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Jasprit Bumrah

2023-10-13T13:08:55Z

Convex: Stats and mistakes corrected

{{short description| Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =Jasprit Bumrah
| image = Jasprit Bumrah (4).jpg
| caption = Bumrah in 2019
| fullname = Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|12|6|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| family =  {{marriage|Sanjana Ganesan (wife) |15 March 2021}}
| nickname = JB, Jassi, Boom Boom Bumrah, Jasprit
| height = 5 ft 9 in<ref>{{cite web |title=Jasprit Bumrah - Indian - Right Arm Bowl |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/player/jasprit-bumrah |website=Sportskeeda.com |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref>
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]]{{efn|name=speed|Some sources list Bumrah as a fast-medium paced bowler<ref name=ca>{{Cite web|title=The Home of CricketArchive|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1196/1196767/1196767.html|access-date=17 January 2022|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref><ref name=ci>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jasprit-bumrah-625383 |title=Jasprit Bumrah profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>}}

| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| international = True
| internationalspan = 2016–present
| country = India

| testdebutdate = 5 January
| testdebutyear = 2018
| testdebutagainst = South Africa
| testcap = 290
| lasttestdate = 1 July
| lasttestyear = 2022
| lasttestagainst = England

| odidebutdate = 23 January
| odidebutyear = 2016
| odidebutagainst = Australia
| odicap = 210
| lastodidate = 11 October
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodiagainst = Afghanistan
| odishirt = 93

| T20Idebutdate = 26 January
| T20Idebutyear = 2016
| T20Idebutagainst = Australia
| T20Icap = 57
| lastT20Idate = 20 August
| lastT20Iyear = 2023
| lastT20Iagainst = Ireland
| T20Ishirt = 93

| club1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| year1 = 2012–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2013–present
| clubnumber2 = 93

| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test (cricket)|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 30
| matches2 = 80
| matches3 = 62
| matches4 = 58
| runs1 = 212
| runs2 = 63
| runs3 = 8
| runs4 = 392
| bat avg1 = 7.31
| bat avg2 = 7.87
| bat avg3 = 4.00
| bat avg4 = 10.05
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| 100s/50s4 = 0/1
| top score1 = 35[[not out|*]]
| top score2 = 16
| top score3 = 7
| top score4 = 55[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 6368
| deliveries2 = 4029
| deliveries3 = 1331
| deliveries4 = 11,534
| wickets1 = 128
| wickets2 = 135
| wickets3 = 74
| wickets4 = 220
| bowl avg1 = 21.99
| bowl avg2 = 24.31
| bowl avg3 = 19.66
| bowl avg4 = 23.53
| fivefor1 = 8
| fivefor2 = 2
| fivefor3 = 1
| fivefor4 = 14
| tenfor1 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 9/86
| best bowling2 = 6/19
| best bowling3 = 3/11
| best bowling4 = 6/27
| catches/stumpings1 = 8/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 17/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 7/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 17/–
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/jasprit-bumrah-625383 ESPNCricinfo
| date = 12 October 2023
}}

'''Jasprit Jasbirsingh Bumrah''' (born 6 December 1993) is an Indian international [[cricket]]er who plays for the [[Indian national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] in all formats of the game. A right-arm fast bowler with a unique bowling action, Bumrah is considered one of the best bowlers in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/strong-bond-why-bumrah-is-the-best-bowler-in-the-world-20201120-p56gbs.html|title=Strong bond: Why Bumrah is the 'best bowler in the world'|first=Jon|last=Pierik|date=21 November 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> He plays for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in domestic cricket and [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]].

