Durian

2026-05-28T01:34:32Z

Cooker2026:

{{Short description |Tropical fruit}}
{{good article}}
{{About |the edible fruit |the genus of plants that bears the fruit |Durio |other uses}}
{{Use British English |date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=February 2022}}
[[File:Durian in black.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Durian fruit cut open to show the edible flesh]]


The '''durian''' (often spelled '''durion''')<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/durian |title=Durian definition and meaning |publisher=Collins Dictionary |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ʊər|i|ə|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-durian.wav}}<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/durian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427051612/https://www.lexico.com/definition/durian |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2021 |title=durian |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>) is the edible fruit of several tree [[species]] belonging to the [[genus]] ''[[Durio]]''. There are 30 recognised species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit.<ref name="Morton">{{cite book |last=Morton |first=J.F. |chapter-url=http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/durian_ars.html |chapter=Durian |title=Fruits of Warm Climates |publisher=Florida Flair Books; republished in New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-9610184-1-2 |access-date=5 February 2004 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215065648/https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/durian_ars.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Durio zibethinus]]'', native to [[Borneo]], [[Sumatra]], and the [[Malay Peninsula]], is the only species available on the international market. It has over 300 named varieties in Thailand and over 200 in Malaysia as of 2021. Other species are sold in their local regions.<ref name="Morton"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gamay |first1=Rhea Abegail J. |last2=Botecario |first2=Patricia May N. |last3=Sanchez |first3=Philip Donald C. |last4=Alvarado |first4=Marjun C. |title=Durian (Durio zibenthinus) waste: a promising resource for food and diverse applications—a comprehensive review |journal=Food Production, Processing and Nutrition |year=2024 |volume=6 |page=2 |doi=10.1186/s43014-023-00206-4 |doi-access=free |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s43014-023-00206-4 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com.my/books/edition/Sustainable_Utilization_and_Conservation/_9b9EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA131&printsec=frontcover Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity.] (2024). Germany: Springer Nature Singapore. p. 131.</ref>

Known in some regions as the "king of fruits",<ref name="straits">{{cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hail-the-king-of-fruit-10-types-of-durians-from-malaysia |title=Hail the king of fruit – 10 types of durians from Malaysia |date=22 June 2015 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |access-date=26 May 2019 |archive-date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527000840/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/hail-the-king-of-fruit-10-types-of-durians-from-malaysia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Heaton" /> the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and [[Spine (botany)|thorn]]-covered [[peel (fruit)|rind]]. The fruit can grow as large as {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|cm|in|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} in diameter, and it typically weighs {{convert|1|to|3|kg|lb|abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk from green to brown, and its flesh from pale yellow to red, depending on the species. The flavour of the flesh is complex with [[wikt:savoury|savoury]] notes. The texture is creamy and [[pudding]]-like.

Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance, whereas many others find the aroma overpowering and unpleasant. The persistence of its strong odour, which may linger for several days, has led some hotels and public transportation services in [[Southeast Asia]], such as in [[Singapore]] and [[Bangkok]], to ban the fruit. The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet desserts and savoury dishes in [[Southeast Asian cuisine]]s. The seeds can be eaten when cooked.

== Etymology ==

The name ''durian'' is derived from the [[Malay language|Malay]] word {{lang|ms|duri}} {{gloss|thorn}}, a reference to the numerous prickly thorns on the fruit's [[Peel (fruit)|rind]], combined with the noun-building suffix {{nowrap|''-an''}}.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |title=durian, ''n''. |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58646 |website=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411145105/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/58646 |archive-date=11 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Durian |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/durian |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312231353/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/durian |archive-date=12 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' first cites the word from a 1588 translation of [[Juan González de Mendoza]]'s ''Historie of the Great and Mightie Kingdome of China''.<ref name="OED"/> Historical variant spellings include ''duryoen'', ''duroyen'', ''durean'', and ''dorian''.<ref name="OED"/>

The name of the [[type species]], ''[[Durio zibethinus]]'', is derived from the Italian {{lang|it|zibetto}} {{gloss|[[civet]]}}, as the strong pungent odour of the fruit reminded people of the smell of the animal.<ref name="NLB Singapore 2024">{{cite web |title=Durian |url=https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=c01d67f9-c903-4cc0-a7db-2c478a4552d4 |publisher=National Library Board, Singapore |access-date=11 November 2024}}</ref>

== Description ==

Durian trees are large, growing to {{convert|25|–|50|m|ft|round=5|abbr=off}} in height depending on the species.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=22–33}} The leaves are [[evergreen]], elliptic to oblong and {{convert|10|–|18|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=off}} long. The flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk, with each flower having a calyx ([[sepals]]) and five (rarely four or six) [[petal]]s. Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, although the timing varies depending on the species, cultivars, and localities. A typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch, and matures roughly three months after [[pollination]]. The fruit can grow up to {{convert|30|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, and typically weighs 1 to 3 kilograms (2–7 lb).{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=22–33}} Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species.{{sfn|Brown|1997|pp=22–33}} Among the thirty known species of ''Durio'', eight produce edible fruits: ''[[Durio zibethinus|D. zibethinus]]'', ''[[Durio dulcis|D. dulcis]]'', ''[[Durio graveolens|D. graveolens]]'', ''[[Durio kutejensis|D. kutejensis]]'', ''[[Durio lowianus|D. lowianus]]'', ''[[Durio macrantha|D. macrantha]]'', ''[[Durio oxleyanus|D. oxleyanus]]'' and ''[[Durio testudinarius|D. testudinarius]]''.<ref name=ACIAR>{{cite book |last1=O'Gara |first1=E. |last2=Guest |first2=D. I. |last3=Hassan |first3=N. M. |chapter-url=http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/598/mn114-part1.pdf |title=Diversity and management of ''Phytophthora'' in Southeast Asia. ACIAR Monograph No. 114 |editor1=Drenth, A. |editor2=Guest, D. I. |chapter=Botany and Production of Durian (''Durio zibethinus'') in Southeast Asia |year=2004|publisher=Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research |access-date=20 November 2008 |pages=180–186 |isbn=978-1-86320-405-7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304071448/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/598/mn114-part1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''D. zibethinus'' is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside its native region.<ref name="Teh Lim Yong 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Teh |first1=Bin Tean |last2=Lim |first2=Kevin |last3=Yong |first3=Chern Han |last4=Ng |first4=Cedric Chuan Young |last5=Rao |first5=Sushma Ramesh |last6=Rajasegaran |first6=Vikneswari |last7=Lim |first7=Weng Khong |last8=Ong |first8=Choon Kiat |last9=Chan |first9=Ki |last10=Cheng |first10=Vincent Kin Yuen |last11=Soh |first11=Poh Sheng |last12=Swarup |first12=Sanjay |last13=Rozen |first13=Steven G. |last14=Nagarajan |first14=Niranjan |last15=Tan |first15=Patrick |display-authors=3 |title=The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus) |journal=Nature Genetics |date=November 2017 |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1633–1641 |doi=10.1038/ng.3972 |pmid=28991254 |s2cid=9804756 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size of flesh and seed, and tree [[phenology]]. In the species name, ''zibethinus'' refers to the Indian civet, ''[[Viverra zibetha]]''. There is disagreement over whether this name, bestowed by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], alludes to civets being so fond of the durian that the fruit was used as bait to entrap them, or to the durian's smelling like the civet.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=2}} See also pp. 5–6 on whether Linnaeus or Murray is the correct authority for the [[Binomial nomenclature|binomial name]].</ref>

