2012
| ''[[Aparajita Tumi]]'' || Yusuf
|
|-
| ''[[Kahaani]]'' || Arnav Bagchi/Milan Damji || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Elar Char Adhyay]]'' || Atindra || rowspan="7" |Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Dashami]]''||Abhi
|
|-
| ''[[Chorabali (2012 film)|Chorabali]]'' || Sumon
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013
|''Sweetheart''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Goyenda Gogol]]'' || Ashok Thakur
|
|-
| ''[[C/O Sir]]'' || Ranabir
|
|-
| ''[[Satyanweshi (film)|Satyanweshi]]'' || Himangshu
|
|-
| ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]'' || Akhilesh || Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Rupkatha Noy]]''
|Sananda's husband
| rowspan="4" |Bengali
|
|-
| ''Nayika Sangbad'' || Bijit
|
|-
| ''[[Mishor Rohoshyo]]'' || Hani Alkadi
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014
| ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' || Raja/Alok
|
|-
| ''[[Jilmil Jonak]]'' || Cameo || Assamese
|
|-
| ''Teen Patti'' || Arya
|Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Samrat & Co.]]'' || Vijay Singh || rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
|[[Children of War (2014 film)|''Children of War'']]
|Amir
|
|-
| ''[[Arundhati (2014 film)|Arundhati]]'' || Kaal Rudra
| rowspan="3" |Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Gogoler Kirti]]'' || Ashok Thakur
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[Shajarur Kanta (2015 film)|Shajarur Kanta]]'' || Debasish
|
|-
| ''[[Calendar Girls (2015 film)|Calendar Girls]]'' || Shashank || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|''Mahanayika''
|Priyabrata Roy
| rowspan="3" |Bengali
|
|-
|''Shororipu''
|Shekhar
|
|-
| ''[[Samraat: The King Is Here]]''|| Raja
|
|-
| ''& Jara Hatke''|| Aakash || Marathi
|
|-
| ''Tobu Aporichito''|| Debashis
| rowspan="2" |Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Kiriti O Kalo Bhromor]]'' || Kiriti Roy
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017
| ''[[Sargoshiyan]]'' ||Vikram Roy || Hindi
|
|-
|''Aroni Tokhon''
|
| rowspan="2" |Bengali
|
|-
| ''[[Boss 2]]'' ||Bidyut Shivalkar
|
|-
|''[[III Smoking Barrels]]''
|Anuraag Dutta
| Multilingual
|
|-
| ''B.A.Pass 2'' ||Ritesh || rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|-
|''Lagori''
|Gaurav
|
|-
|''Biporjoy''
|
| rowspan="3" |Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018|| ''[[Aschhe Abar Shabor]]'' || Bijoy Sen
|
|-
| ''[[Nilacholey Kiriti]]'' || Kiriti Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Aithe 2.0]]'' || Avinash Ganguly || Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Mulk (film)|Mulk]]'' || Aftab Mohammad || Hindi
|
|-
|2019
|[[Devaki (2019 film)|''Devaki'']]
|
|Kannada
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021 || ''[[Choices (2021 film)|Choices]]'' || Vishal
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|-
|[[200 Halla Ho|''200: Halla Ho'']]
|IPS Sameer Deshpande
|
|-
| ''[[Torulatar Bhoot]]'' || Viki Ghosh || Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022 || ''[[Doctor G]]'' || Dr. Ashok Gupta || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]]'' || [[Feluda]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
|''[[Chalti Rahe Zindagi]]''
|Arjun
|Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023 || ''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''|| || [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]''|| Sudhanshu Roy|| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
|-
|''[[A Winter Tale at Shimla]]''
|Chintan
|
|-
| ''[[Aazam]]'' || DCP Ajay Joshi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''Shesh Rokkha''
|Satabdo Chatterjee
| rowspan="4" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|
|-
| ''[[Hubba (film)|Hubba]]'' || CID Officer
|
|-
|''[[Nayan Rahasya]]''
|[[Feluda]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Puratawn]]''
|Rajeev
|
|-
|[[Maa (2025 film)|''Maa'']]
|Shuvankar Dasgupta
|Hindi
|
|-
|''Nandini''
|
| rowspan="3" |[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Bangladeshi film<ref>{{Cite web |title=অবশেষে মুক্তি পেল 'নন্দিনী' {{!}} Daily Destiny |url=https://daily-destiny.com/?p=100665 |access-date=2025-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lokkhikantopur Local]]''
|Ani
|
|-
|''[[Lawho Gouranger Naam Rey]]''
|Film Director
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title!! Role !! Platform !! Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''Tadap'' || Azeem || [[Ullu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''Kark Rogue'' || || [[ZEE5|ZEE5 Originals]] ||
|-
| ''[[Love and Affairs]]'' || Abhishek || Hoichoi ||
|-
| ''[[Abhay (TV series)|Abhay]]'' || Kiran Dagar || [[ZEE5]] || Season 2<ref>{{cite web|title=ZEE5 Releases The Trailer Of 'Abhay' Season 2; Show To Stream On August 14|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/digital/zee5-releases-the-trailer-of-abhay-season-2-with-kunal-kemmu-53783|access-date=8 August 2020|website=Mumbai Live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2022 || ''[[The Gone Game]]''|| Prateek Jindal || [[Voot|Voot Select]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Aranyak (TV series)|Aranyak]]'' || Ravi || [[Netflix]] ||
|-
| ''[[Human (TV series)|Human]]'' || Neil || [[Hotstar Specials]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Mithya (web series)|Mithya]]'' || Vishal || [[ZEE5|ZEE5 Originals]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]'' || Ajay || [[Netflix]] ||
|-
| ''[[Bloody Brothers]]'' || Shekhar || [[ZEE5|ZEE5 Originals]] ||
|-
| ''[[The Broken News]]'' ||Pankaj Awasthi<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 11, 2022 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Sonali Bendre to make her OTT debut with Zee5's The Broken News. Watch teaser |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sonali-bendre-to-make-her-ott-debut-with-zee5-s-the-broken-news-watch-teaser-1948134-2022-05-11 |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> || [[ZEE5 original film|ZEE Originals]] ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Aarya (TV series)|Aarya season 3]]'' ||Sooraj Raizada ||[[Disney+Hotstar]] ||
|-
|2025
|''[[Do You Wanna Partner]]''
|Sunjoy Roy Chowdhury
|[[Prime Video]]
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2006
| rowspan = "3" | ''[[Pyaar Ke Do Naam: Ek Raadha, Ek Shyaam]]''
| Kishan
|
|
|-
| Shyam Sahay
|
|
|-
| Krishna Singh Rathore
|
|
|-
| 2006–2007
| ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''
| Tushar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Abhilash
| Season 3; Episode - 3 'Khel'
|
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye#Season 3|Nach Baliye 3]]''
| Contestant
|
|
|-
| 2007–2009
| ''[[Doli Saja Ke]]''
| Daksh Singhania
|
|
|-
| 2008–2009
| ''[[Maayka]]''
| Angad
|
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]''
| Rohan
|
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Contestant
| Player in 'Chandigarh Cubs'
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/|title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities|date=14 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Maharakshak: Devi]]''
| [[Shukracharya]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Darr Sabko Lagta Hai]]''
| Avinash
| Season 1; Episode 25
|
|-
|
| ''Box Cricket League 2''
| Contestant
| Player in 'Chandigarh Cubs'
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2016-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-1028570/ |title=200 Actors, 10 Teams, and 1 Winner... Let The Game Begin |work=India.com |access-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
| Neil Sengupta
|
| <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Jamai-Raja-has-been-a-trendsetter-in-many-ways-Indraneil-Sen-Gupta/articleshow/52156001.cms Jamai Raja has been a trendsetter in many ways: Indraneil Sen Gupta - Times of India]</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ghulaam]]''
| STS officer Raghav Verma
| Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2017–2019
| ''[[Nimki Mukhiya]]''
| Abhimanyu Rai
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''Box Cricket League 3''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| Player in 'Chandigarh Cubs'
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2019
| ''Box Cricket League 4''
| Player in 'Kolkata Babu Moshayes'
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Shrimad Bhagwat Mahapuran]]''
| [[Lord Shiva]]
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
| Rajeev Khurana
|
|
|}

==Awards==
*2008 - [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Award]] for Idea Glamour Face of the Year Male<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year%3D2008 |title=Footer |access-date=2009-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113249/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2008 |archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref>
*2014 - [[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor (Bengali)]] for ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]''<ref>[http://apnafilms.com/vivel-filmfare-awards-east-2013/ Vivel Filmfare Awards East 2013 Winners - Apna Films]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1778890}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sengupta, Indraneil}}
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Umed Bhawan Palace

2026-02-28T08:22:56Z

CoralRaphael599: created basic entry more to come

{{Short description|Historic building in Kota, India}}
{{coord|25.2100204|N|75.8647693|E|display=title|format=dms}}
{{distinguish|text = the [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]], in Jodhpur }}
[[Image: Umed Bhawan Palace - façade.jpg |thumb|250px|right| The front of the Umed Bhawan Palace ]]
[[Image: Umed Bhawan Palace cour interieure.jpg |thumb|250px|right| The large courtyard of the Umed Bhawan Palace ]]
[[Image: Umed Bhawan Palace - cour intérieure 2.jpg |thumb|250px|right| A smaller courtyard in the Umed Bhawan Palace ]]
[[Image: Semnopithecus dussumieri.jpg |thumb|250px|right| [[Southern plains gray langur|Langurs]] are frequent visitors to the palace ]]

The '''Umed Bhawan Palace''' in the outskirts of [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Rajasthan]] is a former residence of the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kota State|Kota]]. Nowadays, the palace is partly converted into a heritage hotel. The palace is surrounded by a large park.

==History==
At the start of the twentieth century, Maharao [[Umed Singh II]] (1889-1940) commissioned the construction of a new palace as alternative for the fortified Kota city palace in Kota, which dated from the 17th century.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/u/019pho000430s40u00032000.html |title=Umaid Bhawan, [Kota] 4304032 |website=www.bl.uk |language=en |access-date=23 April 2023 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423152003/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/u/019pho000430s40u00032000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1"> {{cite book |last1=Martinelli |first1=Antonio |last2=Michell |first2=George |year=2004 |title=Palaces of Rajasthan |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London |language=en |pages=269 |isbn=0-7112-2505-2}} </ref> He engaged as architect the British engineer [[Samuel Swinton Jacob]] who was based in [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> In 1905, the maharaja moved to his new palace.<ref name=":1" /> The complex was named after its commissioner.<ref name=":1" />

Samuel Swinton Jacob designed the palace in an [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Although, the palace is European in conception, its exterior is decorated with [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]] and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] details such as verandas and porches, arches, minarets and towers topped with [[Chhatri|chhatris]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The exterior primarily consists of pink sandstone intertwined with white Khimach stones and Italian marble.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The complex is arranged around various courtyards.<ref name=":2" /> The larger one leading to the main state rooms of the palace.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1930, the architect George Devon was engaged to expand the palace to provide accommodation for the future maharadja [[Bhim Singh II]] (1909 – 1991) and his bride.<ref name=":3"> {{cite web |url=https://www.hotelsrajasthan.net/kotahotels/umedbhawanpalace.html |title= Umed Bhawan Palace |website= www.hotelsrajasthan.net |language=en | access-date=23 April 2023}} </ref> The architect took great care to blend the new parts with the old parts designed by Samuel Jacob.<ref name=":3" /> This part of the palace is still used by the royal family of Kota.<ref name=":3" />

After the independence of India, the palace has been sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.heritagehotelsofindia.com/rajasthan/umed-bhawan-palace.html |title= Umed Bhawan at Heritagehotelsofindia.com |website= www.heritagehotelsofindia.com |language=en | access-date=23 April 2023}}</ref> Part of the palace is now operated as a hotel.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Literature==
* {{cite book |last1=Martinelli |first1=Antonio |last2=Michell |first2=George |year=2004 |title=Palaces of Rajasthan |publisher=Frances Lincoln |location=London |language=en |pages=269 |isbn=0-7112-2505-2}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat-inline}}

[[Category:Heritage hotels in India]]
[[Category:Palaces in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput architecture]]
[[Category:Royal residences in India]]
[[Category:Samuel Swinton Jacob buildings]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Anwarullah Farooqui

2026-02-24T11:26:37Z

CoralRaphael599:

{{short description|Indian university administrator}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox philosopher


| name = Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui
| birth_date = c. 1848 CE
4th Rab’ee Thani 1265 AH
| death_date = {{death year and age|1917|1848}}
|birth_place=Kandhar, Nanded, Hyderabad State, British India
|death_place=Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British India
|resting_place=Jamia Nizamia, Hyderabad, India
|spouse=Daughter of Maulvi Haji Ameeruddin
}}

'''Shaykh Ul Islam Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah Khan Farooqui''' is the founder of the Islamic university [[Jamia Nizamia]], [[Hyderabad]]. His actual name is '''Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui''' and was bestowed the title of "Fadheelat Jung" by the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]].

==Early years==
===Birth===

Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui was born on 4th Rab’ee Thani 1265 Hijri in [[Kandhar]], Nanded into a pious and respected family of [[Qadi|Qazi]]'s of Kandahar to Shujauddin Mir Adl (1810-1871) and Anwarunnisa Begum.

Shaykh Ul Islam's mother said that in the course of her pregnancy, she saw the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] reciting the Qur'an in a dream.

===Family background===
Shaykh Ul Islam's grandfather was Qazi Sirajuddin II, then [[Qadi|Qazi]] of [[Kandhar]] and his grandmother was named Fatima.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zulkader Siddiqui |first=Kazi |title=Genealogy of Hyderabadi Families |publisher=KZS Books |year=2020 |edition=1st |location=Hyderabad, Telangana State, India |page=392}}</ref>

As the name implies, Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui is a descendant of the second Caliph of Islam,‘[[Umar]] Al Farooq through his ancestors who descend from Shaykh Badruddin Sulaiman, the eldest son of [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Shaykh Fariduddin Ganjshakar]].

Shaykh Ul Islam was 23rd descendant of [[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Shaykh Fariduddin Masud Ganjshakar]].

[[Fariduddin Ganjshakar|Shaykh Farid]] was the 5th Generation of Sultan Shihabuddin Ali Farrukh Shah Kabuli (King of [[Balkh]] and the Governor of [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], [[Khwarazmian Empire]]), who was again a descendant of [[Ibrahim ibn Adham|Ibrahim ibn Adam]], king of [[Balkh]], who later on denounced kingdom and became a sufi saint also an early master of [[Chishti Order]] of [[Sufis]]

===Education===

When he was 7 years of age, his father handed over the Imam to Hafidh Amjad Ali, who was blind, to memorize the Qur'an. The Imam completed the memorization of the Quran at 11 years of age.

He received his introductory education from his father. He studied jurisprudence (Fiqh) and logic under Maulana Abdul Haleem Firangi Mahalli and [[Maulana Abdul Hayy Firangi Mahalli]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} He studied some works of jurisprudence under Maulvi Fayyazuddin Aurangabadi as well. He studied exegesis of the Quran (Tafseer) Shaykh ‘Abdullah Yemeni and received his authorization in Hadith from the same Shaykh.

==Employment and resignation==

In 1285 Hijri, the Imam was appointed to a clerical position. After one and a half years, he was asked to record a usurious transaction. Instead, he tendered his resignation. His superior promised him that from then on such transactions would not be given to him. However, the Imam demurred and resigned.

==Jamia Nizamia==
{{Main|Jamia Nizamia}}
On 19th Dhul Hijjah, 1292 Hijri, a meeting was held at the house of Maulvi Muzafarruddin in which the thought was expressed that founding an Islamic university in Hyderabad, which would provide higher and specialized education in Islamic sciences was the need of the hour. This proposal was accepted by the 7th Nizam and Jamia Nizamia came into existence. A large number of scholars expressed the view that other than Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui, there seems to be none who can head such an institution. Thus, the Imam was appointed as the head of the institution.<ref>Islamic Studies, Orientalists And Muslim Scholars By S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi Aka Ali Miyan</ref>

==Appointment as a teacher to the Sixth Nizam==

After the martyrdom of Maulvi Zamaan Khan Shaheed, his brother was appointed as the teacher of 6th Nizam - ''His Highness Nawab [[Mir Mahboob Ali Khan]]''. However, he had other responsibilities to handle as well. Thus, he proposed the name of Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui and Syed Ashraf Hussain and got it approved from the court.