== Personal life ==
Bumrah was born in a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family, settled in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bezbaruah|first=Ajit|date=19 December 2011|title=This Punjabi duo says balle balle to Ahmedabad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/this-punjabi-duo-says-balle-balle-to-ahmedabad/articleshow/11161796.cms|access-date=10 August 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref> Bumrah's father, Jasbir Singh, died when he was 5 years old.<ref>{{cite news |title=I couldn't afford anything: India pacer Jasprit Bumrah recalls his childhood struggles as cricketer |url=https://scroll.in/field/939973/i-couldnt-afford-anything-india-pacer-jasprit-bumrah-recalls-his-childhood-struggles-as-cricketer |access-date=11 January 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=9 October 2019}}</ref> He was brought up by his mother Daljit Bumrah, a school teacher in Ahmedabad, Gujarat in a middle-class surrounding. Daljit made an appearance in the 2019 [[Netflix]] documentary ''[[Cricket Fever: Mumbai Indians]]'' where she was emotional on the cricketing success of her son.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khanna|first=Akash|date=9 October 2019|title=Jasprit Bumrah, Mother Recall Tough Times, Days Of Struggle|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-mother-recall-tough-times-days-of-struggle-watch-2114013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113220936/https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-mother-recall-tough-times-days-of-struggle-watch-2114013|archive-date=13 November 2019|access-date=5 November 2020|publisher=NDTV|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Ugra|first=Sharda|date=23 May 2019|title=The boy called Boom|url=https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1184547/the-boy-called-boom|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602034702/https://www.thecricketmonthly.com/story/1184547/the-boy-called-boom|archive-date=2 June 2020|access-date=5 November 2020|work=The Cricket Monthly|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|language=en}}</ref>

On 15 March 2021, he married model and presenter Sanjana Ganesan in Goa.<ref>{{cite news |title= 'Love, if it finds you worthy, directs your course': Jasprit Bumrah ties the knot in Goa|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-marriage-love-if-it-finds-you-worthy-directs-your-course-india-pacer-ties-the-knot-in-goa-with-sanjana-ganesan-see-pics-101615802667587.html |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 March 2021}}{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah married Sanjana Ganesan, shares photos from their wedding|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/jasprit-bumrah-sanjana-ganesan-wedding-see-pics-7229337|access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 March 2021}}{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah marries model turned TV presenter Sanjana Ganesan|url=https://timesofindia.com/sports/off-the-field/jasprit-bumrah-ties-knot-with-sanjana-ganesan/articleshow/81511273.cms|access-date=15 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2021}}</ref> Hailing from [[Pune]], Maharashtra, Ganesan is a former [[Miss India Worldwide|Miss India finalist]] and was also a participant in MTV's [[Splitsvilla]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah marriage: Who is Sanjana Ganesan? All you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jasprit-bumrah-marriage-who-is-sanjana-ganesan-sports-presenter-world-cup-ipl-1779580-2021-03-15 |access-date=15 March 2021 |work=India Today |date=15 March 2021
|language=en}}</ref> On 4 September 2023, the couple's son was born.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2023 |title=Jasprit Bumrah blessed with baby boy, shares news on social media |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-blessed-with-baby-boy-shares-news-on-social-media-8923305/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 September 2023}}</ref>

==Domestic cricket==
Bumrah played first-class cricket for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] and made his debut against [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]] in October 2013 during the [[2013–14 Ranji Trophy|2013–14 season]].<ref name="ESPNcricinfo - Jasprit Bumrah - India">{{cite web |title=Jasprit Bumrah - India |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/625383.html |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 December 2018}}</ref>

A right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] pacer from Gujarat with an unusual bowling action, Bumrah made his T20 debut against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in the 2012–13 [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], and also helped his side clinch the title with his Man of the Match performance. His figures of 3/14 were instrumental to Gujarat's win over [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2013 |title=Gujarat win Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/syed-mushtaq-ali-trophy-2012-13-576166/gujarat-vs-punjab-final-626445/match-report |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

A 19-year-old Bumrah grabbed instant limelight when on his [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) debut, he finished with figures of 3/32 against [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2013 |title=Bumrah revels on big stage |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jasprit-bumrah-revels-on-big-stage-628234 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Though Bumrah played only 2 matches in the [[2013 Indian Premier League|Pepsi IPL 2013]] for [[Mumbai Indians]], the Mumbai Indians retained him for [[2014 Indian Premier League|Pepsi IPL 2014]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ipl-2014-auction-jasprit-bumrah-sold-for-rs-1-20-crore-to-mumbai-indians-97419|title=IPL 2014 Auction: Jasprit Bumrah sold for Rs 1.20 crore to Mumbai Indians|work=CricketCountry|date=13 February 2014}}</ref>