Durian flowers are large and feathery, with copious [[nectar (plant)|nectar]]; they give off a heavy, sour, buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of [[bat]]s that eat nectar and [[pollen]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Whitten |first=Tony |title=The Ecology of Sumatra |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing|Periplus]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-962-593-074-9 |page=329}}</ref> Durians can be pollinated by bats (the cave nectar bat ''[[Eonycteris spelaea]]'', the lesser short-nosed fruit bat ''[[Cynopterus brachyotis]]'', and the large flying fox, ''[[Pteropus vampyrus]]'').<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=62}}</ref> Two species, ''D. grandiflorus'' and ''[[Durio oblongus|D. oblongus]]'', are pollinated by [[spiderhunter]] birds ([[Nectariniidae]]), while ''D. kutejensis'' is pollinated by [[giant honey bee]]s and birds as well as by bats.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Yumoto |first=Takakazu |title=Bird-pollination of Three Durio Species (Bombacaceae) in a Tropical Rainforest in Sarawak, Malaysia |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=87 |issue=8 |pages=1181–1188 |year=2000 |doi=10.2307/2656655 |jstor=2656655 |pmid=10948003 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Some scientists have hypothesised that the development of monothecate [[Stamen|anthers]] and larger flowers (compared with those of the remaining genera in Durioneae) in the clade consisting of ''Durio'', ''Boschia'', and ''Cullenia'' was in conjunction with a transition from beetle pollination to vertebrate pollination.<ref name=":1"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200>
File:Durian flower.jpg|The flowers are usually closed during the daytime.
File:Durian tree in malaysia.jpg|Juvenile tree, [[Malaysia]]. Mature specimens can grow up to {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=off}}.
</gallery>

== Origin and history ==

The origin of the durian is thought to be in the region of Borneo and Sumatra, with wild trees in the [[Malay Peninsula]] and [[orchard]]s commonly cultivated in a wide region from India to New Guinea.<ref name=Morton/> Four hundred years ago, it was traded across present-day Myanmar and was actively cultivated especially in Thailand and [[South Vietnam]].<ref name=Morton/>

The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of [[Niccolò de' Conti]], who travelled to Southeast Asia in the 15th century.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=3}}</ref> Translated from the [[Latin]] in which [[Poggio Bracciolini]] recorded de Conti's travels: "They [people of Sumatra] have a green fruit which they call durian, as big as a watermelon. Inside there are five things like elongated oranges, and resembling thick butter, with a combination of flavours."<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&pg=PA332 |title=Hobson-Jobson: The Anglo–Indian Dictionary |chapter=Durian, Dorian |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=Arthur Coke |publisher=Wordsworth Editions |year=1996 |orig-year=1886 |isbn=978-1853263637 |page=332 |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401064808/https://books.google.com/books?id=rcjmiBm8hHQC&pg=PA332 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Portuguese physician [[Garcia de Orta]] described durians in ''[[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]]'' published in 1563. In 1741, ''Herbarium Amboinense'' by the German botanist [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] was published, providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century. The genus ''Durio'' has a complex [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]] that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius.<ref name=ACIAR/> During the early stages of its taxonomical study, there was some confusion between durian and the [[soursop]] (''Annona muricata''), for both of these species had thorny green fruit.<ref name=Brown_006/> The Malay name for the soursop is ''durian Belanda'', meaning ''Dutch durian''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/737 737] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/737 }}</ref> In the 18th century, [[Johann Anton Weinmann]] considered the durian to belong to [[Chestnut|Castaneae]] as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut.<ref name=Brown_006>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=6}}</ref>

{{Multiple image |total_width=300
|image1=Boym-durian-Lach-and-Kley-3-4-369.png
|caption1=A plate from [[Michał Boym]]'s 1655 account of China, showing cinnamon, durian, and plantain
|image2=Durio Zibethinus Van Nooten.jpg
|caption2=''Durio zibethinus''. [[Chromolithograph]] by Hoola Van Nooten, circa 1863
}}

''D. zibethinus'' was introduced into [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later. It has been planted in the Americas but confined to [[botanical garden]]s. The first seedlings were sent from the [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], to [[Auguste Saint-Arroman]] of [[Dominica]] in 1884.<ref name=Agro>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=715 |title=Agroforestry Tree Database – ''Durio zibethinus'' |publisher=International Center for Research in Agroforestry |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927154326/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/SEA/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=715 |archive-date=27 September 2011 }}</ref>

In Southeast Asia, the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level, probably since the late 18th century, and commercially since the mid-20th century.<ref name=Morton/>{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=115}} In ''My Tropic Isle'', Australian author and [[naturalist]] [[Edmund James Banfield]] tells how, in the early 20th century, a friend in Singapore sent him a durian seed, which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of [[Queensland]].<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Edmund James Banfield |last=Banfield |first=E. J. |title=My Tropic Isle |url=http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/banfield/ej/b21tr/ |publisher=T. Fisher Unwin |year=1911 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007033454/http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/b/banfield/ej/b21tr/ |archive-date=7 October 2008 }}</ref>

In 1949, the British botanist [[E. J. H. Corner]] published ''The Durian Theory, or the Origin of the Modern Tree''. This proposed that [[Zoochorous|endozoochory]] (the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach) arose before any other method of [[Biological dispersal|seed dispersal]] and that primitive ancestors of ''Durio'' species were the earliest practitioners of that dispersal method, in particular red durian (''D. dulcis'') exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants. However, in more recent circumscriptions of Durioneae, the tribe into which ''Durio'' and its sister taxa fall, fleshy arils and spiny fruits are derived within the clade. Some genera possess these characters, but others do not. The most recent molecular evidence (on which the most recent, well-supported circumscription of Durioneae is based) therefore refutes Corner's Durian Theory.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the durians (Bombacaceae-Durioneae or /Malvaceae/Helicteroideae/Durioneae) based on chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=1 March 2000 |pages=55–82 |volume=224 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.1007/BF00985266 |first1=R. |last1=Nyffeler |first2=D. A. |last2=Baum |bibcode=2000PSyEv.224...55N |s2cid=43469554}}</ref>

Since the early 1990s, the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ([[ASEAN]]) region has increased significantly.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=1}} In the early 2020s, a durian craze in China led to a large increase in international trade of the fruit.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shan |first1=Lee Ying |title=Demand for the world's smelliest fruit has soared 400%, fueled by China's 'craze' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/09/13/durian-demand-has-soared-400percent-fueled-by-chinas-craze-for-the-fruit.html?recirc=taboolainternal |website=cnbc.com |date=13 September 2023 |publisher=CNBC |access-date=15 September 2023}}</ref>

===Cultivars===

Over the centuries, numerous durian [[cultivar]]s, propagated by vegetative [[Cloning|clone]]s, have arisen in Southeast Asia. They used to be grown, with mixed results, from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit. They are now propagated by [[layering (horticulture)|layering]], [[marcotting]], or more commonly, [[grafting]], including bud, veneer, wedge, whip and U-grafting, onto seedlings of randomly selected [[rootstock]]s. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|pp=77–81}}</ref>