First, the Imam performed Istikhara and then accepted it. Thus, Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui became the teacher of the Sixth Nizam in 1295 Hijri.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Society |first1=Baroda Philatelic |title=Vadophil Issue No. 143 |publisher=Baroda Philatelic Society |pages=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_p6CgAAQBAJ&dq=Muhammad+Anwar+Ullah+Farooqi+-wikipedia&pg=PA18}}</ref><

==Pilgrimage==

Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui traveled to the two holy cities three times. The first time was in 1294 Hijri, the second was in 1301 Hijri and the third time was in 1305 Hijri. The third time, the Imam stayed there for three years. Apart from the necessities of life, he spent all his time in worship or in scouring the libraries. His book "Anwaare Ahmadi" was written at that time.

The Imam also got many important Islamic books copied at his own expense. The most important among them are: Kanz Ul ‘Ummaal (a compendium of Hadith in 9 volumes), Jame’ Masaneed Imam Azam, Sunan Baihaqui and many others.

In this journey, his sister and son died. The Imam himself got very sick and his life was despaired of. Finally on the insistence of the scholars and saints of Madina, chiefly on the insistence of Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki, Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui consented to return to Hyderabad.

==Appointment as the teacher of the Seventh Nizam==

After returning from the holy cities, Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui was appointed as the teacher to the Seventh [[Nizam]], [[His Exalted Highness]] Nawab [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]].

==Minister of religious affairs==

After the Seventh Nizam was crowned, Imam Anwaarullah Farooqui devoted all his time to the service of Islamic sciences. However, the Nizam asked him to become the Sadr Us Sudoor for all Deccan. Though the Imam objected that he was past the maximum age of government employment (55 years), the Nizam told him that there was none more suitable than him for this post.

Later on, the Imam was made the minister of Religious Affairs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sherman |first1=Taylor C. |title=Muslim Belonging in Secular India |date=25 August 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-09507-6 |pages=197 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qs8_CgAAQBAJ&dq=Muhammad+Anwar+Ullah+Farooqi+-wikipedia&pg=PA197}}</ref>

==Death==

In 1336 Hijri, the Imam developed some abscesses on his back. No treatment availed and doubts were expressed that it was cancer. At last, the doctors confirmed that it was indeed cancer. By order of the Nizam, expert doctors were summoned, who reached the same conclusion. Surgery was performed.

After an extensive operation, the tumor was removed. The doctor congratulated the Imam that he was now absolutely healthy. The Imam thanked the doctor and asked him to check on him after Salaat Ul Maghrib.

The Imam was laid on the bed and he fainted. He started reciting the Declaration of Faith (La Ilaaha Illallaah..). As the sun set on the last day of Jamaadi Ul Ula, the Imam died.

Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui was buried in Jamia Nizamia. Each year the ‘Urs of the Imam is held on 29th Jamaadi Ul Ula. The convocation of Jamia Nizamia is also held on the same date.

==Family==

Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui was married in 1289 Hijri to the daughter of Maulvi Haji Ameeruddin Sahab. She died in 1304 Hijri on 26th Ramadhan in Hyderabad. After this, the Imam did not remarry.

The Imam had two sons and four daughters. His first son, ‘Abdul Jaleel, was born in 1292 Hijri and died in 1295 Hijri. His second son, ‘Abdul Quddus, was born in 1297 Hijri and died in 1307 Hijri in Madina.

==Writings==

Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah Farooqui was a prolific writer. He wrote the following books:

''Al Kalaam Ul Marfoo’ Fee Maa Yata ‘Allaqa bil Hadeethil Maudhoo''

''Afaadatul Afhaam'', Vol.1 and 2

''Anwaarul Haqq''

''Anwaar-e-Ahmadi'' [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7MN1OwuQ4PZc0xxZHRhZU0xSlk/view?usp=sharing ANWAR E AHMADI ]

''Haqeeqatul Fiqh'', Vol. 1 and 2

''Kitaab Ul Aql''

''Maqasid Ul Islam'', Vol. 1 – 11
''[http://www.shaikulislam.com/books/Maqasid-ul-Islam-Part-1.pdf Maqasid-ul-Islam-vol-1]''
''Anwar-Al-Tamjid-Fi-Adillati-Al-Touhid'' [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7MN1OwuQ4PZdDZkR0d2dnBkTzA/view?usp=sharing انوار التمجيد فى ادلة التوحيد]

==As a Sufi==

The Imam took acquired the introductory teachings of Tasawwuf from his father himself and received the Khilafah (i.e. the authorization to accept and guide disciples) in all the Sufi orders.

Later on, when he traveled to the holy cities for the first time, he again gave his allegiance to Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki and traversed the Sulook (the path to the Lord Almighty) under the guidance of the Shaykh.

Haji Imdadullah Muhajir Makki granted him the Khilafah in all the Sufi orders without any representation from the Imam’s side and instructed his disciples of Deccan to seek his help in their spiritual affairs. However, the Imam himself never asked anybody to give his pledge to him. If someone would request of their own accord, he would humbly say: I am not worthy of it. Give your pledge to someone worthy. If that person would insist, the Imam would include him in the order.

Usually, the Imam would accept disciples in the Qadri order. However, if a disciple desired to enter some other Sufi order, the Imam would oblige the disciple. If so desired, the Imam would give daily recitations and invocations as well. If someone had the eagerness to learn the sciences of gnosis and realization of Allah, the Imam would ask that person to attend the lessons of Futoohaat-e-Makkiyya.

=== Miracles ===

One night, a student of the Shaykh, Maulvi Abdul Samad was sleeping and the Imam was busy in reading. Suddenly, Maulvi Abdul Samad felt a certain uneasiness and woke up. The Imam requested him to get some water to drink. He did so and then went back to sleep.

The next day, after the class, the Imam told some selected students that the previous night he had felt thirsty, but there was no one to fetch water. Then, the Imam had cast his attention on the person who was sleeping who got up and fetched water for him.

Najeeba Khatoon, a student of the Imam was a great saint as well. She attended the lessons of Futuhaate Makkiyya, the great classic of Mohiuddin ‘Arabi, seated in a separate room. She said that she had seen Ghouse Azam coming to the lesson numerous times.

She said that once the Imam could not explain a point in the book properly. He would stop repeatedly. Najeeba Khatoon said that she saw a path cleared from there to the Ka’aba where Muhammad was seated and teaching. He said to his students: You please wait. This moment, my child Anwaarullah is unable to handle the text. Muhammad cast his benevolent attention on Imam Muhammad Anwaarullah. When the point was cleared with his attention, Muhammad became very happy and turned back to his students.

==See also==
*[[Jamia Nizamia]]
*[[Zujajat al-Masabih]]
*[[Abul Wafa Al Afghani]]- (former Shaykh Ul Fiqh of Jamia Nizamia and Founder of Ihya Al Ma’arif An Nomaniya)

==Further reading==
*[http://www.shaikulislam.com/books/matla_e_anwaar.pdf Matla e Anwar مطلع انوار]
*[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/260818/jamia-nizamia-work-at-snails-pace.html Jamia Nizamia work at snails pace]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}

[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Scholars from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]

Anadinni

2026-02-18T19:51:56Z

CoralRaphael599: created new article

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Short description|Village in Karnataka}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Anadinni
| native_name = ಆನದಿನ್ನಿ
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bagalkot district|Bagalkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2,182
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/598782-anadinni-karnataka.html|title=Census 2011, Anadinni village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 587102
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anadinni''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bagalkot]] [[taluk]] of [[Bagalkot district]]. It falls under the [[jurisdiction]] of Yadahalli Gram Panchayat and the Bagalkot Block Panchayat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anadinni Village (Pincode: 587102), Bagalkot, Bagalkote {{!}} Karnataka {{!}} – Population, Area, Nearby Villages, Assembly & Parliament Constituency |url=https://villageinfo.org/village/598782#overview |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=villageinfo.org}}</ref> It is situated 17km away from Bagalkot district headquarters.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

{{Settlements in Bagalkot district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bagalkot district]]

{{Bagalkot-geo-stub}}

Hari Harilela

2026-02-15T08:36:07Z

CoralRaphael599: added page for accuracy further and corrected details to improve readability

{{Short description|Businessman, hotelier and philanthropist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}{{EngvarB|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
|name = Hari Harilela
|image = Hari Naroomal Harilela.jpeg
|image_size = 180px
|caption = Hari Naroomal Harilela in 1980
|honorific_suffix = [[Grand Bauhinia Medal|GBM]], [[Gold Bauhinia Star|GBS]], [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], [[Justice of the Peace|JP]]
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1922|8|10}}
|birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Sindh]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Pakistan]])
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|12|29|1922|8|10}}
|death_place = [[Kowloon Tong]], [[Hong Kong]]
|death_cause =
|occupation = [[Hotel manager|Hotelier]], investor
|boards =
|years_active =
|spouse = {{marriage|Padma Harilela|1951|2014}}
|children = Maya Harilela<br/>Anita Hariela<br/>Aron Hari Harilela<br/>Nina Harilela<br/>Shakun Harilela<br/>Sheila Harilela
|parents = Naroomal Lilaram Harilela (deceased)<br/>Devibai Harilela (deceased)
|relatives = Siblings: George Harilela (d. 2006)<br/>Bob Harilela<br/>Peter Harilela<br/>Gary Harilela<br/>Mohan "Mike" Harilela (d.2008)<br/>Rani Harilela Hiranand (d.2001)
}}

'''Hari Naroomal Harilela''', {{post-nominals|country = HKG|GBM|GBS|OBE|JP}} ({{zh|t=夏利萊|j=haa<sup>6</sup> lei<sup>6</sup> loi<sup>4</sup>}}, 10 August 1922 – 29 December 2014) was a [[South Asians in Hong Kong|Hong Kong Indian]] businessman, [[hotel manager|hotelier]] and philanthropist and the founder and chairman of the Harilela Group. The group runs businesses ranging from hotel and real estate investment to import and export trading. He was often dubbed the richest Indian in Hong Kong.<ref name="tribute">{{cite news|title=Tributes flow in after hotelier and philanthropist Hari Harilela dies, aged 92|first=Thomas|last=Chan|date=30 December 2014|newspaper=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1670640/hari-harilela-was-great-voice-hong-kongs-indian-community}}</ref><ref name="tribune"/>

==Background==
Hari Harilela was born in Hyderabad, [[British Raj|British India]] in 1922.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rthk.org.hk/press/eng/20020823_67_38948.html|title=Dr Hari Harilela, Chairman of Harilela Group, in RTHK's "View from the Top"|date=23 August 2002|work=RTHK|access-date=9 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031223050044/http://www.rthk.org.hk/press/eng/20020823_67_38948.html|archive-date=23 December 2003|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Kuensel – Volume 17|year=1982|publisher=Department of Information, Ministry of Development at the Royal Government of Bhutan Pres|location=Bhutan}}</ref> His father Naroomal Lilaram Mirchandani (later renamed Naraindas Harilela)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://webb-site.com/dbpub/natperson.asp?p=26807|title=Harilela, Naroomal Lilaram|publisher=Webb-site Who's Who}}</ref> was the first of the family to venture to Hong Kong and [[Guangzhou|Canton]] in search of his fortune and opened an antique shop there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/sites/g/files/asqsls3821/files/2019-06/e_Harilela.pdf|title=Mr David HARILELA|publisher=City University of Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/sites/g/files/asqsls3821/files/2019-06/c_Harilela.pdf|title=Mr David HARILELA|publisher=City University of Hong Kong}}</ref> Later, on receiving the news that his mother was very ill in Sindh, he rushed to India and was devastated to learn that his mother had just died upon his return. His family, without waiting for him, had already cremated her. Deeply hurt, he renounced the family name of Mirchandani and created his own surname by joining the names of his parents, Haribai and Lelaram. Thus was born the name Harilela.<ref name="tribune"/>

Harilela moved to Canton with his mother and two brothers in 1930 to join his father, at the time his father owned various buildings and homes throughout China until repercussions of the [[Great Depression]] greatly damaged his business. The family once again found financial success selling fair-priced and high quality textile products to British soldiers during the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Harilela Family|work=David Hariela|url=http://www.dharilela.com/family/family_main.html|access-date=30 December 2014|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429232750/http://www.dharilela.com/family/family_main.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Business career==
Harilela began a tailoring business in Hong Kong, opening a clothing and tailoring shop and then pioneered the idea of supplying custom-made suits by mail order. During his early life, he would act as mediator to settle disputes between Indian families.<ref name="mourn">{{cite news|title=Harilela patriarch, 92, mourned|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=152741&sid=43613211&con_type=3&d_str=20141230&fc=2|first=Kevin|last=Cheng|date=30 December 2014|newspaper=The Standard|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230180804/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=152741&sid=43613211&con_type=3&d_str=20141230&fc=2|archive-date=30 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1959, Harilela realised the mail order boom is a temporary phase. So he diversified into real estate and moved into the hotel business, starting the Harilela Group with his brothers George and Peter in 1959.<ref name="tribute"/>

By 2014, the group owns 19 major hotels in Hong Kong, including the Holiday Inn Golden Mile and the [[InterContinental Grand Stanford Hong Kong]], both in [[Kowloon]], as well as various others across Asia, two in Canada and one in London.<ref name="tribute"/> The Harilela Group of hotels in the Asia-Pacific region includes properties in Hong Kong, Macau, Singapore, [[Penang]], [[Bangkok]] and Sydney.<ref name=tribune>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070708/spectrum/society1.htm|title=Richest Indian in Hong Kong|last=Mehta|first=Ramkiran|date=8 July 2007|work=Spectrum|publisher=The Tribune of India|accessdate=9 July 2010}}</ref>

In 2012, Harilela stepped down as chairman but remained the honorary chairman until his death. Harilela's son Aron replaced him as the group's chairman.<ref name="tribute"/>

==Public services==
Harilela was highly regarded in the local Indian community. He had a great voice in the government on numerous ethnic minority issues and colonial governors and chief executives consulted Harilela. Harilela was also close friends with two former [[Chief Executive of Hong Kong|Chief Executives]], [[Tung Chee-hwa]] and [[Donald Tsang Yam-kuen]].<ref name="tribute"/>

He was appointed member of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee]] in 1985 and later appointed [[Hong Kong Affairs Advisor]] to the Government of the People's Republic of China in the 1990s. He was the [[Honorary Consul]] of [[Niger]] in Hong Kong until 2012.<ref name="webb">{{cite web|url=https://webb-site.com/dbpub/positions.asp?p=16241|title=Harilela, Hari Naroomal|work=Webb-site Who's Who}}</ref>

He was member of the [[Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce]], the most influential business chamber in the territory, Through the chamber he was elected the Hong Kong SAR [[Election Committee]] from 1996 to 2006 for the [[Commercial (First)]] sector, which was responsible for electing the Chief Executive of Hong Kong. He was also adviser of the [[Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong]].<ref name="webb"/>

Harilela was also a Life Regent at [[Pepperdine University]] in the United States,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pepperdine.edu/about/pepperdine/administration/board.htm|title=Board of Regents|work=Pepperdine University|accessdate=9 July 2010|archive-date=30 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230181024/http://www.pepperdine.edu/about/pepperdine/administration/board.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> and was an Honorary Court Member of the [[Hong Kong University of Science and Technology]].

==Philanthropy==
The Padma & Hari Harilela Lecture Theatres, with seating capacities of 250 and 150 respectively, were named in honour of the Harilelas in recognition of a HK$5 million donation to the [[Hong Kong Baptist University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~cpro/pr_04/pe20051006.htm|title=HKBU names Padma & Hari Harilela Lecture Theatres|date=6 October 2005|work=Hong Kong Baptist University|access-date=6 April 2009|archive-date=20 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220140803/http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~cpro/pr_04/pe20051006.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Hong Kong University of Science and Technology receives HK$5M donation from Dr Hari N Harilela to Enhance Teaching & Research Excellence.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ust.hk/about-hkust/media-relations/press-releases/hkust-receives-hk5m-donation-dr-hari-n-harilela-enhance-teaching-research-excellence/|title=HKUST Receives HK$5M Donation from Dr Hari N Harilela to Enhance Teaching & Research Excellence|date=6 November 2012|work=Hong Kong University of Science and Technology}}</ref> The lecture hall C (LT-C) was named "The Padma & Hari Harilela Lecture Theatres" in honour of the donation.