On 11 December 2020, he scored his maiden [[first class cricket|first class]] half century (55[[not out|*]]) against [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] during the [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21|India tour of Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-a-vs-indians-tour-match-1237417/match-report-1 |title=Joe Burns' woes continue as Mohammed Shami, Jasprit Bumrah shine with pink ball |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>

== International career ==
{{quote box|align=right |width=33%|quoted=1|quote=Jasprit Bumrah has the best and the most effective yorker among fast bowlers playing international cricket now.|source=– Cricket commentator and former fast bowler [[Wasim Akram]], January 2019<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/978277|title=Wasim Akram rates Jasprit Bumrah's yorker the best in the world|agency=Press Trust of India|date=19 January 2019}}</ref>}}

In the two matches, [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies in 2016|T20I series]] against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in August 2016, he became the bowler to claim most [[wicket]]s (28) in Twenty20 Internationals in one calendar year surpassing the record of [[Dirk Nannes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/jasprit-bumrah-india-t20is-most-wickets-calendar-year-2016-28-dirk-nannes-record-australia/2016-08-29|title=Bumrah breaks Nannes' T20 record|work=Cricket Network|date=29 August 2016}}</ref>

In January 2017, in the second match of T20I series of [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|England's 2016–17 India tour]], Bumrah picked up two wickets and gave away 20 runs and was awarded the Player of the Match.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 January 2017 |title=New-ball Nehra, old-ball Bumrah a recipe for victory |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-ball-nehra-old-ball-bumrah-a-recipe-for-victory-in-second-t20i-over-england-1080123 |access-date=30 January 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> During the [[Indian cricket team in Sri Lanka in 2017#ODI series|2017 Sri Lanka tour]], Bumrah recorded the most wickets (15) taken by any fast bowler in a bilateral ODI series of five or fewer matches.<ref name="Record">{{cite web |date=3 September 2017 |title=Kohli's century tally second only to Tendulkar |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/virat-kohli-s-century-tally-second-only-to-sachin-tendulkar-1119333 |access-date=3 September 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He is remembered for bowling a no-ball in the final of the Champions Trophy 2017 that resulted in a wicket. The batsman, [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]], went on to score a match-winning century.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/icc-champions-trophy-2017/no-ball-will-haunt-jasprit-bumrah-for-a-long-time-feels-sunil-gavaskar-1714293 |title= Bumrah bowling a no ball in Champions Trophy 2018 final |access-date=3 September 2018 |work=sports.ndtv.com}}</ref>

In November 2017, he was named in India's [[Test cricket|Test squad]] for their series [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|against South Africa]].<ref name="IndTest">{{cite web |date=4 December 2017 |title=Bumrah earns maiden Test call-up for SA tour |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jasprit-bumrah-earns-maiden-test-call-up-for-sa-tour-1128462 |access-date=4 December 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his Test debut for India against South Africa at Newlands in Cape Town on 5 January 2018<ref name="Test">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1122276.html |title=1st Test, India tour of South Africa at Cape Town, Jan 5-9 2018 |access-date=5 January 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In the 3rd test match of [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|India Tour of South Africa 2017-18]], at [[Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]], Bumrah took his maiden five-wicket haul in Tests, with the figures of 5/54 from 18.5 overs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jasprit-bumrah-makes-a-statement-in-test-cricket-with-maiden-5-wicket-haul-1154307-2018-01-25|title=Jasprit Bumrah makes a statement in Test cricket with maiden 5-wicket haul|work=India Today|date=25 January 2018}}</ref>