==== Malaysian varieties ====

The Malaysian Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry has since 1934 maintained a list of registered varieties, where each cultivar is assigned a common name and a code number starting with "D". These codes are widely used through Southeast Asia; as of 2021, there were over 200 registered varieties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my/NationalList/Search.php |title=Varieties Registered For National Crop List |website=pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913151157/http://pvpbkkt.doa.gov.my/NationalList/Search.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. There are 13 common Malaysian varieties having favourable qualities of colour, texture, odour, taste, high yield, and resistance against various diseases.<ref name="Mengenali varieti">{{cite book |url=http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/perkhidmatan/skim_pensijilan/spbt/mengenali_varieti_durian_popular.pdf |title=Mengenali Variety Durian Popular di Malaysia |language=ms |publisher=Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia |access-date=February 14, 2026 |archive-date=12 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712212719/http://www.doa.gov.my/index/resources/perkhidmatan/skim_pensijilan/spbt/mengenali_varieti_durian_popular.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

'[[Musang King]]' ('D197') was discovered in the 1980s, when a man named Tan Lai Fook from Raub, Pahang, stumbled upon a durian tree in [[Gua Musang District|Gua Musang]], [[Kelantan]]. He brought a branch back to Raub for grafting. The cultivar was named after its place of origin.<ref name="Newleaf">{{cite web |url=https://newleaf.com.my/malaysia-durians-musang-king/ |title=The Wonderland of Malaysia Durian |access-date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=29 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129184527/https://newleaf.com.my/malaysia-durians-musang-king/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The variety has bright yellow flesh and is like a more potent or enhanced version of the 'D24'. The D24 or Sultan durian has golden yellow flesh and a rich texture and aroma. It is a popular variety in Malaysia.<ref name="Newleaf"/>

Other popular cultivars in Malaysia include 'Tekka', with a distinctive yellowish core in the inner stem; 'D168' (IOI), which is round, of medium size, green and yellow outer skin, and easily dislodged flesh which is medium-thick, solid, yellow in colour, and sweet;<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://theindependentinsight.com/2019/06/28/durian-mas-hajah-hasmah/ |title=Durian mas hajah hasmah |language=ms |last=Van Dyk |first=Mel |date=28 June 2019 |website=The Independent Insight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926072953/http://theindependentinsight.com/2019/06/28/durian-mas-hajah-hasmah/ |archive-date=26 September 2019 |access-date=19 July 2019}}</ref> and 'Red Prawn' (''Udang Merah'', 'D175'), found in the states of [[Pahang]] and [[Johor]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.butterkicap.com/open-house/how-to-guides/panduan-lengkap-durian-raja-buah |title=Panduan Lengkap Durian untuk Pencinta Raja Buah |language=ms |date=4 December 2017 |website=Butterkicap |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719081546/http://www.butterkicap.com/open-house/how-to-guides/panduan-lengkap-durian-raja-buah |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/27/10-variations-of-the-king-of-fruits/ |title=10 variations of durians – the King of Fruits |last=Low |first=Christina |website=www.thestar.com.my |date=27 August 2016 |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719081542/https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2016/08/27/10-variations-of-the-king-of-fruits/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The fruit is medium-sized, oval, brownish green, with short thorns. The flesh is thick, not solid, yellow-coloured, and has a sweet taste.<ref name="Mengenali varieti"/>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200 caption="Malaysian varieties">
File:Durio kutej F 070203 ime.jpg|'D101' (right), from Malaysia, has rich yellow flesh, unlike another variety (left).
File:4SeasonsDurians22102009-02_(4034657521).jpg|'[[Musang King]]', the most popular variety in Malaysia
</gallery>

==== Indonesian varieties ====

Indonesia has more than 100 varieties of durian. The most cultivated species is ''D. zibethinus''.<ref name=nus>{{cite journal |url=https://smujo.id/nb/article/download/993/2950 |title=Variability analysis of Sukun durian plant (Durio zibethinus) based on RAPD marker |author1=Ruwaida, Ismi Puji |author2=Supriyadi |author3=Parjanto |journal=Nusantara Bioscience |volume=1 |number=2 |year=2009 |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814144739/https://smujo.id/nb/article/download/993/2950/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Notable varieties are Bawor ([[Banyumas Regency|Banyumas]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Durian Bawor Asli Banyumas |url=https://hortikultura.pertanian.go.id/wajib-dicicipi-durian-bawor-asli-banyumas/ |website=pertanian.go.id |publisher=Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia |access-date=7 May 2026 |language=id}}</ref> Sukun ([[Central Java]]), Sitokong ([[Betawi people|Betawi]]), Sijapang (Betawi), Simas ([[Bogor]]), Sunan ([[Jepara]]), Si dodol and Si hijau ([[South Kalimantan]]),<ref name=nus/> and Petruk (Central Java).<ref name=nus/><ref>{{cite web |title=Durian Petruk |language=ms |publisher=IPTEKnet [[Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology|BPPT]] |url=http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=62 |access-date=9 December 2009 |archive-date=31 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231071538/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/teknologi_pangan/index.php?mnu=2&id=62 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=200 heights=200 caption="Indonesian varieties">
File: Durio zibeth 071230-3107 cgud.jpg|Local cultivar in Cigudeg, [[Bogor]], [[West Java]]
File:Durio kutej F 070203 ime.jpg|''[[Durio kutejensis]]'', popular in [[Kalimantan]]
</gallery>

==== Thai varieties ====

In Thailand, 'Mon Thong' is the most commercially sought after cultivar, for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet-tasting flesh with moderate smell and smaller seeds, while 'Chanee' is most resistant to infection by ''[[Phytophthora palmivora]]''. 'Kan Yao' is less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odourless. Among the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: 'Chanee', 'Mon Thong', 'Kan Yao', 'Ruang', and 'Kradum'.<ref name=Pibul>{{cite web |url=http://it.doa.go.th/durian/detail.php?id=164&PHPSESSID=0a7dd4c12222a10cdbd00d70796cec00 |title=Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน) |publisher=Department of Agriculture, Thailand |access-date=26 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818174921/http://it.doa.go.th/durian/detail.php?id=164&PHPSESSID=0a7dd4c12222a10cdbd00d70796cec00 |archive-date=18 August 2011 |language=th |url-status=dead}}</ref>

By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create 'Chantaburi No. 1', a cultivar without the characteristic odour.<ref name="Fuller">{{cite news |last=Fuller |first=Thomas |date=8 April 2007 |title=Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/world/asia/08durian.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410100409/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/world/asia/08durian.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour.<ref name="Fuller"/> In 2012, two odourless cultivars, 'Long Laplae' and 'Lin Laplae', were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Thailand's [[Uttaradit province]] where they were developed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Odourless-durians-to-hit-the-market-30182636.html |title=Odourless durians to hit the market |date=23 May 2012 |work=[[The Nation]] |access-date=21 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120625181413/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/national/Odourless-durians-to-hit-the-market-30182636.html |archive-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Philippine varieties====

[[File:Durians full (Magsaysay Park, Davao City; 11-26-2021).jpg|thumb|Durians for sale in [[Davao City]], Philippines]]

Uncultivated durian trees found in [[Mindanao]] are known as "native" varieties. They have large seeds and thin flesh that is white or yellow. They are strong-tasting and generally more expensive than hybrids due to their rarity.<ref name="yotd"/>

