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Essentials of Hindutva

2026-05-08T10:23:28Z

Coolblack5: adding some article w/ refs

{{Short description|1923 political pamphlet by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Under construction|nosection=yes|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Essentials of Hindutva
| image = Essential of Hindutva 1923 title page.jpg
| caption = Title page of the 1923 edition.
| author = [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| subject = [[Hindutva]]
| genre = [[Political manifesto]] [[Political philosophy]]
| pub_date = {{Circa|May 1923}}
| pub_place = [[British Raj|British India]]
| media_type = Print ([[hardcover]] and [[paperback]])
| pages = 88 (original publication) 141 (1969 publication)
| isbn = 9788188388257
| isbn_note = (2003 publication)
| oclc = 0670049905
}}

'''''Essentials of Hindutva''''', also titled '''''Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?''''' or simply '''''Hindutva''''', is a 1923 political pamphlet by Indian politician and ideologue [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]. It was published pseudonymously while Savarkar was in prison. Savarkar's pamphlet formulated [[Hindutva]], a [[Hindu nationalist]] ideology.

== Background ==
=== Socio-political context ===
Following [[World War I]], South Asian Muslims launched the [[Khilafat Movement]] across [[British Raj|British India]] in opposition to [[Partition of the Ottoman Empire|the planned dismemberment]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Its alliance with the [[Indian National Congress]], however, collapsed after [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s withdrawal of the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation movement]] in 1922, heightening [[Communal violence#Asia|communal tensions]] and polarisation between Hindus and Muslims.{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pages=43–44}}{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|pages=25–26}} Among sections of the Hindu intelligentsia, there emerged a majoritarian inferiority complex, partly rooted in a loss of self-esteem fostered by a 19th century colonial stereotype that portrayed Hindus as a "puny race".{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2021|page=12}} The same period witnessed [[B. R. Ambedkar]]'s first organisation of [[Dalit|Dalits]] as an [[Anti-Brahminism|anti-Brahmin]] movement in the [[Bombay Presidency]];{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pages=43–44}} on the other hand, caste and sectarian divisions within Hinduism came to be obsessively viewed in [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] discourse as weaknesses.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2021|page=12}} Meanwhile, the proportion of Hindus in British India, as recorded in the decennial census, fell from 74% in 1881 to 68% in 1931, prompting some Hindu nationalist ideologues to describe Hindus as a "dying race",{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2021|page=12}}{{Efn|One prominent example was in 1909, when U. N. Mukherji published a series of articles from ''[[The Bengalee]]'' as a pamphlet entitled ''Hindus: A Dying Race''.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=24}}{{Sfn|Das|2023|page=115}} Based on census data, Mukherji claims that the Hindu population of [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]] will disappear completely,{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=193}} and that extrapolating demographic trends, Hindus will go numerically extinct within 420 years.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=24}}{{Sfn|Guha|2024|pages=5002–5016}} He speaks of a "united [[Mohammedan|Mahomedan]] world",{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|pages=193–194}} drawing on exaggerated stereotypes of Muslim communal unity,{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=24}} which he contrasts with Hindus who, according to him, are "crumbling to pieces" due to caste and [[Class struggle|class conflict]].{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|pages=193–194}} He states, "Disunion is the cornerstone of our community".{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=194}}}} a notion that was exploited by the British in their colonial policy of "[[Divide and conquer#British India|divide and conquer]]".{{Sfn|Das|2023|page=115}} It was in this socio-political context that ''Essentials of Hindutva'' was written.{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pages=43–44}}{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2021|pages=12–13}}

=== Savarkar and publication ===
In 1910, [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]] was arrested in London on multiple criminal charges, including the procurement and distribution of arms, [[Aiding and abetting|abetment of murder]], "waging war against the [[Emperor of India|King Emperor of India]]", and [[Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code|sedition]]; extradited to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] to stand trial, he was convicted and sentenced to serve two life terms in [[Cellular Jail]] in the [[Andaman Islands]].{{Sfn|Bakhle|2010|page=151}}{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2015|page=19}} After submitting [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar#Clemency petitions|a series of clemency petitions]], he was transferred to a prison in [[Ratnagiri]], where he remained until his conditional release in 1924.{{Sfn|Jha|2022|pages=17–19}} During his imprisonment, he wrote ''Essentials of Hindutva''.{{Sfn|Basu|2017|page=23}}{{Sfn|Nederman|Shogimen|2009|page=190}} The pamphlet was smuggled out of his cell and published in [[Nagpur]] in May 1923{{Sfn|Bakhle|2024|page=5}}{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2015|page=22}} under the pseudonym 'A Maratha',{{Efn|Also spelled as 'A Mahratta'.{{Sfn|Bakhle|2024|page=5}}}} by a lawyer named Vishwanathrao Kelkar.{{Sfn|van Driem|2021|pages=26–55}}{{Sfn|Bakhle|2024|page=5}}{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2015|page=14}} The pamphlet was written and published in English,{{Sfn|Basu|2017|page=133}} comprising just eighty-eight pages.{{Sfn|Bakhle|2024|page=318}} Much of what he wrote reflected views he had already held.{{Sfn|Bakhle|2024|page=318}}

== Titles and editions ==
There is little agreement on the title of the pamphlet. The original 1923 publication simply states "''Hindutva'' by 'A Maratha', May 1923" on the title page, while the first page is entitled ''Essentials of Hindutva''; this was not a chapter title, as this edition had none. A 1938 edition retains the 1923 title but now names Savarkar as the author and includes a portrait of him. In that edition, however, the opening pages feature a [[Sanskrit]] [[Epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] with an English translation, entitled ''Who is a Hindu?''.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=7}}{{Efn|A [[foreword]] is included in the same edition by [[Bhai Parmanand]] who refers to the pamphlet simply as ''Hindutva'', using neither of the other two titles.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=7}}}} The sixth edition in 1989 retains ''Hindutva'' on the [[dust jacket]] and ''Hindutva: Who is a Hindu?'' on the title page, yet the first page reverts to ''Essentials of Hindutva''; this edition also includes chapter titles and subheadings. The [[Page header|running heads]] add further inconsistency, with ''Hindutva'' appearing on the [[verso]] and ''Essentials of Hindutva'' on the [[recto]].{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|pages=7–8}} The 2007 edition is simply entitled ''Essentials of Hindutva''. The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] translations follow a similar pattern, with both dust jackets entitled ''Hindutva'', while the first page of each carries a translation of ''Essentials of Hindutva'' as a subtitle.{{Efn|The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] translation is ''Hindutvaci Mulabhuta Tattve'' and the [[Hindi]] translation is ''Hindutva ke Pramukhatam Abhilakshan''.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=8}}}} All three titles have been used in scholarly analysis.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=8}}

== Themes ==
=== Racial and ethnic Hindu identity ===
In ''Essentials of Hindutva'', Savarkar [[Racialization|racialises]] and ethnicises an imagined Hindu identity.{{Efn|Sources:{{Bulleted list
|{{Harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|page=50}}
|{{Harvnb|Bhatt|2020|page=95}}
|{{Harvnb|Bakhle|2010|pages=149–186}}
|{{Harvnb|Guha|2024|pages=5002–5016}}
|{{Harvnb|Lakhi Mangharam|2025|pages=91–127}}
|{{Harvnb|Kapur|2022|pages=499–516}}
|{{Harvnb|Baber|2021|pages=151–169}}
}}}} He contrasts Hinduism, which he describes as merely a "spiritual or religious dogma or system",{{Sfn|Zachariah|2015|pages=608–612}}{{Sfn|Basu|2017|pages=101}}{{Efn|Savarkar was personally an [[Atheism|atheist]].{{Sfn|Nandy|2014|pages=91–112}}}} with the term "[[Hindutva]]" ({{Translation|Hindu-ness}}),{{Sfn|van der Linden|2024|pages=1–26}} which, he writes, "embraces all the departments of thought and activity of the whole being of our Hindu race".{{Sfn|Bakhle|2010|pages=159}}{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|page=175}} His criteria for being considered a Hindu is inclusive across caste, creed, and faith;{{Sfn|Bakhle|2010|pages=161}}{{Sfn|Sen|2015|pages=690–711}} any person for whom India is both ''pitrabhumi'' ({{Translation|Fatherland}}) and ''punyabhumi'' ({{Translation|Sacred land}}) qualifies as a natural and national inhabitant.{{Sfn|Bakhle|2010|pages=154}}{{Sfn|Thobani|2019|pages=745–762}} Savarkar also forms clear boundaries between those deemed Hindus and non-Hindus,{{Sfn|Bakhle|2010|pages=161}} advocating for the purification of the nation from those deemed outsiders, such as Muslims and Christians, who, according to Savarkar, have their sacred lands outside of India, in "[[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] or [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]".{{Sfn|Zachariah|2015|pages=608–612}} However, he does not strictly argue for racial purity;{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|pages=191–192}}{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|pages=28–29}} he contends that Hindus who had converted to Islam or Christianity may be readmitted if they [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|convert back to Hinduism]]{{Sfn|Samuel|2020|pages=127–149}} as well as marry and have children with Hindus,{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|2021|page=13}} thereby being welcomed back to the "Hindu fold".{{Sfn|Samuel|2020|pages=127–149}}

{{Blockquote|Some of us were [[Aryan|Aryans]] and some [[Aryan#Historical usage|Anaryans]]; but Ayars and [[Nair|Nayars]]—we were all Hindus and own a common blood. Some of us are [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] and some [[Namasudra|Namshudras]] or Panchams; but Brahmins or [[Chandala|Chandals]]—we are all Hindus and own a common blood. Some of us are Dakshanatyas and some [[Goud|Gouds]]; but Gouds or [[Saraswat Brahmin|Saraswats]]—we are all Hindus and own a common blood. Some of us were Vanars and some Kinners: but Vanars or Nars—we are all Hindus and own a common blood. Some of us are [[Monism|monists]] some [[Pantheism|pantheists]]; some [[Theism|theists]] and some [[Atheism|atheists]]. But [[Monotheism|monotheists]] or atheists—we are all Hindus and own a common blood.{{Sfn|Bakhle|2010|pages=160–161}}}}

Articulating a [[Militant|militantly]] [[Chauvinism|chauvinistic]] and [[Nativism (politics)|nativist]] form of genomic and geocentric nationalism,{{Sfn|Frykenberg|2008|page=190}} Savarkar argues that Hindus constitute a distinct and [[Primordialism|primordial]] civilisation{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pages=49}}{{Sfn|Thobani|2019|pages=752}} and stresses Hindu devotion to common ethnic ties, rooted in the ideals of [[Blood and soil|sacred blood and sacred soil]].{{Sfn|Frykenberg|2008|page=190}} He blends Hindu [[ethnic nationalism]]{{Efn|Sources:{{Bulleted list
|{{Harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|page=44}}
|{{Harvnb|Nederman|Shogimen|2009|pages=190–191}}
|{{Harvnb|Jaffrelot|1999|pages=26–27}}
|{{Harvnb|Lakhi Mangharam|2025|pages=91–127}}
|{{Harvnb|Baber|2021|pages=151–169}}
}}}} with [[Historical Vedic religion#Modern usage|Brahminical authority]] in the [[Caste system in India|caste system]];{{Efn|Sources:{{Bulleted list
|{{Harvnb|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|page=44}}
|{{Harvnb|Jaffrelot|1999|pages=31–32}}
|{{Harvnb|Bhatt|2020|pages=94–96}}
|{{Harvnb|Kapur|2022|pages=499–516}}
}}}} his emphasis on race was an attempt to downplay caste divisions that he, as a Brahmin, sought to preserve.{{Sfn|Bhatt|2020|pages=94–96}}{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=28}}{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pages=50}} Appealing to the imagined racial unity, racial oneness, and racial superiority of the Hindus,{{Sfn|van Driem|2021|pages=26–55}}{{Sfn|Kapur|2022|pages=499–516}} Savarkar attacks the British conception of the castes being racially differentiated, yet argues for the defence of a caste system which was barely distinguishable, founded on a hierarchically conceived nobility and purity of "upper" caste "blood".{{Sfn|Bhatt|2020|pages=94–95}} His over-integrated conception of an imagined Hindu race was both formed against, and mirrored, the racial supremacism of [[British Empire|British colonialism]];{{Sfn|Bhatt|2020|page=95}}{{Sfn|Dusche|2010|page=45}} he repeatedly asserts that racial inheritance of Hindu blood is the defining characteristic of Hindutva.{{Sfn|Bhatt|2020|page=95}}

Savarkar's conception of Hindu ethnic nationalism drew heavily on British and German [[Orientalism|orientalist thought]] as well as on contemporary currents of ethnic nationalism in Europe.{{Efn|Sources:{{Bulleted list
|{{Harvnb|Bhatt|2020|pages=86–88}}
|{{Harvnb|Jaffrelot|1999|pages=28–32}}
|{{Harvnb|Thobani|2019|pages=752}}
|{{Harvnb|Nederman|Shogimen|2009|page=190–191}}
}}}} He was well acquainted with the works of [[Charles Darwin]], [[Herbert Spencer]], [[Ernst Haeckel]], and [[Thomas Henry Huxley]], and supported the application of ethnicity to [[Scientific racism|the scientific]] and [[Social Darwinism|political fields]].{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=28}} He was particularly influenced by [[Johann Kaspar Bluntschli]]'s concept of [[Völkisch nationalism|German ethnic and racial nationalism]].{{Sfn|Goodrick-Clarke|1998|pages=50}} While imprisoned, he read and taught Bluntschli's works.{{Sfn|Dusche|2010|page=45}}{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=32}}{{Efn|Bluntschli distinguished between a racially superior "principal nation" and a racially inferior "alien nation". This framework appealed to Savarkar, as it allowed him to compensate the British claims of racial superiority, by asserting the racial superiority of an imagined Hindu race against an imagined Muslim race. Adopting Bluntschli's model, Savarkar argued that Hindus constituted the principal nation, while Muslims constituted the alien nation.{{Sfn|Dusche|2010|page=45}}}} Philosopher [[Martha Nussbaum]] has described the pamphlet as a "European product".{{Sfn|Nederman|Shogimen|2009|page=190–191}}

=== Hindu global colonialism ===
{{Blockquote|This definition of Hindutva is compatible with any conceivable expansion of our Hindu people. Let our colonists continue unabated their labours of founding a [[Greater India]], a Mahabharata, to the best of their capacities and contribute all that is best in our civilization to the upbuilding of humanity [...] The only geographical limits to Hindutva are the limits of our earth!{{Sfn|Thobani|2019|pages=745–762}}}}

Savarkar argues that Hindus who had reached distant parts of the world as merchants and traders were colonisers, with the potential to "own a whole country" and "form a separate state". He contends that the process of Hindu colonisation would improve lives on a global scale or, as he puts it, "from Pole to Pole". In his view, Hindus needed not only to unify territorially, a notion that later evolved into the concept of [[Akhand Bharat]], but to colonise parts of the planet in order to establish a Hindu [[World domination|world empire]]. Throughout the pamphlet, he uses the terms "Hindu nation" and "Hindu empire" interchangeably.{{Sfn|Chaturvedi|2022|pages=122–123}}

=== Conflict of life and death ===
Savarkar wrote that a "conflict of life and death" had ensued ever since [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] of the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] crossed the [[Indus River]] into the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 11th century CE, and that this prolonged conflict made Hindus "intensely conscious of ourselves as Hindus and were welded into a nation". According to journalist Dhirendra K. Jha, Savarkar's pamphlet sought to channel the dominant [[Indian independence movement|anti-British sentiment]] of Hindus into [[Violence against Muslims in India|anti-Muslim]] action by portraying Hindus chiefly in opposition to Muslims, drawing on the British Raj's colonial policy of '[[Divide and conquer#British India|divide and conquer]]'.{{Sfn|Jha|2024|pages=43–44}}{{Sfn|Jha|2022|pages=21–22}}

== References ==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Janaki |last=Bakhle |year=2010 |title=Country First?: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883–1966) and the Writing of Essentials of Hindutva |journal=[[Public Culture]] |volume=22 |issue=1 |doi=10.1215/08992363-2009-020}}
* {{Cite book |first=Janaki |last=Bakhle |year=2024 |title=Savarkar and the Making of Hindutva |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691250366 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KwbOEAAAQBAJ }}
* {{Cite book |first=Manisha |last=Basu |year=2017 |title=The Rhetoric of Hindu India: Language and Urban Nationalism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107149878 |url=https://archive.org/details/rhetoricofhindui0000basu/ |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Vinayak |last=Chaturvedi |title=A revolutionary's biography: the case of V D Savarkar |journal=Postcolonial Studies |volume=16 |number=2 |year=2013 |pages=124–139 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2013.823257}}
** {{Cite book |first=Vinayak |last=Chaturvedi |chapter=A revolutionary's biography: the case of V D Savarkar |editor1=Kama Maclean |editor2=J. Daniel Elam |title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |isbn=9781138379374 |url=https://www.routledge.com/Revolutionary-Lives-in-South-Asia-Acts-and-Afterlives-of-Anticolonial-Political-Action/Maclean-Elam/p/book/9781138379374 |url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite book |first=Vinayak |last=Chaturvedi |year=2022 |title=Hindutva and Violence: V. D. Savarkar and the Politics of History |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=9781438488783 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiRbEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Michael |last=Dusche |year=2010 |title=Origins of Ethnic Nationalism in Germany and Repercussions in India |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=45 |issue=2 2 |jstor=27807077}}
* {{Cite book |first=Robert E. |last=Frykenberg |author-link=Robert Eric Frykenberg |chapter=Hindutva as a Political Religion: An Historical Perspective |editor1=Roger Griffin |editor1-link=Roger Griffin |editor2=Robert Mallett |editor3=John Tortorice |title=The Sacred in Twentieth-Century Politics: Essays in Honour of Professor Stanley G. Payne |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008 |isbn=9780230537743 |doi=10.1057/9780230241633_10 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGOHDAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |first=Nicholas |last=Goodrick-Clarke |author-link=Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke |title=Hitler's Priestess: Savitri Devi, the Hindu-Aryan Myth, and Neo-Nazism |publisher=New York University Press |year=1998 |isbn=9780814731109 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_ETCgAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=1999 |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s |publisher=C. Hurst & Company |isbn=9780140246025 |url=https://books.google.com/books/edition/The_Hindu_Nationalist_Movement_and_India/iVsfVOTUnYEC}}
* {{Cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=2021 |title=Modi's India: Hindu Nationalism and the Rise of Ethnic Democracy |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691223094 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fuUEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |first=Dhirendra K. |last=Jha |year=2024 |title=Golwalkar: The Myth Behind the Man, The Man Behind the Machine |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=9788197949241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2W4lEQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |first=Dhirendra K. |last=Jha |year=2022 |title=Gandhi's Assassin: The Making of Nathuram Godse and His Idea of India |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=9789354921681 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW2cEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Ashis |last=Nandy |author-link=Ashis Nandy |year=2014 |title=A Disowned Father of the Nation in India: Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and the Demonic and the Seductive in Indian Nationalism |journal=[[Inter-Asia Cultural Studies]] |volume=15 |issue=1 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2014.882087}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Cary J. |last1=Nederman |first2=Takashi |last2=Shogimen |year=2009 |title=Western Political Thought in Dialogue with Asia |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780739123782 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pA-rf_aqQ6oC}}
* {{Cite book |first=Joshua |last=Samuel |year=2020 |title=Untouchable Bodies, Resistance, and Liberation |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9789004420052 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LRfUDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Satadru |last=Sen |year=2015 |title=Fascism Without Fascists? A Comparative Look at Hindutva and Zionism |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1077924}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Sitara |last=Thobani |year=2019 |title=Alt-Right with the Hindu-Right: Long-Distance Nationalism and the Perfection of Hindutva |journal=[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2018.1468567}}
* {{Cite book |first=Bob |last=van der Linden |year=2024 |title=Romantic Nationalism in India: Cultivation of Culture and the Global Circulation of Ideas |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9789004694804 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z04HEQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book |first=George |last=van Driem |author-link=George van Driem |year=2021 |title=Ethnolinguistic Prehistory: The Peopling of the World from the Perspective of Language, Genes and Material Culture |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=9789004448377 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EswEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Benjamin |last=Zachariah |year=2015 |title=Global Fascisms and the Volk: The Framing of Narratives and the Crossing of Lines |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=38 |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/00856401.2015.1080404}}
* {{Cite book |first=Chetan |last=Bhatt |year=2020 |title=Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000184228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0MHEAAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Ayan |last=Guha |year=2024 |title=Hindu Nationalism and the Converging, Diverging and Intersecting Identities of Caste and Race in India: Dialogue, Dilemma and Discourse |journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies]] |volume=60 |issue=8 |doi=10.1177/00219096241275409|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |first=Mukti |last=Lakhi Mangharam |year=2025 |title=Decolonizing Decolonization: Undoing Ethno-Nationalist Conceptions of "Indigeneity" |journal=Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory |volume=36 |issue=2 |doi=10.1080/10436928.2025.2516394}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Ratna |last=Kapur |author-link=Ratna Kapur |year=2022 |title=Race-making, religion and rights in the post-colony: unmasking the pathogen in assembling a Hindu nation |journal=International Journal of Law in Context |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.1017/S1744552322000155}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Zaheer |last=Baber |year=2021 |title='Race might be a unicorn, but its horn could draw blood': Racialisation, Class and Racism in a Non-Western Context |journal=[[Critical Sociology (journal)|Critical Sociology]] |volume=48 |issue=1 |doi=10.1177/0896920521992093}}
* {{Cite book |first=Sayan |last=Das |chapter=Colonial Census and Saffron Demography: The Shaping of Numerical Communities and Contestations in India |editor1=Sarah Bracke |editor2=Luis Manuel Hernández Aguilar |year=2023 |title=The Politics of Replacement: Demographic Fears, Conspiracy Theories, and Race Wars |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9781003813095 |url=https://www.routledge.com/The-Politics-of-Replacement-Demographic-Fears-Conspiracy-Theories-and-Race-Wars/Bracke-HernandezAguilar/p/book/9781032304069 |url-access=subscription}}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://archive.org/details/hindutva1923 1923 edition] at the Internet Archive
* [https://archive.org/details/hindutva-vinayak-damodar-savarkar-pdf 1969 edition] at the Internet Archive

{{Subject bar |portal1=India |portal2=Politics |portal3=Conservatism |portal4=Books}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Essentials of Hindutva}}
[[Category:Hindutva]]
[[Category:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]]
[[Category:Pamphlets]]
[[Category:1923 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1923 in politics]]
[[Category:1923 in India]]
[[Category:Fascism in India]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Prison writings]]
[[Category:Political manifestos]]

12th Orissa Legislative Assembly

2026-05-08T01:42:53Z

Coolblack5:

{{Short description|12th state legislature of the Indian state of Orissa}}
{{Infobox legislative term
| background_color = #76CD26
| name = 12th Orissa Legislative Assembly
| before = [[11th Orissa Legislative Assembly|11th Assembly]]
| after = [[13th Orissa Legislative Assembly|13th Assembly]]
| image = File:Odisha Vidhan Soudha.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Front view of Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]] (2010)
| meeting_place = Odisha Vidhan Saudha, [[Bhubaneshwar]], [[Orissa]], [[India]]
| election = [[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]
| website = {{URL|https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/}}
| chamber1 = '''[[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]'''
| government = [[National Democratic Alliance]] [[Biju Janata Dal]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| opposition = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 22 March 2000
| term_end = 6 February 2004
| membership1 = 147
| chamber1_leader1_type = [[List of governors of Orissa|Governor]]
| chamber1_leader1 = [[M. M. Rajendran]]
| chamber1_leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader2 = [[Sarat Kumar Kar]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| chamber1_leader3_type = [[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]
| chamber1_leader3 = [[Rama Chandra Panda]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| chamber1_leader4_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Orissa|Leader of the House]] (Chief Minister)
| chamber1_leader4 = [[Naveen Patnaik]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]
| chamber1_leader5_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]
| chamber1_leader5 = Ramakanta Mishra, [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| control1 = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (107/147)
| module = 13 Sessions with 214 Sittings
| chamber1_image = File:India Odisha Legislative Assembly 2000.svg
| chamber1_image_size = 300px
| chamber1_image_caption = House Composition as assembly begins
}}

The '''Twelfth [[Orissa Legislative Assembly]]''' was convened after [[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]. [[National Democratic Alliance]] led by [[Naveen Patnaik]] formed government for first time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-04-15 |title=Assembly Elections, 2000 : Politics in Post-Cyclone Orissa {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2000/16/commentary/assembly-elections-2000-politics-post-cyclone-orissa.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-02 |title=Naveen Patnaik’s Odisha (2000-2024) |url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/politics/naveen-patnaiks-odisha-2000-2024 |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The India Forum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Dr. Sthitaprajna |last2=Panigrahi |first2=Puspalata |date=14 July 2024 |title=A study on the state legislative assembly elections in Odisha (1952-2024) |url=https://www.journalofpoliticalscience.com/uploads/archives/6-2-1-681.pdf |journal=International Journal of Political Science and Governance |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=28-33 |via=E-ISSN: 2664-603X, P-ISSN: 2664-6021}}</ref>

== Brief history ==
Due to poor handling of [[1999 Odisha cyclone]] and rise in corruption & criminal cases etc. led to rise of unpopularity of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], which eventually led to their dismissal performance in [[2000 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2000 election]]. Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] along with his council of ministers were sworn in by Governor [[M. M. Rajendran]] on 5 March 2000. The BJD had the larger share of representation in the ministry with 16 ministers including the Chief Minister while the BJP had 9. Cabinet reshuffle took place on 6 August 2002 with induction of 8 new ministers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Naveen Patnaik inducts eight new ministers|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/aug/06oris.htm|access-date=2025-06-16|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> Assembly was dissolved early almost a year ahead & election were called in line with [[2004 Indian general election]]. [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] lost the general election but won [[2004 Orissa Legislative Assembly election|2004 Orissa Assembly election]]. Shri Patnaik resigned on 15 May 2004 paving way for new govt.

== House Composition ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Strength
|-
!'''Assembly Begins'''
!'''Assembly Dissolves'''
|-
![[Biju Janata Dal]]
|68
|69
|-
![[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|38
|38
|-
![[Indian National Congress]]
|26
|25
|-
![[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|3
|2
|-
![[Communist Party of India]]
|1
|1
|-
![[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|1
|1
|-
![[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
|1
|1
|-
![[Trinamool Congress|All India Trinamool Congress]]
|1
|0
|-
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|8
|10
|}

== Office Bearers ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!Post
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="2" |Tenure
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|'''[[List of governors of Orissa|Governor]]'''
|[[File:Colour_photo_of_M_M_Rajendran.png|100x100px]]
|[[M. M. Rajendran]]
|Assembly Begins
|Assembly Dissolves
| colspan="2" |N/A
|-
|'''[[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]'''
|[[File:Sarat_Kumar_Kar.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Sarat Kumar Kar]] {{small|MLA from [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]}}
|10 March 2000
|21 May 2004
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|'''[[List of speakers of the Orissa Legislative Assembly#Deputy Speakers|Deputy Speaker]]'''
| [[File:Rama Chandra Panda.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Rama Chandra Panda]] {{small|MLA from [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chhatrapur]]}}
|27 March 2000
|6 February 2004
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|'''[[Chief Minister of Orissa|Leader of the House]] '''{{Small|(Chief Minister) Leader of BJD Legislature Party}}
|[[File:Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]] {{Small|MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]}}
|5 March 2000
|15 May 2004
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Minister for [https://pa.odisha.gov.in/ Parliamentary Affairs]
|[[File:Nalinikanta_Mohanty.jpg|100x100px]]
|Nalinikanta Mohanty {{small|MLA from [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajanagar]]}}
|5 March 2000
|9 July 2001
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[File:Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik in October 2014.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Naveen Patnaik]] {{Small|MLA from [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]] Chief Minister}}
|9 July 2001
|6 August 2002
|-
|[[File:Panchanan_Kanungo_MLA.jpg|100x100px]]
|Panchanan Kanungo {{small|MLA from [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]}}
|6 August 2002
|15 May 2004
|-
|'''[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Orissa Legislative Assembly|Leader of Opposition]]''' {{Small|Leader of Congress Legislature Party}}
| [[File:Ramakanta Mishra.jpg|100x100px]]
|Ramakanta Mishra {{small|MLA from [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]}}
|21 March 2000
|6 February 2004
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha#Pro tem speaker|Pro tem Speaker]]
| [[File:Habibulla Khan.jpg|100x100px]]
|Habibulla Khan {{small|MLA from [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]}}
|6 March 2000
|8 March 2000
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Council of Ministers ==
{{Transcluded section|source=First Naveen Patnaik ministry}}
{{trim|{{#Section-h:First Naveen Patnaik ministry|Council of Ministers}}}}

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+[https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf Source]
!District
!AC. No.
!Constituency
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!Remarks
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]
|1
| [[Karanjia Assembly constituency|Karanjia (ST)]]
| [[Padma Charan Haiburu]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|2
| [[Jashipur Assembly constituency|Jashipur (ST)]]
| Bhanu Charan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|3
| [[Bahalda Assembly constituency|Bahalda (ST)]]
| Laxman Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|4
| [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur (ST)]]
| [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|5
| [[Bangriposi Assembly constituency|Bangriposi (ST)]]
| Purusottama Naik
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|6
| [[Kuliana Assembly constituency|Kuliana (ST)]]
| [[Sudam Marndi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|
|-
|7
| [[Baripada Assembly constituency|Baripada]]
| Kishore Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|
|-
|8
| [[Baisinga Assembly constituency|Baisinga (ST)]]
| Kandra Soren
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|9
| [[Khunta Assembly constituency|Khunta (ST)]]
| Golaka Bihari Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister of State
|-
|10
| [[Udala Assembly constituency|Udala (ST)]]
| [[Bhaskar Madhei|Bhaskara Madhei]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|11
| [[Bhograi Assembly constituency|Bhograi]]
| [[Kamala Das (politician)|Kamala Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|12
| [[Jaleswar, Odisha Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
| [[Jayanarayan Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|13
| [[Basta Assembly constituency|Basta]]
| Raghunath Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|14
| [[Balasore Assembly constituency|Balasore]]
| Jiban Pradip Dash
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|15
| [[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]]
| [[Kartik Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|16
| [[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
| Parsuram Panigrahi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|17
| [[Nilgiri Assembly constituency|Nilgiri]]
| Pradipta Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|18
| [[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari (SC)]]
| Ratha Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |19
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Biren Palei
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Died on 2 March 2001<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitting Congress MLA died in a road accident |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/victoria-beckham-not-keen-on-fourth-child_9352.html/amp |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=zeenews.india.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Prafulla Samal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Won in May 2002 Bypoll.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Bhadrak 2002 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/286 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|20
| [[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]]
| Manas Ranjan Mallik
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|21
| [[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandbali (SC)]]
| [[Bishnu Sethi|Bishnu Charan Sethi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|22
| [[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
| [[Bijayshree Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
|23
| [[Sukinda Assembly constituency|Sukinda]]
| Prafulla Chandra Ghadai
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|24
| [[Korei Assembly constituency|Korai]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|
|-
|25
| [[Jajpur Assembly constituency|Jajpur (SC)]]
| Surjyamani Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|26
| [[Dharmasala Assembly constituency|Dharamsala]]
| [[Kalpataru Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|27
| [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| Amar Prasad Satpathy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State
|-
|28
| [[Bari-derabisi Assembly constituency|Bari-Derabisi]]
| Debasis Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|29
| [[Binjharpur Assembly constituency|Binjharpur (SC)]]
| [[Pramila Mallik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]]
|30
| [[Aul Assembly constituency|Aul]]
| [[Pratap Keshari Deb]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|31
| [[Patamundai Assembly constituency|Patamundai (SC)]]
| Tapash Kumar Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |32
| rowspan="2" | [[Rajanagar Assembly constituency|Rajnagar]]
| rowspan="2" | Nalini Kanta Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister, Expelled from Party on 19 July 2001.
|-
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|Since 30 July 2001.
|-
|33
| [[Kendrapara Assembly constituency|Kendrapara]]
| [[Bed Prakash Agarwal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="2" |34
| rowspan="2" | [[Patkura Assembly constituency|Patkura]]
| rowspan="2" | Trilochan Behera
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|Merged with [[Biju Janata Dal]] party on 21 April 2001.
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jagatsinghpur district|Jagatsinghpur]]
|35
| [[Tirtol Assembly constituency|Tirtol]]
| [[Debashish Samantaray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|36
| [[Ersama Assembly constituency|Ersama]]
| [[Damodar Rout]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|37
| [[Balikuda-Erasama Assembly constituency|Balikuda]]
| Umesh Chandra Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|38
| [[Jagatsinghpur Assembly constituency|Jagatsinghpur (SC)]]
| [[Bishnu Charan Das]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Cuttack district|Cuttack]]
|39
| [[Kissannagar Assembly Constituency|Kissannagar]]
| [[Pratap Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|40
| [[Mahanga Assembly constituency|Mahanga]]
| [[Sarat Kumar Kar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Speaker
|-
|41
| [[Salipur Assembly constituency|Salepur (SC)]]
| Kalindi Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|42
| [[Gobindpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gobindpur]]
| Panchanan Kanungo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|43
| [[Cuttack Sadar Assembly constituency|Cuttack Sadar]]
| [[Nibedita Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|44
| [[Cuttack City Assembly constituency|Cuttack City]]
| [[Samir Dey]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|45
| [[Choudwar-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Choudwar]]
| Bidhubhusan Praharaj
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|46
| [[Banki Assembly constituency|Banki]]
| [[Pravat Tripathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|47
| [[Athagarh Assembly constituency|Athgarh]]
| [[Ranendra Pratap Swain]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|48
| [[Baramba Assembly constituency|Baramba]]
| [[Debi Prasad Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|49
| [[Balipatna Assembly constituency|Balipatna (SC)]]
| Raghaba Chandra Sethi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|50
| [[Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Bhubaneswar]]
| [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|51
| [[Jatani Assembly constituency|Jatni]]
| [[Suresh Kumar Routray]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Puri district|Puri]]
|52
| [[Pipili Assembly constituency|Pipli]]
| [[Pradeep Maharathy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Govt. Chief Whip
|-
|53
| [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara (SC)]]
| Baidhar Malik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|54
| [[Kakatpur Assembly constituency|Kakatpur]]
| [[Surendra Nath Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|55
| [[Satyabadi Assembly constituency|Satyabadi]]
| [[Prasad Kumar Harichandan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|56
| [[Puri Assembly constituency|Puri]]
| [[Maheswar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|57
| [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]
| [[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Khordha district|Khurda]]
|58
| [[Chilika Assembly constituency|Chilka]]
| Bibhuti Bhusan Harichandan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|59
| [[Khurda Assembly constituency|Khurda]]
| [[Jyotirindra Nath Mitra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|60
| [[Begunia Assembly constituency|Begunia]]
| [[Prashanta Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]]
|61
| [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]
| Ramakanta Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Leader of Oppposition
|-
| rowspan="2" |62
| rowspan="2" | [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| [[Bhagabat Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Cabinet Minister, Died on 3 June 2002.
|-
|Mandakini Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Won in July 2002 Bypoll.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Nayagarh 2002 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/279 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|63
| [[Khandapada Assembly constituency|Khandapara]]
| Bijayalaxmi Pattnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|64
| [[Daspalla Assembly constituency|Daspalla]]
| Hariharan Karan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="13" |[[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]
|65
| [[Jaganathprasad Assembly constituency|Jaganathprasad (SC)]]
| Simanchala Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|66
| [[Bhanjanagar Assembly constituency|Bhanjanagar]]
| [[Bikram Keshari Arukha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|67
| [[Surada Assembly constituency|Suruda]]
| Usha Rani Panda
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|68
| [[Aska Assembly constituency|Aska]]
| Debaraj Mohanty
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|69
| [[Kabisuryanagar Assembly constituency|Kavisuryanagar]]
| [[Nityananda Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |70
| rowspan="2" | [[Kodala Assembly constituency|Kodala]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Ram Krushna Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister, Expelled from Party on 21 September 2002.
|-
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|Since 10 October 2002.
|-
|71
| [[Khalikote Assembly constituency|Khallikote]]
| [[V. Sugnana Kumari Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|72
| [[Chhatrapur Assembly constituency|Chatrapur]]
| [[Rama Chandra Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deputy Speaker
|-
|73
| [[Hinjili Assembly constituency|Hinjili]]
| [[Naveen Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|'''Chief Minister'''
|-
|74
| [[Gopalpur, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gopalpur (SC)]]
| Rama Chandra Sethy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|75
| [[Berhampur Assembly constituency|Berhampur]]
| Ramesh Chandra Chyau Patnaik
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|76
| [[Chikiti Assembly constituency|Chikiti]]
| [[Usha Devi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
|77
| [[Mohana Assembly constituency|Mohana]]
| [[Surjya Narayan Patro]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|78
| [[Ramagiri Assembly constituency|Ramagiri (ST)]]
| Haladhar Karji
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|79
| [[Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency|Parlakhemundi]]
| Trinath Sahu
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Rayagada district|Rayagada]]
|80
| [[Gunupur Assembly constituency|Gunupur (ST)]]
| Rammurthy Gamango
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|81
| [[Bissam Cuttack Assembly constituency|Bissam-cuttack (ST)]]
| Sarangadhar Kadraka
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|82
| [[Rayagada Assembly constituency|Rayagada (ST)]]
| [[Lal Bihari Himirika]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|83
| [[Laxmipur Assembly constituency|Lakshmipur (ST)]]
| Bibhisana Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|84
|[[Pottangi Assembly constituency|Pottangi (ST)]]
| [[Jayaram Pangi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|85
| [[Koraput Assembly constituency|Koraput]]
| [[Tara Prasad Bahinipati]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]]
|86
| [[Malkangiri Assembly constituency|Malkangiri (SC)]]
| [[Arabinda Dhali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|87
| [[Chitrakonda Assembly constituency|Chitrakonda (ST)]]
| [[Mamta Madhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Koraput district|Koraput]]
|88
| [[Kotpad Assembly constituency|Kotpad (ST)]]
| Basudev Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|89
| [[Jeypore Assembly constituency|Jeypore]]
| Rabi Narayan Nanda
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Nabarangpur district|Nowrangpur]]
|90
| [[Nabarangpur Assembly constituency|Nowrangpur]]
| Habibulla Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|91
| [[Kodinga Assembly constituency|Kodinga (ST)]]
| Sadan Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|92
| [[Dabugam Assembly constituency|Dabugam (ST)]]
| Bhujabal Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|93
| [[Umerkote Assembly constituency|Umarkote (ST)]]
| [[Parama Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Nuapada district|Nawapara]]
|94
| [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nawapara]]
| [[Basanta Kumar Panda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|95
| [[Khariar Assembly constituency|Khariar]]
| [[Duryodhan Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
|96
| [[Dharmagarh Assembly constituency|Dharamgarh (SC)]]
| Bira Sipka
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|97
| [[Koksara Assembly constituency|Koksara]]
| Rosni Singh Deo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|98
| [[Junagarh Assembly constituency|Junagarh]]
| [[Himansu Sekhar Meher]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|99
| [[Bhawanipatna Assembly constituency|Bhawanipatna (SC)]]
| [[Pradipta Kumar Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|100
| [[Narla Assembly constituency|Narla (ST)]]
| [[Balabhadra Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State
|-
|101
| [[Kesinga Assembly constituency|Kesinga]]
| [[Dhaneswar Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Kandhamal district|Kandhamal]]
|102
| [[Baliguda Assembly constituency|Balliguda (ST)]]
| Surendra Kanhar
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|103
| [[Udayagiri, Odisha Assembly constituency|Udayagiri (ST)]]
| [[Saluga Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|104
| [[Phulbani Assembly constituency|Phulbani (SC)]]
| Bishnu Priya Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Minister of State
|-
|[[Boudh district|Boudh]]
|105
| [[Boudh Assembly constituency|Boudh]]
| [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Balangir district|Balangir]]
|106
| [[Titlagarh Assembly constituency|Titilagarh (SC)]]
| Jogendra Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|107
| [[Kantabanji Assembly constituency|Kantabanji]]
| Santosh Singh Saluja
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|108
| [[Patnagarh Assembly constituency|Patnagarh]]
| [[Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|109
| [[Saintala Assembly constituency|Saintala]]
| Surendra Singh Bhoi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|110
| [[Loisingha Assembly constituency|Loisingha]]
| [[Balgopal Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|111
| [[Bolangir Assembly constituency|Bolangir]]
| [[Ananga Udaya Singh Deo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]]
|112
| [[Sonepur Assembly constituency|Sonepur (SC)]]
| Kunduru Kushal
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|113
| [[Binka Assembly constituency|Binka]]
| [[Niranjan Pujari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |114
| rowspan="2" | [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| Baishnaba Padhan
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Died on 21 May 2003.
|-
| Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Won in 2003 Bypoll.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJD wins Orissa by-poll |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/29oris1.htm |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|115
| [[Athmallik Assembly constituency|Athmallik]]
| [[Nagendra Kumar Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|116
| [[Angul Assembly constituency|Angul]]
| Adwait Prasad Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
|117
| [[Hindol Assembly constituency|Hindol (SC)]]
| [[Anjali Behera]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|118
| [[Dhenkanal Assembly constituency|Dhenkanal]]
| [[Krushna Chandra Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|119
| [[Gondia, Odisha Assembly constituency|Gondia]]
| [[Nabin Nanda]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Angul district|Angul]]
|120
| [[Kamakhyanagar Assembly constituency|Kamakhyanagar]]
| Brahmananda Biswal
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|121
| [[Pallahara Assembly constituency|Pallahara]]
| [[Dharmendra Pradhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|122
| [[Talcher Assembly constituency|Talcher (SC)]]
| [[Mahesh Sahoo]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Bargarh district|Bargarh]]
|123
| [[Padampur Assembly constituency|Padampur]]
| [[Bijaya Ranjan Singh Bariha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|124
| [[Melchhamunda Assembly constituency|Melchhamunda]]
| Prakash Chandra Debta
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|125
| [[Bijepur Assembly constituency|Bijepur]]
| Ashok Kumar Panigrahy
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|126
| [[Bhatli Assembly constituency|Bhatli (SC)]]
| [[Bimbadhar Kuanr]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minister of State (I/C)
|-
|127
| [[Bargarh Assembly constituency|Bargarh]]
| [[Ananda Acharya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
|[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|128
| [[Sambalpur Assembly constituency|Sambalpur]]
| [[Jayanarayan Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deputy Govt. Chief Whip
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharsuguda district|Jharsuguda]]
|129
| [[Brajarajnagar Assembly constituency|Brajarajnagar]]
| Anup Kumar Sai
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|130
| [[Jharsuguda Assembly constituency|Jharsuguda]]
| [[Kishore Kumar Mohanty]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|131
| [[Laikera Assembly constituency|Laikera (ST)]]
| [[Hemananda Biswal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Sambalpur district|Sambalpur]]
|132
| [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]
| [[Rabi Narayan Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |133
| rowspan="2" | [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Durjodhan Sohela
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Died on 4 August 2001.
|-
| [[Sanatan Bisi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
| Won in 2001 Bypoll.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Bye Election: Rairakhol 2001 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/309 |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[Debagarh district|Deogarh]]
|134
| [[Deogarh Assembly constituency|Deogarh]]
| [[Subash Chandra Panigrahi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Sundergarh district|Sundergarh]]
|135
| [[Sundargarh Assembly constituency|Sundargarh]]
| Shankarsan Naik
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|136
| [[Talsara Assembly constituency|Talsara (ST)]]
| Gajadhar Majhi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
|137
|[[Rajgangpur Assembly constituency|Rajgangpur (ST)]]
| [[Mangala Kisan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|Cabinet Minister
|-
| rowspan="2" |138
| rowspan="2" | [[Biramitrapur Assembly constituency|Biramitrapur (ST)]]
| rowspan="2" | George Tirkey
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|Joined [[Biju Janata Dal]] on 21 August 2001.
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|139
|[[Rourkela Assembly constituency|Rourkela]]
| Ajit Das
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|140
| [[Raghunathpali Assembly constituency|Raghunathpali (ST)]]
| [[Shankar Oram]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|141
| [[Bonai Assembly constituency|Bonai (ST)]]
| Dayanidhi Kisan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Kendujhar district|Keonjhar]]
|142
| [[Champua Assembly constituency|Champua (ST)]]
| Saharai Oram
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|143
| [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]
| [[Gourahari Naik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|144
| [[Keonjhar Assembly constituency|Keonjhar (ST)]]
| [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|145
| [[Telkoi Assembly constituency|Telkoi (ST)]]
| Niladri Nayak
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|
|-
|146
| [[Ramchandrapur, Odisha Assembly Constituency|Ramchandrapur]]
| [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|
|-
|147
| [[Anandapur Assembly constituency|Anandapur (SC)]]
| Mayadhar Jena
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|}

== Bypolls ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|+[https://assembly.odisha.gov.in/DocumentDetails/historicalbackground/historical-background.pdf Source]
!Year
!Constituency
!Reason for by-poll
!Winning candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| September 2001
| [[Rairakhol Assembly constituency|Rairakhol (SC)]]
| Death of Durjodhan Sohela
| [[Sanatan Bisi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| May 2002
| [[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
| Death of Biren Palei
| [[Prafulla Samal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| July 2002
| [[Nayagarh Assembly constituency|Nayagarh]]
| Death of [[Bhagabat Behera]]
| Mandakini Behera
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
| September 2003
| [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| Death of Baishnaba Padhan
| Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
| {{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Odisha Legislative Assembly}}

[[Category:Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2000–2004]]
[[Category:Terms of the Odisha Legislative Assembly|12th]]

Anantha Padmanabhaswamy

2026-05-07T22:09:54Z

Coolblack5: started the stub from scratch

{{Short description|Form of the Hindu god Vishnu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Anantha Padmanabhaswamy.jpg
| caption = Representation of Padmanabhaswamy
| name =Anantha Padmanabhaswamy
| Sanskrit_transliteration =
| affiliation =Form of [[Vishnu]], [[Vaishnavism]]
| god_of = God of Preservation God of [[Yoga Nidra]] [[national god|National]] Deity of [[Travancore]] <hr />God of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| abode ={{hlist|[[Vaikuntha]]| [[Kshira Sagara]]|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}
| mantra = [[Om Namo Narayanaya]]
| weapon =[[Nelumbonaceae|Lotus]]
| consort ={{hlist|[[Lakshmi|Sridevi]]|[[Bhudevi]]}}
| mount = [[Shesha]]
| temple =[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]]
| festivals = {{hlist|Alpashi Utsavam|Painkuni Festival|Lakshadeepam|Murajapam|[[Aaraattu]]|Anthana [[Chaturdashi]]| [[Ekadashi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.itslife.in/festivals/ananthapadmanabha-swamy-vratha|title=Anthanachaturdashi - Ananthapadmanabha Swamy Vratha|website=www.itslife.in}}</ref>}}
| other_names ={{hlist|Shree Padmanabhaswamy|[[Ananta (infinite)|Anantha]]|Anantashayana Vishnu|Adikesava Perumal|Padmanabham}}
| symbol = [[Padma (Vishnu)]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism|small}}
'''Anantha Padmanabhaswamy''' ({{Translation|One who rests on Anantha and has a lotus in his navel}}), is a form of [[Vishnu]] worshipped mainly in [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is the presiding deity of the [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.factcrescendo.com/2023/09/12/ananthasayana-idol-dedicated-to-padmanabhaswamy-temple-in-kerala-know-the-truth/|title=Ananthasayana Idol Dedicated To Padmanabhaswamy Temple In Kerala- Know The Truth|website=english.factcrescendo.com}}</ref> This form of Vishnu shows him in the ''[[Yoga Nidra|Anantha Shayanam]] '' (cosmic sleep) posture.

Padmanabhaswamy is considered the principal and [[national god|national]] deity of the Royal Family of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mateer|first=Samuel|title=The Land of Charity|publisher=University of Michigan Libraries|year=1871|pages=160}}</ref> Each king from the kingdom, will take up the name of ''Dasa'' which is "servant" and often referred to as ''Padmanabhaswamy Dasa'' which translates to servants of Padmanabhaswamy.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pragyata.com/the-eternal-dasas-of-sree-padmanabha-swamy-i/|title=The Eternal Dasas of Sree Padmanabha Swamy – I|website=pragyata.com}}</ref> This dedication began in January 1750 when king [[Marthanda Varma]] surrendered his kingdom to the deity.

Padmanabhaswamy is considered as the world's richest and wealthiest deity in [[Hinduism]] with a trillion amount worth of fortunes from gold, diamond and jewellery.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://markandcare.wordpress.com/2020/08/20/anantha-padmanabhaswamy-mystery-of-the-worlds-richest-god/|title=ANANTHA PADMANABHASWAMY: MYSTERY OF THE 'WORLD'S RICHEST GOD'|website=markandcare.wordpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/god-and-glitter/articleshow/9183272.cms|title=God and glitter|website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref>

==Iconography==
The main idol of the deity is a 18-foot-long image of ''Lord Vishnu'' reclining on the five-headed serpent, [[Shesha]], facing inward to symbolise meditation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newschecker.in/fact-check/viral/is-this-the-3000-year-old-ananthapadmanabhaswamy-idol|title=Fact Check: Is This The 3000 year old Ananthapadmanabhaswamy Idol?|website=newschecker.in}}</ref> Anantha Padmanabhaswamy is in a state of [[Yoga Nidra|Anantha Shayanam]] (cosmic sleep) on the [[Shesha]], symbolising the sustenance of the universe. The idol is made with Katusarkara Yogam, a special [[Ayurvedic]] mix that forms a protective plaster. It is believed to be made of 12,008 [[Shaligram]] stones from the [[Gandaki River]] in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://vedicvaani.com/padmaswamy-shaligram-shila?srsltid=AfmBOopE9llwEaqVZhCCgoepK6zX8cOf6i_7Cw3k2plYjl48gkSEV9bg|title=Padmanabhaswamy Lord Vishnu Shaligrama Shila in the Anantha Shayana Posture sleep on Adi Shesha|website=vedicvaani.com}}</ref>

They deity is viewed from 3 doors in the temple since it is 18-foot-long. The first door shows the head and chest of the deity, the second door shows the hands, the third and final door shows the feet.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://iskcondesiretree.com/profiles/blogs/sri-ananta-padmanabha-swamy-temple-at-trivandrum|title=Sri Ananta Padmanabha Swamy Temple at Trivandrum|website=iskcondesiretree.com}}</ref>

The right hand of the Anantha Padmanabhaswamy is rested upon a [[Shiva Lingam]], this unity shows the connection and harmony between the both Hindu sects of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaivism]]. Where else, his left hand holds a [[Nelumbonaceae|Lotus]] flower.

On the navel of the deity a [[Nelumbonaceae|Lotus]] emanates, which lord [[Brahma]] who is the creator of the universe is seated, signifying the birth of the universe.

==History==

=== Parashurama and the idol ===
It is believed that [[Parasurama]] purified and venerated the idol of Sree Padmanabhaswamy in ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]''. Parasurama entrusted 'Kshethra karyam' (Administration of the Temple) to seven Potti families – Koopakkara Potti, Vanchiyoor Athiyara Potti, Kollur Athiyara Potti, Muttavila Potti, Karuva Potti, Neythasseri Potti and Sreekaryathu Potti. King Adithya Vikrama of Vanchi (Venad) was directed by Parasurama to do 'Paripalanam' (Protection) of the Temple. Parasurama gave the Tantram of the Temple to Tharananallur Namboothiripad. This legend is narrated in detail in the Kerala Mahathmyam which forms part of the Brahmanda Puranam.

===Sage Vilvamangalathu Swamiyar===
Another version regarding the consecration of the principal idol of the Temple relates to the legendary sage Vilvamangalathu Swamiyar. Swamiyar, who resided near [[Ananthapura Lake Temple|Ananthapuram Temple]] in Kasaragod District, prayed to Vishnu for his ''[[Darśana|darshan]]'' or "auspicious sight". The deity is believed to have come to Swamiyar in the guise of a little boy who was mischievous and charming. The devout sage wished that the boy stay with him. The boy agreed upon the condition that He be treated with the utmost respect, and if that promise were to ever be broken, the boy would immediately vanish. But soon his antics became unbearable for the sage, he reacted furiously. the boy disappeared from there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Temple History – Sree Padmanabha Swami Temple|url=https://spst.in/temple-history/|access-date=2024-02-10|language=en-US}}</ref> Realising the boy was no ordinary mortal, the sage wept for forgivenes. He heard a voice say "If you want to see me come to the Ananthavanam (the unending forest or Ananthankadu). After a long search, when he was walking on the banks of the [[Laccadive Sea]], heard a ''[[pulaya]]'' lady Scolding her child that "If you cry any more, I will throw you into Ananthankadu."

The moment the Swami heard the word Ananthankadu he was delighted. He proceeded to Ananthankadu based on the directions of the lady and reached Ananthankadu. There he saw the child merging into an ilippa tree (Indian butter tree, Scientific Name: Madhuca longifolia). Soon the tree fell down and Ananta Padmanabhaswami (Lord Vishnu, is reclining on the celestial snake [[Ananta(infinite)|Anantha]] ) appeared. But figure of the deity was extraordinarily large size, with His head at [[Thiruvattar]] near [[Thuckalay]] [[Tamil Nadu]], body (udal) at Thiruvananthapuram, and his feet at Thrippadapuram (Thrippappur) near [[Kulathoor, Thiruvananthapuram|Kulathoor]] and [[Technopark,Trivandrum|Technopark]]

The figure was about eight miles long. So he could not see it completely. The sage requested the Lord to shrink in a proportion that would be thrice the length of his staff. Immediately the deity shrank to the form of the idol that is seen at present in the Temple. Even then many iluppa trees obstructed a complete view of the deity. The sage saw the deity in three parts – thirumukham, thiruvudal and thrippadam. The swami prayed to Padmanabha to be forgiven. He offered rice ''kanji'' and ''uppu manga'' (salted mango pieces) in a coconut shell to the Perumal which he obtained from the pulaya woman. The spot where the sage had darsan of the deity belonged to Koopakkara Potti and Karuva Potti. With the assistance of the reigning King and some Brahmin households a temple was constructed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spst.in/temple-history/|title=Temple History|date=25 June 2019|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=24 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224150718/http://spst.in/temple-history/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ananthankadu Nagaraja Temple still exists to the northwest of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. The samadhi (final resting place) of the ''swamiyar'' is to the west of the Padmanabhaswamy Temple. A Krishna temple was built over the samadhi. This temple, known as Vilvamangalam Sri Krishna Swami Temple, belongs to Thrissur [[Naduvil Madhom]].<ref name="Aswathi"/>

===Travancore royal family===
[[File:Vishnu sleeps on the coils of Ananta (the World Snake). He will awake for the next cycle of creation which heralds the destruction of all things. Sculpture. From India, c. 14th century CE. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Anantha Padmanabhaswamy, {{Circa|14th century CE}}. At the National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh.]]
In the first half of the 18th century, in line with [[Marumakkathayam|matrilineal customs]], Anizham Thirunal [[Marthanda Varma]], succeeded his uncle Rama Varma as king at the age of 23. He successfully suppressed the 700-year-old stranglehold of the [[Ettuveetil Pillamar]] ("Lords of the Eight Houses") and his cousins following the discovery of conspiracies which the lords were involved in against the royal house of Travancore (There are various legends and disputes about these mostly apocryphal stories, but overall, he took control and centralised the rule). The last major renovation of the Padmanabhaswamy temple commenced immediately after Anizham Thirunal's accession to the throne and the idol was reconsecrated in 906 [[Malayalam calendar|ME]] (1731 CE). On 17 January 1750, Anizham Thirunal surrendered the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] to Padmanabhaswamy, the main deity at the temple, and pledged that he and his descendants would be vassals or agents of the deity who would serve the kingdom as ''Padmanabha Dasa''.<ref name="Temples of Kerala"/> Since then, the name of every Travancore king was preceded by the title 'Sree Padmanabha Dasa'; the female members of the royal family were called 'Sree Padmanabha Sevini' both meaning the servant to Padmanabhaswamy. The donation of the king to Padmanabhaswamy was known as Thrippadi-danam. The final wishes of Anizham Thirunal on his passing at the age of 53 clearly delineated the historical relationship between the Maharaja and the temple: "That no deviation whatsoever should be made in regard to the dedication of the kingdom to Padmanabhaswamy and that all future territorial acquisitions should be made over to the Devaswom."

==Temples==
[[File:Padmanabhaswamy Temple Gopuram.jpg|thumb|[[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] which is the main temple dedicated to Anantha Padmanabhaswamy.]]
* [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
* [[Ananthapura Lake Temple]], [[Kasargod]], Kerala
* [[Anantha Padmanabhaswami Temple, Chennai|Anantha Padmanabhaswami Temple]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Anantha Padmanabha Swamy Temple]], [[Pudukkottai]], Tamil Nadu
* [[Anantashayana Vishnu]], [[Dhenkanal]], [[Orrisa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://spst.in/ Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple (SPST)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120416181925/http://www.sree-padmanabhaswamy.com/ Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple] (Information About Sree Padmanabhaswamy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709184850/http://www.247onlinenews.com/2011/07/padmanabhaswamy-temple-treasures-belong-to-royal-family-sankaracharya/ Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasures belong to royal family: Sankaracharya]
{{commons category|Padmanabha}}
{{Hinduism small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anantha Padmanabhaswamy}}
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram]]

Mann Sundar

2026-05-03T16:01:03Z

Coolblack5: new a details!

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mann-Sundar.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]] 
| screenplay = Bhavna Vyas Anupriya Tripathi Sonali Gupta Shrivastava (Dialogue)
| story = Vivek Behl
| starring = Shruti Anand Shivam Khajuria Nancy Roy Dev Aditya
| open_theme = ''Dil Se Dekho Toh Jaano Kitna Hai Mann Sundar''
| theme_music_composer = Nilesh Kehrir Elvish Valentine Anuj Shashank
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1579
| producer = Suzana Ghai
| director = Faheim Ahmad Inamdar
| cinematography = Sudesh Kotian Jeetendra Manohar Kadam
| location = [[Mumbai]]
| runtime = 20-21 min approx.
| company = Panorama Entertainment
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|10|18|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Mann Atisundar]]''
}}
'''''Mann Sundar''''' ({{translation|Beauty of the Heart}}) is an Indian [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama]] television series produced by the production company Panorama Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Child artist Asmi Deo to be a part of Dangal TV's Mann Sundar|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/child-artist-asmi-deo-be-part-of-dangal-tv-s-mann-sundar-211011?amp|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> It premiered on 18 October 2021 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mann Sundar's cast celebrates 100 episodes; here is what the cast has to say {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/mann-sundars-cast-celebrates-100-episodes-here-is-what-the-cast-has-to-say/videoshow/89499516.cms |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> The series starred Shruti Anand and Shivam Khajuria in the first season and<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV: धारावाहिक 'मन सुंदर' की कहानी में दिलचस्प मोड़, सांवली सलोनी रुचिता का समाज से सीधा सामना |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/dangal-tv-serial-mann-sundar-is-getting-good-response-from-audience-now-getting-a-new-twist-in-upcoming-episode |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=एंटरटेनमेंट अपडेट:दंगल टीवी के सीरियल 'मन सुंदर' में आया नया मोड़|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/jaipur/news/dangal-tv-serial-man-sundar-has-a-new-twist-129077575.html|work=Dainikbhaskar|date=31 October 2021 |accessdate=12 November 2021}}</ref> stars Nancy Roy and Dev Aditya in the second season.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Dev Aditya shares his experience of facing the camera for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dev-aditya-shares-his-experience-of-facing-the-camera-for-the-first-time-i-was-excited-because-i-got-a-show-unexpectedly-and-nervous-because/articleshow/103253074.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The series is directed by Faheim Ahmad Inamdar and the production is headed by Suzana Ghai.

== Plot ==
Ruchita is idealistic and independent. She works at her father's friend's company, owned by Naresh Goyal. Naresh has two sons, Prateek and Nihar. Prateek is married to Ritu, who has a younger sister, Amrita. Nihar is in love with Amrita and wishes to marry her. But, the Goyal family forcibly decides to have Ruchita and Nihar marry. Nihar opposes the marriage and tries to elope with Amrita but fails as Amrita leaves to London. Nihar reluctantly marries Ruchita and blames her for the marriage and starts to hate her.

Nihar's mother, Poonam, and his grandmother (Dadi) do not accept Ruchita due to her dark skin; they try to separate her from Nihar. After many struggles, Nihar starts to love Ruchita. After some time, Amrita returns to separate them. She collaborates with Poonam and Dadi to expel her from the house by framing her for Dadi's accident. When Ruchita discovers Amrita and Dadi's truth, and she tries to expose them. Amrita poisons Ruchita making the family believe that Ruchita is dead. Ruchita survives and scares Amrita as a ghost. Amrita fakes her pregnancy causing Nihar to announce his marriage with her. Dadi realizes her mistake and accepts Ruchita and helps her to expose Amrita. Ruchita exposes Amrita. Nihar ends his relationship with Amrita and Ruchita expels Amrita.

After a while, Amrita seeks revenge and fakes her own death, leading to Nihar's arrest. Meera, Amrita's mother, turns Ritu against the Nihar. Ritu destroys all evidence that would have proven Nihar innocent. Ruchita discovers Amrita and Meera's true plot. She exposes Amrita and Meera and has them arrested. Nihar is released on bail.