==Family and personal life==
Harilela was the patriarch of the Harilela family with about 80 members. The family lives in a 40-bedroom [[Harilela Mansion|mansion]] in [[Kowloon Tong]], with the next generation living in a connecting house.<ref name="tribute"/>

He was member of the [[Hong Kong Jockey Club]].<ref name="webb"/>

Harilela died early morning on 29 December 2014 at his Kowloon Tong home surrounded by family at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201412/30/P201412300427.htm|title=Chief Executive saddened by death of Dr Hari Harilela|date=30 December 2014|work=Hong Kong Government |accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref> He is surrounded by his wife Padma, son Aron, daughters Nina, Anita and Shakun. More than 100 members of his extended family, including his two surviving brothers and one sister live in the Kowloon Tong mansion.<ref name="mourn"/>

==Honours==
He was made [[Justice of the Peace]] in 1963 and was awarded the [[Officer of the Order of the British Empire]]. He received the [[Gold Bauhinia Star]] in 2000 and the [[Grand Bauhinia Medal]] in 2009.<ref name="mourn"/>

He was also a recipient of the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]] from the Government of India.<ref name=asiaone>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiaone.com/Business/SME+Central/Prime+Movers/Story/A1Story20090814-161075.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302213458/http://www.asiaone.com/Business/SME+Central/Prime+Movers/Story/A1Story20090814-161075.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2011|title=The family man|last=Paul|first=Pradeep|date=14 August 2009|work=AsiaOne|accessdate=9 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/awardsbody.htm#dhnh|title=Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award – List of Recipients|date=9 January 2003|work=Prime Minister's Office|accessdate=9 July 2010|location=New Delhi}}</ref> Harilela won a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 4th Annual Asia Pacific Hotel Industry Investment Conference on 27 March 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4007449.search?query=hari+harilela|title=Dr. Hari N. Harilela Wins Lifetime Achievement Award at 4th Annual Asia Pacific Hotel Industry Investment Conference Jones Lang LaSalle Hotels and Arthur Andersen Jointly Sponsor Event|date=27 March 2001|work=Hospitalitynet.org|accessdate=9 July 2010|archive-date=1 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601191809/http://www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4007449.search?query=hari+harilela|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Indians in Hong Kong]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.harilela.com/ Harilela Group website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Harilela, Hari}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Hong Kong hoteliers]]
[[Category:Hong Kong chief executives]]
[[Category:Hong Kong philanthropists]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Hong Kong people of Sindhi descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Grand Bauhinia Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Bauhinia Star]]
[[Category:Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee members]]
[[Category:Hong Kong Affairs Advisors]]
[[Category:Members of the Selection Committee of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 1998–2000]]
[[Category:Members of the Election Committee of Hong Kong, 2000–2005]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to China]]
[[Category:Recipients of Pravasi Bharatiya Samman]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindus]]
[[Category:Hong Kong Hindus]]

Shivya Pathania

2026-02-11T07:26:18Z

CoralRaphael599: created a entry basic info

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivya Pathania
| image = Shivya Pathania photoshoot in shimla 2022.jpg
| caption = Pathania in 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|07|26|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022|title=Shivya Pathania: I celebrated birthday with my parents after seven years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/shivya-pathania-i-celebrated-birthday-with-my-parents-after-seven-years-101658909841321-amp.html|access-date=26 July 2024|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Himachal Pradesh]], India
| height =
| partner =
| title = Miss Shimla (2013)
| education =
| years_active = 2014–present
| occupation = Actress, model
| known_for = ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''<br/>''[[RadhaKrishn]]''<br/>''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''
}}

'''Shivya Pathania''' (born 26 July 1991) is an Indian actress who primarily works in Hindi television. Pathania is widely known for her portrayal of [[Sita]] in ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'', [[Radha]] in ''[[RadhaKrishn]]'' and [[Lakshmi]] in ''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2024 |title=Colors announces Laxmi Narayan; mythological show to go on air from April 22|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/colors-announces-laxmi-narayan-mythological-show-go-air-april-22/|access-date=25 May 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shivya is born and brought in Shimla Himachal Pradesh. She has pursued BTech from Chitkara University. Her father, Subhash Pathania, was a law officer in the Labour and Employment Department in Shimla and now is a practising Lawyer.<ref name=bhaskar7June2013>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/PUN-JAL-shivya-pathania-won-miss-shimla-title-4284943-PHO.html|trans-title=Miss India Universe is desperate to dominate the whole world |title=मिस इंडिया युनिवर्स बनकर पूरी दुनिया पर छा जाने को बेताब है ये बिंदास बाला / मिस इंडिया युनिवर्स बनकर पूरी दुनिया पर छा जाने को बेताब है ये बिंदास बाला|work=www.bhaskar.com|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Before acting, Shivya was crowned Miss Shimla 2013 at the International Summer Festival which took place in Shimla.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Former-Miss-Shimla-excited-to-play-designer-on-TV/movie-review/42396177.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141217173010/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Former-Miss-Shimla-excited-to-play-designer-on-TV/movie-review/42396177.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-12-17|title=Former Miss Shimla excited to play designer on TV Movie Review|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=bhaskar7June2013/><ref name=ZeeNews13Sept2014/> Pathania also won Miss Oye and Miss Beautiful Smile.<ref name=bhaskar7June2013/>

A year later, she debuted in television playing Arzoo Sahir Azeem Chaudhary in ''[[Humsafars]]'' opposite [[Harshad Chopda]].<ref name=ZeeNews13Sept2014>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/former-miss-shimla-excited-to-play-designer-on-tv_1469143.html|title=Former Miss Shimla excited to play designer on TV|work=Zee News|date=13 September 2014}}</ref> In 2016, she played Zara Khan in ''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]'' and gained wide praise for portraying Sanchi Mittal in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony]]'s ''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]'', co-starring Kinshuk Vaidya.

From 2017 to 2018, Pathania appeared as Raavi Kaur in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Dil Dhoondta Hai]]''. She then starred as [[Radha]] in [[Star Bharat]]'s ''[[RadhaKrishn]] opposite Himanshu Soni'' and appeared as Priya in [[&TV]]'s ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'', followed by a cameo appearance in ''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''.

Next, she portrayed [[Sita]] in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]'' from 2019 to 2020, again opposite Himanshu Soni.

==Filmography==
===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''[[Humsafars]]''
| Arzoo Sahir Chaudhary/ Arzoo Nausheen Khan
|Lead Role
|
|-
| 2016–2017
|''[[Ek Rishta Saajhedari Ka]]''
| Sanchi Aryan Sethia/Malavika Sehgal
|Lead Role
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Sanchi Mittal
|Guest
|
|-
|''[[Yeh Hai Aashiqui]]''
|Zara Khan
|Episode: "Saving Zara"
|Episodic appearance
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Dil Dhoondta Hai]]''
| Raavi Dalvi
|Lead role
|
|-
|2017
|''Love On the Run''
|Sanjana
|Episodic appearance
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[RadhaKrishn (TV series)|RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Radha]]
| Lead Role
|
|-
|''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Priya
|Episode: "Paapi Gudda"
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Vikram Betaal Ki Rahasya Gatha]]''
| [[Lakshmi]]/[[Gayatri]]
| Cameo
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Ram Siya Ke Luv Kush]]''
| [[Sita]]
|Lead Role
|
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Baal Shiv – Mahadev Ki Andekhi Gatha]]''
| Devi [[Parvati]]
|Lead Role
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Teri Meri Doriyaann]]''
| Shanaya
| Cameo Role
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
| ''[[Shiv Shakti – Tap Tyaag Tandav]]''
| [[Lakshmi]]
| Supporting Role
|
|-
|''[[Lakshmi Narayan – Sukh Samarthya Santulan]]''
| [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]]
|Lead Role
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Shoorveer (TV series)|Shoorveer]]''
|Preeti Sood
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shoorveer-teaser-hotstar-series-brings-together-air-force-navy-army-7973894|title=Shoorveer teaser: Hotstar series brings together Air Force, Navy and Army|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 June 2022|access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
|2021
|''Bhool''
|Sanjana Devarajan, Mayur Jumani
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
|2022
|''Fidaa''
| Dharampreet Gill
|{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9569650}}
* {{Twitter|ShivyaPathania}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathania, Shivya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1991 births]]

Ludhiana Airport

2026-01-31T16:44:05Z

CoralRaphael599: minor expanded details per standard format and updated info

{{Short description|Airport of Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Ludhiana Airport
| nativename-a =
| nativename-r =
| image =
| image-width = 300
| caption =
| IATA = LUH
| ICAO = VILD
| pushpin_map = India Punjab #India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of airport in Punjab
| pushpin_label = '''LUH'''
| pushpin_label_position = right
| type = Public
| owner = [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
| operator = [[Airports Authority of India]]
| owner-oper =
| city-served = [[Ludhiana]]
| location = [[Sahnewal]], [[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]
| metric-rwy = y
| metric-elev = y
| elevation-f = 834
| elevation-m = 254
| coordinates = {{coord|30|51|17|N|075|57|09|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://aai.aero/en/airports/ludhiana Ludhiana Airport]
| r1-number = 12/30
| r1-length-f = 4,800
| r1-length-m = 1,463
| r1-surface = [[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]]
| stat-year = April 2024 - March 2025
| stat1-header = Passengers
| stat1-data = 2,003 ({{increase}} 67.9%)
| stat2-header = Aircraft movements
| stat2-data = 404 ({{increase}} 88.8%)
| stat3-header = Cargo tonnage
| stat3-data = —
| footnotes = Source: [[Airports Authority of India|AAI]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure III – Passenger Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex3.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure II – Aircraft Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex2.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Annexure IV – Freight Movement Data|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Mar2k25Annex4.pdf|website=aai.aero|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Ludhiana Airport''' {{Airport codes|LUH|VILD}} is a [[domestic airport]] serving the city of [[Ludhiana]] in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is located near the town of [[Sahnewal]], {{convert|12|km||abbr=on}} south-east of Ludhiana on the [[Grand Trunk Road]]. There is a flight training club based in the airport.

==Development==
The airport was mainly used for government flights, air force exercises and training flights. The only commercial airline the airport had was [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], which connected it to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] with regular flights until April 2021, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Since then, the airport remained closed, until when in September 2023, the low-cost regional carrier, [[FlyBig]], restarted flight operations to [[Dehradun]] with a stopover at [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]] on 6 September 2023, as part of the [[Government of India|government's]] [[UDAN|UDAN Scheme]].<ref name="FlyBig">{{cite news|last=Jain|first=Nitin|title=Ludhiana gets Dehradun, Delhi air link from this week|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/ludhiana-gets-dehradun-delhi-air-link-from-this-week-541310|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=4 September 2023|access-date=6 September 2023|language=en}}</ref>

As the airport is too small to accommodate future traffic and demands, and due to zero scopes available to expand the airport because of urban growth around it, in 2019, the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] decided to build a passenger terminal at the existing [[Ludhiana International Airport|Indian Air Force's base]] at [[Halwara]], located {{cvt|34|km}} south-west of Ludhiana. After its supposed time of completion in the end of 2023, the Sahnewal airport was to be closed for commercial operations.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=24 May 2020 |title= Ludhiana international airport halwara: GLADA takes possession of land at Halwara for construction of international civil terminal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ludhiana/international-airport-glada-takes-possession-of-land-at-halwara-for-construction-of-international-civil-terminal-6425112/ |work=[[Indian Express Limited]] |location=[[Ludhiana]] |access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jain|first=Nitin|title=Flights from upcoming Halwara international airport soon: Centre|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/flights-from-upcoming-halwara-international-airport-soon-centre-536174|work=[[The Tribune]]|date=19 August 2023|access-date=1 September 2023|language=en}}</ref>

However, due to multiple delays that hindered the opening of the new airport, as of April 2025, Sahnewal still continues to operate with the help of regular flights operated by FlyBig to [[Hindon Airport|Ghaziabad]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Majeed|first=Shariq|title=Empty seats soar as hopes for Halwara International Airport take off in Ludhiana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/empty-seats-soar-as-hopes-for-halwara-international-airport-take-off-in-ludhiana/articleshow/120674497.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 April 2025|access-date=30 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> The new airport is currently slated to be opened on 15 May 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ludhiana Airport Misses Deadline, Aims for May 15|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/transport-infrastructure/aviation-and-airport-infra/ludhiana-airport-misses-deadline-aims-for-may-15/53547|work=Construction World|date=5 April 2025|access-date=30 April 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== Airlines and destinations ==

No destinations as of now

== See also ==
* [[List of airports in Punjab, India|List of airports in Punjab]]
* [[Ludhiana International Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://aai.aero/en/airports/ludhiana Official site at the Airports Authority of India]

{{Airports in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Airports in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Airports with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Airports Authority of India]]

Mangalore University

2026-01-28T02:54:13Z

CoralRaphael599:

{{Short description|State University in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| image_name = Mangalore University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| abbreviation =
| name = Mangalore
University
| motto = Knowledge Is Light
| established = {{start date and age|1980}}
| chancellor = [[Governor of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chancellor |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/chancellor |access-date=13 March 2022|website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = P. L. Dharma
| city = [[Konaje]]
| state = Karnataka
| country = India
| students =
| coor = {{coord|12|48|56.72|N|74|55|26.67|E|region:IN|display=title}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| embedded =
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map = Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in|mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}
}}

'''Mangalore University''' (abbreviated as MU) is a public university located in [[Konaje]], [[Mangaluru, Karnataka]], India.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url= http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090811840300.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20041011010403/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/08/stories/2004090811840300.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 11 October 2004 |work= [[The Hindu]] |title=Mangalore University all set to celebrate jubilee |date= 2004-09-08 |access-date=31 December 2011}}</ref> In 2021, the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) awarded the university a ‘B’ grade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://assessmentonline.naac.gov.in/public/index.php/grade_sheet_rpt/eyJpdiI6InZpQUhHN1ZpeFlzcGRtQTREbmVPQkE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiS0JPOTRETGNXS3BCWEM4M2NoeGRJUT09IiwibWFjIjoiOTY5OTYzMmE2NTUzZWZmZTA0ZGFmZTNmMDZkMmIxN2ZhMjU5NWI4ZDYyZDNhZjYzMmIzYjAxZGY2Njk2ZjE2YSJ9|title=Grade Sheet, Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka|access-date=13 March 2022|website=naac.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore University gearing up to hold online examinations, says VC |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=860193 |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

As on 2024, Prof. P L Dharma took charge of the university as Vice Chancellor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-05 |title=P.L. Dharma appointed as Mangalore University V-C |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/pl-dharma-appointed-as-mangalore-university-v-c/article67918413.ece |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
Mangalore University was established in 1980 with jurisdiction over the districts of [[Udupi district|Udupi]], [[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]].<ref name=":0" />

==Academics==
Established with only three [[Postgraduate education|post-graduate]] departments, Mangalore University now has 26 post-graduate departments. Mangalore university has two constituent colleges, five autonomous colleges and more than 200 affiliated colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Evolution |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/history-and-evolution |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The university also has a post-graduate centre at Chikka Aluvara, [[Kushalanagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PG Centre |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/pg-centre |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>

In 2023 Mangalore University went from A to B grade in NAAC University rankings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-09 |title=MU gets B grade from NAAC; affiliated colleges up their ratings |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mu-gets-b-grade-from-naac-affiliated-colleges-up-their-ratings/articleshow/99350892.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-07-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== List of Vice Chancellors ==

*B. Sheik Ali, 1980–1985
* K. M. Safeeulla, 1985–1989
* M. I. Savadatti, 1989–1995
* S. Gopal, 1995–2001
* B. Hanumaiah, 2001–2005<ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2001 |title=Hanumaiah is new Mangalore varsity V-C |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-28/bangalore/27228036_1_karnatak-university-mangalore-mysore |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707230027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2001-10-28/bangalore/27228036_1_karnatak-university-mangalore-mysore |archive-date=7 July 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Thimme Gowda, 2005–2006 (acting)<ref>{{cite news |date=30 October 2005 |title=Thimme Gowda is acting VC |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/30/stories/2005103017730500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101013608/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/30/stories/2005103017730500.htm |archive-date=1 November 2005 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* K. M. Kaveriappa, 2006–2010<ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2010 |title=K.M. Kaveriappa appointed Executive Director of Higher Education Council |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/article859630.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* K. K. Achary, 2010 (acting)
* T. C. Shivashankara Murthy, 2010–2014<ref>{{cite web |date=2 March 2010 |title=Prof T C Shivashankara Murthy Appointed Vice Chancellor of Mangalore University |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=73152&n_tit=Prof+T+C+Shivashankara+Murthy+Appointed++Vice+Chancellor+of+Mangalore+University |work=daijiworld.com |publisher=[[Daijiworld News Network]]}}</ref>
* K. Byrappa, 2014–2018<ref name="KishoreKumarVC">{{cite news |last1=Shenoy |first1=Jaideep |date=4 June 2018 |title=Kishore Kumar C K appointed acting VC of Mangalore University – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/kishore-kumar-c-k-appointed-acting-vc-of-mangalore-university/articleshow/64454053.cms |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Kishore Kumar, 2018 (acting)<ref name="KishoreKumarVC" />
* Ishwara P., 2018–2019 (acting)<ref name="KishoreNayakVC">{{cite news |last1=Shenoy |first1=Jaideep |date=28 February 2019 |title=Kishori Nayak assumes charge as acting V-C of Mangalore University - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/kishori-nayak-assumes-charge-as-acting-v-c-of-mangalore-university/articleshow/68206322.cms |access-date=10 March 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Kishore Nayak, 2019 (acting)<ref name="KishoreNayakVC" />
*[[P. Subrahmanya Yadapadithaya]] (2019–2023)
*P L Dharma (2024 -)