The two most popular cultivars in the Philippines are 'Arancillo' ('ACC.1497') and 'Puyat', both are hybrids descended from native durians and the 'Chanee' cultivar of Thailand. Other Philippine cultivars include 'Alcon Fancy', 'Duyaya', 'Umali', 'UPLB Gold', 'Atabrine' ('DES806'), 'DES1545', 'Kimbangan', 'Lacson 1' and 'Lacson 2', 'Malagkit', 'S7', 'S1', 'Mamer' ('DES916', a native variety from Calinan), and 'Galang Durian 69'.<ref name="yotd">{{cite web |title=Philippine Durian Varieties |url=https://www.yearofthedurian.com/2012/09/philippine-durian-varieties.html |website=Year of the Durian |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Updated Philippines Durian Guide |url=https://www.yearofthedurian.com/2016/10/philippines-durian-varieties.html |website=Year of the Durian |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

Thornless cultivars of durian are being developed in the Philippines, after wild genetic mutations were discovered in [[Davao de Oro]]. However, these varieties remain unpopular because they are inferior in taste to other cultivars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Where To Find Thornless Durian in Davao Philippines |url=https://www.yearofthedurian.com/2016/11/thornless-durian-philippines.html |website=Year of the Durian |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kaur |first1=Kirat |title=Nobody Wants Bald, Thornless Durians But Scientists Are Pushing To Make More Anyway |url=https://www.therakyatpost.com/living/2020/04/25/nobody-wants-bald-thornless-durians-but-scientists-are-pushing-to-make-more-anyway/ |website=TRP |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

''[[Durio graveolens]]'', a durian species native to the Philippines, is known under different local names based on the flesh color: ''dugyan'' (red), ''manakuka'' (orange), and ''luod'' (white). ''Luod'' is often regarded as sweeter and superior in taste to ''Durio zibethinus'', but they are not commercially cultivated due to their small sizes.<ref name="yotd"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Durio Graveolens |url=https://www.yearofthedurian.com/2013/05/durio-graveolens.html |website=Year of the Durian |access-date=15 November 2025}}</ref>

== Cultivation and trade ==

{{further|List of durian diseases and pests}}

[[File:201906 Durian vendor in Forest City, Johor, Malaysia (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A durian vendor in Malaysia]]

In 2018, Thailand was ranked the world's number one exporter of durians, producing around 700,000 tonnes of durians per year, 400,000 tonnes of which are exported to mainland China and Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Svasti |first1=Pichaya |last2=Jariyasombat |first2=Peerawat |title=Made in Thailand |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1450331/made-in-thailand |access-date=23 April 2018 |work=[[Bangkok Post]] |issue=Brunch |date=22 April 2018}}</ref> [[Chanthaburi Province|Chantaburi]] in Thailand holds the World Durian Festival in early May each year. This single province is responsible for half of the durian production of Thailand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=715 |title=World Durian Festival 2005 |series=Thailand News – Thailand official news and information |publisher=Foreign Office |author=Government Public Relations Department |location=Thailand |date=5 June 2005 |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107093638/http://thailand.prd.go.th/view_inside.php?id=715 |archive-date=7 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/durian/details/durain_02_grow.html |title=Thailand's Durian growing areas |publisher=Food Market Exchange |year=2003 |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080316142018/http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/durian/details/durain_02_grow.html |archive-date= 16 March 2008}}</ref> The [[Davao Region]] is the top producer of the fruit in the Philippines, producing 60% of the country's total.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mellejor |first1=Lilian |title=Davao City remains top producer of durian fruit |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1043084 |access-date=20 April 2022 |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |date=30 July 2018}}</ref>

In [[Brunei]], consumers prefer ''D. graveolens'', ''D. kutejensis'', and ''D. oxleyanus''. These species constitute a [[genetic diversity|genetically diverse]] crop source.<ref name="Osman">{{cite book |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Expert_consultation_on_tropical_fruit_species_of_Asia_655.pdf |title=Tropical fruit production and genetic resources in Southeast Asia: Identifying the priority fruit species |first1=M. B. |last1=Osman |first2=Z. A. |last2=Mohamed |first3=S. |last3=Idris |first4=R. |last4=Aman |year=1995 |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) |isbn=978-92-9043-249-4 |access-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930210417/http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/655/ch08.htm |archive-date=30 September 2008 |oclc=723476105}}</ref>

The durian was introduced into [[Australia]] in the early 1960s, and clonal material followed in 1975. Over thirty clones of ''D. zibethinus'' and six other ''Durio'' species have been subsequently introduced into Australia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Watson |first=B. J. |year=1983 |title=Durian |series=Fact Sheet |volume=6 |publisher=Rare Fruits Council of Australia}}</ref> The durian was introduced to the [[Hawaiian islands]] through a gift by [[Chulalongkorn]] to [[Hawaiian Kingdom|King]] [[Kalākaua]] while the latter stopped by Bangkok during his [[Kalākaua's 1881 world tour#Siam (Thailand): April 26–30|1881 world diplomatic tour]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Love |first1=Ken |last2=Gasik |first2=Lindsay |last3=Paull |first3=Robert E. |title=Durian for Hawaiʻi |journal=Fruit, Nut, and Beverage Crops |date=April 2019 |page=2 |publisher=[[College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources]], [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]]}}</ref>

In 2019 the value of imported fresh durians became the highest of all fresh fruits imported to China, surpassing [[Cherry|cherries]].<ref name="TheEconomist202406">{{cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/china/2024/06/13/china-is-going-crazy-for-durians |title=China is going crazy for durians |newspaper=The Economist |date=13 June 2024 |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> In 2021, China purchased at least US$3.4 billion worth or 90 percent of Thailand's fresh durian exports in that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=China's durian boom sparks ASEAN alarm over mega trade deal |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Trade/China-s-durian-boom-sparks-ASEAN-alarm-over-mega-trade-deal |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=Nikkei Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Durian Was Most Popular Imported Fruit in China Last Year With Imports of USD4.2 Billion |url=https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/durian-was-most-popular-imported-fruit-in-china-last-year-with-imports-of-usd42-billion |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=www.yicaiglobal.com}}</ref> Overall Chinese imports grew to $4 billion in 2022, when the Philippines and Vietnam gained permission to export fresh durians to China, and $6.7 billion in 2023 when 1.4 million tonnes were imported. The durian has become a [[status symbol]] indicating wealth. Durians from Thailand retail at around ¥150 (US$20), while the more prestigious Musang King variety retails at around ¥500 and can be a birthday or wedding gift. The potential value for exporters has allowed China to leverage durians as part of trade talks.<ref name="TheEconomist202406"/> The entire export of durians from Southeast Asia to China increased from US$550 million in 2017, to US$6.7 billion in 2023.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last1=Fuller |first1=Thomas |last2=Bhaskar |first2=Gabriela |date=2024-06-16 |title=China's Lust for Durian Is Creating Fortunes in Southeast Asia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/16/business/durian-china-malaysia-thailand.html |access-date=2024-06-17 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> China's largest imports of the fruit came from Thailand, followed by Malaysia and Vietnam.<ref name=":3"/>

The durian is a relatively costly fruit because of its short shelf life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Sueli |last2=Silva |first2=Ebenezer de Oliveira |last3=De Brito |first3=Edy Sousa |title=Exotic Fruits Reference Guide |date=5 January 2018 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-803153-7 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eScsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA169 |access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref> Shelf life can be extended to around 4 to 5 weeks by shrink wrapping each fruit. This inhibits [[dehiscence (botany)|dehiscence]], probably by multiple mechanisms: inhibiting respiration; reducing loss of water; holding the fruit's parts together; and reducing decomposition by microbes.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=90}}</ref> The edible portion of the fruit, known as the [[aril]] and usually called the 'flesh' or 'pulp', only accounts for about 15–30% of the mass of the entire fruit.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|p=35}}</ref>