Preeti, Poonam and Naresh's long-lost daughter, enters the family and seeking revenge. She creates problems for Dadi who had hidden the truth about her existence from the family. Ruchita discovers this and exposes Preeti and Dadi's truth to everyone. Dadi reveals how her uncle did not accept Preeti because she was a girl. The family accepts Preeti. Preeti wants to cheat the Goyal family by capturing their estate. Preeti's machinations divide Prateek and Nihar. Ruchita exposes Preeti's plans. Preeti is confined to a mental asylum.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Shruti Anand<ref>{{Cite web |title=सीरियल 'मन सुंदर' में हाई वोल्टेज ड्रामा, फिर हो रही रुचिता-निहार की शादी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/tv/high-voltage-drama-in-serial-mann-sunder-ruchita-nihar-getting-married-again/videoshow/90497029.cms |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref> as Ruchita Nihar Goyal (formerly Mittal): Shreedhar and Usha's eldest daughter; Vivek's elder sister; Radhika and Kaya's cousin; Nihar's wife; Ruhi's adoptive mother; Juhi's mother; Ruhaan and Munni's grandmother (2021–2023; 2024) (Dead) (appears in flashback after 2023)
** as Pataal Devi in Ruchita's form (2023)
* Shivam Khajuria as
** Nihar Goyal: Naresh and Poonam's eldest son; Prateek's younger brother; Preeti's youngest elder brother; Amrita's ex-boyfriend; Ruchita's husband; Ruhi's adoptive father; Juhi's father; Ruhaan and Munni's grandfather (2021–2023; 2024) (Dead) (appears in flashbacks after 2023)
*** Pataal Devi in Nihar's form (2022)
** Babu: Lalita's son; Apsara's husband; Nihar's look-alike (2023) (Dead)
** Terrorist: Nihar's look-alike who works with Monica (2023) (Dead)
* Nancy Roy as Ruhi Nahar Goenka (formerly Goyal): Nihar and Ruchita's adoptive elder daughter; Juhi's adoptive elder sister; Priya and Pinku's adoptive cousin; Nahar's window; Ruhaan's mother (2023–present)
** as Sukoon in Ruhi's form and also possessed her spirit in Ruhi's body (2025)
** Yashasvi Prajapati as Child Ruhi (2023)
* Dev Aditya<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Dev Aditya shares his experience of facing the camera for the first time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-dev-aditya-shares-his-experience-of-facing-the-camera-for-the-first-time-i-was-excited-because-i-got-a-show-unexpectedly-and-nervous-because/articleshow/103253074.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as
** Nahar Goenka: Ratan and Nandini's son; Avni and Samar's eldest step-brother; Arjun's cousin; Agni's childhood ex-boyfriend; Ruhi's husband; Ruhaan's father (2023–2026) ( Dead)
** Yuvraj Sahani: Nahar's lookalike; Londan Businessam (2026-present)

=== Recurring ===
==== The Goenka family ====
* Reshma J Merchant as Sumitra Goenka: Bhanupratap's widow; Ratan's mother; Nahar, Avni, Samar's grandmother; Rajeshwari's elder sister-in-law; Arjun's grandaunt; Ruhaan, Munni, Bittu and Gudiya's great-great-grandmother (2023–present)
* Shikhar Sharma as Ratan Goenka: Bhanupratap and Sumitra's son; Nandini's widow; Soni's second husband; Nahar, Avni and Samar's father; Arjun's uncle; Ruhaan, Munni, Bittu and Gudiya's great-grandfather (2023–present)
* Unknown as Nandini Goenka: Ratan's first wife; Nahar’s mother; Arjun's aunt; Ruhaan's great-grandmother; Munni, Gudiya and Bittu's step-great-grandmother (2024) (Dead/Ghost)
* Jyoti Tiwari / Madhushree Sharma as Soni Goenka: Ratan's second wife; Nahar's stepmother; Avni and Samar's mother; Arjun's step-aunt; Ruhaan, Munni, Bittu and Gudiya's step-great-grandmother (2023) / (2023–present)
* Alisha Tunge as Avni Goenka: Ratan and Soni's daughter; Nahar's younger stepsister; Samar's elder sister; Arjun's step-cousin; Romil's wife; Gudiya's mother; Bittu's stepmother; Ruhaan and Munni's step-grandaunt (2023–present)
* Nitesh Parashar as Romil Goenka: Avni's husband; Sheetal's ex-boyfriend; Bittu and Gudiya's father; Ruhaan and Munni's step-granduncle (2023–present)
* Milan Singh as Sheetal Goenka: Romil's ex-girlfriend; Bittu's mother (2025)
* Kavish Chauhan as Bittu Goenka: Romil and Sheetal's son; Gudiya's stepbrother; Ruhaan and Munni's cousin (2025–present)
* Ujjwal Sharma / Somesh Sharma as Samar Goenka: Ratan and Soni's younger son; Avni's younger sister; Nahar's step-brother; Arjun's step-cousin; Juhi's husband; Munni's father; Ruhaan, Bittu and Gudiya's uncle (2023–2024) / (2024–present)
* Simran Tomar / Muskaan Kataria as Juhi Samar Goenka (formerly Goyal): Nihar and Ruchita's elder daughter; Ruhi's adoptive younger sister; Priya and Pinku's cousin; Samar's wife; Munni's mother; Ruhaan, Bittu and Gudiya's aunt (2023–2025) / (2025–present)
** Roneisha Sharma as Child Juhi (2023)
* Anju Rajiv as Rajeshwari Goenka: Sumitra's younger sister-in-law; Arjun's grandmother (2026)
* Rohan Singh as Arjun Goenka: Rajeshwari's grandson; Nahar, Samar and Avni's cousin; Meghna's husband (2026)
* Nazneen Khan as Meghna Goenka: Arjun's wife (2026)
* Yami Khandelwal as Ashi Goenka: Nahar, Avni and Samar's niece (2023)
* Yashvan Rana as Ruhaan Goenka: Agni's surrogate son; Nahar and Ruhi's son; Munni and Bittu's cousin (2026–present)
** Nivaan Nanda as Baby Ruhaan (2025)

==== The Goyal family ====
* [[Neena Cheema]] as Bua Sa: Mrs. Goyal's elder sister; Naresh's aunt; Prateek, Nihar and Preeti's grand-aunt; Priya, Pinku and Juhi's great-grandaunt (2022)
* Mamata Luthra as Mrs. Goyal: Bua Sa's younger sister; Naresh's mother; Ruhi's adoptive great-grandmother; Priya, Pinku and Juhi's great-grandmother (2021–2023)
* Sanjay Bhatia as Naresh Goyal: Mrs. Goyal's son; Poonam's husband; Prateek, Nihar and Preeti's father; Ruhi's adoptive grandfather; Priya, Pinku and Juhi's grandfather (2021–present)
* Aparna Ghoshal as Poonam Goyal: Sambhav's aunt; Naresh's wife; Prateek, Nihar and Preeti's mother; Ruhi's adoptive grandmother; Priya, Pinku and Juhi's grandmother (2021–present)
** as Maria Fernandes: Poonam's [[doppelganger]] (2025–2026)
* Suraj Punjabi / Sapan Chaudhary as Prateek Goyal: Poonam and Naresh's eldest son; Nihar and Preeti's elder brother; Ritu's husband; Disha's ex-lover; Monica's ex-boyfriend; Priya and Pinku's father; Ruhi's adoptive uncle; Juhi's uncle (2021–2023) / (2023–2024)
* [[Manisha Saxena]] / Preeti Singhania as Ritu Goyal (formerly Goenka): Meera's adopted daughter; Amrita's adopted elder sister; Prateek's wife; Priya's mother; Pinku's stepmother; Ruhi's adoptive aunt; Juhi's aunt (2021–2023) / (2023) (Dead)
* Asmi Deo as Priya Goyal: Prateek and Ritu's daughter; Pinku's stepsister; Ruhi's adoptive cousin; Juhi's cousin (2021)
* Priyanka Shukla as Disha Goyal: Prateek's former lover; Pinku's mother; Ritu's murderer (2023)
* Mukesh Choudhary as Pinku Goyal: Prateek and Disha's son; Ritu's stepson; Priya's stepbrother; Ruhi's adoptive cousin; Juhi's cousin; Palak's husband (2023–present)
** Kavirr Amoli as Child Pinku
*** Ayanshi Sharma as Baby Pinku (2023)
* Madhura Joshi / Manpreet Kaur as Palak Goyal: Pinku's wife (2023) / (2023–present)
** as Malishka Malhotra: Palak's fake identity (2024)
* Ayushi Rao as Preeti Goyal: Poonam and Naresh's long-lost daughter; Prateek and Nihar's younger sister; Ruhi's adoptive aunt; Priya, Pinku and Juhi's aunt (2022)

==== The Mittal family ====
* Kajal Khanchandani as Mrs. Mittal: Shreedhar's mother; Ruchita and Vivek's grandmother (2021–2023)
* Amitabh Ghanekar as Shreedhar Mittal: Ms. Mittal's son; Usha's husband; Radhika and Kaya's uncle; Ruchita and Vivek's father (2021–2022)
* Geeta Bisht<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Bisht talks about Mann Sundar |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/geeta-bisht-on-mann-sundar-435435 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> as Usha Mittal: Anuradha's sister; Radhika and Kaya's aunt; Shreedhar's wife; Ruchita and Vivek's mother (2021–2022)
* Krushag Ghuge as Vivek Mittal: Shreedhar and Usha's youngest son; Radhika and Kaya's cousin; Ruchita's younger brother (2021–2022)

==== Other recurring cast ====
* Dinesh Agarwal as Deepak (2021)
* Palak Jain as Jyoti: Ruchita's friend (2021)
* Akshay Bhagat as Ravi (2021)
* Sampark Lele as Nihar's friend (2021)
* Ayushi Khurana as Amrita Goenka: Meera's daughter; Ritu's adoptive younger sister; Nihar's ex-girlfriend and ex-fiancée; Ruchita's rival (2021–2022)
* Sheetal Antani as Meera Goenka: Amrita's mother; Ritu's adoptive mother and aunt; Ruchita's rival (2022)
* Ekta Sharma as Ms. Meghwal: Aanchal's aunt; Ruchita's rival (2022)
* Shivanshi Das as Aanchal Meghwal: Ms. Meghwal's nephew; Nihar's fake wife and one-sided obsessive ex-lover; Ruchita's rival (2022)
* Pratik Parihar as Sambhav: Poonam's nephew; Ruchita's one-sided obsessive lover (2022)
* Inder Shergill as Unknown
* Gursharanpreet Singh as Unknown
* Riya Gupta as Ritika Ahuja: A NRI (2022)
* Krishnakant Singh Bundela as Baba (2022)
* Ali Abbas as Rakesh Chauhan / Thief: Ruchita's fake husband (2023)
* Suraj Kalyankar as Thief / Goon (2023)
* Anuradha Sharma as Lalita: Babu's mother; Ruchita's rival (2023)
* Kajal Chonkar as Apsara: Babu's widow; Ruchita's rival (2023)
* Subhalaxmi Das as Guru Maa (2023)
* Abhinav Gautam as NRI Businessman: He tries to receive Juhi from Guru Maa (2023)
* [[Neetha Shetty]] as Monica Khanna (alias): A terrorist; Prateek's ex-girlfriend; Nihar's murderer (2023)
* Kunal Verma as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|A.C.P.]] Ved Vardhan: Ruchita's classmate and childhood friend (2023)
* Anasuya Chakravorty as Ruhi and Juhi's principal (2023)
* Meenakshi Gupta as Sangeeta (2023)
* Ananya Samarth as Agni Rathore / Dhara Maa: Nahar's childhood ex-girlfriend and ex-fiancé; Ruhi's rival; Sumitra's accomplice; Ruhaan's surrogate mother (2023–present)
* Nandini Karmakar as Munni (2024) (Dead) (Used her body possessed by Nahar's mother, Nandini)
* Urmila Sharma as Palak's mother (2024–2025)
* Oshi Sahu as Sitara / Ruhi Goenka (fake): Ruhi's fake identity and rival; Nahar's one-sided obsessive lover; Sumitra's accomplice (2024–2025)
* Anuradha Singh as Madhubala: Ruhi and Roli's mother (2025)
* Simran Sharma as Roli: Madhubala's younger daughter; Ruhi's younger sister and rival; Nahar's one-sided obsessive lover and fake wife; Samar's fake wife (2025)
* Shweta Thakur as Lisa: Pinku's one-sided obsessive lover (2025)
* Pradeep Nigam as Lal Kishor: A psychopath and serial killer; Ruhi's one-sided obsessive lover and ex-fiancé (2025)
* Swati Sharma as Sukoon Sarpal Singh: Sarpal's ex-wife; Nahar's one-sided obsessive lover and ex-fiancée; Ruhi's rival (2025) (Dead / Ghost)
* Unknown as Sarpal Singh: Sukoon's ex-husband and murderer (2025)
* Suchit Vikram Singh as Sparsh: Ruhi's best friend and ex-fiancé (2025–2026)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Shruti Anand and Shivam Khajuria were signed as leads.<ref>{{Cite news |title='I never thought of becoming an actress,' says Mann Sundar actress Shruti Anand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-never-thought-of-becoming-an-actress-says-mann-sundar-actress-shruti-anand/articleshow/92745807.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सीरियल 'मन सुंदर' में हाई वोल्टेज ड्रामा, फिर हो रही रुचिता-निहार की शादी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/tv/high-voltage-drama-in-serial-mann-sunder-ruchita-nihar-getting-married-again/videoshow/90497029.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo was released on 2 October 2021. The first season of the show was released on 18 October 2021.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mann Sundar {{!}} मन सुंदर {{!}} सोमवार 18 अक्टूबर से सिर्फ दंगल टीवी पर {{!}} New Show Promo | date=8 October 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPYhMI1_VbE |access-date=2024-02-15 |language=en}}</ref>

== Spin-off ==
=== Mann Atisundar ===
{{Main|Mann Atisundar}}

After the success of ''Mann Sundar'', it had a spin-off television series titled ''[[Mann Atisundar]]'' was launched on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]. This story is centred around Radhika, a plus-sized woman who is Ruchita's cousin, who wants to marry a man of her choice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=e4m |date=2025-04-29 |title=Sony repackages Dangal’s 2-year-old show for prime time: Will the content hack work? - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/sony-repackages-dangal-tvs-mann-atisundar-as-radhika-dil-se-will-the-content-hack-work-142998.html |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=21357988}}

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]

M. K. Stalin

2026-05-01T18:55:43Z

Coolblack5: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1953)}}
{{Tamil name|Muthuvel Karunanidhi|Stalin}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, Thiru MK Stalin.jpg
| caption = Stalin in 2022
| office = Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
| order = 8th
| term_start = 7 May 2021
| term_end =
| deputy = [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]]
| governor = {{ubl|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]|[[R. N. Ravi]]|[[Rajendra Arlekar]]}}
| predecessor = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}
| 1blankname1 = [[M. K. Stalin ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata1 = * [[Department of Public (Tamil Nadu)|Public]]
* [[Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)|General Administration]]
* [[Indian Administrative Service]]
* [[Indian Police Service]]
* [[Indian Forest Service]]
* [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|District Revenue Officers]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Police|Police]]
* [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|Home]]
* [[Department of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives (Tamil Nadu)|Special Initiatives]]
* [[Department of Special Programme Implementation (Tamil Nadu)|Special Programme Implementation]]
* [[Department of Welfare of Differently Abled Persons (Tamil Nadu)|Welfare of Differently Abled Persons]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office2 = Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu
| order2 = 1st
| term_start2 = 29 May 2009
| term_end2 = 15 May 2011
| governor2 = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| predecessor2 = ''Office established''
| successor2 = [[O. Panneerselvam]] (in [[Palaniswami ministry|2017]])
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Portfolios}}
| 2blankname2 = [[Fifth Karunanidhi ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata2 = * [[Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)|General Administration]]
* [[Department of Revenue (Tamil Nadu)|District Revenue Officers]]
* [[Department of Industries (Tamil Nadu)|Industries]]
* [[Department of Backward Classes, Most Backward Classes and Minorities Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Minorities Welfare]]
* [[Department of Social Reforms (Tamil Nadu)|Social Reforms]]
* [[Department of Municipal Administration and Water Supply (Tamil Nadu)|Municipal Administration and Water Supply]]
* [[Department of Public (Tamil Nadu)|Passports]]
* [[Department of Social Welfare and Women Empowerment (Tamil Nadu)|Poverty Alleviation Programmes]]
* [[Department of Rural Development and Panchayat Raj (Tamil Nadu)|Rural Development and Panchayat Raj]]
* [[Department of Planning, Development and Special Initiatives (Tamil Nadu)|Special Initiatives]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office3 = 17th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 24 May 2016
| term_end3 = 6 May 2021
| governor3 = {{ubl|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]| [[Banwarilal Purohit]]}}
| predecessor3 = [[Vijayakanth]]
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = {{ubl|[[Jayalalithaa]]|[[O. Panneerselvam]]|[[Edappadi K Palaniswami]]}}
| office4 = [[Tamil Nadu Council of Ministers|Cabinet Minister]] in [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| minister4 = [[Department of Rural Development and Panchayat (Tamil Nadu)|Rural Development and Panchayati Raj]]
| term_start4 = 13 May 2006
| term_end4 = 15 May 2011
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor4 = [[K. P. Anbalagan]]
| successor4 = [[P. Mohan (Sankarapuram politician)|P. Mohan]]
| office5 = 2nd President of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start5 = 28 August 2018
| term_end5 =
| 1blankname5 = General Secretary
| 1namedata5 = {{ubl|[[K. Anbazhagan]]|[[Durai Murugan]]}}
| predecessor5 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office6 = Working President of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start6 = 4 January 2017
| term_end6 = 28 August 2018
| predecessor6 = ''Position established''
| successor6 = ''Position abolished''
| president6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office7 = Treasurer of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start7 = 27 December 2008
| term_end7 = 27 August 2018
| predecessor7 = [[Arcot N. Veeraswami]]
| successor7 = [[Durai Murugan]]
| president7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1blankname7 = General Secretary
| 1namedata7 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| office8 = Deputy General Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start8 = 2 June 2003
| term_end8 = 26 December 2008
| 1blankname8 = General Secretary
| predecessor8 = ''Position established''
| successor8 = ''Position abolished''
| president8 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1namedata8 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| office9 = 45th [[List of mayors of Chennai|Mayor of Chennai]]
| term_start9 = 25 October 1996
| term_end9 = 6 September 2002
| predecessor9 = [[R. Arumugam]] (in 1973)
| successor9 = [[Karate R. Thiagarajan]]
| office11 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start11 = 23 May 2011
| term_end11 =
| predecessor11 = ''Constituency established''
| constituency11 = [[Kolathur (state assembly constituency)|Kolathur]]
| term_start12 = 13 May 1996
| term_end12 = 15 May 2011
| predecessor12 = [[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
| successor12 = [[B. Valarmathi]]
| constituency12 = [[Thousand Lights]]
| term_start13 = 27 January 1989
| predecessor13 = [[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
| successor13 = [[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
| term_end13 = 30 January 1991
| constituency13 = [[Thousand Lights]]
| office14 = [[Youth wing|Youth Wing]] Secretary of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 20 July 1982
| term_end14 = 6 July 2017
| predecessor14 = ''Position established''
| successor14 = [[M. P. Saminathan]]
| president14 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| 1blankname14 = General Secretary
| 1namedata14 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| birth_name = Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1953|03|01}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai|Madras]], [[Madras State]], India (present-day Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Durga Stalin]]|1975}}
| children = 2 (including [[Udhayanidhi Stalin|Udhayanidhi]])
| father = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| relatives = [[Karunanidhi family]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Chennai]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| signature = M. K. Stalin Signature.svg
| website = {{URL|mkstalin.in/}}
| nickname =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|t|ɑː|l|ɪ|n|,_|-|l|i|n}}, {{IPA|ta|'mut̪ːuʋeːl kaɾuˈɳaːniði sʈaːˈlin|audio=MK Stalin Swearing-in DMK Chief MK Stalin Takes Oath As Tamil Nadu Chief Minister.ogg}}}} (born 1 March 1953) is an Indian politician who has served as the eighth [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] since 2021. He became president of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) on 28 August 2018, after serving as the party's working president from January 2017 to August 2018.

Born in 1953, Stalin is the third son of former Tamil Nadu chief minister [[M. Karunanidhi]]. He completed his education at [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] in [[Chennai]] in 1973. He began his political career in the late 1960s and was elected to DMK's general committee in 1973. He was jailed during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]] in 1976. He became the secretary of the party's youth wing in 1982, a post he held for more than four decades. He served as the 45th [[mayor of Chennai]] from 1996 to 2002. He has been elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] eight times, and served as the state's first [[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|deputy chief minister]] from 2009 to 2011.

Stalin is married to Durga, and their son [[Udhayanidhi]] currently serves as the state's deputy chief minister. In 2009, [[Anna University]] conferred an honorary doctorate on Stalin. In 2025, ''[[The Indian Express]]'' named him as India's 23rd most powerful personality.

== Early and personal life ==
Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin was born in [[Chennai]] on 1 March 1953 as the third son of [[M. Karunanidhi]], who would later serve as [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], and Dayalu Ammal. He was named after [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w8AdQ0Gwsh12WyUjORR14J/Will-DMKs-Stalin-gain-from-the-political-feud-in-Tamil-Nadu.html|title=Will DMK's Stalin gain from the political feud in Tamil Nadu?|last=Thangavelu|first=Dharani|date=1 March 2017|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=20 April 2018|archive-date=20 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135905/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w8AdQ0Gwsh12WyUjORR14J/Will-DMKs-Stalin-gain-from-the-political-feud-in-Tamil-Nadu.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Week">{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/08/28/m-k-stalin-timeline-slow-steady-dmk-president.html|title=M.K. Stalin timeline: Slow, steady rise of DMK's new president|work=[[The Week (India)|The Week]]|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025225/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/08/28/m-k-stalin-timeline-slow-steady-dmk-president.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Stalin was educated at [[Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6709112.cms|title=Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school|date=7 October 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/star-studded-175th-bday-for-mcc-school/articleshow/6709112.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He completed a pre-university course at [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]] and obtained a degree in history from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] in 1973.<ref name="Result">{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/m-k-stalin-86.html|title=M K Stalin political timeline|work=[[OneIndia]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

Stalin married [[Durga Stalin|Durga]] (alias Shantha) on 20 August 1975. They have two children.<ref name="Result"/> Their son, [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]], is an actor and politician who since 2024 is [[List of deputy chief ministers of Tamil Nadu|deputy chief minister of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/udhayanidhi-stalin-tamil-nadu-deputy-cm-cabinet-reshuffle-mk-stalin-2608062-2024-09-28|title=MK Stalin appoints son Udhayanidhi as Tamil Nadu Deputy Chief Minister|date=28 September 2024|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Their daughter Senthamarai is an entrepreneur and education professional.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunshine {{!}} Management|url=http://sunshineschool.in/senior/management.aspx|access-date=25 January 2022|work=Sunshine school|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928064400/http://sunshineschool.in/senior/management.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 April 2021|title=V Sabareesan: Tamil Nadu's first family's premier son-in-law|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/v-sabareesan-tamil-nadus-first-familys-premier-son-in-law-7258121/|access-date=25 January 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121142001/https://indianexpress.com/elections/v-sabareesan-tamil-nadus-first-familys-premier-son-in-law-7258121/|url-status=live}}</ref> Stalin describes himself as an [[Atheism|Atheist]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Not in the name of God: Why MK Stalin's atheism is par for the course|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/not-in-the-name-of-god-why-mk-stalins-atheism-is-par-for-the-course-9230411.htm|access-date=8 May 2021|work=[[CNBC TV18]]|date=7 May 2021|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508172755/https://www.cnbctv18.com/views/not-in-the-name-of-god-why-mk-stalins-atheism-is-par-for-the-course-9230411.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2018|title=M Karunanidhi: An atheist who ruled even as religion ruled politics|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/m-karunanidhi-an-atheist-who-ruled-even-as-religion-ruled-politics-1308328-2018-08-08|access-date=8 May 2021|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=8 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508172753/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/m-karunanidhi-an-atheist-who-ruled-even-as-religion-ruled-politics-1308328-2018-08-08|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2018|title=M Karunanidhi (1924-2018): An atheist who spoke of God in the smile of the poor|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/m-karunanidhi-1924-2018-an-atheist-who-spoke-of-god-in-the-smile-of-the-poor-5296749/|access-date=8 May 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230123652/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/m-karunanidhi-1924-2018-an-atheist-who-spoke-of-god-in-the-smile-of-the-poor-5296749/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Political career ==
=== Early career ===
Stalin began his political career in his early teens when he, with some friends, founded the youth wing of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) in Gopalapuram.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=MK Stalin's Big Test In First Tamil Nadu Polls Since Father Karunanidhi's Death |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2021-mk-stalins-big-test-in-first-tamil-nadu-polls-since-father-karunanidhis-death-2394647 |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320005531/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2021-mk-stalins-big-test-in-first-tamil-nadu-polls-since-father-karunanidhis-death-2394647 |url-status=live}}</ref> At 14 years old, he campaigned for his uncle, [[Murasoli Maran]], in the [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-is-the-cm-candidate-from-dmk/article6957912.ece |title=Waiting in the wings |work=[[The Hindu]] |author=B. Kolappan |date=4 March 2015 |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928070552/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-is-the-cm-candidate-from-dmk/article6957912.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TIE">{{cite web |date=28 August 2018 |title=From Ilaya Thalapathi to DMK chief, Stalin comes out of Karunanidhi's shadows |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-profile-5328255/ |access-date=20 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718030213/https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-profile-5328255/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1973, he was elected to the general committee of the DMK.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-election-finally-the-prince-becomes-the-king/articleshow/82364423.cms |title=M K Stalin: Finally, the prince becomes the king |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503065045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-election-finally-the-prince-becomes-the-king/articleshow/82364423.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1976, Stalin was jailed in [[Madras Central Prison]] under the [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] for protesting against [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/m-k-stalin-dmk-congress-bjp-aiadmk-pmk-narendra-modi-lok-sabha-elections-2019-mmamata-banerjee-karunanidhi/373379 |title=MK Stalin: The new charioteer of Dravida Munnetra Kazagham |work=[[Times Now]] |author=Nikhil Jha |date=16 April 2019 |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718030214/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/m-k-stalin-dmk-congress-bjp-aiadmk-pmk-narendra-modi-lok-sabha-elections-2019-mmamata-banerjee-karunanidhi/373379 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2018/08/28185507/1086200/MK-Stalin-From-a-gritty-teenage-campaigner-to-mature-.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718030227/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2018/08/28185507/1086200/MK-Stalin-From-a-gritty-teenage-campaigner-to-mature-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2021 |title=MK Stalin: From a gritty teenage campaigner to mature DMK boss |work=[[Daily Thanthi|DT Next]] |date=28 August 2018 |access-date=25 February 2021}}</ref> Whilst in police custody, he endured torture which resulted in the death of his fellow prisoner [[C. Chittibabu]].<ref name="Venkatachalapathy2019">{{cite book |author=A. R. Venkatachalapathy |title=Tamil Characters |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMB7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |access-date=23 February 2021 |date=24 January 2019 |publisher=[[Pan Macmillan]] |isbn=978-1-5290-2259-9 |pages=56– |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150813/https://books.google.com/books?id=NMB7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kannan2017">{{cite book |author=R Kannan |title=MGR: A Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207 |date=28 June 2017 |publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-9-38649-588-4 |pages=207– |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150739/https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Stalin-takes-family-on-nostalgia-trip-around-Central-jail/articleshow/4273669.cms |title=Stalin takes family on nostalgia trip around Central jail |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 March 2009 |access-date=25 February 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718030212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Stalin-takes-family-on-nostalgia-trip-around-Central-jail/articleshow/4273669.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He wrote his final-year college exams whilst in prison.<ref name="Week"/>

=== Youth wing and MLA ===
Stalin established the youth wing of the DMK in 1980 and became its secretary in 1982, a post he held for more than four decades.<ref name="Week"/> During the 1980s, he travelled across Tamil Nadu to encourage and mentor youth to join active politics.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2019 |title=Udayanidhi Stalin appointed DMK youth wing secretary |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/udayanidhi-stalin-appointed-dmk-youth-wing-secretary/article28282578.ece |access-date=30 September 2022 |work=[[Business Line]] |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025515/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/udayanidhi-stalin-appointed-dmk-youth-wing-secretary/article28282578.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1989, he was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency]], and represented the constituency five times.<ref name="Week"/> In 2003, he became Deputy General Secretary of the DMK.<ref name="NDTV" />

=== Mayor of Chennai ===
Stalin became the [[Mayor of Chennai]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-administrator-witha-good-track-record/article24795862.ece |title=An administrator witha good track record |date=18 August 2018 |access-date=18 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> As mayor, he initiated the ''Singara Chennai'' (Beautiful Chennai) project to improve the city's infrastructure.<ref name="Week"/> He modernised the garbage disposal system by giving priority to cleaning works, and implemented development projects in areas such as health, public construction and schools. He built flyovers to address traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite news |title=M K Stalin: From a gritty teenage campaigner to mature DMK boss |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/m-k-stalin-from-a-gritty-teenage-campaigner-to-mature-dmk-boss/articleshow/65580876.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913175401/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/m-k-stalin-from-a-gritty-teenage-campaigner-to-mature-dmk-boss/articleshow/65580876.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> During his first tenure, nine major flyovers and 49 bridges were constructed at a cost of {{INRconvert |0.95 |b}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The case of the flyovers |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30251255.ece |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=6 July 2001 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913185035/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30251255.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> He also worked on improving the standard of corporation-run schools to be on par with private schools.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kolappan |first=B. |date=28 August 2018 |title=An administrator with a good track record |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-administrator-witha-good-track-record/article24795862.ece |access-date=13 September 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913173826/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/an-administrator-witha-good-track-record/article24795862.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NIE">{{cite web |title=Reaching the top, one step at a time -- Stalin style |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/07/reaching-the-top-one-step-at-a-time-stalin-style-2299391.html |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=7 May 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913180440/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/may/07/reaching-the-top-one-step-at-a-time-stalin-style-2299391.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Parks and fountains were set up at 18 major junctions, 81 parks were renovated, and saplings were planted at [[Marina Beach]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Raman |first=A. Ragu |title=Time to revive call for Singara Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/time-to-revive-call-for-singara-chennai/articleshow/82698902.cms |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 May 2021 |archive-date=14 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914040800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/time-to-revive-call-for-singara-chennai/articleshow/82698902.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> His efforts in improving city infrastructure earned him the title of ''Managara Thanthai'' (father of the city).<ref name="FE">{{cite web |date=5 April 2021 |title=Tamil Nadu elections: Can MK Stalin finally break away from Karunanidhi's shadow? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-elections-2021-can-mk-stalin-finally-break-away-from-karunanidhis-shadow/2227274/ |access-date=13 September 2021 |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195236/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-elections-2021-can-mk-stalin-finally-break-away-from-karunanidhis-shadow/2227274/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Stalin was re-elected Mayor for the second time in 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/oct/23tn.htm |title= Stalin re-elected mayor of Madras |access-date=18 November 2006 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514071644/http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/oct/23tn.htm |work=[[Rediff]] |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2002, the chief minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] enacted the Tamil Nadu Municipal Laws (Amendment) Act, which prevented a person from holding two elected posts in the government.<ref name="NIE" /> Because Stalin was an elected member of the legislative assembly, this law was widely seen as an attempt to remove him as Chennai's mayor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_Id=13690000 |title=Mayor's office slips out of Stalin's hand-Cities |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 November 2006 |archive-date=10 September 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040910222547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?art_Id=13690000 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Madras High Court]] later struck down the law but held as per the City Municipal Corporation Act, 1919, a person cannot be mayor for two consecutive terms, though unlike Stalin, earlier mayors were not directly elected.<ref name="FE" /> As a result, Stalin resigned from the post.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020907/asp/nation/story_1176318.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030101200629/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020907/asp/nation/story_1176318.asp |archive-date=1 January 2003 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |title=Blow to Stalin and Jaya Act |access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

=== Minister and deputy chief minister ===
The DMK regained control of the state assembly in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 assembly elections]]. Stalin became the minister for rural development and local administration in the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], and retained this office throughout his term. During his tenure, he expanded women's self-help groups across the state by establishing 175,493 new ones. He also established drinking water projects such as the Hogenakkal and Ramanathapuram water schemes.<ref name="TIE" /><ref name="NIE"/> In 2008, he became the DMK's treasurer.<ref name="NDTV" />

On 29 May 2009, the [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] [[Surjit Singh Barnala]] appointed Stalin the state's deputy chief minister.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1&theme=&usrsess=1&id=256056 |title=Stalin named JP deputy CM |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040331200719/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.news.php?clid=1 |archive-date=31 March 2004 |url-status=dead |access-date=31 May 2009 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/karunanidhi-makes-stalin-deputy-chief-minister/article293666.ece |title=Karunanidhi makes Stalin Deputy Chief Minister |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150745/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Karunanidhi-makes-Stalin-Deputy-Chief-Minister/article16605744.ece |archive-date=21 September 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/headlines-today-top-stories/story/stalin-appointed-tamil-nadu-deputy-cm-48892-2009-05-28 |title=Stalin appointed Tamil Nadu Deputy CM |date=29 May 2009 |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425213030/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Stalin+appointed+Tamil+Nadu+Deputy+CM/1/44292.html |url-status=live |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> During his tenure, on 23 February 2011, the Government of Tamil Nadu received a special award for the best state among the largest states in India, and the diamond state award for best state in civil safety, drinking water and sanitation, and women's development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu & Himachal Pradesh win top honours at IBN7 Diamond States Awards |url=https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/47946_tamil-nadu--himachal-pradesh-win-top-honours-at-ibn7-diamond-states-awards |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=Afaqs |date=23 February 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113652/https://www.afaqs.com/media-briefs/47946_tamil-nadu--himachal-pradesh-win-top-honours-at-ibn7-diamond-states-awards |url-status=live }}</ref> The state also won the most number of Nirmal Gram Awards for its exceptional role in maintaining sanitation in villages during Stalin's tenure as the minister of rural development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Trichi in TN bags highest number of Nirmal Gram Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2008/nov/07/trichi-in-tn-bags-highest-number-of-nirmal-gram-awards-5138.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 May 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113651/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2008/nov/07/trichi-in-tn-bags-highest-number-of-nirmal-gram-awards-5138.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Opposition leader and DMK president ===
In 2013, Karunanidhi announced Stalin as his successor to head the DMK and confirmed it in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/stalin-is-my-successor-announces-karunanidhi-7513.html |title=Stalin is my successor |date=3 January 2013 |work=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DMK chief Karunanidhi names younger son Stalin as his political heir |date=20 October 2016 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/dmk-chief-karunanidhi-names-younger-son-stalin-as-his-political-heir/story-jcIM6BWJ5rMIPwCFhUpdvO.html |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Ahead of the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Stalin went on a statewide tour titled ''Namakku Naame''. He won the [[Kolathur (state assembly constituency)|Kolathur]] constituency and was appointed opposition leader in the state legislative assembly.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-sees-namakku-naame-as-a-vain-exercise/article7839682.ece |title=AIADMK sees 'Namakku Naame' as a vain exercise |last=Ramakrishnan |first=Deepa H. |date=4 November 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 August 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025648/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-sees-namakku-naame-as-a-vain-exercise/article7839682.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017, Stalin went on another ''Namakku Naame'' tour.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-plans-another-namakku-naame-tour/article19891275.ece |title=Stalin plans another 'Namakku Naame' tour |date=20 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=11 August 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025700/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-plans-another-namakku-naame-tour/article19891275.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> He was appointed as working president in January 2017 when the health of his father, Karunanidhi, started declining. In 2018, Karunanidhi died and Stalin became president of the DMK.<ref name="TIE" />

Stalin formed the [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] in Tamil Nadu and led the alliance in the state in the [[2019 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html |title=Secular Progressive Alliance will romp home in Lok Sabha polls |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=31 March 2019 |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224160114/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/secular-progressive-alliance-will-romp-home-in-lok-sabha-polls-119033100605_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-dmk-alliance-announces-constituencies-calls-it-secular-progressive-alliance-2008378 |title=DMK Alliance Announces Constituencies, Calls It Secular Progressive Alliance |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811221116/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/lok-sabha-elections-2019-dmk-alliance-announces-constituencies-calls-it-secular-progressive-alliance-2008378 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Secular Progressive Alliance won 39 out of 40 Parliament seats, and 12 out of 21 in the assembly by-elections, in the party's first victory since Stalin took charge as the DMK's president.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms |title=M K Stalin wins big but gains little in Tamil Nadu |date=24 May 2019 |first=D. |last=Govardan |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301133828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-wins-big-but-gains-little/articleshow/69472678.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617 |title="Amazed North, United South, Astounded India": MK Stalin On DMK Poll Wins |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224174019/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-results-2019-mk-stalin-on-dmk-victory-in-tamil-nadu-amazed-north-united-south-astounded-ind-2046617 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu ===
{{further|Chief Ministership of M. K. Stalin|M. K. Stalin ministry}}

Stalin led the campaign for the Secular Progressive Alliance in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]]; it won 159 seats out of the 234, with the DMK winning 133 seats, an absolute majority.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu 2021 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2021/tamil-nadu/283/40 |access-date=11 September 2025 |work=India Votes}}</ref> He was sworn in as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on 7 May 2021, along with the rest of his [[M. K. Stalin ministry|cabinet]].<ref>{{cite news|date=2 May 2021|title=DMK chief MK Stalin wins Kolathur comfortably|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-wins-kolathur-comfortably-148174|access-date=13 September 2021|work=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913185403/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dmk-chief-mk-stalin-wins-kolathur-comfortably-148174|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=MK Stalin, DMK Chief, Takes Oath As Tamil Nadu Chief Minister|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-2436771|access-date=7 May 2021|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507054957/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mk-stalin-dmk-chief-takes-oath-as-tamil-nadu-chief-minister-2436771|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as a member of the [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Business Advisory Committee|business advisory committee]] and [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Committee on Rules|committee on rules]] in the [[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly#Committees|16th Tamil Nadu assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Members of the Standing Committees of the House (2021-2022) |url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/standing_committees.php |work=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312035152/https://assembly.tn.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After assuming office, Stalin implemented policies offering {{INRconvert|4000}} as one time [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] relief to 20.7 million [[ration card]] holders across the state, free bus pass for travel in ordinary intra-city buses for women and reducing the retail price of [[Aavin]] milk.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rs 2,000 as COVID time relief, cut in milk price - Stalin issues 1st set of orders after taking oath as TN CM |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/india/tamil-nadu/article/rs-2000-as-covid-time-relief-cut-in-milk-price-stalin-issues-1st-set-of-orders-after-taking-oath-as-tn-cm/754066 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19 relief: Tokens for financial assistance by May 10 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/covid-19-relief-tokens-for-financial-assistance-by-may-10/article34513310.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508092322/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/covid-19-relief-tokens-for-financial-assistance-by-may-10/article34513310.ece |archive-date=8 May 2021 |access-date=2 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-cm-stalin-begins-first-innings-with-sops-for-corona-affected-women/article34505148.ece|title=TN CM Stalin begins first innings with benefits for Corona-affected, women|date=7 May 2021|access-date=1 June 2025|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, the Tamil Nadu Milk Producers Association claimed that the decision to reduce the retail milk prices caused a significant financial loss to Aavin,<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2025 |title=Aavin suffered ₹525-crore loss in 2024-25, says Milk Producers' Association |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/aavin-suffered-525-crore-loss-in-2024-25-says-milk-producers-association/article70406757.ece |access-date=28 February 2026 }}</ref> and urging the chief minister to increase the milk procurement rates.<ref>{{cite news |date=4 February 2026 |title=Losing Rs 1.25 for each litre of milk supplied to Aavin, increase price, say farmers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2026/Feb/04/losing-rs-125-for-each-litre-of-milk-supplied-to-aavin-increase-price-say-farmers |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] }}</ref> He established a new economic advisory council that included economists [[Arvind Subramanian]], [[Esther Duflo]], [[Jean Drèze]], [[Raghuram Rajan]], and S Narayan.<ref>{{cite web|date=21 June 2021|title=Tamil Nadu: Duflo, Rajan, Dreze Among 5-Member Economic Advisory Council to CM Stalin|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Tamil-Nadu-Dufflo-Rajan-Dreze-5-Member-Economic-Advisory-Council-CM-Stalin|access-date=15 August 2021|work=News Click|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815182115/https://www.newsclick.in/Tamil-Nadu-Dufflo-Rajan-Dreze-5-Member-Economic-Advisory-Council-CM-Stalin|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|COVID-19 pandemic]] in August 2021, Stalin established a war room to monitor the status of beds, ambulances, and oxygen supply.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 May 2021|title=When the Tamil Nadu CM Stalin answered an SOS call at the COVID-19 war room|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-the-tn-cm-answered-an-sos-call-at-the-covid-19-war-room/article34564181.ece|access-date=15 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815182115/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-the-tn-cm-answered-an-sos-call-at-the-covid-19-war-room/article34564181.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He visited the [[Employees' State Insurance|ESI]] medical college hospital against expert advice to meet up with patients getting treatment for [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{cite web|title="To Reassure Doctors, Patients": MK Stalin Enters Covid Wards In PPE Suit|url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/mk-stalin-enters-covid-wards-in-ppe-suit-to-reassure-doctors-patients-2452427|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815182114/https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/mk-stalin-enters-covid-wards-in-ppe-suit-to-reassure-doctors-patients-2452427|url-status=live}}</ref> The state had the lowest percentage of wastage of [[COVID-19 vaccine]]s during the free public administration of the same.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 August 2021|title=Announcements & Achievements In Stalin's 100 days As Tamil Nadu Chief Minister|url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/100-days-of-stalin-as-tamil-nadu-cm-important-announcements-and-achievements-1476147|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[ABP News]]|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815183133/https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/100-days-of-stalin-as-tamil-nadu-cm-important-announcements-and-achievements-1476147|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 September 2021, actor and politician [[Chiranjeevi]] met with Stalin to commend him on governance efficacy, and stated that Stalin had proved his mettle in handling the pandemic.<ref>{{citation |title=Special Story On Tamilnadu CM MK Stalin Native Place {{!}} Andhra Pradesh {{!}} ABN Telugu | date=9 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GaHVJD3JOc |access-date=11 October 2022 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113650/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GaHVJD3JOc |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stalin released the state's first ever standalone agricultural budget on 14 August 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 August 2021 |title=DMK government presents Tamil Nadu's first agriculture Budget |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-government-presents-tamil-nadu-s-first-agriculture-budget-1019687.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143846/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/dmk-government-presents-tamil-nadu-s-first-agriculture-budget-1019687.html |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Later in the day, he handed appointment orders from the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] to trained aspirants of all castes as temple priests in August 2021,<ref>{{cite news|date=14 August 2021|title=DMK govt appoints trained aspirants of all castes as temple priests in Tamil Nadu|url=https://theprint.in/india/dmk-govt-appoints-trained-aspirants-of-all-castes-as-temple-priests-in-tamil-nadu/715315/|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815184517/https://theprint.in/india/dmk-govt-appoints-trained-aspirants-of-all-castes-as-temple-priests-in-tamil-nadu/715315/|url-status=live}}</ref> quoting that [[Periyar]] fought for equal rights in worship for all believers in God.<ref>{{cite news|title=DMK govt in Tamil Nadu appoints trained aspirants of all castes as priests in temples|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-govt-in-tamil-nadu-appoints-trained-aspirants-of-all-castes-as-priests-in-temples-1840952-2021-08-15|access-date=15 August 2021|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 August 2021|archive-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815190620/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dmk-govt-in-tamil-nadu-appoints-trained-aspirants-of-all-castes-as-priests-in-temples-1840952-2021-08-15|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 August 2021, he announced that the name of refugee camps of [[Sri Lankan Tamils in India|Sri Lankan Tamils]] would be changed to rehabilitation camps.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nath|first=Akshaya|title=Sri Lankan Tamil Refugee camps to now be called 'rehabilitation camps': MK Stalin|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sri-lankan-tamil-refugee-camps-now-rehabilitation-camps-mk-stalin-1846601-2021-08-29|access-date=17 September 2021|work=[[India Today]]|date=29 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829083328/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sri-lankan-tamil-refugee-camps-now-rehabilitation-camps-mk-stalin-1846601-2021-08-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2021, Stalin announced Periyar's birthday would be celebrated annually as a 'Social Justice day'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tamil Nadu To Celebrate Periyar's Birthday As 'Social Justice Day', Says CM Stalin|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-tamil-nadu-to-celebrate-periyars-birthday-as-social-justice-day-says-cm-stalin/393750|access-date=17 September 2021|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917162950/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-tamil-nadu-to-celebrate-periyars-birthday-as-social-justice-day-says-cm-stalin/393750|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in the month, his government withdrew over 5,570 legal cases filed by the previous government in the past ten years including cases against some journalists and those who were involved in protests against the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|new farm laws]] and the [[Citizenship Amendment Act]] promulgated by the union government, and various government projects such as [[Kaveri delta coal-bed methane project]], [[India-based Neutrino Observatory]], [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]], and Chennai-Salem expressway ([[:ta:சென்னை சேலம் புதிய விரைவுச் சாலை|ta]]).<ref>{{cite news|date=17 September 2021|title=Tamil Nadu withdraws over 5000 cases against protesters of CAA, farm laws|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-withdraws-over-5000-cases-against-protesters-caa-farm-laws-155398|access-date=17 September 2021|work=[[The News Minute]]|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917161444/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-withdraws-over-5000-cases-against-protesters-caa-farm-laws-155398|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=17 September 2021|title=Tamil Nadu govt withdraws 5,570 cases filed against protestors since 2011|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-govt-withdraws-5-570-cases-filed-against-protestors-since-2011-101631894425996.html|access-date=17 September 2021|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917161448/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tamil-nadu-govt-withdraws-5-570-cases-filed-against-protestors-since-2011-101631894425996.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in the month, the [[Madras High Court]] commended Stalin for his decision to distribute school bags printed with the photos of his predecessor, and not reprinting them.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 September 2021|title=Madras high court slams use of CM photos on school bags & stationery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-slams-use-of-cm-photos-on-school-bags-stationery/articleshow/86025415.cms|access-date=19 November 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Santosh|last=Kumar|title=Tamil Nadu: M.K. Stalin decides to forego popularity 'privilege'|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|date=4 September 2021|access-date=1 June 2025|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/tamil-nadu-m-k-stalin-decides-to-forego-popularity-priviledge/cid/1829299}}</ref> On 18 November 2021, Stalin announced that the state government will bear the expenses of emergency care for all vehicle accident victims for the first 48 hours.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 December 2021 |title=Assembly Speaker M. Appavu inaugurates 'Nammai Kaakkum 48' scheme in Tirunelveli |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/assembly-speaker-m-appavu-inaugurates-nammai-kaakkum-48-scheme-in-tirunelveli/article37986238.ece |access-date=10 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143842/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/assembly-speaker-m-appavu-inaugurates-nammai-kaakkum-48-scheme-in-tirunelveli/article37986238.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2021, he unveiled a real-time dashboard, which provided relevant information from all the government departments to the chief minister.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=29 December 2021 |title=Why 2022 will be a challenging year for M.K. Stalin |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-2022-will-be-a-challenging-year-for-m-k-stalin-1893875-2021-12-29 |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref>

In March 2022, Stalin launched the 'Naan Mudhalvan' scheme aimed at providing psychological counselling and medical advice to school students.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2022 |title=Tamil Nadu Chief Minister inaugurates 'Naan Mudhalvan' scheme for students |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-chief-minister-inaugurates-naan-mudhalvan-scheme-for-students/article65143960.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010143844/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-chief-minister-inaugurates-naan-mudhalvan-scheme-for-students/article65143960.ece |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In May 2022, he welcomed the release of [[A. G. Perarivalan]], who was convicted for the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|assassination]] of former [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite news|date=20 May 2022|title=Tamil Nadu CM hugs Perarivalan on his release, Congress miffed|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-cm-hugs-perarivalan-his-release-congress-miffed-164197|work=[[The News Minute]]|language=en|access-date=21 May 2022|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520141033/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-cm-hugs-perarivalan-his-release-congress-miffed-164197|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=19 May 2022|title=Congress sad, ally DMK hails Rajiv assassination convict release order|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-sad-ally-dmk-hails-rajiv-assassination-convict-release-order/cid/1865761|website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=21 May 2022|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521145502/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/congress-sad-ally-dmk-hails-rajiv-assassination-convict-release-order/cid/1865761|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 May 2022|title=Stalin meets Perarivalan, Arputhammal, shares picture|url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/05/18/stalin-meets-perarivalan-arputhammal-shares-picture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518140211/https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/05/18/stalin-meets-perarivalan-arputhammal-shares-picture|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 May 2022|work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref> On 5 September 2022, he launched a women education support programme titled 'Pudhumai Penn', which offered a monthly stipend of {{INRconvert|1000}} to girls who had completed their schooling in state government schools during their graduation or diploma.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Pudhumai Penn scheme launch in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pudhumai-penn-scheme-launch-chief-ministers-stalin-kejriwal-share-dais/article65852744.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003134445/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/pudhumai-penn-scheme-launch-chief-ministers-stalin-kejriwal-share-dais/article65852744.ece |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The same was extended to boys later under the name of 'Tamil Pudhalavan' scheme on 14 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 August 2024 |title=CM Stalin to launch Tamil Pudhalvan scheme to benefit boys of government schools |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/cm-stalin-to-launch-tamil-pudhalvan-scheme-to-benefit-boys-of-government-schools/article68502602.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 15 September 2022, his government extended the [[midday meal scheme]] in government schools to cover breakfast.<ref>{{cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=20 September 2022 |title=Why the Stalin government's 'Breakfast Scheme' for schoolchildren is an inspiring model |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-stalin-government-s-breakfast-scheme-for-schoolchildren-is-an-inspiring-model-2002491-2022-09-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003152923/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-stalin-government-s-breakfast-scheme-for-schoolchildren-is-an-inspiring-model-2002491-2022-09-20 |archive-date=3 October 2022 |access-date=3 October 2022 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Later in the month, he launched the Green Tamil Nadu Mission aimed at increasing the green cover in the state from 23.7% to 33% in the next ten years.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 September 2022 |title=CM MK Stalin launches Green TN Mission, urges people to join hands |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cm-mk-stalin-launches-green-tn-mission-urges-people-to-join-hands-122092400642_1.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[Business Standard]] |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113650/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/cm-mk-stalin-launches-green-tn-mission-urges-people-to-join-hands-122092400642_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2023, Stalin launched a women's welfare scheme titled 'Magalir Urimai Thittam', which provided a stipend of {{INRconvert|1000}} per month to all women aged 21 years and above, provided their annual household income is less than {{INRconvert|0.25|m}}.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2023 |title=Tamil Nadu CM Stalin launches Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Thittam in Kancheepuram |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-stalin-launches-kalaignar-magalir-urimai-thittam-in-kancheepuram/article67310529.ece |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following the announcement earlier in 2021 that the state government planned to establish [[TIDEL Park|TIDEL neo Park]]s, information technology parks, at various places across Tamil Nadu, the first such park was opened in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Neo-Tidel Parks to come up in tier-2 and tier-3 Tamil Nadu cities, says CM Stalin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/neo-tidel-parks-to-come-up-in-tier-2-and-tier-3-tamil-nadu-cities-says-cm/article37645367.ece |access-date=1 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=23 September 2024 |title=Stalin opens Neo Tidel Parks in Thanjavur, Salem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/stalin-opens-neo-tidel-parks-in-thanjavur-salem/articleshow/113602395.cms |access-date=1 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 4 August 2025, Stalin inaugurated the [[Vietnam]]ese electric vehicle [[VinFast]] manufacturing plant at [[Thoothukudi]], with an investment of US$2 billion (₹16,000 crore) and the creation of over 3,500 jobs within five years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parthasarathy |first=Anirudh |date=2025-08-04 |title=VinFast's first EV manufacturing plant in India inaugurated in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-inaugurates-india-first-vinfast-ev-manufacturing-plant-in-thoothukudi/article69892600.ece |access-date=2026-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In December 2025, the state reported a nominal [[Gross State Domestic Product of Indian states|Gross State Domestic Product]] of {{INRconvert|319|b}} at current prices for the financial year 2024–25, registering a 16% y-o-y growth.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 December 2025 |title=Robust fiscal management, visionary leadership drive T.N.'s economic growth: Thangam Thennarasu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/robust-fiscal-management-visionary-leadership-drive-tns-economic-growth-thangam-thennarasu/article70406555.ece |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The real GSDP grew by 11.19%, the first time in 14 years that it had increased by more than ten percent.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=5 August 2025 |title=After 14 years, Tamil Nadu records double-digit economic growth in real terms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-14-years-tamil-nadu-records-double-digit-growth-in-real-terms/article69897160.ece |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In February 2026, the Tamil Nadu economic survey projected that the state can become a US$1 trillion economy by 2031,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-economic-survey-2026-trillion-dollar-economy-achievable/article70637496.ece|title=Tamil Nadu Economic Survey says trillion-dollar economy achievable at current growth rate|date=16 February 2026|access-date=1 March 2026|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> in line with the state government's vision 2030.<ref>{{cite news |title=Our aim is to make Tamil Nadu a $1 trillion economy, says Stalin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/our-aim-is-to-make-tamil-nadu-a-1-trillion-economy-says-stalin/article35437688.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724023458/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/our-aim-is-to-make-tamil-nadu-a-1-trillion-economy-says-stalin/article35437688.ece |archive-date=24 July 2025 |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

On 5 January 2026, the state government announced the re-launch of free laptop distribution scheme for state-run college students, which had been discontinued during the previous government.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=TN CM Stalin launches laptop scheme for college students |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/news/tn-cm-stalin-launches-laptop-scheme-for-college-students-101767670689155.html |access-date=6 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> As per the 2021 Manifesto proposed by Stalin and following protests from state government employees to restore the [[Old Pension Scheme]], which was discontinued in 2003, the government announced the introduction of a new assured pension scheme in January 2026.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=3 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu's new pension scheme broadly follows the guidelines of Old Pension Scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-governments-new-pension-scheme-broadly-follows-the-guidelines-of-old-pension-scheme/article70468074.ece |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 January 2026 |title=Tamil Nadu, a pioneer in pension reforms two decades back, now reverses course |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tamil-nadu-taps-pension-reforms-10462466/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108135128/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/tamil-nadu-taps-pension-reforms-10462466/ |archive-date=8 January 2026 |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> On 9 February 2026, Stalin inaugurated a [[Tata Motors]] and [[Jaguar Land Rover]] multi-energy vehicle plant in [[Ranipet]], built at a cost of approximately US$1.1 billion (₹9,000 crore).<ref>{{cite news |date=9 February 2026 |title=Tata Motors opens ₹9,000-crore Jaguar Land Rover car manufacturing plant in Tamil Nadu's Ranipet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tata-motors-opens-9000-crore-jlr-car-manufacturing-plant-in-ranipet/article70610183.ece |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In April 2026, the union government introduced a [[constitutional amendment]] bill to implement a reservation of one third of seats in the Indian parliament and state legislative assemblies to women based on the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] rather than the 2027 census, increase the number of seats in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 543 to 850 seats, and carry out a new delimitation of electoral constituencies.<ref name="Delim">{{cite web |last=R |first=Rangarajan |date=20 April 2026 |title=On delimitation and Parliament seats {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/on-delimitation-and-parliament-seats-explained/article70880712.ece |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Stalin opposed the proposed amendment and called for protests, stating that it would reduce the representation of southern states in parliament due to their comparatively lower population growth compared to the northern states.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 2026 |title=Delimitation issue: Tamil Nadu CM Stalin calls for hoisting black flag in houses, public places on April 16 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/delimitation-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-calls-for-hoisting-black-flag-in-houses-public-places-on-april-16-2026/article70864341.ece |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=14 April 2026 |title=Stalin warns of massive protests against delimitation; Revanth calls for united southern front |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/will-not-remain-silent-tn-cm-stalin-warns-of-massive-protest-against-delimitation/article70860568.ece |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, while the union government verbally proposed a guarantee of 50% pro-rata increase uniformly for all states,<ref name="Delim"/> which would have marginally improved the proportion of representation of southern states,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/will-south-india-lose-seats-after-delimitation-the-maths-explained-amit-shah-women-quota-reservation-bill-lok-sabha-101776397882990.html|title=Will South India lose Lok Sabha seats after delimitation? The math explained|date=17 April 2026|access-date=20 April 2026|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> the opposition protested the failure to include such terms in the original draft, and the coupling of women's reservation with the delimitation bill,<ref name="Delim"/> and the bill was subsequently defeated in the Lok Sabha on 17 April 2026.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Sreeparna Chakrabarty |author2=Sobhana K. Nair |date=17 April 2026 |title=Constitution Amendment Bill, part of delimitation package, defeated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/united-opposition-defeats-constitutional-amendment-bill-for-womens-quota/article70874431.ece |access-date=20 April 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> For 2025–26, the real GSDP real economy growth rate was reported at 10.83% per the data released by the Union Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2026-04-28 |title=Tamil Nadu does it again with double-digit economic growth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-does-it-again-with-double-digit-economic-growth/article70913645.ece |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Electoral performance===
Stalin unsuccessfully contested the [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], standing for the [[Thousand Lights (state assembly constituency)|Thousand Lights constituency]] in Chennai,<ref name="Result"/> to which he was first elected in [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/stalin-files-nomination-papers-set-to-become-dmk-president/articleshow/65551094.cms |title=Stalin files nomination papers, set to become DMK president |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=26 August 2018 |access-date=9 April 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122182945/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/stalin-files-nomination-papers-set-to-become-dmk-president/articleshow/65551094.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]], he contested the same seat for the third time and lost. He had been elected to the assembly consecutively six times since [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]].<ref name="Result"/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" style="font-size: 85%"
|+Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=9}}
| 1,05,522
| 60.86
| Aadi Rajaram
| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=4}}
| 35,138
| 20.27
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 70,384
| 40.59
|-
! [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 91,303
| 54.25
| [[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]
| 53,573
| 31.83
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 37,730
| 22.42
|-
! [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 68,677
| 48.35
| [[Saidai Duraisamy]]
| 65,943
| 46.43
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 2,734
| 1.92
|-
! [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="6"|[[Thousand Lights Assembly constituency|Thousand Lights]]
| 49,817
| 46.00
| Aadi Rajaram
| 47,349
| 43.72
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 2,468
| 2.28
|-
! [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 49,056
| 51.41
| S. Sekar
| {{Party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|shortname=TMC(M)}}
| 41,782
| 43.78
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 7,274
| 7.63
|-
! [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 66,905
| 69.72
| Zeenath Sheriffdeen
| {{Party name with color|AIADMK|rowspan=4}}
| 22,028
| 22.05
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 44,877
| 47.67
|-
! [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 38,445
| 39.19
| [[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
| 55,426
| 56.50
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -16,981
| -17.31
|-
! [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| 50,818
| 50.59
| [[Munisamy Thambidurai|Thambidurai]]
| 30,184
| 30.05
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 20,634
| 20.54
|-
! [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| 43,954
| 47.86
| [[K. A. Krishnaswamy]]
| 46,246
| 50.36
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -2,292
| -2.50
|}

== Public image and perception ==
In August 2021, Stalin was ranked first among chief ministers of India in the ''[[India Today]]'' "Mood of the Nation" survey.<ref>{{cite web|title=Support for Modi as 'Best Choice for PM' Falls from 66% to 24% in a Year, India Today Poll Finds|url=https://thewire.in/government/narendra-modi-prime-minister-adityanath-india-today-poll|access-date=17 August 2021|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817191200/https://thewire.in/government/narendra-modi-prime-minister-adityanath-india-today-poll|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' named Stalin as India's 24th most powerful personality in 2022,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ie100-list-of-most-powerful-indians-in-2019-narendra-modi-amit-shah-mukesh-ambani-gogoi-mohan-bhagwat-6039930/|title=IE100: The list of most powerful Indians in 2019|date=30 September 2019|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=14 October 2019|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328065016/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ie100-list-of-most-powerful-indians-in-2019-narendra-modi-amit-shah-mukesh-ambani-gogoi-mohan-bhagwat-6039930/|url-status=live}}</ref> and 23rd in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=IE India's 100 Most Powerful People List 2025: Top 100 Powerful Person in India |url=https://data.indianexpress.com/projects/2025/ie-100 |access-date=19 November 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref>

== Awards and accolades ==
On 1 August 2009, [[Anna University]] conferred upon Stalin an honorary doctorate for his contributions to governance and community development.<ref>{{cite news|date=1 August 2009 |title=Rahman, Stalin get honorary doctorates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rahman-stalin-get-honorary-doctorates/story-E3U4gzMBfuiwIPJzn85RyN.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[The Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025324/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rahman-stalin-get-honorary-doctorates/story-E3U4gzMBfuiwIPJzn85RyN.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/22046|title=Stalin, Rahman, Annadurai conferred honorary doctorates|work=[[Asian Tribune]]|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=11 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811200515/http://www.asiantribune.com/node/22046|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/rahman-awarded-doctorate-310195.html|title=A R Rahman to be awarded honorary doctorate|work=[[News18]]|date=4 March 2009|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326025259/https://www.news18.com/news/india/rahman-awarded-doctorate-310195.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Kentucky Colonel Award, the highest award given by the [[Commonwealth of Kentucky]] in the United States, was given to Stalin for his public service.<ref>{{cite news|title='Kentucky Colonel' award for DMK leader Stalin |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/feb/26/kentucky-colonel-award-for-dmk-leader-stalin-343881.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 May 2012 |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113648/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2012/feb/26/kentucky-colonel-award-for-dmk-leader-stalin-343881.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was also honoured as Kentucky's goodwill ambassador.<ref>{{cite news|title='Kentucky Colonel' award for M K Stalin |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kentucky-colonel-award-for-mk-stalin-1655248 |access-date=11 October 2022 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011113651/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kentucky-colonel-award-for-mk-stalin-1655248 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
*{{Annotated link|2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|India}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]|Leader of DMK|years= 28 August 2018 – Present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

*[http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/12thAssembly/profiles/010.htm Tamil Nadu Assembly Profile]

{{Council of Ministers of Tamil Nadu|state=collapsed}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Stalin, M. K.}}
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Purple Line (Kolkata Metro)

2026-04-29T12:43:22Z

Coolblack5:

{{short description|Transit line in India}}
{{Redirect|Kolkata Metro Line 3|other uses|Line 3 (disambiguation){{!}}Line 3}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = <big> Purple Line </big>
| color = {{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Purple}}
| image = ICF MEDHA 417.jpg
| image_width = 350px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]]
| start = {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Majerhat}} (North)
| end = {{stl|Kolkata Metro|Joka}} (South)
| connectinglines = Future: {{Plainlist|
* {{rint|Kolkata|Blue}}
* {{rint|Kolkata|Green}}
}}
| stations = {{Plainlist|
*Operational: 7
*Under construction: 5
*Approved: 3
}}
| routes =
| daily_ridership = {{Plainlist|
*8500–9000 [Weekdays]
*3500–4000 [Weekends]
}}
| linenumber = 3
| open = {{Start date and age|2022|12|30|df=yes}}
| lastextension = {{Start date and age|2024|03|06|df=yes}}
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| character = [[Elevated railway|elevated]]
| depot = [[List of Kolkata Metro depots and yards|Joka Metro Depot]]
| stock = [[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]] MEDHA 414,417,418,802,803,804
| linelength = {{convert|27.55|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Kolkata Metro Map|url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285}}</ref>{{bulleted list| Operational: {{convert|7.75|km|mi|abbr=on}}| Under construction: {{convert|6.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}| Approved: {{convert|4.8|km|mi|abbr=on}}| Planned: {{convert|8.5|km|mi|abbr=on}}}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]] using [[third rail]]<ref name="railway-gazette" />
| speed = {{cvt|80|km/h}} (designed) {{cvt|60-70|km/h}} (commercial)
| signalling = [[Communication-based train control|CBTC ATP signalling system]]
| website = {{URL|https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|Indian Railways}}
| elevation =
| map = [[File:Kolkata Metro Purple Line Route Map.png|300px]]{{Kolkata Metro Purple Line}}
| map_name = Route Map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Purple Line''' is a [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. A {{convert|7.75|km|mi}} stretch from [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] to [[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] of this line is operational as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-30 |title=Kolkata Metro: First glimpse of Joka-Taratala route in pics |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-first-glimpse-of-joka-taratala-route-in-pics-11672372907422.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-on-fast-track-as-metro-eyes-new-links-in-next-2-yrs/articleshow/69717307.cms|title=Kolkata: Work on fast track as East-West Metro eyes new links in next two years {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28|date=June 10, 2019|first2=Ajanta |last2=Chakraborty}}</ref><ref name="TH">{{cite news|title=PM Modi unveils multiple metro projects, including Kolkata underwater corridor|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pm-modi-unveils-multiple-metro-projects-including-kolkata-underwater-corridor/article67919706.ece|work=The Hindu|date=6 March 2024|access-date=6 March 2024|language=en}}</ref> This line is planned to span {{convert|26.88|km|mi}} from [[IIM Calcutta|IIM-Joka]] in the southern region of [[Kolkata metropolitan region|Greater Kolkata]] to [[Eden Gardens]] in the [[Geography of Kolkata#Central Kolkata|Central Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://metrorailblog.blogspot.com/2017/07/rvnl-calls-up-tenders-for-joka-depot-of.html?m=1|title=Kolkata Metro Line 3}}</ref> It will have interchanges with [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] at [[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street]] and [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]] and with [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] at [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]].