== Rankings ==
The university was ranked 151-200 overall in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] (National Institutional Ranking Framework) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Overall ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking200.html}}</ref>{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_O_2024=151-200|type=University}}

==Research Centres==
*Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Radioactivity (CARER), an advanced centre for radioecological and radiation protection research with collaborations with many laboratories of the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2020 |title=Carbon-14 dating facility set up in Mangalore University |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-districts/carbon-14-dating-facility-set-up-in-mangalore-university-905930.html |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2020 |title=Mangalore University establishes facility for Carbon-14 dating of archaeological artefacts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mangalore-university-establishes-facility-for-carbon-14-dating-of-archaeological-artefacts/article32916675.ece |access-date=13 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CARER - CENTRE FOR ADVANCED RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/carer/ |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*Centre for Application of Radioisotopes and Radiation Technology (CARRT), been established in collaboration with [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE), Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS) and [[Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology]] (BRIT).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-23 |title=Varsity to takeover CARRT |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/varsity-to-take-over-carrt/article17591628.ece |access-date=13 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CARRT |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/carrt |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*Microtron Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microtron Center |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/microtron-center |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*NMR Instrument Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMR Laboratory |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/about-facility |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*DST-PURSE Research Facility<ref>{{Cite web |title=Purse |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/purse |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*Kanakadasa Research Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kanakadasa Research Centre |url=https://mangaloreuniversity.ac.in/kanakadasa-research-centre |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*

== Controversy ==
The University faces a severe financial crunch and is on the verge of closing down various courses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-14 |title=Mangalore University faces financial crunch, four of its constituent colleges remain 'unauthorised' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/mangalore-university-faces-financial-crunch-four-of-its-constituent-colleges-remain-unauthorised/article68290065.ece |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Religious festival celebrations under Acting vice-chancellor Jairaj Amin sparked widespread protests as students demanded that university remain a place for learning, not religion.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-07 |title=Campus Clash: Ganesh Chaturthi Celebrations Spark Controversy At Mangalore University {{!}} News At 7 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/mirror-now/shows/campus-clash-ganesh-chaturthi-celebrations-spark-controversy-at-mangalore-university-news-at-7-video-103477893 |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

In January 2024 the [[Enforcement Directorate]] raided the office of the [[Vice Chancellor]] and registrar in connection with a Rs 150 cr recruitment scam in Kolar-Chikkaballapura District Co-operative Milk Producers Union Limited (KOMUL).<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=Offices of V-C, Registrar of Mangalore University raided by ED |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/offices-of-v-c-registrar-of-mangalore-university-raided-by-ed-2857169 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalore University Offices Raided by ED, Incriminating Documents Seized |url=https://sahilonline.org/mangalore-university-offices-raided-by-ed-incriminating-documents-seized |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=SahilOnline {{!}} Reflection of the Truth |language=en}}</ref>

At the start of 2024 about 129 teaching posts remained vacant at the university.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Naina J. |title=129 teaching staff post vacant in Mangalore University |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/129-teaching-staff-post-vacant-in-mangalore-university-2833123 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-07 |title=MU fails to form panel to look into erratic evaluation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mu-fails-to-form-panel-for-erratic-evaluation-nep-2020-impact/articleshow/106606428.cms |access-date=2024-02-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In a move to further hide transparency, the university syndicate decided to stop live streaming of meetings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=MU stops livestreaming its syndicate meetings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mangalore-university-syndicate-halts-livestreaming-meetings-latest-updates/articleshow/108555160.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Due to poor resource management, the University is closing down multiple post graduate courses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-16 |title=MU to wind up some PG courses at University College in Hampankatta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/mangalore-university-to-close-several-pg-courses-at-university-college-in-hampankatta/articleshow/112553826.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Evening college courses have been discontinued.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-28 |title=University Evening College to discontinue 1st yr UG courses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/university-evening-college-to-discontinue-1st-yr-ug-courses/articleshow/112850550.cms |access-date=2024-08-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Facing multiple issues, the ABVP union created a protest forcing the university to address them.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABVP protests in Kundapur, demands solutions to Mangalore University issues |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1221258 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Notable alumni==

*[[Satya Nadella]], CEO & Chairman of [[Microsoft]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Satya-Nadella | title=Britannica Money }}</ref>
*[[V. G. Siddhartha]], Indian businessman and founder of Cafe Coffee Day<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jaideep Shenoy|date=Sep 11, 2016 |title=Rural youth have greater killer instinct, avers Cafe Coffee Day chief V G Siddhartha {{!}} Mangaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/rural-youth-have-greater-killer-instinct-avers-cafe-coffee-day-chief-v-g-siddhartha/articleshow/54276737.cms |access-date=13 March 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]], Indian politician <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/dv-sadananda-gowda |title=D.V. Sadananda Gowda {{!}} National Portal of India |website=www.india.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929075335/http://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/dv-sadananda-gowda |archive-date=2014-09-29}}</ref>
*[[Veerappa Moily]], Indian politician and writer
*[[KL Rahul]], Indian international cricketer.
*Rajendra Baikady, Social Work Professional <ref>{{cite web | url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/isl/people/Baikady | title=Rajendra Baikady PHD, FRSA }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://link.springer.com/journal/44282/updates/23928804 | title=Discover Global Society }}</ref>
*[[Pruthvi Ambaar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|http://www.mangaloreuniversity.ac.in}}

{{Universities in Karnataka}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1980 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mangalore University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1980]]
[[Category:Universities in Mangalore]]

Super Singer 1

2026-01-16T23:16:33Z

CoralRaphael599: created some data and citations

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anuradha Sriram]]
* [[P. Unnikrishnan]]
* [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]}}
}}
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2006|4|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2006|8|12|df=y}}
| num_episodes =
}}

'''Airtel Super Singer 2006''' – ''Thamizhagathil Brahmaanda Kuralukkaana Thedal'', the first season of the [[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Airtel Super Singer]] show and [[Vijay TV's Super Singer (TV series)|Vijay TV's Super Singer series]], was a reality TV singing competition in the [[Tamil language]] that aired on [[Star Vijay]] and was hosted by singer/voice artist [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]. The judging panel of this season includes, [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]], and [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]. The show first premiered on 28 April 2006, with episodes originally aired on [[Star Vijay]] on Friday and Saturday nights at 8:00 pm and Saturday and Sunday nights at 7:00 pm.<ref name="IndianTVMay2006">{{cite news|title=Indian Television Dot Com _ Star VIJAY's 'Airtel Super Singer' announces 20 selected finalists from Coimbatore|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=2006-05-03|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k6/may/mayrel7.htm|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref>

The competition promised its winner an opportunity to sing their first song as a playback singer for music director [[Harris Jeyaraj]].
[[Nikhil Mathew]] was crowned the winner of Airtel Super Singer 2006. The first runner up was Anitha V. Karthikeyan. The 2nd Runner-up was Sowmya Mahadevan.

==Auditions and audition judges==
The first few episodes telecast open auditions for the show.<ref name="IndianTVMay2006"/> People that were the age of 18 or above participated in a series of auditions held earlier in April across the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in the cities of [[Coimbatore]], [[Chennai]], and [[Madurai]]. Performances by auditioning contestants were judged by a variety of celebrities including playback singers, vocalists, and music directors, such as [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Jency Anthony|Jency]], [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[D. Imman]], [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]], and Malathi.<ref name="IndianTVAug2006">{{cite news|title=Indiantelevision.com ) News Headlines ) Nikhil crowned as Airtel Super Singer on Vijay TV|publisher=IndianTelevision.com|date=2006-08-07|url=http://www.indiantelevision.org.in/headlines/y2k6/aug/aug79.htm|accessdate=13 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="HinduJuly2006">{{cite news|title=Winning Voices – The Hindu|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-07-15|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/winning-voices/article3196282.ece |accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> Shortlisted candidates proceeded to main performance rounds in Chennai.

The auditions in Chennai were judged by Carnatic music vocalist [[Gayathri Girish]], playback singer [[S. P. Sailaja]], music director [[D. Imman]], and singer Mahathi.

The auditions in Coimbatore were judged by playback singer [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] and singer [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]].

The auditions in Madurai were judged by upcoming playback singers V. V. Prasanna and Rajalakshmi at the first level of selection, and playback singers [[Jency Anthony|Jency]] and [[Sirkazhi Sivachidambaram]] at the second level of selection.<ref name="Hindu24April2006">{{cite news|title=Search for the ultimate voice of Tamil Nadu – The Hindu|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-04-26|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/search-for-the-ultimate-voice-of-tamil-nadu/article3151870.ece|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

==Voice trainer, host, and judges==
The show was [[television presenter|hosted]] by playback singer/voice artist [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]].<ref name="IndianTVAug2006"/>

Contestant performances after the auditions were judged by a panel of permanent judges which consisted of playback singers [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan]].<ref name="IndianTVMay2006"/> While the latter two singers returned as permanent judges in subsequent seasons of the show, playback singer [[Anuradha Sriram]] did not return after being signed up as a permanent judge by competitor TV channel, [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]], in its reality music competition show, ''Sun Singer''.

Guest judges also appeared during various rounds of the competition, including playback singer [[Vani Jairam]], actor and director [[Silambarasan]], actor [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], as well as playback singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] who appeared as a chief guest during the grand finale.<ref name="IndianTVAug2006"/>

Contestants received training from voice trainer [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]] in the final stages of the competition.

==Performance Rounds==
===Level 1: Introduction Round===
In the first performance round, contestants were required to sing their choice of songs in various genres.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> Weakest performing contestants were eliminated by permanent judges [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]].

===Level 2: Grasping Round===
In the second performance round, permanent judges [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]] taught the contestant a new song.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> The purpose of the exercise was to test how quickly each of the contestants grasp the songs they were taught. Contestants who were unable to grasp the songs within the set time were eliminated by the permanent judges.

===Level 3: Duet Round===
In the third performance round, the contestants were required to provide a duet performance with a fellow contestant.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> The purpose of the exercise was to test the contestants as to how well they adapt with a co-singer. Weakest performing contestants were eliminated by permanent judges [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]].

===Level 4: Group Round===
In the fourth performance round originally aired on 23 and 24 June 2006, playback singer [[Vani Jairam]] appeared as a special guest judge. The contestants were required to perform in small groups. The purpose of the exercise was to test how well the contestants could adjust when performing in a group, and how well the contestants could harmonise with one another. Weakest performing contestants were eliminated by permanent judges [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]].

===Level 5: Emotion Round===
In the fifth performance round originally aired on 30 June 2006 and 1 July 2006, actor and director [[Silambarasan|Silambarasan ("Simbhu")]] appeared as a special guest judge to provide opinions from the perspective of a film-maker.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/>

The top 12 contestants were given a choice of two challenges which they could select. The first possible challenge would require the contestant to sing the ''Manmatha Raasa'' song in a sorrowful emotion. The second possible challenge required the contestant to sing the ''Poraley Ponnuthayi'' song in a cheerful rhythm. The contestants were required to perform the song and convey the different emotion without changing the lyrics or tune of the song.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> The purpose of this exercise was to test how well the contestants could improvise and bring out the emotions of a song.

The top 12 contestants were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of contestants SS02 Rajani Saranathan, SS04 V. Anitha, SS07 Sowmya Mahadevan, SS10 Swathi, Sridharan, SS11 N.S. Aruna, and SS12 Priyadarshini. The second group consisted of contestants SS01 Kilgin, SS03 Maya, SS5 Gowtham Bharadwaj, SS06 Vijay Krishnan, SS08 Nithin Raj, and SS09 Nikhil Mathew. The weakest four performing contestants were eliminated by permanent judges [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan]].

===Level 6: Celebrity Round===
In the sixth performance round originally aired on 7 and 8 July 2006, the top 8 contestants were required to perform a song with an established playback singer.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> The established playback singers who appeared during this round to groom the contestants and perform with the contestants were [[Sriram Parthasarathy]], [[Pop Shalini]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]] and [[Harini (singer)|Harini]].<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/>

Permanent judges [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], and [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unnikrishnan]] shortlisted four contestants to advance to the finals, being contestants SS03 Maya, SS05 Goutham Bharathwaj, SS09 Nikhil Mathew, and SS04 V. Anitha in the finale.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> The other four contestants were eliminated from the competition by the permanent judges.

====Finalist Competitors====
* '''SS05 Gowtham Bharadwaj. V''' was selected from the Chennai zone, through Airtel mobile registration. Gowtham was pursuing his degree from Guru Nanak College. Gowtham has had training in classical music for 5 years from K.V Ramanujam prior to entering the competition. His ambition was to become a renowned playback singer.
* '''SS03 Maya''' was selected from the Coimbatore zone through on the spot registration. A student of the Coimbatore Institute of Technology (C.I.T), she was learning music for 8 years from Meera Kedarnathan & K.R Kedarnathan prior to entering the competition. She had learnt to play the veena and keyboard as well. Her ambition was to become a renowned playback singer. Her strengths are her voice and versatility to sing any kind of song with a unique style of her own.
* '''SS04 Anitha V.''' was selected from the Chennai zone through CD voice registration. She was working for the service industry. Anitha had training in classical music for 5 years and was a student of Hindustani music for one year from Ram Moorthy and Megna Dandekar, before entering the competition. Anitha's ambition was to become a popular playback singer. Her strengths in singing are her uniqueness in rendering any kind of song.
* '''SS09 Nikhil Mathew''' was selected from the Chennai zone through CD registration. He was pursuing his master's degree at Sathyabama College. He was being trained in music for from his guru Veeramani prior to entering the competition. His ambition was to become a playback singer. His strengths in music was his ability to sing melody and classical songs.

===Lifeline Round===
In the lifeline round aired from 14 July 2006 onwards, eight contestants eliminated in levels 5 and 6 were given a chance to perform again with a view of re-entering the competition. Of the eight contestants, five would be selected to re-enter the competition. The first process of selection involved viewers casting votes through SMS, tele-voting, and online voting for their favourite eliminated contestants. The second process involved permanent judges each selecting whom they considered had the greatest potential.

Contestant SS07 Sowmya Mahadevan was comfortably selected for this round after receiving 6000 votes,<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> the greatest number of votes cast during the round. Contestant SS06 Vijaykrishnan was also selected after receiving 4500 votes,<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> the second greatest number of votes. In addition, singer [[Nithyasree Mahadevan]] selected contestant SS10 Anusha Devi,<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/>{{failed verification|date=March 2019}} [[P. Unnikrishnan]] selected contestant SS Archana Iyer, [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]] selected contestant SS08 Nitin Raj, and [[Anuradha Sriram]] selected contestant Harish Sivaramakrishnan.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/>

Viewers and the listening public were again asked to judge the performances and cast votes through SMS, tele-voting, and online voting for the five selected contestants.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/> The contestant who received the greatest number of votes out of the five contestants would join four previously selected finalists – SS03 Maya, SS05 Goutham Bharathwaj, SS09 Nikhil Mathew, and SS04 V. Anitha in the finale.<ref name="HinduJuly2006"/>

Actor and singer [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] appeared as a special guest during the lifeline round.

====Lifeline Competitors====
*'''SS13 Archana Iyer (T.Nagar)''' was selected in the Chennai zone and was an architecture student who had training in Carnatic music for 8 years prior to entering the competition.
*'''SS14 Harish Sivaramakrishnan (Sallikiramam)''' was selected in the Chennai zone, and worked for a software company in Bangalore. He was passionate about singing.
*'''SS07 Sowmya Mahadevan (Kodambakkam)''' was selected in the Chennai zone, and had classical music training for 5 years prior to entering the competition. She was a student of Meenakshi College, Kodambakkam.
*'''SS08 Nithin Raj (Koduverepakkam)''' was selected in the Madurai zone, and was studying literature. He was passionate about singing, and hoped to become a playback singer.
*'''SS06 Vijay Krishnan (Rayapet)''' was selected in the Chennai zone, and was a student of the PSG college, Coimbatore. He had classical training for 5 years prior to entering the competition.
*'''SS10 Anusha devi (Mettupalayam)''' was selected in the coimbatore zone, and was studying Diploma. She was passionate about singing, and hoped to become a playback singer.

====Lifeline result====
The contestant who received the greatest number of votes from the viewers after the lifeline round was contestant SS14 Harish Sivaramakrishnan.