[[File:England v India, Trent Bridge (44180102251).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Jasprit Bumrah (fourth from left) fielding during India vs England, at Trent Bridge (August 2018)]]On the [[Boxing Day Test]] of [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|India Tour of Australia 2018]], with career-best figures of 6/33, Bumrah became the first Asian bowler to take five-wicket hauls in Australia, England and South Africa in the same calendar year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-australia/jasprit-bumrah-rips-through-australia-india-on-top-despite-2nd-innings-collapse/articleshow/67284162.cms|title=Jasprit Bumrah rips through Australia, India on top despite 2nd innings collapse|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 December 2018}}</ref> Overall, he had finished the series as the joint highest wicket-taker, with 21 wickets, the other bowler being Australian bowler, [[Nathan Lyon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Live Cricket Score - IND vs SA, SL vs ZIM, BBL Cricket scores|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket|access-date=17 January 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> He had finished the year, with 48 wickets, which was a record for Indian bowler in his debut year in Test cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket|title=Live Cricket Score - Ball by Ball Commentary, Cricket News, Match Highlights | Sportskeeda|website=sportskeeda.com}}</ref> For his performances in 2018, he was named both in the World Test XI and ODI XI by the ICC.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/980936|title=ICC announces men's Test and ODI Teams of the Year|website=icc-cricket.com}}</ref> In April 2019, he was named in [[2019 Cricket World Cup squads#India|India's squad]] for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |date=15 April 2019 |title=Rahul and Karthik in, Pant and Rayudu out of India's World Cup squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rahul-and-karthik-in-pant-and-rayudu-out-of-india-s-world-cup-squad-1181017 |access-date=15 April 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1179330 |title=Dinesh Karthik, Vijay Shankar in India's World Cup squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=15 April 2019}}</ref> The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) named him as one of the five exciting talents making their Cricket World Cup debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1201658 |title=Cricket World Cup 2019: Debutant watch |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> On 5 June 2019, in India's opening match of the tournament, against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]], Bumrah played in his 50th ODI match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/preview/1144490/india-vs-south-africa-8th-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 |title=Teetering South Africa hope not to capsize |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 June 2019}}</ref> On 6 July 2019, in the match against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], Bumrah took his 100th wicket in ODIs and became the second-fastest Indian to do so after his teammate, [[Mohammed Shami]], who is currently the fastest Indian to 100 ODI wickets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah becomes second fastest Indian bowler to scalp 100 ODI wickets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-world-cup/jasprit-bumrah-becomes-second-fastest-indian-bowler-to-scalp-100-odi-wickets/articleshow/70107112.cms |access-date=6 July 2019 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com/cricket/story/the-latest-bumrah-earns-100th-odi-wicket-070619 |title=The Latest: Bumrah earns 100th ODI wicket |work=Fox Sports |access-date=6 July 2019|date=6 July 2019 }}</ref> He finished the tournament as the leading wicket-taker for India and the fifth highest overall, with eighteen dismissals in nine matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=12357;team=6;type=tournament |title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 2019 - India: Batting and bowling averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> He was named in the 'Team of the Tournament' by the ICC and ESPNCricinfo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1278701/featured|title=CWC19: Team of the Tournament |work=ICC |access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 July 2019 |title=Starc, Archer, Ferguson, Bumrah in ESPNcricinfo's 2019 World Cup XI |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/starc-archer-ferguson-bumrah-in-espncricinfo-s-2019-world-cup-xi-1194957 |access-date=25 July 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In August 2019, Bumrah took his fourth Test [[five-wicket haul]] against West Indies in the first Test match of [[Indian cricket team in the West Indies and the United States in 2019|India tour of West Indies 2019]], at the [[Sir Vivian Richards Stadium]], with figures of 5/7 in the 2nd innings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/jasprit-bumrah-5-wicket-haul-india-vs-west-indies-1st-test-day-4-ishant-sharma-1591509-2019-08-26|title=Jasprit Bumrah sets Asian record with 5-wicket haul in West Indies|work=India Today|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref> In the second Test match, he became the third Indian to take a [[List of Test cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick in a Test match]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/india-vs-west-indies-jasprit-bumrah-becomes-third-indian-to-take-a-test-hat-trick-2292347.html|title=India vs West Indies | Bumrah Becomes Third Indian to Take a Test Hat-trick|date=1 September 2019|work=News18|access-date=16 March 2021}}</ref>