==History==

Previously, the stretch from [[Thakurpukur]] to [[Majerhat railway station|Majerhat]] was surveyed as a branch line of the [[Kolkata Circular Railway|circular railway]], and a metro line from [[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] to [[Dakshineswar metro station|Dakshineswar]] via [[Sealdah metro station|Sealdah]] (interchange with [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]]) was planned.<ref name=":0" /> This plan was scrapped and a new metro line from further south in Joka to BBD Bagh was sanctioned in 2010–2011 with a total length of {{convert|17.22|km|mi|abbr=on}} at an anticipated cost of {{INRConvert|2619.02|c|lk=on|year=2010}}. Later the route was truncated to Esplanade. The corridor runs along Diamond Harbour Road, Khidirpur Road, and Jawaharlal Nehru Road, major arterial roads of Kolkata, and has passenger interchange facilities with the Blue Line and Green line at Esplanade and Blue line at Park street. The proposed Esplanade station will not be the same as that of the Blue Line and Green Line but a different station that will be built at B.C. Roy market ground. The line now has a new depot in [[Joka depot|Joka]]. Due to land acquisition problems<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Inability to procure land for depot leaves RVNL unsure of Joka-BBD Bag Metro's 1st phase commencement|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/inability-to-procure-land-for-depot-leaves-rvnl-unsure-of-joka-bbd-bag-metros-1st-phase-commencement-398145|last=NANDI|first=SOUMITRA|date=30 January 2020|website=www.millenniumpost.in|language=en|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131034620/http://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/inability-to-procure-land-for-depot-leaves-rvnl-unsure-of-joka-bbd-bag-metros-1st-phase-commencement-398145|url-status=live}}</ref> and objections from the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], construction has been delayed several times since the beginning.<ref>{{cite web|title=580 crore sanctions to build Joka-BBD Bagh Metro depot – Rail Analysis India|url=http://railanalysis.in/rail-news/580-crore-sanctions-build-joka-bbd-bagh-metro-depot/|date=18 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618033514/http://railanalysis.in/rail-news/580-crore-sanctions-build-joka-bbd-bagh-metro-depot/|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=18 June 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Defence Ministry objected that the elevated corridor would overlook the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command headquarters]] at [[Fort William, India|Fort William]], Ordinance Depot at Mominpore. The change in alignment from elevated to underground increased the construction cost of the stretch from {{INRConvert|139|c|lk=|year=2020}} to {{INRConvert|3000|c|lk=on|year=2020}}.<ref name=":22">{{cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=30 Jul 2020|title=Kolkata: Defence nod makes journey of Joka Metro project easier|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defence-nod-makes-journey-of-joka-metro-project-easier/articleshow/77249361.cms|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413194158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defence-nod-makes-journey-of-joka-metro-project-easier/articleshow/77249361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The work resumed in several phases and new bids were invited by [[Rail Vikas Nigam Limited]] (RVNL) in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=B|first=Krishnendu|date=1 March 2019|title=Work begins at Joka Metro depot, wall built|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-begins-at-joka-metro-depot-wall-built/articleshow/68208956.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822120856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-begins-at-joka-metro-depot-wall-built/articleshow/68208956.cms|archive-date=22 August 2020|access-date=17 May 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bids invited for construction of Joka depot for Kolkata Metro Purple Line|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/bids-invited-for-construction-of-joka-depot-for-kolkata-metro-line-3/|last=Khare|first=Anushka|date=1 May 2020|website=Urban Transport News|language=en-US|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516100346/https://www.urbantransportnews.com/bids-invited-for-construction-of-joka-depot-for-kolkata-metro-line-3/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=RVNL Invites Bids for Kolkata Metro Line-3's Joka Depot|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/28/rvnl-invites-bids-for-kolkata-metro-line-3s-joka-depot/|date=28 April 2020|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=17 May 2020|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822120858/https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/28/rvnl-invites-bids-for-kolkata-metro-line-3s-joka-depot/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is India's first metro line to run on indigenous head hardened rails, manufactured by [[Jindal Steel and Power|Jindal Steel & Power]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=12 August 2020|title=Kolkata: Joka-Esplanade to be India's first Metro to run on indigenous rails|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/joka-esplanade-to-be-indias-first-metro-to-run-on-indigenous-rails/articleshow/77493124.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812230910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/joka-esplanade-to-be-indias-first-metro-to-run-on-indigenous-rails/articleshow/77493124.cms|archive-date=12 August 2020|access-date=12 August 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The extension of this line to IIM and Diamond Park for {{convert|2|km|mi|abbr=on}} was sanctioned in the 2012–2013 Budget at a cost of {{INRConvert|294.49|c|lk=on|year=2012}}. The work is being executed by RVNL.<ref name="Joka-Esplanade Metro on the anvil">{{cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Monotosh|date=10 July 2010|title=Joka-Eplanade Metro on the anvil|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Joka-BBD-Bag-Metro-on-the-anvil/articleshow/6149695.cms|url-status=live|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002181411/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Joka-BBD-Bag-Metro-on-the-anvil/articleshow/6149695.cms}}</ref>

The [[Mominpur metro station]] was planned to be built across a 2500 sq. m area. However, the Ministry of Defence objected to the elevated structure, saying that it would overlook the Ordnance depot. This forced RVNL to stall the entire project, and RVNL almost dropped the station from the plan even though it alone would have a projected 20,000 passengers during peak hours. Underground Mominpur station was also not possible due to the sharp gradient from [[Taratala metro station]].<ref name=":23" /> After a series of discussions and consultations with the Ministry of Defence and Government of West Bengal in 2016, it was decided to shift the station around {{convert|1|km|mi|abbr=on}} northward, near the Alipore Bodyguard Lines.<ref name=":24">{{cite web|last=Byandhopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=17 April 2016|title=Kolkata's Mominpore station jinx broken, Joka-BBD Bag Metro rises again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkatas-Mominpore-station-jinx-broken-Joka-BBD-Bag-Metro-rises-again/articleshow/51861284.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131020447/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Kolkatas-Mominpore-station-jinx-broken-Joka-BBD-Bag-Metro-rises-again/articleshow/51861284.cms|archive-date=31 January 2017|access-date=18 May 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> But, after a year Defence Ministry approved the Mominpur metro station in its original location as the change in alignment would have delayed the project and budget overrun. It will be the last elevated station of the corridor.<ref name=":23">{{cite web|last=Jayanta Gupta|date=18 February 2017|title=Defence ministry clears decks for Mominpore metro station|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defence-ministry-clears-decks-for-mominpore-metro-station/articleshow/57212658.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220190231/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/defence-ministry-clears-decks-for-mominpore-metro-station/articleshow/57212658.cms|archive-date=20 February 2017|access-date=17 May 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=RVNL invites bids for consultancy services for Kolkata Metro extension|url=https://www.urbantransportnews.com/rvnl-invites-bids-for-consultancy-services-for-kolkata-metro-extension-project/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722134745/https://urbantransportnews.com/rvnl-invites-bids-for-consultancy-services-for-kolkata-metro-extension-project/|archive-date=22 July 2019|access-date=18 May 2020|website=Urban Transport News|language=en-US|url-status=dead}}</ref> Now, the proposed underground Khidirpur metro station is planned at the Alipore Bodyguard Lines.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chakraborty|first=Ajanta|date=14 Dec 2020|title=Kolkata: Joka Metro skirts school bottleneck with route tweak|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/joka-metro-skirts-school-bottleneck-with-route-tweak/articleshow/79710735.cms|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=13 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413194157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/joka-metro-skirts-school-bottleneck-with-route-tweak/articleshow/79710735.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> There were also hurdles regarding clearance for tunneling under defence lands.<ref name=":24" /> In 2020, the Defence Ministry eased out the process as lease rent wasn't required anymore for tunneling as long the overground ownership of the land did not change.<ref name=":22" /> On 30 December 2022 the Joka - Taratala section and on 6 March 2024, the Taratala - Majerhat section was inaugurated remotely by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, completing the 7.75 km Phase 1 stretch.

Commercial Operations between Joka and Majerhat began on 6 March 2024

The service starts from Joka starts at 6:40 am and at Majherhat from 7:03 am and ends at Joka at 9:05 pm and at Majherhat at 9:26 pm , with 84 pairs of services from Monday to Friday. The trains run at a frequency of first 2 service from Joka and 1 service from Majerhat are 23 minutes and rest services are 21 minutes.

In a separate development, Kolkata metro has announced that the Purple Line, running between Joka and Majerhat, will be available on Saturdays as well. The services are expected to cater to the large population employed in the IT sector.

The services have begun on November 22, 2025. According to a press release by the Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation, a total of 40 services, 20 UP and 20 Down, will operate every Saturday at an interval of 21 minutes.

On Saturdays, the first train will depart from Joka to Majerhat at 1:25 PM, while the first train from Majerhat will leave at 1:49 PM for Joka. The last service from Joka to Majerhat will run at 8:11 pm. The final train from Majerhat to Joka will depart at 8.32 pm. The frequency of first 2 trains from Joka are 28 minutes and first 1 train from Majerhat is 24 minutes, rest services are of 21 minutes. There are no services on Sundays.

On 12 January 2025, it was reported that Metro authorities decided to extend the line to [[Eden Gardens]] instead of Esplanade to facilitate commuters and connect Strand Road, BBD Bag and Calcutta High Court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakraborty |first=Ajanta |date=12 January 2025 |title=Kolkata metro plans to extend Joka-Esplanade Purple Line to Eden Gardens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-metro-plans-to-extend-joka-esplanade-purple-line-to-eden-gardens/articleshow/117163620.cms |access-date=15 January 2025 |work=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Subsequently, in March 2025 railways sanctioned {{INRConvert|1000|c|lk=on|year=2012}} for the extension.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-11 |title=Rlys sanctions 1k cr for Eden Gardens metro stn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/rlys-sanctions-1k-cr-for-eden-gardens-metro-stn/articleshow/118901481.cms |access-date=2025-03-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 25 March 2025, [[The Times of India]] reported that Metro railway sent a proposal to Ministry of Railways to extend the Diamond Park Branch to Tollygunge, which will be {{cvt|8.5|km}} long.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite book |title=The Times of India |publication-date=2025-03-25 |pages=2}}</ref> In this route three underground station at Thakurpukur Cancer Hospital, Ramchandrapur and Panchanantala will come.<ref name="epaper.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |title=Times ePaper Online - Read Today’s English, Marathi News Paper Online |url=https://epaper.indiatimes.com/article-share?article=25_03_2025_002_006_toikc_TOI |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==Development==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi flags off Metro train on Joka-Taratala stretch of Purple Line of Kolkata Metro via video conferencing on December 30, 2022.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurates the Joka-Majerhat stretch of Purple Line of Kolkata Metro on December 30, 2022.]]
Around {{convert|8.5|km|mi}} of the project will be elevated and the rest of {{convert|6.32|km|mi}} of the metro line will be underground.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/> The project is getting delayed due to nonavailability of land for the construction of train depot at Joka. In 2019, RVNL was given the land required for building the depot and the construction for its boundary wall and land development started in February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/work-begins-at-joka-metro-depot-wall-built/articleshow/68208956.cms|title=Work begins at Joka Metro depot, wall built {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=March 1, 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-28}}</ref> Tenders for its construction and plant & machinery were invited in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/28/rvnl-invites-bids-for-kolkata-metro-line-3s-joka-depot/|title=RVNL Invites Bids for Kolkata Metro Line-3's Joka Depot|date=2020-04-28|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

Construction was further delayed in September 2018 due to the [[2018 Kolkata bridge collapse|Majerhat Bridge collapse]], the metro was being built right next to the bridge.

Tender for Majherhat to Esplanade underground section has been floated in 1st week of December 2019.

By 15 September 2022, the stretch from Joka to Taratala has been fully constructed and electrification has been done. Testing trials are underway from Joka to Taratala using the old decommissioned Metro Rakes. Eventually in service there will be new air conditioned metro rakes. The stretch from Majerhat to Esplanade is under construction.

[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] inaugurated the Joka-Taratala stretch, including Joka metro station of Kolkata Metro's Purple Line on 30 December 2022 in the presence of [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|West Bengal Chief Minister]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] and Indian Railway Minister [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]. Some students from schools especially [[St Thomas School, Kolkata|St Thomas Boys School]], whose premises are utilised for planned [[Khidirpur metro station]] in this stretch, were granted the rare opportunity to be the first ones to ride in this Joka-Taratala stretch after the inauguration.<ref name="livemint">{{cite news |title=Kolkata Metro: First glimpse of Joka-Taratala route in pics |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-metro-first-glimpse-of-joka-taratala-route-in-pics-11672372907422.html |access-date=30 December 2022 |publisher=www.livemint.com |date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In-pics: Inaugration of Vande Bharat Express, Joka-Taratala Metro & more news from Kolkata |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/in-pics-inaugration-of-vande-bharat-express-joka-taratala-metro-more-news-from-kolkata-photogallery/cid/1906840 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-18 |title=Another school demands Metro route tweak |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/another-school-demands-metro-route-tweak/articleshow/79784896.cms |access-date=2023-05-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

After lot of hardships and developmental work the [[Taratala metro station|Taratala]]–[[Majerhat metro station|Majerhat]] section of Kolkata Metro Purple Line was inaugurated on 6 March 2024 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], along with the truncated sections of [[Esplanade metro station|Esplanade]]–[[Howrah Maidan metro station|Howrah Maidan]] under [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] and [[Kavi Subhash metro station|Kavi Subhash]]–[[Hemanta Mukhopadhyay metro station|Hemanta Mukhopadhyay]] under [[Orange Line (Kolkata Metro)|Orange Line]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Hope for ops start of three new Metro links in March first week |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/hope-for-ops-start-of-three-new-metro-links-in-march-first-week/articleshow/107806433.cms |access-date=2024-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2023-10-10 |title=RVNL targets completion of Majerhat to Esplanade Metro stretch within 48 months |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/rvnl-targets-completion-of-majerhat-to-esplanade-metro-stretch-within-48-months-536066 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

On 10 July 2025, a significant milestone was achieved in this project as the assembled [[Tunnel boring machine|TBM]]– S1410 (Durga) started digging up the tunnel near [[Khidirpur metro station]], inside the premises of [[St Thomas School, Kolkata|St Thomas School]]. This digging work will continue till [[Park Street metro station (Kolkata)|Park Street metro station]] via [[Victoria metro station (Kolkata)|Victoria metro station]], after which the remaining section will be done using [[cut-and-cover]] method.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XR61-nB4jTA |title=Commencement of Tunneling by TBM - S1410 (DURGA) |language=en |access-date=2025-07-10 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==List of stations==
{{Main|List of Kolkata metro stations}}

The work has been sanctioned in 2010-11 for the new Metro line from [[Joka, Kolkata|Joka]] to [[B.B.D. Bagh]] for a length of {{Cvt|16.72|km}} at an anticipated cost of Rs. 2619.02 Crores. But, later the route was shortened and planned to terminate at [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]. A separate Depot was built by RVNL in Joka. The tender has gone to Simplex Infrastructures. The extension of this line to IIM and Diamond Park for {{Cvt|3.39|km}} has been sanctioned in the Budget of 2012–13 at a cost of Rs. 294.49 Cr. Another extension from Esplanade to Eden Gardens has been sanctioned in March 2025 by Ministry of Railways at a cost of Rs. 1000 Cr. The execution of this work has been entrusted to RVNL.

There 2 phases of work and 4 extensions are planned in this line –
* Phase 1:
** Joka to Majherhat (Operational)
* Phase 2:
** Majherhat to Eden Gardens (Under Construction)
* Extensions:
** IIM-Joka to Joka (Approved)
** IIM-Joka to Diamond Park (Approved)
** Diamond Park to Mahanayak Uttam Kumar (Proposed)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="16" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Purple}};" |Purple Line (Main Line) 
|-
! No.
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Distance (km)
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Type
|-
!
!English
!Bengali
|-
| 1||[[IIM Calcutta metro station|IIM-Joka]] ||আইআইএম জোকা|| 0 || Approved|| || rowspan="9"|Elevated || ''TBD''
|-
| 2|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Joka}}||জোকা|| 1.572 || rowspan="6"|30 December 2022 || ||rowspan="7"|Side
|-
| 3|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Thakurpukur}}||ঠাকুরপুকুর||1.45 ||
|-
| 4|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Sakher Bazar}}||সখেরবাজার|| 1.22 ||
|-
| 5|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Behala Chowrasta}}||বেহালা চৌরাস্তা|| 1.45 ||
|-
| 6|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Behala Bazar}}||বেহালা বাজার|| 1.34 ||
|-
| 7|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Taratala}}||তারাতলা|| 1.03
|-
| 8|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Majerhat}}||মাঝেরহাট|| 1.25|| 6 March 2024||{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Majerhat Railway Station|Majerhat]]'''
|-
| 9|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Mominpur}}||মোমিনপুর|| 1.015|| ''November 2026''|| || rowspan=6|''TBD''
|-
|10|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Khidirpur}}||খিদিরপুর|| 1.115||rowspan="4" |''May 2028''|| || rowspan="5" | Underground
|-
|11|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Victoria}}||ভিক্টোরিয়া|| 2.155
|-
|12|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Park Street}}||পার্ক স্ট্রিট|| 1.265||{{rint|Kolkata|blue}}
|-
|13|| align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Esplanade}}||এসপ্ল্যানেড|| 0.925 || {{rint|Kolkata|blue}} {{rint|Kolkata|green}}
|-
|14||{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Eden Gardens}}||ইডেন গার্ডেনস|| – ||''May 2028''||{{rint|kolkata|s}} '''[[Eden Gardens railway station|Eden Gardens]]'''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;"
|-
! colspan="16" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Purple}};" |Purple Line (Branch Line) 
|-
! No.
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Distance (km)
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Type
|-
!
!English
!Bengali
|-
|1 ||[[IIM Calcutta metro station|IIM-Joka]]
|আইআইএম জোকা
|
|Rowspan = "2" |Approved
|
|Rowspan = "2" |Elevated
|Rowspan = "6" |''TBD''
|-
|2 || align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Diamond Park}}
|ডায়মন্ড পার্ক
|
|
|-
|3 || align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Thakurpukur Cancer Hospital}}
|ঠাকুরপুকুর ক্যান্সার হাসপাতাল
|
|Rowspan ="4"|Proposed
|
|Rowspan ="3"|Underground
|-
|4 || align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Ramchandrapur}}
|রামচন্দ্রপুর
|
|
|-
|5 || align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Panchanantala}}
|পঞ্চাননতলা
|
|-
|6 || align="center" |{{stl|Kolkata Metro|Mahanayak Uttam Kumar}}
|মহানায়ক উত্তম কুমার
|
|{{rint|Kolkata|Blue}}
|At-grade
|-
|}

== Rolling stock ==
{{Main|Kolkata Metro rolling stock}}

===[[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/MEDHA 400 SERIES CBTC===

[[File:ICF MEDHA 400 SERIES CBTC.jpg|thumb]] [[File:ICF MEDHA 418.jpg|thumb]]

===[[Integral Coach Factory|ICF]]/MEDHA 800 SERIES CBTC===

[[File:ICF MEDHA 800 SERIES CBTC.png|thumb]]

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:ICF Medha Rake Mr 418 During the Inauguration Day of Line 3 at Joka Metro Station.jpg|ICF Medha rake MR 418 on the day of inauguration of Purple Line at Joka metro station
File:Joka-Taratala purple metro line no.3 inauguration on 30th december 2022 22.webm|The day of inauguration of phase 1
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Kolkata metro stations]]
* [[Kolkata Metro Rolling Stock]]
* [[2018 Kolkata bridge collapse]]
* [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

==References==
<references>
<ref name="railway-gazette">{{cite news |title=CAF to supply Kolkata metro trains |url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |publisher=Railway Gazette |date=9 September 2012}}</ref>
</references>

{{Kolkata Metro|purple line=yes}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro lines]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2022]]

Manjusri Misra

2026-04-23T15:46:04Z

Coolblack5: new pg!

{{Short description|Indian-Canadian engineer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Manjusri Misra
| image = Misra, Manjusri.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Manjusri Misra - Photo taken in 1985
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Orissa]], India
| citizenship = Canada
| occupation = Academic
| education = BSc, MSc, M.Phill, PhD in Chemistry, [[Utkal University]]
| thesis_title =
| thesis_year =
| spouse = [[Amar K. Mohanty]]
| children =
| awards =
| parents =
| workplaces = [[University of Guelph]] [[Michigan State University]] [[Utkal University]]
| website = https://bioproductscentre.com/home
}}
'''Professor Manjusri Misra''' is an Indian-born Canadian professor and scientist. She is a Tier 1 [[Canada Research Chair]] in Sustainable Biocomposites at the [[University of Guelph]]'s (U of G) College of Engineering and holds a joint appointment in the Department of Plant Agriculture. Misra is also the lead scientist at U of G's [https://bioproductscentre.com/home Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre] (BDDC) and a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Canada]] (RSC); the [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (AIChE); the [[Royal Society of Chemistry]]; the [[Society of Plastics Engineers|Society of Plastic Engineers]] (SPE), and the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (IIChE).

Misra has received a lot of recognition for her work in sustainable biocomposites and biopolymers. She has authored over 850 publications, has been cited over 66,000 times, and is an author of 30 book chapters and 8 edited books<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&hl=en&user=s_EJnNgAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref>.

==Early Life and Education==
Misra was born in Odisha, India, into a family of academics, to her father, Late Pandit Govinda Chandra Mishra, and her mother, Late Mrs. Suhasini Mishra. She received her High School diploma from [[Ravenshaw Collegiate School]], Cuttack, and Bachelors degree from Shailabala Women's College (currently [[Sailabala Women's College, Cuttack|Shailabala Women's Autonomous College]]). She completed her Master's and PhD degrees from Ravenshaw College (currently [[Ravenshaw University]]), Cuttack under [[Utkal University]] before completing her post-doctoral work in [[Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society|Fritz Huber Institute of the Max Planck Society]], Berlin and [[Technische Universität Berlin]], Germany.<ref name="pioneer">{{cite web |last1=Nisar |first1=Liaba |title=Manjusri Misra: A sustainability pioneer with timely expertise |url=https://canadaindiaresearch.ca/news/2021/06/manjusri-misra-sustainability-pioneer-timely-expertise |publisher=University of Guelph |access-date=January 22, 2022 |date=June 30, 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Following her PhD, Misra was a Senior Lecturer in Chemistry at various academic institutes ([[Sailabala Women's College, Cuttack|Shailabala Women's College]], [[Buxi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar College|B. J. B. College]] and [[Ravenshaw College]]) under [[Utkal University]]. She was also a visiting adjunct professor at [[Michigan State University]].<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Manjusri Misra |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/ceps/people/manjusri-misra |publisher=University of Guelph |access-date=January 22, 2022 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124013255/https://www.uoguelph.ca/ceps/people/manjusri-misra |url-status=dead }}</ref> While at Michigan State, Misra worked in [https://www.egr.msu.edu/cmsc/ Composite Materials and Structures Center] in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science where she began her various research projects on "Sustainable Biobased and Biodegradable Composites and Green Nanocomposites for Automotives and Packaging Applications."<ref>{{cite web |title=Sustainable Biodegradable Green Nanocomposites From Bacterial Bioplastic For Automotive Applications |url=https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.investigatorInfo/investigator/6995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929191546/http://cfpub1.epa.gov/ncer_abstracts/index.cfm/fuseaction/display.investigatorInfo/investigator/6995 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 September 2006 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=January 22, 2022}}</ref> She was also an editor of the [[CRC Press]] volume, "Natural Fibers, Biopolymers and Biocomposites," in 2005.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Mohanty |editor1-first=Amar K. |editor2-last=Misra |editor2-first=Manjusri |editor3-last=Drzal |editor3-first=Lawrence T. |title=Natural Fibers, Biopolymers, and Biocomposites |date=April 8, 2005 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton |doi=10.1201/9780203508206 |isbn=9780429211607 |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.1201/9780203508206/natural-fibers-biopolymers-biocomposites-amar-mohanty-manjusri-misra-lawrence-drzal |access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref>

Misra eventually joined the faculty of the College of Engineering and the Department of Plant Agriculture at the [[University of Guelph]] (U of G) in 2008.<ref name="bio"/> Upon joining the institution, Misra was appointed president of the BioEnvironmental Polymer Society and served as an editor for various journals.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Innovations in Bioproducts – with Dr. Manjusri Misra |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/engineering/events/2019/05/innovations-bioproducts-%E2%80%93-dr-manjusri-misra |publisher=University of Guelph |access-date=January 22, 2022 |date=2019 |archive-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124013258/https://www.uoguelph.ca/engineering/events/2019/05/innovations-bioproducts-%E2%80%93-dr-manjusri-misra |url-status=dead }}</ref> She also edited the [[Springer Nature|American Scientific Publishers]] volume "Packaging Nanotechnology" in 2009.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Mohanty |editor1-first=Amar K. |editor2-last=Misra |editor2-first=Manjusri |editor3-last=Singh Nalwa |editor3-first=Hari |title=Packaging Nanotechnology |date=2009 |publisher=American Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-1588831057}}</ref> Following this, Misra received the Jim Hammar Memorial Award from the BioEnvironmental Polymer Society<ref name=":0"/> and the 2017 [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] Andrew Chase Division Award in Chemical Engineering as an individual with "significant chemical engineering contributions in the forest products and related industries."<ref>{{cite web |title=Andrew Chase Division Award in Chemical Engineering |date=28 March 2012 |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/awards/andrew-chase-division-award-chemical-engineering |publisher=American Institute of Chemical Engineers |access-date=January 23, 2022}}</ref> During her tenure at U of G, Misra co-directed the Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre with her husband which aimed to produce bio-based, sustainable materials that lower greenhouse gas emissions and reduce the impact of plastics. In 2019, her efforts were recognized with the Synergy Award for Innovation from the [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada]].<ref>{{cite web |title=U of G Profs Receive Top NSERC Research, Innovation Award |url=https://news.uoguelph.ca/2019/05/u-of-g-profs-receive-top-nserc-research-innovation-award/ |publisher=University of Guelph |access-date=January 23, 2022 |date=May 6, 2019}}</ref>

In December 2020, Misra was named a Tier 1 [[Canada Research Chair]] in Sustainable Biocomposites.<ref>{{cite web |title=U of G Researchers Receive Funding From Canada Research Chairs Program |url=https://educationnewscanada.com/article/education/level/university/1/873523/u-of-g-researchers-receive-funding-from-canada-research-chairs-program.html |publisher=Education News Canada |access-date=January 23, 2022 |date=December 18, 2020}}</ref> She was also recognized by the Women's Executive Networks as one of the Most Powerful Women for 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manju Misra named one of Canada’s most powerful women for 2020 |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/alliance/news/2020/12/manju-misra-named-one-canada%E2%80%99s-most-powerful-women-2020 |publisher=University of Guelph |access-date=January 22, 2022 |date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> She was specifically recognized for being a "world leader in the development of novel bio-based composites and nanocomposites made from agricultural and forestry resources."<ref>{{cite web |title=U of G Prof Named One of Canada's Most Powerful Women for 2020 |url=https://news.uoguelph.ca/2020/12/u-of-g-prof-named-one-of-canadas-most-powerful-women-for-2020/ |publisher=University of Guelph |access-date=January 23, 2022 |date=December 1, 2020}}</ref> The following year, Misra received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the BioEnvironmental Polymer Society for "outstanding contributions to advancing the field of biopolymers, bio-based composite materials."<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Receives Bioproducts Lifetime Achievement Award |url=https://www.farms.com/news/professor-receives-bioproducts-lifetime-achievement-award-169245.aspx |publisher=Farms |access-date=January 23, 2022 |date=July 2, 2021}}</ref> In 2024, Misra was recognized as one of the Global 50 Women in Sustainability under the theme "Embrace Boldness" by SustainabilityX® Magazine for demonstrating exceptional leadership in sustainability and driving transformative change across the globe.

== Awards, Honours and Distinctions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|2026
|'''James L. White Innovation Award,''' [https://tpps.org/ Polymer Processing Society (PPS)]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2025
|'''Fellow,''' [https://indianchemicalsociety.com/ Indian Chemical Society (ICS)]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2025
|'''CHEMCON 2025 Distinguished Speaker Award,''' [https://www.iiche.org.in/ Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE)]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2024
|'''Global 50 Women In Sustainability - Embrace Boldness Theme''', [https://www.sustainabilityx.co The SustainabilityX® Magazine], New York City, USA<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=The SustainabilityX® |title=The SustainabilityX® Magazine Announces 3rd Annual Global 50 Women In Sustainability Awards™ Under the Theme "Embrace Boldness" |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/the-sustainabilityx-magazine-announces-3rd-annual-global-50-women-in-sustainability-awards-under-the-theme-embrace-boldness-302277647.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=www.prweb.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|'''Fellow''', [https://rsc-src.ca/sites/default/files/24_New%20Members_EN_4.pdf Royal Society of Canada] (RSC)<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 3, 2024 |title=ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA {{!}} CLASS OF 2024 |url=https://rsc-src.ca/sites/default/files/24_New%20Members_EN_4.pdf |website=The Royal Society of Canada}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|'''Present Fellow''', [https://www.iiche.org.in Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE)]<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Awards 2023 |url=https://docs.google.com/document/d/1MwFzwwsdQI7hQxNE_dtYthj9CNqY4ykBjxqOosCtkvI/edit?tab=t.0 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Google Docs |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|'''Fellow''', [[Society of Plastics Engineers|Society of Plastic Engineers]] (SPE), USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fellow of the Society Listing - 1984-Present {{!}} SPE |url=https://www.4spe.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=4680 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.4spe.org}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|'''Lifetime Achievement Award,''' [http://beps.org BioEnvironmental Polymer Society] (BEPS), USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=http://www.beps.org/awards// |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.beps.org |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|'''Canada Research Chair (CRC) Tier 1 – Sustainable Biocomposites''', [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council|Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada]] (NSERC)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |date=2021 |title=Canada Research Chairs |url=https://www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca/chairholders-titulaires/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4883 |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=Government of Canada}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|'''Canada's Most Powerful Women: Top 100 Awards – Manulife Science and Technology Category''', [https://wxnetwork.com Women's Executive Networks] (WXN), Canada<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Meet the women leading the way |url=https://wxnetwork.com/page/2020Top100Winners/ |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=WXN}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|'''CEPS Undergraduate Supervision Award''', [https://www.uoguelph.ca/ceps/ College of Engineering and Physical Sciences (CEPS)], University of Guelph, Canada<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 CEPS Awards {{!}} College of Engineering and Physical Sciences |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/ceps/news/2020/06/2020-ceps-awards |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.uoguelph.ca}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|'''Fellow''', [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (AIChE), USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bio Products Centre - |url=https://bioproductscentre.com/newsMedia?node=Professor-Manju-Misra-Elected-AIChE-Fellow |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=bioproductscentre.com}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|'''The Prestigious "Glory of India" (Bharat Jyoti) Award''', [[India International Friendship Society]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Manjusri Misra, PhD {{!}} Engineering |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/engineering/people/manjusri-misra-phd |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.uoguelph.ca}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|'''Fellow''', [[Royal Society of Chemistry]], UK<ref name=":1" />
|-
|2019
|'''Woman of Distinction on Science, Technology, Engineering & Math (STEM):''' [https://www.ymca.ca/locations/guelph-ymca-ywca Guelph YMCA-YWCA Women of Distinction], Canada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Manju Misra - 2019 Woman of Distinction Recipient {{!}} Plant Agriculture |url=https://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/news/professor-manju-misra-2019-woman-distinction-recipient |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.plant.uoguelph.ca}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|'''NSERC Synergy Award for Innovation''', [[Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council]], Canada<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-06 |title=U of G Profs Receive Top NSERC Research, Innovation Award |url=https://news.uoguelph.ca/2019/05/u-of-g-profs-receive-top-nserc-research-innovation-award/ |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=U of G News |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|'''Andrew Chase Forest Products Division Award''', [[American Institute of Chemical Engineers]] (AIChE), USA<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-28 |title=Andrew Chase Division Award in Chemical Engineering |url=https://www.aiche.org/community/awards/andrew-chase-division-award-chemical-engineering |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.aiche.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|'''Featured Canadian Author'''<ref name=":1" />
Two publications chosen for the [[American Chemical Society]] (ACS) Publications Open Access Virtual Issue [https://pubs.acs.org/page/vi/csc100anniversary.html "Hot Materials in a Cool Country"] featuring articles authored by Canadians to celebrate the 100th meeting of the Canadian Chemistry Conference.
|-
|2016
|'''University of Guelph's Innovation of the Year Award''', Canada<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award Winners {{!}} Research Innovation |url=https://www.uoguelph.ca/research/innovation/commercialize/award-winners |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=www.uoguelph.ca}}</ref>
The award is for the creation of the 100% Compostable Bio-composite Resin using coffee chaff (waste stream of coffee roasting industry) for single-serve coffee pods, called [https://purpod100.com PURPOD100®]. More awards for this innovation can be found [https://purpod100.com/awards-recognition/#:~:text=PURPOD100%C2%AE%20has%20earned%20yet,Leadership%20Awards%20on%20May%202nd. here]
|-
|2014
|'''Composites Part A Most Highly Cited Paper Award'''<ref name=":1" />
"[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359835X08001899 Characterization of natural fiber surfaces and natural fiber composites]", selected for the award which highlights that the paper has truly generated interest and awareness within the composites community.
|-
|2012
|'''Jim Hammar Memorial Service Award''', [http://beps.org BioEnvironmental Polymer Society] (BEPS), USA<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards |url=http://beps.org/awards// |access-date=2022-02-04 |website=beps.org |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

== Personal life ==
Misra is married to [[Amar K. Mohanty|Amar Mohanty]].<ref name="pioneer"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Google Scholar id | s_EJnNgAAAAJ}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misra, Manjusri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Utkal University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Utkal University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Guelph]]
[[Category:Canada Research Chairs]]
[[Category:Michigan State University faculty]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha academics]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Odia people]]
[[Category:Ravenshaw University alumni]]
[[Category:Technische Universität Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women engineers]]

Gururaj Gantihole

2026-04-19T10:36:40Z

Coolblack5: adding basic details more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gururaj Gantihole
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].
| term_start = 13 May 2023
| constituency = [[Byndoor]]
| predecessor = B. M. Sukumar Shetty
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name = Gururaj Shetty Gantihole
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1981|06|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Gantihole, [[Byndoor]], [[Karnataka]]
| spouse = Anuradha Shetty
| alma_mater = [[University of Mysore]]
}}

'''Gururaj Shetty Gantihole''' is an Indian politician as a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byndoor: BJP is a party of ordinary workers, says Gururaj Gantihole |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1070328 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP releases 2nd list of 23 candidates for Karnataka polls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-polls-2023/story/bjp-releases-second-list-of-candidates-karnataka-elections-jagadish-shettar-2359239-2023-04-12 |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=India Today |date=12 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref> from [[Byndoor Assembly constituency|Byndoor Assembly Constituency]] since May 2023 after he defeated [[Indian National Congress]]'s candidate [[K Gopala Poojary]] by 16,153 votes contesting the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] on a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Byndur, Udupi Election Result Update: BJP's Gururaj Shetty Gantihole vs Congress' K Gopal Poojary |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/byndur-udupi-election-result-update-bjps-gururaj-shetty-gantihole-vs-congress-k-gopal-poojary-2607209.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Byndoor Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/byndoor-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7794901.html |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Byndoor">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Byndoor |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10118.htm?ac=118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506091137/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10118.htm?ac=118 |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="BJP maintains its sway in Udupi district by winning all five Assembly seats">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 May 2023 |title=BJP maintains its sway in Udupi district by winning all five Assembly seats |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-maintains-its-sway-in-udupi-district-by-winning-all-five-assembly-seats/article66846882.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506101158/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/bjp-maintains-its-sway-in-udupi-district-by-winning-all-five-assembly-seats/article66846882.ece |archivedate=6 May 2025 |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka election verdict: BJP repeats 2018 success in Udupi">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka election verdict: BJP repeats 2018 success in Udupi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-election-verdict-bjp-repeats-2018-success-in-udupi/articleshow/100212541.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506110358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-election-verdict-bjp-repeats-2018-success-in-udupi/articleshow/100212541.cms |archivedate=6 May 2025 |accessdate=6 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref>

== History ==
Gururaj Gantihole was born to Mahabala Shetty and Prema Shetty in Gantihole Bijoor, [[Karnataka]]. In 2008, he completed his master's degree in [[Mass communication|Mass Communication Journalism]] at Mysore Open University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪತ್ರಿಕೋದ್ಯಮ ಓದಿದ ಬರಿಗಾಲ ಸಂತನಿಗೆ ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ಟಿಕೆಟ್ |date=13 April 2023 |url=https://publictv.in/karnataka-election-2023-bjp-give-ticket-to-gururaj-shetty-gantihole-he-is-former-rss-pracharak-not-wears-slippers/ |access-date=2023-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=K'taka polls: Gururaj Gantihole seeks Haladi Srinivas Shetty's blessings |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/ktaka-polls-gururaj-gantihole-seeks-haladi-srinivasa-shettys-blessing |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref>

== Career ==
He has worked for [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] for almost 10 years,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karnataka |first=Headline |title=ಬಿಜೆಪಿ 2ನೇ ಪಟ್ಟಿ ; ಬೈಂದೂರು ಸುಕುಮಾರ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಕೊಕ್ ; ಆರೆಸ್ಸೆಸ್ ಹಿನ್ನೆಲೆಯ ಗುರುರಾಜ್ ಗಂಟಿಹೊಳೆಗೆ ಟಿಕೆಟ್, ಮೂಡಿಗೆರೆಗೆ ದೀಪಕ್ ದೊಡ್ಡಯ್ಯ |url=https://headlinekarnataka.com/news/Karnataka/14621/Karnataka-BJP-Second-List-Announced,-Gururaj-Gantihole-gets-Byndoor-MLA-Ticket,-Deepak-Doddaiah-for-Mudigere |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Headline Karanataka |language=English}}</ref> During the years 2013 to 2015 he worked as vice president for [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka|Bharatiya Janata Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka Elections 2023: BJP fields four new faces in Udupi district |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/assembly-elections/karnataka/karnataka-elections-2023-bjp-fields-four-new-faces-in-udupi-district-10406271.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> [[Udupi]]. [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-04-15 |title=Candidates intensify their campaign in Udupi district |language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/candidates-intensify-their-campaign-in-udupi-district/article66741231.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> has given the ticket to Gururaj Gantihole from the [[Byndoor Assembly constituency|Byndoor constituency]].<ref name="Karnataka polls: This crorepati candidate goes around barefoot">{{cite news|title=Karnataka polls: This crorepati candidate goes around barefoot|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-polls-this-crorepati-candidate-goes-around-barefoot/articleshow/99716988.cms|accessdate=6 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=24 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506095844/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-polls-this-crorepati-candidate-goes-around-barefoot/articleshow/99716988.cms|archivedate=6 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="RSS Pracharak-turned-politician Gururaj Gantihole takes on seasoned politician K. Gopal Poojary in Byndoor constituency">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=RSS Pracharak-turned-politician Gururaj Gantihole takes on seasoned politician K. Gopal Poojary in Byndoor constituency|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/rss-pracharak-turned-politician-gururaj-gantihole-takes-on-seasoned-politician-k-gopal-poojary-in-byndoor-constituency/article66811181.ece|accessdate=6 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=4 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506095903/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/rss-pracharak-turned-politician-gururaj-gantihole-takes-on-seasoned-politician-k-gopal-poojary-in-byndoor-constituency/article66811181.ece|archivedate=6 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2023-04-12 |title=Karnataka elections: BJP denies ticket to Byndoor MLA, fields fresher |language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/karnataka-elections-bjp-denies-ticket-to-byndoor-mla-fields-fresher/article66730722.ece |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-04-13 |title=Karnataka elections: BJP announces second list of 23 candidates, 7 sitting MLA's denied tickets |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/karnataka-elections-bjp-announces-second-list-of-23-candidates-7-sitting-mlas-denied-tickets-1503171698.html |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] and currently serving as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Byndoor]] Region.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gururaj, Gantihole}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]

{{Karnataka-BJP-politician-stub}}

Engaeyum Eppothum

2026-04-18T23:53:05Z

Coolblack5: adding some entry and citations

{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Engaeyum Eppothum.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. Saravanan (director)|M. Saravanan]]
| producer = [[A. R. Murugadoss]]
| writer = M. Saravanan
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jai (actor)|Jai]]|[[Sharwanand]]|[[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]]|[[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]}}
| music = [[C. Sathya]]
| cinematography = [[Velraj]]
| editing = [[Kishore Te]]
| studio = {{Unbulleted list|AR Murugadoss Productions|[[Fox Star Studios]]}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2011|09|16||df=yes}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Engaeyum Eppothum''''' ({{Translation|Anywhere, Anytime}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic film|romantic]] [[drama film|drama]] [[Road movie|road film]] written and directed by [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M. Saravanan]] in his Tamil debut. It stars [[Jai (actor)|Jai]], [[Sharwanand|Sharvanand]], [[Anjali (actress)|Anjali]], and [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] in the lead roles. It was produced by [[A. R. Murugadoss]] in association with [[Fox Star Studios]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2011 |title=Engeyum Eppodhum ready to rock |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/engeyum-eppodhum-ready-rock-946 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809140131/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/engeyum-eppodhum-ready-rock-946 |archive-date=9 August 2011 |access-date=6 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> marking the studio's entry into [[Tamil cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=Fox Studios first Tamil film coming out Friday |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/fox-studios-first-tamil-film-coming-out-friday-news-national-ljotkljfcje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022160123/http://www.sify.com/movies/fox-studios-first-tamil-film-coming-out-friday-news-national-ljotkljfcje.html |archive-date=22 October 2012 |access-date=17 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film is based on a true incident.

The film illustrates two love stories—one set against the backdrop of [[Chennai]] and the other in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]]—which is mixed up in the climax. The film released on 16 September 2011. It was later remade into Kannada as ''[[Endendu Ninagagi]]'' in 2014 and in Bengali as ''[[Bojhena Shey Bojhena]]'' in 2012.

==Plot==
The film focuses on two love stories in [[Chennai]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]]; one takes place over the period of a day, while the other unfolds over months.

The film starts with a road accident, then flashes back to several months earlier when Amudha, a native village girl from Tiruchirappalli, arrives in Chennai for a [[job interview]], but her sister is unable to meet her to direct her to her destination. Amudha enlists the aid of a stranger named Gautham, who agrees to take her as far as the bus stop. However, he ends up travelling with her the entire day, waiting for her during her interview, and dropping her off at her sister's home in the evening. Throughout the day, she comes to understand him and becomes fond of him. While remaining calm and reserved, Gautham reciprocates her feelings. The following day, Amudha returns to Tiruchirappalli, where she realizes that she has fallen in love with Gautham and rejects marriage proposals that come her way. She decides to return to Chennai to meet him. Meanwhile, Gautham realizes that he has fallen in love with Amudha and decides to go to Tiruchi to find her, despite not knowing her address or any other details except her name.

A parallel story follows, where Kathiresan, a metal shop worker, harbors feelings towards his neighbor Manimegalai, a nurse. Being shy and soft-spoken, he does not talk to her but continues to watch her every morning for six months. Manimegalai is bold and forthcoming; she agrees to Kathiresan's love and orders him around mercilessly. She puts him through several tests: having him meet her father (a policeman), her former one-sided lover on his own, making him undergo an [[Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS|HIV test]], and getting him to agree to [[organ donation]]. She wants him to decide on the basis of all that she has put him through whether he wants to marry her and spend the rest of his life with her; Kathiresan responds affirmatively. The two grow to love each other unconditionally with their families' consent.

Kathiresan decides to take Manimegalai to visit his family in Arasur, a village near Villupuram, and the two board a bus to get there. Meanwhile, Gautham boards a bus to return from Tiruchirappalli – the same one that Kathiresan and Manimegalai are travelling in. Simultaneously, Amudha boards a bus to return from Chennai. A few glimpses of other passengers are also seen: a mother and her child, a girls' athletic team, a newly married couple, two college students who are attracted to each other, and a man returning from [[Dubai]] to see his five-year-old daughter for the first time.

At a distance from [[Viluppuram]] on the Chennai-Tiruchirappalli [[National Highway 79 (India)|National Highway 79]] (GST road), The [[State Express Transport Corporation|State Express Transport Corporation ( SETC)]] bus is redirected into the opposite lane, as one of the lanes is under construction. However, before a contract carriage (omni) bus named Sky Travels is redirected, a tarp from a truck blows off and blocks the windshield. Unable to see where he is going, the terrified driver accidentally swerves into the path of the SETC bus. Both buses [[head-on collision|collide head-on]], killing about 35 people on the spot. Many others die en route to or at the hospital. Gautham sees a severely injured Amudha on the other bus, and she is rushed to a hospital. She reaches the hospital along with Gautham, while Kathiresan has succumbed to [[head trauma]] and died. At the hospital, Gautham confesses his love to Amudha at her bedside, and she manages to regain consciousness. Kathiresan's dead body is taken away by a hysteric Manimegalai and his grieving parents.

The site of the crash is declared an accident-prone area, and the film ends with a message on [[Road traffic safety|road safety]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jai (actor)|Jai]] as Kathiresan
* [[Sharvanand]] as Gautham
* [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]] as Manimegalai
* [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]] as Amudha
* [[Vatsan Chakravarthy]] as Ramesh
* [[Deepthi Nambiar]] as Pooja
* [[Vinodhini Vaidyanathan]] as Selvi
* [[Jeeva Ravi|Ravi]] as Gautham's father
* Mithun as a bus passenger
* Sabha Srinivaasan as Manimegalai's father
* Priya Prince as a bus passenger
* [[Thangadurai (actor)|Thangadurai]] as Senthil
* Nimisha
* Rishabh
* Venkatesh
* Venkata Perumal
* Velayutham
* Ilango
* PTC Raghu
* Kumara Vadivelu
* Senthil Kumar
* P D Ramesh
* Kovai Babu Khan
* Meiyappan
* Sukumar
* Albert
* Krishna Moorthy
* Meenakumari
* Radha
* Master Karthik
* Viji Sekar
* Baby Yutra
* Ganesh
* Agaram
* Nagu
}}

==Production==
The film was began production in December 2010 with [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] and [[Amala Paul]] playing a pair in the film. However they pulled out due to prior commitments and were replaced by [[Sharvanand]] and [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-22 |title=Amala Paul and Vimal walk out of Murgadoss film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-paul-and-vimal-walk-out-of-murgadoss-film-news-tamil-kmwl3iedade.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225125957/http://www.sify.com/movies/amala-paul-and-vimal-walk-out-of-murgadoss-film-news-tamil-kmwl3iedade.html |archive-date=2010-12-25 |access-date=2011-10-17 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=11 September 2021 |title=10 years of Engaeyum Eppothum: Four interesting facts about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/10-years-of-engaeyum-eppothum-four-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/86097909.cms |access-date=13 November 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Engaeyum Eppothum
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[C. Sathya]]
| cover =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2011|08|03}}
| recorded = 2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 19:21
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[C. Sathya]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = [[Sevarkodi]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

{{Music ratings
| rev1 = Rediff
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web |date=19 September 2011 |title=Review: Go for Engeyum Eppodhum |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-engeyum-eppodhum/20110919.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125021900/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-engeyum-eppodhum/20110919.htm |archive-date=25 November 2011 |access-date=2011-11-21 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>
}}

The film's score and soundtrack were composed by debutant [[C. Sathya]]. The album was released on 3 August 2011 in [[Chennai]].{{cn|date=November 2025}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length1 = 04:03
| title1 = Govindha
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ranina Reddy]], Boni
| lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar|Na Muthukumar]]
| length2 = 04:23
| title2 = Chotta Chotta
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], Sathya
| lyrics2 = Na Muthukumar
| length3 = 03:55
| title3 = Masaamaa
| extra3 = [[C. Sathya|Sathya]], [[Aalap Raju]]
| lyrics3 = M Saravanan
| length4 = 04:37
| title4 = Un Perae Theriyathu
| extra4 = [[Madhushree]], Aalap Raju
| lyrics4 = Na Muthukumar
| length5 = 02:23
| title5 = Uyir Aruthathe
| extra5 = Sayanora
| lyrics5 = M Saravanan
}}

== Critical reception ==
GetCinemas.com gave ''Engaeyum Eppothum'' a 3.5/5 rating with a tag "must watch", saying "it is a rare film, and has come out as perfect as a dream" and appreciating for a clearly sketched script and perfect characterisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.getcinemas.com/engeyum-eppodhum-review |title=Engeyum Eppodhum Movie Review |publisher=GetCinemas |access-date=2011-11-25 |archive-date=24 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124094529/http://www.getcinemas.com/engeyum-eppodhum-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5, calling it a "genuinely story, not just about romance, but about the fabric of life itself".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-engeyum-eppodhum/20110919.htm |title=Review: Go for Engeyum Eppodhum – Rediff.com Movies |work=Rediff.com |access-date=2011-09-21 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924063147/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-engeyum-eppodhum/20110919.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that ''Engeyum Eppodhum '' was "riveting cinema with a difference. Everything is new about it from characters to the plot, accompanied by superb performances by the lead actors notably Anjali".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/engeyum-eppodhum-review-tamil-14979311.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424023729/http://www.sify.com/movies/engeyum-eppodhum-review-tamil-14979311.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-04-24 |title=Movie Review:Engeyum Eppodhum |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2011-09-21}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewer Karthik Subramanian noted that it was a "laudable effort" adding that "despite some clichés, the film works well".<ref>{{cite news |author=Karthik Subramanian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2462110.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Laudable effort |newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-21 |location=Chennai, India |archive-date=25 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925063310/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2462110.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> G Sai Shyam, another critic from ''The Hindu'', wrote that it was "a novel attempt by the director" and that "the compelling screenplay with a strong message to everyone makes it a must watch film".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/nxg/article2473051.ece |title=Accidental success |newspaper=thehindu.com |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=2011-09-26 |location=Chennai, India |first=Sai |last=Shyam G |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925061506/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/nxg/article2473051.ece |archive-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Vikatan]] gave 50 out of 100 marks, ranking it among the best in recent times.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinema.vikatan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1186:2011-09-23-06-02-50&catid=904:tamil-cinema-review&Itemid=64 |publisher=vikatan |date=23 September 2011 |title=Vikatan |access-date=2012-12-10 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026153230/http://cinema.vikatan.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1186:2011-09-23-06-02-50&catid=904:tamil-cinema-review&Itemid=64 |url-status=live }}</ref> Venkateswaran Narayanan from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 and wrote that it was "the perfect example of a film relying solely on its screenplay and performances to strike it rich at the box office".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Engeyum-Eppodhum/movie-review/10114217.cms |title=Engeyum Eppodhum |newspaper=The Times of india |date=25 September 2011 |access-date=2011-10-21 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102052837/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Engeyum-Eppodhum/movie-review/10114217.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> On the contrary, Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 2.5 and praised the lead performances, while criticising the screenplay and the plot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gautaman-Bhaskaran-s-review-of-Engaeyum-Eppothum/Article1-747543.aspx |title=Gautaman Bhaskaran's review of Engaeyum Eppothum |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103085937/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Gautaman-Bhaskaran-s-review-of-Engaeyum-Eppothum/Article1-747543.aspx |archive-date=3 November 2011}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was dubbed to Telugu as ''Journey'', and released on 16th December 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Journey Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Journey by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/journey/movie-review/11145287.cms |access-date=2026-04-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards==
M Saravanan was honoured with an award by the [[Human rights in India|Human Rights Organisation]] on 18 December at Paramakudi for directing ''Engeyum Eppodhum'' with a very relevant social message.<ref name=":0" /> Anjali won the Best Actress Award at V4 Entertainment Awards 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tamilcnn.com/moreartical.php?newsid=10353&cat=india&sel=current&subcat=11 |title=சிறநத நடிகர– நடிகைகள,தனுஷ– அஞசலிககு விருது!! |access-date=8 January 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104104858/http://tamilcnn.com/moreartical.php?newsid=10353&cat=india&sel=current&subcat=11 |url-status=dead |website=Tamil CNN|language=en}}</ref>

;[[1st South Indian International Movie Awards]]
*Best Lyricist — Na Muthukumar for "Un Pera Theriyathe"
*Best Debutant Director — M Saravanan
*Best Debutant Male — Sharvanand

'''[[59th Filmfare Awards South]]'''
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] - [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]] - [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]]

'''[[6th Vijay Awards]]'''
* [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
* [[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Anjali (film actress)|Anjali]]
*Nominated-[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]] - M Saravanan
*Nominated-[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] - Ananya
*Nominated-[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] - C Sathya

'''[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]'''
* Edison Award for Best Debut Director – [[M. Saravanan (film director)|M Saravanan]]
* Edison Award for Best Female Playback Singer - [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] for "Chotta Chotta"

''Engeyum Eppodhum'' appeared on the following top five lists of the best films of 2011.
* 2nd place — ''[[Rediff]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-tamil-films-of-2011/20111214.htm |title=The Top Five Tamil Films of 2011 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 December 2011 |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-date=8 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012707/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-the-top-five-tamil-films-of-2011/20111214.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 3rd place — ''[[The Hindu]]''<ref>{{cite news |author=Kamath |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2763626.ece |title=The year of the anti-hero |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 January 2012 |access-date=23 March 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107231640/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2763626.ece |url-status=live |first=Sudhish|author-link=Sudhish Kamath|language=en}}</ref>
* 5th place — ''[[The Asian Age]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/best-tamil-films-2011-672 |title=Best Tamil Films of 2011 |work=Asianage |access-date=2012-11-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421103240/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/best-tamil-films-2011-672 |archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref>

== In other media ==
The character portrayed by Jai makes a cameo appearance in 2015 film ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=2020-04-23 |title=Venkat Prabhu: 5 Instances When The Director And His Team Celebrated Inside Humour In Tamil Cinema |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/venkat-prabhu-5-instances-when-the-director-and-his-team-celebrated-inside-humour-in-tamil-cinema |access-date=2025-04-09 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{M. Saravanan (director)}}
{{AR Murugadoss}}

[[Category:2010s drama road movies]]
[[Category:2011 drama films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about road accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. Sathya]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films set in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Fox Star Studios films]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Naorem Roshibina Devi

2026-04-18T19:12:39Z

Coolblack5: new new bio

{{Short description|Manipuri wushu player}}
{{Meitei name|Naorem|Roshibina|Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Naorem Roshibina
| image = Naorem Roshibina Devi in 2026.jpg
| caption = 2026
| full_name = Naorem Roshibina Devi
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|12|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bishnupur district]], [[Manipur]], India
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]]
| event = [[Sanda (sport)|Sanda]]
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Sport|Women's [[wushu (sport)|wushu]]}}
{{Medal|Country | {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition | [[Wushu at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver| [[Wushu at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]] | [[Wushu at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's sanda 60 kg|Sanda 60 kg]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[Wushu at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]] | [[Wushu at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's sanda 60 kg|Sanda 60 kg]]}}
{{Medal|Competition |[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold | [[2019 South Asian Games|2019 Kathmandu-Pokhara]] | [[Wushu at the 2019 South Asian Games#Women's sanda|Sanda 60 kg]]}}
{{Medal|Competition |[[World Junior Wushu Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|2016 Burgas|Girl's 48 kg}}
}}
'''Naorem Roshibina Devi''' (born 30 December 2000) is an Indian [[wushu (sport)|wushu]] player who competes in the [[Sanda (sport)|Sanda]] division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=India's teenage athletes who are projected to be future stars |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/india-teenage-athlets-projected-future-stars/ |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sapam |first=Robert |date=9 August 2018 |title=Roshibina short on gold but not on grit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/roshibina-short-on-gold-but-not-on-grit/cid/1655039 |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Roshibina was born in Kwasiphai Mayai Leikai in [[Bishnupur district|Bishnupur District]], [[Manipur]].