===Finals===
Judges for the finals included [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], [[K. S. Chithra]], and [[Ananth Vaidyanathan]].

Each of the finalists were required to perform a fast song and a slow song, back-to-back.

===Grand Finale (4 August 2006)===
The grand finale telecast on 4 August 2006 was held at the studio set a couple of days earlier. The chief guest for the grand finale was renowned playback singer, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], who announced the name of the winner of the competition.

==== Grand Finale results ====
Finalist Anitha V. was announced as runner up and viewer's choice at the finale after receiving more than 50,000 votes from the public,<ref name="NIEFeb09">{{cite news|author=U Tejonmayam|title=Getting the big break – The New Indian Express|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|date=2009-02-10|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article35023.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141739/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article35023.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 April 2015|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> and thereby receiving the greatest number of viewer votes. Finalist Sowmya Mahadevan won the jury award after receiving the highest number of votes from the lifeline round.<ref name="IndianTVAug2006"/> Contestant [[Nikhil Mathew]] was announced as the title winner.<ref name="NIEFeb09"/><ref name="HinduAug2006">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800960300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514065416/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/08/18/stories/2006081800960300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-14|title= Scaling a musical peak|author=K. Pradeep|date=2006-08-18|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

===Bloopers (5 August 2006)===
This episode consisted of bloopers from the season.

===Celebration Round (11 and 12 August 2006)===
These episodes were a celebration round which concluded the season.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10793832}}

{{Airtel Super Singer}}
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language singing talent shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2006 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Super Singer seasons]]

List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly

2026-01-04T05:41:18Z

CoralRaphael599: content update

{{short description|None}}
{{Featured list}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Punjab Legislative Assembly
| legislature =[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Punjab|16th Legislative Assembly of Punjab]]
| seats = 117
| session_room = Assembly 09.jpg
| session_alt = Palace of Assembly building, in Chandigarh, India
| established = 1952
| preceded_by = [[Interim East Punjab Assembly]]
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]<ref name="fpp">{{cite web | last=Khaitan | first=Tarunabh | title=Ranked-choice voting system could deepen democracy, prevent polarisation | newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] | date=8 May 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ | access-date=24 August 2025 |quote=Elections to the Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas take place under the first-past-the-post (FPP) system. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129155431/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/general-elections-lok-sabha-polls-first-past-the-post-fpp-system-bjp-5715812/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| last_election1 = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| meeting_place = [[Palace of Assembly (Chandigarh)|Palace of Assembly]], [[Chandigarh]], [[India]] |next_election1 =[[Next Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2027]]
| website = [http://punjabassembly.gov.in/ Homepage]
| constitution = [[Constitution of India]]
}}
[[File:IN-PB.svg|thumb|Location of Punjab (highlighted in red) within India|alt=Location of Punjab within India]]
The [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] state legislature of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[North India]]. The seat of the [[Legislative Assembly]] is at [[Chandigarh]], the capital of the state.<ref name="cpa-pb">{{cite web | title=Parliament-Punjab Legislative Assembly | publisher=[[Commonwealth Parliamentary Association]] | url=https://www.cpahq.org/directory/punjab-india/ | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> It is housed within the [[Chandigarh Capitol Complex]], a World Heritage Site designed by [[Le Corbusier]].<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/buddha-bihar-nalanda-mahavihara-unesco-world-heritage-site-chandigarh-329744-2016-07-18 |title=UNESCO approves all 3 Indian nominations for heritage tag |magazine=[[India Today]] |date=18 July 2016 |access-date=16 November 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719134259/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/buddha-bihar-nalanda-mahavihara-unesco-world-heritage-site-chandigarh/1/717209.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The term of the assembly is five years, unless it is dissolved early.<ref name=constitution/>{{Rp|page=72}} Punjab is the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|nineteenth-largest state]] in India, covering {{Convert|50362|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}};<ref name="g484">{{cite web | title=TABLE 2.1- Area and population by States (Census-2011) | publisher=[[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation]] | url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/CH-2POPULATION/Table%202.1.xls | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116020015/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/SYB2013/CH-2-POPULATION/Table%202.1.xls | archive-date=16 November 2013 | url-status=dead | access-date=29 December 2025}}</ref> and the fifteenth-most populous state with a population of 27.7 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population and decadal change by residence : 2011 (PERSONS) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2019-01-15 |archive-date=2016-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015117/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|p=2}} Since 1977, its Assembly has had 117 members who are [[direct elections|directly elected]], from [[single-member district|single-seat]] constituencies.<ref name="cpa-pb"/>

Since the independence of India, the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] have been given [[reservation in India|reservation status]], guaranteeing political representation, and the Constitution lays down the general principles of [[positive discrimination]] for SCs and STs.<ref name=constitution>{{Cite web|url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|title=The Constitution of India [As on 9th December, 2020]|website=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)#Legislative Department|Legislative Department]]|access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=26 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126153125/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=35,137}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|title=Reserved uncertainty or deserved certainty? Reservation debate back in Mysuru |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=17 February 2020|first=K Shiva|last=Kumar|access-date=29 November 2021|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/feb/17/reserved-uncertainty-or-deserved-certainty-reservation-debate-back-in-mysuru-2104413.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[2011 census of India]] stated that there were no people of any Scheduled Tribes in Punjab, while the Scheduled Castes constitute a significant portion of the [[population]] of the state, at 31.9%.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.indiaspend.com/cover-story/how-indias-scheduled-castes-tribes-are-empowering-themselves-34628 |author=Prachi Salve |title=How India's Scheduled Castes & Tribes Are Empowering Themselves |website=IndiaSpend |access-date=17 October 2019 |date=13 December 2013 |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930091036/https://archive.indiaspend.com/cover-story/how-indias-scheduled-castes-tribes-are-empowering-themselves-34628 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Scheduled Castes have been granted a reservation of 34 seats in the assembly.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/punjab/whether-dalit-polarisation-will-reap-benefits-in-punjab-has-to-be-seen/articleshow/89575839.cms?from=mdr |title=Whether Dalit polarisation will reap benefits in Punjab has to be seen |date=14 February 2022 |author=Rehnamol Raveendran |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date= 19 May 2024 |quote=Of the 117 seats, 34 (one-third) seats are reserved for the scheduled castes. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214190644/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/punjab/whether-dalit-polarisation-will-reap-benefits-in-punjab-has-to-be-seen/articleshow/89575839.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=14 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="delimitation2008"/>

==History==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Changes in the constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly over time
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Act/Order
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Explanation
! scope="col" | Total<br/>seats
! scope="col" | [[Scheduled Castes|SC]]-reserved seats
! scope="col" | Election(s)
|-
! scope="row" | 1950, 1951
| Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1951<ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1951 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies order, 1951 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
| The Indian [[Republic Day (India)|Constitution]] came into effect and new constituencies were created.
| align=right | 105
| align=right | 0
| [[1952 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name=election1952>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3442-punjab-1951/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1952 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024155114/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3442-punjab-1951/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1956
| [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956]]
| [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] (PEPSU) was merged with Punjab and the number of constituencies of the enlarged state was increased.
| align=right | 121
| align=right | 33
| [[1957 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3443-punjab-1957/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317194848/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3443-punjab-1957/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1961
| Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
|There were changes in the number and reservation status of constituencies. Two-member constituencies were abolished.
| align=right | 154
| align=right | 33
| [[1962 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3444-punjab-1962/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317192238/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3444-punjab-1962/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1966
| [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966]]
| The new state of [[Haryana]] was created from the south-east parts of Punjab. Some districts of Punjab were also merged with [[Himachal Pradesh]].
| align=right | 104
| align=right | 23
| [[1969 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1969]],<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3446-punjab-1969/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 May 2023 |access-date= 15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919180806/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3446-punjab-1969/ |archive-date=19 September 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[1972 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3447-punjab-1972/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=18 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240318091340/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3447-punjab-1972/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1976
| Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/1976-dpaco/mode/2up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref>
|There were changes in the number and reservation status of constituencies.
| align=right | 117
| align=right | 29
| [[1977 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1977]],<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3448-punjab-1977/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317113140/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3448-punjab-1977/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[1980 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1980]],<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3449-punjab-1980/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317210716/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3449-punjab-1980/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[1985 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1985]],<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3450-punjab-1985/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112130822/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3450-punjab-1985/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[1992 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1992]],<ref name=election1992>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3451-punjab-1992/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1992 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317175510/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3451-punjab-1992/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]],<ref name=election1997>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3452-punjab-1997/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 1997 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=17 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317222948/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3452-punjab-1997/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]],<ref name=election2002>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3453-punjab-2002/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2002 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207170907/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3453-punjab-2002/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name=election2007>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3454-punjab-2007/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2007 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=15 May 2022 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207170542/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3454-punjab-2007/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| Delimitation Commission Order, 2007<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718103411/https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| There were changes in the reservation status and area covered by constituencies.
| align=right | 117
| align=right | 34
| [[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]],<ref name=election2012>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3455-punjab-2012/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207170306/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3455-punjab-2012/ |url-status=live |url-access=limited }}</ref> [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]],<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106164612/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |archive-date=6 November 2021 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref> [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303172412/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |archive-date=3 March 2024 |url-status=live |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Constituencies ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Punjab.svg|thumb| upright=1.4|Constituencies of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]|alt=Constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]

The constituencies of the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] were last [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimited]] in 2008.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