Bumrah played his maiden Test match in India in the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]] against England in February 2021 after playing 17 Tests overseas. His maiden Test wicket in India was of Daniel Lawrence for nought in England Tour of India 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vishwanathan |first1=Siddharth |title=India vs England: Jasprit Bumrah makes special debut, but Rishabh Pant spoils a dream start |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-india-vs-england-1st-test-chennai-jasprit-bumrah-makes-special-debut-but-rishabh-pant-drops-a-catch-first-ball-2873275 |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=DNA India |date=5 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Devadyuti |title=India vs England 1st Test: Jasprit Bumrah finally picks up a wicket at home, sets THIS new record |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/india-vs-england-1st-test-jasprit-bumrah-finally-picks-up-a-wicket-at-home-sets-this-new-record-2339848.html |access-date=6 February 2021 |work=Zee News |date=5 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-eng-1st-test-day-1-watch-jasprit-bumrah-takes-1st-test-wicket-in-india-dan-lawrence-682859 |title=IND vs ENG 1st Test Day 1: Watch Jasprit Bumrah takes maiden Test wicket in India |publisher=India TV |date=5 February 2021 |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>

Bumrah was named in India's squad for the [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India's T20 World Cup squad: R Ashwin picked, MS Dhoni named mentor |date=8 September 2021 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-s-2021-t20-world-cup-squad-r-ashwin-picked-ms-dhoni-named-mentor-1276821 |access-date=8 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was one of the only three fast bowlers in the main squad, the other two being [[Mohammed Shami]] and the white-ball specialist, [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]].

He was conferred with ''[[The Times of India]]'' TOISA Cricketer of the Year: 2021<ref>{{cite web |date=14 October 2021 |title=TOISA 2021: Neeraj Chopra headlines the list of winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toisa-2021-neeraj-chopra-headlines-the-list-of-winners/articleshow/94847901.cms |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Fapuq |archive-date=5 June 2023 |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

In January 2022, during the second innings of the second test of [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2021–22|2021 India-South Africa test series]], Bumrah became the Indian bowler with the worst economy rate while defending a target with minimum 100 balls bowled,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kausthub Gudipati|url=https://twitter.com/kaustats|access-date=7 January 2022|via=Twitter|language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline}} which was his first test as team India's vice-captain.

In February 2022, Bumrah was named [[Vice-captain]] of [[India national cricket team|India]] for the T20I and Test series against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] owing to the unavailability of regular vice-captain [[KL Rahul]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rohit Sharma named India's captain for two-Test series against Sri Lanka; Jasprit Bumrah named his deputy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/rohit-sharma-named-india-s-captain-for-two-test-series-against-sri-lanka-101645265574540.html|access-date=19 February 2022|website=Hindustan Times|date=19 February 2022 }}</ref> In March 2022, Bumrah took his maiden Test five-wicket haul in India during the second day night Test [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2021–22|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ind-vs-sl-jasprit-bumrah-becomes-first-ever-indian-bowler-to-join-elusive-list-with-magnificent-bengaluru-test-feat-101647322076265.html|title=IND vs SL: Jasprit Bumrah becomes first ever Indian bowler to join elusive list with magnificent Bengaluru Test feat|work=Hindustan Times|date=15 March 2022 |access-date=15 March 2022|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, Bumrah was among the Wisden Five Cricketers of the Year for that year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2022 |title=Rohit Sharma, Jasprit Bumrah Among Wisden's 5 Cricketers Of The Year |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/rohit-sharma-jasprit-bumrah-among-wisdens-5-cricketers-of-the-year-2905966 |website=NDTV Sports}}</ref>