== Career ==
In the 9th Asian Junior Wushu Championships held in [[Gumi, North Gyeongsang|Gumi]], [[South Korea]], she won a gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naorem Roshibina strikes gold, India wins 10 medals in Asian Junior Wushu Championships 2017 – Sports Tract |url=https://www.sportstract.com/naorem-roshibina-strikes-gold-india-wins-10-medals-in-asian-junior-wushu-championships-2017/ |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=sportstract.com |archive-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611154421/https://www.sportstract.com/naorem-roshibina-strikes-gold-india-wins-10-medals-in-asian-junior-wushu-championships-2017/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the [[2018 Asian Games]], she competed in the [[Wushu at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's sanda 60 kg|Women's sanda 60 kg]] event. She defeated Mubashra Akhtar of Pakistan in the quarter-finals, which assured her a medal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=22 August 2018 |title=Naorem Roshibina Devi Ensures Wushu Medal - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/naorem-roshibina-devi-ensures-wushu-medal/ |access-date=11 June 2021 |website=sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref> She lost to Cai Yingying of China in the semi-finals, and was jointly awarded a bronze medal.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=22 August 2018 |title=Asian Games 2018: India clinches 4 medals in wushu |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/asian-games-2018-india-clinches-4-medals-in-wushu/article24753497.ece |access-date=11 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2023, Naorem Roshibina Devi won silver in the women's 60 kg Wushu Sanda at the [[2022 Asian Games|19th Asian Games]], [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. She lost to Wu Xiaowei of China.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2023 |title=Asian Games: Roshibina Devi wins silver in women's 60kg Wushu sanda event |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/asian-games-roshibina-devi-secures-silver-in-womens-wushu-sanda-final/articleshow/104002499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 September 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards ==
She was conferred the Arjuna Award for 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full list of Arjuna Awards Winners 2023 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/full-list-arjuna-awards-winners-2023-mohammed-shami-esha-singh-r-vaishali-2486292-2024-01-09 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=India Today |date=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2024 |title=Arjuna Awards 2023: President Murmu confers India's 2nd highest sports honour to cricketer Shami, archer Ojas Pravin Deotale |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/arjuna-awards-2023-president-murmu-confers-national-sports-and-adventure-awards-cricketer-mohammed-shami-archer-ojas-pravin-deotale-receive-honour/articleshow/106656729.cms?from=mdr |access-date=16 January 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{2022 Asian Games profile|wushu/athlete-profile-n2004751-naorem-roshibina-devi|Naorem Roshibina Devi|archive=20230928170426}}
* {{InterSportStats|3000560723|Naorem Roshibina Devi}}
* {{Instagram|naorem_wushu|Naorem Roshibinaa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Naorem Roshibina}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian wushu practitioners]]
[[Category:Indian sanshou practitioners]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in wushu]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in wushu]]
[[Category:Wushu practitioners at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wushu practitioners at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in wushu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Martial artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Bishnupur district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-martialart-bio-stub}}

Rath Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:20Z

Coolblack5: made a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rath
| map_image = 229-Rath.svg
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,99,594
| constituency_no = 229
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Manisha Anuragi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}
'''Rath''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Rath in the [[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>

Rath is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Hamirpur, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 229 amongst 403 constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Rath Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rath.html |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Sripat Sahai
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" |Doonger Singh
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ram Sri Rajput
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |Swami Prasad Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Bal Krishna
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Swami Prasad Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Doonger Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|1987^
|Ram Singh
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Rajender Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Ram Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Dhooram Lodhi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ramadhar Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan="2" |Dhooram Lodhi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Gayadeen Anuragi
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Manisha Anuragi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Rath<ref name="election2022"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manisha
|votes = {{formatnum:139373}}
|percentage = 53.79
|change = -7.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chandrawati Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:77394}}
|percentage = 29.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prasanna Bhushan
|votes = {{formatnum:24266}}
|percentage = 9.37
|change = -6.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamlesh Kumar Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:5164}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change = -15.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh Gautam
|votes = {{formatnum:3021}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4268}}
|percentage = 1.65
|change = -0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:61979}}
|percentage = 23.92
|change = -19.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:259108}}
|percentage = 64.84
|change = +1.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election, 2017]]: Rath<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manisha Anuragi
|votes = {{formatnum:147526}}
|percentage = 60.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gayadeen Anuragi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:42883}}
|percentage = 17.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Kumar Ahirwar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:38710}}
|percentage = 16.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party
|candidate = Ajit Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3083}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gangotri
|votes = {{formatnum:2334}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4595}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:104643}}
|percentage = 43.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:242011}}
|percentage = 63.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +20.48
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|25.60|79.56|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Kherapara Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:41Z

Coolblack5: adding basic page with sources

{{Short description|Former assembly constituency in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kherapara
|state = [[Meghalaya]]
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 2008
|electors = {{formatnum:17684}} (2008)<ref name=election2008/>
|reservation = ST
}}
'''Kherapara''' is a former assembly constituencies of [[Meghalaya]], a north east state of [[India]]. It was also part of [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. It was abolished by the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Plansing Marak]]
| {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|rowspan=|}}
|-
|[[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Alfrien Marak]]
|-
|[[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[Roster M. Sangma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| [[Chamberu Marak]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan=3|[[Brening Sangma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Phillipole Marak]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3688-meghalaya-2008/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phillipole Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,587 |percentage=58.86% |change={{increase}}17.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brening A. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,371 |percentage=32.97% |change={{increase}}12.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Enison M. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=717 |percentage=4.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lindin C. Momin |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=365 |percentage=2.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michael N. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=249 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,216 |percentage=25.88% |change= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,289 |percentage=92.11% |change= {{increase}}16.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,684 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}17.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brening A. Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,418 |percentage=41.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kenethson Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,714 |percentage=20.69% |change={{decrease}}33.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Enison Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,713 |percentage=20.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stephen Momin |party=Garo National Council |votes=1,478 |percentage=11.27% |change={{decrease}}11.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahason R. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=796 |percentage=6.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,704 |percentage=20.61% |change= {{decrease}}10.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,119 |percentage=75.71% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,328 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brening Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,389 |percentage=53.73% |change={{increase}}23.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jennar S. Marak |party=Garo National Council |votes=2,687 |percentage=22.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Enison M. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,528 |percentage=12.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamberlin Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,008 |percentage=8.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saviour D. Shira |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=279 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,702 |percentage=31.13% |change= {{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,891 |percentage=75.43% |change= {{decrease}}9.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,257 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}23.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Brening Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,546 |percentage=29.79% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamberlin R. Marak |party=Hill People's Union |votes=1,883 |percentage=15.82% |change={{decrease}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oliver Momin |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=1,805 |percentage=15.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfiren Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=8.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jhon Kendedy Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jennar S. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=640 |percentage=5.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roster M. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=631 |percentage=5.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,663 |percentage=13.97% |change= {{increase}}13.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,904 |percentage=84.51% |change= {{increase}}11.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,418 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamberun Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=2,591 |percentage=30.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roster M. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,591 |percentage=30.04% |change={{decrease}}0.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfrien R. Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=2,062 |percentage=23.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Milton S. Sangma |party=Hill People's Union |votes=1,379 |percentage=15.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1 |percentage=0.01% |change= {{decrease}}12.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,623 |percentage=73.28% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,209 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Roster M. Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,891 |percentage=30.12% |change={{increase}}9.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oliver G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,077 |percentage=17.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfrien Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,007 |percentage=16.04% |change={{decrease}}24.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hendon T. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=971 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamber Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=688 |percentage=10.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Archibold A. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=645 |percentage=10.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=814 |percentage=12.96% |change= {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,279 |percentage=68.28% |change= {{increase}}17.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,705 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Alfrien Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,751 |percentage=40.28% |change={{decrease}}41.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hendon T.Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,717 |percentage=39.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Plansing Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=879 |percentage=20.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34 |percentage=0.78% |change= {{decrease}}62.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,347 |percentage=50.57% |change= {{increase}}21.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,238 |ref = |change= {{increase}}56.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Kherapara<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Plansing Marak |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,250 |percentage=81.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janathon Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=281 |percentage=18.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=969 |percentage=63.29% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,531 |percentage=28.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,888 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[West Garo Hills district]]
* [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|25.34|90.21|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

Aval Appadithan

2026-04-11T09:44:07Z

Coolblack5: started first stub more to come

{{Short description|1978 film by C. Rudraiah}}
{{For|the TV series of the same name|Aval Appadithan (TV series)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aval Appadithan
| image = Aval Appadithan.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[C. Rudraiah]]
| producer = C. Rudraiah
| screenplay = C. Rudraiah [[K. Rajeshwar|Somasundareshwar]] Vanna Nilavan [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]
| story = Ananthu
| starring = [[Sripriya]] [[Kamal Haasan]] [[Rajinikanth]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Nallusamy M. N. Gnanashekaran
| editing = 
| studio = Kumar Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1978|10|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Aval Appadithan''''' ({{translation|That is how she is}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[C. Rudraiah]] in his directorial debut, and co-written by him with [[K. Rajeshwar|Somasundareshwar]]. The film was produced by Rudhraiya in association with the [[M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute]]. It stars [[Sripriya]], [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Rajinikanth]], while [[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film's music. The plot revolves around Manju (Sripriya) and the difficulties she faces in her life, due to her romantic relationships, resulting in her developing an aggressive and cynical nature towards men.

''Aval Appadithan'' was released on 30 October 1978, on [[Diwali]] day. Although the film received positive critical reception, it was not a box office success at the time of its release. However, the film began to develop an audience after directors [[Bharathiraja]] and [[Mrinal Sen]] commented positively about it. The film was noted for its stylish filmmaking, screenplay, and dialogue, a large portion of which was in English.

''Aval Appadithan'' was the first film made by a graduate of the M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute. It received the second prize for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] at the 1978 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]], while Nallusamy and M. N. Gnanashekharan won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] award. Additionally, Sripriya received a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Award]] for the Best Actress of 1978. In 2013, [[News18]] included the film in its list of, "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time."

== Plot ==
Manju was raised in a [[dysfunctional family]] that consisted of a timid father and a philandering mother; she hurtles from one disastrous affair to another, leading to her degenerating into a cynical woman. Into her life enter two radically different men. One of them is her boss, Thyagu, who owns the advertising agency she works for. He is a stereotype of the successful man: money-minded, opinionated, arrogant, and a male chauvinist. In sharp contrast is Arun, who has come to [[Chennai|Madras]] from [[Coimbatore]] to make a documentary on women. Sensitive and sincere, he believes his job has a purpose and is both shocked and amused at the cynical attitudes of Manju and Thyagu.

Manju has been drafted by Thyagu to assist Arun in his documentary. As Arun and Manju start working together, Arun begins to understand Manju's complex personality. She tells Arun about her unfortunate past relationships: how she was molested by her uncle, the ending of her first relationship in college when her lover left her by marrying another woman for the sake of employment, and how her second love, Mano, a [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christian]] priest's son, used her to satisfy his needs and lust, calling her "sister" in front of her parents. These incidents have led to her present attitude towards men. Arun later shares these conversations with Thyagu, who warns him to steer clear of such women.

Inevitably, Arun falls for Manju. However, Manju incurs Thyagu's wrath when he overhears her reprimanding her office staff for commenting on her character. When Thyagu also comments about her, she resigns from her job. When he learns of this, Arun requests that Thyagu re-employ her. Thyagu simply laughs and says that she is already back, after which Manju seems to have a change of heart and starts courting Thyagu. Arun is devastated to see that she has turned out to be just the sort of woman that Thyagu earlier said she was {{mdash}} opportunistic, money-minded, and fickle. When he asks her about her contradictory status in life, she responds by saying that is the way she is and will be.

The truth finally emerges that Manju was merely baiting Thyagu to teach him a lesson. When Thyagu starts believing that Manju has fallen for him, he attempts to take advantage of her at a party banquet, but she rebukes and slaps him, after which Thyagu runs away in fright. However, this revelation comes too late for her, as Arun, who is disillusioned with her behaviour, has already married a small town girl. When Manju tells her aunt about the attempt to humiliate Thyagu and its ramifications, her aunt tells Manju that she deserved it for leaving behind a golden opportunity to start a new life. In a final discussion in Thyagu's car, Manju asks Arun's wife, "What do you think of women's liberation?". Arun's wife replies that she does not know. Manju cynically replies that this is why she (the wife) is happy. After Manju leaves, the car carrying Thyagu and the married couple pulls away from her. A voice-over says that Manju died today, but will be reborn tomorrow, only for the cycle to repeat, and that is how she is.

== Cast ==
* [[Sripriya]] as Manju
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as Arun
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Thyagu
* [[Sivachandran]] as Mano<ref name="thenewsminute" />
* [[Saritha]] as Arun's wife{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=19}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[C. Rudraiah]] was introduced to [[Kamal Haasan]] by writer [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]. The three shared an interest in the works of [[Robert Bresson]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Roman Polanski]], and [[Roberto Rossellini]]. Godard and Bresson were part of the [[French New Wave]], which focused on films based on social ideas, some of which were [[Iconoclasm|iconoclastic]] in nature.<ref name="Kolappan" /> Rudhraiya, Haasan, and Ananthu wanted to experiment with their ideas in Tamil. This was Rudhraiya's first film as director;{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 19}} quite radical in his approach, he wanted to change the conventions of Tamil cinema at that time.<ref name="Rangan" /> [[K. Rajeshwar|Somasundareshwar]] was writing a script dealing with women's liberation at that time, and it was decided that his script would be used for the film; the result was ''Aval Appadithan''.<ref name="Homage" /><ref name="Rajeshwar" /> It was the first film made by a graduate of the M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute.<ref name="thenewsminute" /> The initial script by Somasundareshwar consisted of two pages.<ref name="Rajeshwar" /><ref name="Aval" />

''Aval Appadithan'' was the debut film for both Nallusamy and M. N. Gnanashekaran, who jointly handled the film's cinematography.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 19}} Vanna Nilavan co-wrote the screenplay with Somasundareshwar and Rudhraiya.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 18}} The film was co-produced by Rudhraiya, in association with the students of the M.G.R. Government Film and Television Training Institute.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 18}} Sripriya, who played Manju, was initially unsure about acting in the film due to her busy schedule at that time, and only agreed to do it on Haasan's insistence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=9 November 2013 |title=Spotlight on women |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/spotlight-on-women/article5333243.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205175920/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/spotlight-on-women/article5333243.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to Somasundareshwar, the characterisation of Manju was inspired from a woman he met and who had similar radical beliefs.<ref name="Rajeshwar" /> [[Rajinikanth]], who played Thyagu, was convinced by Rudhraiya to join ''Aval Appadithaan''.<ref name="thenewsminute" />

=== Filming ===

{{quote box
|quote = [Rudraiah] and [Nallusamy] used to discuss the scenes to be shot for [''Aval Appadithan''] at least two or three days in advance. As for the dialogues, he used to tell me about the scene in detail. He would not be easily satisfied. He would ask for rewriting the lines, if he was not happy with what was written.
|source = Vanna Nilavan, on the filming of ''Aval Appadithan''.<ref name="Aval" />
|align = right
|width = 25%
}}
Throughout the film, the cinematography made extensive use of shadows and close up shots to emphasise the moods of the characters. Jump cuts were frequently used as well.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=20}} Overall, 8,230 metres of [[Negative (photography)|film negative]] was used to make the film, and the team incurred a cost of {{INR}} 20,000{{efn|The average exchange rate in 1978 was 10.4315 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2013 |title=Table 147 : Exchange Rate of the Indian Rupee vis-a-vis the SDR, US Dollar, Pound Sterling, D. M./ Euro and Japanese Yen (Financial Year – Annual Average and end-Year Rates) |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/147T_BST130913.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319093317/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/147T_BST130913.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2016 |access-date=19 March 2016 |website=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |language=en}}</ref>}} for exterior shooting equipment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2016 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW--16042016118009# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522085235/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW--16042016118009 |archive-date=22 May 2018 |access-date=22 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The scenes where Arun interviewed women for his documentary were real scenes, improvised with women they would meet at colleges and bus stops, and shot using the live-recording method.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=19}} The film uses a sharp contrast of black and white colours to lend a surreal atmosphere to it,{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=19}} and none of the actors used make-up.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2016 |title=Did You Know? |url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW-29112016106006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207020306/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=DID-YOU-KNOW-29112016106006 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |access-date=22 May 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Filming proceeded smoothly as almost all of the dialogues were ready by the time team went for filming the scenes. The camera angles were pre-planned as well.<ref name="Aval" /> Haasan shot the film in his spare time, as he was involved in over 20 other films as an actor during the production of ''Aval Appadithan''. Before a shot, Haasan discussed the scene with Ananthu and Rudhraiya on how Godard would have done it. The film was shot in two-hour sessions over a period of four-five months. The opening scene where Haasan looks into the camera and says "Konjam left-la ukaarunga" (Sit a little to the left, please) was meant as a sign to the audience to support [[gender equality]].<ref name="Homage" /> According to the Tamil newspaper ''[[Dinamalar]]'', ''Aval Appadithan'' was shot in 20 days.<ref name="Dinamalar" />

== Themes and influences ==
''Aval Appadithan'' explores a number of themes such as women's liberation, sex and the chauvinistic attitude of males.<ref name="RudhraiyaDead" /> Its central theme is on women and their plight in society, as exemplified by Manju and her relationships. Born to a timid father and a mother with loose moral values, she is also subsequently affected by two people she becomes romantically involved with. One, her college mate, left her to marry someone else for the sake of a job; and the second is Mano, the son of a Christian priest, who used her to satisfy his lust and then trivialised their relationship by calling her "sister" in front of her parents. These relationships result in her becoming wary of men and developing an aggressive nature towards them.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 18}} Conversations related to matters like the status of women in contemporary (1978) times and the nature of humankind are frequently seen in the film.{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page = 85}}

Feminist writer [[C. S. Lakshmi]] wrote in her essay "A Good Woman, A Very Good Woman", that Manju's characterisation was "brought out entirely verbally by her". Lakshmi believes the film to be constantly resorting to "existing myths about women and relationships: that a wayward mother destroys her children; that a woman who speaks the 'truth' is always alone; that men are scared of her; that the woman who is different is confused, not sure of herself and is only seeking love from a man but does not know it herself." She further asserts that the film's only positive aspect is "it does not expose the body of women in the way it is customary" and that Manju could have avoided her unfortunate set of circumstances "if only she had a 'proper' mother".{{Sfn|Velayutham|2008|page=25}}

Artist [[Jeeva (artist)|Jeeva]] compared ''Aval Appadithan'' to other films whose central theme was women, such as ''[[Charulata]]'' (1964), ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' (1974), and ''[[Panchagni]]'' (1986), while also labelling them as "classics that put the spotlight on women."<ref name="Substance" /> Ashish Rajadhyaksha and Paul Willemen, in their book ''Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', say the film was also inspired by the 1972 film, ''[[Dhakam]]''.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=413}} They also note that ''Aval Appadithan'' uses a "fluid narrative style" and music to mix flashbacks with vox-pop and "glossy pictorialism".{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=435}} The film is an exception on stereotypes of women, as shown by paralleling an independent woman, Manju, and a pious traditional woman: Manju gets into problems while Arun's wife is happy. The last lines of the film where Manju asks "what do you think of 'women's liberation'", Arun's wife answers, "I don't know", to which Manju says "that is why you are happy", send the message that one will inevitably get into trouble if one exhibits assertive behaviour.<ref name="Substance" />

Kamal Haasan's character, Arun, is an early version of a [[metrosexual]] male {{mdash}} sensitive and sincere. Rajinikanth's character, Thyagu, is the exact opposite of Arun {{mdash}} money-minded, arrogant, and a womaniser. This is evident when Thyagu says to Arun: "Women should be enjoyed, not analysed."{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 18}} According to Rajinikanth, Thyagu was very much similar to him in real life — he too smokes and drinks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kalyanaraman |first=M |date=28 January 2016 |title=Rajini may lose his appeal if he declares his political affiliation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rajini-may-lose-his-appeal-if-he-declares-his-political-affiliation/articleshow/50756685.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201113750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rajini-may-lose-his-appeal-if-he-declares-his-political-affiliation/articleshow/50756685.cms |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=21 March 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> According to film critic [[Naman Ramachandran]], Thyagu was, by far, Rajinikanth's most entertaining character up to that point in his career; his character was a self-confessed chauvinist who believed that men and women can never be equal, and that women are merely objects to be used for men's pleasure. When Arun calls Thyagu "a prejudiced ass", Thyagu responds by saying, "I am a male ass," with the dialogue being in English. His opinion of Sripriya's character, Manju, is seen when he says (also in English), "She is a self pitying sex-starved bitch!"{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page = 85}}

== Music ==
{{main|Aval Appadithan (soundtrack)}}
''Aval Appadithan''{{'s}} soundtrack and score were composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The album featured three songs: "Uravugal Thodarkathai", "Panneer Pushpangale" and "Vaazhkai Odam"; the lyrics were written by [[Gangai Amaran]] and [[Kannadasan]] and the vocals for the songs were performed by [[K. J. Yesudas]], Haasan and [[S. Janaki]], respectively. The soundtrack was released under the label of [[EMI Records]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=http://img198.imageshack.us/img198/9523/avalappadiththanback.jpg |title=Aval Appadithan |last=Ilaiyaraaja |author-link=Ilaiyaraaja |type=[[liner notes]] |publisher=[[EMI Records]] |year=1978 |access-date=2 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026123919/http://img198.imageshack.us/img198/9523/avalappadiththanback.jpg |archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==

''Aval Appadithan'' was released on 30 October 1978,<ref name="Dinamalar" /> on [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2013 |title=Released on Deepavali |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/released-on-deepavali/article5304910.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202183812/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/released-on-deepavali/article5304910.ece |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=21 January 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was released in only two theatres in Madras: Kamadhenu, and either Emerald or Blue Diamond in the [[Safire Theatre complex]].<ref name="Aval" /> The film did not initially receive a big response from the public, and was not a box office success upon its release. However, after the directors [[Bharathiraja]] and [[Mrinal Sen]] wrote positive comments on it, the latter remarking, "The film was far ahead of its times", people began to watch the film and appreciate it, leading ''Aval Appadithan'' to develop a [[Cult film|cult following]].{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=20}} In November 2014, Haasan defended the financial failure of the film, "''Aval Appadithan'' was a [[Guerrilla filmmaking|guerilla]] attack on the industry by insiders like me. It slipped through their fingers, so to speak. With all the attention that films get these days, I doubt we can get away with such a film any more."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=1 November 2014 |title=Look back at Kamal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/look-back-at-kamal/article6555452.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201045444/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/look-back-at-kamal/article6555452.ece |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The film received generally positive reviews from critics.<ref name="Aval" /> Critics appreciated the live-recording method of shooting the sequences where Haasan's character, Arun, interviews women for his documentary.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=19}} On 19 November 1978, the magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' criticised the gaps in the film, particularly the abundance of English dialogue, the excessive focus on naturalism, and lower standard of technical work (especially the cinematography). Despite these perceived flaws, the magazine still appreciated the film, stating that the actors immersed themselves into their characters, leading to them not really acting before the camera but living the characters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2020 |title=விகடன் பொக்கிஷம்: ஒரு தீபாவளி... 11 படங்கள்! |trans-title=Vikatan Pokkisham: One Diwali... 11 films! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-pokkisham-11-pictures-to-a-diwali |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815135708/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-pokkisham-11-pictures-to-a-diwali |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
The film was awarded the Second Prize for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] at the 1978 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]. At the same ceremony, Nallusamy and M. N. Gnanashekharan won the award for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]], and Sripriya received a [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Award]] for Best Actress of the year.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 19}}

== Legacy ==
{{quote box
|quote = The world will remember him for [''Aval Appadithan''], a film that shook the foundations of the Tamil film industry and still does. College students still watch it and generations are scratching their heads over how we managed to bring it out. I will remember him for his passion for cinema. He was one of those directors who wouldn’t mind holding a reflector aloft, if it meant that a scene would look better.|source = Kamal Haasan on Rudhraiya, in November 2014.<ref name="Homage" />|align = right|width = 30%}}
''Aval Appadithan'' is one of only two films ever directed by Rudhraiya; the other was ''[[Gramathu Athiyayam]]'' (1980).<ref name="RudhraiyaDead" /> ''Aval Appadithan'' was noted for its stylish filmmaking, screenplay and dialogue, a large portion of it being in English. The dialogues were sharp and were considered almost vulgar.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 19}} It also broke the style of filmmaking followed up until that time.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page = 18}} Sripriya included it in her list of favourite films she had worked in.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=22 February 2007 |title=I owe what I am today to cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/quoti-owe-what-i-am-today-to-cinemaquot/article1800897.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201051120/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/quoti-owe-what-i-am-today-to-cinemaquot/article1800897.ece |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rudhraiya's daughter, Ganga, noted that ''Aval Appadithan'' help her face life in the real world.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rudhraiya |first=Ganga |date=19 November 2016 |title=An Outsider who saw within |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/article9357726.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217061843/http://www.thehindu.com/thread/reflections/article9357726.ece |archive-date=17 December 2016 |access-date=17 December 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In May 2007, K. Balamurugan of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] included ''Aval Appadithan'' in his list of "Rajni's Tamil Top 10", saying, "It was what we would call parallel cinema these days.".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balamurugan |first=K. |date=22 May 2007 |title=Rajni's Tamil Top 10 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213043957/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/22sli3.htm |archive-date=13 December 2014 |access-date=13 December 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> In July 2007, S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''The Hindu'' asked eight Tamil film directors to list their all-time favourite Tamil films; two of them – [[Balu Mahendra]] and [[Ameer (director)|Ameer]] – named ''Aval Appadithan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 July 2007 |title=Filmmakers' favourites |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/filmmakers-favourites/article2272999.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060705/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272999.ece |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=30 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> D. Karthikeyan of ''The Hindu'' wrote in December 2009 that ''Aval Appadithan'' would "remain etched in every film lover's memory by showing the best of Rajnikanth's acting skills."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=13 December 2009 |title=A phenomenon called Rajnikanth |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/13/stories/2009121356310700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015162317/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/13/stories/2009121356310700.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=20 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> S. Shiva Kumar of ''The Hindu'' included the film on his December 2010 list of "Electrifying Rajinikanth-Kamal Haasan films" with ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' (1976), ''[[Avargal]]'' (1977) and ''[[16 Vayathinile]]'' (1977).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=31 December 2010 |title=Immortality ode |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/immortality-ode/article1019422.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120062437/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/immortality-ode/article1019422.ece |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=24 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]] named ''Aval Appadithan'' as an inspiration for his film ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=5 February 2011 |title=A new chapter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-new-chapter/article1158882.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201103602/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-new-chapter/article1158882.ece |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In April 2013, [[News18]] included the film in its list, "The 100 greatest Indian films of all time".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2013 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time: Aval Appadithan |url=http://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/100-years-of-indian-cinema-the-100-greatest-indian-films-of-all-time-903065.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129114853/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-93.html |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=6 May 2013 |website=[[News18]] |page=93}}</ref> As of July 2013, Sruti Harihara Subramanian, founder and trustee of The Cinema Resource Centre (TCRC), has preserved many promotional stills and photographs of the film's production.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sampath |first=Janani |date=25 July 2013 |title=Reel love inspires Kollywood museum |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Reel-love-inspires-Kollywood-museum/2013/07/25/article1700150.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201044738/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Reel-love-inspires-Kollywood-museum/2013/07/25/article1700150.ece |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=16 January 2013 |title=A centre that celebrates the reel love of south India |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-centre-that-celebrates-the-reel-love-of-south-india/article4310292.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520100111/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-centre-that-celebrates-the-reel-love-of-south-india/article4310292.ece |archive-date=20 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

In November 2013, ''The New Indian Express'' included the film in its list, "Kamal Haasan's most underrated films".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=7 November 2013 |title=On His 59th B'day, Kamal Haasan's Most Underrated films |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/On-his-59th-bday-Kamal-Haasans-most-underrated-films/2013/11/07/article1877045.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111065108/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/On-his-59th-bday-Kamal-Haasans-most-underrated-films/2013/11/07/article1877045.ece |archive-date=11 November 2013 |access-date=10 January 2015 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> Writing for ''The Hindu'' in 2014, [[Baradwaj Rangan]] commented and remarked on how "different" the film was by saying: "''Aval Appadithan'' was different. The shadowy black-and-white cinematography was different. The dialogues, which were more about revealing character than advancing plot, were different. The frank handling of sex and profanity ('she is a self-pitying, sex-starved bitch!') was different. The documentary-like detours were different. The painfully sensitive, feminist hero was different. Rudraiah was different."<ref name="Rangan" /> In ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014), the hero's writing team discusses the theme of ''Aval Appadithan'' to get ideas for their film's story, until they realise that the film was a failure at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 August 2014 |title=Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam review: Season of the meta movie |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kathai-thiraikathai-vasanam-iyakkam-review/article6324277.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201050620/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/kathai-thiraikathai-vasanam-iyakkam-review/article6324277.ece |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]], in their review of Sripriya's directorial venture ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' (2014), a film about a rape victim, stated, "Sripriya, who was once a successful actress, played a rape victim in Tamil drama ''Aval Appadithan''. It's probably because of that role and the effect it had left on her, she handles this subject with great care and understanding that most of her peers would lack."<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2014 |title='Malini 22 Palayamkottai' – woman with a vengeance (IANS Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/malini-22-palayamkottai-woman-with-a-vengeance-ians-tamil-movie-review-114012500259_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127133759/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/malini-22-palayamkottai-woman-with-a-vengeance-ians-tamil-movie-review-114012500259_1.html |archive-date=27 January 2016 |access-date=27 January 2016 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> In January 2015, Somasundareshwar said, "I was told that if ''Aval Appadithan'' were made today, it would be a blockbuster. I don’t agree, for it’s still taboo for a woman to talk about her sexual encounters. The profile of the audience should change."<ref name="Rajeshwar" /> In July 2016, ''The Hindu'' included ''Aval Appadithan'' in its list of "roles that defined Rajinikanth the actor".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 2016 |title=Rajini: the actor before the hero |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/rajini-the-actor-before-the-hero/article8880376.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725105826/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/rajini-the-actor-before-the-hero/article8880376.ece |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Kolappan">{{Cite news |last=Kolappan, B. |date=20 November 2014 |title=Rudhraiyah was inspired by French New Wave films |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rudhraiyah-was-inspired-by-french-new-wave-films/article6616759.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205194955/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/rudhraiyah-was-inspired-by-french-new-wave-films/article6616759.ece |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Rangan">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=28 November 2014 |title=Lights, camera, conversation...Two-film wonder |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversationtwofilm-wonder/article6643881.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129164328/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lights-camera-conversationtwofilm-wonder/article6643881.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Homage">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan, Sudhir |last2=Haasan, Kamal |author-link2=Kamal Haasan |date=19 November 2014 |title=Rudhraiya: The man whose film shook the Tamil industry |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rudhraiya-obituary-kamal-haasan-pays-homage-to-rudhraiya/article6615265.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129163659/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/rudhraiya-obituary-kamal-haasan-pays-homage-to-rudhraiya/article6615265.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=29 November 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Rajeshwar">{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Deepika |date=6 January 2015 |title=K. Rajeshwar Interview: Future Perfect |url=http://silverscreen.in/features/rajeshwar-interview-futuristic/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109103207/http://silverscreen.in/features/rajeshwar-interview-futuristic/ |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=9 January 2015 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>
<ref name="Aval">{{Cite web |last=Vannanilavan |title=Memories of 'Aval appadiththaan' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/aval.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011110141940/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/aval.asp |archive-date=10 November 2001 |access-date=7 February 2015 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>
<ref name="thenewsminute">{{Cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=18 November 2017 |title='Aval Appadithan': Why this '70s drama was ahead of its time in telling women's stories |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aval-appadithan-why-70s-drama-was-ahead-its-time-telling-women-s-stories-71813 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226020048/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aval-appadithan-why-70s-drama-was-ahead-its-time-telling-women-s-stories-71813 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2018 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Dinamalar">{{Cite news |date=24 November 2014 |title=அவர் அப்படித்தான் - ஸ்பெஷல் ஸ்டோரி! |trans-title=That is how he is — A special story! |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/24268/special-report/Aval-Appadithan-director-rudhraiya-special-story.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522130843/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/cinema-news/24268/special-report/Aval-Appadithan-director-rudhraiya-special-story.htm |archive-date=22 May 2016 |access-date=22 May 2016 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
<ref name="Substance">{{Cite news |last=Jeshi, K. |date=9 March 2011 |title=Women of substance |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-substance/article1522854.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201104938/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/women-of-substance/article1522854.ece |archive-date=1 December 2014 |access-date=1 December 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="RudhraiyaDead">{{Cite web |date=19 November 2014 |title='Aval Appadithan' filmmaker C Rudhraiya passes away |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/aval-appadithan-filmmaker-c-rudhraiya-passes-away-726835.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520124408/http://www.news18.com/news/india/aval-appadithan-filmmaker-c-rudhraiya-passes-away-726835.html |archive-date=20 May 2016 |access-date=20 May 2016 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6CGLgEACAAJ |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mzyPGSfwKMC |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] Limited |year=2014 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |edition=2nd |orig-date=2012}}
* {{Cite book |last=Velayutham |first=Selvaraj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UsR8AgAAQBAJ |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=Routledge |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-39680-6}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Portal bar|Film|India}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:1970s feminist films]]
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Hrishikesh Roy

2026-04-09T09:21:59Z

Coolblack5: adding basic stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1960)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Hrishikesh Roy.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| name = Hrishikesh Roy
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| term_start = 23 September 2019
| office1 = 35th [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start1 = 8 August 2018
| term_end1 = 22 September 2019 {{small|Acting CJ: 30 May 2018 – 7 August 2018}}
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| office2 = Judge of the [[Gauhati High Court]]
| term_start2 = 12 October 2006
| term_end2 = 29 May 2018
| nominator2 = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
| appointer2 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|02|01}}
| birth_place = [[Guwahati, Assam]], India
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| citizenship =
| website = {{URL|www.sci.gov.in}}
| successor1 = [[S. Manikumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Antony Dominic]]
| term_end = 31 January 2025
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Justice (Retd.)
}}

'''Hrishikesh Roy''' (born 1 February 1960) is a former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-cj-elevated-to-supreme-court/articleshow/71190231.cms | title=Kerala CJ Hrishikesh Roy elevated to Supreme Court | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=18 September 2019 | accessdate=25 April 2021}}</ref> He is a former [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Kerala High Court]]<ref name="doj.gov.in">{{cite web | url=http://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Shri%20Justice%20Hrishikesh%20Roy%2C%20Judge%20as%20CJ%20Kerala%20HC%20%2803.08.2018%29.pdf | title=Appointment order - No. K 13024/5/2018-US.I | date=3 August 2018 | publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Law and Justice | accessdate=7 June 2019 }}</ref> and former judge of the [[Gauhati High Court]].

==Career==
In 1982, Roy earned a [[Bachelor of Arts]] from the [[University of Delhi]]. He was initially enrolled with the Bar Council of [[Delhi]] thereafter shifted to [[Guwahati]]. He served as the senior government advocate for the State of [[Arunachal Pradesh]], standing counsel for the [[Assam State Electricity Board]] and [[Karbi Anglong district|Karbi Anglong]] Autonomous Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/justice-hrishikesh-roy-appointed-as-chief-justice-of-kerala-high-court-read-notification/|title=Justice Hrishikesh Roy Appointed As Chief Justice Of Kerala High Court|date=4 August 2018 |access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> He was designated as senior advocate of [[Gauhati High Court]] on 21 December 2004. Roy became an additional judge of Gauhati High Court on 12 October 2006 and permanent judge on 15 July 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghcitanagar.gov.in/Judges7.html|title=ITANAGAR PERMANENT BENCH|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> In his career he was the Executive Head of the Assam State Legal Services Authority and nominated as a member of the National Judicial Academic Council presided by the [[Chief Justice of India]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Chief justice of High Court==
On 29 May 2018, Roy was transferred from the Gauhati High Court to [[Kerala High Court]] as the acting chief justice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legaleraonline.com/news/justice-hrishikesh-roy-appointed-as-kerala-hc-acting-chief-justice|title=Justice Hrishikesh Roy Appointed As Kerala HC Acting Chief Justice|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> He became the permanent chief justice of the High Court on 8 August 2018 after the retirement of Justice [[Antony Dominic]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==Supreme Court of India ==
He was elevated to the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 23 September 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/hr.html|title=JUSTICE HRISHIKESH ROY|website=highcourtofkerala.nic.in|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/hrishikesh-roy-to-be-sworn-in-as-cj-on-aug-8/states/news/1310487.html|title=Hrishikesh Roy to be sworn in as CJ on Aug 8|access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/hrishikesh-roy-likely-to-be-kerala-cj/article24019198.ece|title=Hrishikesh Roy likely to be Kerala CJ|newspaper=The Hindu|date=28 May 2018 |access-date=25 November 2018}}</ref> and retired on 31 January 2025.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Hrishikesh}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Gangtok]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Amrit Gangar

2026-04-07T12:44:08Z

Coolblack5: started initial details first draft

{{short description|Indian film scholar}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}
{{fan POV|date=May 2019}}
{{third-party|date=May 2019}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=September 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox person|name = Amrit Gangar|image = Amrit Gangar.jpg|awards = 2007: University of Mumbai, a silver plaque for his contribution to the book ''Photobiography of the University of Mumbai''.

2007: A trophy from Naval Dockyard Mumbai for discovering and preserving the documentary film ''[[India's Struggle for National Shipping]]''.

2005: Taramati Visanji Award for contribution to art and culture.

2002: Cinematographers’ Combine honored him with a trophy (miniature Mitchel camera) for his writing and curatorial work for the cinema.

1989: The International Federation of Film Clubs honored him with a plaque in Germany for his persistent and imaginative work in the Indian film society movement.|caption = Amrit Gangar|occupation = Film scholar, historian, critic, curator and writer}}

'''Amrit Gangar''' is an Indian film scholar, historian, critic, curator and writer from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India.

He worked as consultant content developer for the National Museum of Indian Cinema set up by the National Council of Science Museums in Mumbai. He was actively involved with India’s film society movement and was secretary of Screen Unit, and Regional Secretary of Federation of Film Societies’<ref>{{Cite web|title = Film Societies: When Godard Rode the 17:05 Borivli Local {{!}} Experimenta|url = http://experimenta.in/?p=28|website = experimenta.in|date = 29 May 2011|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> Western Region. Curator of Experimenta<ref>{{Cite web|title = AMRIT GANGAR {{!}} Experimenta|url = http://experimenta.in/?page_id=519|website = experimenta.in|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> (first in [[Mumbai]] and now in Bangalore), Shai Heredia in an interview with Amrit Gangar, draws the history of Screen Unit and the film society movement in India over the years; he is credited to have been one of the pioneers in ushering in the serious film appreciation in Mumbai. He has also been holding film appreciation workshops all over Gujarat and at various educational and institutional spaces in India. Gangar has been working in the field of [[Film industry|cinema]] in various capacities for over three [[decade]]s.

[[File:Amrit Gangar - Kolkata 2016-06-23 5065.JPG|thumb|Gangar at Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute in [[Kolkata]], 2016.]]
He has been part of production and creative teams of numerous [[Feature film|feature]], [[documentary]], short films and video installations by artists from Europe and Scandinavia. For the past several years, he has been engaged with his new theoretical-philosophical concept ''Cinema of Prayoga'' or ''Cinema Prayoga''.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amrit Gangar explains the concept 'Cinema of Prayoga'|url = http://cocreatenow.org/2012/09/amrit-gangar-explains-the-concept-of-prayoga-cinema/|website = Co-create Now|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref>

== Cinema of Prayoga: A New Concept ==
Amrit Gangar has been responsible for coining, developing and theorizing his new theoretical concept of 'Cinema of Prayoga' or 'Cinema Prayoga'<ref>{{Cite web|title = Q & A: AMRIT GANGAR. PRAYOGA, POSSIBILITIES OF CINEMA, CONVERSATIONS AND CONTEMPLATIONS « desistfilm|url = http://desistfilm.com/q-a-amrit-gangar-prayoga-possibilities-of-cinema/|website = desistfilm.com|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> that aims at substituting and expanding the generally accepted [[Euro-American|Euro-American-centric]] term the '[[Experimental film|Experimental Film]]' while celebrating the cinematographic idiom deeply located in the [[polyphony]] of Indian philosophy and cultural imagination, including the perception of [[Time and space|'time' and 'space]]'. Since his first public presentation of 'Cinema of Prayoga' at the Experimenta, Mumbai in 2005, he has been presenting it at various venues and fora in [[India]] and abroad. Films by [[Amit Dutta]], [[Ashish Avikunthak]], [[Vipin Vijay]], Kabir Mohanty and Arghya Basu fall within the ambit of this concept.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-of-prayoga/article3483118.ece|title = Cinema of Prayoga|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2 June 2012|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Srikanth}}</ref>

==Authorship: Books – English, and other Indian languages (Original or Tr.)==
* Roopantar, adaptations from literature to cinema, Arunodaya Prakashan, Ahmedabad – in Gujarati, 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amrit-gangar-discusses-nuances-of-adapting-theatre-to-cinema-1333086|title=Amrit Gangar discusses nuances of adapting theatre to cinema {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2010-01-10|work=dna|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-amrit-gangar-discusses-nuances-of-adapting-theatre-to-cinema-1333086]
* [[Walter Kaufmann (composer)|Walter Kaufmann]]: The Music that Still Rings at Dawn, Every Dawn, Goethe Institute,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mumbai - Event Archive - Goethe-Institut|url = http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/mum/ver/acv.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&event_id=11649691|website = www.goethe.de|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> Mumbai, 2013.
* Cinema Vimarsh, [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]], [[Gandhinagar]] – in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 2012.
* Mumbai 24 x 7, essays on the city of Mumbai,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gurgaon International Film and Literature Festival giflif|url = http://giflif.wix.com/giflif#!amrit-gangar/c1l6w|website = Gurgaon International Film and Literature Festival giflif|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> Arunodaya Prakashan, [[Ahmedabad]] – in Gujarati, 2 011.
* Cinema. Culture. Capital. Context: India, Monfakira, Kolkata, 2010.
* Sohrab Modi: The Great Mughal of Historicals<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sohrab Modi: The Great Mughal of Historicals (The Legends of Indian Cinema)|url = http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/sohrab-modi-great-mughal-of-historicals-legends-of-indian-cinema-NAD976/|website = Exotic India|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> (in the series, the Legends of Indian Cinema), Wisdom Tree, New Delhi, 2008.
* Paul Zils and the Indian Documentary, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 2003.
* [[Satyajit Ray]] Ani Tyanche Chitrapat<ref>{{Cite web|title = November 2010|url = http://issuu.com/iab_archives/docs/iab_nov_2010/54|website = Issuu|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]), Lokvangmaya Griha, Mumbai, 2002. (Tr. from original English)
* [[Franz Osten]] and the [[Bombay Talkies]]: A Journey from Munich to Malad, 2001, Goethe Institute, Mumbai.
* seven Parichay Pustika (Introductory Booklets), Parichay Trust, Mumbai - in Gujarati (2000-2013)
# [[Bimal Roy]]
# [[Sohrab Modi]]
# Bharatiya Cinema ma Navo Juval (The New Wave in Indian Cinema)
# Yadgar Dastaveji Chitro (Memorable Documentary Films)
# Bharat na Uttam Balchitro (The Best of Indian Children’s Films)
# [[Charlie Chaplin]]
# Rashtriya Film Sangrahalaya (The [[National Film Archive of India]])
# [[National School of Drama]]
# Bharatiya Cinema ni Shatabdi (100 Years of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]])

==Editorship, Co-Editorship: Books – English, Gujarati, Danish (Tr.)==
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204145626/http://www.artquest.org.uk/articles/view/about-the-india-guide Art in India: A mighty river of the unique and the universal], ARTiT (Japan’s first bilingual art quarterly), special number on Indian contemporary art, co-ordination and co-editing with Johan Pijnappel, 2007.
# Jainism: Walking into Eternity, Eds.Birthe Molhave, Amrit Gangar, Kuntal Gangar and Kristian Molhave (Danish), 2001, Systime, Aarhus, Denmark.
# Indian Cinema: A Visual Voyage (with Virchand Dharamsey), 1998, Publication Division, New Delhi. (contd.)
# Edited the National Film Development Corporation’s monthly bulletin, 1995.
# The Rigour of Austerity: Robert Bresson and [[Luis Buñuel]], 1989, Federation of Film Societies of India, Mumbai. Ed.
# Andrei Tarkovsky: A Homage, 1987,<ref>{{Cite web|title = [ Nostalghia.com {{!}} Bibliographies :: Books ]|url = http://people.ucalgary.ca/~tstronds/nostalghia.com/TheBibliography/bookbib.html|website = people.ucalgary.ca|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> Screen Unit, Mumbai. Ed.
# Ritwik Ghatak: Arguments / Stories (with [[Ashish Rajadhyaksha]]), 1984, Screen Unit, Mumbai.
# Also published Ritwik Ghatak: A Return to the Epic, the first major book in English on Ritwik Ghatak by Ashish Rajadhyaksha on behalf of Screen Unit, Bombay,1982
# [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati Cinema]]: At 1982 (with Manilal Gala), Screen Unit, Mumbai.
# Edited the main and retrospective catalogues of the Mumbai International Festival for Documentary, Short and Animation Films from
1990 uptil1998, as also of the Children’s Film Festival of India, and of the National Film Development Corporation.

==Part of Publications==
# Unveiling Desire: Fallen Women in Literature, Culture, and Films of the East, Eds. Devaleena Das and Colette Morrow, Rutgers – Forthcoming
# The Unposted Letter, A collection of articles by and on Shri Goverdhan Panchal, an expert on Sanskrit Theatre, Architecture, Ed. Hasmukh Baradi, TMC, Ahmedabad, 2014.
# Kalaveethi, Eds. Ajaysingh Chouhan, et al., Pranav Prakashan, Ahmedabad, 2013.
# [[Ritwik Ghatak]]: A Return to the Epic, Ashish Rajadhyaksha, Screen Unit, Mumbai, 1982.
# Essays, Poems contributed to Books, Catalogues and Journals: English, Gujarati, Kachchhi, Marathi, Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, French, Spanish, Finnish, Danish, Norwegian, German, Swish, Swedish, Russian, Persian (Tr.) (Select)
# [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]: Poet of Celluloid, Federation of Film Societies of India, Kolkata, 2014.
# Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinema, Eds. K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake, Routledge, London, 2013.
# Moving Image Review & Art Journal (MIRAJ), London, Ed. Catherine Elwes, 2012.
# Swarnim Gujaratno Swapnadrashta: Veer Narmad, Ed. Jagdish Gurjar, [[Veer Narmad South Gujarat University]], Surat, 2011.
# The Chawls of Mumbai: Galleries of Life, Ed. Neera Adarkar, imprint One, New Delhi, 2011.
# Focus: Design & Informal Cities, Indian Architect and Builder, Mumbai, 2010.
# Revisioning Mumbai: Conceiving a Manifesto for Sustainable Development, Eds. Vimal Shah, Pankaj Joshi, The Asiatic Society, Mumbai, 2010.
# Asian Film Journeys, Eds. Rashmi Doraiswamy, Latika Padgaonkar, Wisdom Tree, New Delhi 2010.
# the kernel is a fact, Kabir Mohanty, Gallery SKE, Bangalore, 2010.
# Girls and Girlshood at Threshold of Youth & Gender, Ed. Vibhuti Patel, The Women Press, Delhi, 2009.
# INDIA: Cine de {{not a typo|autor}}, documental independiente y ideocreacion (1899-2008, La Casa Encendida, Madrid, 2008. (Spanish) .
# Espace Croise 1994–2006, cahier # 2, Roubaix, France, 2008. (French)
# Vishva na Yadgar Pravachano, Ed. Suresh Dalal, Mahesh Dave, Image Publications Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, Ahmedabad, 2008. (Gujarati)
# Masala: Bollywood – sa furnkar det, Ed.Katarina Przybtl, Ostasiatiska Museet, Stockholm, Sweden, 2008. (Swedish)
# India Express: Sacred and Popular, Eds. Erja Pusa, et al., Helsinki City Art Museum, Helsinki, Finland. (Finnish, Swedish, English)
# Song for an Ancient Land, Kabir Mohanty, Gallery SKE, Bangalore, 2006.
# Bollywood in Switzerland, Ed. Alexandra Schneider, The Museum of Design, Zurich, Switzerland, 2005. (German)
# The Best of Speaking Tree, Vols. 1 and 4, The Times of India, 2004, 2007.
# Enduring Legacy: Parsis of the 20th Century (in 4 parts), Ed. Nawaz B. Mody, K.R. Cama Oriental Institute, Mumbai 2005.
# The Best of Speaking Tree, Vol. 4, The Times of India, 2007.
# Ardhi Sadi ni Vachanyatra, Ed. Mahendra Meghani, Lok Milap Trust, Bhavnagar, 2006. (Gujarati)
# Film & Philosophy, Ed. K. Gopinathan, University of Calicut, 2003.
# International Film, an Iranian Film Quarterly, Ed.Houshang Golmakani Tehran, Iran, 2001.
# Frames of Mind: Reflections on Indian Cinema, Ed. Aruna Vasudev, ICCR, UBS, New Delhi, 1995.
# Bombay: Mosaic of Modern Culture, Eds. Alice Thorner and Sujata Patel, OUP, 1995.
# Bombay and Mumbai: The City in Transition, Eds. Sujata Patel and Jim Masselos, OUP, 2003.
# Indomania, Ed. Dominique Paini, Cinematheque Francais, Paris, 1996.(French)
# Figures, Facts, Feeling: A Direct Diasporic Dialogue, Parthiv Shah, 2000.
# Images of India in European Cinema, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 2000. (long essay)
# Germany in Upheaval: A Series of Documentary Films, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 1999 (long essay)
# DEFA: Documentary Films, Goethe Institute, Mumbai, 1998. (long essay).
# Voices of Emergency: An All India Anthology of Protest Poetry of the 1975-77 Emergency, Ed. John Oliver Perry, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1983.
# Essays and poems published in numerous other catalogues, journals and dailies (English, Gujarati, Malayalam, etc.) including the Cinemaya, Osian’s Cinemaya, Art India, Lensight, the journal of the Film & Television Institute of India, Danish Film Institute Journal, Farbas Trimasik, Etad, Tathapi, Pratyaksha, Sameepe, Mumbai Samachar, Janmabhoomi Pravasi, Nav Gujarat Times, etc.

==Conceptualization and Curatorship of Programs (Select): India and Abroad==
# Cinema of Prayoga, [[Kochi-Muziris Biennale]], 2014
# Film Programs, Tapi Festival, Surat, India, 2014.
# Kshaya of Akasa is also the Kshyaya of Chetana: Some Reflections on the shrinking of Sky in Cinema, Pondicherry, 2016.
# Cinema of Prayoga, Danish Film Institute, Copenhagen: Indian Film Program, March 2012 .
# Tribute to Mani Kaul, 12th Osian’s Cine-Fan Film Festival, 2012, New Delhi. For the first time the practitioners (camerapersons, soundpersons, editors and production persons) came together to discuss aesthetics and the philosophy of Mani Kaul’s cinematography.
# Hosted and curated (along with Neville Tuli) Deewar: Celebrating 100 Years of Cinematic Heritage of India, 12th Osian’s Cine-Fan Film Festival, 2012, New Delhi.
# Cinema of Prayoga, Conference at the Viswabharati University, Santiniketan, 2011.
# Chelsea College of Art & Design, University of the Arts London, Moving Image Art and Global Media Spectacle, June 2011.
# Centre Pompidou, Paris: Indian Experimental Films, June 2011.
# Saat Sarjak. Saat Samvad (Seven Creators. Seven Dialogues), a seven-month-long (monthly) program on Cinema of Prayoga, National Centre for the Performing Arts (NCPA), Mumbai, 2008.
# National Centre for the Performing Arts, Mumbai: Short Films about Sufism (2006).
# Arts Reverie, Ahmedabad: Fana’a, 2007 – Sufi Soul: A Bouquet of International Short Films; Sufi Films, Ahmedabad Art Festival, 2012 (shown at the National Institute of Design).
# Katha Centre for Film Studies, Mumbai: Curatorial Workshops-numerous.
# Katha Centre for Film Studies, Mumbai: Chalchitra Chawlchitra: Conceived and curated a program of films around Mumbai’s chawls.
# Bollywood Film Posters: Worked with the Norwegian Film Institute, Oslo, Norway in putting together hand painted billboards and writing a lead article for its exhibition, continuing from August 2007.
# INDIA: Bollywood and Living Gods: Worked with the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm, Sweden in putting together visual material pertaining to popular Hindi cinema within the exhibition (September 2007 – March 2008) concept.
# Cinema of Prayoga (the term he coined to substitute the Anglo-American Experimental or Avantgarde Film.) Tate Modern, London presented this program along with a seminar in which he also spoke, 2006.
# Devi Diva - Images of woman in Indian cinema, a short compilation of film excerpts, with Berenice Ellena, during an exhibition at Musee des Arts Asiatiques, Nice, France, 2006.
# Kali: A program of Indian cutting edge short films about Kali presented at Gallery Espace Croise, Roubaix, France. It was part of the bigger event about Mumbai / India in Lille, France, 2007.
# India Express: Presented an Indian film program in aesthetical context at the exhibition of Indian popular art at the Helsinki City Art Museum, Finland. Also helped organize a workshop by the Bollywood billboard painters during the exhibition.
# Bollywood in Switzerland: Presented a film program in historical context and helped the exhibition organized by the Museum of Design in Zurich, Switzerland, 2001.
# Dogma film program for the International Film Festival of Kerala in Trivandrum, Kerala.
# Experimenta 2005: First time presented his new theoretical concept of Cinema of Prayoga, at this first of its kind cutting edge film festival in Mumbai.
# Kala Ghoda Artfest: Curated film programs continuously for four years until 1998. Was commissioning editor for several short films on Kala Ghoda area made by different professional and amateur filmmakers, Mumbai, 1999.
# Mumbai International Film Festival of Documentary, Short & Animation Films (MIFF). Curated retrospective programs from 1990 until 1996.
# Curatorial Advisor, National Curatorial Program initiated by the India Foundation for the Arts and the Katha Centre for Film Studies, Mumbai.
# 125th Birth Anniversary of Charlie Chaplin and the Chaplin Town, Adipur, Kachchh, 2014.
# Five Devdas Films and One Novella, National Book Fair, Ahmedabad, 2014.
# Indian Cinema: One Hundred Years of Fortitude, Hyderabad Literary Festival, 2014.
# Indian Cinema: One Hundred Years of Fortitude, Whistling Woods International Film School, Mumbai, 2013.
# Indian Cinema: One Hundred Years of Fortitude, as part of the Key-Note Address, International Seminar on Cinema, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, 2013.
# Cinematographic Symbiosis: Germany and India, Excellence on Tour, DWIH, Kolkata, 2014, Ahmedabad 2013, Mumbai 2013.
# Cinematographic Symbiosis: Germany and India, Indo-German Chamber of Commerce, Mumbai 2013.
# Cinematographic Symbiosis: Germany and India, Max Mueller Bhavan, Mumbai, 2013.
# Cinema of Prayoga: Contemplating a Cinematographic Moment, York University, Toronto, Canada, 2013.
# Cinema of Prayoga, No Cultural Boundaries, York University and SAVAC, Toronto, Canada, 2013.
# The Moving Image Looped to be Mukt! – the Cinema of Prayoga conscience, the University of the Arts, London, 2011.

==Film Workshops in India and Elsewhere==
* Over the years, conducted film appreciation and film and literature related workshops in Surat, Palanpur, Bharuch, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Sadra, Bombay and other places.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Shakespeare- The Local Perceptions - Film Workshop By Amrit Gangar at Little Theatre, Nariman Point, Mumbai on 10 Jan, 2010 {{!}} Buy tickets online for Special Cinemas|url = http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/events/shakespeare-local-perceptions-film-workshop-amrit/id--162683.html|website = www.buzzintown.com|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160309025655/http://www.buzzintown.com/mumbai/events/shakespeare-local-perceptions-film-workshop-amrit/id--162683.html|archive-date = 2016-03-09|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Indian Aesthetics, Criticism and Theory, Community Engagement Courses, Workshops, Seminars and Lectures.|url = http://www.jp-india.org/jnanapravaha/resource-person-details.asp?sp=146|website = www.jp-india.org|accessdate = 2015-10-14|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022924/http://www.jp-india.org/jnanapravaha/resource-person-details.asp?sp=146|archive-date = 2016-03-04|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = GIFLIF 2015|url = https://filmfreeway.com/festival/GIFLIF|website = FilmFreeway|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref>
* Several other such workshops are underway. National seminar ‘Roopantar’ (Literature to Cinema) organized in Nadiad was the outcome of the ‘Roopantar’ series in the journal Pratyaksha. Delivered the key-note address at the Nadiad conference. Was invited to Asmita Parva-14 (14 – 18 April 2011) at Mahua by Morari Bapu to present a talk on film kala nu anubhavan with reference to cinematographic experience. The program was televised internationally on Astha channel.
Conducted several Indian film workshops in different gymnasiums (schools) and institutions in Denmark.

==Program Consultant==
* Goethe Institute, Max Mueller Bhavan, Mumbai.
* Cultural Centre of Russia,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Amrit Gangar|url = http://www.veethi.com/india-people/amrit_gangar-profile-6681-14.htm|website = veethi.com|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref> Mumbai.
* 2012: One of the active members of the organizing group on ‘Classic Incantations: The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performs A.R. Rahman,’ a massive musical that showcased over a hundred orchestral musicians from the German Film Orchestra Babelsberg and KM Music Conservatory, Chennai and travelled across five Indian metros. It was exclusively presented by Lapp Group; conceived and coordinated by Goethe Institute, Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mumbai - Event Archive - Goethe-Institut|url = http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/mum/ver/acv.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&event_id=6309157|website = www.goethe.de|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 2007: A trophy from Naval Dockyard Mumbai for discovering and preserving the documentary film “[http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-struggle-in-restoration/ India’s Struggle for National Shipping].”

==Film Festival Juries and Committees==

Nomination on several film festival juries and selection committees in India and abroad. Select list:<ref>{{Cite web|title = Cinema Prayoga-Amrit Gangar|url = https://pragyatiwari.wordpress.com/2009/06/11/cinema-prayoga-amrit-gangar/|website = Pragya Tiwari|date = 10 June 2009|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref>
* 2020 Jury member, [[16th Mumbai International Film Festival]]
* 2017 Chairperson, [[SiGNS Film Festival]], Kochi, Kerala.
* 2017 Selection, International Cinema, [[International Film Festival of Kerala|IFFK]], Trivandrum, Kerala
* 2017 Member, National, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association.
* 2014: [[Cinéma vérité|Cinema Verite]], Tehran, Iran.
* 2010: Chairperson, Int. Jury of the International Film Festival of Ahmedabad.
* 2009: Member, International Jury, Oberhausen Short Film Festival, Germany.
* 2008: Member National Jury, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association.
* 2007: Member, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association, National Jury.
* 2007: Member, International Jury, International Short Film Fest, Tehran, Iran.
* 2006: Chairperson, Int. Jury, International Short Film Fest, Tehran, Iran.
* 2005: Member, Indian Documentary Producers’ Association, National Jury.
* 2005: Member, International Jury, Three-Continent Film Festival
* 2008: Member, Advisory Committee, NCPA, Mumbai.
* 1990-1995: Various national committees of the Mumbai International Film Festival for Documentary, Short & Animation Films.
* 1989: Member, National Short Film Jury, National Film Festival, India.

==Academic - Lectures / Conferences==
* John Abraham Memorial Lecture, [[SiGNS Film Festival]], Kochi, Kerala.
* [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-of-prayoga/article3483118.ece Cinema of Prayoga:] The Rigour of Austerity, Junoon, Kitabkhana, Mumbai.
* Students’ Centre, Zagreb, Croatia – [http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-of-prayoga/article3483118.ece Cinema of Prayoga] and Indian Experimental Films.
* Royal College of Art, Copenhagen, Denmark; Yale University, New Haven, USA; Columbia University, New York, USA.
* Shri Rajmohan Gandhi’s Asia Plateau, Panchgani, Maharashtra – lectured on Indian cinema to students from various North American universities.
* Asmita Parva – 14, Mahua, Gujarat, a presentation on anubhāvan of cinema.
* Goethe Institute (Max Mueller Bhavan), Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kolkata - Archive - Goethe-Institut|url = http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/kol/ver/acv.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&event_id=12408766|website = www.goethe.de|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Mumbai - Event Calendar - Goethe-Institut|url = http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/en/mum/ver.cfm?fuseaction=events.detail&event_id=11380685|website = www.goethe.de|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref>
* University of the Arts London, June 2011.
Georges Pompidou Centre, Paris, June 2011
Kalabhavana, Santiniketan, August 2011.
* Several conferences and seminars in India and abroad, including in Australia, Sri Lanka, Iran, etc.

==Archiving / Databasing==
* Was responsible for discovering and restoring the historic and rare documentary India’s Struggle for National Shipping by Paul Zils
* Conceived, developed and set up a comprehensive easy-to-retrieve database of the Films Division’s library of documentary films, etc. from 1948 to 1993, about 9000 documentary, short and animation films (with Subhash Chheda).
<ref>{{Cite web|title = Archives for film » Co-create Now - for Indians and Danes who co-create and explore|url = http://cocreatenow.org/tag/film-2/|website = cocreatenow.org|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = A Struggle in Restoration|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-struggle-in-restoration/|website = The Indian Express|date = 2014-06-12|accessdate = 2015-10-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category|Amrit Gangar}}
* {{cite web |title=Goa Arts & Literary Festival |url=http://www.goaartlitfest.com/galf2014/speakers2014.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528073503/http://www.goaartlitfest.com/galf2014/speakers2014.php |archive-date=2015-05-28 }}
* {{cite news |title=The Hindu newspaper |newspaper=The Hindu |date=27 January 2014 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/a-carnival-sans-cash/article5623294.ece}}
* {{cite web |url=http://experimenta.in/?page_id=519 |title=AMRIT GANGAR |website=experimenta.in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gangar, Amrit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film critics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian curators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Joseph Shine v. Union of India

2026-03-24T13:58:20Z

Coolblack5: adding first entry and citations

{{Short description|2018 landmark case decriminalising adultery}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Joseph Shine v. Union of India
| court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
| date decided = September 27, 2018
| image = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India 2025.svg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| citations = AIR 2018 SC 4898; {{Abbr|WP|Writ Petition}} (Criminal) 194/2017
| ECLI =
| prior actions = Referred from a three-judge bench to a five-judge Constitution Bench
| subsequent_actions = Clarification on January 31, 2023, regarding applicability to Armed Forces
| opinions = Four concurring opinions; Section 497 IPC struck down as unconstitutional
| judges = Dipak Misra, R.F. Nariman, A.M. Khanwilkar, D.Y. Chandrachud, Indu Malhotra
| keywords = Adultery, Decriminalisation, Section 497 IPC, Gender Equality, Constitutional Law
}}

'''''Joseph Shine v. Union of India'''''., {{Abbr|AIR|All India Reporter}} 2018 SC 4898, was a landmark judgement by the [[Supreme Court of India]] that decriminalised [[Adultery law in India|adultery]] by stricking down the Section 497 of [[Indian Penal Code]]. The ruling is known for recognising principles of equality, individual rights and autonomy, and extending sexual privacy to the fundamental right to privacy.

The judgement was delivered unanimously by a five-judge [[Constitution bench (India)|constitution bench]] consisting of Justices [[Dipak Misra]], [[R. F. Nariman]], [[A. M. Khanwilkar]], [[D. Y. Chandrachud]], [[Indu Malhotra]] on September 27, 2018. The court further clarified its order in 2023 that it did not apply to the military personnel.