== Flavour and odour ==

=== History ===

[[File:No durians sign.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Sign forbidding durians in Singapore's [[Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)|Mass Rapid Transit]] ]]

The strong flavour and odour of the fruit have prompted views ranging from appreciation to disgust.<ref name=Morton/><ref name=Davidson/><ref name="genthe">{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/durians-smell-awful-but-the-taste-is-heavenly-57313254/ |title=Durians Smell Awful – But the Taste Is Heavenly |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |date=September 1999 |access-date=6 October 2016 |last=Genthe |first=Henry |archive-date=11 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011041714/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/durians-smell-awful-but-the-taste-is-heavenly-57313254/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The fruit's strong smell has led to its ban from public transport systems in Singapore<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Rob Picheta |author2=Frederik Pleitgen |title=Smelly durian fruit sends six to hospital and forces evacuation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/europe/durian-germany-evacuation-scli-intl-grm/index.html |access-date=23 June 2020 |website=CNN |date=22 June 2020 |archive-date=23 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623004854/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/22/europe/durian-germany-evacuation-scli-intl-grm/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and in Bangkok.<ref>{{cite web |title='World's smelliest fruit' now banned from Bangkok buses |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2023/05/04/039world039s-smelliest-fruit039-now-banned-from-bangkok-buses |website=The Star |access-date=26 November 2024 |language=en |date=4 May 2023}}</ref>

Writing in 1856, the British naturalist [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] called the fruit's consistency and flavour "indescribable. A rich custard highly flavoured with almonds gives the best general idea of it, but there are occasional wafts of flavour that call to mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry-wine, and other incongruous dishes. Then there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the pulp which nothing else possesses, but which adds to its delicacy."<ref name=Wallace/> He concluded that it provided a "new sensation worth a voyage to the East to experience. ... as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it is unsurpassed."<ref name=Wallace>{{cite web |last=Wallace |first=Alfred Russel |title=On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo |year=1856 |url=http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm |access-date=2008-11-20 |author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace |archive-date=2008-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006070444/http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/wallace/S027.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, but on eating one in Borneo "out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater".<ref name=Wallace1886p74>{{cite book |year=1886 |last=Wallace |first=Alfred Russel |author-link=Alfred Russel Wallace |chapter=5. Borneo – Journey in the Interior |title=The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utang and the bird of paradise |title-link=The Malay Archipelago |place=London |publisher=Macmillan & Co |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/malayarchipelag03wallgoog#page/n90/mode/1up |pages=74–75 |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> He cites another writer  as stating: "To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it."<ref name=Wallace1886p74/>

[[file:ทุเรียนทอด_deep_fried_crispy_durian.jpg |thumb|Sliced deep-fried durian in packages at a market in Thailand]]

The novelist [[Anthony Burgess]] wrote that eating durian is "like eating sweet raspberry [[blancmange]] in the lavatory".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_ReGl7pJuEC&q=The%20Long%20Day%20Wanes%3A%20A%20Malayan%20Trilogy&pg=PA70 |title=The Long Day Wanes: A Malayan Trilogy |first=Anthony |last=Burgess |author-link=Anthony Burgess |page=68 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-30943-0 |year=1993 |orig-year=1956 |access-date=6 October 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020065503/https://books.google.com/books?id=h_ReGl7pJuEC&q=The+Long+Day+Wanes%3A+A+Malayan+Trilogy&pg=PA70 |url-status=live }}</ref> The travel and food writer [[Richard Sterling]] states that "its odor is best described as pig-excrement, turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock."<ref name="winokur">{{cite book |editor-last=Winokur |editor-first=Jon |title=The Traveling Curmudgeon: Irreverent Notes, Quotes, and Anecdotes on Dismal Destinations, Excess Baggage, the Full Upright Position, and Other Reasons Not to Go There |publisher=Sasquatch Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57061-389-0 |page=102}}</ref> Other comparisons have been made with the [[civet]], [[sewage]], stale [[vomiting|vomit]], [[skunk]] spray and used [[Cotton swab|surgical swabs]].<ref name=Davidson>{{cite book |last=Davidson |first=Alan |title=The Oxford Companion to Food |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-211579-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00davi_0/page/263 263] |author-link=Alan Davidson (food writer) |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Food }}</ref> Such descriptions may reflect the odour's variability.<ref name=Aziz/> Different species and cultivars vary markedly in aroma; for example, red durian (''D. dulcis'') has a deep [[caramel]] flavour with a [[turpentine]] odour while red-fleshed durian (''D. graveolens'') emits a fragrance of roasted [[almond]]s.<ref name="Morton"/>

=== Biochemistry ===

Hundreds of [[phytochemical]]s are responsible for durian flavour and aroma. They include diverse [[volatility (chemistry)|volatile]] compounds, such as [[ester]]s, [[ketone]]s, [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s (primarily [[ethanol]]), and [[organosulfur compound]]s. [[Ethyl butyrate|Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate]] had the highest content among esters in a study of several varieties.<ref name=Aziz/> Sugar content, primarily [[sucrose]], has a range of 8–20% among different durian varieties. Durian flesh contains diverse [[polyphenol]]s, especially [[myricetin]], and various [[carotenoid]]s, including a rich content of [[beta-carotene]].<ref name="Aziz">{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Nur A. |last2=Jalil |first2=Abbe M. |title=Bioactive compounds, nutritional value, and potential health benefits of indigenous durian (''Durio zibethinus'' Murr.): A review |journal=Foods |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=13 March 2019 |doi=10.3390/foods8030096 |page=E96 |pmid=30871187 |pmc=6463093 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Characterization of the major odour-active compounds in Thai durian (''Durio zibethinus'' L. 'Monthong') by aroma extract dilution analysis and headspace gas chromatography-olfactometry |last1=Li |first1=J.X. |last2=Schieberle |first2=P. |last3=Steinhaus |first3=M. |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |year=2012 |volume=60 |issue=45 |pages=11253–62 |doi=10.1021/jf303881k |pmid=23088286|bibcode=2012JAFC...6011253L }}</ref>

People in Southeast Asia with frequent exposures to durian are able to easily distinguish the sweet-like scent of its ketones and esters from rotten or [[putrescine]] odours which are from volatile amines and [[fatty acid]]s. Some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious, whereas others find it pleasant and appealing.<ref name=Morton/><ref name=Davidson/><ref name=genthe/>