{{legend table|width=auto|title=Reservation
|#fef06d|[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|Scheduled Castes]] (SC)
}}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly
! scope="col" | #
! scope="col" | Constituency<br />name
! scope="col" | Reserved for<br />([[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes#SC definition|SC]]/None)
! scope="col" | District<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab|date=19 June 2006 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626090207/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
![[Lok Sabha]]<br />constituency
! scope="col" | Electorate<br/>(2022)<ref name=PunjabElectors2022>{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha 2022 Electoral Detail |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/electoraldetailfinalroll?year=16 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab |access-date=27 March 2022 |archive-date=4 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204035852/https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/electoraldetailfinalroll?year=16 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{update after|2027|05}}
|-
| 1
! scope=row | [[Sujanpur (Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency)|Sujanpur]]
| None
| rowspan="3" | [[Pathankot district|Pathankot]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:167230}}
|-
| 2
! scope=row | [[Bhoa Assembly constituency|Bhoa]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:182915}}
|-
| 3
! scope=row | [[Pathankot Assembly constituency|Pathankot]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:152519}}
|-
| 4
! scope=row | [[Gurudaspur Assembly constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| None
| rowspan="7" | [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:169628}}
|-
| 5
! scope=row | [[Dina Nagar Assembly constituency|Dina Nagar]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:192562}}
|-
| 6
! scope=row | [[Qadian Assembly constituency|Qadian]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:181907}}
|-
| 7
! scope=row | [[Batala Assembly constituency|Batala]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:188862}}
|-
| 8
! scope=row | [[Sri Hargobindpur Assembly constituency|Sri Hargobindpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:178734}}
|-
| 9
! scope=row | [[Fatehgarh Churian Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Churian]]
| None
| rowspan="2" | [[Gurdaspur Lok Sabha constituency|Gurdaspur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:175730}}
|-
| 10
! scope=row | [[Dera Baba Nanak Assembly constituency|Dera Baba Nanak]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:194613}}
|-
| 11
! scope=row | [[Ajnala Assembly constituency|Ajnala]]
| None
| rowspan="10" | [[Amritsar district|Amritsar]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:157161}}
|-
| 12
! scope=row | [[Raja Sansi Assembly constituency|Raja Sansi]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:177713}}
|-
| 13
! scope=row | [[Majitha Assembly constituency|Majitha]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:166136}}
|-
| 14
! scope=row | [[Jandiala Assembly constituency|Jandiala]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:180674}}
|-
| 15
! scope=row | [[Amritsar North Assembly constituency|Amritsar North]]
| None
| rowspan="6" | [[Amritsar Lok Sabha constituency|Amritsar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:202095}}
|-
| 16
! scope=row | [[Amritsar West Assembly constituency|Amritsar West]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:214073}}
|-
| 17
! scope=row | [[Amritsar Central Assembly constituency|Amritsar Central]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:147058}}
|-
| 18
! scope=row | [[Amritsar East Assembly constituency|Amritsar East]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:168013}}
|-
| 19
! scope=row | [[Amritsar South Assembly constituency|Amritsar South]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:177605}}
|-
| 20
! scope=row | [[Attari Assembly constituency|Attari]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:189475}}
|-
| 21
! scope=row | [[Tarn Taran Assembly constituency|Tarn Taran]]
| None
| rowspan="5" | [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:196866}}
|-
| 22
! scope=row | [[Khem Karan Assembly constituency|Khem Karan]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:216090}}
|-
| 23
! scope=row | [[Patti, Punjab Assembly constituency|Patti]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:202155}}
|-
| 24
! scope=row | [[Khadoor Sahib Assembly constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:201328}}
|-
| 25
! scope=row | [[Baba Bakala Assembly constituency|Baba Bakala]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:199929}}
|-
| 26
! scope=row | [[Bholath Assembly constituency|Bholath]]
| None
| rowspan="4" | [[Kapurthala district|Kapurthala]]
| [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:136413}}
|-
| 27
! scope=row | [[Kapurthala Assembly constituency|Kapurthala]]
| None
| rowspan="2" | [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:149885}}
|-
| 28
! scope=row | [[Sultanpur Lodhi Assembly constituency|Sultanpur Lodhi]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:148094}}
|-
| 29
! scope=row | [[Phagwara Assembly constituency|Phagwara]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:192867}}
|-
| 30
! scope=row | [[Phillaur Assembly constituency|Phillaur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="9" | [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Jalandhar Lok Sabha constituency|Jalandhar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:207149}}
|-
| 31
! scope=row | [[Nakodar Assembly constituency|Nakodar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:194824}}
|-
| 32
! scope=row | [[Shahkot Assembly constituency|Shahkot]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:181946}}
|-
| 33
! scope=row | [[Kartarpur Assembly constituency|Kartarpur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:184515}}
|-
| 34
! scope=row | [[Jalandhar West Assembly constituency|Jalandhar West]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:171632}}
|-
| 35
! scope=row | [[Jalandhar Central Assembly constituency|Jalandhar Central]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:174003}}
|-
| 36
! scope=row | [[Jalandhar North Assembly constituency|Jalandhar North]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:192058}}
|-
| 37
! scope=row | [[Jalandhar Cantt Assembly constituency|Jalandhar Cantt]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:193666}}
|-
| 38
! scope=row | [[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Adampur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:167424}}
|-
| 39
! scope=row | [[Mukerian Assembly constituency|Mukerian]]
| None
| rowspan="7" | [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Hoshiarpur Lok Sabha constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:202924}}
|-
| 40
! scope=row | [[Dasuya Assembly constituency|Dasuya]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:197021}}
|-
| 41
! scope=row | [[Urmar Assembly constituency|Urmar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:181007}}
|-
| 42
! scope=row | [[Sham Chaurasi Assembly constituency|Sham Chaurasi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:177269}}
|-
| 43
! scope=row | [[Hoshiarpur Assembly constituency|Hoshiarpur]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:192794}}
|-
| 44
! scope=row | [[Chabbewal Assembly constituency|Chabbewal]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:161535}}
|-
| 45
! scope=row | [[Garhshankar Assembly constituency|Garhshankar]]
| None
| rowspan="9" | [[Anandpur Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:175287}}
|-
| 46
! scope=row | [[Banga Assembly constituency|Banga]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|S.B.S. Nagar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165283}}
|-
| 47
! scope=row | [[Nawan Shahr Assembly constituency|Nawan Shahr]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:177231}}
|-
| 48
! scope=row | [[Balachaur Assembly constituency|Balachaur]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:155145}}
|-
| 49
! scope=row | [[Anandpur Sahib Assembly constituency|Anandpur Sahib]]
| None
| rowspan="3" | [[Rupnagar district|Rupnagar]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:191727}}
|-
| 50
! scope=row | [[Rupnagar Assembly constituency|Rupnagar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:183115}}
|-
| 51
! scope=row | [[Chamkaur Sahib Assembly constituency|Chamkaur Sahib]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:197330}}
|-
| 52
! scope=row | [[Kharar Assembly constituency|Kharar]]
| None
| rowspan="2" | [[Mohali district|Mohali]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:266514}}
|-
| 53
! scope=row | [[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly constituency|S.A.S. Nagar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:238998}}
|-
| 54
! scope=row | [[Bassi Pathana Assembly constituency|Bassi Pathana]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Fatehgarh Sahib district|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:149248}}
|-
| 55
! scope=row | [[Fatehgarh Sahib Assembly constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:161754}}
|-
| 56
! scope=row | [[Amloh Assembly constituency|Amloh]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:144482}}
|-
| 57
! scope=row | [[Khanna Assembly constituency|Khanna]]
| None
| rowspan="14" | [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:171622}}
|-
| 58
! scope=row | [[Samrala Assembly constituency|Samrala]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:175822}}
|-
| 59
! scope=row | [[Sahnewal Assembly constituency|Sahnewal]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:265097}}
|-
| 60
! scope=row | [[Ludhiana East Assembly constituency|Ludhiana East]]
| None
| rowspan="7" | [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:217728}}
|-
| 61
! scope=row | [[Ludhiana South Assembly constituency|Ludhiana South]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:178167}}
|-
| 62
! scope=row | [[Atam Nagar Assembly constituency|Atam Nagar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:170654}}
|-
| 63
! scope=row | [[Ludhiana Central Assembly constituency|Ludhiana Central]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:158931}}
|-
| 64
! scope=row | [[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:182455}}
|-
| 65
! scope=row | [[Ludhiana North Assembly constituency|Ludhiana North]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:205063}}
|-
| 66
! scope=row | [[Gill Assembly constituency|Gill]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:273104}}
|-
| 67
! scope=row | [[Payal Assembly constituency|Payal]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165608}}
|-
| 68
! scope=row | [[Dakha Assembly constituency|Dakha]]
| None
| [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:187760}}
|-
| 69
! scope=row | [[Raikot Assembly constituency|Raikot]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:156301}}
|-
| 70
! scope=row | [[Jagraon Assembly constituency|Jagraon]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| [[Ludhiana Lok Sabha constituency|Ludhiana]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:184819}}
|-
| 71
! scope=row | [[Nihal Singh Wala Assembly constituency|Nihal Singhwala]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="4" | [[Moga district|Moga]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:197869}}
|-
| 72
! scope=row | [[Bhagha Purana Assembly constituency|Bhagha Purana]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:172120}}
|-
| 73
! scope=row | [[Moga Assembly constituency|Moga]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:203541}}
|-
| 74
! scope=row | [[Dharamkot Assembly constituency|Dharamkot]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:181612}}
|-
| 75
! scope=row | [[Zira Assembly constituency|Zira]]
| None
| rowspan="4" | [[Firozpur district|Firozpur]]
| [[Khadoor Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Khadoor Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:187300}}
|-
| 76
! scope=row | [[Firozpur City Assembly constituency|Firozpur City]]
| None
| rowspan="7" | [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:172957}}
|-
| 77
! scope=row | [[Firozpur Rural Assembly constituency|Firozpur Rural]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:195975}}
|-
| 78
! scope=row | [[Guru Har Sahai Assembly constituency|Guru Har Sahai]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:172641}}
|-
| 79
! scope=row | [[Jalalabad (Punjab Assembly constituency)|Jalalabad]]
| None
| rowspan="4" | [[Fazilka district|Fazilka]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:213416}}
|-
| 80
! scope=row | [[Fazilka Assembly constituency|Fazilka]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:177520}}
|-
| 81
! scope=row | [[Abohar Assembly constituency|Abohar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:178416}}
|-
| 82
! scope=row | [[Balluana Assembly constituency|Balluana]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:183929}}
|-
| 83
! scope=row | [[Lambi Assembly constituency|Lambi]]
| None
| rowspan="4" | [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165263}}
|-
| 84
! scope=row | [[Gidderbaha Assembly constituency|Gidderbaha]]
| None
| [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:167228}}
|-
| 85
! scope=row | [[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="2" | [[Firozpur Lok Sabha constituency|Firozpur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:176573}}
|-
| 86
! scope=row | [[Muktsar Assembly constituency|Muktsar]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:188889}}
|-
| 87
! scope=row | [[Faridkot Assembly constituency|Faridkot]]
| None
| rowspan="3" | [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Faridkot Lok Sabha constituency|Faridkot]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:169823}}
|-
| 88
! scope=row | [[Kotkapura Assembly constituency|Kotkapura]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:159646}}
|-
| 89
! scope=row | [[Jaitu Assembly constituency|Jaitu]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:151056}}
|-
| 90
! scope=row | [[Rampura Phul Assembly constituency|Rampura Phul]]
| None
| rowspan="6" | [[Bathinda district|Bathinda]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:169859}}
|-
| 91
! scope=row | [[Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency|Bhucho Mandi]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="8" | [[Bathinda Lok Sabha constituency|Bathinda]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:184785}}
|-
| 92
! scope=row | [[Bathinda Urban Assembly constituency|Bathinda Urban]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:229525}}
|-
| 93
! scope=row | [[Bathinda Rural Assembly constituency|Bathinda Rural]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:158082}}
|-
| 94
! scope=row | [[Talwandi Sabo Assembly constituency|Talwandi Sabo]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:156336}}
|-
| 95
! scope=row | [[Maur Assembly constituency|Maur]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:167547}}
|-
| 96
! scope=row | [[Mansa, Punjab Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
| None
| rowspan="3" | [[Mansa district, India|Mansa]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:218339}}
|-
| 97
! scope=row | [[Sardulgarh Assembly constituency|Sardulgarh]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:181679}}
|-
| 98
! scope=row | [[Budhalada Assembly constituency|Budhlada]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:195170}}
|-
| 99
! scope=row | [[Lehra Assembly constituency|Lehra]]
| None
| rowspan="3" | [[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| rowspan="7" | [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:172109}}
|-
| 100
! scope=row | [[Dirba Assembly constituency|Dirba]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:182695}}
|-
| 101
! scope=row | [[Sunam Assembly constituency|Sunam]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:196136}}
|-
| 102
! scope=row | [[Bhadaur Assembly constituency|Bhadaur]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Barnala district|Barnala]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:157809}}
|-
| 103
! scope=row | [[Barnala Assembly constituency|Barnala]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:182502}}
|-
| 104
! scope=row | [[Mehal Kalan Assembly constituency|Mehal Kalan]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:160348}}
|-
| 105
! scope=row | [[Malerkotla Assembly constituency|Malerkotla]]
| None
| rowspan="2" | [[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:159900}}
|-
| 106
! scope=row | [[Amargarh Assembly constituency|Amargarh]]
| None
| [[Fatehgarh Sahib Lok Sabha constituency|Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165909}}
|-
| 107
! scope=row | [[Dhuri Assembly constituency|Dhuri]]
| None
| rowspan="2" | [[Sangrur District|Sangrur]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency|Sangrur]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:165053}}
|-
| 108
! scope=row | [[Sangrur Assembly constituency|Sangrur]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:189838}}
|-
| 109
! scope=row | [[Nabha Assembly constituency|Nabha]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| rowspan="3" | [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| rowspan="9" | [[Patiala Lok Sabha constituency|Patiala]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:184623}}
|-
| 110
! scope=row | [[Patiala Rural Assembly constituency|Patiala Rural]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:225639}}
|-
| 111
! scope=row | [[Rajpura Assembly constituency|Rajpura]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:182228}}
|-
| 112
! scope=row | [[Dera Bassi Assembly constituency|Dera Bassi]]
| None
| [[Mohali district|Mohali]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:287622}}
|-
| 113
! scope=row | [[Ghanaur Assembly constituency|Ghanaur]]
| None
| rowspan="5" | [[Patiala district|Patiala]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:164546}}
|-
| 114
! scope=row | [[Sanour Assembly constituency|Sanour]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:222969}}
|-
| 115
! scope=row | [[Patiala Assembly constituency|Patiala]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:161399}}
|-
| 116
! scope=row | [[Samana Assembly constituency|Samana]]
| None
| align=right | {{formatnum:192473}}
|-
| 117
! scope=row | [[Shutrana Assembly constituency|Shutrana]]
| style="background:#fef06d;"| SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:181568}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[16th Punjab Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Provincial Assembly]] (Pakistan)
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Punjab]]
[[Category:Punjab, India-related lists|Constituencies]]

Mandala 7

2025-12-27T12:55:45Z

CoralRaphael599: rework section additionally and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|Seventh book of the Rigveda}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2015}}
The '''seventh Mandala''' of the '''[[Rigveda]]''' ("book 7", "RV 7") has 104 hymns. In the [[Rigveda Anukramani]], all hymns in this book are attributed to ''[[Vashista]]''. Hymn 32 is additionally credited to Sakti Vashista, and hymns 101-102 (to [[Parjanya]]) are additionally credited to Kumara Agneya.
It is one of the "family books" (mandalas 2-7), the oldest core of the Rigveda, which were composed in early vedic period (1500-1000 BCE).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dahiya|first=Poonam Dalal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ|title=ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK|date=2017-09-15|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-93-5260-673-3|pages=95|language=en}}</ref>

The hymns are dedicated to [[Agni]], [[Indra]], the [[Visvadevas]], the [[Maruts]], [[Mitra-Varuna]], the [[Asvins]], [[Ushas]] (Dawn), [[Indra-Varuna]], [[Varuna]], [[Vayu]] (Wind), two each to [[Sarasvati]], [[Rudra]], the [[Ap (water)|Waters]], the [[Adityas]], [[Vishnu]], [[Vastospati]], [[Brhaspati]], one each to the [[Apris]], to [[Vashista]], [[Savitr|Savitar]], [[Bhaga]], the [[Dadhikra]]s, the [[Rbhus]], [[Dyaus]] and [[Prthivi]] (Heaven and Earth), [[Parjanya]] (Rain) and Indra-[[Soma (drink)|Soma]]. 7.103 is dedicated to the [[frog]]s.

The [[Rigvedic rivers|rivers]] mentioned in the 7th Mandala are the [[Sarasvati River|Sarasvati]], [[Asikni (river)|Asikni]], [[Parusni]] and possibly the [[Yamuna]] (in 7.18.19 the name of a helper of Indra, maybe also the name of a woman or goddess). Hymns 95 and 96 are entirely dedicated to Sarasvati.

The verse 7.59.12, probably a late addition, gained importance as [[Mahāmrityunjaya Mantra]] or Tryambakam mantra.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Jamison|first=Stephanie|authorlink=Stephanie W. Jamison|title=The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India|last2=Brereton|first2=Joel|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|url=https://www.academia.edu/30160889/Stephanie_W_Jamison_Joel_P_Brereton_The_Rigveda_3_Volume_Set_2014_pdf |isbn=9780199370184|pages=953–954}}</ref>

==The battle of ten kings==
The [[Battle of the Ten Kings]] (''{{IAST|dāśarājñá}}'') is a battle alluded to in the [[Rigveda]] (Book 7, hymns 18, 33 and 83.4-8), the ancient Indian sacred collection of [[Sanskrit]] hymns. The battle took place during the middle or main [[Vedic period]],<ref>[[Michael Witzel|Witzel]] (2000): between approximately 1450 and 1300 BCE</ref> near the [[Ravi River]] in [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. It was a battle between the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru]] kingdom, allied with other tribes of the [[Northwest India (pre-1947)|northwestern India]], guided by the royal sage [[Vishvamitra]], and the [[Bharatas (tribe)|Bharata]] king [[Sudas]], who defeated the Purus.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{wikisourcelang|sa|ऋग्वेदः मण्डल १|Original Sanskrit text in Devanagari}}
*{{wikisource-inline|The Rig Veda/Mandala 7}} – English translation by [[Ralph T. H. Griffith]]

{{Rigveda}}

[[Category:Rigveda]]

Hindol, Odisha

2025-12-17T16:42:02Z

CoralRaphael599: small changes

{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Other uses|Hindol (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:HINDOL MAP.jpg|alt=Hindol State established in 1554|thumb|Hindol State established in 1554]]

'''Hindol''' is a [[town]] and [[Subdivision (India)|subdivision]] in [[Dhenkanal district]] of the Indian state of [[Odisha]].

== Geography ==
It is located {{convert|29|km}} from [[National Highway 110 (India)|NH 55]] to Gudiakateni, {{convert|11|km}} from NH 655 to Satamaili Chowk and is surrounded by reserve forest on the East, South, and West. It was a part of the [[Hindol State|Hindol]] [[princely state]] before [[Partition of India|independence]]. It is {{convert|60|km}} from [[Dhenkanal]].

== History ==
Hindol was founded from [[Dudurkote]] (established before 800 AD) in 1554 by two brothers named Lakshman Mahratta and Bharat Mahratta. They belonged to the family of the [[Badakhemundi Estate|Khimedi Raja]] of [[Ganjam district]], which also ruled over areas in the [[Madras Province|Madras]] region. After the [[East India Company]] occupied Odisha in September–October 1803, treaties were signed with estates of the region, including Hindol.

=== RULERS ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Tenure
!Name
|-
|1691–1701
|Achyuta Singh Narendra
|-
|1701–1733
|Bhagabat Singh Narendra
|-
|1733–1770
|Damodar Singh Narendra
|-
|1770–1781
|Radhakant Singh Mardraj Jagadeb
|-
|1781–1786
|Ram Chandra Singh Mardraj Jagadeb
|-
|1786–1829
|Kishan Chandra Mardraj Jagadeb
|-
|1829–1841
|Harihar Singh Mardraj Jagadeb
|-
|1841–1874
|Ishwar Singh Mardraj Jagadeb
|-
|1874–1877
|Phokar Singh Mardraj Jagadeb
|-
|18 Jul 1877 – 10 Feb 1906
|Janardan Mardraj Jagadeb (b. 1853 - d. ....)
|-
|10 Feb 1906 – 15 Aug 1947
|Naba Kishor Chandra Mardraj Jagadeb (b. 1891 - d. 19...)
|}

==== SARBARAKAR & ROYAL RESPONSIBILITIES ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Tenure
!Name & Details
|-
|800–1800
|Father and Forehead grandfather of Satyabadi Pratap Singh Garnaik
|-
|'''1800–1840'''
| '''" SATYABADI PRATAP SINGH GARNAIK "'''
|-
|1840–1875
|Madhu Sardar Singh Garnaik son of Satyabadi Pratap Singh Garnaik
|-
|1875–1890
|Ghasia Sardar Singh Garnaik son of Satyabadi Pratap Singh Garnaik
|-
|1890 - 1906
|Champettra Sardar Singh Garnaik son of Madhu Sardar Singh Garnaik
|-
|1906–1938
|Somanatha Satrujita Garnaik son of Champettra Sardar Singh Garnaik

Sana Adhyaksh Senapati Nakula Samant Sinhar son of Ghasia Sardar Singh Garnaik
|-
|1938–1961
|Sarbarakar Fakira Charan Garnaik son of Ghasia Sardar Singh
Banamali Garnaik son of Ghasia Sardar Singh

Ananta Garnaik son of Ghasia Sardar Singh

Sadananda Garnaik son of Nakula Samant Sinhar

Baikuntha Garnaik son of Sarbarakar Fakira Charan Garnaik

Kedar Kishor Garnaik son of Sarbarakar Fakira Charan Garnaik
|}
Hindol was the home to the [[Hindol (princely state)|Hindol]] [[princely state]] with the [[Eastern States Agency#Princely states of the Eastern States Agency|Odisha States Agency]] during the [[British Raj]]. After the [[East India Company]] occupied Odisha from September to October in 1803, treaties were signed with estates of the region, including [[Hindol State|Hindol]]. After [[Independence of India|Independence]], the state merged into the [[Republic of India]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dr. Bhagyalipi Malla|date=August 2007|title=Amalgamation of Princely States|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page94-100.pdf|publisher=Orissa Review|page=94,98|accessdate=18 July 2013}}</ref> Thereafter in 1948, when all the princely states including [[Dhenkanal (princely state)|Dhenkanal]], [[Talcher]], [[Athmallik]], [[Pal Lahara]] and Hindol formally merged with the province of [[Odisha]], the present-day [[Dhenkanal district]] was created.<ref name="Mitra2002">{{cite book|author=Subrata K. Mitra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkCzpsbO1tYC&pg=PA63|title=Power, Protest and Participation: Local Elites and Development in India|date=31 January 2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-22168-6|pages=63–|accessdate=18 July 2013}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
Hindol hosts five festivals every year, of which three are major. The most important of these is the [[Rath Yatra]].

=== Harihat Mahotsav ===

[[File:Harihat Mahotsav 2016.jpg|thumb]]
Harihat Mahotsav is the oldest carnival of Hindol. The original name Harihat Mela was converted to Harihat Mahotsav in 2016. But Harihat Mela was an ancient traditional carnival of Hindol that was started many years before the Twentieth Yatra.