== Background ==
The core challenge in the case was the constitutional validity of the Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) which criminalised adultery for married men with a maximum sentence of up to five years. Women were exempted from the prosecution as well as married men who engaged in sexual intercourse with unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decriminalisation of Adultery |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/joseph-shine-v-union-of-india-decriminalisation-of-adultery-background/ |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Further, section 198(2) of [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|Criminal Procedure Code, 1973]] (CrPC) specified that only the aggrieved husband may file a complaint for the offence of adultery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2018-09-27 |title=Adultery no longer a criminal offence as SC scraps Section 497 of IPC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/adultery-not-a-criminal-offence-as-sc-strikes-down-section-497-of-ipc/article61529096.ece |access-date=2025-08-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>{{Quote box
| title = Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
| quote = '''497. Adultery —'''
Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe to be the wife of another man, without the consent or connivance of that man, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of the offence of adultery, and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. In such case the wife shall be punishable as an abettor.
| source =
| width = 40%
}}Joseph Shine, a [[Non resident Indian|non-resident Indian]] from Kerala, filed a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] under Article 32 of the Constitution challenging the constitutional validity of Section 497 IPC and Section 198(2) of the CrPC. The [[Government of India]] in its counter-[[affidavit]] opposed the challenge arguing to retain adultery as an offence to preserve the "sanctity of marriage."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2018-08-08 |title=Adultery Hearing: Marriage is a sacred institution, any intrusion should attract penal consequences: Pinky Anand |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/challenge-to-adultery-under-ipc-live-updates-from-supreme-court-day-3 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Judgement ==
The judgement was delivered on September 27, 2018, by a five-judge bench of Chief Justice Dipak Misra and Justices Rohinton Nariman, AM Khanwilkar, DY Chandrachud and Indu Malhotra. The bench held unanimously, in four concurring judgments, that the law was archaic, arbitrary and paternalistic, and infringed upon a woman's autonomy, dignity, and privacy. It struck down Section 497 of Indian Penal Code as well as Section 198(2) of the CrPC as unconstitutional, to the extent that it was applicable to Section 497.<ref name=":0" />

However, the Court clarified that adultery remains a valid ground for divorce under civil law. It further held that if an act of adultery results in the aggrieved spouse committing suicide, the adulterous partner may be prosecuted for abetment of suicide under Section 306 of the IPC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2018-09-27 |title=Breaking: Adultery no longer a Crime, Supreme Court strikes down Section 497 IPC |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/breaking-adultery-no-longer-crime-supreme-court-section-497-ipc-unconstitutional |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

CJI Misra wrote on behalf of himself and Justice Khanwilkar. Justices Nariman, Chandrachud and Malhotra wrote separate concurring opinions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewari |first=Anadi |date=2024-11-09 |title=20 important judgments passed by Justice DY Chandrachud as Supreme Court judge |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/litigation-columns/20-important-judgments-justice-dy-chandrachud-supreme-court |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

=== CJI Mishra and Justice Khanwilkar ===
The court rejected the government's objection to protect and preserve the sanctity of marriage noting:
{{Blockquote|text=The sanctity of marriage can be utterly destroyed by a married man having sexual intercourse with an unmarried woman or a widow, as has been seen hereinabove. Also, if the husband consents or connives at such sexual intercourse, the offence is not committed, thereby showing that it is not sanctity of marriage which is sought to be protected and preserved, but a proprietary right of a husband. Secondly, no deterrent effect has been shown to exist, or ever to have existed, which may be a legitimate consideration for a State enacting criminal law.}}

== Exception for military personnel ==
In 2023, the Supreme Court further clarified its order on how it applied to the military personnel. The Government of India argued that military personnel were a "distinct class" under Article 33 of the Indian Constitution and subject to their own specific laws such as [[Army Act, 1950]], for their conduct including adultery. The court upheld the government's stance allowing adultery to remain punishable for members of the armed forces.<ref name=":1" />

== Significance ==
The decriminalisation of adultery is considered a landmark ruling in the Indian constitutional law and gender jurisprudence, particularly in its treatment of women and gender equality.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-15 |title=Adultery in modern Indian law: From decriminalisation to civil relevance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Feb/15/adultery-in-modern-indian-law-from-decriminalisation-to-civil-relevance |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It recognised autonomous rights of women, viewing Section 497 as violative of Articles 14 and 21 of the Indian Constitution, and overruled precedents in ''Yusuf Abdul Aziz vs. State of Bombay (1954 SCR 930), Sowmithri Vishnu v. Union of India ((1985) Supp SCC 137) and Vishnu Revathi vs. Union of India ((1988) 2 SCC 72).''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Shine vs. Union of India |url=https://privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org/case/joseph-shine-vs-union-of-india |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=privacylibrary.ccgnlud.org}}</ref> The ruling further reinforced the right to privacy, including sexual privacy, and personal autonomy under Article 21, aligning with the court's earlier ruling in [[Puttaswamy v. Union of India|''K.S. Puttaswamy v Union of India'']] (2017), which recognised privacy as a fundamental right.

== See also ==

* [[Right to Privacy verdict]]
* [[List of landmark court decisions in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* Full text for ''Joseph Shine v. Union of India.'', AIR 2018 SC 4898, can be found at: [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/42184625/ India Kanoon]

{{SCI-cases}}

[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2018]]
[[Category:2018 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:Privacy in India]]
[[Category:Adultery in law]]

Farooq Ahmed Dar

2026-03-24T10:22:53Z

Coolblack5: enhance structure for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Kashmiri militant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Farooq Ahmed Dar
| alt = Bitta Karate
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Farooq Ahmed Dar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|01|01}}
| birth_place = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|J&K]], [[India]]
| other_names = ''Bitta Karate''
| years_active = 1990-date
| organization = [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]]
| known_for = Role in terrorism separatist activities during the [[Kashmir insurgency]] in 1990.
| criminal_charge = Violation of [[Public Safety Act]].
| criminal_penalty = ''Pending''
| criminal_status = Arrested and detained by NIA
| spouse = Assbah Arzoomand Khan
| mother = Fatima
}}

'''Farooq Ahmed Dar''' known by his [[nom de guerre]] '''Bitta Karate''', is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] separatist, militant and terrorist who currently serves as the chairman of the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (R) in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].

Dubbed as the "Butcher of Pandits," due to a confession interview<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Here's All About Bitta Karate, alleged as the 'Butcher of Kashmiri Pandits', Who Allegedly Killed 42 People but not in records |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/who-is-bitta-karate-butcher-of-kashmiri-pandits-565670.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref> Dar has admitted on camera to massacring multiple [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Hindu Pandits]] during the 1990 Kashmir insurgency leading up to the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]].<ref name="IT admitted">
{{Cite news |author=India Today Web Desk |title=When JKLF leader Bitta Karate admitted to brutally killing 20 Kashmiri Pandits |work=India Today |date=22 May 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bitta-karates-shocking-video-confession-when-the-jklf-leader-admitted-to-killing-20-kashmiri-pandits-978610-2017-05-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127021808/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bitta-karates-shocking-video-confession-when-the-jklf-leader-admitted-to-killing-20-kashmiri-pandits-978610-2017-05-22 |archive-date=27 November 2021}}
</ref><ref name="DNA back in Kashmir">
{{cite news |last=Hassan |first=Ishfaq-ul |title='Butcher of Pandits' back in Kashmir hometown |work=DNA India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-butcher-of-pandits-back-in-kashmir-hometown-1060576 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121121236/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-butcher-of-pandits-back-in-kashmir-hometown-1060576 |archive-date=21 January 2022}}
</ref>{{sfn|Pandita|2013|pp=66–67}}<ref>
{{cite AV media |title=Bitta Karate speaks: 1989 Rubaiya Sayeed's kidnap and the events in Kashmir thereafter. |publisher=WildFilmsIndia |via=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsDhlCBCD7Q |access-date=12 April 2022}}
</ref><ref name="IT NIA moves">
{{cite news |author=India Today Web Desk |title=India Today impact: NIA moves Hurriyat leaders 'Bitta Karate', 'Ghazi Baba' to unknown location for interrogation |work=India Today |date=25 May 2017 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bitta-karate-hurriyat-tapes-kashmiri-pandits-nia-jklf-979111-2017-05-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121122403/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bitta-karate-hurriyat-tapes-kashmiri-pandits-nia-jklf-979111-2017-05-25 |archive-date=21 January 2022}}
</ref> He was imprisoned from 1990 until 2006 under terrorism-related charges before being released on bail. He was arrested again in 2019 for [[terrorism financing|financing terrorism]].<ref name="TOI terror funding">
{{cite news |title=Separatist leaders arrested for terror funding accuse NIA of delaying case |work=The Times of India |date=13 March 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/separatist-leaders-arrested-for-terror-funding-accuse-nia-of-delaying-case/articleshow/68396415.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121123020/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/separatist-leaders-arrested-for-terror-funding-accuse-nia-of-delaying-case/articleshow/68396415.cms |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}
</ref>

==Early life==
Dar was born on 1 January 1973 in the Guru Bazar neighbourhood of the city of [[Srinagar]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]] into a [[Kashmiri Muslim]] family of the [[Dar (surname)|Dar]] clan. While "Bitta" was his [[Hypocorism|pet name]], he was given the suffix "Karate" because of his mastery in [[martial arts]]. Dar used to work for his [[family business]] until he left his home to become a militant in his early 20s. He became infamous during the militancy of the 1990s.<ref name=kashmirnewz.com>{{cite news |last=Hamid |first=Peerzada Arshad |title=The Verdict Violated |publisher=kashmirnewz.com |date=12 June 2006 |url=http://www.kashmirnewz.com/story12d01062006.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120071936/http://www.kashmirnewz.com/story12d01062006.html |archive-date=20 January 2022}}</ref>

==Terrorism==
In 1988, Farooq Ahmed Dar was taken across the [[Line of Control|LoC]] to [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] by the then [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]] chief commander [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani]] for armed training. Dar was [[blindfold]]ed and then taken to Pakistan-administered Kashmir along with other "trainees" where they received 32-day armed training.<ref name="IT Bitta Karate said">
{{citation |author=India Today Web Desk|title=Kashmir genocide: What Bitta Karate aka Farooq Ahmed Dar said 31 years ago |newspaper=India Today |date=16 March 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-genocide-bitta-karate-aka-farooq-ahmed-dar-the-kashmir-files-1925979-2022-03-16}}
</ref>{{additional citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Farooq Ahmad Dar operated as a militant of the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] and participated in the militant activities.<ref name="IT admitted"/>
He has admitted on camera to have killed over 20 Kashmiri Pandits.<ref name="IT admitted"/>{{sfn|Pandita|2013|pp=66–67}} His first victim was a young businessman, Satish Kumar Tickoo, whom Dar knew and often took a lift from. Tickoo was called out of his house and shot to be killed on 2 February 1990.{{sfn|Pandita|2013|pp=65–66}}<ref name="Hindu Down South">
{{cite news |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |title=A Cry For Kashmiri Pandits From Down South |newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 April 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-cry-for-kashmiri-pandits-from-down-south/article6305496.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121124607/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/a-cry-for-kashmiri-pandits-from-down-south/article6305496.ece |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}
</ref>
He apparently used to get orders (for execution) from [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani]] or other superiors in the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front|JKLF]].<ref name="IT Bitta Karate said"/>
According to Kashmiri Muslim sources in downtown Kashmir, Dar would walk armed on the streets of [[Srinagar]] in search of Kashmiri Pandits and on spotting, he would take out his pistol and shoot at them.<ref name="Caravan pathology">
{{cite news |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |title=The Pathology of Oversight |newspaper=The Caravan |date=13 February 2015 |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/farooq-ahmed-dar-bjp-politics-kashmir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121130758/https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/farooq-ahmed-dar-bjp-politics-kashmir |archive-date=21 January 2022 }}
</ref><ref name="Hindu Down South" /> He used [[pistol]]s to kill civilians and [[AK-47]] to attack and fire at [[Indian Security Forces]]. He admitted to killing at least 20 people in 1990 during the insurgency.<ref name="IT Bitta Karate said"/><ref name="IT admitted"/> According to the convener of [[Panun Kashmir]], he had admitted to killing 42 Kashmiri Pandits.<ref name="DNA back in Kashmir"/> Dar later claimed that he hadn't killed any Pandits and that the statement was made under duress.<ref name="IT NIA moves"/><ref name="IT Bitta Karate said"/>

===1990 arrest ===
Farooq Ahmed Dar, along with two of his associates, was arrested by [[Border Security Force]] on 22 June 1990 from [[Srinagar]]. He was arrested and [[Detention (imprisonment)|detained]] under the Public Safety Act and had 19 cases against him. He remained under detention for 16 years and was released on indefinite bail in October 2006. Dar was detained in various prisons across India. He served time in Kot Bhalwal Jail in [[Jammu]], District Jail in [[Kathua]], Central Jail in [[Jodhpur]], Central Jail in [[Agra]] etc.<ref name="DNA back in Kashmir"/><ref name=kashmirnewz.com/><ref name="Hindu Down South" /><ref name="Caravan pathology"/><ref name="oneindia warm reception">
{{cite news |title=Warm reception to Bitta Karate in Srinagar on his release |publisher=oneindia.com |date=27 October 2006 |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/27/warm-reception-to-bitta-karate-in-srinagar-on-his-release-1161948974.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121134131/https://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/27/warm-reception-to-bitta-karate-in-srinagar-on-his-release-1161948974.html |archive-date=21 January 2022}}
</ref>

===2006 indefinite bail and release===
On 23 October 2006, a court enforcing [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]] (TADA court) in [[Jammu]] granted bail to Dar and he was handed over to his family on 25 October 2006.<ref name="Caravan pathology"/><ref name="oneindia warm reception" /> He was initially granted bail for four months against a [[bail bond]] and personal surety of {{INRConvert|1|l|1|no|to=USD|year=2006}} each. Dar was released after spending 16 years in jail. His detention under the Public Safety Act was quashed by the [[Supreme Court of India]] before his release from jail. His release was condemned by several Kashmiri Pandit organizations. Dar got a warm reception from his supporters in Kashmir. Large number of supporters assembled at his house where flower petals and [[confetti]] was showered on him. Then, Dar was taken out in a procession to an [[Eidgah]] where prayers were offered.<ref name="DNA back in Kashmir"/><ref name="oneindia warm reception" />

While dictating the verdict, the TADA court judge, Justice Wani remarked:
{{Blockquote|The court is aware of the fact that the allegations against the accused are of serious nature and carry a punishment of death sentence or life imprisonment but the fact is that the prosecution has shown total disinterest in arguing the case.<ref name="Caravan pathology"/>}}

===2006-2019 political career===
Upon release from detention, Dar joined the [[Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]] (R) where he worked his way up to become its chairman.

===2019 arrest and detention in terror funding case===
The [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) arrested him again in 2019 on charges of [[Terrorism financing|terror funding]].<ref name="TOI terror funding"/> NIA has charged Dar, Sayeed Salahudeen, and others of "conspiring to wage war against the government" and fomenting trouble in the Kashmir Valley.<ref name="TOI terror funding"/> His co-accused is the [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]'s head [[Sayeed Salahudeen]].<ref name="TOI terror funding"/>

A Kashmiri pandit has called for the reopening of the trial against Dar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2022 |agency=PTI |title=Hearing in Bitta Karate case deferred |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/hearing-in-bitta-karate-case-deferred-386905 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=The Tribune India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Persecution of Hindus]]
* [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[2003 Nadimarg massacre|2003 Nadimarg massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[1998 Wandhama massacre|1998 Wandhama massacre of Kashmiri Hindus]]
* [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Kashmir intifada]]
* [[Terrorism in India]]
* [[Islamic terrorism#India|Islamic Terrorism in India]]
* [[Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism|Pakistani-sponsored terrorism in India]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last=Pandita |first=Rahul |date=2013 |title=Our Moon Has Blood Clots: The Exodus of the Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-390-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuY1glf2n0YC&pg=PT66}}

==External links==
* Manoj Raghuvanshi, [https://www.newslaundry.com/2017/05/29/bitta-karate-kashmir-jammu-kashmir-liberation-front Portrait of a Killer: An interview with Bitta Karate], Newstrack (via Newslaundry), 29 May 2017, original footage from 1990.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsugXE_1dt0&t=1189s JKLF Leader Bitta Karate Admits To Killing 20 Kashmiri Pandits], India Today (via YouTube), 23 May 2017.

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{Kashmir separatist movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dar, Farooq Ahmed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Srinagar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian criminals]]
[[Category:Kashmiri militants]]
[[Category:Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front]]

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan

2026-03-22T19:14:29Z

Coolblack5: small update structure for consistency and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
| awards = [[LEED]] India Platinum, GRIHA 5 Star
| address = 166, [[Jor Bagh metro station|Jor Bagh Road]], Block 17, [[Lodhi Colony]] [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] 110003, [[India]]
| construction_start_date = {{start date and age|January 25, 2011}}
| completion_date = {{start date and age|October 31, 2013}}
| inauguration_date = {{start date and age|February 28, 2014}}
| owner = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]
| cost = [[Indian rupee|INR]]209 [[Crore|Cr]]
| floor_area = 32,000 sq.m
| floor_count = G+7 (+3 basements floors)
| parking = 330 Cars
| references = <ref>{{Cite web|date=August 2018|title=Brochure - Indira Paryavaran Bhawan|url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Environment-Broucher1.pdf|website=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]}}</ref>
| building_type = Office
| elevator_count = 7
| architecture_firm = [[Central Public Works Department]]
}}

'''Indira Paryavaran Bhawan''' is [[India]]'s first [[Zero-energy building|on-site net-zero]] building located in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. The building houses the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)]] accommodating three ministers and their offices along with about 600 officials. The building, designed and constructed by the [[Central Public Works Department|Central Public Works Department (CPWD)]], was completed in 2013 at a cost of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 209 Crore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=11 September 2020|title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Brochure|url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Environment-Broucher1.pdf|website=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]}}</ref>

The inauguration of the building, 28 February 2014, was conducted by the then prime minister [[Manmohan Singh|Dr. Manmohan Singh]].<ref name=":0" /> The building is rated as a five-star [[GRIHA]] (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment) by [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|MNRE]] and [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design|LEED]] India Platinum by [[Indian Green Building Council]] (IGBC) rating. The building has its own solar power plant, sewage treatment facility, fully automatic robotic multi-level car parking system facility & puzzle parking facility, and [[Geothermal heat pump|geothermal heat exchange]] system.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Smriti Kak|date=25 August 2012|title=A green revolution in letter and in spirit|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/a-green-revolution-in-letter-and-in-spirit/article3820306.ece|access-date=15 June 2018}}</ref>

== Details ==
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan consists of two blocks within the premises connected through a corridor. Each block is a G+7 storey structure with 3 basements. The total floor area of the campus is 32,000 sq.metre. Each floor consists of office spaces, meeting rooms, conference rooms etc. The building consists of 7 elevators and a central atrium located in between the two blocks.<ref name=":0" />

Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is located in a composite climate zone, a mix of hot, dry, humid, and cold climatic conditions, and the design involves multiple active, passive, and renewable strategies to achieve [[Carbon neutrality|net zero]] goal.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} The building is divided into 5 sections: Vayu (Wind), Agni (Fire), Jal (Water), Prithvi (Earth), and Aakash (Space) depicting the 5 elements that all matters are composed of, as per Hinduism. Indira Paryavaran Bhawan is a set example that impinges on society's consciousness towards environmental awareness for adopting green building concepts in India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 2014|title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan|url=http://spaenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=1377&sublinkid=850&langid=1&mid=6|website=[[ENVIS Center on Human Settlement's]]|access-date=17 December 2020|archive-date=3 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203044226/https://spaenvis.nic.in/index2.aspx?slid=1377&sublinkid=850&langid=1&mid=6|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Union environment ministry is facing a challenge of a garden variety - bird droppings, soiling the courtyard of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan, which houses it, and is amongst the India's highest green-rated buildings. Individuals or organizations which will offer the best solution will be awarded an amount of ₹1 lakh.

== Design ==

=== Passive Design Strategies ===

==== Orientation ====
The orientation of the building is set towards north south direction, to accommodate natural daylight and air movement in the building, a central [[Atrium (architecture)|atrium]] and corridor provide cross ventilation within the building.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==== Landscaping and [[Horticulture]] ====
More than 50% of the area outside the building is covered with plantations, to conserve as many existing trees as possible, out of a total of 79 trees, only 19 trees are cut and 11 trees are transplanted. The pathways and circulation roads in the building are made with grass paver blocks for ground water percolation and ground water recharge. The 7th floor of building also consists of a [[terrace garden]].<ref name=":0" />

==== [[Daylighting (architecture)|Daylighting]] and [[Ventilation (architecture)|Ventilation]] ====
The building is designed to ensure daylight in more than 75% of the floor space and to reduce dependency on active lighting devices. The central atrium located between the two blocks allows natural movement of air due to stack effect. The provision of windows further enhances the process of cross ventilation.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==== Building Envelope and Fenestration ====
The building envelope construction comprises heavy weight construction. The external wall consists of 30 cm thick [[Autoclaved aerated concrete|Autoclave Aerated Concrete]] (AAC) block, 7 cm thick [[mineral wool]] insulation, 12 cm thick air gap and 12 cm thick 'Fal-G' [proprietary blend of [[fly ash]] (Fa), [[Limestone|lime]] (L) and [[gypsum]] (G)] block brick, and has a [[R-value (insulation)|U-value]] of .221 W/m2K. The external roof of the building consists of 2 cm thick clay tile, 6 cm thick cement mortar, 4 cm thick [[List of polyurethane applications|PUF insulation]], 6 cm thick [[brick bat coba]], 6 cm thick cement mortar,10 cm thick concrete. High reflectance terrace tiles are installed on the building roof for roof cool treatment - low heat ingress, high strength and hard wearing. Windows installed in the building with uPVC (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride) frame are hermetically sealed [[Double-glazed|double glazed]] with gas filling with a U-Value of 0.26 W/m2K and [[Solar gain|SHGC]] of 0.32 and aluminium frame.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buildings Guide: Services - Buildings Example: Indira Paryavaran Bhawan ∙ bigEE - Your guide to energy efficiency in buildings.|url=https://bigee.net/en/buildings/guide/services/examples/building/35/#construction|access-date=2020-12-17|website=bigee.net}}</ref>

==== Material and Construction technique ====
Fly ash bricks and heat-insulating Autoclave Aerated Concrete blocks along with fly ash-based mortar and plaster are used for walls. Low energy materials and locally available stones are utilized for flooring. Bamboo jute composite that is rapidly renewable is used for door frames and shutters. Low [[Volatile organic compound|VOC]] paints are used to improvise indoor air quality.<ref name=":0" />

=== Active Design Strategies ===

==== Lighting Design ====
Energy efficient lights are provided in the interior and exterior lighting system of the building. To maximize [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] in lighting, the artificial lighting in the building is regulated using a lux-level sensor. The lighting power density is kept close to 5 W/m2 which is 50% more efficient than the [[Energy Conservation Building Code|Energy Conservation Building Code 2007]] requirement (Lighting Power Density = 11 W/m2).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Case Study|url=https://nzeb.in/case-studies/nzebs-in-india/nzebs-in-india-case-studies-list/ipb-case-study/|access-date=2020-12-17|website=NZEB|language=en-US}}</ref> The lighting load is supplied by the [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) power plant]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Manmohan Singh at the dedication ceremony of the Indira Paryavaran Bhawan to the Nation, in New Delhi. The Union Minister for Petroleum & Natural Gas and Environment and Forests.jpg|thumb|329x329px|Manmohan Singh at the inauguration ceremony of Indira Paryavaran Bhawan in New Delhi.]]

==== Optimized [[Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning|HVAC]] System ====
The building is centrally air conditioned. Chilled beam system technology is used to meet 160 TR air conditioning load of the building. The process of air conditioning happens by convection currents rather than air supply by ducts. The chilled beams are used from second to sixth floor and this system has reduced energy utilization by up to 50% as compared to the conventional system. Integrated building management is utilized to control HVAC equipment and to monitor related systems. For energy efficiency, the room temperature is maintained at 26 ±1 °C.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Indira Paryavaran Bhawan - First On-site Zero Net Energy Building of India|url=https://www.nbmcw.com/tech-articles/case-studies/38475-indira-paryavaran-bhawan-first-on-site-zero-net-energy-building-of-india.html|access-date=2020-12-17|website=www.nbmcw.com|language=en-gb}}</ref>

=== [[Geothermal heat pump|Geothermal Heat Exchange]] System ===
To minimize the load on the HVAC system, a vertical closed loop system of geothermal heat exchange system is implemented. This is the first time it has been adopted on a large scale in a government building in India. The system takes advantage of the difference between the [[Room temperature|ambient temperature]] and the temperature below the ground level.<ref name=":2" />

The vertical closed loop system consists of 180 vertical bores all over the premises to a depth of 80 meters. A minimum distance of 3 meters between any two bores is retained. Every bore has a 32mm outer diameter HDPE pipe U-loop and is connected in the central air conditioning plant room to the condenser water pipe system. A single U-Loop with a heat rejection capacity of 0.9TR results in a heat rejection capacity of 160TR from 180 vertical bores, resulting in reduction of cooling tower load and subsequent reduction in water consumption.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

=== Renewable Energy Systems ===
A [[Building-integrated photovoltaics|building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) Power Plant]] has been installed on the entire roof surface of the building and court area. This clean and green renewable energy system has helped in meeting the energy demand of the building to achieve the target of net-zero energy.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Indira Paryavaran Bhawan Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Specifications<ref name=":0" />
|'''Parameter'''
|'''Quantity'''
|-
|Capacity of Power Generation
|930 kW Peak
|-
|Annual Energy Requirement
|14,00,000 Unit (kWh)
|-
|Annual Energy Generation
|14,00,000 Unit (kWh)
|-
|Net Energy Consumption
|ZERO
|-
|Total area
|6000 m2
|-
|Total area of Solar panels
|4600 m2
|-
|Type of Photovoltaic panel
|Mono Crystalline

20% efficiency
|-
|Number of panels
|2844
|-
|Nature of Power Generation
|Grid Interactive
|}

=== Robotic Car Parking ===
[[Automated parking system]] is used on all 3 levels of the basement. The first basement is designed for the lobby and puzzle parking system for car entry and exit. The second and third basement floors use robotic dolly parking systems. The capacity for the first basement is 49, the second basement is 126, and the third basement is 170.<ref name=":2" />

=== Water Management ===
The landscape and horticulture design of planting native species along with efficient irrigation systems are utilized leading up to 50% reduction in water requirement. The remaining water demand is met by recycling and reusing wastewater, and by implementation of rainwater harvesting systems. Additionally, low discharge and efficient water fixtures are installed including sensor urinals and dual flow cisterns.<ref name=":0" />

== Savings ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Conservation Scenario of Conventional Design vs Indira Paryavaran Bhawan<ref name=":0" />
!Annual Consumption
!Conventional Design
!Indira Paryavaran Bhawan
!Saving
|-
|Electricity
|22,00,000 kWh
|14,00,000 kWh
|40%
|-
|Water
|20,000 kL
|9,000 kL
|55%
|}

== Awards ==
The building has received the following awards.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web|date=25 February 2014|title=Prime Minister Inaugurates "Paryavaran Bhawan" Bhawan is India's First on Site Net Zero Building|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104214|access-date=23 May 2014|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month, Year !! Award
|-
| February 2013 || The Project received an award from Adarsh/GRIHA of MNRE for exemplary demonstration of Integration of Renewable Energy Technologies
|-
| January 2014 || The Project was accorded 5-Star Green Building Certification by GRIHA under MNRE
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|28.585|77.218|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Low-energy building]]
[[Category:Sustainable building]]
[[Category:Energy economics]]
[[Category:Environmental design]]
[[Category:Environment of India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Delhi]]
[[Category:Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]]

Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya

2026-03-22T03:15:51Z

Coolblack5: made a biography.

{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya
| image = Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya.jpg
| caption = Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya on 7 February 2026
| birth_date = 9 February 1953
| birth_place = Pakaridixit, East Champaran, Bihar, India<ref name="MyNeta"/>
| occupation = Politician, journalist, author, social activist
| party = [[Communist Party of India]]
| office = Member of Bihar State Secretariat
}}

'''Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya''' is an Indian politician, journalist, and author from Bihar.He is a senior leader of the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) and currently serves as a member of the Bihar State Secretariat.<ref name="TimesOfIndia_Rift">{{cite web
|title=CPI marks centenary amid internal rift
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cpi-marks-centenary-amid-internal-rift/articleshow/126312289.cms
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=7 March 2026
}}</ref><ref name="BhaskarEnglish_Mahagathbandhan">{{cite web
|title=4th Mahagathbandhan meeting in Patna today; CM face, seat-sharing likely to be finalised ahead of 2025 polls at Tejashwi’s residence
|url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/bihar/news/4th-mahagathbandhan-meeting-in-patna-today-cm-face-seat-sharing-likely-to-be-finalised-at-tejashwi-residence-135219884.html
|website=Bhaskar English
|access-date=7 March 2026
}}</ref><ref name="DainikBhaskar_Hindi">{{cite web
|title=CPI is running a mass movement with leftist, democratic and secular forces in the country: Ram Babu
|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bettiah/news/cpi-is-running-a-mass-movement-with-leftist-democratic-and-secular-forces-in-the-country-ram-babu-135333949.html
|website=Dainik Bhaskar
|language=hi
|access-date=7 March 2026
}}</ref> He also serves as a National Presidium member of the [[All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation]] (AIPSO).<ref name="AIPSO">{{cite web
|title=National Committee
|url=http://aipsowb.org/National-Committee.html
|website=All India Peace and Solidarity Organisation (AIPSO)
|access-date=7 March 2026
}}</ref>

Sankritya contested the 2015 [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from the Lauria constituency in [[West Champaran district]] as a CPI candidate.<ref name="MyNeta">{{cite web
|title=Ram Babu Kumar Sankritya, Lauria, Bihar 2015
|url=https://www.myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=2615
|website=MyNeta.info
|access-date=7 March 2026
}}</ref>
He has authored several books on politics, socialism, and globalization, including ''Bharat Kahan'', ''Asthirikaran vs Deshbhakti'', and ''Beyond Globalization''.<ref name="AnuugyaBooksAuthor">{{cite web
|title=Rambabu Kumar Sankritya / रामबाबू कुमार सांकृत्य – Author Profile
|url=https://anuugyabooks.com/bookauthor/rambabu-kumar-sankritya/
|website=Anuugya Books
|access-date=7 March 2026
}}</ref>

He is currently the editor of [[Janashakti]] Newspaper, a publication released by the Navchetan Samiti.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankritya, Ram Babu Kumar}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from East Champaran district]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]

Jeeva (director)

2026-03-18T00:32:58Z

Coolblack5: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jeeva
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1963|09|21}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thiruvarur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<ref name ="ff-bio" />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2007|06|26|1963|09|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
| occupation = [[Director of Photography]], [[Film director]], [[Screenwriter]]
| yearsactive = 1991–2007
| spouse = Anees Tanveer
| children = 2
}}

'''Jeeva''' (21 September 1963 – 26 June 2007) was an [[India]]n [[filmmaker]], [[cinematographer]] and [[film director]] in Tamil, Hindi and Malayalam-language cinema. He was an established cinematographer in the late 90s and early 2000s.

==Career==
Jeeva started his career assisting cinematographer [[P. C. Sreeram]] in the films such as ''[[Nayakan]]'', ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'', ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]'', ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]'', ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]'' and ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]''.<ref name=jeeva>{{cite web|author=Rajitha|title=My goal is to be different|url=http://rediff.co.in/movies/apr/04jeev.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=12 August 2012|archive-date=11 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311103200/http://www.rediff.com/movies/apr/04jeev.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> He became an independent cinematographer in [[Priyadarshan]]'s Malayalam film ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991) starring [[Mohanlal]] and went on to film over 20 films including his own directorials. He was director [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s usual cinematographer in his early films such as ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' (1994) and ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' (1996). Jeeva's work in Shankar's ''Kaadhalan'' fetched him the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer]]. He had also collaborated several times with director [[Priyadarshan]].

The four completed films he directed, namely ''[[12B]]'' (2001), ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' (Hindi version) (2004), ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' (2005) and ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' (2007), have become blockbusters (except for ''Run'').<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/article2272870.ece|title=Jeeva will live on…|date=29 June 2007|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> He died after suffering acute [[cardiac arrest]] in [[Russia]] on 26 June 2007 at the age of 43. At the time of his death, he was busy with the final schedule of his latest film, ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14480080|title=Breaking News!|website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628204913/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14480080|archive-date=28 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Jeeva was married to costume designer Anees Tanveer with whom he has two children.<ref name="ff-bio">{{Cite web |last=FilmyFocus |title=Jeeva : Biography, Age, Movies, Family, Photos, Latest News |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/jeeva-cinematographer |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=Filmy Focus |language=en}}</ref><ref name="spouse">{{Cite news |date=2008-05-04 |title=Stamping a Muthirai! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/stamping-a-muthirai/articleshow/3007758.cms |access-date=2024-10-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Death==
Jeeva died in [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], following a [[cardiac arrest]] while film shooting of ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Director-Jeeva-dead/article14783730.ece|title=Director Jeeva dead|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 June 2007|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As film director and cinematographer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year!! rowspan="2" | Film
! colspan="2" |Credited as !! rowspan="2" | Language !! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! style="width:60px;" |Director
! style="width:60px;" |Cinematographer
|-
| 1991
| ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Malayalam
|
|-
| 1993
| ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[The Gentleman (1994 film)|The Gentleman]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Kaadhalan]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Aasai]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1996
| ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Ullaasam]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Malayalam
|
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Zor (film)|Zor]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Khushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Snegithiye]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[12B]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|Also voiceover at end of film
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Yeh Teraa Ghar Yeh Meraa Ghar]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Run (2004 film)|Run]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Hindi
| Remake of the [[Run (2002 film)|2002 film]]
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Sachien]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Bhagam Bhag]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Hindi
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Tamil
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Raakilipattu]]'' || || {{yes}}
| Malayalam
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
| Tamil
| Posthumously released film
|-
|}

'''As Still Photographer '''
* ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995)

==Legacy==
Actors, cinematographers and directors such as [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]], [[Arjun Jena]], [[N. K. Ekambaram]], [[Gavemic U. Ary]], [[Jeeva Shankar]], [[Shakthi (cinematographer)|K. A. Shakthivel]], [[R. B. Gurudev]], and G. K. Manigandan had worked as assistant, associate directors and assistant cinematographers to him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1019477|name=Jeeva}}
* {{YouTube|Dbmae-J3TZQ|Watch his last interview}}

{{Jeeva (director)}}
{{Tamil Nadu State Film Award Best Cinematography}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jeeva}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]

Ratnesh Pandey

2026-03-06T15:56:36Z

Coolblack5: made new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox climber
| name = Ratnesh Pandey
| image = Ratnesh Pandey On The Top of The Mount Everest Peak .jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Pandey on mission to Mt. Everest
| full_name =
| birth_name = Ratnesh Pandey
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|05|12}}
| birth_place = [[Satna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| nationality = Indian {{flagicon|IND}}
| majorascents = [[Mount Everest]] (2016) [[Mount Damavand]] and [[Mount Sabalan]] (2016)<ref name="HT1">{{cite news|last1=Khushboo|first1=Joshi|title=Reaching heights: MP mountaineer scales highest mountains of Iran|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bhopal/reaching-heights-mp-mountaineer-scales-highest-mountains-of-iran/story-9IkFUo9iWIO1FfowhY4dUM.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=24 September 2016}}</ref> [[Mount Elbrus]] (2018)<ref name=MountElbrus/>
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Ratnesh Pandey''' (born 12 May 1985) is an Indian [[Mountaineering|mountaineer]], who climbed [[Mount Everest]] in 2016.

He also holds a [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for his motorbike stunts. He received the Khel Alankaran award by the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] in November 2016.

== Early life ==
Pandey is from [[Satna]], Madhya Pradesh, India. He is a [[Bachelor of Business Administration|BBA]] graduate.<ref>{{cite news|title=FATHER'S DAY: ये पिता बेटे को पहुंचाया 'शिखर' पर, खुद डूबा 'कर्ज' में|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/satna/father-s-day-the-father-son-piped-up-peak-the-self-dipped-kerch-in-1327757|publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]|language=Hindi}}</ref> He completed his basic and advanced mountaineering courses at [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].<ref name="patrika">{{cite news|last1=Tiwari|first1=Nitesh|title=मां से कहा- मरने नहीं कुछ करने जा रहा हूं और एवरेस्ट पर फहरा दिया तिरंगा|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/bhopal/ratnesh-pandey-scales-worlds-highest-peak-1327888|publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]|date=19 June 2016|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Pandey scaled Mount Everest on 21 May 2016,<ref name="hitvad">{{cite news|url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/5/25/Bhagwan-Singh,-Ratnesh-Pandey-unfurl-tricolour-on-Mount-Everest.aspx|title=Bhagwan Singh, Ratnesh Pandey unfurl tricolour on Mount Everest|date=25 May 2016|publisher=[[The Hitavada]]|archive-date=15 December 2018|access-date=14 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215221940/http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2016/5/25/Bhagwan-Singh,-Ratnesh-Pandey-unfurl-tricolour-on-Mount-Everest.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Two Madhya Pradesh mountaineers scale Everest|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mountaineering/two-madhya-pradesh-mountaineers-scale-everest|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=25 May 2016}}</ref> where he recited the national anthem of India, [[Jana Gana Mana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Ratnesh sets record by singing national anthem on Everest|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/ratnesh-sets-record-by-singing-national-anthem-on-everest.html|publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]]|date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

In September 2016, Pandey climbed [[Mount Damavand]], [[Iran]]'s highest mountain and [[Mount Sabalan]], its third-highest mountain, in a mountaineering expedition organized by the [[International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation]].<ref name="HT1"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Suresh|title=सतना के रत्नेश ने ईरान की सबसे ऊंची चोटी में फहराया तिरंगा, 18000 फिट तय की दूरी|url=https://www.patrika.com/news/satna/satna-ratnesh-pandey-iran-s-highest-peak-sbalan-1421787|publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]]|date=16 October 2016|language=Hindi}}</ref>

In April 2015, Pandey succeeded in climbing 22,000 feet of Mount Everest, but could not make it to the top of Everest due to [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|an earthquake]], which caused an avalanche and the death of 21 climbers.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Gopal|last2=Wilkes|first2=Tommy|title=Paying Wang ultimate price on Everest|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/paying-the-ultimate-price-on-everest-2025951|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)]]|date=25 May 2016}}</ref> Pandey was trapped on the mountain after the earthquake; later he was rescued.<ref>{{cite news |title=एवेरेस्ट पर फंसा सतना का रत्नेश |url=http://epaper.patrika.com/c/5129439 |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=27 April 2015 |location=Satna |language=Hindi |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042231/http://epaper.patrika.com/c/5129439 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=सुरक्षित नीचे उतारा गया रत्नेश को |url=http://epaper.patrika.com/c/5129401 |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=28 April 2015 |location=Satna |language=Hindi |archive-date=15 October 2018 |access-date=14 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015042155/http://epaper.patrika.com/c/5129401 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He set the Guinness World Record for the longest continuous ride standing on the seat of a motorcycle, by covering over 32.3 kilometers on a bike in a standing position.<ref name="gwr">{{cite news|title=Longest continuous ride standing on the seat of a motorcycle|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-continuous-ride-standing-on-the-seat-of-a-motorcycle|accessdate=14 October 2018|publisher=[[Guinness World Records|Guinnessworldrecords.com]]}}</ref> However, it was reported that the record was broken by members of the [[Indian Army]] in September 2016, but it is still{{when|date=August 2021}} registered in the name of Pandey in the official Guinness World Records.<ref name="gwr" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Army personnel set two new world records in motorcycle riding|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110916/indian-army-personnel-set-two-new-world-records-in-motorcycle-riding.html|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=11 September 2016}}</ref>

In August 2018, Pandey climbed [[Mount Elbrus]] (18,511 ft) twice, and hoisted the [[flag of India]] and the flag of [[Directorate Sports and Youth Welfare|Sports and Youth Welfare Department of Madhya Pradesh]] on the eastern and western peaks.<ref name=MountElbrus>{{cite news |title=Bhopal: Mountaineer Ratnesh Panday scales Mount of Elbrus |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-mountaineer-ratnesh-panday-scales-mount-of-elbrus/1339547 |publisher=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=21 August 2018}}</ref>

He, along with [[Nihal Sarkar]], represented India in the [[UIAA Climbing World Cup|UIAA Ice Climbing World Cup]] 2017, held in Italy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Suresh |title=ICE क्लाइम्बिंग वर्ल्ड चैंपियनशिप में पहली बार भाग लेगी इंडियन टीम |url=https://www.patrika.com/satna-news/first-time-in-hstory-indian-team-participate-on-world-ice-climbing-championship-in-switzerland-1476321/ |publisher=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* In November 2016, Pandey received the ''Khel Alankaran'' award from the Government of Madhya<ref name="dp">{{cite news|title=CM honours sportspersons with 'Shikhar Khel Alankaran samman'|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/cm-honours-sportspersons-with-shikhar-khel-alankaran-samman.html|publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]]|date=11 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=सिंधु की मौजूदगी में उत्कृष्ट खिलाड़ियों को शिखर खेल अलंकरण|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-pinnacle-sports-ornamentation-outstanding-players-in-the-presence-of-the-indus-848223|agency=[[Dainik Jagran]]|publisher=Nai Duniya|date=10 November 2016|language=Hindi}}</ref>
* He is a Brand ambassador of Satna Smart City, Government of Madhya Pradesh, and is associated with government schools and colleges in the state, with a focus on sports education.<ref name="HT1"/>
* In April 2017, he was appointed as Brand ambassador of [[Ambubachi Mela]] by the [[Assam Tourism Development Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news|title=राज्यपाल से मिला असम पयर्टन विभाग का दल|url=http://upgovernor.gov.in/upgovernor.gov.in/Press%20Note/2017-05-24%20Hindi%20Press%20Note.pdf|publisher=upgovernor.gov.in|date=24 May 2017|language=Hindi}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Biography|India|Sports}}
* [[Mountaineering in India]]
*[[Indian summiters of Mount Everest - Year wise]]
*[[List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records of India]]
*[[List of Mount Everest records]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://ratneshpandey.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.ted.com/tedx/events/23705 Ratnesh Pandey] at [[TED (Conference)]]
* [http://new.joshtalks.com/2018/02/26/everest-jana-gana-mana-pride-goosebumps-ratnesh-pandey-motivation/ This Brave Man Who Sang Jana Gana Mana On Mt. Everest Will Give You Goosebumps!] at [[Josh Talks]]
{{Indian mountaineers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandey, Ratnesh}}

[[Category:Indian summiteers of Mount Everest]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:People from Satna]]

Sri Lanka women's cricket team in India in 2025–26

2026-03-06T00:06:14Z

Coolblack5:

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Sri Lanka women's cricket team in India in 2025–26
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
| team2_name = Sri Lanka
| from_date = 21
| to_date = 30 December 2025
| team1_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| team2_captain = [[Chamari Athapaththu]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 5
| team1_twenty20s_won = 5
| team2_twenty20s_won = 0
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Shafali Verma]] (241)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Hasini Perera]] (165)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Shree Charani]] (5) [[Deepti Sharma]] (5) [[Vaishnavi Sharma]] (5)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] (5)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind)
}}

The [[Sri Lanka women's national cricket team|Sri Lanka women's cricket team]] toured India in December 2025 to play the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/india-turn-attention-to-t20-world-cup-with-sri-lanka-series |title=India turn attention to T20 World Cup with Sri Lanka series |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/india-to-host-sri-lanka-for-five-match-women-t20i-series-from-dec-21-to-30-9714523 |title=India To Host Sri Lanka For Five-Match Women T20I Series From December 21 To 30 |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> The tour consisted of five [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-sri-lanka-for-five-women-s-t20is-in-december-1513532 |title=India to host Sri Lanka for five women's T20Is in December |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> In November 2025, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2025–26 home international season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/eNtINYge |title=Schedule for IDFC First Bank T20I series against Sri Lanka Women announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

The first two matches were played at the [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]] in [[Visakhapatnam]] while the final three matches were played at the [[Greenfield International Stadium]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/136701/vizag-trivandrum-to-host-indias-t20i-series-against-sri-lanka |title=Vizag, Trivandrum to host India's T20I series against Sri Lanka |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |title=India’s squad for IDFC First Bank T20I series against Sri Lanka Women announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/D6Gyme9K |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=9 December 2025}}</ref>
!{{crw|SL}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka announce squad for T20I series against India |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/sri-lanka-announce-squad-for-t20i-series-against-india |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=16 December 2025}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shree Charani]]
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Kranti Gaud]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Gunalan Kamalini]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Amanjot Kaur]]
* [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]]
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Vaishnavi Sharma]]
* [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]
* [[Shafali Verma]]
|
* [[Chamari Athapaththu]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kavisha Dilhari]]
* [[Imesha Dulani]]
* [[Shashini Gimhani]]
* [[Vishmi Gunaratne]]
* [[Kawya Kavindi]]
* [[Malki Madara]]
* [[Nimasha Meepage]]
* [[Kaushini Nuthyangana]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Hasini Perera]]
* [[Inoka Ranaweera]]
* [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]]
* [[Rashmika Sewwandi]]
* [[Malsha Shehani]]
* [[Nilakshi de Silva]]
|}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 121/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vishmi Gunaratne]] 39 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 1/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 122/2 (14.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 69[[not out|*]] (44)
| wickets2 = [[Inoka Ranaweera]] 1/17 (3.4 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513735.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vaishnavi Sharma]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 December 2025 |title=IND-W vs SL-W: Vaishnavi Sharma makes T20I debut during India vs Sri Lanka series opener |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/vaishnavi-sharma-makes-debut-india-vs-sri-lanka-women-t20i-visakhapatnam/article70422823.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind) played in her 350th international match.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 December 2025 |title=Harmanpreet Kaur creates history, becomes first Indian to achieve massive international milestone |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/harmanpreet-kaur-creates-history-becomes-first-indian-to-achieve-massive-international-milestone-2025-12-21-1022732 |work=India TV News}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind) scored her 4,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=21 December 2025 |title=Smriti Mandhana becomes first Indian to score 4000 runs in women’s T20Is |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/smriti-mandhana-becomes-first-indian-to-score-4000-runs-women-t20is-india-vs-sri-lanka/article70423458.ece |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 128/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harshitha Samarawickrama]] 33 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Shree Charani]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 129/3 (11.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 69[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] 1/15 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513736.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shafali Verma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 112/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Imesha Dulani]] 27 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 4/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 115/2 (13.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 79[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] 2/18 (3 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513737.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nimasha Meepage]] (SL) made her T20I debut.
* This was the first [[List of women's Twenty20 International cricket grounds|women's T20I to be played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2025/11/28/thiruvananthapuram-to-host-india-vs-sri-lanka-womens-t20i-matches-december.html |title=After two years, Kerala to host international cricket; TVM venue for three Women’s T20Is |work=Onmanorama |access-date=24 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) took her 150th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-t20i-deepti-sharma-150-wickets-stats-records-news/article70440668.ece |title=IND vs SL, 3rd W-T20I: Deepti Sharma becomes the second bowler to take 150 T20I wickets |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref>
}}

===4th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 221/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 80 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Malsha Shehani]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| score2 = 191/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] 52 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Vaishnavi Sharma]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 30 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513738.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = Ankita Guha (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Chamari Athapaththu]] (SL) played in her 150th T20I match.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chamari Athapaththu scripts history, becomes first Sri Lankan women's player to play 150 T20Is |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/chamari-athapaththu-scripts-history-becomes-first-sri-lankan-womens-player-to-play-150-t20is/ |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind) scored her 10,000th run in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smriti Mandhana becomes second Indian to complete 10,000 runs in women's internationals |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/smriti-mandhana-10000-runs-in-international-cricket-record-mithali-raj-odi-t20-test-stats/article70446564.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/smriti-mandhana-becomes-the-fourth-woman-to-10-000-international-runs-1517415 |title=Mandhana becomes fourth woman to 10,000 international runs |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Shafali Verma]] and Smriti Mandhana's 162-run partnership was the highest for any wicket for India in women's T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |title=IND-W vs SL-W: Smriti, Shafali record highest partnership for India in T20Is |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/highest-partnership-record-women-t20is-india-smriti-mandhana-shafali-ind-sl/article70446948.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
* This was India's highest total in women's T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |title=India highest totals in Women’s T20I: IND-W scores 221 against SL-W |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-women-highest-score-t20is-221-runs-record-ind-w-vs-sl-w-4th-t20i/article70446867.ece |website=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=28 December 2025}}</ref>
}}

===5th T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 December 2025
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|SL}}
| score1 = 175/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 68 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Kavisha Dilhari]] 2/11 (2 overs)
| score2 = 160/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hasini Perera]] 65 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Arundhati Reddy]] 1/16 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 15 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1513739.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Greenfield International Stadium]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] (Ind)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Gunalan Kamalini]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.
* [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) became the leading wicket-taker in women's T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137087/deepti-sharma-becomes-the-highest-wicket-taker-in-wt20is |title=Deepti Sharma becomes the highest wicket taker in WT20Is |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-deepti-sharma-becomes-leading-wicket-taker-in-t20is-1517586 |title=Stats - Deepti Sharma becomes leading wicket-taker in T20Is |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/sri-lanka-women-in-india-2025-26-1513733 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International women's cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2025–26}}

[[Category:2025 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in Sri Lankan cricket]]
[[Category:2025 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2025–26]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:Sri Lanka women's national cricket team tours]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan cricket tours of India]]

Pukkoya Thangal

2026-03-05T18:28:43Z

Coolblack5: made new stub.

{{short description|Indian community leader and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Sayyid]]
| name = P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Thangal (Ahmad al-Shihabuddin Ba Alawi)
| image = P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Tangal.jpg
| caption = P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Thangal
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1913
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1975|||1913||}}
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| website =
| occupation = * Muslim spiritual or community leader
* Islamic scholar
* Politician<ref name="Miller 2015" />
}}

'''Sayyid Ahmad al-Shihabuddin Ba Alawi''', or '''P. M. S. A. Pukkoya Thangal''',<ref name="Miller 2015" /> of the [[Pukkoya family of Panakkad|Pukkoya family]] of [[Panakkad]], South [[Malabar District|Malabar]], was an Indian [[sayyid]] ([[thangal]]) community leader and [[Indian Union Muslim League]] politician from [[Kerala]].<ref name="Miller 2015" /> He was born in 1913 as the son of Sayyid Husain Shihabudden al-Hussaini Ba Alavi. He served as the Kerala State President, [[Indian Union Muslim League]] and the Vice President of [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present)|Samastha Kerala Jem'iyyat al-'Ulama']] (the body of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi'i]] scholars in Kerala).<ref name="Miller 1991" />

Sayyid Ahmad Al-Shihabuddin was born in the [[Yemen]]i-Hadhrami origin Pukkoya family which originates from the family al-Shihabuddin, one of houses of the Ba Alawi clan who are descendants from [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn bin Ali]], the grandson of [[Prophet Muhammad]].<ref name="Miller 2015" />

Pukkoya Thangal was succeeded by his eldest son [[Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal|Syed Muhammed Ali Shihab Thangal]] (1936–2009).<ref name="Miller 2015" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="Miller 1991">{{cite book
| last = Miller
| first = Roland E.
| author-link = Roland E. Miller
| title = The Encyclopedia of Islam
| volume = VI
| chapter = Mappila
| publisher = E. J. Brill
| location = Leiden
| year = 1991
| isbn = 9004081127
| url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopedia-of-islam-volume-6/page/460/mode/2up
| access-date = 16 November 2024
| pages = 460
}}</ref>
<ref name="Miller 2015">{{cite book
| last = Miller
| first = Roland E.
| author-link = Roland E. Miller
| title = Mappila Muslim Culture: How a Historic Muslim Community in India Has Blended Tradition and Modernity
| publisher = State University of New York Press
| series = SUNY series in Religious Studies
| year = 2015
| isbn = 978-1-4384-5602-7
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XjSzCAAAQBAJ
| access-date = 16 November 2024
| pages = 115, 268–9
}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pukkoya Thangal, P. M. S. A.}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Politicians from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]
[[Category:Ba' Alawi Tribe]]

Puttur mandal

2026-03-05T13:18:47Z

Coolblack5:

{{Short description|Mandal in Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Puttur mandal
| population_demonym =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes =
| governing_body =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.45|N|79.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| parts =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati revenue division|Tirupati]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| footnotes =
}}

'''Puttur mandal''' is one of the 36 [[Mandal|mandals]] in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It has its headquarters at [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] town and is part of [[Tirupati revenue division]].

== History ==
The mandal was a part of [[Chittoor district]] and was made part of the newly formed [[Tirupati district]] on 4 April 2022 as part of district reorganisation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sasidhar |first=B. M. |date=2022-04-04 |title=Chittoor, Tirupati, Annamayya districts formed as part of rejig |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/chittoor-tirupati-annamayya-districts-formed-as-part-of-rejig-736459 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. d |date=2022-03-25 |title=Andhra Pradesh: ‘White’ version brings bumper yield to gingelly farmer |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/white-version-brings-bumper-yield-to-gingelly-farmer/article65258999.ece |access-date=2022-04-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Pradeep |date=2022-04-01 |title=Kuppam, Nagari, Srikalahasti to become revenue divisions |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/kuppam-nagari-srikalahasti-to-become-revenue-divisions-736000 |access-date=2022-04-07 |website=The Hans India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Tirupati district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Panchaali

2026-03-04T05:01:47Z

Coolblack5: made biography.

{{short description|1959 film by Muktha Srinivasan}}
{{other uses of|Panchali}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Panchaali
| image = Panchaali poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Muktha Srinivasan]]
| producer = M. A. Thyagarajan
| writer = Naga Shanmugam
| starring = [[R. S. Manohar]] [[Devika]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography =
| editing = V. Rajagopal
| studio = M. A. V. Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1959|10|31|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Panchaali''''' is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by [[Muktha Srinivasan]], produced by M. A. Thyagarajan,<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=10 January 2015 |title=Blast from the Past – Panchaali 1959 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-column-panchaali-1959/article6775334.ece |access-date=2017-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102010528/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/blast-from-the-past-column-panchaali-1959/article6775334.ece |archive-date=2 January 2017}}</ref> and written by Naga Shanmugam with the music composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. It stars [[R. S. Manohar]] and [[Devika]], with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[L. Vijayalakshmi]], [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]], T. K. Ramachandran and Lakshmi Prabha in supporting roles.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2022}}
During the Panchayat elections held in the village Ponnaruvi, the Ayurveda specialist doctor, Dr. Natarajan defeats Anandan, the son of Kalyani Ammal. This causes Anandan and his mother, Kalyani to hate the kindhearted doctor. Apart from Anandan, Kalyani takes care of her other child, Gomathi and her nephew, Raghavan, whom she raises as her own child.

After returning from Madras, where he went to study medicine, Raghavan wins over the villagers with his medical expertise and helping hand. Oblivious to Kalyani's plans to get him married to Gomathi, he falls in love with Dr. Natarajan's daughter Panchaali. The rest of the film is about Raghavan discovering Anandan's misdemeanors as a servant in disguise. Complications arise when Anandan decides to murder his enemies.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[R. S. Manohar]]
* [[Devika]]
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
* [[L. Vijayalakshmi]]
* Lakshmi Prabha
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]
* T. K. Ramachandran
* S. Rama Rao
* K. K. Soundar
* S. S. Srinivasan
* "Karadi" Muthu
* R. Pakkirisamy
* Chandra
* E. R. Shanthakumari
* M. S. Thamizharasi
* M. Natarajan
* Stunt P. Krishnan
{{div col end}}

== Reception ==
[[Randor Guy]] stated that the film did well at the box office, despite the predictable storyline.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=177 |language=Tamil}}</ref> The song "Oru Murai Paarthalae Podhum" is tuned in the raga [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Oru Murai Paarthalae Podhum" || A. L. Raghavan || rowspan=6|[[A. Maruthakasi]]|| 03:23
|-
| "Azhagu Vilayaada Amaidhi Uravaada" || [[A. L. Raghavan]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 03:41
|-
| "Andhi Neram, Aathangarai Oram" || rowspan=2|K. Jamuna Rani ||
|-
| "Illaadha Pazhakkam Idhu" ||
|-
| "Maa Manakkudhu Thaen Manakkudhu" || Sirkazhi Govindarajan & Thiruchi Loganathan ||
|-
| "Ilavu Kaatha Kili Thaano" || rowspan=2|P. Susheela ||
|-
| "Anbu Ullam Venum" || rowspan=2|[[Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthy]]||
|-
| "Namma Naattu Vaithiyathai" || S. C. Krishnan & Thiruchi Loganathan ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Muktha Srinivasan}}

[[Category:1959 Indian films]]
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1959 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Muktha Srinivasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Jail (2009 film)

2026-03-03T11:53:29Z

Coolblack5: brief correct citations for consistency and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jail
| image = Jail Movie Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]
| producer = Shailendra Singh Madhur Bhandarkar
| writer = Madhur Bhandarkar [[Anuraadha Tewari]] [[Manoj Tyagi]] Raghuvir Shekhawat
| starring = [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] [[Mugdha Godse]] [[Manoj Bajpayee]] [[Arya Babbar]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sharib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]] [[Shamir Tandon]] '''Background Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]]
| cinematography = Kalpesh Bhandarkar
| editing = Devendra Murdeshwar
| studio = [[Percept Picture Company]] Bhandakar Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|11|06}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = ₹10 crores<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Jail Box Office Collection
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jail/box-office/
|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]
|access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jail''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[prison film]] written and directed by [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]. The film stars [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]], [[Mugdha Godse]], [[Manoj Bajpayee]] and [[Aarya Babbar|Arya Babbar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2009-11-06 |title=Jail Review 3/5 {{!}} Jail Movie Review {{!}} Jail 2009 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jail/critic-review/jail-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-15 |title=Jail |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Nov/02/jail-100432.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It was released on 6 November 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2021-11-06 |title=Madhur Bhandarkar-Neil Nitin Mukesh's Jail completes 12 years |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2021/Nov/06/madhur-bhandarkar-neil-nitin-mukeshs-jail-completes-12-years-27681.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Parag Dixit lives happily with his girlfriend Mansi. His life takes a turn when he is falsely implicated in a drug case. His friend Keshav Rathod is responsible for his misfortune. Parag is arrested in Bandra for firing at a police officer and for possession of narcotics. His associate Keshav Rathod is gravely injured and hospitalized in critical condition.

Parag is housed in an overcrowded barrack, having barely any room to move. He is tortured mentally by the jail but eventually adjusts to his new situation. Mansi retains Advocate Harish Bhatia to represent him in a preliminary hearing, but the judge denies him bail. At the jail, Parag meets many people, both convicted and awaiting trial, including:

* Abdul Ghani - awaiting trial for [[murder]]
* Kabir Malik - a convict working for Bababhai
* Galib Suratwala
* Nawab - a prisoner who also works in the jail
* Joe D'Souza - accused of hit and run
* Baba Bhai - an underworld don who conducts criminal activities from a special room and bribes police

Parag reappears in court after a charge sheet is filed. Due to the offence's seriousness and fear of tampering with evidence, he is denied bail. Months later, Keshav dies in hospital. Parag befriends Nawab, who is sympathetic towards him. Ghani becomes Baba Bhai's henchman and is released on bail. He learns that his wife has married another man and proceeds to take his own life.

Galib escapes from jail by bribing police. Joe gets bail and celebrates by donating his clothes. An angry Parag beats him up. As punishment, Parag is sent to solitary confinement. He is released after 10 days on the request of Nawab. With the help of Kabir, he is allowed to go to the hospital to meet Mansi and his mother. Nawab scolds Parag and tells him to stay away from gangsters, as they demand a lot in return. Nawab opens up about how his little brother, under the influence of a gangster, was involved in a murder case, and Nawab had no choice but to kill his brother as well as the gangster.

Two years later, Parag is convicted and sentenced to ten years of imprisonment, of which two years he has served. He therefore has eight years left. Having no faith in himself and the system, Parag contemplates suicide. Parag asks Kabir to ask Baba Bhai to get him out of jail. He agrees to do anything in return. A routine transfer to another jail is happening. With the help of Baba Bhai, Parag is transferred to Nasik Jail.