On 1 July 2022, Bumrah captained the Indian Test team against [[England cricket team|England]] for the first time instead of [[Rohit Sharma]], who is ruled out due to suffering from [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022|title=India vs England, 5th Test: Jasprit Bumrah to lead India after Rohit Sharma Ruled out due to COVID |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-england/india-vs-england-5th-test-jasprit-bumrah-to-lead-india-after-rohit-sharma-ruled-out-due-to-covid-19/articleshow/92575803.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 2 July 2022, Jasprit Bumrah hit 35 runs in an over bowled by [[Stuart Broad]] in Test cricket, beating the 18-year older record set by [[Brian Lara]] (who had scored 28 runs in an over).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Most runs off one over {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/233006.html |access-date=6 July 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

On 12 July 2022, he took 6/19 in a [[One Day International]] match against England, India's best figures against England,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bumrah takes career-best 6 for 19 as India skittle England |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-england-2022-1276893/england-vs-india-1st-odi-1276907/match-report |access-date=12 July 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> and the [[List of India One Day International cricket records#Best figures in an innings|third best figures for India in ODIs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2&id=6&type=team |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

On 17 July 2022, Bumrah became the number 1 ranked bowler in ODIs according to [[ICC Men's Player Rankings|ICC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC Men's ODI Bowling {{!}} Player Rankings {{!}} ICC |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/mens/player-rankings/odi/bowling |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=www.icc-cricket.com |language=en}}</ref>

Bumrah featured in two of the three T20s against Australia, but was pulled out on the eve of the South Africa series, India's last before the World Cup, after he complained of back pain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jasprit Bumrah out of T20 World Cup with back injury |date=3 October 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jasprit-bumrah-out-of-t20-world-cup-with-back-injury-1337195 |access-date=4 November 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

On 21 August 2023, Bumrah was named in the India's squad for [[2023 Asia Cup]]. He played his first match in this series against [[Pakistan National Cricket Team | Pakistan]] scoring 16 runs in 14 balls but the match was abandoned due to rain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former PCB chairman criticises Asia Cup scheduling after India-Pakistan match washout |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/asia-cup/former-pcb-chairman-criticises-asia-cup-scheduling-after-india-pakistan-match-washout/articleshow/103326574.cms |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=3 September 2023}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Mohammed Shami]] for the match against Nepal because he flew back to Mumbai due to some personal reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jasprit Bumrah to miss India's Asia Cup match against Nepal as pacer returns to Mumbai due to personal reasons |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-to-miss-india-asia-cup-match-against-nepal-as-pacer-returns-to-mumbai-due-to-personal-reasons-101693752265171-amp.html |access-date=7 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=4 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Bowling style==
Bumrah gained prominence with his unorthodox action, and [[hyperextended]] elbows.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Million Dollar Arm of Jasprit Bumrah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-vs-australia-ind-vs-aus-jasprit-bumrah-virat-kohli-5524926|author=G, Sandip|work=The Indian Express|date=6 January 2019 |accessdate=4 November 2022}}</ref> His run-up is short, the first part of which consists of small, stuttering strides. He has an anomalous, stiff-armed action yet generates high pace, and his unusual point of release makes it difficult for the batsmen to read his bowling. Indian team often use him in death overs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/rocket-science-behind-bumrah-art-192045231|title=The Rocket Science behind Bumrah's art|date=17 May 2019|website=Yahoo Cricket|access-date=17 May 2019}}</ref> He bowls outside the off-stump, Yorkers and short length balls frequently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/features-and-interviews/13181/the-sling-connect|title=The 'Sling' connect!|work=BCCI|date=4 March 2016|access-date=21 December 2018|archive-date=29 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329172046/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2016/features-and-interviews/13181/the-sling-connect|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/jasprit-bumrah-arrival-of-death-ly-striker.html|title=Jasprit Bumrah: Arrival of the death-ly striker|work=The Week|date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