==== Hindol Laxmi Puja Committee ====
Hindol Town 15 Laxmi Puja Committees.
* Radhakrushna Laxmi Puja Committee, Nutanpatana-C
* Bus Stand Laxmi Puja Committee, Amalapada
* Maudamani Laxmi Puja Committee, Post Office
* Medical Choka Laxmi Puja Committee
* Kalapana Bazar Laxmi Puja Committee, Nizigarhapatana
* Mera Bazar Laxmi Puja Committee
* Karigar Sahi Laxmi Puja Committee
* Satya Sahi Laxmi Puja Committee, Nutanpatana-A
* Gopala Sahi Laxmi Puja Committee, Nutanpatana-B
* Banamalipur Laxmi Puja Committee
* Pitabali Laxmi Puja Committee
* Gopalapur Laxmi Puja Committee-A
* Gopalapur Laxmi Puja Committee-B
* Radhanathapura Laxmi Puja Committee
* Champati Sahi Laxmi Puja Committee

==Politics==
Hindol is a part of [[Hindol Assembly constituency]] and [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal Parliamentary constituency]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their EXtent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

== Notable people ==

* Nakula Samanta Singhar - military commander to the feudal chief of Hindol
* Raja Bahadur [[Shailendra Narayan Singhdeo]] - Scion of the erstwhile Princely State of Hindol
* [[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]] - Indian Politician and former Odisha State Cabinet Minister
* Shridhar Swami (Mukunda Das) - Founder of the Mahima Alekh cult aka [[Mahima Dharma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|20|36|N|85|12|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dhenkanal district]]

Warner Music India

2025-12-17T06:14:25Z

CoralRaphael599: created a post basic info

{{Short description|Indian record label}}{{Notability|date=October 2025}}{{Independent sources|date=October 2025}}{{Infobox record label
| name = Warner Music India
| image = Warner Music Global.svg
| parent =
| founded = {{start date and age|2020}}
| founder = [[Warner Music Group]]
| distributor = Warner Music Group
| genre = Pop, Hip-hop, Rock, Bollywood, and Folk music
| country = India
| website = {{URL|https://www.warnermusicindia.co}}
}}
'''Warner Music India''' ('''WMI''') is a branch of the global music company [[Warner Music Group]] (WMG) focused on the Indian music market. It was officially launched in March 2020, by Jay Mehta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=W. M. G. |date=2024-11-12 |title=WARNER MUSIC INDIA INVESTS IN LIVE ENTERTAINMENT LEADER SKILLBOX |url=https://www.wmg.com/news/warner-music-india-invests-in-live-entertainment-leader-skillbox |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Warner Music Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Warner Music Canada and Warner Music India launch new joint venture supporting South Asian artists |url=https://www.cbc.ca/music/warner-music-canada-india-91-north-records-south-asian-artists-1.6944815 |access-date=2025-05-22 |work=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Warner Music India makes an investment in JetSynthesys’s global music junction |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-warner-music-india-makes-an-investment-in-jetsynthesyss-global-music-junction-3433029/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-04-11 |title=Warner Music India to Make Bollywood Debut With Jjust Music Partnership, Tiger Shroff Single |url=https://variety.com/2022/music/news/warner-music-india-jjust-music-tiger-shroff-1235229627/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

== About ==
Making moves in the Indian Music Scene, Warner Music India is a part of the global collective of music makers & music lovers under the larger [[Warner Music Group]]. With a vision to take the Indian sound global, Warner Music India is home to a heavily curated catalogue of diverse artists across genres, categories and voices. Drivers of the entertainment culture, our music holds authenticity, originality and creativity at its core, and speaks to a multitude of audiences that spans across all generations of listeners. WMI is also home to a growing label MAATI that is nurturing & creating iconic sounds and is on its way to produce some of the most eminent folk recordings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/about-us |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>

== Artists ==
* [[Darshan Raval]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Communications |first=W. M. G. |date=2023-10-10 |title=WARNER MUSIC AQUIRES INDIAN MANAGEMENT COMPANY E-POSITIVE |url=https://www.wmg.com/news/warner-music-aquires-indian-management-company-e-positive-warner-music-aquires-indian#:~:text=We're%20looking%20forward%20to,the%20rest%20of%20the%20world.%E2%80%9D |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Warner Music Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshan Raval {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/darshan |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Diljit Dosanjh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diljit Dosanjh {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/diljit |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Armaan Malik]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Armaan Malik {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/armaan |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Guru Randhawa]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warner Music India signs superstar Guru Randhawa in a landmark deal, announces his album 'Without Prejudice' |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/250325-warner-music-india-signs-superstar-guru?amp |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[King (singer)|King]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=King {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/king |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* Reet Talwar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reet Talwar {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/reet |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Munawar Faruqui]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Munawar Faruqui {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/munawar |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Sid Sriram]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-03-28 |title=Sid Sriram Unveils ‘Sivanar’ Under New Warner Music India Joint Venture (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/music/news/sid-sriram-sivanar-warner-music-india-joint-venture-1236349668/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Ravi Singhal<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Singhal {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/ravi |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* Aditya Bhardwaj<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya Bhardwaj {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/aditya-bhardwaj |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* Srushti Tawade<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srushti Tawade {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/srushti |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>
* Himonshu Parikh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Himonshu Parikh {{!}} Warner Music India |url=https://www.warnermusicindia.co/artists/himonshu |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=warnermusicindia.co |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.warnermusicindia.co}}

[[Category:Warner Music labels]]

Siege of Gurdas Nangal

2025-12-08T05:55:08Z

CoralRaphael599: creating a post more to come

{{Short description|Battle in 1715}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Gurdas Nangal
| partof = [[Mughal-Sikh Wars|Mughal–Sikh Wars]]
| image =
| caption = The Sikh army surrendered
| date = 1 April – 7 December 1715<br/>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|day1=1|month1=4|year1=1715|day2=7|month2=12|year2=1715|duration=yes}})
| place = [[Gurdas Nangal]], [[Punjab]]
| territory = [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was captured alive by the Mughals.
| result = Mughal victory<ref name="village">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06k5ygAACAAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=421|author= Jacques, Tony|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5}}</ref>
| combatant1 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Khalsa]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| commander1 = [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh]]{{Surrender}}{{POW}}{{Executed}}<br> [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Baj Singh]]{{Surrender}}{{POW}}{{Executed}}<br> [[File:Sikh flag.jpg|25px]] [[Binod Singh]]{{KIA}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Farrukhsiyar]] <br>{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Abd al-Samad Khan]]<br>{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Zakariya Khan Bahadur|Zakariya Khan]]<br>{{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Qamar-ud-din Khan]]
| strength1 = 1,250<ref name="gupta">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708-69) |date=1978 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121502481 |edition=3rd |pages=27–28|orig-date=1937}}</ref>
| strength2 = 35,000<ref name="gupta"/>
| casualties1 = 300 dead<br>750 captured
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}

{{Campaignbox Mughal-Sikh Wars}}{{History of India}}
The '''Battle of Gurdas Nangal''' took place in April 1715 between the Sikhs, led by [[Banda Singh Bahadur]], and the [[Mughal Army]], led by [[Abd al-Samad Khan]].<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

==Background==
Reports about the [[Sikhs]] reappearing and winning battles in [[Panjab]] kept arriving at the Delhi court, causing great worry among Emperor [[Farrukh Siyar]] and his ministers. Meanwhile, the Governor of [[Lahore]], [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]], did nothing about the situation. Instead, he moved south to the [[Lakhi Jungle]] to deal with a rebellion by the [[Bhatti]] Zamindars, likely to avoid clashing with [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]. On March 20, 1715, the Emperor sharply rebuked him and ordered several nobles, including [[Qamr-ud-Din Khan]], Afrasiyab Khan, Muzaffar Khan, Raja Udet Singh Bundela, Raja Gopal Singh Bhadauriya, and many others from both Hindu and Muslim communities, to march with their forces to Punjab to reinforce Abd-us-Samad Khan's campaign against the Sikhs. The Emperor also sent orders to various local military officials in [[Panjab]] to join the effort. Responding to these commands, Mirza Ahmad Khan, the Faujdar of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujrat]], gathered a large group of armed Sayyeds; Iradatmand Khan, the Faujdar of [[Eminabad]], Nur Muhammad Khan from [[Aurangabad]] and Shaikh Muhammad Dayam from [[Batala]], Sayyed Hafeez Ali Khan from [[Haibatpur]], Suhrab Khan from [[Kalanaur, Gurdaspur|Kalanaur]], Raja Bhim Singh from Katoch; and Har Deva, son of Raja Dhrub Deva of [[Jasrota]], assembled their troops in [[Lahore]]. At the same time, Arif Beg Khan, the Deputy Governor of [[Lahore]], left the city and set up camp near [[Shah Ganj]], likely waiting for [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] to return from the south.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur">{{cite book|title=Life of Banda Singh Bahadur|last=Singh|first=Ganda|url=https://ia904700.us.archive.org/1/items/LifeOfBandaSinghBahadur_804/LifeOfBandaSinghBahadur1999.pdf|year=1999|isbn=9788176293006|publisher=Publication Bureau|pages=199}}</ref><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur">{{cite book |last1=Sagoo |first1=Harbans Kaur |title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty |year=2001 |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7629-300-8 |pages=210–221}}</ref><ref name="SikhHistoryPersianSources">{{Cite book |title=Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts |year=2001 |publisher=Tulika |isbn=9788185229171 |pages=124–127}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century">{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |year=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros. |isbn=9788172052171 |pages=49–54 |language=English}}</ref>

[[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was well aware of the buildup in [[Lahore]]. In response, he quickly decided to construct a basic mud barrier at a small village named Kat Mirza Jan, located between [[Kalanaur, Gurdaspur|Kalanaur]] and [[Batala]]. However, before his fortification was fully complete, a united force of local military leaders, commanded by [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] and his deputy, Arif Beg, launched an attack on the Sikhs. According to the account in the Siyar-ul-Mutakherin, [[Banda Singh]] held his ground in a manner that amazed everyone; he fought so courageously that he nearly defeated the enemy’s main general. Although he was relentlessly chased, he managed to retreat from one position to another, much like a wild animal darting through dense woods, suffering heavy losses while also inflicting serious damage on his pursuers. [[Khafi Khan]] similarly notes that the Sikhs battled with such ferocity that they almost overwhelmed the opposing forces on several occasions. Lacking a secure defensive position, however, they eventually had no choice but to abandon their posts and withdraw to [[Gurdaspur]].<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

After retreating, the Sikhs took shelter in a ruined village called [[Gurdas Nangal]]. This location lies about one mile west of today's Gurdas Nangal village, four miles west of [[Gurdaspur]], and within about a mile of the villages [[Nawanpind]], [[Parowal]], [[Rajputan]], [[Jattan]], and [[Kalianpur]]. Because the area lacked proper fortifications, they used the enclosed compound of Bhai Duni Chand for protection. Fortunately, this enclosure had a strong, massive wall and was large enough to hold all of Banda Singh’s men. Determined to defend his people, [[Banda Singh]] worked to strengthen the defenses and gather supplies of food and ammunition. He dug a moat around the enclosure using water from a nearby canal and diverted water from the Imperial Canal, known as the Shahi Nahar, along with other small streams flowing from the hills, to create a muddy barrier that made it difficult for enemy soldiers or horses to approach. On April 17, 1715, Emperor [[Farrukh Siyar]] received reports from Delhi that [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] had tracked the Sikhs to this new position, and that his officers were busy digging trenches and building mounds for a siege. The Emperor then instructed Itmad-ud-Daula to order [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] to either kill or imprison the Sikh chief and his followers. When Abd-us-Samad Khan and his allies finally arrived at Gurdas Nangal, many Sikhs were out in the surrounding villages gathering supplies. A significant number of these men were captured by the Imperial troops, who were combing the countryside in search of them, and they were brought back to the camp and executed with extreme cruelty and indignity.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

The [[Sikhs]] enclosure was quickly cut off by the enemy, who maintained such a tight blockade that not even a single blade of grass or kernel of corn could enter. At intervals, [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] and his son [[Zakariya Khan]], leading several thousand soldiers along with allied forces, tried to breach the Sikh defenses. However, these assaults were repelled by just a small number of Sikhs, whose vigorous defense left the attackers frustrated. Mohammad Qasim, writing in the service of Arif Beg Khan, described how, two or three times a day, groups of around forty or fifty Sikhs would leave the safety of their enclosure to collect grass for their cattle. When the enemy forces moved to intercept them, the Sikhs would launch a swift counterattack using arrows, muskets, and small swords before disappearing back into their shelter. The attackers were so intimidated by the Sikhs and the reputed sorcery of their chief that they even prayed for [[Banda Singh]] to flee. These daring sorties and the progress of the siege were reported to the Emperor in a letter received in [[Delhi]] on 30 April 1715. Realizing that no fewer than thirty thousand men were needed to stop the Sikhs from breaking out, [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] welcomed the reinforcements sent by Qamr-ud-Din. When the siege line was pushed close enough for cannon fire to reach the fortress, the task of completely encircling it was divided among the commanders: [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] took one side, [[Qamr-ud-Din Khan]] and [[Zakariya Khan]] covered two sides, while Faujdars and [[Zamindars]] secured the fourth side. To ensure a coordinated effort, their tents were pitched close together and connected by ropes, forming a continuous barrier around the fort.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

==Siege==
[[File:Photograph of the battlefield of Gurdas Nangal, where Banda Singh Bahadur fought his final battle against the Mughals and was arrested, taken by Dhanna Singh 'Patialvi', 1934 (detail 1).png|thumb|Photograph of the battlefield of Gurdas Nangal, where Banda Singh Bahadur fought his final battle against the Mughals and was arrested, taken by Dhanna Singh 'Patialvi', 1934]]
[[Abd al-Samad Khan|Abd-us-Samad Khan]] began setting up artillery and advancing his positions against the [[Sikhs]]. In response, the Sikhs held their ground with steadfast defense and remarkable bravery, launching a continuous barrage of projectiles into the enemy camp both day and night. They repeatedly ventured into the enemy trenches, inflicting heavy casualties.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur" /><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur" /><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century" />

To protect themselves and their animals, the Imperial soldiers built long earth embankments ranging from ten to twenty yards in front of each of their tents and hid behind these makeshift shields. Gradually, they sealed off all the gaps in their defenses until the entire camp was enclosed by a wall without the Sikhs even noticing.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/> Despite these obstacles, the Sikhs repeatedly demonstrated daring by breaking through the enemy’s barriers and seizing supplies from the attackers. For instance, [[Baba Binod Singh]] would occasionally leave the safety of the enclosure to collect meat and other food from the enemy’s market, much to the astonishment of the entire camp. Every attempt to capture him failed; if the enemy kept a close watch in the morning, he would strike in the evening, and if they guarded in the evening, he would attack in the afternoon, always disappearing before they could react.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

The unwavering courage of the Guru’s followers earned them even the grudging respect of their adversaries, who feared that a mass breakout might be attempted, with many sacrificing their lives to ensure their leader, [[Banda Singh]], escaped. Moreover, the superstitious enemy troops were convinced that [[Banda Singh]] possessed magical abilities, believing he could transform into an animal like a dog or a cat. This led them to relentlessly attack any dog or cat emerging from the Sikh area, not stopping until the animal was dead. The siege and fierce clashes continued for several months, resulting in significant losses on both sides.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

Slowly, the enemy managed to bring their positions closer, almost within musket-shot range of the Sikh walls. They then decided to completely encircle the Sikh area with field works. A large number of laborers and a thousand carpenters were put to work cutting down trees, while two thousand camels were used to transport wood and earth to the spot. Once the circle around the enclosure was finished, they piled up mounds of earth on the tree trunks at intervals and dug a deep, wide ditch along the base of the stockade. Even with all these obstacles in place, the Sikhs continued to launch brave attacks that caused heavy losses among their enemies. Their defense was so strong, and they fired so deadly from within, that the attackers dared not come out in the open to attack.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/> [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] lost all hope of success against such a determined foe, as every attempt to reach the gate and walls of the Sikh area had failed. With no other option, he ordered his men to dig tunnels underneath the enclosure's corners. This effort saw some success before Abd-us-Samad Khan’s forces could reach the main gate, Qamr-ud-Din Khan managed to capture the ditch and a small fortified tower, from which the Sikh musket fire had caused great losses.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

Meanwhile, [[Zakariya Khan]] took control of a second gate, the one mostly used by the defenders. Other commanders and local officials also pushed forward, and soon the Sikhs were surrounded on all sides. The investment became so tight that it was impossible for the Sikhs to get any supplies from outside. After being confined for eight long months, their small stock of food was completely exhausted—no grain was left in their storehouse. Famine began to devastate the besieged Sikhs, and they suffered terribly.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/> Desperate for food, they even tried to buy a small amount of gram from the enemy soldiers over the wall, paying two or three rupees per seer. However, this small amount of relief did nothing to ease their extreme hunger.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