During the transfer, a corrupt officer places Parag in Kabir's transport. Kabir and his gangster cause an accident and escape, but Parag stays back. Nawab is informed of the events by Jailor Arvind Joshi and is happy for Parag. In Kolhapur Jail, Parag tries to find hope in his life and circumstances. Six months later, Mansi hires a new lawyer who proves Parag's innocence. Parag is accquited. Sometime later, he and Mansi visit Nawab in jail.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|*[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] as Parag Dixit
*[[Mugdha Godse]] as Mansi Pandit
*[[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Nawab
*[[Arya Babbar]] as Kabir Mallik
*[[Rahul Singh (actor)|Rahul Singh]] as Abdul Ghani
*[[Navni Parihar]] as Alka Dixit, Parag's mother
*Sandeep Mehta as [[Advocate]] Harish Bhatia
*Ashok Samarth as DCP Nagesh Patil
*[[Chetan Pandit]] as Jailer Arvind Joshi
*[[Naseer Abdullah]] as High Court Judge
*[[Atul Kulkarni]] as Parag's second lawyer
*Jignesh Joshi as Keshav Rathod
*Ali Quli Mirza as Joe D' Souza
*Manish Mehta as Galib Suratwala
*Parvez Khan as Bababhai
*[[Sayali Bhagat]] as item dancer in the song "Bareily Ke Bazaar Mein" (special appearance)}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = '''Jail'''
| artist = Shamir Tandon, [[Toshi Sabri]]
| type = soundtrack
| border = yes
| released = {{Start date|2009|10|5}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=36|s=15}}
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Super Cassettes Industries|T-Series]]
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Shamir Tandon]] and [[Shaarib Sabri|Shaarib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]], with lyrics written by Toshi Sabri, [[A. M. Turaz]], [[Sandeep Nath]], and Ajay K. Garg.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2009-11-06 |title=Jail Music Review - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jail/songs/music-critic-review/ |access-date=2025-02-01 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 36:15
| title1 = Sainya Ve
| length1 = 3:06
| lyrics1 = Toshi Sabri
| music1 = [[Sharib Sabri|Sharib]]-[[Toshi Sabri|Toshi]]
| extra1 = [[Toshi Sabri]]
| title2 = Milke Yun Lagaa
| length2 = 3:19
| lyrics2 = [[A. M. Turaz]]
| music2 = Sharib-Toshi
| extra2 = Sharib Sabri
| title3 = Bareily Ke Bazaar Mein
| length3 = 2:04
| lyrics3 = [[Sandeep Nath]]
| music3 = [[Shamir Tandon]]
| extra3 = [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| title4 = Daata Sun Le
| length4 = 3:07
| lyrics4 = Ajay K. Garg
| music4 = Shamir Tandon
| extra4 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1245774|Jail}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5OYl4Dj2jS4 ''Jail'' on YouTube]

{{Madhur Bhandarkar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jail (Film)}}
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Madhur Bhandarkar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sharib-Toshi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shamir Tandon]]

List of Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry

2026-03-02T18:55:48Z

Coolblack5:

{{Short description|Members of the Upper House of Parliament from Puducherry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{multiple image
|background color = #F7E8E8
|align = right
|caption_align = center
|direction = vertical
|width = 200
|image1 = New Rajya Sabha chamber in the New Parliament building.jpg
|caption1 = '''Rajya Sabha''' (Council of States)
}}
[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]] (Council of States) from [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] are not directly elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of the state but by the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|members]] of the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. Candidates who win the Rajya Sabha elections are called "[[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Parliament]]" and hold their seats for six years. The house meets in the Rajya Sabha Chamber of the [[Sansad Bhavan]] in [[New Delhi]] on matters relating to the creation of new laws or removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India. Elections take place to elect one member from Puducherry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2017-here-is-how-members-are-elected-to-upper-house-1734558|title=Rajya Sabha Election 2017: Here Is How Members Are Elected To Upper House|date=7 August 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 April 2025|archive-date=19 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219125449/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-election-2017-here-is-how-members-are-elected-to-upper-house-1734558|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Current member==
Source: Digital Sansad<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sansad.in/rs/members|title=List of Members|date=19 May 2025|work=[[National Informatics Centre]]|access-date=25 May 2025|archive-date=29 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529091102/https://sansad.in/rs/members|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Alliance
!colspan=2|Date of
!rowspan=2|Total Term
|-
!Appointment
!Retirement
|-
!1
|'''[[S. Selvaganapathy|S. Selvaganabathy]]'''
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|7 October 2021
|6 October 2027
|1
|}

==Chronological list of all members==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
!colspan=2|Date of
!rowspan=2|Total Term
!rowspan=2|Vacation Date/Reason
|-
!Appointment
!Retirement
|-
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|[[S. Selvaganapathy|S. Selvaganabathy]]
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|[[BJP]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|7 October 2021
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|6 October 2027
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|1
|style="background:#DBD7D2;"|''Incumbent''
|-
|[[N Gokulakrishnan|N. Gokulakrishnan]]
|[[AIADMK]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|7 October 2015
|6 October 2021
|1
|Retirement
|-
|P. Kannan
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|7 October 2009
|6 October 2015
|1
|Retirement
|-
|[[V. Narayanasamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|7 October 2003
|6 October 2009
|3
|Elected to [[Lok Sabha|LS]] on 16 May 2009
|-
|[[C. P. Thirunavukkarasu]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|7 October 1997
|6 October 2003
|1
|Retirement
|-
|[[V. Narayanasamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|5 August 1991
|4 August 1997
|2
|Retirement
|-
|[[V. Narayanasamy]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|5 August 1985
|4 August 1991
|1
|Retirement
|-
|[[V. P. M. Samy]]
|[[AIADMK]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|28 July 1977
|27 July 1983
|1
|Retirement
|-
|S. Sivaprakasam
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|7 August 1969
|6 August 1975
|1
|Retirement
|-
|P. Abraham
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|7 August 1963
|6 August 1969
|1
|Retirement
|}

==See also==
*[[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha]]
*[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090621155536/http://rajyasabha.nic.in/faq/freaq.htm Rajya Sabha FAQ page hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419110344/http://www.rajyasabha.nic.in/whoswho/hindiwhoswho.htm Nominated members list]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419165814/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/StatewiseList.asp State wise list]

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Members of Parliament from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of India]]
[[Category:Members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Members of the Rajya Sabha by state or union territory]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry-related lists]]

West Indies women's cricket team in India in 2024–25

2026-02-27T20:55:02Z

Coolblack5: Made a data w/ refs

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = West Indies women's cricket team in India in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = WestIndiesCricketFlagPre1999.svg
| team2_name = West Indies
| from_date = 15
| to_date = 27 December 2024
| team1_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]{{efn|[[Smriti Mandhana]] captained India in the 2nd and 3rd T20Is.}}
| team2_captain = [[Hayley Matthews]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 2
| team2_twenty20s_won = 1
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (193)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Hayley Matthews]] (108)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Radha Yadav]] (6)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Deandra Dottin]] (4)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 3
| team2_ODIs_won = 0
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Harleen Deol]] (160)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hayley Matthews]] (106)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] (10)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Zaida James]] (6)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] (Ind)
}}

The [[West Indies women's cricket team]] toured India in December 2024 to play the [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132409/india-women-to-host-west-indies-ireland-in-december-january |title=India Women to host West Indies, Ireland in December-January |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/sports/story/cricket-india-women-schedule-series-west-indies-ireland-2632966-2024-11-13 |title=India Women's schedule for home series against West Indies, Ireland announced |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The tour consisted of three [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) and three [[Women's Twenty20 International|Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Women's Future Tours Programme |url=https://images.icc-cricket.com/image/upload/prd/momiku5h9eyqzp5tohdb.pdf |access-date=9 November 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=4 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/cricket/india-womens-team-to-host-west-indies-ireland-in-bilateral-series-as-bcci-announces-schedule-9119472.html |title=India Women's Team To Host West Indies, Ireland In Bilateral Series As BCCI Announces Schedule |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024 |work=News18}}</ref> The ODI series formed part of the [[2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-women-to-host-west-indies-and-ireland-in-december-january-1459493 |title=India women to host West Indies and Ireland in December, January |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/fixtures-announced-for-india-women-s-home-series-against-west-indies-and-ireland |title=Fixtures announced for India Women's home series against West Indies and Ireland |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}</ref> In November 2024, [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/PTGxtcDB |title=Team India (Senior Women) Fixtures for IDFC FIRST Bank Home Series against West Indies and Ireland announced |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=13 November 2024 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-women-cricket-team-bcci-odi-series-schedule-west-indies-ireland-fixtures-date-harmanpreet-kaur-news/article68864517.ece |title=BCCI announces schedule for India women’s series against West Indies, Ireland |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>

India won the first T20I by 49 runs with the help of half-centuries from [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (73) and [[Smriti Mandhana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-in-india-2024-25-1459886/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-1st-t20i-1459891/match-report |title=Rodrigues, Sadhu hand India big win on belter |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132780/rodrigues-mandhana-set-up-indias-comfortable-win |title=Rodrigues, Mandhana set up India's comfortable win |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> West Indies won the second T20I by 9 wickets with a match winning knock from [[Hayley Matthews]] (85) and levelled the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132816/hayley-matthews-assault-helps-west-indies-level-series |title=Hayley Matthews assault helps West Indies level series |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-in-india-2024-25-1459886/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-2nd-t20i-1459892/match-report |title=Dottin, Matthews make easy work of India in series-levelling win |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> The hosts scored their highest total in women's T20Is (217) and won the third and last T20I by 60 runs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-wi-3rd-women-s-t20i-india-s-record-night-smriti-mandhana-s-record-year-1465940 |title=India's record night, Mandhana's record year |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> with [[Smriti Mandhana]]'s match winning half century (77) and [[Richa Ghosh]]'s joint-fastest (18 ball) half century (54) and won the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132847/mandhana-ghosh-power-india-to-series-win |title=Mandhana, Ghosh power India to series win |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-in-india-2024-25-1459886/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-3rd-t20i-1459893/match-report |title=Mandhana, Ghosh star as India seal series in style |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

The hosts won the first ODI by 211 runs with the [[Smriti Mandhana]]'s 91 run match winning innings and a maiden fifer of [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] (5-29).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132869/smriti-mandhana-renuka-singh-lead-rout-to-put-india-1-0-up |title=Smriti Mandhana, Renuka Singh lead rout to put India 1-0 up |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> From the West Indies side [[Zaida James]] took her first fifer in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/west-indies-zaida-james-breaks-ellyse-perrys-long-standing-record-12222024-1734870306724 |title=West Indies’ Zaida James breaks Ellyse Perry’s long-standing record |work=Cricket.com |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> This was India's second biggest win, in terms of runs, in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/icc-womens-championship/news/india-claim-their-second-biggest-win-in-women-s-odis-with-a-dominant-show |title=India claim their second-biggest win in women's ODIs with a dominant show |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> In the second ODI India recorded their joint-highest total in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-highest-wodi-score-stats-records-2nd-odi-vs-west-indies-women-ind-w-wi-w/article69022786.ece |title=India registers its joint-highest total in WODIs |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> Despite a century by [[Hayley Matthews]] (106), India won the second game by 115 runs, with [[Harleen Deol]] playing a magnificent innings of 115 off 103 and [[Pratika Rawal]]'s 76 off 86.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-harleen-deol-century-pratika-9743018/lite/ |title=IND vs WI: Harleen Deol’s hits maiden ton, Pratika Rawal impresses as India clinch series with big win |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/harleen-deol-s-maiden-century-pratika-rawal-s-all-round-show-lead-india-to-odi-series-win-against-west-indies-2024-12-24-967780 |title=Harleen Deol's maiden century, Pratika Rawal's all-round show lead India to ODI series win against West Indies |work=[[India TV]] |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/harleen-deol-pratika-rawal-shine-as-india-seal-odi-series-101735060209806.html |title=Harleen Deol, Pratika Rawal shine as India seal ODI series |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=26 December 2024}}</ref> India won the third and last ODI by 5 wickets and swept the series 3–0, with the [[Deepti Sharma]]'s all-round performance. She took a six-wicket haul (6-31) and scored unbeaten 39 off 48.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-in-india-2024-25-1459886/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-3rd-odi-1459896/match-report |title=Deepti's all-round heroics hand India series sweep |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132912/deeptis-all-round-show-helps-india-complete-3-0-sweep |title=Deepti's all-round show helps India complete 3-0 sweep |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto"
|-
!colspan="2" |{{crw|IND}}
!{{crw|WIN}}
|-
!ODIs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/T5XK2exz |title=India’s squad for IDFC First Bank T20I & ODI series against West Indies announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>
!T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/icc-womens-championship/news/india-announce-women-s-t20i-and-odi-squads-for-west-indies-clash |title=India announce women's T20I and ODI squads for West Indies clash |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>
!ODIs & T20Is<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/CWI-ANNOUNCES-WOMENS-SQUAD-FOR-MULTI-FORMAT-SERIES-IN-INDIA/ |title=CWI announces women's squad for multi-format series in India |work=[[Cricket West Indies]] |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Uma Chetry]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Harleen Deol]]
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tejal Hasabnis]]
* [[Tanuja Kanwar]]
* [[Minnu Mani]]
* [[Priya Mishra]]
* [[Pratika Rawal]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Titas Sadhu]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Saima Thakor]]
* [[Renuka Singh Thakur]]
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Raghvi Bist]]
* [[Uma Chetry]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Nandini Kashyap]]
* [[Minnu Mani]]
* [[Priya Mishra]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Titas Sadhu]]
* [[Sajeevan Sajana]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Saima Thakor]]
* [[Renuka Singh Thakur]]
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|
* [[Hayley Matthews]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Shemaine Campbelle]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Aaliyah Alleyne]]
* [[Shamilia Connell]]
* [[Nerissa Crafton]]
* [[Deandra Dottin]]
* [[Afy Fletcher]]
* [[Shabika Gajnabi]]
* [[Chinelle Henry]]
* [[Zaida James]]
* [[Qiana Joseph]]
* [[Mandy Mangru]]
* [[Ashmini Munisar]]
* [[Karishma Ramharack]]
* [[Rashada Williams]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 December 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|WIN}}
| score1 = 195/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 73 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Karishma Ramharack]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 146/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deandra Dottin]] 55 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Titas Sadhu]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 49 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459891.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and [[Eloise Sheridan]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Saima Thakor]] (Ind) made her T20I debut.
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 December 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|WIN}}
| score1 = 159/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 62 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Deandra Dottin]] 2/14 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/1 (15.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 85[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Saima Thakor]] 1/28 (3 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459892.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Kaushik Gandhi]] (Ind) and Mohit Krishnadas (Ind)
| motm = [[Hayley Matthews]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Raghvi Bist]] (Ind) and [[Nerissa Crafton]] (WI) both made their T20I debuts.
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 December 2024
| time = 19:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|WIN}}
| score1 = 217/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 77 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 43 (16)
| wickets2 = [[Radha Yadav]] 4/29 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 60 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459893.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = Mohit Krishnadas (Ind) and [[Eloise Sheridan]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Richa Ghosh]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was India's highest total in women's T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-women-record-highest-t20i-score-west-indies-ind-wi-smriti-mandhana/article69005765.ece |title=IND vs WI: India records its highest score in WT20Is |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Richa Ghosh]] (Ind) scored the joint-fastest fifty in women's T20Is (off 18 balls).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/richa-ghosh-fastest-half-century-record-india-vs-west-indies-9734959/|title=IND vs WI: Richa Ghosh smashes 18-ball half century to equal all-time record; India score their highest total in women’s T20Is|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 December 2024
| time = 13:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|WIN}}
| score1 = 314/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 91 (102)
| wickets1 = [[Zaida James]] 5/45 (8 overs)
| score2 = 103 (26.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Afy Fletcher]] 24[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] 5/29 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 211 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459894.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Eloise Sheridan]] (Aus) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm = [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Pratika Rawal]] (Ind) made her ODI debut.
* This was the first [[Women's One Day International|women's ODI]] match to be [[List of women's One Day International cricket grounds|played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/kotambi-set-for-historic-first-international-cricket-match/articleshow/115309192.cms |title=Kotambi gears up to host 1st int’l match |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-1st-odi-kotambi-stadium-vadodara-new-venue-international-debut-match-news/article69013334.ece |title=Vadodara welcomes international cricket with new stadium |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
* [[Zaida James]] (WI) and [[Renuka Singh Thakur]] (Ind) both took their first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/sports/cricket/zaida-james-scalps-maiden-five-wicket-haul-in-one-day-internationals-achieves-feat-during-ind-w-vs-wi-w-1st-odi-2024-6510539.html |title=Zaida James Scalps Maiden Five-Wicket Haul in One-Day Internationals |work=Latest LY |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/west-indies-tour-of-india-2024/58777-renuka-singh-thakur-produces-maiden-fifer-to-rattle-windies-in-indias-211-run-opening-odi-win.html |title=Renuka Singh Thakur produces maiden fifer to rattle Windies in India’s 211-run opening ODI win |work=Female Cricket |access-date=22 December 2024}}</ref>
* Women's Championship points: India 2, West Indies 0.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 December 2024
| time = 13:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|WIN}}
| score1 = 358/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harleen Deol]] 115 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Qiana Joseph]] 1/27 (2 overs)
| score2 = 243 (46.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hayley Matthews]] 106 (109)
| wickets2 = [[Priya Mishra]] 3/49 (9.2 overs)
| result = India won by 115 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459895.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm = [[Harleen Deol]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Nerissa Crafton]] (WI) made her ODI debut.
* [[Harleen Deol]] (Ind) scored her first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/harleen-deol-slams-maiden-odi-ton-against-west-indies-as-india-equal-their-highest-ever-total/articleshow/116632297.cms |title=Harleen Deol slams maiden ODI ton against West Indies as India equal their highest-ever total |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/womens-cricket/harleen-deol-first-international-hundred-india-women-2nd-odi-vs-west-indies-stats-records/article69022751.ece |title=IND-W vs WI-W, 2nd ODI: Harleen Deol scores maiden international hundred |work=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref>
* Women's Championship points: India 2, West Indies 0.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 December 2024
| time = 09:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 162 (38.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chinelle Henry]] 61 (72)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 6/31 (10 overs)
| score2 = 167/5 (28.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 39[[not out|*]] (48)
| wickets2 = [[Deandra Dottin]] 1/27 (5 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1459896.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Baroda Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Vadodara]]
| umpires = [[Eloise Sheridan]] (Aus) and Kannur Swaroopanand (Ind)
| motm = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Tanuja Kanwar]] (Ind) made her ODI debut.
* Women's Championship points: India 2, West Indies 0.
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-in-india-2024-25-1459886 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{West Indies women's cricket team}}
{{International cricket in 2024–25}}
{{2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship}}
{{International women's cricket tours of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Indies women's cricket team in India in 2024-25}}
[[Category:2024 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in West Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:West Indies women's cricket team tours]]
[[Category:2022–25 ICC Women's Championship]]

1987 in India

2026-02-26T11:38:19Z

Coolblack5: content update

{{short description|none}} 
{{dynamic list}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Year in India|1987}}

Events in the year '''1987 in the Republic of India'''.

==Incumbents==
* [[President of India]] – [[Zail Singh]] until 25 July, [[R. Venkataraman]]
* [[Prime Minister of India]] – [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
* [[Vice President of India]] – [[R. Venkataraman]] until 24 July, [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]
* [[Chief Justice of India]] – [[Raghunandan Swarup Pathak]]

===Governors===
* [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]] – [[Kumud Ben Joshi]]
* [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Arunachal Pradesh]] –
** 20 February-18 March: [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
** starting 18 March: [[R. D. Pradhan]]
* [[List of governors of Assam|Assam]] – [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Bihar|Bihar]] – [[P. Venkatasubbaiah]]
* [[List of governors of Goa|Goa]] – [[Gopal Singh (politician)|Gopal Singh]] (starting 30 May)
* [[List of governors of Gujarat|Gujarat]] – [[R. K. Trivedi|Ram Krishna Trivedi]]
* [[List of governors of Haryana|Haryana]] – [[S. M. H. Burney|Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney]]
* [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] – [[Rustom K. S. Ghandhi|R. K. S. Ghandhi]]
* [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Jammu and Kashmir]] – [[Jagmohan Malhotra]]
* [[List of governors of Karnataka|Karnataka]] – [[Ashoknath Banerji]] (until 26 February), [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]] (starting 26 February)
* [[List of governors of Kerala|Kerala]] – [[P. Ramachandran]]
* [[List of governors of Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]] –
** until 30 November: [[K.M. Chandy (politician)|K.M Chandy]]
** 30 November-29 December: [[Narayan Dutta Ojha]]
** starting 29 December: [[K.M. Chandy (politician)|K.M Chandy]]
* [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]] – [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] (until 3 September), vacant thereafter (starting 3 September)
* [[List of governors of Manipur|Manipur]] – [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
* [[List of governors of Meghalaya|Meghalaya]] – [[Bhishma Narain Singh]]
* [[List of governors of Mizoram|Mizoram]] – [[Hiteswar Saikia]]
* [[List of governors of Nagaland|Nagaland]] – [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
* [[List of governors of Odisha|Odisha]] – [[Bishambhar Nath Pande]]
* [[List of governors of Punjab, India|Punjab]] – [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
* [[List of governors of Rajasthan|Rajasthan]] – [[Vasantdada Patil]] (until 15 October), vacant thereafter (starting 15 October)
* [[List of governors of Sikkim|Sikkim]] – [[T.V. Rajeswar]]
* [[List of governors of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]] – [[Sundar Lal Khurana]]
* [[List of governors of Tripura|Tripura]] – [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
* [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] – [[Mohammed Usman Arif]]
* [[List of governors of West Bengal|West Bengal]] – [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan]]

==Events==
* National income - {{INR}}3,618,647 million

=== January - June ===
* January – Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction set up and became operational with effect from May reflecting concerns related to Industrial Sickness and republic day
* 17 January - [[Rajiv Gandhi]] laid the foundation stone for [[Indian Naval Academy]] at [[Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)|Ezhimala, Kannur.]]
* 4 February - The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language bill passed in [[Goa, Daman and Diu|Goa, Daman and Diu legislative assembly]] bringing an end to [[Konkani language agitation]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=M. |date=1987-01-15 |title=Goa pushed into a vortex of linguistic violence over Konkani language row |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19870115-goa-pushed-into-a-vortex-of-linguistic-violence-over-konkani-language-row-799806-1987-01-14 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Karthik |date=2017-08-05 |title=Konkani vs Marathi: Language battles in golden Goa |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/yO371luBUKFCjhQouRcBCK/Konkani-vs-Marathi-Language-battles-in-golden-Goa.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* 7 March - [[Sunil Gavaskar]] becomes the first man to score 10,000 runs in [[Test cricket]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=March 7, 1987: Sunil Gavaskar becomes 1st batsman to score 10,000 Test runs in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/on-this-day-in-1987-sunil-gavaskar-becomes-1st-player-to-score-10000-test-runs-1776580-2021-03-07 |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* 19 March - [[1987 Opera House heist]]
* 23 March - Controversial [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] held.
* March – [[Magnetic ink character recognition]] technology introduced for cheque clearing.
* March - June - [[1987 Meerut riots]]
* 12 April - [[V. P. Singh]] resigns as [[Defence Minister of India]] following his disclosure about kickbacks in defense deals by predecessors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wariavwalla |first=Bharat |date=1988 |title=India in 1987: Democracy on Trial |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2644813 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=119–125 |doi=10.2307/2644813 |issn=0004-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-11 |title=HT This Day: April 13, 1987 -- V. P. Singh resigns |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-april-13-1987-v-p-singh-resigns-101649694857800.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* May - [[1987 Sino-Indian skirmish]] the second such conflict between China and India ended.
* 22 May - [[Hashimpura massacre]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Hashimpura massacre: Here is what happened |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/hashimpura-massacre-most-chilling-murder-in-free-india/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* 30 May – The [[Union territory]] was split, and [[Goa]] was elevated as India's twenty-fifth state, with [[Daman and Diu]] remaining Union Territories
* 4 June - [[Operation Poomalai]] by India in [[Jaffna]].
* June - [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] [[N. D. Tiwari]] visits [[North Korea]] as part of ministerial conference of [[Non-Aligned Movement]].

=== July - December ===
* 15 July - [[Neerukonda massacre]] of [[Dalit|Dalits]] in [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh.]]
* 29 July - [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord]] to restore peace in the island signed.
* 30 July - Assault on [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] by a [[Sri Lanka Navy]] sailor named [[Vijitha Rohana]] during [[Guard of honour]] at [[Colombo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-28 |title=HT This Day: July 31, 1987 -- Rajiv hurt in rifle-butt attack by Lanka sailor |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ht-this-day-july-31-1987-rajiv-hurt-in-rifle-butt-attack-by-lanka-sailor-101659011196941.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

* 4 September - [[Roop Kanwar|Roop Kanwar case]] - last known incident of [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] in India, occurred at [[Sikar district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-03-26 |title=Death By Fire by Mala Sen: The story of Roop Kanwar and other victims |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/20010326-death-by-fire-by-mala-sen-the-story-of-roop-kanwar-and-other-victims-775480-2001-03-25 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
* October – ICC Cricket World Cup (Reliance Cup 1987)
* 11 - 12 October - [[Jaffna University Helidrop]] by [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
* 20 November–27 November – The [[1987 South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] are held in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bell |first1=Daniel |title=Encyclopedia of International Games |date=17 March 2016 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-1527-1 |page=511 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjPECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA511 |language=en}}</ref>
* 28 December - [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research]] was established by RBI as an advanced studies institute to promote research on development issues from a multi-disciplinary point of view.

==Births==

*1 January – [[Neha Sharma]], actress and model.
*3 March – [[Shraddha Kapoor]], actress.
*31 March – [[Janani Iyer]], actress.
* 18 February – [[Mahat Raghavendra]], actor
*24 April – [[Varun Dhawan]], actor
*25 April – [[Mallika Kapoor]], actress.
*28 April – [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]], actress.
[[File:Rohit Sharma.jpg|thumb|166x166px|[[Rohit Sharma]]]]
* 30 April – [[Rohit Sharma]], cricketer.
*4 May – [[Charmy Kaur]], actress.
*7 May – [[Sundeep Kishan]], actor, producer
*2 June – [[Santhosh Prathap]], actor
*13 June {{ndash}} [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], film composer, singer and actor.
*25 June – [[Anil Shetty]], entrepreneur, author, activist and motivational speaker
*3 July – [[Arjai]], actor
*1 August {{ndash}} [[Taapsee Pannu]], actress.
*5 August – [[Genelia D'Souza]], actress.[[File:Genelia D'Souza still11.jpg|thumb|150x150px|[[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh]]]]
*6 August – [[Aditya Narayan]], actor, singer and television host.
*25 October – [[Umesh Yadav]], cricketer.
*1 November {{ndash}} [[Ileana D'Cruz]], actress.
*20 November – [[Sukirti Kandpal]], actress.
*18 December – [[Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu]], politician, member of parliament from Srikakulam.
*28 December – [[Diganth|Diganth Manchale]], actor

==Deaths==
*13 March – [[Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi]], Islamic scholar, jurist and literary critic. (born 1910)
*1 June – [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]], film director, novelist, [[screenwriter]] and [[journalist]] (born 1914).
*[[File:Kishore Kumar 2016 postcard of India (cropped).jpg|thumb|125x125px|[[Kishore Kumar]]]]13 October – [[Kishore Kumar]], playback singer, actor, lyricist, composer, producer, director, screenwriter and scriptwriter (born 1929).
*27 October – [[Vijay Merchant]], cricketer (born 1911).
*24 December – [[M. G. Ramachandran]], Actor, Politician, Former [[Chief Minister]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] (born 1917).

===Full date unknown===
*[[Dasaradhi]], [[poet]] and [[political activist]] (born 1925).

== See also ==
* [[Bollywood films of 1987]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Years in India}}
{{Year in Asia|1987}}

[[Category:1987 in India| ]]
[[Category:1980s in India]]
[[Category:1987 by country|India]]
[[Category:Years of the 20th century in India]]

Nandi Award for Best Male Playback Singer

2026-02-22T15:04:24Z

Coolblack5:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
The '''[[Nandi Award]] for Best Male Playback Singer''' was commissioned in the year 1977.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}} (in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref> [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] holds the record of winning the most Nandi Awards in this category, having won 19 times. From 2004 onwards, this award was known as [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala Venkateswararao]] Award for Best Male Playback Singer.<ref name="2004award">{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2004 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2004.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref>

==Winners==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year || Singer || Film || Song
|-
| 1977 ||[[Ramesh Naidu]] || ''[[Chillarakottu Chittemma]]'' || "Thalli Godaarike"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/andhrapatrikamag19781229/page/n33/mode/2up?q=వీర |title=Andhra Patrika ఆంధ్ర పత్రిక Volume 72 Issue 16 |date=29 December 1978}}</ref>
|-
| 1978 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Naalaga Endaro]]'' ||
|-
| 1979 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Sankarabharanam (1980 film)|Sankarabharanam]]'' ||
|-
| 1980 || bgcolor=#eeeeee colspan="3"| ''Not Awarded''
|-
| 1981 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premaabhishekam]]'' || "Aagadu Aagadu"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRAPATRIKA10111982/mode/2up?q=తెల్లన |title=ANDHRAPATRIKA Volume no 69 issue no 217 |date=10 November 1982}}</ref>
|-
| 1982 || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || ''[[Meghasandesam]]'' || "Sigalo Virulo"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRAPATRIKA24031983/mode/2up?q=మేఘసందేశం |title=ANDHRAPATRIKA Volume no 69 issue no 348 |date=24 March 1983}}</ref>
|-
| 1983 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Bahudoorapu Batasari]]'' || "Ekkada Thalupulu"
|-
| 1984 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''Suvarna Sundari'' || "Idi Naa Jeevithalapana"
|-
| 1985 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Mayuri (film)|Mayuri]]'' ||
|-
| 1986 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Sirivennela]]'' || "Vidhatha Thalapuna"
|-
| 1987 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Abhinandana]]'' || "Rangulalo Kalavo"
|-
| 1988 ||[[K. J. Yesudas]] || ''[[Jeevana Jyothi (1988 film)|Jeevana Jyoti]]'' || "Neeve Namme Jyothi Prema"
|-
| 1989 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Neerajanam]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 ||[[K. J. Yesudas]] || ''[[Alludugaru]]'' || "Nagumomu Ganaleni"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/ANDHRAPATRIKA20031991/mode/2up?q=మనవరాలు |title=ANDHRAPATRIKA Volume no 77 issue no 348 |date=20 March 1991}}</ref>
|-
| 1991 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Chanti (1992 film)|Chanti]]'' ||
|-
| 1992 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Bangaaru Maama]]'' ||
|-
| 1993 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Mister Pellam]]'' ||
|-
| 1994 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' || "Sri Thumbura Narada"
|-
| 1995 ||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || ''[[Orey Rikshaw]]'' || "Malle Theegaku Pandiri Vole"
|-
| 1996 ||[[Rajesh Krishnan|Rajesh]] || ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'' || "Eto Vellipoyindi Manasu"
|-
| 1997 ||[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Priyaragalu]]'' || "Chinna Chiru Chiru Navvula"
|-
| 1998 ||[[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || ''[[Sri Ramulayya]]'' || "Vippa Pula Chettu Siganu"
|-
| 1999 || [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] || ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' || "Hima Seemallo"
|-
| 2000 || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Raghavayyagari Abbayi]]'' || "Buddha Bhoomi Rudra Bhoomi"
|-
| 2001 || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || ''[[Student No. 1]]'' || "Yekkado Putti"
|-
| 2002 || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Vasu (film)|Vasu]]'' || "Paadana Theeyaga"
|-
| 2003 || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Seetayya]]'' || "Idigo Rayalaseema Gadda"
|-
| 2004 || [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]] || ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' ||"Edo Priya Raagam Vintunna"
|-
| 2005 || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || ''[[Pellam Pichodu]]'' || "Rupaayive"
|-
| 2006 || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || ''[[Ganga (2006 film)|Ganga]]'' || "Vellipothunnava"
|-
| 2007 || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] || ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' || "Oh My Friend"
|-
| 2008 || [[Shankar Mahadevan]]|| ''Venkatadri''|| "Nadha Sandhanam"
|-
| 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2009 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2009.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] ||''[[Mahatma (film)|Mahatma]]'' ||"Indiramma Intiperu"
|-
| 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2010 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2010.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' || "Telugammayi"
|-
| 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2011 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2011.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[Gaddar]] || ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' || "Podustunna Poddumeeda"
|-
| 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2012 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2012.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[Shankar Mahadevan]] || ''[[Shirdi Sai]]'' ||"Okkade Devudu"
|-
| 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners |date=1 March 2017 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> || [[Kailash Kher]] || ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' ||"Pandagala Digivacchaavu"
|-
| 2014<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2014 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2014.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[Vijay Yesudas]] || ''[[Legend (2014 film)|Legend]]'' || "Nee Kanti Choopullo"
|-
| 2015<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2015 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2015.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' || "Shivuni Aana"
|-
| 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2016 |url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2016.html |website=Andhra Pradesh State Film, Television & Theatre Development Corporation}}</ref> || [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] || ''[[Dandakaranyam]]'' || "Kammanaina Amma Paata"
|}

=== Most won ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most won
|-
! Artist
! Wins
|-
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|{{won|19}}
|-
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]
|{{won|4}}
|-
| [[M. M. Keeravani]]
|{{won|3}}
|-
| [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]
|{{won|3}}
|-
| [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
|{{won|2}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nandi Award For Best Male Playback Singer}}
[[Category:Nandi Awards|Male Playback Singer]]

Duddhi Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T14:00:46Z

Coolblack5: adding a data basic info - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Duddhi
| constituency_no = 403
| map_image = 403-Duddhi.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| mla = ''Vacant''
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Duddhi''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Duddhi in the [[Sonbhadra district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. Duddhi is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Robertsganj Lok Sabha constituency]] and is reserved for candidates of the [[Schedule Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Duddhi Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/duddhi.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Ram Pyare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ayodhya Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Ram Pyare
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Shiv Sampat
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Ishwar Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Vijay Singh Gond]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Chandra Mani Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Rubi Prasad
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Hariram (politician)|Hariram]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Ramdular Gaur]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[Vijay Singh Gond]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|2026^
|
|
|
|}
^By election

==Election results==

===2026 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 elections in India#State Legislative Assembly by-elections|2026 Duddhi by-election]]: Duddhi
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Samajwadi Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Duddhi<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Duddhi">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Duddhi |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S24403.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807154815/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S24403.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh Gond]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 82,787
|percentage = 42.02
|change = {{increase}}3.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saravan Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,579
|percentage = 40.39
|change = {{decrease}}0.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ravi Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 22,395
|percentage = 11.37
|change = {{decrease}}0.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 5,252
|percentage = 2.67
|change = {{increase}}0.34
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,208
|percentage = 1.63
|change = {{decrease}}1.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,97,019
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duddhi<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ramdular Gaur]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84407}}
|percentage = 41.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh Gond]]
|votes = {{formatnum:78110}}
|percentage = 38.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Hariram
|votes = {{formatnum:23879}}
|percentage = 11.68
|change = -20.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Basanti Pani
|votes = {{formatnum:4533}}
|percentage = 2.22
|change = -21.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramlal
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:2132}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hriday Kumar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1853}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4756}}
|percentage = 2.33
|change = -2.2
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6297}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change = +2.52
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204469}}
|percentage = 61.58
|change = -2.24
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]] candidate ''Hariram'' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate ''Vijay Singh Gond'' by a margin of 1,085 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web |title=Assembly result 2017 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/duddhi.html |website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref><ref name="election2017-1">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |accessdate=26 March 2022 |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Duddhi<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Hariram
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|votes = {{formatnum:64399}}
|percentage = 32.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Singh Gond]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:63314}}
|percentage = 32.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Kumar Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:46090}}
|percentage = 23.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pratosh Kumar
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:4699}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shivkumar Kharwar
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:3312}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vigan Ram
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)(Liberation)
|votes = {{formatnum:2431}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amar Singh
|party = Bhartiya Rashtriya Jansatta
|votes = {{formatnum:2147}}
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:8522}}
|percentage = 4.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1085}}
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196600}}
|percentage = 63.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|24.21|83.24|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sonbhadra district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Heinrich Zimmer

2026-02-22T01:12:27Z

Coolblack5: adding first details w/ refs

{{Short description|German Indologist and linguist (1890–1943)}}
{{About|the Indologist (1890–1943)|the Celticist and Indologist (1851–1910)|Heinrich Zimmer (Celticist)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Heinrich Zimmer
| image = Heinrich Zimmer 1933.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Heinrich Zimmer (1933)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 6 December 1890
| birth_place = [[Greifswald]], [[German Empire]]
| death_date = 20 March 1943 (age 52)
| death_place = [[New Rochelle, New York]], US
| nationality =
| other_names =
| alma_mater = [[University of Berlin]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Christiane von Hofmannsthal|1929|}}
| known_for =
| occupation = Academic, [[Indologist]], linguist, and historian of South Asian art
}}
'''Heinrich Robert Zimmer''' (6 December 1890 – 20 March 1943) was a German [[Indologist]] and linguist, as well as a historian of South Asian art, most known for his works, ''Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization'' and ''Philosophies of India''. He was the most important German scholar in Indian [[philology]] after [[Max Müller]] (1823–1900).<ref name=hdl/>

==Early life and education==
He was born in [[Greifswald]], Germany. Zimmer began studying [[Sanskrit]] and [[linguistics]] at the [[University of Berlin]] in 1909. He earned his doctorate in 1914 with a thesis entitled ''Studien zur Geschichte der [[Gotra]]s'' and directed by [[Heinrich Lüders]].

He completed his Ph.D. in philology and comparative linguistics in 1914 at the University of Berlin.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0UABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |title = Heinrich Zimmer: Coming into His Own|isbn = 9781400863761|last1 = Case|first1 = Margaret H.|date = 2014-07-14| publisher=Princeton University Press }}</ref>

==Career==
Between 1920 and 1924, he lectured at the [[University of Greifswald]], moving to [[Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg|Heidelberg University]] to fill the Chair of Indian Philology (1924–1938).<ref name=hdl>[http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/ Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Philosophy and Intellectual History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623154954/http://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/ |date=2018-06-23 }} [[Heidelberg University]].</ref>

In 1938, he was dismissed by the [[Nazism|Nazis]] based on the fact that his Christian wife was the great-great-granddaughter of [[Isaak Löw Hofmann, Edler von Hofmannsthal|a Jewish Austrian]], and he emigrated to England, where between 1939 and 1940 he taught at [[Balliol College]], [[Oxford]]. In 1940 he moved to [[New Rochelle, New York]], where he eventually accepted a visiting lecturer position in [[philosophy]] at [[Columbia University]]. Here, [[Joseph Campbell]], who was then working on his first book, ''A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake'' (1944) attended his lectures. The two men became good friends.

Zimmer died unexpectedly of pneumonia in 1943, two years after his arrival in the United States. According to Joseph Campbell, "Zimmer was at the opening of what would have been the most productive period of his career. . . hardly had he begun to find his stride, however, when, suddenly stricken, he passed from full career to his death within seven days."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zimmer |first1=Heinrich |editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=Joseph |editor1-link=Joseph Campbell |title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization |date=1973 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=US |isbn=9788120807518 |page=v Editor's Foreword}}</ref> After Zimmer's death, Campbell was given the task of editing and posthumously publishing Zimmer's papers, which he did over the next 12 years, turning Zimmer's lecture notes into four books, in the Bollingen Series: ''Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization'', ''Philosophies of India'',<ref name="Watts1952">{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Alan W. |title=The Aim Is to Know; PHILOSOPHIES OF INDIA. By Heinrich Zimmer. Edited by Joseph Campbell. Illustrated. 687 pp. Bollingen Series XXVI. New York: Pantheon Books. $6. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1952/02/03/archives/the-aim-is-to-know-philosophies-of-india-by-heinrich-zimmer-edited.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 February 1952 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317142035/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/02/03/archives/the-aim-is-to-know-philosophies-of-india-by-heinrich-zimmer-edited.html |archive-date=17 March 2023 }}</ref> ''The Art of Indian Asia'',<ref name="TheArtofIndian1955">{{cite news |last1=Read |first1=Sir Herbert |title=Out of the Inner Life; THE ART OF INDIAN ASIA: Its Mythology and Transformations. By Heinrich Zimmer. Completed and edited by Joseph Campbell. With photographs by Eliot Elisofon and others. Vol. I, Text: 465 pp. Vol. II: 614 plates. Bollingen Series. New York: Pantheon Books. $17.50 up to August 15; $22.50 thereafter. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/07/03/archives/out-of-the-inner-life-the-art-of-indian-asia-its-mythology-and.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 July 1955}}</ref> and ''The King and the Corpse'', which in turn became Zimmer's lasting legacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1488076/Heinrich-Zimmer|title=Heinrich Zimmer|publisher=Britannica.com}}</ref>

===Work===
{{Quote box| quote = "On all levels there are [[ritual]]s capable of transforming man. But it is everywhere the tradition and trend to rank the spiritual, sublime practices above the sensual and magical ones, since the general course of cultural development has favored the spiritual element over the material and feminine. This development has taken place under the predominance of the male principle. But with the cult of the Great [[Goddess]] in late [[Hinduism]], the archaic heritage of sensual earth-bound rites rises once again overwhelmingly to the zenith."<ref>Zimmer, Heinrich. ''The Indian World Mother'', [1938] pp. 91–92; from The Mystic Vision: Papers from The Eranos Yearbooks, Bollingen Series XXX, 6. Princeton University Press, 1968, Edited by Joseph Campbell and translated by Ralph Manheim.</ref>| source = Zimmer, ''The Indian World Mother'', (1938)| width = 50%| align = right}}
Zimmer's method was to examine religious images using their sacred significance as a key to their [[psychic]] transformation. His use of (Indian) philosophy and [[religious history]] to interpret art was at odds with traditional scholarship. His vast knowledge of [[Hindu mythology]] and philosophy (particularly [[Puranic]] and [[Tantra|Tantric]] works) gave him insights into the art, insights that were appreciated by [[Joseph Campbell]] among others. Campbell edited many of Zimmer's writings after his death. In the foreword to Zimmer's book, ''Artistic Form and Yoga in the [[Sacred]] [[Image]]s of India'', Campbell makes reference to a memorial to Heinrich Zimmer, which was read at the New York Oriental Club meeting in the spring of 1949: "Dr. Zimmer stood alone, forming a class by himself, not only for the wide range of subjects he was proficient in, but also for his unique genius of interpretation. . . Zimmer strove to understand both Eastern and Western ideas from Universal conceptions lying at the root of spiritual and [[psychological]] developments everywhere."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zimmer|first1=Heinrich|title=Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India|date=1990|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=0691072892|page=foreword|edition=First Princeton paperback printing}}</ref> The psychiatrist [[Carl Jung]] also developed a long-standing relationship with Zimmer, and incidentally edited a volume of Zimmer's entitled Der Weg zum Selbst (''The Way to the Self''). The two men first met in 1932, after which Zimmer, along with [[Richard Wilhelm (sinologist)|Richard Wilhelm]], became one of the few male friends of [[Jung]].

Zimmer is credited by many for the popularizing of [[Hindu art]] in the West, as he was the first to identify the radical difference between [[Western classical]] and [[Indian art]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.princeton.edu/catalogs/series/bshz.html |title=Works by Heinrich Zimmer, Completed and Edited by Joseph Campbell |publisher=Princeton University Press |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720182616/http://press.princeton.edu/catalogs/series/bshz.html |archivedate=2010-07-20 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1929 he married Christiane von Hofmannsthal (1902–1987), daughter of Austrian novelist [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]] and Gertrud ({{nee}} Schlesinger) von Hofmannsthal. Her younger brother, [[Raimund von Hofmannsthal]], was twice married, first to American heiress [[Ava Alice Muriel Astor]] (whose daughter from a later marriage eventually married Zimmer's son) and Lady Elizabeth Paget (a daughter of [[Charles Paget, 6th Marquess of Anglesey]]). Together, they were the parents of:

* Andreas "''Andrew''" Peter Zimmer (1930–2003), who married Joyce Hylton.<ref name="APZObit2003">{{cite news |title=Andrew Zimmer Obituary |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/washingtonpost/name/andrew-zimmer-obituary?id=5483343 |via=Legacy.com |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
* Clement Zimmer ({{Circa|1932}}–1955), who died while a student at [[Wadham College, Oxford]].<ref name="CZObit1955">{{cite news |title=AMERICAN FOUND DEAD AT OXFORD; Body of New York Student Discovered on the Campus -- Foul Play Is Doubted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/03/13/archives/american-found-dead-at-oxford-body-of-new-york-student-discovered.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 March 1955}}</ref><ref name="1955FreakFall">{{cite news |title=STUDENT'S DEATH MISHAP; British Police Say Freak Fall Killed American Saturday |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/03/15/archives/students-death-mishap-british-police-say-freak-fall-killed-american.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 March 1955}}</ref>
* ''Michael'' Johannes der Baptist Karl Maximilian Heinrich Hugo Zimmer (1934–2008), who married, and later divorced, Emily Sophia Harding, a daughter of [[Ava Alice Muriel Astor]] (the former wife of Christiane's brother, [[Raimund von Hofmannsthal|Raimund]]) and English journalist Philip John Ryves Harding in 1963.<ref name="1963Engagement">{{cite news |title=Michael Zimmer Becomes Fiance Of Miss Harding; Graduate of Harvard to Wed Descendant of John Jacob Astor |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/27/archives/michael-zimmer-becomes-fiance-of-miss-harding-graduate-of-harvard.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 May 1963}}</ref><ref name="1963Wedding">{{cite news |title=Michael Zimmer Weds Miss Emily S. Harding |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1963/06/30/archives/michael-zimmer-weds-miss-emily-s-harding.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 June 1963}}</ref> His longtime companion was Vera Graaf and his second wife was Véronique Sari.<ref name="MZObit2008">{{cite news |title=Paid Notice: Deaths ZIMMER, MICHAEL |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-940CE6D6133AF931A35752C1A96E9C8B63.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 2, 2008 }}</ref><ref name="Cohen2008">{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Stefanie |title=SALTWATER DAFFY |url=https://nypost.com/2008/11/30/saltwater-daffy/ |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[NY Post]] |date=30 November 2008}}</ref>

Zimmer died of pneumonia in New Rochelle, New York, on March 20, 1943.

===Schloss Prielau===
In 1932, his wife's widowed mother, Gerty von Hofmannsthal bought [[Schloss Prielau]] in [[Zell am See]] and began restoring the castle.<ref name="Sands2021">{{cite book |last1=Sands |first1=Philippe |title=Ruta de escape |date=20 January 2021 |publisher=Anagrama |isbn=978-84-339-4221-0 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bR4OEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA4-PA27 |access-date=16 March 2023 |language=es}}</ref> To avoid expropriation by the [[Nazi]]s due to the family's Jewish heritage, she wanted to give the castle away to Christiane and Heinrich Zimmer, who could then have sold the property to Gustav Kapsreiter, a friend of the family, but the sale, which was initially approved, was ultimately prohibited and the family property was expropriated. Kapsreiter's attempts to acquire the property were unsuccessful, instead the sculptor [[Josef Thorak]] was able to acquire the property for [[Reichsmark|ℛℳ]] 60,000, which at the time was described as a "small fifteenth-century residence, beautifully furnished and immaculately maintained".<ref name="Petropoulos2000">{{cite book |last1=Petropoulos |first1=Jonathan |title=The Faustian Bargain: The Art World in Nazi Germany |date=30 March 2000 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-802968-7 |page=266 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSfkIvDejykC&pg=PA266 |access-date=16 March 2023 }}</ref> In 1947, however, Schloss Prielau was restituted to the [[Hofmann von Hofmannsthal|von Hofmannsthal]] family.<ref name="histouring">{{cite web |title=Schloss Prielau |url=https://www.histouring.com/en/historical-places/schloss-prielau/ |website=www.histouring.com |publisher=Histouring |access-date=16 March 2023 }}</ref>

== Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Philosophy and Intellectual History ==
A chair has been named after Heinrich Zimmer since 2010. The Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Indian Philosophy and Intellectual History is awarded by the Indian Council for [[Cultural]] Relations (ICCR) in New Delhi and is based both at the Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context" and at the South Asia Institute at Heidelberg University. The first holder of this new endowed chair in [[Indian philosophy]] and [[intellectual history]] was the Indian [[historian of science]] [[Dhruv Raina]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heidelberg |first=Uni |title=Cluster Asia and Europe – Uni Heidelberg: Indiens Botschafter eröffnete Heinrich Zimmer Chair |url=http://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/de/aktuelles/nachrichten/detail/m/indian-ambassador-inaugurates-the-chair-for-philosophy-and-intellectual-history-1.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de |language=de}}</ref> Heeraman Tiwari, the second holder of the Heinrich Zimmer Chair,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heidelberg |first=Uni |title=Cluster Asia and Europe – Uni Heidelberg: Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Heeraman Tiwari |url=http://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/de/aktuelles/nachrichten/detail/m/heinrich-zimmer-chair-for-heeraman-tiwari.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de |language=de}}</ref> was followed by Prof.[[Amiya Prosad Sen]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heinrich Zimmer Chair for Philosophy and Intellectual History |url=https://www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de/en/zimmer-chair/ |website=www.sai.uni-heidelberg.de}}</ref>

==Works==
*''Kunstform und Yoga im Indischen Kultbild'' (''Artistic Form and Yoga in the Sacred Images of India'' [1926];Translated and edited by Gerald Chapple, James B. Lawson and J. Michael McKnight [1984])
*''Maya: Der Indische Mythos''. (1936)
* ''Der Weg zum Selbst'' (The Way to the Self) (1944)
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jJmFDPkwj50C&q=Heinrich+Zimmer Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization]''. Edited by Joseph Campbell. (1946)
*''Hindu Medicine.''Edited by Ludwig Edelstein.(1948)
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cRYJDuzjd44C&q=Heinrich+Zimmer The King and the Corpse: Tales of the Soul's Conquest of Evil]''. Edited by Joseph Campbell. (1948)
*''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC&q=Heinrich+Zimmer Philosophies of India]''. Edited by Joseph Campbell. (1953). {{ISBN|0-691-01758-1}}.
*''The Art of Indian Asia, its Mythology and Transformations''. Completed and edited by Joseph Campbell. (1955)
*''Heinrich Zimmer: Coming Into His Own''. Edited by Margaret H Case. (1994)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Case |first=Margaret H.|title=Heinrich Zimmer: coming into his own|year=1994|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-03337-4}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/zimmer1914 Heinrich Zimmer, Studien zur Geschichte der Gotras]
* [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/zimmer1929 Heinrich Zimmer, Spiel um den Elefanten: ein Buch von indischer Natur]
* [http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/zimmer1930 Heinrich Zimmer, Ewiges Indien: Leitmotive indischen Daseins]

{{Yoga scholars}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zimmer, Heinrich}}
[[Category:German art historians]]
[[Category:German orientalists]]
[[Category:German Indologists]]
[[Category:20th-century mystics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Greifswald]]
[[Category:Writers from New Rochelle, New York]]
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]
[[Category:People from Greifswald]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Heidelberg University]]
[[Category:German male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Historians of Indian art]]
[[Category:20th-century German philologists]]
[[Category:20th-century German male writers]]

Sangha Adarsha Balika Vidyalaya

2026-02-21T06:26:40Z

Coolblack5: Made some bio from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Howrah Sangha Adarsha Balika Vidyalaya
| native_name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| motto =
| motto_translation =
| address = 35/3, Kadam Tala
| city = Howrah
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 711101
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5868449|N|88.3299308|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| type =
| religious_affiliation =
| established =
| founder =
| closed =
| school_board =
| oversight =
| principal =
| staff =
| faculty =
| grades =
| gender = Girls
| age_range =
| enrolment =
| language = [[English-medium education|English]]
| campus_size =
| campus_type =
| colours =
| teams = 
| accreditation = 
| publication =
| newspaper =
| yearbook =
| affiliation = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sangha Adarsha Balika Vidyalaya''' is an English-medium school located in [[Howrah]], India. This is a girls' school and is affiliated to the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] for [[Madhyamik]] Pariksha (10th Board exams), and to the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] for [[Higher Secondary Examination]] (12th Board exams).<ref name="Schoolspedia">{{cite web|title=howrah sangha adarsha balika vidyalaya howrah School Address Contact Detail {{!}}Reviews Rating|url=http://schoolspedia.com/website/howrah-sangha-adarsha-balika-vidyalaya-howrah|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919115905/http://schoolspedia.com/website/howrah-sangha-adarsha-balika-vidyalaya-howrah|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 September 2016|publisher=Schoolspedia|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="UrbanPro">{{cite web|title=Howrah Sangha Adarsha Balika, Howrah, Kolkata|url=https://www.urbanpro.com/howrah-sangha-adarsha-balika-kolkata/5745|publisher=UrbanPro|accessdate=20 August 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[List of schools in Howrah]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:Girls' schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Schools in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions in India with year of establishment missing]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Jayant Rajora

2026-02-13T02:09:57Z

Coolblack5: adding new details needs work

{{short description|Indian Speed Skater}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Jayant Rajora
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Jayant Rajora at Speed Skating Camp coached by Rahul Kaush at Gurugram in 2019.
| headercolor = orange
| textcolor = 
| birth_name = 
| full_name = 
| nickname =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| national_team = 
| father =
| mother =
| citizenship = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|11|06}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| monuments =
| education = Post Graduate
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = Coach
| years_active = 2006 - present
| employer = [[Roller Skating Federation of India]]
| agent =
| height = 169.5 cm
| weight = 
| spouse =
| life_partner =
| other_interests =
| website = 
| module = 
| country = [[India]]
| sport = Speed Skating
| position =
| disability =
| disability_class =
| weight_class =
| weight_class_type =
| rank =
| event =
| event_type =
| university_team =
| collegeteam =
| league =
| league_type =
| club =
| team =
| turned_pro =
| turned_pro_type =
| partner =
| former_partner =
| coach =
| retired =
| coaching =
| module2 = 
| worlds = World Roller Games 2017
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| commonwealth =
| pb = 
| show-medals = silver
| medal_templates =
| medal_templates-title =
| module3 =
}}
'''Jayant Rajora''' is an Indian [[Inline skating|Inline Speed Skater]] who represented India in [[World Roller Games|World Roller Games Championship 2017]], held at [[Nanjing]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldskate.org/results/category/194-speed.html?download=1925:tracksenior |title= Info|website=www.worldskate.org|access-date=2019-06-29}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.online-skating.com/news-21751-2017-world-roller-games-points-eliminations-races-results-on-the-track-of-nanjing.html|title=2017 World Roller Games: points/eliminations races results on the track of Nanjing - Online-skating.com|website=www.online-skating.com|access-date=2019-06-30}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
He has completed Graduation and Post Graduation from [[Delhi University]] in sports science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportlio.com/jayant-rajora/|title=Jayant Rajora {{!}} Sportlio|website=sportlio.com|language=en|access-date=2019-07-18|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712103844/https://sportlio.com/jayant-rajora/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20181108/3469779.html|title=Vanshika Bhargava sets the bar high|website=news.webindia123.com|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630074134/https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20181108/3469779.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Competitions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Representing India
!Year
!Competition
!Venue
!Position
!Event
!Notes
|-
|2009
|CBSE National Championship
|
|
|
|
|-
|2011
|CBSE National Championship
|Jagran Public School, Noida
|1st
|500 mtr
|
|-
|2011
|School National Championship
|Delhi
|3rd
|3,000 mtr
|
|-
|2012
|School National Championship
|Delhi
|2nd
|3,000 mtr
|
|-
|2012
|Senior National Championship
|Virar, Mumbai
|3rd
|3,000 mtr
|
|-
|2016
|Senior National Championship
|Bangalore
|3rd
|20,000 mtr, Road Elimination
|
|-
|2017
|World Roller Game<ref>{{Cite web | title=Vanshika Bhargava sets the bar high | url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/vanshika-bhargava-sets-the-bar-high/Sports/news/1399884.html | access-date=2025-02-16 | website=www.uniindia.com}}</ref>
|China
|
|
|
|}

==Event specialty & performance==
* Track Elimination Race (15000 meters)<ref name=":0" />
* Track Points Race (10000 meters)
* Road Elimination Race (20000 meters)
* Road Points Race (10000 meters)

==Medical history==
# Neuro-Surgery due to injury during training session, 2010
# Tibial wound, 2018

== See also ==

* [[Inline skating|Inline Skating]]
* [[Roller Skating Federation of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajora, Jayant}}
[[Category:Sportspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Inline speed skaters]]

{{india-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Skating-bio-stub}}

Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation

2026-02-09T06:14:39Z

Coolblack5:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Kalyan-Dombivli, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kalyan Dombivli Municipal Corporation (KDMC)
| coa_pic = Headquarter Of Kalyan Dombivli Muncipal Corporation.jpg
| coa_res =
| coa_alt = Headquarters of the KDMC
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Kalyan-Dombivli
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Harshali Chaudhari
| party1 = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Rahul Damle
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader3_type = Municipal commissioner & Administrator
| leader3 = Mr. Abhinav Goel ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| members = 122
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1= 2031
| website = [https://kdmc.gov.in https://kdmc.gov.in]
| structure1 = KDMC2026.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government(103)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (53)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (50)

'''Opposition (19)'''
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|11}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|1}}
}}

'''Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation (KDMC)''' is the governing body of the city of [[Kalyan-Dombivli]], located in the [[Thane district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[Municipal Corporations in India|municipal corporation]] consists of elected members from each municipal ward of the city, knowns as councillors, and is headed by a [[mayor]] and in his/her absence, by a deputy mayor, elected from amongst the councillors. The municipal corporation administers the city's infrastructure, public services, and transport.

== Areas under Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation ==
# [[Kalyan]]
# [[Ambivli]]
# [[Titwala]]
# [[Vithalwadi]]
# [[Dombivli]]
# [[Thakurli]]

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ka11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ka12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ka13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== List of Mayor ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Name
! colspan="3" |Tenure
!Election
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|
|Pundalik Mhatre
|10 Nov 2005
|7 May 2008
|
| rowspan="2" |2005
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (pre–2023)}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-rickshaw driver is new Kalyan mayor {{!}} MumbaiVotes.com |url=https://mumbaivotes.com/articles/2725/ |access-date= |website=mumbaivotes.com}}</ref>
|Ramesh Jadhav
|8 May 2008
|11 November 2010
|{{Age in years and days|8 May 2008|11 November 2010}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Shiv Sena]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-11-12 |title=Sena's Vaijayanti Gholap becomes new Mayor of KDMC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Senarsquos-Vaijayanti-Gholap-becomes-new-Mayor-of-KDMC/article15684168.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=}}</ref>
|[[Vaijayanti Gholap]]
|12 November 2010
|10 May 2013
|{{Age in years and days|12 November 2010|10 May 2013}}
| rowspan="2" |2010
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-12 |title=Kalyan-Dombivli gets new mayor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Kalyan-Dombivli-gets-new-mayor/articleshow/20009418.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=}}</ref>
|Kalyani Patil
|11 May 2013
|10 November 2015
|{{Age in years and days|11 May 2013|10 November 2015}}
|-
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-12 |title=Shiv Sena's Rajendra Devlekar elected KDMC mayor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shiv-senas-rajendra-devlekar-elected-kdmc-mayor/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[Rajendra Devlekar]]
|11 November 2015
|8 May 2018
|{{Age in years and days|11 November 2015|8 May 2018}}
| rowspan="2" |2015
|-
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-10 |title=Sena candidate wins KDMC mayoral elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/sena-candidate-wins-kdmc-mayoral-elections/story-GEQVrE8cAGRAwXBbQCydsM.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |work=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|Vinita Rane
|9 May 2018
|10 November 2020
|{{Age in years and days|9 May 2018|10 November 2020}}
|-
|23
|Harshali Chaudhari
|3 february 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|3 February 2026}}
|2026
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (SHS)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}" |
|}

==List of Deputy Mayor==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== Election results 2026 ==
=== Political performance in Election 2026 ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Party
!Seats
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| 53
|{{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 50
| {{increase}} 8
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}"|
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 5
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}"|
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] (SS(UBT))
| 11
|New
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Others}}"|
| Others
| 0
| {{decrease}}7
|-
|}

== Electoral Performance in 2015 ==
=== Political performance in Election 2015 ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan=2| Party
!Seats
!+/-
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SS)
| 52
| {{increase}} 21
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| 42
| {{increase}} 33
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}"|
| [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS)
| 9
| {{decrease}} 16
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| 4
| {{decrease}} 11
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| 2
| {{decrease}} 13
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}"|
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM)
| 4
| {{increase}} 4
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
|
| Others
|7
| {{decrease}} 19
|-
|}

==Electoral Performance in 2010==

=== Political performance in Election 2010 ===
The results of the 2010 election are shown below.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]] || 31
|-
| 02 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) |||| 09
|-
| 03 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]] || 15
|-
| 04 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 15
|-
| 05 || [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) || [[File:Flag of Maharashtra Navnirman Sena.svg|50px]] || 26
|-
| 06 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|50px]] || 21
|-
|}

The corporation implemented an e-governance scheme in 2002, which is being replicated across [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="egov">{{cite news|title=Delivering services the Kalyan-Dombivli way|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/delivering-services-the-kalyandombivli-way/795194|first=Isher|last=Ahluwalia|date=25 May 2011|agency=[[Indian Express]]|accessdate=2012-10-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041016193019/http://www.kdmc.gov.in/kdmc/ Kalyan-Dombivali Municipal Corporation]
* [http://www.Twitter.com/WeAreDombivli KDMC Election updates on Twitter]

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kalyan-Dombivli]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Gopichand (actor)

2026-02-08T08:51:09Z

Coolblack5: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gopichand
| image = Gopichand.png
| caption = Gopichand in 2019
| birth_name = Tottempudi Gopichand
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|6|12|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.indiaglitz.com/gopichand-the-birthday-boy--telugu-news-57758.html |title= Gopichand, the birthday boy! |work= IndiaGlitz |date= 12 June 2010 |access-date= 23 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pakka-commercial-team-releases-poster-gopichands-birthday-150514 |title= Gopichand, birthday surprise! |publisher= The News Minute |date= 11 June 2010}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tangutur|Kakuturivaripalem]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_place =
| other_names = Action Star<ref name=ibtimes>{{cite news |url= http://www.ibtimes.co.in/holi-treat-first-look-teaser-gopichands-jil-released-action-star-never-seen-before-stylish-625414 |author= Anu James |title= Holi Treat: First Look and Teaser of Gopichand's 'Jil' Released; Action Star in Never-Seen-Before Stylish Avatar [PHOTO+VIDEO] |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=6 March 2015 |access-date=23 September 2017}}</ref> Macho Star<ref name=gulte>{{cite web |url= http://m.gulte.com/movienews/52757/Macho-Stars-Mystery-to-Unveil-for-Diwali |title= Macho Star's Mystery to Unveil for Diwali |date= 7 October 2016 |access-date= 23 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045222/http://m.gulte.com/movienews/52757/Macho-Stars-Mystery-to-Unveil-for-Diwali |archive-date= 24 September 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/gopichand-intro-song-at-burj-khalifa |title= Gopichand intro song at burj khalifa |publisher= Tollywood News |date= 8 March 2017 |access-date= 23 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045900/http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/gopichand-intro-song-at-burj-khalifa |archive-date= 24 September 2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/11/11/gopichands-oxygen-shooting-wrapped-up/ |author= Palem Bindu |title= Gopichand's Oxygen Shooting Wrapped Up |publisher= Telugu Film Nagar |date= 11 November 2016 |access-date= 23 September 2017 |archive-date= 24 September 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170924093235/https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2016/11/11/gopichands-oxygen-shooting-wrapped-up/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| occupation = Actor
| height = 6 feet 1 inches (185 cm)
| spouse = {{marriage|Reshma|2013}}
| children = 2
| father = [[T. Krishna]]
| relatives =
| website = {{Official website|www.herogopichand.com}}
| yearsactive = 2001–present
}}

'''Tottempudi Gopichand''' (born 12 June 1979) is an Indian actor who works primarily in [[Telugu cinema]]. Known for his roles in [[action film]]s, he made his debut with ''[[Tholi Valapu]]'' (2001) in a lead role. After playing an antagonist in films such as ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002), ''[[Nijam]]'' (2003), and [[Varsham (2004 film)|''Varsham'']] (2004), he got his breakthrough as a protagonist with [[Yagnam (2004 film)|''Yagnam'']] in 2004.