This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is highly appetising to diverse animals, including [[black hornbill]]s, [[squirrel]]s, [[Chevrotain|mouse deer]], [[wild boar]]s, [[sun bear]]s, [[Viverridae|viverrids]], [[orangutan]]s, [[Asian elephant|elephants]], [[crab-eating macaque]]s, and even carnivorous [[tiger]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4193933/In-praise-of-the-delectable-durian.html |title=In praise of the delectable durian |date=18 October 2004 |last=Mulqueen |first=Kevin |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917134824/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/4193933/In-praise-of-the-delectable-durian.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=su08b/><ref name="Nakashima">{{cite journal|last1=Nakashima|first1=Yoshihiro|last2=Lagan|first2=Peter|last3=Kitayama|first3=Kanehiro|title=A Study of Fruit–Frugivore Interactions in Two Species of Durian (''Durio'', Bombacaceae) in Sabah, Malaysia|journal=Biotropica|date=March 2008|volume=40|issue=2|pages=255–258|doi=10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00335.x|s2cid=82212472 |language=English|issn=1744-7429|oclc=5155811169}}</ref> While some of these animals swallow the seed with the fruit and then transport it some distance before excreting, thus dispersing the seed,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Marinelli |editor-first=Janet |title=Brooklyn Botanic Garden Gardener's Desk Reference |publisher=Henry Holt and Co. |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8050-5095-0 |page=691 }}</ref> the thorny, armoured covering of the fruit discourages smaller animals; larger animals are more likely to transport the seeds far from the parent tree.<ref name=McGee>{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |title=On Food and Cooking |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |page=379 |author-link=Harold McGee |edition=Revised}}</ref>

{{anchor|Sulfur components}}

==== Sulphur components ====

The odour of durian is strongly influenced by the presence of organosulfur compounds. According to [[headspace gas chromatography]] analysis, durian emits [[diethyltrisulfide]], [[diethyldisulfide]], [[dithiolane]], [[dimethyl sulfide|dimethyl sulphide]], and 3-methyl[[thiazolidine]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laohakunjit |first1=Natta |last2=Kerdchoechuen |first2=Orapin |last3=Matta |first3=Frank B. |last4=Silva |first4=Juan L. |last5=Holmes |first5=William E. |title=Postharvest Survey of Volatile Compounds in Five Tropical Fruits Using Headspace-solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) |journal=HortScience |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=309–314 |doi=10.21273/hortsci.42.2.309|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Among the ca. 46,000 [[coding strand|coding]] and non-coding [[gene]]s in durian are those for [[methionine gamma-lyase]]s, which regulate the release of [[methanethiol]] and [[ethanethiol]], which contribute to the fetid odour of this fruit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Nadine S. |last2=Steinhaus |first2=Martin |date=11 December 2019 |title=Identification of an Important Odorant Precursor in Durian: First Evidence of Ethionine in Plants |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=68 |issue=38 |pages=10397–10402 |doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07065 |pmid=31825619 |s2cid=209329891}}</ref><ref name="Teh">{{cite journal |last1=Teh |first1=Bin Tean |last2=Lim |first2=Kevin |last3=Yong |first3=Chern Han |last4=Ng |first4=Cedric Chuan Young |last5=Rao |first5=Sushma Ramesh |last6=Rajasegaran |first6=Vikneswari |last7=Lim |first7=Weng Khong |last8=Ong |first8=Choon Kiat |last9=Chan |first9=Ki |last10=Cheng |first10=Vincent Kin Yuen |last11=Soh |first11=Poh Sheng |last12=Swarup |first12=Sanjay |last13=Rozen |first13=Steven G. |last14=Nagarajan |first14=Niranjan |last15=Tan |first15=Patrick |date=9 October 2017 |title=The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus) |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=1633–1641 |doi=10.1038/ng.3972 |pmid=28991254 |s2cid=9804756 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Ripeness and selection ===

According to ''[[Larousse Gastronomique]]'', the durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack.<ref>{{cite book |title=Larousse Gastronomique |editor-last=Montagne |editor-first=Prosper |publisher=Clarkson Potter |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-609-60971-2 |page=439 |title-link=Larousse Gastronomique }}</ref> However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of ''D. zibethinus'' are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in [[southern Thailand]] prefer their durians relatively young, when the clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. For some people in [[northern Thailand]], the preference is for the fruit to be soft and aromatic. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be as ripe and pungent in aroma as possible and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy and slightly alcoholic.<ref name=Davidson/>

The various preferences regarding ripeness among consumers make it hard to issue general statements about choosing a "good" durian. A durian that falls off the tree continues to ripen for two to four days, but after five or six days most would consider it overripe and unpalatable.<ref name="Morton"/> All the same, some Thais cook such overripe fruit with palm sugar, creating a dessert called durian (or thurian) guan.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 |title=The Durian Tourist's Guide To Thailand |volume=1 |date=2014 |access-date=6 October 2016 |last=Gasik |first=Lindsay |archive-date=1 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401064859/https://books.google.com/books?id=IbtPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT115 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Uses ==

=== Culinary ===

{{Cookbook|Durian}}

In Thailand, durians are eaten fresh with sweet sticky rice, and blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets, though much of the paste is [[Adulterant|adulterated]] with [[pumpkin]].<ref name=Morton/> Unripe durians are cooked as a vegetable, except in the Philippines, where all uses are sweet rather than savoury. Malaysians make both sugared and salted preserves from durian. When durian is minced with salt, onions and vinegar, it is called ''boder''. In Kelantan of Malaysia, fresh durian or tempoyak is mixed with onion and chilli slices, lime juice and budu (fermented anchovy sauce) and eaten as a condiment with rice-based meals. The seeds, which are the size of chestnuts, can be eaten boiled, roasted or fried in [[coconut oil]], with a texture that is similar to [[taro]] or [[Yam (vegetable)|yam]], but stickier. In [[Java]], the seeds are sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confection. Uncooked seeds are potentially toxic due to [[cyclopropene]] fatty acids.<ref>{{harvnb|Brown|1997|pp=56–59}}</ref>

<gallery class=center caption="Savoury dishes" mode=nolines widths=200 heights=110>
File:Tempoyak.jpg|''Tempoyak'', made from fermented durian, [[Bandung]], [[West Java]]
File:Ketan saus durian.jpg|''Ketan durian'', glutinous rice with durian sauce, Indonesia
File:Tempoyak Ikan Patin 3.JPG|''Tempoyak ikan patin'', [[Pangasius|catfish]] in tempoyak curry, [[Palembang]], [[South Sumatra]]
File:Keripik Durian Medan.JPG|''Keripik durian Medan'' (durian chips) in [[Medan]], [[North Sumatra]]
</gallery>

Durian fruit is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet edibles such as traditional Malay candy, ''[[ice kacang]]'', ''[[dodol]]'', ''lempuk'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://agromedia.mardi.gov.my/magritech/tech_detail_fdscience.php?id=495 |title=Mardi – Lempuk technology |website=mardi.gov.my |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=7 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707161411/http://agromedia.mardi.gov.my/magritech/tech_detail_fdscience.php?id=495 |url-status=live}}</ref> rose biscuits, [[ice cream]], [[milkshake]]s, [[mooncake]]s, [[Yule log (cake)|Yule log]]s, and [[cappuccino]]. ''Es durian'' (durian ice cream) is a popular dessert in Indonesia, sold at streetside stalls in Indonesian cities, especially in Java. ''Pulut durian'' or ''ketan durian'' is [[glutinous rice]] steamed with [[coconut milk]] and served with ripened durian. In [[Sabah]], red durian is fried with onions and chilli and served as a side dish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sabahtravelguide.com/culture/default.ASP?page=trad_cuisine |publisher=Sabah Tourism Promotion Corporation |title=Traditional Cuisine |access-date=20 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929122049/http://www.sabahtravelguide.com/culture/default.ASP?page=trad_cuisine |archive-date=29 September 2008 }}</ref> Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to ''sayur'', an Indonesian soup made from freshwater fish.<ref name=Heaton>{{cite book |title=A Consumers Guide on World Fruit |last=Heaton |first=Donald D. |publisher=BookSurge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4196-3955-5 |year=2006 |pages= 54–56 }}</ref> ''Ikan brengkes tempoyak'' is fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) |last=Vaisutis |first=Justine |author2=Bedford, Neal |author3=Elliott, Mark |author4=Ray, Nick |author5=Berkmoes, Ryan Ver |page=83 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet Publications]] |isbn=978-1-74104-435-5 |year=2007}}</ref>