As per former international bowler [[Shoaib Akhtar]], Bumrah's bowling action can cause him back injuries, his bowling action is front on, and the bowlers with this type of action generate speed from their shoulders and back, which increases the chances of injury.<ref>{{Cite web |last=टीम |first=एबीपी माझा वेब |date=29 September 2022 |title=Shoaib Akhtar: शोएब अख्तरनं जसप्रीत बुमराहबाबत केलेली भविष्यवाणी खरी ठरली! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/sports/cricket/shoaib-akhtar-s-year-old-bumrah-s-back-will-break-down-video-goes-viral-after-india-pacer-ruled-out-of-t20-world-cup-1105325 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref>

{{quote box|width=40%| quoted = 1|quote=I think Jasprit Bumrah is very, very interesting. He runs off a very short run-up. He jogs and then bowls with a very short run. He has got straight arms. His bowling is not textbook by any means, but it works. He is very different from other pace bowlers, which reminds me of another fast bowler of my era, who was very different from everyone else – [[Jeff Thomson]].|source=– Legendary Australian fast bowler [[Dennis Lillee]], December 2018<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-australia/jasprit-bumrah-reminds-me-of-jeff-thomson-dennis-lillee/articleshow/67181891.cms|title=Jasprit Bumrah reminds me of Jeff Thomson: Dennis Lillee|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|date=20 December 2018}}</ref>}}

Bumrah carved himself a reputation for possessing an uncanny ability to hit the [[Block hole (cricket)|block hole]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-reveals-how-he-learnt-the-art-of-bowling-yorkers|title=Jasprit Bumrah reveals how he learnt the art of bowling yorkers|date=14 September 2017|website=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/tennis-ball-practice-helped-bumrah-bowl-yorkers/article8528728.ece|title=Tennis ball practice helped Bumrah bowl yorkers|first=G.|last=Viswanath|website=Sportstar|date=27 April 2016 |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref> just like his former [[Mumbai Indians]] teammate, Sri Lankan [[Lasith Malinga]]. Bumrah has grown into an asset for the [[India national cricket team|Indian team]] in the limited-overs format.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2016 |title='Bumrah the find of the tour' - Dhoni |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bumrah-the-find-of-the-tour-dhoni-967599 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 February 2016 |title=Ashwin lauds India's improved death bowling |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/r-ashwin-lauds-india-s-improved-death-bowling-977305 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/104203/jasprit-bumrah-shows-off-best-in-the-world-credentials-india-vs-pakistan-dubai-rohit-sharma-fakhar-zaman|title=Jasprit Bumrah shows off best-in-the-world credentials|work=CricBuzz|date=24 September 2018}}</ref>

Bumrah is considered one of the fastest Indian bowlers with an average speed of 142 km/h, his fastest being 153 km/h, which he bowled during the first Test match of [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|India Tour of Australia 2018]], at the [[Adelaide Oval]], outpacing [[Mitchell Starc]] and [[Pat Cummins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/jasprit-bumrah-fastest-ball-pacer-clocks-153kmph-during-ind-vs-aus-1st-test-at-the-adelaide-oval-beats-mitchell-starc-pat-cummins-others-526348.html|title=Jasprit Bumrah Fastest Ball: Pacer Clocks 153kmph During IND vs AUS 1st Test at the Adelaide Oval; Beats Mitchell Starc, Pat Cummins & Others!|work=latestly.com|date=7 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/jasprit-bumrah-beats-mitchell-starc-to-bowl-the-fastest-delivery-in-the-test-match/|title=Jasprit Bumrah beats Mitchell Starc to bowl the fastest delivery in the Test match|work=crictracker|date=7 December 2018}}</ref>

<blockquote>"My all-time favourite bowlers are [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]], [[Wasim Akram]] and [[Brett Lee]]. I used to watch their videos and learn from them. I have learnt a lot from Johnson, and Malinga too. I try to learn from any senior bowlers who have played international cricket." – Bumrah<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ipl-how-tennis-ball-helped-pacer-bumrah-perfect-art-of-bowling-yorkers-pix/20160428.htm|title=How tennis ball helped pacer Bumrah perfect art of bowling yorkers|website=Rediff|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref></blockquote>