His notable works include ''[[Andhrudu]]'' (2005), [[Ranam (2006 film)|''Ranam'']] (2006), [[Lakshyam (2007 film)|''Lakshyam'']] (2007), ''[[Souryam]]'' (2008), ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]'' (2010), ''[[Sahasam (2013 film)|Sahasam]]'' (2013), ''[[Loukyam]]'' (2014), ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' (2015), ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' (2017), ''[[Seetimaarr]]'' (2021), and ''[[Pakka Commercial]]'' (2022). He is fondly referred to as "Action Star" and "Macho Star".<ref name="ibtimes" /><ref name="gulte" />

==Early life==
Gopichand was born in a village near [[Tangutur]] in [[Prakasam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Errakota|first=Narsim|title=మా కోసం నాన్న స్కూలే పెట్టారు|url=http://www.eenadu.net/special-pages/hai/hai-inner.aspx?featurefullstory=29745|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126123740/http://www.eenadu.net/special-pages/hai/hai-inner.aspx?featurefullstory=29745|archive-date=26 November 2018|website=[[Eenadu]]}}</ref> He is the younger son of the filmmaker [[T. Krishna]] and was 8 years old when his father died.<ref name=":0" /> He was schooled at Nil Desperandum, [[Ongole]] (established by his father) and [[Ramakrishna Mission|Ramakrishna Mission school]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" /> He studied [[mechanical engineering]] in [[Russia]].<ref name=idlebrain>[http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/tgopichand.html Interview with T Gopichand by Jeevi] Retrieved 23 September 2017.</ref>

His elder brother Premchand was an associate director under [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] and started working as a director; however, he died in a car accident. Gopichand was in Russia at that time and could not attend his funeral due to visa issues. He also has a younger sister, who is a dentist.<ref name="idlebrain" />

After completing his engineering, he decided to pursue a career in films to continue his father's legacy and did a dialogue modulation course for a year.<ref name="idlebrain" /> He is close friends with actor [[Prabhas]], V. Vamsi Krishna Reddy, and Pramod Uppalapati; the latter two own UV Creations, a prominent production house in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Gopichand made his debut as a lead with the film ''[[Tholi Valapu]]''. He played negative roles in his next films ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'', ''[[Nijam]]'' and ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''. Following the positive reception towards his performance in Jayam, he reprised his role in the film's Tamil-language remake [[Jayam (2003 film)|of the same title]]. He made his re-entry as hero with the films ''[[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]]'' in 2004 and ''[[Andhrudu]]'' in 2005. In 2006, he starred in the commercially successful ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]'' and the commercially unsuccessful ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-few-hits-and-many-flops/article3231882.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917163011/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-few-hits-and-many-flops/article3231882.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2018|title=A few hits and many flops|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> His 2007 releases ''[[Okkadunnadu]]'' and ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]'', and the 2008 releases were'' [[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]'' and ''[[Souryam]]''. He collaborated once again with ''Souryam'' director [[Siva (director)|Siva]] for their 2009 release [[Sankham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-gopichand-comes-back-with-shankam/20090910.htm|title=Gopichand returns with Shankam|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/gopichand-savouring-the-success-of-okkadunnadu/story-Qb7aXrxWAFZIc2DyOxxEEK.html|title=Gopichand savouring the success of Okkadunnadu|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=15 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/oct/20sli4.htm|title=I heard that the Telugu audience did not like the heroine getting killed in front of the hero|publisher=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/gopichand2008.html|title=Interview with Gopichand|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

His 2010 release ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimar]]'' saw him playing an encounter specialist inspired by the real-life cop [[Daya Nayak]]. In 2011, he acted in ''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]'' and ''[[Wanted (2011 film)|Wanted]]'' but both were commercial failures. In 2013, he reunited with director [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] (after ''Okkadunnadu'') for the action-adventure film ''[[Sahasam (2013 film)|Sahasam]]'' which became his biggest commercially successful film at that time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/sahasam-biiggesthit.html|title=Sahasam - Biggest hit in Gopichand's career|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> In 2014, he starred in ''[[Loukyam]]'' commercially became his most successful film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=659&cid=6&fid=859|title=Loukyam 2 Weeks Total WW Collections|website=Andhra Box Office}}</ref> In 2015, he starred in ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' and ''[[Soukhyam]]''. In 2017, he starred in ''[[Goutham Nanda]]'' and ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]'' which were both commercially unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=4106&cid=6&fid=5703|title=Goutham Nanda Final Total WW Collections|website=Andhra Box Office}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/goutham-nanda-box-office-collection-gopichand-starrer-fails-to-make-it-big-in-india-and-us/articleshow/59862445.cms|title='Goutham Nanda' Box Office collection - Gopichand starrer fails to make it big in India and US|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/box-office/november-box-office-utter-flop-85973|title=November Box-office: Utter Flop|website=GreatAndhra.com|date=2 December 2017}}</ref> His next film ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]'' was slated to release the same year but did not materialize until 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/100617/another-setback-for-aaradugula-bullet-actor-gopichand.html|title=Another setback for 'Aaradugula Bullet' actor Gopichand|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=10 June 2017}}</ref> It turned out to be a routine drama, suffering another setback.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2021|title=Aaradugula Bullet Movie Review: The Richter scale is no more|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aaradugula-bullet-movie-review-richter-scale-no-more-913966|access-date=2 December 2021|website=PINKVILLA|language=en|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202053014/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/aaradugula-bullet-movie-review-richter-scale-no-more-913966|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, he played a vigilante in ''[[Pantham]]'', which was his 25th film. In 2019, he played a spy in [[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]].

{{As of|2021|September}}, his sports action film ''[[Seetimaarr]],'' directed by [[Sampath Nandi]] received positive reviews and was a success in the box office. The film star co-stars [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Digangana Suryavanshi]], [[Bhumika Chawla]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 January 2021|first=Shivam|last=Parashar|title=Gopichand and Tamannaah starrer Seetimaarr to release on April 2|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gopichand-and-tamannaah-starrer-seetimaarr-to-release-on-april-2-1763543-2021-01-28|access-date=4 February 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> He has also worked on another film, [[Pakka Commercial]] which was directed by [[Maruthi]] and produced by UV Creations, and GA2 Pictures starring [[Rashi Khanna|Raashi Khanna]] as the lead heroine.<ref name="pc">{{Cite news|title='Pakka Commercial' goes on floors in Hyderabad: Sathyaraj joins Gopichand in maiden schedule - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pakka-commercial-goes-on-floors-in-hyderabad-sathyaraj-joins-gopichand-in-maiden-schedule/articleshow/81366075.cms|access-date=4 April 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> His next movie, [[Ramabanam]], directed by [[Sriwass]] was released in May 2023 and released to negative reviews. It was a [[box-office bomb]]. This film marked the return of the combination of Sriwass and Gopichand, and also was Gopichand's 30th film. His next film, [[Bhimaa]], was filmed by A. Harsha and released on March 8, 2024, which is a fantasy action drama film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-01-30 |title=Gopichand’s ‘Bhimaa’ set for theatrical release on Maha Shivaratri |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/gopichands-bhimaa-set-for-theatrical-release-on-maha-shivaratri-855050 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Gopichand takes 10 crores per film despite his repeated box office failure.

==Personal life==
He was born and raised in Tangutur, Andhra Pradesh. He married Reshma, niece of Telugu actor [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2013/marriage-date-srikanth-niece-reshma-gopichand-108409.html|title=Gopichand marries Reshma|author=Girija Narayan|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=26 April 2013|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-date=7 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072608/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2013/marriage-date-srikanth-niece-reshma-gopichand-108409.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The couple has two sons.<ref name=tollywood>{{cite news|url=http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/Gopichand-with-Son-Virat-Krishna|title=Gopichand with Son Virat Krishna|publisher=Tollywood News|date=13 October 2016|access-date=23 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924045812/http://www.tollywood.net/topstories/Gopichand-with-Son-Virat-Krishna|archive-date=24 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Telugu unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2001
! scope="row" | ''[[Tholi Valapu]]''
| Prem
|
|
|-
| 2002
! scope="row" | ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]''
| Raghu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
! scope="row" | ''[[Nijam]]''
| Devadaya “Devudu” Sharma
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
| Raghu
| [[Tamil film]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
! scope="row" | ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
| Bhadranna
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Yagnam (2004 film)|Yagnam]]''
| Seenu
|
|
|-
| 2005
! scope="row" | ''[[Andhrudu]]''
| Surendra
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006
! scope="row" | ''[[Ranam (2006 film)|Ranam]]''
| Chinna
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Raraju (2006 film)|Raraju]]''
| Kaali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
! scope="row" | ''[[Okkadunnadu]]''
| Kiran
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Lakshyam (2007 film)|Lakshyam]]''
| Chandu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
! scope="row" | ''[[Ontari (film)|Ontari]]''
| Vamsi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Souryam]]''
| Vijay IPS
|
|
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[Sankham]]''
| Chandu
|
|
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" | ''[[Golimaar (film)|Golimaar]]''
| Inspector Gangaram
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
! scope="row" | ''[[Wanted (2011 film)|Wanted]]''
| Ram Babu
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Mogudu (film)|Mogudu]]''
| Ram Prasad "Bujji"
|
|
|-
| 2013
! scope="row" | ''[[Sahasam (2013 film)|Sahasam]]''
| Goutham
|
|
|-
| 2014
! scope="row" | ''[[Loukyam]]''
| Venkateswarlu "Venky"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
! scope="row" | ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]''
|Jai
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Soukhyam]]''
| Srinivas "Seenu" Rao
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
! scope="row" | ''[[Goutham Nanda]]''
| Goutham Ghattamaneni and Nanda Kishore{{efn|Gopichand played dual characters in a single film|name=Note 1}}
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Oxygen (2017 film)|Oxygen]]''
| Major Sanjeev / Krishna Prasad{{efn|Gopichand played a single character with two names|name=Note 2}}
|
|
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''[[Pantham]]''
| Vikranth
|
|
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" | ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]''
| Arjun / Ramakrishna{{efn|Gopichand played a single character with two names|name=Note 2}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
! scope="row" |''[[Seetimaarr]]''
| Karthi
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]''
| Shiva
|
|
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"|''[[Pakka Commercial]]''
| Adv. Ramchand
|
|<ref name="pc" />
|-
| 2023
! scope="row"|''[[Ramabanam]]''
|Vicky / Ramabanam{{efn|Gopichand played a single character with two names|name=Note 2}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopichand's next titled Rama Banam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/jan/16/gopichands-next-titled-rama-banam-38817.html |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Shooting of Gopichand's next begins today |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/shooting-of-gopichands-next-begins-today.html |website=[[Mallemala Entertainments|123 Telugu]] |accessdate=3 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
! scope="row"| ''[[Bhimaa]]''
| Bhimaa and Ramaa{{efn|Gopichand played dual characters in a single film|name=Note 1}}
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhimaa first look: Gopichand returns as a fierce cop in the upcoming action-entertainer; see pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/bhimaa-first-look-gopichand-returns-as-a-fierce-cop-in-the-upcoming-action-entertainer/articleshow/100956512.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=12 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Viswam (film)|''Viswam'']]
|Viswam
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Viswam: Gopichand plays an assassin in his next with Sreenu Vaitla. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/viswam-gopichand-plays-an-assassin-in-his-next-with-sreenu-vaitla-watch-101712845561806.html |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
!Year
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!class="unsortable"|Ref
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]''
|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Villain
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|date=5 October 2003|title=Telugu CineMaa Awards 2002|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2002.html|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[50th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Telugu|Best Villain – Telugu]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46891&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |title=The Winner: 50th Manikchand Filmfare Awards 2002 - Filmfare - Indiatimes |access-date=28 August 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828123037/http://filmfaremagazine.indiatimes.com/articleshow.cms?msid=46891&right=1&fright=1&botlink=1 |archive-date=28 August 2004 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Nandi Awards]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nandi Film Awards G.O and Results 2002|url=https://www.apsftvtdc.in/nandi-film-awards-2002.html|access-date=19 June 2021|website=APSFTVTDC}}</ref>
|-
|2004
! scope="row" |''[[Nijam]]''
|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Villain
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 November 2004|title=Cine Maa Awards results by Rhythm Mediaworks and MAA TV|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaaawards2003.html|access-date=|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|-
|2005
! scope="row" |''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''
|[[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Villain
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 January 2006|title=CineMAA Awards 2004|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/2004cinemaa-awards.html|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.herogopichand.com/}}
*{{IMDb name|id=1385228|name=Gopichand}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopichand}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]

Tamil Nadu State Commission For Women

2026-02-07T17:24:33Z

Coolblack5: Made a post w/ sources

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|nativename_a =
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|formed = 1993
|jurisdiction = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|headquarters = Kalas Mahal, 1st Floor, [[Chepauk]], [[Chennai]] 600005
|chief1_name = Tmt. A. S. Kumari (as of January 2026)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/women-display-picture-social-media-tamil-nadu-women-commission-8691816/|title=Women should avoid using their photo as display picture on social media: Tamil Nadu women’s commission chief A S Kumari|date=June 29, 2023}}</ref>
|chief1_position = (Chairperson)
|website = {{URL|http://tnsocialwelfare.tn.gov.in/|Official Website}}
|name= Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women
|seal=
|employees=
|budget=
|parent_department=
|type=Commission
}}
'''Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women''' (TNSCW) is a statutory body established in 1993 to safeguard the rights of women and address crimes against them across the state. It is one of the [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments|departments]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil-nadu-state-commission-for-women {{!}} Social Welfare & Women Empowerment Department, Government of Tamilnadu, India |url=https://www.tnsocialwelfare.tn.gov.in/en/specilisations/tamil-nadu-state-commission-for-women |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241226034507/https://www.tnsocialwelfare.tn.gov.in/en/specilisations/tamil-nadu-state-commission-for-women |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.tnsocialwelfare.tn.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="scw ref1">{{Cite news|last1=Rajagopalan|first1=Swarna|title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939|access-date=9 January 2022|publisher=dnaindia.com|date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women Act, 2008 |url=https://www.indianemployees.com/acts-rules/details/tamil-nadu-state-commission-for-women-act-2008 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.indianemployees.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=List of State Women Commissions - National Commission for Women |url=https://www.ncw.gov.in/important-links/list-of-state-women-commissions/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250808210436/https://www.ncw.gov.in/important-links/list-of-state-women-commissions/ |archive-date=2025-08-08 |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=National Commission for Women |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tamil Nadu Government's Departments]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian commissions and inquiries]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]
{{Government of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Government Departments of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Government departments of Tamil Nadu]]
{{India-stub}}
[[Category:1993 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Kular, Jalandhar

2026-02-02T15:28:15Z

Coolblack5: small rework details as per guidelines

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kular
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.2261536|N|75.3481301|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_blank2_title = Total Households
| population_blank2 = 491
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 2275 1165/1110 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_density_km2 =
| population_note =
| population_blank1_title = Scheduled Castes
| population_blank1 = 887 470/417 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144625{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 67
| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kular''' is a village in [[Jalandhar district]], Punjab, India. It is located {{convert|22.6|km}} from the tehsil headquarters [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]], {{convert|19.8|km}} from [[Nakodar]], {{convert|27|km}} from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and {{convert|176|km}} from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Demography ==
{{as of|2011}}, the village has a total number of 491 houses and a population of 2275 of which 1165 are males while 1110 are females.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_0300.xlsx|title=DCHB Village Release|work=[[Census of India, 2011]]}}</ref> According to the report [[published]] by [[Census India]] in 2011, out of the total population of the village 887 people are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Caste]] and the village does not have any [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Schedule Tribe]] population so far.<ref name=census />

== Transport ==
Shahkot Malisian station is the nearest [[train station]]. The village is {{convert|81|km}} away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is {{convert|100|km}} away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}



{{Jalandhar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

India at the 1960 Summer Olympics

2026-01-31T22:48:57Z

Coolblack5: adjust structure to improve readability and corrected details

{{use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 1960
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website =
| location = [[Rome]]
| competitors = 45 (all men)
| sports = 6
| flagbearer =
| rank = 32
| gold = 0
| silver = 1
| bronze = 0
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] competed at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]] in [[Rome]], [[Italy]]. 45 competitors, all men, took part in 20 events in 6 sports.<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1960/ |title=India at the 1960 Rome Summer Games |access-date=20 June 2015 |work=Sports Reference |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620160841/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1960/ |archive-date=20 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> India's only medal in the Games was a silver in men's field hockey, when they lost to Pakistan in the final, ending the country's hockey gold-winning streak that had started in 1928 in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. Athlete [[Milkha Singh]] finished 4th in Men's 400m.

==Medalists==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Medal
!Athlete
!Sports
!Event
|-
|Silver
|[[Joseph Antic]]

[[Leslie Claudius]]

[[Jaman Lal Sharma]]

[[Mohinder Lal]]

[[Shankar Lakshman]]

[[John Peter (field hockey)|John Peter]]

[[Govind Sawant]]

[[Raghbir Singh Bhola]]

[[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh Kullar]]

[[Charanjit Singh (hockey player)|Charanjit Singh]]

[[Jaswant Singh (field hockey)|Jaswant Singh]]

[[Joginder Singh (field hockey)|Joginder Singh]]

[[Prithipal Singh]]
|[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]
|[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Men's Tournament]]
|}

== Competitors ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Sport
!Men
!Women
!Total
!Events
|-
|[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]
|8
|0
|8
|6
|-
|[[Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Football]]
|14
|0
|14
|1
|-
|[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]
|14
|0
|14
|1
|-
|[[Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Shooting]]
|3
|0
|3
|2
|-
|[[Weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]]
|1
|0
|1
|1
|-
|[[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]]
|5
|0
|5
|5
|-
!Total
!45
!0
!45
!16
|}

==Athletics==
{{main|Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}8 Athletes represents India in [[1960 Summer Olympics]]. [[Milkha Singh]] finished second in all of the 400m rounds prior to the final, improving his time on each occasion. In the final he finished fourth with a time of 45.6, this being a decision that required a photo-finish. His finishing position was not bettered by an Indian track athlete until the 1984 Olympics.
;Men
;Track and Road Events
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Athlete
!rowspan="2"|Event
!colspan="2"|Round 1
!colspan="2"|Round 2
!colspan="2"|Semifinal
!colspan="2"|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|'''[[Milkha Singh]]'''
|align=left|[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 400 metres|400 m]]
|47:60 NR||3 '''Q'''||46:5||2 '''Q'''||45:9||2 '''Q'''||45:6||4
|-
|[[Jagmohan Singh (athlete)|'''Jagmohan Singh''']]
|[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 110 metres hurdles|110 m Hurdles]]
|15:34
|5
| colspan="6" |Did Not Advance
|-
|'''[[Lal Chand (athlete)|Lal Chand]]'''
| rowspan="3" |[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|Marathon]]
| colspan="6" rowspan="3" |N/A
|2:32:13.0
|40
|-
|'''[[Jagmal Singh (athlete)|Jagmal Singh]]'''
|2:35:01.0
|45
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Ranjit Bhatia]]'''
|2:57:06.0
|60
|-
|[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 5000 metres|5000m]]
|15:06.6
|11
| colspan="4" |N/A
| colspan="2" |Did Not Advance
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|'''Ajit Singh'''
| [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]
| colspan="6" | N/A
|
|DSQ
|-
| [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|50 km walk]]
| colspan="6" | N/A
|4:47:28.4
|15
|-
|align=left rowspan=2|'''[[Zora Singh]]'''
| [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km walk]]
| colspan="6" | N/A
|1:43:19.8
|20
|-
| [[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|50 km walk]]
| colspan="6" | N/A
|4:37:44.6
|8
|}

'''Field Events'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Athlete
! rowspan="2" |Event
! colspan="2" |Qualification
! colspan="2" |Final
|-
!Result
!Rank
!Result
!Rank
|-
|[[Gurbachan Singh Randhawa]]
|[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's high jump|High Jump]]
|1.90m
|27
| colspan="2" |Did Not Advance
|-
|[[B.V. Satyanarayan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's long jump|Long Jump]]
|6.70m
|44
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Did Not Advance
|-
|[[Virsa Singh]]
|7.08m
|30
|}

== Field hockey==
{{main|Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}

India played a few practice matches leading into the group stage games. They defeated [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]] 8–0 on 22 August<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ram |first1=Vernon |title=Claudius Sees Potent Rival in Germany |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=24 August 1960 |page=10}}</ref> and [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]] 5–2 three days later.<ref>{{cite news |title=Asian Hockey Teams' Impressive Play |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=26 August 1960 |page=10}}</ref> This was the first time since 1928 that the Men's team failed to achieve a gold medal in [[field hockey]]. They lost 1–0 to Pakistan by a goal Ahmad Nasir to secure the second position.

Team Roster:

* [[Joseph Antic]]
* [[Leslie Claudius]]
* [[Jaman Lal Sharma]]
* [[Mohinder Lal]]
* [[Shankar Lakshman]]
* [[John Peter (field hockey)|John Peter]]
* [[Govind Sawant]]
* [[Raghbir Singh Bhola]]
* [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh Kullar]]
* [[Charanjit Singh (hockey player)|Charanjit Singh]]
* [[Jaswant Singh (field hockey)|Jaswant Singh]]
* [[Joginder Singh (field hockey)|Joginder Singh]]
* [[Prithipal Singh]]
;Summary

{|class=wikitable style=font-size:90%;text-align:center
|-
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=4|Group Stage
!Quarterfinal
!Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final / {{abbr|BM|Bronze medal match}}
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Opposition Score
!Rank
|-
|align=left|[[India men's national field hockey team|India men's]]
|align=left|[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|Men's tournament]]
|{{fh|DEN}} '''W''' 10–0
|{{fh|NED}} '''W''' 4–1
|{{fh|NZL}} '''W''' 3–0
|1
|{{fh|AUS}} '''W''' 1–0
|{{fh|GBR}} '''W''' 1–0
|{{fh|PAK}} '''L''' 0–1
|{{silver02}}
|}

===Preliminary round===

===Group A===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|update=complete

|team_order=IND, NZL, NED, DEN

|win_IND=3 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=0 |gf_IND=17|ga_IND=1
|win_NZL=1 |draw_NZL=1 |loss_NZL=1 |gf_NZL=5 |ga_NZL=5
|win_NED=1 |draw_NED=1 |loss_NED=1 |gf_NED=6 |ga_NED=7
|win_DEN=0 |draw_DEN=0 |loss_DEN=3 |gf_DEN=3 |ga_DEN=18

|name_IND={{fh|IND}}
|name_NZL={{fh|NZL}}
|name_NED={{fh|NED}}
|name_DEN={{fh|DEN}}

|note_NZL=[[New Zealand men's national field hockey team|New Zealand]] and the [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] finished on equal points at the conclusion of the pool stage, resulting in a match to determine second place in the pool, which New Zealand won 2–1.
|note_NED=NZL

|winpoints=2

|result1=QF |result2=QF |result3=N |result4=T
|source=[http://www.fih.ch/events/olympic-games/olympic-games-rome1960-m/pools-matches/pools/?poolId=12 FIH]
|res_col_header=Q
|col_QF=green1 |text_QF=[[#Knockout stage|Quarter-finals]]
|col_N=blue1 |text_N=[[#Ninth to twelfth place classification|9–12th place classification]]
|col_T=yellow1 |text_T=[[#Thirteenth to sixteenth place classification|13–16th place classification]]
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
| date =27 August 1960
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|India}}
| goals1 = [[Prithipal Singh|P. Singh]] {{fhgoal||1||15||16}} [[Raghbir Singh Bhola|Bhola]] {{fhgoal||22||31||67}} [[John Peter (field hockey)|Peter]] {{fhgoal||41}} [[Jaswant Singh (field hockey)|Ja. Singh]] {{fhgoal||64}} ? ?
| score = 10–0
| team2 = {{fh|Denmark}}
| stadium = [[Stadio dei Marmi]], [[Rome]]
| umpires = McIldowie (RSA) Whitelaw (GBR)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 30 August 1960
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|India}}
| goals1 = [[Jaswant Singh (field hockey)|Ja. Singh]] {{fhgoal||26}} [[Raghbir Singh Bhola|Bhola]] {{fhgoal||63}} [[Prithipal Singh|P. Singh]] {{fhgoal||66||69}}
| score = 4–1
| team2 = {{fh|Netherlands}}
| goals2 = [[Theo van Vroonhoven|Van Vroonhoven]] {{fhgoal||9}}
| stadium = [[Stadio dei Marmi]], [[Rome]]
| umpires = de Bourguignon (BEL) Asselman (BEL)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 2 September 1960
| time = 16:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|India}}
| goals1 = [[Raghbir Singh Bhola|Bhola]] {{fhgoal||8}} [[John Peter (field hockey)|Peter]] {{fhgoal||57}} [[Jaswant Singh (field hockey)|Ja. Singh]] {{fhgoal||70}}
| score = 3–0
| team2 = {{fh|New Zealand}}
| stadium = [[Olympic Velodrome, Rome]]
| umpires = McIldowie (RSA) Whitelaw (GBR)
}}

===Quarter-finals===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 5 September 1960
| time = 09:00
| team1 = {{fh-rt|India}}
| goals1 = [[Raghbir Singh Bhola|Bhola]] {{fhgoal||84}}
| score = 1–0
| team2 = {{fh|Australia}}
| aet = yes
| stadium = [[Olympic Velodrome, Rome]]
| umpires = Whitelaw (GBR) MacIldowie (RSA)
}}

===Semi-finals===

{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 September 1960
| time = 15:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|India}}
| goals1 = [[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Kullar]] {{fhgoal||16}}
| score = 1–0
| team2 = {{fh|Great Britain}}
| stadium = [[Olympic Velodrome, Rome]]
| umpires = Elgershuizen (NED) Schinner (GER)
}}

===Gold medal match===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 9 September 1960
| time = 15:30
| team1 = {{fh-rt|Pakistan}}
| goals1 = [[Naseer Bunda|Bunda]] {{fhgoal||6}}
| score = 1–0
| team2 = {{fh|India}}
| stadium = [[Olympic Velodrome, Rome]]
| umpires = MacDowell (AUS) Massart (BEL)
}}

==Football==
{{main|Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}

===Group D===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=150|Team
!width=20|{{abbr|Pld|Matches played}}
!width=20|{{abbr|W|Matches won}}
!width=20|{{abbr|D|Matches drawn}}
!width=20|{{abbr|L|Matches lost}}
!width=20|{{abbr|GF|Goals for}}
!width=20|{{abbr|GA|Goals against}}
!width=20|{{abbr|GD|Goal difference}}
!width=20|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|- bgcolor="#ccffcc"
|align=left|{{fb|HUN}}
|3||3||0||0||15||3||+12||'''6'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|FRA}}
|3||1||1||1||3||9||−6||'''3'''
|-
|align=left|{{fb|PER}}
|3||1||0||2||6||9||−3||'''2'''
|-
|align=left|'''{{fb|IND}}'''
!3!!0!!1!!2!!3!!6!!−3!!'''1'''
|}

----
{{football box
| date = August 26, 1960 12:00
| team1 = {{fb-rt|HUN}}
| score = 2 – 1
| report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624003728/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197075/matches/match=32043/report.html Report]
| team2 = {{fb|IND}}
| goals1 = [[János Göröcs|Göröcs]] {{goal|23}} [[Flórián Albert, Sr.|Albert]] {{goal|56}}
| goals2 = [[Tulsidas Balaram|Balaraman]] {{goal|79}}
| stadium = [[L'Aquila]]
| referee = [[Bahri Ben Said|Ben Said]] (TUN)
| attendance =
}}
----
{{football box
|date = August 29, 1960 12:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|FRA}}
|score = 1 – 1
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20100702080224/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197075/matches/match=32050/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Gérard Coinçon|Coinçon]] {{goal|82}}
|goals2 = [[P. K. Banerjee|Banerjee]] {{goal|71}}
|stadium = [[Grosseto]], [[Stadio Olimpico Carlo Zecchini|Stadio Olimpico Comunale]]
|referee = [[Raymond Morgan|Morgan]] (CAN)
|attendance =
}}
----
{{football box
|date = September 1, 1960 12:00
|team1 = {{fb-rt|PER}}
|score = 3 – 1
|report = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624001446/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197075/matches/match=32052/report.html Report]
|team2 = {{fb|IND}}
|goals1 = [[Nicolas Nieri|Nieri]] {{goal|27||53}} [[Thomas Iwasaki|Iwasaki]] {{goal|85}}
|goals2 = [[Tulsidas Balamaran|Balaraman]] {{goal|88}}
|stadium = [[Pescara]]
|referee = [[Hussein Imam|Imam]] (UAE)
|attendance =
}}

==Shooting==
{{main|Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}
Three shooters represented India in 1960.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Athlete
!Event
!Score
!Rank
|-
|[[Paul Cheema Singh]]
|[[Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 25 metre rapid fire pistol|Men's 25m Rapid Fire Pistol]]
|434
|57
|-
|[[Karni Singh]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's trap|Men's Trap]]
|183
|8
|-
|[[Keshav Sen]]
| -
|AC QR
|}
;

==Weightlifting==
{{main|Weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Athlete
!Event
!Total(Kgs)
!Rank
|-
|[[Laxmi Kanta Das]]
|[[Weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's 60 kg|Men's 60 kg]]
|315.0
|12
|}

==Wrestling==
{{main|Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}
{{smalldiv|1=<nowiki/>
'''Key''':
* {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall}} - [[Pin (amateur wrestling)|Victory by Fall]].
* {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points}} - Decision by Points.
* {{abbr|Pd|Decision by Points (Judges Disagree)}} - Decision by Points but Judges disagree.
}}

;Men's freestyle
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
!Athlete
!Event
!Round 1 Result
!Round 2 Result
!Round 3 Result
!Round 4 Result
!Round 5 Result
!Round 6 Result
!Round 7 Result
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sunder Shiam|S. Shiam]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 62 kg|−62 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Joseph Mewis|J. Mewis]]|BEL|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 4m 52s}}
|colspan=6 {{n/a|did not advance}}
|25
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Gian Prakash]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 67 kg|−67 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Shelby Wilson]]|USA|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[José Yañez|J. Yanez]]|CUB|1960 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Martti Peltoniemi|M. Peltoniemi]]|FIN|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|colspan=3 {{n/a|did not advance}}
| {{n/a}}
|15
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Udey Chand]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 73 kg|−73 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Joe Feeney (wrestler)|J. Feeney]]|IRL|1960 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Vakhtang Balavadze (wrestler)|V. Balavadze]]|URS|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[İsmail Ogan]]|TUR|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 4m 11s}}
|colspan=3 {{n/a|did not advance}}
| {{n/a}}
|14
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Madho Singh (wrestler)|Madho Singh]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 79 kg|−79 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Alan Butts|A. Butts]]|GBR|1960 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 4m 3s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Germano Caraffini|G. Caraffini]]|ITA|1960 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 4m 3s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Hans Antonsson]]|SWE|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Georgy Skhirtladze]]|URS|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
| {{n/a|did not advance}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|5
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sajjan Singh (Wrestler)|Sajjan Singh]]
|align=left|[[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 87 kg|−87 kg]]
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Antonio Marcucci|A. Marcucci]]|ITA|1960 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Dieter Rauchbach|D. Rauchbach]]|EUA|1960 Summer}} '''W''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 3m 45s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[György Gurics|G. Gurics]]|HUN|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|VT|Victory by Fall - 3m 37s}}
|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Viking Palm|V. Palm]]|SWE|1960 Summer}} '''L''' {{abbr|Pt|Decision by Points : 3-1}}
|colspan=2 {{n/a|did not advance}}
| {{n/a}}
|7
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.amateur-boxing.vip.interia.pl/Championships/OlympicGames2000.html Official Olympic Reports]
*[http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp International Olympic Committee results database]

{{Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|1960]]

Jagjeet Sandhu

2026-01-31T21:21:13Z

Coolblack5: adding basic post needs work

{{Short description|Indian actor (born c. 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption = Sandhu during filming of ''[[Escaype Live]]''
| name = Jagjeet Sandhu
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |26|2017|August|15}}<ref name="IT"/>
| birth_place = Himmatgarh Chhana, Amloh, [[Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab]], India<ref name="Official">{{cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.jagjeetsandhu.com/biography |website=jagjeetsandhu |accessdate=15 September 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225940/https://www.jagjeetsandhu.com/biography |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IT"/>
| occupation = Actor
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|https://JagjeetSandhu.com}}
| imagesize =
| yearsactive = 2014–present
| education = [[Panjab University]]
}}

'''Jagjeet Sandhu''' (born 1990 or 1991) is an Indian film actor and theatre artist who works in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindi]] films and Television.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-21|title=Jagjeet Sandhu on Paatal Lok’s success: I feel blessed to be part of such a big show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jagjeet-sandhu-on-paatal-lok-success-6419955/|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know that Jagjeet Sandhu used to earn Rs50 as a child artist? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-that-jagjeet-sandhu-used-to-earn-rs50-as-a-child-artist/articleshow/78806782.cms|access-date=2022-01-11|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He started his career with the biographic film ''Rupinder Gandhi'' in 2015. Sandhu is best known for his role of "Bhola"<ref>{{cite web |title=Sometimes future projects are shifted to indefinite future, jokes comedian Jageet Sandhu - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sometimes-future-projects-are-shifted-to-indefinite-future-jokes-comedian-jageet-sandhu/articleshow/65358158.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> in the ''Rupinder Gandhi'' film series and "Romi Gill" in ''[[Dakuaan Da Munda]]''<ref>{{cite web |title=Jagjeet Sandhu's life is mighty interesting! Here are some facts... |url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/jagjeet-sandhus-life-is-mighty-interesting-here-are-some-facts-408769.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820185246/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/jagjeet-sandhus-life-is-mighty-interesting-here-are-some-facts-408769.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-08-20 |website=in.com |language=en}}</ref> and his role as "Tarsem" in ''[[Sufna]]'' is considered his best role to date.

==Early life==
Sandhu was born in {{birth based on age as of date |26|2017|August|15|noage=1}}<ref name="IT"/> in the small village of Himmatgarh Chhanna, [[Fatehgarh district]], [[Punjab, India]].<ref name="Official"/><ref name="IT"/>
He graduated with a degree of [[Master of Arts]] in Indian Theatre from [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/a-dark-and-delightful-take-on-mantos-grim-tales-of-partition/articleshow/61323223.cms|title=A dark and delightful take on Manto's grim tales of partition|date=30 October 2017|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
Sandhu made his debut in [[Punjabi cinema]] in 2015, with a supporting role of character "Bhola" in ''Rupinder Gandhi - The Gangster..?''.<ref name="IT">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20170821-jagjeet-sandhu-actor-films-1029059-2017-08-11|title=Between spotlight and 35mm|date=11 August 2017|publisher=India Today}}</ref> After that he played the role of "Speed" in ''[[Qissa Panjab]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/punjabi-flick-presents-society-in-distinctive-colour/146045.html|title=A Punjabi flick presents society in distinctive colour|date=14 October 2015|work=The Tribune|access-date=21 July 2017|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623004806/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/bathinda/punjabi-flick-presents-society-in-distinctive-colour/146045.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020, Sandhu appeared in a romantic drama ''[[Sufna]]'', by [[Jagdeep Sidhu]]. His performance was praised by critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Movie Review – Sufna: Simplicity is its strength|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/reviews/story/movie-review-–-sufna-simplicity-is-its-strength-41660|last=Service|first=Tribune News|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref> In 2020, he played the character of "Tope Singh" in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] streaming series ''[[Paatal Lok]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jagjeet Sandhu on Paatal Lok's success: I feel blessed to be part of such a big show|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/jagjeet-sandhu-on-paatal-lok-success-6419955/|date=2020-05-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 |2015
| ''Rupinder Gandhi - The Gangster..?''|| Bhola ||
|-
| ''[[Qissa Panjab]]'' || Speed ||
|-
| rowspan=1 |2016
| ''[[Anatomy of Violence]]''|| Rapist || [[ Hindi]] debut
|-
| rowspan=1 |2017
| ''[[Rabb Da Radio]]'' || Jaggi ||
|-
| rowspan=1 |2017
| ''[[Rocky Mental]]'' || Dahiya ||
|-
| rowspan=1 |2017
| ''Rupinder Gandhi 2: The Robinhood'' || Bhola || Nominated:
[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|PTC Award]] for Best Comic Role
|-
| rowspan=1 |2018
| ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]'' ||Teja Singh ||
|-
|2018
|''[[Dakuan Da Munda]]''
|| Rommi Gill||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kaka Ji]]'' || Raakat ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]'' || Jaggi ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Shadaa]]'' || Bagh Singh ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Leila (TV series)|Leila]]'' || Rakesh || Digital debut; 4 episodes
|-
| 2019 || ''Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hema Malini First Punjabi Film Mitti: Virasat Babbaran Di First Poster Out {{!}} Jagjeet Sandhu {{!}} New Film {{!}} |url=https://abpsanjha.abplive.in/videos/hema-malini-first-punjabi-film-mitti-virasat-babbaran-di-first-poster-out-jagjeet-sandhu-new-film--486610 |website=abpsanjha.abplive.in |language=hi |date=12 July 2019 |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820185243/https://abpsanjha.abplive.in/videos/hema-malini-first-punjabi-film-mitti-virasat-babbaran-di-first-poster-out-jagjeet-sandhu-new-film--486610 |url-status=dead }}</ref> || Babbar Uday Singh <ref>{{cite web |title=Hema Malini brings history of Babbar Akalis on celluloid |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/hema-malini-brings-history-of-babbar-akalis-on-celluloid/819983.html |website=Tribune India |access-date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820190127/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/hema-malini-brings-history-of-babbar-akalis-on-celluloid/819983.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ||
|-
| 2019 || ''Unni Ikki'' || DC || Debut as a lead actor
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Sufna]]'' || Tarsem ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Taxi No. 24'' || ||
|
|-2021 || ''Please Kill Me||. ||

|2023 || ''[[Tufang (film)|Tufang]]''|| Mousor Brar
|
|
|-
|2024
|[[Oye Bhole Oye]]
|Bhola
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|[[Illti]]
|lead role
|Upcoming
|
|-
| ''Chor Dil''|| Guri || <ref>{{cite news |title=Chor Dil Movie Review: A Fun Blend of Comedy, Crime, and Thrills |url=https://hinduwire.com/chor-dil-movie-review-comedy-crime-thrills-2024 |access-date=27 October 2024 |work=Hindu Wire |date=27 October 2024}}</ref>
|
|-
|[[The Diplomat (2025 film)|The Diplomat]]
|Tahir
|[[Hindi|Hindi Film]]
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year!! Title !! Character !! Network !! Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Paatal Lok]]'' || Tope Singh || [[Amazon Prime Video]] || 9 episodes <ref>{{cite web |title=Paatal Lok (TV Series 2020– ) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9680440/fullcredits|website=imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Escaype Live]]'' || Nandu Mama || [[Hotstar]] || 7 episodes <ref>{{cite web |title=Escaype Live (TV Series 2022– ) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15128122/fullcredits|website=imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Personal life==
He lives in Chandigarh. Currently he is doing theatre with 'The Centre of Music Performing Arts Natya Yatris' with [[Neelam Mansingh Chowdhry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/article22260945.ece|title=Theatre performers Jagjeet Sandhu with Navjot Randhawa in Dark Bord|date=22 December 2017|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:20%;"|Film
! style="width:30%;"|Award Ceremony
! style="width:29%;"|Category
! style="width:15%;"|Result
|-
| 2018
| Rupinder Gandhi 2
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Comic Role<ref>{{Cite web|title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2018- Official list of nominations|url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2018-official-list-nominations/|last=Kaur|first=Nimrat|date=2018-03-30|website=PTC NEWS|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-16}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7605611}}
*{{facebook}}
*{{Official Website|http://www.JagjeetSandhu.com/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sandhu, jagjeet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Soreng district

2026-01-11T05:54:43Z

Coolblack5:

{{One source|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Soreng district
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]] of [[Sikkim]]
| image_skyline = Barsey Rhododendron Sanctuary in late april.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Varsey Rhododendron Sanctuary]] in late April, with flowers in full bloom
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| image_map = Soreng in Sikkim (India).svg
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2|88.2|type:adm2nd_region:IN-SK|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Soreng]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = District Collector (DC)
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-SK]]
| website = {{URL|https://soreng.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Soreng district''' is a district in the Indian state of [[Sikkim]], administered from [[Soreng]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim forms Soreng and Pakyong districts, total number rises to six |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/sikkim-creates-two-more-districts-soreng-and-pakyong/cid/1844456 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Soreng District was officially created from [[Gyalshing district|Gyalshing District]] (then West Sikkim) in December 2021 by ''The Sikkim (re-Organization of District) Act, 2021'', hence becoming the sixth district of Sikkim. Its shares borders with Nepal on its west, Gyalshing district to north, [[Namchi district]] to east and [[Darjeeling district]] of [[West Bengal]] to the south.

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title = Religion in Soreng district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11391/download/14504/DDW11C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|49.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|27.42}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|13.37}}
{{bar percent|Other (mainly [[Kirat Mundhum]])|red|8.72}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|0.45}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.27}}
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, what is now Soreng District had a population of 64,760. Soreng District had a sex ratio of 959 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 77.68%. 1.91% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 2,544 (3.93%) and 25,970 (40.10%) respectively.<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/13990/download/17113/DH_2011_1100_PART_A_DCHB_SIKKIM.PDF |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Soreng district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value1 = 65.11 |color1 = lightcoral
|label2 = [[Limbu language|Limbu]] |value2 = 14.13 |color2 = lavender
|label3 = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] |value3 = 5.05 |color3 = darkblue
|label4 = [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] |value4 = 3.47 |color4 = purple
|label5 = [[Tamang language|Tamang]] |value5 = 3.39 |color5 = skyblue
|label6 = [[Sikkimese language|Bhotia]] |value6 = 2.62 |color6 = deepskyblue
|label7 = [[Kiranti languages|Rai]] |value7 = 1.97 |color7 = limegreen
|label8 = Hindi |value8 = 1.45 |color8 = orange
|label9 = Others |value9 = 2.81 |color9 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 65.11% of the population in the district spoke [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 14.13% [[Limbu language|Limbu]], 5.05% [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], 3.47% Sherpa, 3.39% Tamang, 2.62% [[Sikkimese language|Bhotia]], 1.97% [[Rai languages|Rai]] and 1.45% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Sikkim |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10221/download/13333/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1100.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Ambotey]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sikkim}}

[[Category:Districts of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Soreng district]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Ukha Loikhai

2025-12-06T03:08:07Z

Coolblack5: Made the info from scratch

{{short description|Village in Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ukha Loikhai
| native_name_lang = 
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|24.4603|93.6374|format=dms |display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 418
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Churachandpur census"/>
| demographics_type1 = Language(s)
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Meitei language|Meitei]] (Manipuri)
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 11
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Ukha Loikhai''' ('''Ukha''' or '''Loikhai'''){{efn|name=alternative|Alternative spellings: "Luaikhai" and "Loaikhai".}} is a village in the [[Churachandpur district]] of [[Manipur]], India. It is on the western slopes of the [[Thangjing Hill]] and has ongoing claims to the top of the hill itself.<ref name="Paolienlal Haokip">
[https://thefrontiermanipur.com/bjp-mla-paolienlal-haokip-slams-bjyms-attempt-to-plant-trees-on-thangjing-hill/ BJP MLA Paolienlal Haokip Slams BJYM’s Attempt To Plant Trees On Thangjing Hill], The Frontier Manipur, 17 May 2022. "The MLA said that so far as the Thangjing Hills are concerned, the Chief of Ukha (Loikhai) has clear orders of the settlement officer, excluding the land belonging to Loikhai village, which includes Thangjing Hills, from the Churachandpur Khopum Protected Forest."
</ref> In the 2011 census, Ukha Loikhai had a population of 418 people.<ref name="Churachandpur census">
{{harvp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|loc=p. 134}}
</ref>
Ukha was one of the leading villages in the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]].

== Name ==
The village is marked as "Ukha" in the documents of the [[British Raj]],{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=223}} but it is said to be locally known as "Loikhai".{{efn|name=alternative}}<ref>
{{citation |first=S. Thangboi |last=Zou |chapter=The Zou Gal (1917–1919): A military history with special reference to the Zou in Manipur-Chin borders |editor1=Ngamjahao Kipgen |editor2=Doungul Letkhojam Haokip |title=Against the Empire: Polity, Economy and Culture during the Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919 |publisher=Routledge |year=2021 |isbn=978-1-003-00065-5 |page=38 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YHrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38}}
</ref>
It is currently called "Ukha Loikhai" in official documents.<ref name="Churachandpur census"/>
The combined name also serves to distinguish it from Ukha Tampak on the eastern foothills of Thangjing Hill.

== Geography ==
[[File:Thangjing-Hill-area-SoI-1944.jpg|thumb|right|275px|1944 Survey of India map of the region: Ukha is marked to the southwest of Thangjing Hill]]

Ukha is on the western slopes of [[Thangjing Hill]], one of the tallest peaks of the state, in [[Churachandpur district]]. It is on a sloping ridge, flanked by streams on both sides, which, after reaching the bottom, join the Talai River, a tributary of the [[Leimatak River]]. Early 20th century British maps show a road passing through Ukha, which leads to [[Chothe Munpi]] in the west, and [[Kangvai]] in the east. The present-day road is similar but goes up to [[Henglep]] in the west, and runs to [[Torbung]] in the east.

Ukha is listed in the ''Gazetteer of Manipur'' as a village at an elevation of {{convert|3500|ft|abbr=on}}, with a population of 150 people belonging to the "Changput subdivision of the Kongjai Kuki tribe".{{sfnp|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886|p=223}} Its current population per 2011 census is 418,{{sfnp|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011|p=134}} and the elevation on modern maps is 1,500 metres.

== History ==
Ukha was part of the "Haokip Reserved" area (the northern part of the present-day Churachandpur district), defined by [[William Alexander Cosgrave]], the president of Manipur State Darbar, in 1907. The reserve was apparently reconfirmed in 1941–1942, and its borders delineated.<ref>
{{citation |last=Haokip |first=Sielen |chapter=What Price, Twenty Years of Peace in Mizoram (1986–2006): A Kuki Perspective |editor=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Kukis of Northeast India: Politics and Culture |publisher=Bookwell |year=2012 |isbn=9789380574448 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hp4hWrL-JOEC&pg=PA91 |page=91 |quote=During British rule a greater part of the hills surrounding Churachandpur was accorded the status of 'Haokip Reserve'.}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Haokip |first=T. S. Letkhosei |title=Ethnicity and Insurgency in Myanmar/Burma: A Comparative Study of the Kuki-Chin and Karen Insurgencies |publisher=Educreation Publishing |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGpoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128 |page=128 |quote=As per Mr Cosgrave's Order Of 1907 in the document and the sketch Map drawn in 1941-42, signed and sealed by the president of the Manipur Hill Darbar, and the interview statement of Shri TL Thenkhomang Haokip (23 Nov 2010), Chief of Ukha-Loikhai village Churachandpur, Northern Haokip Reserved Land in Churachandpur covers the following areas; Seitol (Saiton) – Kangvai – Tingkai/Loibol bordering present Bishnupur district and Tamenglong district in the north, Leimata river in the west, Natyang-Koite in the south and Tuitha (Khuga) river in the east.}}
</ref>

Ukha played a leading role in the [[Kuki Rebellion of 1917–1919]] (also called Anglo-Kuki War).{{sfnp|Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters|2019|loc=p. 123: "In the Southwestern hills, Pakang (Henglep), Semchung (Ukha), Haoneh (Nabil) and Paosum (Songphu) led the war."}} The village chief at that time was Semchung Haokip (or Semkholun Haokip). In early 1917, the local chiefs met at Ukha to discuss the emerging conflict with the British authorities. The chief of Aishan, considered the tribal chief (''piba'') of Thadou Kuki tribes, presided over the meeting.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|loc=pp. 38–39: "Aishan’s announcement was followed by a series of meetings held in different parts of Kuki hills – Chassad, Jampi, Taloulong, Mombi, Ukha, Henglep, etc."}}<ref name="Kuki Inpi Manipur">
Kuki Inpi Manipur, Anglo-Kuki War (1917-1919), Imphal Free Press, 29 September 2019. {{ProQuest|2298810123}}
</ref> After [[Mombi, Manipur|Mombi]] was burned by the British, an all-Kuki War Council was called by the chief of Chassad, and the chiefs received a signal to resist and fight. Another meeting was held in October, with 22 chiefs attending, and a decision was made to resist. War preparations were begun immediately.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|p=42}} In December 1917, the chief of Ukha sent 12 Kukis to collect his [[gayal|mithun]]s from [[Kangvai]]. They are said to have been fired upon by British troops, an action that so enraged the Kangvai Kukis that they joined the Ukha Kukis in their rebellion. On 19 December, the combined Kukis raided the Manipur State forest toll station at [[Ithai, Manipur|Ithai]], presumably for arms and for neutralising the state forces.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|p=46}}

On 25 December, the British [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] J. C. Higgins went with a force to the foothills of Thangjing Hill to punish the Ukha Kukis.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|loc=p. 47: "On 25 December 1917, [Political Agent J. C. Higgins] set out again with his sepoys to punish the Ukha Kukis. On 28 December, he reached the foothills of Thangting where he saw a ‘war-like preparation’ and had therefore ordered ‘to fire on any Kuki seen with a gun in his hand’. It was here that they met the first Kuki attack..."}} The Ukha Kukis staged an able defence of the Thangjing Hill, with sniper attacks and home-made leather cannons, causing several casualties on the British troops, but no Kuki was captured. Ukha was reportedly burnt down, and the Kukis escaped into the forests.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|p=47}}<ref name="Kuki Inpi Manipur"/> The failure of the operation and a similar one at Mombi stunned the British officers.{{sfnp|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019|pp=47–48}} Another attack with a larger force was launched in February 1918, with similar results.{{sfnp|Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters|2019|p=125}} Eventually the rebellion was suppressed only by wholesale destruction of villages, including their livestock and foodgrains, and driving the people into the woods to starve, along with women and children.{{sfnp|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019|p=100}}

During [[World War II]], the British withdrew from Tedim to Imphal, fighting seven decisive battles along the [[Tedim Road]]. All the villages within seven kilometre distance of the road were asked to be evacuated within two days. The people of Kangvai and other villages mostly went to southwest Manipur to stay with relatives. The original intention appears to have to been to stay at Ukha, but the village did not have enough food supplies to support them and it was not considered safe enough either. Modern commentators notice that no refugee camps were set up anywhere in the vicinity.{{sfnp|Vaiphei, Second World War and Southern Manipur|2022|pp=70–71}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Churachandpur District Census Handbook |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |year=2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Churachandpur District Census Handbook|2011}}}}
* {{citation |last=Dun |first=E. W. |title=Gazetteer of Manipur |publisher=Manas Publications |year=1992 |orig-year=1886 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32037 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur|1886}}}}
* {{citation |editor1=Jangkhomang Guite |editor2=Thongkholal Haokip |title=The Anglo-Kuki War, 1917–1919: A Frontier Uprising against Imperialism during World War I |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-138-50704-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Guite & Haokip, The Anglo-Kuki War|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Guite |first=Jangkhomang |chapter='Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet': The general course of the Anglo-Kuki War |title=Ibid |year=2019 |pages=37– |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-77494-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |ref={{sfnref|Guite, Fighting the White Men till the Last Bullet|2019}}}}
** {{citation |first=D. Letkhojam |last=Haokip |chapter=‘These Crafty Jungle Fighters’: Tactics, technology and symbols of Kuki war |title=Ibid |year=2019 |pages=118– |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-77494-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, These Crafty Jungle Fighters|2019}}}}
** {{citation |last=Haokip |first=Thongkholal |chapter=Breaking the Spirit of the Kukis: Launching the ‘largest series of military operations’ in the northeastern frontier of India |title=Ibid |year=2019 |pages=93– |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-77494-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALJqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93 |ref={{sfnref|Haokip, Breaking the Sprit of the Kukis|2019}}}}
* {{citation |last=Vaiphei |first=S. Lalthamuan |title=Second World War and Southern Manipur |publisher=Mizoram University |location=Aizwal |year=2022 |url=http://mzuir.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1302/1/S.%20LALTHAMUAN%20VAIPHEI,%20His.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Vaiphei, Second World War and Southern Manipur|2022}}}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/17202804#map=12/24.4582/93.6729&layers=C Ukha Road], between Henglep and Torbung, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 24 February 2024.

{{Manipur}}
[[Category:Villages in Churachandpur district]]

Biblical studies

2025-11-20T16:29:07Z

Coolblack5: new

{{Short description|Study of the Christian Bible}}
{{Other uses|Bible study (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|New Testament studies|the journal|New Testament Studies}}
{{Bible sidebar|studies}}
'''Biblical studies''' is the academic application of a set of diverse [[academic discipline|disciplines]] to the study of the [[Bible]], with ''Bible'' referring to the books of the [[Biblical canon#Jewish canons|canonical]] [[Hebrew Bible]] in mainstream [[Judaism|Jewish]] usage and the [[Bible#Etymology|Christian Bible]] including the [[Biblical canon#Christian canons|canonical]] [[Old Testament]] and [[New Testament]], respectively.<ref name=Oxf17/><ref name=Steve11>''Introduction to Biblical Studies, Second Edition'' by Steve Moyise (Oct 27, 2004) {{ISBN|0567083977}} pages 11–12</ref> For its theory and methods, the field draws on disciplines ranging from [[ancient history]], [[historical criticism]], [[philology]], [[theology]], [[textual criticism]], [[literary criticism]], historical backgrounds, [[mythology]], and [[comparative religion]].<ref name=Oxf17/>

==Definition==
{{One source section|date=June 2021}}
The ''Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies'' defines the field as a set of various, and in some cases independent disciplines for the study of the collection of ancient texts generally known as the Bible.<ref name=Oxf17>''The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies'' by J. W. Rogerson and Judith M. Lieu (May 18, 2006) {{ISBN|0199254257}} page xvii</ref> These disciplines include but are not limited to [[historical criticism]], [[archaeology]], [[hermeneutics]], [[textual criticism]], [[cultural anthropology]], [[history]], the history of interpretation, [[sociology]], [[theology]],<ref name=Oxf17/> and [[patristics#Key persons|patristics]].

==Academic societies==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}
Several academic associations and societies promote research in the field. The largest is the [[Society of Biblical Literature]] (SBL) with around 8,500 members in more than 80 countries. It publishes many books and journals in the biblical studies, including its flagship, the ''[[Journal of Biblical Literature]]''. SBL hosts one academic conference in North America and another international conference each year, as well as smaller regional meetings. Others include the European Association of Biblical Studies, the [[Canadian Society of Biblical Studies]], the [[Evangelical Theological Society]], the [[Institute for Biblical Research]], the [[American Schools of Oriental Research]], and the [[Catholic Biblical Association]].

==Biblical criticism==
{{Main|Biblical criticism}}
Biblical criticism is the scholarly "study and investigation of biblical writings that seeks to make discerning judgments about these writings".<ref name="harpers">[[Harper's Bible Dictionary]], 1985, p. 129</ref> Viewing biblical texts as being ordinary pieces of literature, rather than set apart from other literature, as in the traditional view, biblical criticism asks when and where a particular text originated; how, why, by whom, for whom, and in what circumstances it was produced; what influences were at work in its production; what sources were used in its composition; and what message it was intended to convey. It varies slightly depending on whether the focus is on the [[Hebrew Bible]], the [[Old Testament]], the letters of [[New Testament]] or the [[canonical gospels]]. It also plays an important role in the quest for a [[historical Jesus]].

It also addresses the physical text, including the meaning of the words and the way in which they are used and its preservation, history and integrity. Biblical criticism draws upon a wide range of scholarly disciplines, including [[Biblical archaeology|archaeology]], [[anthropology]], [[folklore]], [[comparative religion]], [[Christian oral tradition|oral tradition]] studies and historical and religious studies.

New Testament and Old Testament rhetorical analysis differ because of the context in which they were written. The New Testament was written during a time that had many new [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] ideas on literature and [[rhetoric]], which provide an avenue for what was known and give additional resources to study New Testament texts in those contexts.

Old Testament texts were not written in the same context, and due to their ancient nature have few additional resources to refer to for common themes in rhetoric and literature. There are many abstract text styles in the Old Testament, including historical accounts, [[Book of Proverbs|proverbs]], poetic texts, praise texts (such as [[psalms]]) and prophetic texts. The New Testament is different in that it has primarily two styles present: the [[gospel]]s, which are mostly historical accounts, and the [[epistles of the New Testament|letters, or epistles]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schlimm |first=Matthew R. |date=July 2007 |title=Biblical Studies and Rhetorical Criticism: Bridging the Divide Between the Hebrew Bible and Communication |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15358590701480515 |journal=Review of Communication |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=244–275 |doi=10.1080/15358590701480515 |issn=1535-8593 |access-date=2023-05-11 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415054718/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15358590701480515 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

When it comes to textually analyzing and criticizing the New Testament, there are a couple of eclectic approaches to understanding the text on a deeper level. External criticism in the context of biblical studies involves understanding the who, what, and when of New Testament texts. It does not analyze within the text itself, which is referred to as internal criticism. External criticism focuses on the source and dates of text and what type of text it is (in the New Testament, that is mostly a gospel account or a letter to a church or person). Internal criticism focuses specifically on the content and nature of the texts. Things like the literary style and the theology of the author may affect how one reads the text. That may require some external criticism knowledge since who the author is will shine light on why they may be saying what they are saying.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Delobel |first=Joël |date=2002-01-01 |title=The Achilles' Heel of New Testament Textual Criticism |url=https://doi.org/10.2143/BIJ.63.1.794 |journal=Bijdragen, International Journal for Philosophy and Theology |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=3–21 |doi=10.2143/BIJ.63.1.794 |issn=0006-2278|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Biblical exegesis ==
Biblical [[exegesis]] is the explanation or interpretation of the scriptures traditionally known as The Bible. Much biblical exegesis is founded upon historical-literary dynamics, either using scripture to interpret history and science, or using science and history to interpret scripture.

This is particularly important when applied to the person of Jesus Christ and the Gospels in the New Testament. Many people agree that Jesus was a real historical person, but whether he was truly the Son of God is debatable among many people, and this distinction proves to be important for one's interpretation of texts and whether the Gospels should be read literally or symbolically.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams |first=Duane |date=2015-07-03 |title=Meister Eckhart's Christ and Medieval Biblical Exegesis |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/2046572615Z.2015.1117806 |journal=Medieval Mystical Theology |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=161–179 |doi=10.1179/2046572615Z.2015.1117806 |issn=2046-5726 |access-date=2023-05-09 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421021518/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/2046572615Z.2015.1117806 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The [[Book of Revelation]] is very different from the other books of the Bible, drawing need for additional analysis to determine whether it should be read literally or symbolically. The goals of the author of the book (John) also have implications toward how one reads the book. If one reads Revelation as a literal unfolding of the end times vs reading Revelation as a highly symbolic book, there will be different outcomes in the interpretation of particular sections.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Lee |date=November 2000 |title=Invitation to transcendence: The book of revelation |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00335630009384307 |journal=Quarterly Journal of Speech |language=en |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=402–416 |doi=10.1080/00335630009384307 |issn=0033-5630 |access-date=2023-05-09 |archive-date=2023-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415073049/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00335630009384307 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Additionally, one's view of the scriptures as sacred and written by God or as a historical text has implications on one's interpretation of text.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jódar |first=Carlos |date=2022-07-03 |title=The Bible, literature and communication: A theologian's view |journal=Church, Communication and Culture |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=370–390 |doi=10.1080/23753234.2022.2098788 |issn=2375-3234 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Textual criticism==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2021}}{{Main|Textual criticism}}
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in texts, both manuscripts and printed books. Ancient scribes made errors or alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic seeks to reconstruct the original text (the [[Urtext (Biblical studies)|urtext]], [[Archetype (textual criticism)|archetype]] or [[autograph]]) as closely as possible. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate editions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a text most closely approximating the original.

There are three fundamental approaches to textual criticism: eclecticism, stemmatics, and copy-text editing. Techniques from the biological discipline of cladistics are currently also being used to determine the relationships between manuscripts.

The phrase "lower criticism" is used to describe the contrast between textual criticism and "[[Historical criticism|higher criticism]]", which is the endeavor to establish the authorship, date, and place of composition of the original text.

== Biblical history ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2023}}
Historical research has often dominated modern biblical studies. Biblical scholars usually try to interpret a particular text within its original historical context and use whatever information is available to reconstruct that setting. [[Historical criticism]] aims to determine the [[provenance]], authorship, and process by which ancient texts were composed. Famous theories of historical criticism include the [[documentary hypothesis]], which suggests that the [[Pentateuch]] was compiled from four different written sources, and different reconstructions of "the historical Jesus", which are based primarily on the differences between the canonical Gospels.

There is much controversy around using the Bible as a historical source. The Old Testament is supposed to serve as a continuous account of the establishment of [[ancient Israel]]. While many historians agree that figures like [[David|King David]] and [[Solomon|King Solomon]] are real historical figures, there comes trouble when seeking to affirm or deny events like the [[Genesis creation narrative|creation of the world]] and the [[Genesis flood narrative|flood of Noah]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conrad |first=Edgar W. |date=2000-11-01 |title=The Present State of Biblical Studies |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/aulla.2000.94.1.007 |journal=Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=109–118 |doi=10.1179/aulla.2000.94.1.007 |issn=0001-2793|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The use of terms like "myth" vs "history" also creates controversy due to some connotations that each word has. Oftentimes "myth" or "mythical" texts are seen as not true stories, where as "history" or "historical" texts are seen as fact. Mythical stories can also sometimes be seen as stories which serve some sort of religious or moral lesson, but are not necessarily true, however this does not mean that true historical stories do not have religious and moral lessons that accompany them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wyatt |first=N. |date=November 2008 |title=The Mythic Mind Revisited. Myth and History, or Myth versus History, a Continuing Problem in Biblical Studies |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09018320802661168 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=161–175 |doi=10.1080/09018320802661168 |issn=0901-8328 |access-date=2023-05-11 |archive-date=2023-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417120352/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09018320802661168 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> These views on myth and history are examples of a few difficulties when it comes to analyzing the Old Testament as a historical text.

New Testament historical analysis is also difficult due to the nature of the original texts that we can analyze, specifically their translatability as well as how oral tradition had effects on written tradition during the formation and canonization of gospel texts and the teachings of Jesus.<ref name=":1" />

==Original languages==
{{more citations needed|section|date=November 2023}}
The Hebrew Bible, the textual basis of the Christian [[Old Testament]] (although with order rearranged and some books split into two), was written in [[Biblical Hebrew]], although a few chapters were written in [[Biblical Aramaic]]. [[Deuterocanonical books]] removed from the Old Testament in some [[Protestant Bible|Protestant Christian Bibles]] are variously written in Hebrew, Greek or Aramaic. The [[New Testament]] was written in [[Koine Greek]], with possible [[Aramaic of Jesus|Aramaic undertones]], as was the first translation of the Hebrew Bible, known as the [[Septuagint]] or Greek Old Testament. Therefore, Hebrew, Greek and sometimes Aramaic continue to be taught in most universities, colleges and [[seminaries]] with strong programs in biblical studies.