<gallery class=center caption="Breads and sweets" mode="nolines" widths=200 heights=110>
File:Durian Gelato.JPG |Durian ice cream in Singapore
File:Durian_cake.jpg |Cake made of durian-flavoured ''[[dodol]]'', Indonesian traditional sweet candy
File:Durian Keju Bollen Opened.JPG |''Durian Keju Bollen'', a pastry filled with cheese and durian cream in [[Bandung]], West Java
File:Durian Pancake.jpg |Durian pancake, Indonesia
File:Tart durian Pontianak.JPG |Durian cakes, [[Pontianak]], [[West Kalimantan]]
File:Durian candy (Durian pastillas) - Philippines 001 (3) 01.jpg |Durian ''[[pastillas]]'' (durian candy), Philippines
</gallery>

=== Nutrition ===

{{nutritionalvalue
|name=Raw or fresh frozen durian
|kJ= 615
|water=65 g
|protein=1.47 g
|fat=5.33 g
|carbs=27.09 g
|fibre=3.8 g
|folate_ug=36
|niacin_mg=1.074
|riboflavin_mg=0.2
|thiamin_mg=0.374
|vitA_iu=44
|pantothenic_mg=0.23
|vitB6_mg=0.316
|vitC_mg=19.7
|sodium_mg=2
|potassium_mg=436
|calcium_mg=6
|copper_mg=0.207
|iron_mg=0.43
|magnesium_mg=30
|manganese_mg=0.325
|phosphorus_mg=39
|zinc_mg=0.28
|note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/168192/nutrients Link to Full Report from the USDA FoodData Central]}}

Raw durian is 65% water, 27% [[carbohydrate]]s (including 4% [[dietary fibre]]), 5% [[fat]] and 1% [[protein (nutrient)|protein]] (table). In a reference amount of {{cvt|100|g}}, raw or fresh frozen durian provides 31% of the [[Daily Value]] (DV) of [[thiamine]] and a moderate content of other [[B vitamins]], [[vitamin C]], and the [[mineral (nutrient)|dietary minerals]], [[copper in biology|copper]], [[potassium in biology|potassium]], and [[manganese in biology|manganese]] (14–23% DV, table).

Different durian varieties from Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia vary in their carbohydrate content from 16 to 29%, fat content from 2–5%, protein content from 2–4%, and [[dietary fiber|dietary fibre]] content from 1–4%, and in [[Calorie|caloric value]] from 84 to 185 kcal per 100 grams.<ref name=Aziz/> The fatty acids in durian flesh are particularly rich in [[oleic acid]] and [[palmitic acid]].<ref name=Aziz/>

== Culture and folk medicine ==

=== Cultural influences ===

A common local belief is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee<ref name=Davidson/> or alcoholic beverages.{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=51}} The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when [[Rumphius]] stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and [[Halitosis|bad breath]]. In 1929, J. D. Gimlette wrote in his ''Malay Poisons and Charm Cures'' that the durian fruit must not be eaten with [[brandy]]. In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his ''Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea'' that "a feeling of morbidity" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions,{{sfn|Brown|1997|p=51}} though a study by the [[University of Tsukuba]] finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of [[aldehyde dehydrogenase]], causing a 70 percent reduction of the ability to clear certain toxins such as alcohol from the body.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327253.200-durians-and-booze-worse-than-a-stinking-hangover.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news |title=Durians and booze: worse than a stinking hangover |date=16 September 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |archive-date=22 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922185614/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20327253.200-durians-and-booze-worse-than-a-stinking-hangover.html?DCMP=OTC-rss&nsref=online-news |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Durian with sharp thorns.jpg |thumb|The fruit is covered in sharp thorns, capable of drawing blood.]]
[[File:The Esplanade 4, Singapore, Dec 05.JPG |right |thumb |Singapore's [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade]] building, nicknamed "the Durian".]]

In its native Southeast Asia, the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the cultural perception it has in the region. The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in [[Hong Kong]] director [[Fruit Chan]]'s 2000 film ''[[Durian Durian]]'' (榴槤飄飄, ''lau lin piu piu''), and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of the eponymous Singaporean TV comedy ''Durian King'' played by [[Adrian Pang]].<ref name=STB>{{cite web |title=Uniquely Singapore – July 2006 Issue |url=http://www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/about_singapore/ezine_home/Jul06/local_speak/Durain_Story.html |year=2006 |publisher=Singapore Tourism Board |access-date=31 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823005745/http://www.visitsingapore.com/publish/stbportal/en/home/about_singapore/ezine_home/Jul06/local_speak/Durain_Story.html |archive-date=23 August 2007}}</ref> Likewise, the oddly shaped [[Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay|Esplanade]] building in Singapore (Theatres on the Bay) is often called "The Durian" by locals,<ref name=STB/> and "The Big Durian" is the nickname of [[Jakarta]], Indonesia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 |title=Jakarta: A city we learn to love but never to like |last=Suryodiningrat |first=Meidyatama |work=[[The Jakarta Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221030541/http://www.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20070622.B10 |archive-date=21 February 2008 |date=22 June 2007}}</ref>

A saying in Malaysian and Indonesian Malay, ''mendapat durian runtuh'', "getting a fallen durian", is the equivalent of the English phrase '[[windfall gain]]'.<ref>{{cite book |title=An Indonesian–English Dictionary |first=John M. |last=Echols |author2=Hassan Shadily |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-8014-2127-3 |page=292}}</ref>

Nevertheless, trees bearing mature durians are dangerous because the fruit is heavy, armed with sharp thorns, and can fall from a significant height. [[Hardhat]]s are worn when collecting the fruit. A common saying is that a durian has eyes, and can see where it is falling, because the fruit supposedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/11/28/baby-boy-killed-by-falling-durian-in-jawi/ |title=Baby boy killed by falling durian in Jawi |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |access-date=4 July 2018 |archive-date=4 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704093235/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/11/28/baby-boy-killed-by-falling-durian-in-jawi/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Asian Food |url=http://www.asiafood.org/glossary_1.cfm?alpha=D&startno=27&endno=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010409054415/http://www.asiafood.org/glossary_1.cfm?alpha=D&startno=27&endno=51 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2001 |year=1998 |access-date=20 November 2008 |publisher=Periplus |first=Charmaine |last=Solomon }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Indonesia (Lonely Planet Travel Guides) |last=Vaisutis |first=Justine |author2=Bedford, Neal |author3=Elliott, Mark |author4=Ray, Nick |author5=Berkmoes, Ryan Ver |pages=393–394 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet Publications]] |isbn=978-1-74104-435-5 |year=2007}}</ref> In Malaysia, a spineless durian clone D172 was registered by the Agriculture Department in 1989. It was called "Durian Botak" ('Bald Durian').<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Boosting Durian Productivity |url=https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/97-001W.pdf |access-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616193628/https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/97-001W.pdf |archive-date=16 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Sumatran elephant]]s and tigers sometimes eat durians.<ref name=su08b>{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/tiger/panthera-tigris/video-su08b.html |title=Sumatran tiger inspects durian fruit on forest floor |work=[[BBC]] |publisher=ARKive |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826183553/http://www.arkive.org/tiger/panthera-tigris/video-su08b.html |archive-date=26 August 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Being a fruit much loved by a variety of animals, the durian is sometimes taken to signify the animalistic aspect of humans, as in the legend of [[Orang Mawas]], the Malaysian version of Bigfoot, and [[Orang Pendek]], its Sumatran version, both of which have been claimed to feast on durians.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lian |first=Hah Foong |url=http://www.bigfootencounters.com/creatures/mawas.htm |title=Village abuzz over sighting of 'mawas' |website=Star Publications, Malaysia |date=2 January 2000 |access-date=20 November 2008 |archive-date=18 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118042446/http://www.bigfootencounters.com/creatures/mawas.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jambiexplorer.com/content/orangpendek.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116100430/http://www.jambiexplorer.com/content/orangpendek.htm |archive-date=16 January 2008 |title=Do 'orang pendek' really exist? |website=Jambiexplorer.com |url-status=usurped |access-date=19 March 2006 }}</ref>