At this stage, a serious disagreement broke out between [[Binod Singh]] and [[Banda Singh]]. Some sources, such as the Mahma Prakash, claim that the discord arose because Banda Singh wanted to take a second wife—an unlikely notion given their desperate, starving condition. More plausibly, the dispute centered on a proposal during a war council to abandon their current position and revert to their old tactic of breaking through the enemy lines to reach safety. [[Banda Singh]] opposed this plan for reasons known only to him, while [[Binod Singh]] favored it. The disagreement soon escalated into a violent clash, with words giving way to the sound of clashing swords. In the heat of the fight, Kahan Singh, Binod Singh’s son, stepped in to mediate and suggested that one of the two should leave. [[Binod Singh]] accepted this decision, mounted his horse, and rode out of the besieged area, single-handedly cutting down enemy soldiers as he made his escape.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

Despite settling their internal conflict, the group’s suffering from hunger only worsened. With no grain available, they were forced to convert their horses, donkeys, and other animals into food. Since they did not strictly adhere to caste rules, the Sikhs also slaughtered oxen and other livestock, sometimes eating the meat raw when there was no wood available to cook it. Many succumbed to dysentery and poisoning as the situation deteriorated. When the grass ran out, they gathered leaves from trees; and when even these were exhausted, they stripped bark, collected small shoots, dried them, and ground them to substitute for flour. In their extreme desperation, they even used crushed animal bones as a dietary supplement. There are accounts that some of them resorted to cutting flesh from their own thighs, roasting it, and eating it. Even with such harrowing conditions, the resolute Sikh leader and his followers withstood the overwhelming might of the Mughal forces for eight long months. However, the unending hunger, combined with a diet of inedible substances—raw animal flesh, grass, leaves, bark, shoots, and dried bones—gradually wrecked their bodies. The resulting severe gastrointestinal distress claimed hundreds, possibly thousands, of lives. The stench from the decaying bodies made the area uninhabitable, and the survivors were reduced to near-skeletal forms, so weak that they could barely operate their muskets. With their supplies nearly exhausted, it became virtually impossible for them to continue their defense.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

On 7 December, 1715, the enemy forces captured [[Gurdas Nangal]]. By that time, the remaining Sikhs were too weak to continue defending their position. Although the attackers were initially too frightened to enter the enclosure, [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] had promised to ask the Emperor for a pardon. However, once the gates were opened, the enemy immediately took all the Sikhs prisoner, including their leader, [[Banda Singh]]. The attackers descended on the defenseless Sikhs with savage force, much like starving wolves, and [[Abd-us-Samad Khan]] had about two or three hundred of them bound hand and foot before handing them over to the Mughal and Tartar soldiers. These soldiers then slaughtered the prisoners, filling the plain with blood. After the massacre, the bodies were torn apart in search of hidden gold coins, and their heads were gruesomely stuffed with hay and mounted on spears.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Sagoo Banda Singh Bahadur"/><ref name="Jaques Dictionary of Battles and Sieges">{{cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century |volume=III |year=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-33538-9 |page=421}}</ref><ref name="Gupta History of the Sikhs Vol II">{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Hari Ram|title=History of the Sikhs: Evolution of Sikh Confederacies (1708–1769)|volume=II|page=114|year=2007|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-215-0248-1}}</ref><ref name="Singha Encyclopedia of Sikhism">{{cite book |last1=Singha |first1=H. S. |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism: Over 1000 Entries |year=2000 |page=85|publisher=Hemkunt Publishers |isbn=978-81-7010-301-1}}</ref><ref name="Singh Heritage of the Sikhs">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harbans |title=The Heritage of the Sikhs |year=1983 |publisher=Publisher Name |location=City |isbn=1234567890 |pages=46–51}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi Sikhs in the 18th Century"/>

==Aftermath==
On December 22, 1715, news of the capture of [[Banda Singh Bahadur]] was sent by [[Abd al-Samad Khan]] to Emperor [[Farrukh Siyar]] in Delhi.<ref name="Ganda Singh Banda Singh Bahadur"/> [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda Singh]] and his followers were captured alive and later taken to [[Old Delhi|Delhi]], where they were executed in 1716 under the orders of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Farrukhsiyar]] after refusing to convert to Islam. Along with them, a large number of Sikhs, who had been rounded up by the [[Mughal Army]] from villages and towns during the march back to Delhi, were also executed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Frances Pritchett |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |title=XIX. A Century of Political Decline: 1707-1803|publisher=Columbia.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=9788176293006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |year=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros. |isbn=9788172052171 |pages=68–69 |language=English}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Articles recovered from the enclosure
!Item
!Quantity
|-
|Swords
|1000
|-
|[[Dhal (shield)|Shields]]
|278
|-
|Small [[Kirpan]]s
|217
|-
|[[Toradar|Matchlocks]]
|180
|-
|Bows and Quivers
|173
|-
|Daggers
|114
|-
|Silver [[Rupee]]s
|600
|-
|Gold [[Mohar]]s
|23
|-
|Gold Ornaments
|11
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Sikhs|Gurdas Nangal]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Mughal Empire|Gurdas Nangal]]
[[Category:1715 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1715|Gurdas Nangal]]
[[Category:1710s in the Mughal Empire]]

2006 Kolkata leather factory fire

2025-11-07T07:22:13Z

CoralRaphael599: created a post.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Good article}}
{{Infobox News event
|image=
|caption=
|date= {{Start date|df=yes|2006|11|22}}
|time=2:30 IST
|place=[[West Bengal]], India
|casualties1=10-12 dead
|casualties2=18 injured}}
The '''2006 Kolkata leather factory fire''' was a deadly industrial fire that occurred in [[West Bengal]], India, on 22 November 2006. The fire broke out in a leather bag factory located in the Tannix International, [[Topsia]], in the [[South 24 Parganas district]] in Greater [[Kolkata]] area, and generated a wave of criticism of the poor safety standards in place among the various factories in the country.

The industrial fire claimed the lives of at least ten people, who were unable to escape because the doors were locked shut illegally. Authorities, in response to local residents' angry criticism, admitted that the emergency response to the accident was substandard. Two separate investigations were launched. One inquiry focused on the fire itself, while the other sought to ascertain criminal responsibility for the disaster as well as the operation of the illegal factory.<ref name="IRNA"/> The results of both are either pending or have yet to be released to the general public.

==Background==
Investigators confirmed that the site of the fire had been used as an illegal factory to manufacture leather bags.<ref name="IRNA">{{cite news |title=Nine Die, 18 Injured in Kolkata Factory Fire - Irna |url=http://www.irna.com/en/news/view/line-20/0611229711182210.htm |work=[[Islamic Republic News Agency]] |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2009-07-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070517201828/http://www.irna.com/en/news/view/line-20/0611229711182210.htm |archive-date = 2007-05-17}}</ref> The factory was located on the third floor of a four-story building,<ref name="cnnibn">{{cite news |title=Fire in Kolkata factory, 9 dead |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fire-in-kolkata-factory-9-feared-dead/26734-3.html |work=[[CNN-IBN]] |date=2006-11-22 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522113033/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/fire-in-kolkata-factory-9-feared-dead/26734-3.html }}</ref><ref name=telegraphnov2306>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061123/asp/frontpage/story_7038977.asp | title = Locked in to be burnt to death—Nine killed in illegal factory in illegal house | publisher = The Telegraph, Calcutta | date = 2006-11-23 | access-date = 2009-07-13 | archive-date = 30 September 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033202/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061123/asp/frontpage/story_7038977.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> which also featured residential units.<ref name="express">{{cite news |title=Fire in Kolkata leather factory kills 9 people. |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=77400 |work=ExpressIndia.com |date=2006-11-22 |url-status=dead |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928190021/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=77400 }}</ref> Investigators determined that the first and second floors of the structure housed additional illegal factories.<ref name=telegraphnov2306/> The factory destroyed in the fire was found to be owned and operated by Tenex Exports,<ref name=telegraphnov2306/> and all of the people who were killed or injured in the fire slept in the factory at night, a situation that is not considered unusual in India. There was just one [[emergency exit]], and 40 workers were housed in the structure at the time of the fire,<ref name="indiadaily"/> and the owner had locked the factory at night to prevent workers from running away with leather goods.<ref name="express2"/> The building was located in the Tannix International, Topsia, in the [[South 24 Parganas district]] of Greater Kolkata region.<ref name="cnnibn"/><ref name="indiadaily"/>

==Event and emergency response==
[[File:Kolkata Factory Interior Post-Fire.jpg|right|200px|thumb|The interior of the factory after the fire had been extinguished.]]
The fire broke out in the factory at around 2:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]],<ref name="cnnibn"/> as workers slept. Once they became aware of the blaze, the employees found they were unable to break through the factory's locked doors. Five [[Fire apparatus|fire tenders]] were sent to the scene,<ref name="cnnibn"/> but by the time they arrived, local residents had broken down two locked gates and already rescued the surviving workers.<ref name=telegraphnov2306/> These impromptu rescue efforts were delayed however, when an individual carrying keys to open the door nervously dropped them while attempting to open the gate.<ref name=telegraphnov2306/> At least 10 people were dead by the time rescuers reached the factory's interior,<ref name="calcuttatelegraph2">{{cite news |title=The men who died young |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061124/asp/calcutta/story_7043750.asp |work=Calcutta Telegraph |date=2006-11-24 |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050236/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061124/asp/calcutta/story_7043750.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> with a further eighteen injured. The survivors, many suffering from burns over 70 percent of their bodies, were taken to the [[Calcutta National Medical College|National Medical College and Hospital]], where victims had to be left on the floor due to a shortage of beds.<ref name="indiaenews"/> The hospital did not have a burns unit, and the only treatments available at the hospital were ointments and saline drips. The patients were eventually moved to other hospitals.<ref name="indiadaily"/> Local MLA [[Javed Ahmed Khan|Javed Khan]] later said that the death toll is actually at least twelve, but there has been no official confirmation of this.<ref name="cnnibn"/><ref name="tribune"/> The [[Rapid Action Force]] was also deployed to maintain calm.<ref name="cnnibn"/><ref name="indiaenews"/>

===Criticisms of the emergency response===
{{Wikinews|Nine killed in Kolkata leather factory fire}}
People living in the vicinity of the illegal factory said that the number of deaths might have been reduced had the fire service responded promptly. They claimed that the fire brigade failed to send personnel or equipment to the scene until more than an hour after the brigade first received word of the fire. Residents also claimed that it was only after the police arrived and requested fire service backup that any help was sent.<ref name="cnnibn"/> In addition, some on the scene reported an inadequate number of ambulances.<ref name="tribune">{{cite news |title=12 charred to death in factory fire |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061123/nation.htm#9 |work=The India Tribune |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-date=7 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070107221807/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061123/nation.htm#9 |url-status=live }}</ref> The city's mayor admitted to this lapse the following morning.<ref name="tribune"/> Local people also complained that the victims should never have been taken to the Calcutta National Medical College, but that they should have been transported directly to hospitals with burns units.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Locked-in workers charred in Topsia |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/Cities/Kolkata/Locked-in_workers_charred_in_Topsia/articleshow/533998.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2006-11-23 |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-date=16 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516040953/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS/Cities/Kolkata/Locked-in_workers_charred_in_Topsia/articleshow/533998.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Investigations==
===Accident investigation===
An investigation has been launched to determine the cause of the fire as well as the reason the building had been locked from the outside.<ref name="indiatimes"/> To this end, the building was inspected by the KMC, and was subsequently scheduled to be demolished on Thursday, 23 November. However, the structure is standing {{as of|2007|lc=on}}.<ref name="indiadaily"/> Although no actual cause of the fire has been established, it has been noted that large quantities of [[Flammability|inflammable material]]s, such as adhesives, were stored inside the building.<ref name="cnnibn"/> It was also revealed that the factory experienced a similar fire two years previously, but on that occasion there were no fatalities.<ref name="express2">{{cite news |title=Locked-in workers battle death by fire |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=210476 |work=Express India |date=2006-11-23 |access-date=2006-12-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106164601/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=210476 |archive-date=6 January 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Criminal investigation===
A separate criminal investigation focused on the illegal factory itself.<ref name="IRNA"/> Almost all factories and homes in the area were illegal and unauthorised,<ref name="indiadaily">{{cite news |title=Factory Fire in Kolkata Causes 9 Deaths |url=http://www.indiadaily.org/entry/factory-fire-in-kolkata-causes-9-deaths/ |work=India Daily |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220321/http://www.indiadaily.org/entry/factory-fire-in-kolkata-causes-9-deaths/ }}</ref> and do not follow building codes and sanctions.<ref name="express2"/> Mayor [[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]] said action would be taken against the owners of the factory and house, and [[Superintendent (police)|Superintendent]] of Police of South 24 Parganas S. N. Gupta said that the owners of the building would be arrested.<ref name="indiaenews">{{cite news |title=Leather factory fire kills nine |url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061122/29648.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185542/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061122/29648.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 September 2007 |work=India eNews |date=2006-11-22 |access-date=2006-12-19 }}</ref> Investigation has shown that the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC) issued notices to the building on three separate occasions, in 1988, 1989, and 1992, yet took no further action. It has been shown, however, that the KMC also approved trade licences for two businesses to operate from the building.<ref name="indiadaily"/> The owner of the building, Khurshid Alam, has had a police complaint filed against him by the fire department for illegal construction charges. Mohammed Sagir Ahmed and Mohammed Asif, the owners of Tenex Exports, also face related charges.<ref name=telegraphnov2306/> Both investigations are ongoing.

==Aftermath==
The day after this tragedy, workers in the unorganized leather industry of Topsia area held protest rallies demanding compensation for the relatives of the deceased workers, better working conditions and a probe into the fire mishap.<ref name=telegraphnov242006>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061124/asp/frontpage/story_7043798.asp |title=Fire lights spark of protest—Workers march in sweatshop zone's first rally |publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta |date=2006-11-24 |access-date=2009-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706201751/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061124/asp/frontpage/story_7043798.asp |archive-date=2008-07-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The mayor of Kolkata convened an all-party meeting to discuss the incident and also promised to initiate a drive demolish illegal constructions in the area.<ref name=telegraphnov242006/> The labour inspectors inspected the building and declared the factory as illegal.<ref name=telegraphnov242006/> Even though the building was declared illegal and unsafe, a month later, the police raided the house and found that another leather factory was operating behind closed doors in the ground floor of the building.<ref name=telegraphdec292006>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061230/asp/jamshedpur/story_7200647.asp | title = Bag unit sealed | author = Imran Ali Siddiqui | publisher = The Telegraph, Calcutta | date = 2006-12-30 | access-date = 2009-07-13 | archive-date = 23 October 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023114454/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061230/asp/jamshedpur/story_7200647.asp | url-status = dead }}</ref> The civic officials issued a notice to stop any work in the building.<ref name=telegraphdec292006/> Though local residents alleged that clandestine work started in the building with the help of local MLA, Javen Khan, Khan himself blamed it rather on the police.<ref name=telegraphdec292006/>

In 2008, two more fire mishaps occurred in the leather industries in the area, one in the month of March and the other in June: a total of nine people got injured in these two incidents.<ref name=telegraphjune1708>{{cite news | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080617/jsp/calcutta/story_9422571.jsp | title = Sweatshop belt plays with fire & life—Lessons from 2006 Topsia Road tragedy forgotten; illegal businesses continue to thrive | publisher = The Telegraph, Calcutta | date = 2008-06-17 | access-date = 2009-07-13 | archive-date = 20 June 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080620084741/http://telegraphindia.com/1080617/jsp/calcutta/story_9422571.jsp | url-status = dead }}</ref> Even though [[fire safety]] licenses and insurances for the workers of the leather factories were made mandatory after the fire incident of 2006, none of the authorities—the municipal corporation, the services department of the state government, and the police—ensured that these were actually followed by the factories.<ref name=telegraphjune1708/> The local residents claimed that the owner of the factory that was impacted in the fire incident of 2006, now operates from another address of the same area.<ref name=telegraphjune1708/> According to fire brigade officials, the Topsia area along with nearby [[Tiljala]] and Tangra forms the most fire-prone area of the city, and that around three to four fires break out every week, though they do not get reported in the media as there is no loss of life.<ref name=telegraphjune1708/>

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kolkata Leather Factory Fire}}
[[Category:2006 in India|Kolkata leather factory fire]]
[[Category:Fire disasters involving barricaded escape routes]]
[[Category:2000s in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]
[[Category:2006 fires in Asia|Kolkata Leather Factory Fire, 2006]]
[[Category:2006 industrial disasters|Kolkata Leather Factory Fire, 2006]]
[[Category:Industrial accident deaths|Kolkata leather factory fire]]
[[Category:Leather industry in India]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:November 2006 in India]]