There are few original Old Testament/Hebrew Bible manuscripts, and while the ancient translations (such as the Septuagint) are available, there comes a problem with comparing the translation to the original Hebrew (because we have it). This may lead to problems of establishing the reliability of translations like the Septuagint. In order to overcome this, researches have come up with methods to use the very few manuscripts we have and continually draw conclusions and compare to original texts using those conclusions to provide more reliability to available texts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tully |first=Eric J. |date=2020-07-02 |title=A Model for Distinguishing between Textual Variants and Translation Shifts in Old Testament Textual Criticism |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09018328.2020.1805207 |journal=Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=245–266 |doi=10.1080/09018328.2020.1805207 |issn=0901-8328|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In order to indicate if a translation is authentic or not, it is crucial to look for keywords that may seem unique and that are not translated from a root language such as Hebrew or any of the other original languages. This shows that there are many other languages present in the translations that seems as if it was reinvented over and over again. However, it is normal to see such a change, and it shows the difference between the original writings versus the final outcome of the translations. Although the Bible was originally written in Hebrew, it was first translated into Old Greek in the 3rd century BC. This was still translated into the Old Testament. However, when the Bible was translated into the New Testament, it was now in Greek, or in other words, Koine Greek which is also known as Biblical Greek.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grishchenko |first=Alexander Igorevich |date=2022 |title=The Linguistic-Textual Markers in the Late Medieval Slavonic Biblical Translations from Jewish Originals |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2679861962 |access-date=2024-04-29 |journal=Studi Slavistici |pages=285–300 |publisher=Firenze University Press |doi=10.36253/Studi_Slavis-12184 |issn=1824-761X|id={{ProQuest|2679861962}} |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Biblical hermeneutics]]
* [[Biblical theology]]
* [[Bible study (Christianity)]]
* [[Chronology of the Bible]]
* [[Doctor of Biblical Studies]]
* [[Exegesis]]
* [[Quranic studies]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''The Cambridge History of the Bible,'' 3 vols., eds. P. R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans, S. L. Greenslade and G. W. H. Lampe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963, 1969, 1970.
* Frei, Hans. ''The Eclipse of Biblical Narrative: A Study in Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Hermeneutics.'' New Haven: Yale, 1974.
* [[Patrick Grant (academic)|Grant, Patrick]]. 1989. ''Reading the New Testament''. London: MacMillan. {{ISBN|0-333-43618-0}}
* Greenspahn, Frederick E. "Biblical Scholars, Medieval and Modern," in J. Neusner et al. (eds.), ''Judaic Perspectives on Ancient Israel'' (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1987), pp. 245–258.
* Harrison, Peter. ''The Bible, Protestantism, and the Rise of Natural Science.'' Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2001.
* Harrisville, Roy A. & Walter Sundberg. ''The Bible in Modern Culture: Baruch Spinoza to Brevard Childs''. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001.
* Knight, Douglas A. and Gene M. Tucker, eds. ''The Hebrew Bible and Its Modern Interpreters.'' Philadelphia: Fortress/Chico: Scholars Press, 1985.
* [[Ernest Nicholson|Nicholson, Ernest W.]] ''The Pentateuch in the Twentieth Century: The Legacy of Julius Wellhausen.'' Oxford: Clarendon, 1998.
* Noll, Mark A. ''Between Faith and Criticism: Evangelicals, Scholarship, and the Bible in America.'' Harper & Row, 1986.
* Reventlow, Henning Graf. ''The Authority of the Bible and the Rise of the Modern World.'' Tr. J. Bowden. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1985.
* Sherwood, Yvonne and Stephen D. Moore. ''The Invention of the Biblical Scholar: A Critical Manifesto.'' Fortress, 2011.
* Sperling, S. David. ''Students of the Covenant: A History of Jewish Biblical Scholarship in North America.'' Atlanta Scholars Press, 1992.
* [[R. S. Sugirtharajah|Sugirtharajah, R.S.]] ''The Bible and the Third World: Precolonial, Colonial, and Postcolonial Encounters.'' Cambridge: Cambridge U.P., 2001.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.catholicbiblical.org | title = Catholic Biblical Association | website = catholicbiblical.org}}
* {{cite web | url = http://www.sbl-site.org | title = Society of Biblical Literature | website = sbl-site.org}}
* {{cite web | url = https://www.eabs.net/ | title = European Association of Biblical Studies | website = eabs.net}}
* {{cite web | url= https://www.die-bibel.de/en | title = Academic Bible online texts | website = AcademicBible.com | publisher = German Bible Society}}
* {{cite book | author1 = Roland H. Worth | url = https://archive.org/details/biblicalstudieso00wort/page/317 | title = Biblical studies on the Internet: a resource guide | isbn = 0-7864-1327-1 | oclc = 560651553 | language = en | pages = [https://archive.org/details/biblicalstudieso00wort/page/317 317] | access-date = Aug 20, 2018 | year = 2002 | via = archive.org }} (Parallel Bible with non-English translations, list of multidisciplinary resources)

{{The Bible}}
{{Christian theology}}
{{The Bible and history}}
{{Books of the Bible}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Biblical studies| ]]

Tiwa musical instruments

2025-11-13T22:26:29Z

Coolblack5: Made first stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Folk music instruments}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
Musical Instruments of the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa tribe]] add to the rhythm of the festivals of the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa tribe]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Expert|first=NE Travel|date=2020-04-19|title=THE TIWA TRIBE|url=https://www.ne.cab/tribe/the-tiwa-tribe/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=NE Tribe|language=en-US}}</ref> Traditional musical instruments plays a major role in enrichment of the Tiwa culture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Tiwa Community Festivals Issues and analysis @ abhipedia Powered by ABHIMANU IAS|url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDY3MAEEQQVVEEQQVV/Tiwa-Community-Festivals-Assam-State|access-date=2021-10-21|website=abhipedia.abhimanu.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Through '''Tiwa musical instruments''' every Tiwa celebrates all the colourful Tiwa festivals or occasion.<ref name=":2" /> A list of some of the popular musical instruments of the Tiwa people are given below.

== Tongtoróng ==
It is crafted with wood, lizard skin and Muga strings. It is a 4 string instrument and is played with hands while singing a ''Panthái líwa'' song or Panthai rojawa for their soulmates to show their love and attraction to each other.

The term seems similar to the [[Duitara]] instrument played in the neighboring states of Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=says|first=Raktim|date=2016-03-01|title=Duitara Blues of Meghalaya|url=https://lokfolkmusic.wordpress.com/2016/03/01/you-wont-believe-this-musical-instrument/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Lok Folk Music|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OMNIA - Duitara|url=https://www.omnia.ie/index.php?navigation_function=2&navigation_item=/09102/_MINIM_UK_40455&repid=1|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.omnia.ie}}</ref>

[[File:Tongtoróng Tiwa musical instruments.jpg|thumb|''Tongtoróng'', lute of the Tiwa people.]]

==Phêmba==
It is crafted with wood, rice paddy stock and bamboo which is locally known as Wathí or Wapháng. The instrument has seven holes and it is an instrument that is joined in four parts. It is usually played every year during Langkhon festival<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Assam Tourism|url=https://www.assamtourism.online/langkhun.php|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.assamtourism.online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What does LANGKHON mean?|url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/LANGKHON|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.definitions.net}}</ref> and Muinarî Kanthî misaâwa.<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Muinari Kanthi Misawa Remix Song by Manjumoni Konwar on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/muinari-kanthi-misawa-remix|language=en|access-date=2021-10-21}}</ref>

==Khrám Panthái==
Double sided and small in size, the Khrám Panthái is a membrane instrument belonging to the Tiwas.<ref name=":0" /> The cylindrical body is made of wood and the sides are covered with buffalo or goat skin. Local fibres are used for joining the two sides of the drum. The instrument measures about 1-foot in length and is played by striking against the sides with the bamboo sticks. It is played by men, the Khrám Panthái finds its use during the Wanshúwa and Langkhôn festival<ref name=":1" /> in a good number.

==Shîgakhel Khrám==
The Shîgakhel Khrám is a double sided membrane instrument of the Tiwa.<ref name=":0" /> Made of wood the cylinder instrument, measuring about 2 feet in length and is covered with buffalo skin and goat skin on the either side. The two sides of the drums are joined with local fibres. A bamboo is used to strike the right side of the instrument while the palm of the hand is used to strike the left side. The Shîgakhel Khrám is generally played by the men during the Wanshúwa festival and also during the Yanglî and Sôgra Kham.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiwa Community: Yangli Phuja Informative Videos @ abhipedia Powered by ABHIMANU IAS|url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDYzNjYEEQQVV/Tiwa-Community-Yangli-Phuja-Assam|access-date=2021-10-21|website=abhipedia.abhimanu.com|language=en-us}}</ref>

==Khrám==
Khram is a double-sided membrane instrument of the Tiwas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Meaning Khram|url=http://www.xobdo.org/dic/Khram|access-date=2021-10-21|website=www.xobdo.org}}</ref> This Khrám is made with the particular wood known as Kamarî (''Gmelina arborea Linn'')to make the body part. While buffalo skin as well as goat skin is used to cover the ends. Khrám is cylindrical in shape and measures about 4 feet in length. It is played by striking the sides with the palms of the hands. Generally used during langkhôn festival, wanshúwa festival, panthái liwa, khel cháwa, etc. It is played by the men.

==Pangsî==
The Pangsî is a bamboo transverse flute belonging to the Tiwa. Measuring approximately 3 feet in length, it has a single blow hole and seven finger holes. The instrument is played by the men during the shangtuwa festival. There are many types of Pangsî but this types of Pangsî is quite commonly used.

==Chenthôr==
The Chenthôr is a single string instrument of the Tiwas of [[Assam]]. The body of the instrument is made of wood known as Khójong pháng and the string of the instrument is made out of cane. This string is fixed to a bamboo wheel at the bottom of the instrument. Approximately measures one foot in length. It is bachelors who played the Chenthôr in the bachelors dormitory (Shámadi) during the Wanshúwa festival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-16|title=Bachelor's Dormitory and the Wanchoa Festivals of the hill Tiwas. - Culture|url=https://voleng.com/bachelors-dormitory-and-the-wanchoa-festivals-of-the-hill-tiwas/|access-date=2021-10-21|website=Voleng|language=en-US}}</ref> Bachelor presents this instrument as a gift when he propose to a girl. Should the girl accept his proposal she will also accept the Chenthôr as a gift.

==Thógari==
The Thógari is a plucked string instrument of the Tiwas. It is a single string wherein the string is made of silk. The neck of the instrument is made of wood known as Shâdon pháng (''Alstonia scholaris Brown'') and the body is made of dried shell of gourd locally known as Lawpurâ in Tiwa dialect which serves as a resonating chamber. Measuring 3 to 4 feet in length, the Thógari is used as a solo instrument and is played inside the bachelor's dormitory (Shámadi) <ref>{{Cite book|last=Patar|first=Raktim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tRAeEAAAQBAJ&dq=Tiwa+Shamadi&pg=PT31|title=The Tiwa Ethnohistory|date=2021-02-14|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-63745-518-0|language=en}}</ref> by bachelor to express his love for his soulmate.
[[File:Thógari.jpg|thumb|Thógari]]

==See also==
*[[Tiwa language (India)]]
*[[Deo Langkhui]]
*[[Wanshuwa Festival]]
*[[Shikdamakha]]
*[[Tiwa Autonomous Council|Tiwa Autonomous Council (Tiwashong)]]
*[[Machal Lalung]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Lists of musical instruments]]
[[Category:Music of Assam]]
[[Category:Traditional music]]
[[Category:Folk music instruments]]
[[Category:Musical instruments of Assam]]
[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Tiwa (India)]]

Abhishek Mahendru

2025-10-12T09:55:05Z

Coolblack5: started a post with sources

{{Short description|Indian Actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
'''Abhishek Mahendru'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Mahendru Filmography |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=12630 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pushkar Lodge के अभिनेता Abhishek Mahendru बोले- रीजनल हो या हालीवुड, सभी जानर ने मुझे दिया नया अनुभव – Pushkar Lodge Film actor Abhishek Mahendru said Regional and Hollywood gave me a new experience |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-city-pushkar-lodge-film-actor-abhishek-mahendru-said-regional-and-hollywood-gave-me-a-new-experience-21862920.html |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> is an Indian actor known for his works exclusively in [[Hindi]] soap opera<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Prateek |date=2023-10-09 |title=Immerse Yourself In India's Heartland With These Rooted Web Shows |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/immerse-yourself-in-india-s-heartland-with-these-rooted-web-shows-news-323490 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> & [[Film industry|cinema]]. His notable work includes ''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=MX Player's Dumping Boyzz fame Abhishek Mahendru to feature in Rohit Shetty's Cirkus with Ranveer Singh |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/mx-players-dumping-boyzz-fame-abhishek-mahendru-feature-rohit-shettys-cirkus-ranveer |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Pushkar Lodge]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/news-from-bollywood/actor-abhishek-mahendru-said-that-regional-or-hollywood-cinema-every-genre-has-given-me-new-learning-experience/articleshow/84595252.cms|title=रीजनल हो या हॉलिवुड सिनेमा, हर जॉनर ने दिया नया लर्निंग एक्सपीरियंस : अभिषेक महेन्द्रू|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref> [[Razia Sultan (TV series)]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Mahendru in &TV's Razia Sultan |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/abhishek-mahendru-tvs-razia-sultan-150324 |access-date=2024-01-24 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> [[State of Siege: 26/11]] etc. His upcoming film is ''Sky Force'' featuring [[Akshay Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-28 |title=I'm happy to be sharing the screen with Akshay Kumar, says actor Abhishek Mahendru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/im-happy-to-be-sharing-the-screen-with-akshay-kumar-says-abhishek-mahendru/articleshow/104782818.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm8837006}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendru, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-tv-actor-stub}}

Sachchidananda Bharati I

2025-08-28T02:15:18Z

Coolblack5: Made first stub initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific-prefix = Sri
| name = Sacchidananda Bharati I
| honorific-suffix = Mahaswamiji
| title = [[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]
| image =
| caption = Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sri Sacchidananda Bharati I
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| period = 1623–1663
| predecessor = [[Abhinava Narasimha Bharati]]
| successor = [[Narasimha Bharati VI]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
}}
'''Sacchidananda Bharati I''' ({{langx|ta|ஸ்ரீ ஸச்சிதாநந்த பாரதீ - 1}}, [[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]]: श्रीसच्चिदानन्द भारती - 1),
was a [[Hindu]] [[Sant (religion)|sant]] and religious leader of the 17th century. He was the [[Jagadguru]] (literally worldwide spiritual master, sometimes translated "pontiff"<ref>Vaman Shivram Apte. (2002, P. 350). The Student’s Sanskrit- English Dictionary - Revised and Enlarged Edition</ref>) of the Hindu [[matha]] (monastic or similar religious establishment) [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] from 1623 to 1663, and is believed to have saved it from attack by spiritual means.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 28-29) SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 66-68). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref><ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (March 2015, P.08). Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref>

==Early life==
Sacchidananda was born Narasimha in the 1607 A.D.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 1) SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1964, P.8). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-I, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - (Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> in the village of Srikanteswarapuram ({{langx|sa|श्रीकण्ठ॓श्वरपुरम्}}) now known as Kunnuvarankottai ([[Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi-Viswanathar temple#Kunnuvarankottai]]-{{langx|ta|குன்னுவாரங்கோட்டை}}) or Kannapatti ({{langx|ta|கண்ணாபட்டி}}) near [[Batlagundu]] in the [[South India|southern part of India]].<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 1) SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref> This village has been referred by various names, namely, Ardhanareeswarapuram, Jandrapatti or Jandrapalle in those times as per the biography.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1964, P.5-8). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-I, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - (Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref><ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (October 2014, P.18) Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref> This village was in [[Madurai District]] and is presently located in the [[Dindigul district]] (from 1985 onwards) of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>(15-2-2010). "Dindigul District - A Profile", The HINDU, English Daily newspaper.</ref>

==Pontificate==
Sachchidananda Bharati soon acquired mastery over the [[Vedas]] and [[shastras]] and visited many famous shrines including Madurai Meenakshi Temple. It can be observed from his biography that he lived in [[Madurai]] and Melmangalam village also for a short period during his Brahmacharya and learned the Vedas and Sastras there. Initially, he wanted to marry the daughter of his maternal uncle. But the then Jagadguru Sri Abhinava Narasimha Bharati, who was also from the same [[Batlagundu]] region <ref>Madurai S.Sankaranarayanan. (August 2014, P. 7). Sringeriyil Sankarar - Sringeryil 24th sankarar, Tamil Edition, Amman Darisanam monthly magazine.</ref><ref>Madurai S.Sankaranarayanan. (September 2014, P. 13). Sringeriyil Sankarar - Sringeryil 24th sankarar, Tamil Edition, Amman Darisanam monthly magazine.</ref> advised him in favor of celibacy and persuaded him to become a [[sanyasin]] ([[Hindu]] monk).<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 1-13). SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>Madurai S.Sankaranarayanan. (July 2014, P. 7-8). Sringeriyil Sankarar - Sringeryil 24th sankarar, Tamil Edition, Amman Darisanam monthly magazine.</ref>

Sachchidananda Bharati was ordained [[pontiff]] of the Sringeri Sharadha Peetam in 1623.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 1-13). SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (November 2014, P.06,07,08,09) Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref> When he ascended the pontificial chair, the southern part of India was beset with civil war and turmoil.<ref>[[Political history of Mysore and Coorg (1565-1760)]]</ref> During this period, Venkatappa Nayaka was the ruler of Ikkeri.(See [[Nayakas of Keladi]]).<ref>Triennial Catalogue of the Madras Oriental Manuscripts Library. (P 2623, R.No. 1879)</ref> Sri Sri Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi-I is said to have visited Ikkeri upon the invitation of the ruler Venkatappa Nayaka. From there, accompanied by Venkatappa Nayaka, the 25th Jagadguru visited the Kollur [[Mookambika]] temple.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 15-17). SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 2-9). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> It is learnt that in 1629, King Virabhadra Nayaka ascended the throne of Ikkeri after Venkatappa Nayaka. During this period, this region was invaded by many neighboring kingdoms.(See [[Nayakas of Keladi]]).<ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (December 2014, P.07,08,09,10) Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref>

Sachchidananda Bharathi-I is considered by his devotees to have saved Sringeri through his penance and austerities during a period when Sringeri was attacked by a neighboring King Bhairava of Kalasapuram thrice.<ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (December 2014, P.07-11) Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref> The King of Ikkeri, Virabhadra Nayaka (See [[Nayakas of Keladi]])<ref>C. Hayavadana Rao.
History of Mysore (1399-1799 A.D.) (1948.), Government Press</ref><ref>Annual Report of Mysore Archeological Department. (1934, No. 33)</ref> came in support of the Sringeri Mutt and the surrounding territory. He was defeated by King Bhairava twice and thus Bhairava was emboldened to attack Sringeri the third time.<ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (January 2014, P.06-09) Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref> Sri Sachidananda Bharathi-I prayed for divine help through his penance and austerities. The next day, the Jagadguru was informed that he had left the town. The Guru had a dream later in which the surrounding deities informed him that they had defended and protected Sringeri.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 18-29) SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 31-70). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref><ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (March 2015, P.06-08). Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref>

The Kings of Ikkeri, Virabhadra Nayaka, and Sivappa Nayaka who were supportive of Sringeri have bestowed several grants of land to Sringeri Sarada Peetam during this period.<ref>Annual Report of Mysore Archeological Department. (1928, P. 11, footnote Sg R11)</ref><ref>Annual Report of Mysore Archeological Department. (1934, No. 33)</ref><ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (October 2014, P.21). Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref><ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (April 2015, P.33,34). Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref>
<ref>Madurai S. Sankaranarayanan. (January 2015, P.07). Sringeryil Sankarar - Varalaru, Amman Darisanam, Tamil Periodical</ref>

Sachchidananda Bharathi-I is considered by his devotees to have saved Sringeri and contributed to its fame.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 28-29) SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 31-70). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> He was also regarded as a good administrator, and well regarded and respected by all people of all faiths and all sections of society.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref>

[[File:Visit to the Dhyana Manadapam of Sri Sri Sri Sachidananda Bharathi Swamigal.jpg|thumb|right|Visit to the Dhyana mandapam in the memory of the 25th Pontiff of Sri Sachidananda Bharathi-I]]
[[File:Lord-Visalakshi-Vishwanatha-Temple-tower.jpg|thumb|100px| Lord Visalakshi Vishwanatha Temple Tower]]
[[File:kksachidanandamemorialdhyanamandap.jpg|thumb|100px| An Inscription of the 25th Pontiff Sri Sachidananda Bharathi-I]]

==Biographies==
The most popular biography of Sachchidananda Bharati is by R.Krishnaswami Iyer who based his biography on Sanskrit manuscripts from the period.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. iii). SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref>
<ref>K. Narayanaswamy, Vidyaranyapuram (Sringeri). (October 2009, P. 079). "Sringeriyil Olirntha Madurai Maharatnam", Amman Darisanam, Deepavali Special Edition, Tamil Periodical.</ref>
While studying the ''Ramachandra Mahodaya Kavya'' of Sri Sachchidananda Bharati swami, the 25th Jagadguru as per the advice of Sri Sri Sri [[Abhinava Vidya Theertha]] Swamigal, he discovered another manuscript dealing with the life of that Jagadguru and bearing the title - Sri Ramachandra Mahodaya Kavya Kartru Swarupa Prakasam.<ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. iii, iv, v, vi). SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref>

==Compositions, Hymns and Works==
Sri Sacchidananda Bharati (I) is said to have composed ''Gurustutisatakam'' ({{langx|sa|गुरुस्तुति शतकम्}})which details the lives of all the Acharyas of Sringeri from Adi Sankara till the 24th Pontiff Sri Abhinava Narasimha Bharati.<ref>Sri Sri Sri Sacchidananda Bharati Mahasvaminah with commentary by Sri Lakshmana Sarma, Samskrit Book. (October 2009.). "Sri Gurustutisatakam", Sri Shankara Advaita Research Center, Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharda Peetham, Sringeri, Karnataka, Sri Offset - Vidya Bharati Press, Shankarapuram, Bangalore</ref> He has also composed other hymns and metrical works such as ''Meenakshi Satakam'' ({{langx|sa|मीनाक्षी शतकम्}}), ''Meenakshi Ashtakam ({{langx|sa|मीनाक्षी अष्टकम्}})'' in the remembrance of His stay in [[Madurai]] and visit to the Goddess Meenakshi temple, ''Rama Bhujanga'' ({{langx|sa|रामभुजङ्गम्}}), ''Kovidashtakam'' and ''Ramachandra Mahodayakavyam''.<ref>K. Narayanaswamy, Vidyaranyapuram (Sringeri). (October 2009. P. 079). "Sringeriyil Olirntha Madurai Maharatnam",சிருங்கேரியில் ஒளிர்ந்த மதுரை மஹாரத்தினம், Amman Darisanam, Deepavali Special Edition, Tamil Periodical</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 71-85). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> Rama Bhujangam has been composed in Bhujanga Prayaata meter belonging to the Bhujanga group. (See [[Sanskrit prosody]]). Many authors have referred in their articles to a notable verse in the Rama Bhujanga which means that this Bhujangam (snake) is said to drive away the lust and anger (rats) when it is enshrined in one's heart. He also refers here to the Lord Rama in Sri Rama temple in his native Village Jandrapatti.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 71-72). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref><ref>R.Krishnaswami Iyer. (1967, P. 21) SRI SACHCHIDANANDA BHARATHI - The 25th Pontiff at Sringeri (1623-1663), ENGLISH Edition, MADRAS-18:Jupiter Press Private Limited.</ref><ref>Madurai S.Sankaranarayanan. (March 2015, P. 06). Sringeriyil Sankarar - Sringeryil 24th sankarar, Tamil Edition, Amman Darisanam monthly magazine.</ref><ref>R. Venkataramani. (August 2003. P. 12). "Sringeri Sarada Peedathin 25th Peetadhipadhi - Mudalam Sachchidananda Bharathi", 'Amman Darisanam', Tamil Periodical. சிருங்கேரி சாரதா பீடத்தின் 25வது பீடாதிபதி - முதலாம் ஸச்சிதானந்த பாரதீ, அம்மன் தரிசனம், தமிழ் பத்திரிகை</ref><ref>Sri Jnananda Bharathi Swamigal. (2014, P. 17). Some Saintly lives, ENGLISH Edition, Sri Gnananda Bharathi Grantha Prakasana Samithi (Regd.)
Nanganallur, Chennai</ref>

Sri Sacchidananda Bharati (I) built and consecrated the Goddess [[Bhavani]] shrine within the temple of Sri Malahanikareshwara on the top of a hillock in Sringeri. Several festivals including the rathotsava were started by the 25th Jagadguru which are being celebrated even to this day.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P. 87). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-II - (Peetarohanam mudal Videha Kaivalyam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref>

During the visit of Sri [[Sri Bharati Tirtha]] Mahaswamigal of Sringeri Sarada Peetam in May 2012 to [[Madurai]], He released a book on ''“Sri Meenakshi Shatakam ({{langx|sa|मीनाक्षी शतकम्}})'' consisting of about 122 verses on Goddess Meenakshi of [[Madurai]]. (See para above) composed by this 25th Pontiff.<ref>(August 2012, P. 39-43). Tattvaloka - The splendour of truth - News and Events - His Holiness Visits Ancient Madurai</ref>

During the visit of Sri [[Sri Bharati Tirtha]] Mahaswamigal and Sri Sri Vidhu Sekhara Bharathi swamigal of Sringeri Sarada Peetam in April 2017 to [[Madurai]], Sri [[Sri Bharati Tirtha]] Mahaswamigal recalled that the 25th Jagadguru hailed from this Madurai region (erstwhile Pandya Kingdom) and mentioned about the ''“Sri Meenakshi Shatakam ({{langx|sa|मीनाक्षी शतकम्}})''. (See para above) composed by the 25th Jagadguru.<ref>{{cite web |url=
http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/madurai-mar-27-apr-4-2017/ |title=
MADURAI: MAR 27—APR 4, 2017 - Jagadgurus in Madurai |access-date=
10 May 2017 |archive-date=
27 October 2020 |archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20201027071356/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/madurai-mar-27-apr-4-2017/ |url-status=
dead }}</ref>

==Places associated with Sachchidananda Bharati I==
The village of Kunnuvarankottai is an important place of pilgrimage associated with Swami Sachchidananda Bharati.<ref>R. Venkataramani. (August 2003. P. 13). "Sringeri Sarada Peedathin 25th Peetadhipadhi - Mudalam Sachchidananda Bharathi", 'Amman Darisanam', Tamil Periodical. சிருங்கேரி சாரதா பீடத்தின் 25வது பீடாதிபதி - முதலாம் ஸச்சிதானந்த பாரதீ, அம்மன் தரிசனம், தமிழ் பத்திரிகை</ref> This village is served by three rivers Vaigai ([[Vaigai River]]), Maruda and Manjalaru called as Triveni Sangam {{langx|sa|त्रिवेणी सङमम्}} - {{langx |ta| த்ரிவேணீ - சங்கமம் }}- Meaning - Tri - Three, Veni - river, Sangam - Confluence (as mentioned in the biography).<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1964, P.6). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-I, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - (Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> The river Vaigai takes a slightly northern course ({{langx|ta|உத்தரவாஹினீ}}, {{langx|sa|उत्तरवाहिनी}} also known as [[Ganges river|Ganga (Ganges)]] in [[Varanasi]]) near this village. It is inferred from the article in "Amman Darisanam" and the author's foreword in Part-II of the biography that the 35th Pontiff Sri Sri Sri Abhinava Vidyateertha Mahaswamigal and the current pontiff Sri Sri Bharathi Teertha Mahaswamigal have visited this village. The author R Krishnaswamy Iyer has made an anecdotal reference in the foreword of Part-II, regarding the visit, the holy dip of the 35th pontiff in the point of confluence of these rivers, His visit to old Koti Mukteeswarar temple here, performance of His daily Sri Sarada Chandramouleeswara Puja in this nearby village and His benedictory talk on the significance of this area (''Sthalam ({{langx|ta|ஸ்தலம்}})" ({{langx|sa|स्थलम्}}'') in 1965.

The Jayanthi (birthday) of 25th Pontiff Sri Sri Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Maha Swamigal is mentioned in the biography as in the month of Sravana-Rohini star.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1964, P.8). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-I, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> The Jayanthi is celebrated in this [[Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi-Viswanathar temple]] as per the advice and benedictions of 35th pontiff (refer His talk above) every year by devotees from 1965. The article in Amman Darisanam also mentions about the Kumbhabhisekham of this temple in 2001. Shri V.Viswanatha Sivachariyaar is the priest of this temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapmyindia.com/?cx=-1333373&cy=4156309&cz=6&addr=Kunnuvarankottai,Dindigul,Tamil%20Nadu&type=alt&q=map|title=Topography of Kunnuvarankottai}}</ref><ref>(January 2013. pp. 13). "Arulmigu Iswarar enra Visalakshi Viswanathar Thirukkoil - Kunnuvarankottai - Sthala Varalaru", 'Harsha Printers and Xerox', Kunnuvarankottai, Tamil Publication.</ref> There are other shrines for Lord Dakshinamoorthy, Bhairava, and Hanuman also.<ref>U Sivaraman. (18 February 2014. pp. 44,45). "Kannapatti Sri Visvanathar Koil - Masi Maga Nannalil Paal Payasa Naivedyam" {{langx |ta|கண்ணாப்பட்டி ஸ்ரீவிஸ்வனாதர் கோயில! - '''மாசி மக நன்னாளில் பால் பாயச நைவேத்தியம்!'''}}, 'Sakthi Vikatan' {{langx |ta|சக்தி விகடன் }}, Tamil periodical.</ref>
<ref>Ku. Ve. Nagabhushanam. (January, 2015. pp. 59,60). "Tamizhnattil Ulla Oru Punniya Thalam Kunnuvarankottai", ''Amman Darisanam'', Tamil periodical.</ref>

With the blessings and benevolence of Sri Sri Bharathi Teertha Swamigal and with the help of devotees, the Kumbhabhishekam of this temple was completed in January 2013 and a mandapam was constructed in front of Lord Sri Dakshinamoorthy shrine in this temple.<ref>(January 2013. pp. 13). "Arulmigu Iswarar enra Visalakshi Viswanathar Thirukkoil - Kunnuvarankottai - Sthala Varalaru", 'Harsha Printers and Xerox', Kunnuvarankottai, Tamil Publication.</ref><ref>Ku. Ve. Nagabhushanam. (January, 2015. pp. 59,60). "Tamizhnattil Ulla Oru Punniya Thalam Kunnuvarankottai", ''Amman Darisanam'', Tamil periodical.</ref>

Sri Sri Vidhusekhara Bharathi Swamigal visited this village during his visit to the town of Batlagundu in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/vathalagundu-april-20-21-2017/ |title=Vathalagundu – April 20,21 2017 Jagadgurus at Vathalagundu |access-date=9 July 2017 |archive-date=31 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531170252/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/vathalagundu-april-20-21-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This is a photograph of the remains of the old temple which is found in the biography. The outer wall of this temple contains an ancient Tamil inscription. (See history below). This temple was near the point of confluence of the three rivers before it is believed by the locals to have been damaged by natural calamities (like floods). The current village settlement and temple of Lord Visalakshi Viswanathar half-a-kilometre away is believed to have been reconstructed after the damage done by natural calamities (like floods).<ref>R. Venkataramani. (August 2003. P. 8,9,10,11,12,13). "Sringeri Sarada Peedathin 25th Peetadhipadhi - Mudalam Sachchidananda Bharathi", 'Amman Darisanam', Tamil Periodical. சிருங்கேரி சாரதா பீடத்தின் 25வது பீடாதிபதி - முதலாம் ஸச்சிதானந்த பாரதீ, அம்மன் தரிசனம், தமிழ் பத்திரிகை</ref>

== History of this region ==
{{more sources needed section|date=October 2024}}
{{original research section|date=October 2024}}
A study was conducted by the archaeologists of the Mu. Rasamanikkanar historical research centre, Trichy recently on the ancient Tamil inscription found in a dilapidated temple in this area as per the article published in the Kalki Tamil Magazine. This article mentions that this temple belongs to the 13th century A.D. and the inscription is deciphered thus – This village was called ''Kelundagam'' during this period and was a trading outpost to the traders and merchants carrying goods eastwards towards [[Madurai]] (Capital of Pandyan Kingdom - [[Pandyan dynasty]]). The inscription further states that a group of eighteen merchants guild was responsible for collection of taxes from the traders transporting goods. The tax money thus collected had to be spent for the upkeep of the Lord Siva temple (Madurai Udaya Eswaran - மதுரை உதய ஈஸ்வரன்) and the Lord Vishnu temple (Thiru Kannudaya Vinnagaram - திரு கண்ணுடைய விண்ணகரம்) found in this area near the confluence of the rivers Vaigai and Manjalaru. The article has published the photographs of the old temple walls. The article mentions about a very rare sculpture in the outer temple wall that depicts the capital punishment meted out to the criminals during that age. The study mentions that these types of paintings are also found in Madurai Meenakshi temple . Thus, this is connected to the Pandyan Kingdom due to the name of the Lord Siva temple (Madurai Udaya Eswaran) and also the sculpture resembling Pandya architecture. The study mentions that it could not read the entire inscription as the walls are submerged underground. As this area was near the confluence of the rivers Vaigai (also called Vegavathy in this region) and Manjalaru, locals refer to this area as "Mukkuttuthurai" which means a port. From the study, this port served the local merchants to transport goods to the capital city of the Pandyan Kingdom which is Madurai. The river is called Vegavathy (fast flowing river) as it gushes downwards from the Varushanad Valley. This helps in navigation and transportation of goods through boats in the Pandyan Kingdom.<ref>Srirangam Thirunavukkarasu. (2 August 2015. pp. 48,49). "Variyum Dandanayum", ''Kalki'', Tamil periodical.</ref><ref>Sthani, Dindigul (15 January 2016). "Kunnuvarankottaiyil 13th Century Tollgate" {{langx |ta|குன்னுவராயன் கோட்டையில் 13ம் நூற்றாண்டு 'டோல்கேட }}, 'Dinamalar' {{langx |ta|;தினமலர்'}}, Tamil periodical.</ref>

The Pandyan dynasty is described in detail in the articles of Wikipedia through the ages – [[Pandyan dynasty]] . As per the historical records,<ref>K.A.N. Sastri. (Reprinted 1998). ''A History of South India from the Early Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar'', Oxford University Press, New Delhi.</ref> this area may have been ruled by various Pandyan Kings from Maravarman Sundara Pandyan, Sundaravarman Kulasekaran II through Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan who ruled Madurai till late 13th Century AD.

The early part of the 14th century saw the gradual decline of the Pandya dynasty resulting in the repeated invasions of the South Indian Kingdoms by the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. Ala-ud-din Khilji of the slave dynasty from Delhi dispatched his general, [[Malik Kafur]], in 1310. Malik Kafur marched south, ransacking kingdoms in central and Southern India on the way to Madurai . He marched into Madurai, sacking the town, paralysing trade, suppressing public worship, and making civilian life miserable. The great Meenakshi temple with its fourteen towers was pulled down, destroying the nearby streets and buildings, and leaving only the two shrines of Sundaresvara and Meenakshi intact.
Sultan dynasty ([[Madurai Sultanate]]) was soon established at Madurai, ruling Madurai for around 50 years during the 14th century. This period was a dark period for Madurai Meenakshi temple ( [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]]) in Tamil Nadu as there was no puja during this period and the idol of Goddess Meenakshi was taken out of the city. During this period, most of South India came under the Delhi sultanate rule.

The Vijayanagar empire ([[Vijayanagara Empire]]) under [[Bukka Raya I]] made a series of efforts to conquer Southern India and re-establish a Hindu Kingdom. The king was blessed by the 12th Sringeri Peetadhipathi Saint [[Vidyaranya]] (1380-1386) of Sringeri Sarada Peetam in these efforts. There were a series of Vijayanagar invasions in the middle of the fourteenth century which succeeded in initially restricting and finally ending the Madurai Sultanate's rule over Madurai.Vijayanagar's armies were led by Bukka's son Kumara Kampanna Udaiyar and Veera Savanan. They defeated and killed Muslim ruler Hassan Gangu in 1371. Thus, the Sultan rule of the region was overthrown by the new Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar, which had been founded at [[Hampi]]. For the next two centuries, this empire withstood repeated Sultan invasions from the north.
Kampana Udaiyar started a dynasty, subordinate to the court of Vijayanagar that lasted for two centuries. The immediate effect of this victory was the reopening of the Siva and Vishnu temples in the cities of Madurai, Srirangam, Chidambaram and Kanchipuram in the southern region. The rule was continued by Vijayanagar-appointed governors who had "Nayaka" as a title. King Krishna Devaraya (1509–1529), the greatest ruler of the Vijayanagar dynasty, exercised close control over this part of his empire.

Nagama Nayaka was the officer of Vijayanagara king Krishnadeva raya ruling Madurai and was followed by Viswanatha Nayaka. (see
[[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] for more information.)

The Nayaka dynasty was formally started by Viswanatha Nayaka in Madurai. The Madurai Nayaks ([[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]) were rulers from around 1529 until 1736, of a region comprising most of modern-day Tamil Nadu, India, with Madurai as their capital.The Nayak reign was an era noted for its achievement in arts, cultural and administrative reforms, revitalization of temples previously ransacked by the Delhi Sultans, and inauguration of a unique architectural style. The Pandyan kingdom was divided into 72 palayams by the King Viswanatha Nayaka (1529-1563) and his minister Ariyanatha Mudaliar. Viswanatha Nayaka and Ariyanatha Mudaliar rebuilt and renovated the Madurai Meenkashi temple along with the thousand pillared hall.

The period of Sri Sachchidananda Bharati I was during the 17th century under the reign of Nayak dynasty of Madurai as per [[Madurai Nayak dynasty]] under the two Nayak kings Muttu Virappa Nayaka (1609—1623) and Tirumalai Nayaka (1623—1659). The foreword written by Shri K.R Venkatraman, editor of Sankara Krupa in the biography of Sri Sachchidananda Bharati I mentions about this history of Madurai also and the renovation of Madurai Meenakshi temple by the Kings Muttu Virappa Nayaka and Thirumala Nayak under the minister-ship of Shri Neelakanda Deekshithar. The period of the King Muthu Veerappa Naikar (1609-1623) was during the childhood of Sri Sachidananda Bharathi-I. Sri Sachidananda Bharathi-I stayed in Madurai as a Brahmachari for some time. During this period, the kambathadi mandapam and vasantharaya mandapam were completed by this king. During the period of Thirumalai Nayaka (1623–59), Sri Sachidananda Bharathi-I was ordained as the peetadhipathi of Sringeri Sarada Peetam. His minister Neelakanta Deekshithar<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.palamadai.in/foundation/index-foundation.html |title=New Page 2 |access-date=11 November 2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025726/http://www.palamadai.in/foundation/index-foundation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> built the pudu mandapam and reestablished the pujas for the deities in the Madurai Meenakshi temple as per the puranas like "Haalaasya Mahatmiyam" and agama rules. This can be seen even now in Madurai Meenakshi temple.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1965, P.IV, V). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-II, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - (Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> The area near Kunnuvarankottai, the birthplace of 25th Jagadguru came under the Batlagundu Palayam of the 72 palayams above whose chief was Madhiraja.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1964, P.II-III). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-I, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - (Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> This biography also mentions about the Lord Siva Temple (Koti Muktheeshwarar temple) and Lord Vishnu temple (Lord Rama temple, Varadaraja Perumal temple) in this region during this period.<ref>R.Krishnaswamy Iyer. (1964, P.5). Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Vijayam - Part-I, Sringeri Sarada Peetadhipathi (25th Pattam), Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi Swamigal Avargalin Divya Charitram - Part-I - (Avataram mudal Peetarohanam varai), TAMIL Edition, Srirangam: Vani vilas Press</ref> Local Legends and oral folklore (poems of Siva temple singers called Oduvars) from this region who sing songs in the temple in various ragas (பண்) of carnatic music refer to the Lord Siva of this temple as SriKantaPuravasane. (Tamil- ஶ்ரீகண்டபுரவாசனே) Sanskrit: श्रीकण्ठ॓श्वरपुरम् - Srikanteswarapuram in Sanskrit). This oral tradition has continued till this day in the Lord Siva temples. There is another Mukteeswarar temple near Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam ( [[Vandiyur Mariamman Teppakulam]]) in [[Madurai]] built by King Thirumalai Nayaka (1623-1659).<ref>S.S. Kavitha. (4 November 2006. pp. METROPLUS). "Religion and ample history', 'The Hindu', Madurai.</ref><ref>S.Poorvaja. (15 July 2014.). "what they dont tell you about old teppakulam in Madurai', 'The Hindu', Madurai.</ref> This is related to the subjects of ancient temple history and archaeology of South India, ancient temple sculptures, architecture, paintings, navigation, transportation and ports of ancient Pandya and Nayak dynasties.

== Visit on 2 June 2012 ==
Sri Sri Bharathi Teertha Mahaswamigal visited this village during his visit to the town of Batlagundu in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/archiveyatra/vathalagundu-june-1-2-2012/ |title=Visit of the current pontiff on June 1 - 2 2012 to Kunnuvarankottai and Vathalagundu }}</ref> He visited the Dhyana mandapam of the 25th pontiff and the [[Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi-Viswanathar temple]]. The devotees of this village organized a function in the premises of this temple to welcome the Jagadguru. In the Anugraha Bhashanam, the Jagadguru said that the 25th pontiff, Sri Sri Sri Sacchidananda Bharati I had reigned as the Peethadhipati for about 40 years and had enhanced the greatness of the Peetham. Jagadguru appreciated the efforts of the villagers for having built a Dhyana Mandapam in this village for Sri Sri Sri Sacchidananda Bharati I.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/archiveyatra/vathalagundu-june-1-2-2012/
|title=Visit of the current pontiff on June 1 - 2 2012 to Kunnuvarankottai and Vathalagundu }}</ref> He recalled his visits to this village in 1987 and his Guru's visit in 1965 and blessed the residents of this village along with the proposed construction of a mandapam in the Vishalakshi Vishwanathar temple<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/archiveyatra/vathalagundu-june-1-2-2012/ |title=Visit of the current pontiff on June 1 - 2 2012 to Kunnuvarankottai and Vathalagundu }}</ref><ref>(August 2012, P. 68,69,70). Amman Darisanam - Sringeri Seidhigal</ref>

Later, the Jagadguru visited the ruins of the ancient temple which still exists near the point of confluence of the rivers. According to the villagers, this temple and the nearby tree was part of an ancient village that housed the poorvashrama home of the 25th pontiff. They also mentioned that the ancient village had been washed away by natural calamities like floods.<ref>(August 2012, P. 47-50). Tattvaloka - The splendour of truth - News and Events - His Holiness Visits Ancient Madurai – At birth place of 25th Guru</ref><ref>(August 2012, P. 68,69,70). Amman Darisanam - Sringeri Seidhigal</ref>

[[File:Arrival of His Holiness in front of Dhyana Manadpam.jpg|thumb|right|Arrival of Bharathi Teertha Swamigal, pontiff of Sringeri Sarada Peetam in the village of Kunnuvarankottai on 2 June 2012]]
[[File:Entry into the Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi Viswanatha temple of Current Pontiff His Holiness Bharathi Teertha Maha Swamigal.jpg|thumb|right|Photograph of the entry into Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi Viswanatha temple of Bharathi Teertha Swamigal, pontiff of Sringeri Sarada Peetam on 2 June 2012]]
[[File:tnscan.jpg|thumb|100px| Remains of old Koti Mukteeshwar temple near the point of confluence with the [[Kodaikanal]] Hills range in the background. Siddhar Malai, a hillock, is also visible.]]

The Kumbhabhishekam of this temple was completed in January 2013 and a mandapam was constructed in front of Lord Sri Dakshinamoorthy shrine in this temple.<ref>(January 2013. pp. 13). "Arulmigu Iswarar enra Visalakshi Viswanathar Thirukkoil - Kunnuvarankottai - Sthala Varalaru", 'Harsha Printers and Xerox', Kunnuvarankottai, Tamil Publication.</ref><ref>Ku. Ve. Nagabhushanam. (January, 2015. pp. 59,60). "Tamizhnattil Ulla Oru Punniya Thalam Kunnuvarankottai", ''Amman Darisanam'', Tamil periodical.</ref>

== Visit on 21 April 2017 ==

Sri Sri Vidhusekhara Bharathi swamigal visited this village during his visit to the town of Batlagundu in April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/vathalagundu-april-20-21-2017/|title=Vathalagundu – April 20,21 2017 Jagadgurus at Vathalagundu|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531170252/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/vathalagundu-april-20-21-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He visited the Dhyana mandapam of the 25th pontiff and the [[Kunnuvarankottai Kasi Visalakshi-Viswanathar temple]]. The devotees of this village organized a function in the premises of this temple to welcome the Sri Sri Vidhusekhara Bharathi Swamigal . In the Anugraha Bhashanam, the Jagadguru appreciated the efforts of the villagers for having built a Dhyana Mandapam in this village for Sri Sri Sri Sacchidananda Bharati I.He mentioned that birthplaces of Jagadgurus happen at holy spots as per general belief of the Hindus and cited the incident of Lord Anjaneya idol unearthed in the holy birthplace of Sri Sri Bharathi Teertha Mahaswamigal in Machilipatnam. Therefore, he mentioned that it is natural to consecrate such holy spots as they are birth places of holy saints as is generally believed by the Hindus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/vathalagundu-april-20-21-2017/|title=Vathalagundu – April 20,21 2017 Jagadgurus at Vathalagundu|access-date=9 July 2017|archive-date=31 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531170252/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/vathalagundu-april-20-21-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/30/stories/2003053001670600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119183347/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/30/stories/2003053001670600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-19|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-05-30|title= BirthPlace of Vaishnavaite Saints}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduwebsite.com/saints.asp|title= Spiritual Gurus and Saints of Hinduism, India and the World}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vrindavanactnow.org/birthplace-lord-krishna-shri-krishna-janmabhumi/|title= Birthplace of Lord Krishna – Shri Krishna Janmabhumi|date= 2017-03-22}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uptourism.gov.in/pages/top/explore/top-explore-ayodhya|title= Ayodhya}}</ref>
[[File:Sri Sri Vidhusekhara Bharathi Swamigal of Sringeri in Kunnuvarankottai in April 2017.jpg|thumb|Sri Sri Vidhusekhara Bharathi Swamigal of Sringeri in Kunnuvarankottai in April 2017 Speech]]

==See also==
* [[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
* ''Biography of Jagadguru Sri Sachchidananda's life (1623–1663)'' (ENGLISH Edition) by R. Krishnaswami Iyer (Swami Jnanananda Bharati).
* http://www.sringeri.net/jagadgurus/the-later-acharyas-2
* R. Venkataramani. (August 2003. P. 8,9,10,11,12,13). "Sringeri Sarada Peedathin 25th Peetadhipadhi - Mudalam Sachchidananda Bharathi", 'Amman Darisanam', Tamil Periodical. சிருங்கேரி சாரதா பீடத்தின் 25வது பீடாதிபதி - முதலாம் ஸச்சிதானந்த பாரதீ, அம்மன் தரிசனம், தமிழ் பத்திரிகை
* Swami Saccidananda Bharati (I), Jagadguru Sankaracharya of Sringeri, Gurustutisatakam, Sri Vani Vilas Press, Srirangam, 1971, Library Of Congress, Washington D.C., U.S.A, LC Call No.: MLCS 93/1716 (B) - Refer Library of Congress catalog in http://catalog.loc.gov/
* https://archive.today/20070519190319/http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~vs28/S.Vidyaraman/Sringeri/index.htm
* Sri Sankara krupa, Tamil Periodical, Tiruchirapalli, 1962.
* S.R. Swami. (November 2008. P. 432). "Sri Sachchidananda Bharathi-I - Acharyalin Varaltru Thoguppu", 'Amman Darisanam', Deepavali Special edition, Tamil Periodical
* 'Tattvaloka', English Monthly Magazine. (October 2009. P. 50). "News and Events - Books Released" - New book on 'Gurustutishatakam', a eulogy of Sringeri Guruparampara composed by the 25th Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Sachchidananda Bharathi Mahaswamiji with a commentary pertaining to Vedanta, Vyakarana and Tantra by Sri Lakshmana Sharma.
* Online Link - http://www.tattvaloka.com/Documents/4.NewsEventsOct09.htm{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Sri Sri Sri Sacchidananda Bharati Mahasvaminah with commentary by Sri Lakshmana Sarma, Samskrit Book. (October 2009.). "Sri Gurustutisatakam", Sri Shankara Advaita Research Center, Dakshinamnaya Sri Sharda Peetham, Sringeri, Karnataka, Sri Offset - Vidya Bharati Press, Shankarapuram, Bangalore.
* श्रीभारतीतीर्थवॆदशास्त्रग्रन्थमाला - दशमं कुसुमम् -॥ गुरुस्तुतिशतकम्॥ - शृङ्गगिरिजगद्गुरु श्रीसच्चिदानन्दभारतीमहास्वामिविरचितम् - व्य़ाख्याता लक्ष्मणशर्मा -सम्पादाक: - विद्वान् एम् . ए . नागराजभट्ट: गिरि: - श्रीश्रीजगद्गुरुशङ्कराचार्य महासंस्थानम् दक्षिणाम्नाय श्रीशारदापीठम्, शृङ्गगिरि: - (October 2009).
* http://www.sringeri.net/branches/tamil-nadu/vattalagundu - Link to Sringeri mutt branch in Vattalagundu and reference to Dhyana mandapam in Kunnuvarankottai.
* http://www.gnananandabharathi.org/ - Link to the website of Swami Gnananda Bharathi (Sri R. Krishnaswamy Iyer), his biography, his publications in Tamil and English and photo gallery.
* K. Narayanaswamy, Vidyaranyapuram (Sringeri). (October 2009. P. 074,075,076,077,078,079). "Sringeriyil Olirntha Madurai Maharatnam",சிருங்கேரியில் ஒளிர்ந்த மதுரை மஹாரத்தினம், Amman Darisanam, Deepavali Special Edition, Tamil Periodical.
* K Venkateswaran, Madurai (1–15 March 2010. P. 38, 39, 40, 41). "Kunnuvarankottai Ulaga Naayagan" {{langx |ta| குன்றுவாரங்கோட்டை உலக நாயகன்}}, ''Kumudham Bhakthi Special'' {{langx |ta| குமுதம் பக்தி ஸ்பெஷல்}}, Tamil Periodical.
* Re. Ramamurthy. (February 2010. P. 11). "Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsar Aruliya Inkadhai Kavidai", Saravana Padippagam,{{langx |ta|பண்டித திரு. ரெ. ராமமூர்த்தி, வித்துவான் ரா. அரங்க கிருஷ்ணன், ஸ்ரீ ராமக்ருஷ்ண பரமஹம்சர் அருளிய இன்கதை கவிதை, சரவணா பதிப்பகம்}} Chinmaya Nagar, Chennai-600 092, Collection of Tamil poems and short stories.
* (29 August 2010, P.7). "Kunnuvarankottayil Sacchidananda Bharathi Jayanthi",குன்னுவாரங்கோட்டையில் சச்சிதாநந்த பாரதீ ஜயந்தி, Dinamalar Tamil Daily newspaper, Madurai and Dindigul Editions.
* https://www.usnews.com/articles/news/sacred-places/2007/11/16/a-place-for-the-dead-and-the-living.html - Link for Varanasi
* http://nwda.gov.in/writereaddata/sublink2images/239.pdf - Reference to Vaigai river and its tributaries
{{Wikivoyage|Dindigul}}
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130506071522/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vathalagundu-june-1-2012/ - Visit of the current pontiff on 1–2 June 2012 to Kunnuvarankottai and Vathalagundu - This contains the photographs taken in the village along with the inscriptions
* http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net - Website of Sringeri Sarada Peetam for the visit of the current pontiff to Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka in 2012.
* https://web.archive.org/web/20130228023700/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/madurai-may-21-2012/ - Visit to Madurai of the current pontiff of Sringeri Sarada Peetam in 2012 and release of the book on "Meenakshi Shatakam" in Madurai.
* http://www.sringeri.net/temples/sri-malahanikareshwara/sri-bhavani - Goddess Bhavani Shrine in the Sri Malahanikareshwara Temple in Sringeri
* (13-10-2013). "Sri Viswanathar Temple", Dinamalar Tamil daily newspaper, - https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1145 -Website covering the features of this temple on the Vijayadasami day.
* (15 January 2016). "Kunnuvarankottaiyil 13th Century Tollgate", Dinamalar Tamil daily newspaper,- https://www.dinamalar.com/malarkal/pongal-malar-tamil-nadu-pongal-festival/13th-century-tolcade-at-gunnuvarayan-fort/28648
* http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/madurai-mar-27-apr-4-2017/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027071356/http://vijayayatra.sringeri.net/vijayayatra/madurai-mar-27-apr-4-2017/ |date=27 October 2020 }} -Visit of the 36th and 37th Jagadgurus between 7 March – 4 April 2017 to Madurai.
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Abhinava Narasimha Bharati]] | title = [[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] |years = 1623–1663 | after = [[Narasimha Bharati VI]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharati, Sri Sacchidananda, I}}
[[Category:Shankaracharyas]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Sringeri Sharada Peetham]]
[[Category:17th-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Uppalaguptam mandal

2025-08-15T06:41:49Z

Coolblack5: Made the stub basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Uppalaguptam mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Konaseema district|Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = Population according to 2011 Census
| subdivision_name3 = 59,931
| subdivision_type4 = Number of Villages
| subdivision_name4 = 14
| subdivision_type5 = Area in Sq Km
| subdivision_name5 = 117.55
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive map outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Uppalaguptam mandal''' is one of the 22 mandals in [[Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011, there are 14 villages in this mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|title=List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702174418/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Uppalaguptam mandal has total population of 59,931 as per the [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]] out of which 30,285 are males while 29,646 are females. The average sex ratio is 979. The total literacy rate is 74%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/|title= According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

=== Villages ===
*1. [[Bheemanapalle]]
*2. [[Chinagedavalli]]
*3. [[Gollavilli]]
*4. [[Gopavaram, Uppalaguptam Mandal|Gopavaram]]
*5. [[Kunavaram. Uppalaguptam Mandal|Kunavaram]]
*6. [[Munipalle, Uppalaguptam Mandal|Munipalle]]
*7. [[Nangavaram, Uppalaguptam Mandal|Nangavaram]]
*8. [[Nimmakayala Kothapalle]]
*9. [[Pedagadavilli]]
*10. [[Sannavalli]]
*11. [[Surasaniyanam]]
*12. [[T. Challapalle]]
*13. [[Uppalaguptam]]
*14. [[Vilasavilli]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|title= Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archive-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Konaseema district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Konaseema district]]
[[Category:Mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

Haripur Nuclear Power Plant

2025-08-11T02:11:31Z

Coolblack5: adding initial page and citations

{{short description|Nuclear Power Plant in Haripur, West Bengal}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Haripur Nuclear Power Plant
| image =
| image_caption =
| country = India
| location =
| coordinates =
| cost =
| owner = [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]
| operator =
| employees =
| status = approved 'in principle'
| construction_began =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned = 
| np_reactors =
| np_reactor_type = VVER
| np_reactor_supplier = [[Rosatom]]
| ps_cooling_source = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| ps_cooling_towers =
| ps_units_operational =
| ps_units_decommissioned =
| ps_units_uc =
| ps_units_manu_model = [[VVER|VVER-1000/412]]
| ps_units_planned =
| ps_electrical_capacity =
| ps_annual_generation =
| ps_electrical_cap_fac =
| website =
}}

'''Haripur Nuclear Power Plant''' (or '''Haripur NPP''') is a proposed nuclear power station by [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL), that is intended to be constructed at Haripur village in [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Midnapore district]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - মেদিনীপুর |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1110818/18med4.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=archives.anandabazar.com |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202151131/https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1110818/18med4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== History ==
Against the backdrop of the [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US Civilian Nuclear Deal]], the [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL) proposed the establishment of a nuclear power plant in Haripur, West Bengal. The then state government, under Chief Minister [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee|Buddhadev Bhattacharya]], granted initial approval for project planning and land acquisition. However, the proposal faced strong opposition from opposition parties, as well as from environmentalists, farmers, and activists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2017-04-08 |title=In Bengal, a village and its nuclear power plans |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-bengal-a-village-and-its-nuclear-power-plans/article17894347.ece |access-date=2024-04-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Protests over nuclear land in West Bengal |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/protests-over-nuclear-land-in-west-bengal-8888 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |language=en}}</ref>

The project was revived in 2009 during a visit by then-Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to [[Russia]]. India signed a civil nuclear agreement with Russia, under which Russia committed to supplying 20 nuclear reactors to India, including six [[VVER|VVER-1000]] type reactors to be installed in [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kundankulam]] and another six in Haripur, West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-12-07 |title=India and Russia sign civil nuclear agreement |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-and-Russia-sign-civil-nuclear-agreement/article16852050.ece |access-date=2024-04-11 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Nevertheless, this move was met with significant resistance from various political parties, activists, and NGOs, who argued that constructing a nuclear power plant in West Bengal's prime agricultural and fishery areas would severely impact the local economy, endangering livelihoods and posing radiation hazards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monamie |first=Bhadra |date=2012-11-13 |title=Land-grabbing turns India's nuclear fight into a struggle for democracy |url=https://chinadialogue.net/en/energy/5330-land-grabbing-turns-india-s-nuclear-fight-into-a-struggle-for-democracy/ |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=China Dialogue |language=en}}</ref> Consequently, due to intense opposition and a change in government in 2011, the [[Trinamool Congress]]-led state government of West Bengal shelved the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-17 |title=Bengal scraps Haripur nuke power project |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/bengal-scraps-haripur-nuke-power-project/article20324043.ece1 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা - মেদিনীপুর |url=https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1110818/18med4.html |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=archives.anandabazar.com |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202151131/https://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1110818/18med4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

However, the project resurfaced in 2018 when the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] (DAE) granted preliminary approval and financial sanction for the construction of six 1000 MW capacity nuclear reactors in Haripur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Proposal for Nuclear Power Plants in States |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=177519 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> As of now, there has been no official confirmation from either the Central Government or the State Government regarding the current status of the project.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Nuclear technology|Energy}}
* [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]]
* [[Nuclear power in India]]
* [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kundankulam Nuclear Power Plant]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Nuclear power stations with proposed reactors]]
[[Category:India–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Anti-nuclear movement in India]]

K.B.N. Singh

2025-08-04T12:21:00Z

Coolblack5:

{{short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox Indian politician
| name = K. B. N. Singh
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = 1922
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1999|1922}}
| death_place =
| office = [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| appointer =
| nominator =
| termstart = 19 July 1976
| termend = 12 March 1982
| predecessor = Shyam Nandan Prasad Singh
| successor = [[Surjit Singh Sandhawalia]]
| office2 = [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]]
| term2 = 31 January 1979 – 19 September 1979
| predecessor2 = [[Jagannath Kaushal]]
| successor2 = [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
| party =
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}

'''Krishna Ballabh Narayan Singh''' (1922–1999)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sadat Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHBUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22K.B.N.+Singh%22&pg=PA65 |title=Legal Luminaries Of Bihar |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |year=2021 |isbn=978-93-5472-016-1 |pages=65–66 |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian judge and a [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]]. He was also the acting [[List of governors of Bihar|Governor of Bihar]] in 1979.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://patnahighcourt.gov.in/Judges_RET_CJ.aspx | title=LIST OF FORMER CHIEF JUSTICES Patna High court | publisher=[[Patna High Court]] | accessdate=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://governor.bih.nic.in/former-governors/ | title=List of Governors Bihar | publisher=Governor of Bihar | accessdate=4 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra2004">{{cite book|author=G. C. Malhotra|title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature: Motions of Confidence and No-confidence in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA260|accessdate=4 January 2021|year=2004|publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat|isbn=978-81-200-0400-9|pages=260–}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express 2021 x633">{{cite web | title=Forty Years Ago, February 4, 1981: Judges' Transfers | website=The Indian Express | date=4 Feb 2021 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-february-4-1981-judges-transfers-7173488/ | access-date=20 Jul 2023}}</ref><ref name="Bihar (India). Public Relations Dept 1979 p. ">{{cite book | author=Bihar (India). Public Relations Dept | title=Bihar Information | publisher=Director, Public Relations | issue=v. 27 | year=1979 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=emdDAAAAYAAJ | language= | access-date=20 Jul 2023 | page=}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express 2019 r468">{{cite web | title=Forty Years Ago, April 20, 1979: Bihar CM Resigns | website=The Indian Express | date=20 Apr 2019 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/editorials/forty-years-ago-april-20-1979-bihar-cm-resigns-5685100/ | access-date=20 Jul 2023}}</ref> He belongs to [[Kulharia]] village in Bhojpur district.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, K.B.N.}}
[[Category:Governors of Bihar]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Date of death missing]]

Salim Ansari

2025-08-02T04:10:03Z

Coolblack5: Content refreshed with new edits

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=September 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Mohammad Salim Ansari
|honorific-suffix = [[Rajya Sabha|Former Member of Parliament]]
|image = Salim Ansari MR Rajya Sabha.jpg
|office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]] of [[Rajya Sabha]] for [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|term_start = 5 July 2010
|term_end = 4 July 2016
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|4|12|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref name=A2162>{{Cite web | url=https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2162 | title=Detailed Profile: Shri Salim Ansari | publisher=Parliament of India | accessdate=10 September 2018 | archive-date=11 September 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911045152/https://archive.india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2162 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|residence = [[India]]
|nationality = [[India]]n
|profession = [[Politician]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
|occupation = [[Social activist]], [[Politician]]
|alma_mater = [[Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University|Gorakhpur University]]
|spouse = Shagufta Parveen
|children = 5
}}

'''Mohammad Salim Ansari'''<ref name=A2162 /> (born 12 April 1962) is an ex-senior [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] leader and former member of parliament in [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref name=A2162 /> He did his schooling from his hometown in state board school and graduation (B.A) and post-graduation (M.A 3rd Division) from D.C.S.K.P.G. College, Mau.<ref name=A2162 /> He is now Former BSP member Salim Ansari was expelled from the party two times.

Salim Ansari was also General Secretary, Student Union, D.C.S.K.P.G. College, Mau (Uttar Pradesh), 1985; Manager, Muslim Inter College, Mau since 1992; Member, (i) General Body, Jamia Islamia Faiz-e-Aam and (ii) [[Al-Jamiatul Asaria Darul Hadees|Jamia Asaria Darul-Hadees]] & Manager of Muslim Inter College, Mau (Minority Institution). He is also a former member of [[Haj Committee of India]], [[Standing Committee]] of [[Information Technology]], Consultative Committee of the [[Ministry of Minority Affairs]], [[Corporate Affairs]] and for the [[Ministry of Railways]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ansari, Salim}}
[[Category:People from Mau]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Mau district]]
[[Category:Living people]]