=== Folk medicine ===

In Malaysia, a [[decoction]] of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an [[antipyretic]]. The leaf juice is applied on the head of a fever patient.<ref name=Morton/> The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription, collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930. It instructs the reader to boil the roots of ''[[Hibiscus rosa-sinensis]]'' with the roots of ''Durio zibethinus'', ''[[Nephelium longana]]'', ''[[Nephelium mutabile]]'' and ''[[Artocarpus integrifolius]]'', and drink the decoction or use it as a [[poultice]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burkill |first1=I. H. |last2=Haniff |first2=M. |year=1930 |title=Malay village medicine, prescriptions collected |journal=Gardens Bulletin Straits Settlements |issue=6 |pages=176–177 }}</ref>

Southeast Asian traditional beliefs, as well as traditional [[Chinese food therapy]], consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause [[excessive sweating]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs |last=Huang |first=Kee C. |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |page=2 |isbn=978-0-8493-1665-4 |year=1998 |edition=Second }}</ref> The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it.<ref name=Davidson/> An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen, which is considered to have cooling properties. Pregnant women or people with [[high blood pressure]] are traditionally advised not to consume durian.<ref name="Fuller"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective |author1=McElroy, Anne |author2=Townsend, Patricia K. |publisher=Westview Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8133-3821-7 |page=253}}</ref>

The [[Javanese people|Javanese]] believe durian to have [[aphrodisiac]] qualities, and impose a set of rules on what may or may not be consumed with it or shortly thereafter.<ref name=Davidson/> A saying in [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]], {{Lang |id |durian jatuh sarung naik}}, meaning "the durian falls and the [[sarong]] comes up", refers to this belief.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Comprehensive Indonesian–English Dictionary |first=Alan M. |last=Stevens |editor-first=A. |editor-last=Schmidgall-Tellings |publisher= Ohio University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8214-1584-9 |page=255}}</ref> The warnings against the supposed lecherous quality of this fruit soon spread to the West – the [[Swedenborg]]ian philosopher [[Herman Vetterling]] commented on so-called "erotic properties" of the durian in the early 20th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vetterling |first=Herman |author-link=Herman Vetterling |title=Illuminate of Gorlitz or Jakob Bohme's Life and Philosophy, Part 3 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2003 |orig-year=1923 |isbn= 978-0-7661-4788-1 |page=1380}}</ref>

== Environmental impact ==

The high demand for durians in China has prompted a shift in Malaysia from small-scale durian orchards to large-scale industrial operations. Forests are cleared to make way for large durian plantations, compounding an existing deforestation problem caused by the cultivation of [[oil palms]].<ref name="Airriess">{{cite journal |last=Airriess |first=Christopher |year=2020 |title=Trade, Tourism and the Environment in Asia's Durian Boom |url=http://www.focusongeography.org/publications/articles/durian/index.html |journal=Focus on Geography |volume=63 |publisher=[[American Geographical Society]] |doi=10.21690/foge/2020.63.6f |s2cid=243637781 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Animal species such as the [[small flying fox]], which pollinates durian trees, and the [[Malayan tiger]] are endangered by the increasing deforestation of their habitats.<ref name="Airriess" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aziz |first1=Sheema A. |last2=Clements |first2=Gopalasamy R. |last3=McConkey |first3=Kim R. |last4=Sritongchuay |first4=Tuanjit |last5=Pathil |first5=Saifful |last6=Abu Yazid |first6=Muhammad Nur Hafizi |last7=Campos-Arceiz |first7=Ahimsa |last8=Forget |first8=Pierre-Michel |last9=Bumrungsri |first9=Sara |display-authors=3 |year=2017 |title=Pollination by the locally endangered island flying fox (''Pteropus hypomelanus'') enhances fruit production of the economically important durian (''Durio zibethinus'') |journal=[[Ecology and Evolution]] |volume=7 |issue=21 |pages=8670–8684 |doi=10.1002/ece3.3213 |pmid=29152168 |pmc=5677486 |bibcode=2017EcoEv...7.8670A }}</ref> In the [[Gua Musang District]], the state government approved the conversion of {{convert |10000 |acre |km2 |abbr=on |order=flip}} of forestry, including indigenous lands of the [[Orang Asli]], to durian plantations.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rahman |first=Serina |year=2020 |title=Malaysia and the Pursuit of Sustainability |journal=Southeast Asian Affairs |volume=2020 |pages=214–215 |jstor=26938892}}</ref>

The prevalence of the Musang King and Monthong varieties in Malaysia and Thailand, respectively, has led to concerns about a decrease in the durian's [[genetic diversity]] at the expense of higher-quality varieties.<ref name="Airriess" /> A 2022 study of durian species in [[Kalimantan]], Indonesia, found low genetic diversity, suggestive of [[inbreeding depression]] and [[genetic drift]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mursyidin |first1=Dindin Hidayatul |last2=Makruf |first2=Muhammad Irfan |last3=Badruzsaufari |last4=Noor |first4=Aidi |display-authors=3 |year=2022 |title=Molecular diversity of exotic durian (''Durio'' spp.) germplasm: a case study of Kalimantan, Indonesia |journal=Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology |volume=20 |issue=1 |page=39 |doi=10.1186/s43141-022-00321-8 |pmid=35230532 |pmc=8888783 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Additionally, these dominant hybrid varieties are more susceptible to pests and fungal diseases, requiring the use of [[insecticide]]s and [[fungicide]]s that can weaken the trees.<ref name="Airriess" />

== See also ==

* [[Breadfruit]]
* [[Mango]], another "king"
* [[Delicacy]]

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Brown |first=Michael J. |title=Durio – A Bibliographic Review |publisher=International Plant Genetic Resources Institute |year=1997 |url=http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |isbn=978-92-9043-318-7 |page=6 |access-date=12 June 2011 |archive-date=13 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713064346/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/uploads/tx_news/Durio_654.pdf |url-status=dead}}

== External links ==

{{spoken Wikipedia|Durian.ogg|date=22 January 2009}}

* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Durian}}
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[[Category:Durio|Durio]]
[[Category:Fruits originating in Asia]]
[[Category:Tropical fruit]]
[[Category:Southeast Asian cuisine]]
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Non-timber forest products]]

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