Mumbai Indians bowling coach and former New Zealand fast bowler [[Shane Bond]] said: "Boom's action, though unique, is repeatable. He has great control."<ref name=":0" />

Former Indian fast bowler [[Ashish Nehra]] also commented on his bowling action:

<blockquote>"What you do in 75–80% of your run-up, nothing matters. It's the last 15–20%, the last four-five steps, which is the main thing. That is bowling. Bumrah runs differently, but in his last three-four steps – he is loading, front leg, back leg, everything is in alignment, and he is quick through the air."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>

*

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cricinfo|id=625383}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160201020108/http://www.wisdenindia.com/player/India/Jasprit-Bumrah/51719.html Jasprit Bumrah]'s profile page on Wisden

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Air chief marshal

2023-09-27T17:52:10Z

Convex: Four-star rank in air force

{{short description|Four-star rank in air force}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2022}}
{{Military ranks | state=expanded}}

'''Air Chief Marshal''' ('''Air Chf Mshl''' or '''ACM''') is a high-ranking [[air officer]] originating from the [[Royal Air Force]]. The rank is used by air forces of many [[Commonwealth of Nations|countries that have historical British influence]]. An air chief marshal is equivalent to an [[Admiral]] in a [[List of navies|navy]] or a [[full general]] in an [[List of armies by country|army]] or other nations' air forces.

The rank of air chief marshal is immediately senior to the rank of [[air marshal]] but subordinate to [[marshal of the air force]]. Air chief marshals are sometimes generically considered to be air marshals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/professions/armed-forces/royal-air-force/air-chief-marshal-air-marshal-and-air-vice |title=Forms of Address: Air Chief Marshal, Air Marshal and Air Vice-Marshal |author= |website=Debrett's |access-date=4 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119043809/http://www.debretts.com/forms-address/professions/armed-forces/royal-air-force/air-chief-marshal-air-marshal-and-air-vice |archive-date=19 November 2015 }}</ref>

== Royal Air Force use and history ==
{{Main list|List of Royal Air Force air chief marshals}}
{{see also|RAF officer ranks}}
{{Infobox military rank
| name = Air chief marshal
| image = UK-Air-OF9-Flag.svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = An RAF air chief marshal's command flag
| image2 = United Kingdom-Air force-OF-9-collected.svg
| image_size2 = 100px
| caption2 = Shoulder and sleeve insignia from the [[Royal Air Force]]
| image3 = File:Air Chief Marshal star plate.svg
| image_size3 = 100px
| caption3 = An RAF Air Chief Marshal star plate
| country =
| service branch = [[Air force]]s
| abbreviation = Air Chf Mshl / ACM
| rank = [[Four-star rank|Four-star]]
| NATO rank = [[Ranks and insignia of NATO air forces officers#Officers (OF 1–10)|OF-9]]
| Non-NATO rank =
| formation = {{start date|1919|08|01|df=y}} ([[Royal Air Force|RAF]])
| abolished =
| higher rank = [[Marshal of the Royal Air Force]]
| lower rank = [[Air marshal]]
| equivalents = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] ([[British Army]]; [[Royal Marines]])}}|[[Admiral (Royal Navy)|Admiral]] ([[Royal Navy|RN]])}}
| history =
}}
===Origins===
Prior to the adoption of RAF-specific rank titles in 1919, it was suggested that the RAF might use the [[Royal Navy]]'s officer ranks, with the word "air" inserted before the naval rank title. For example, the rank that later became air chief marshal would have been air admiral. The [[British Admiralty|Admiralty]] objected to any use of their rank titles, including this modified form, and so an alternative proposal was put forward: [[air officer|air-officer]] ranks would be based on the term "ardian", which was derived from a combination of the [[Goidelic languages|Gaelic]] words for "chief" (''ard'') and "bird" (''eun''), with the unmodified word "ardian" being used specifically for the equivalent to full admiral and general. However, air chief marshal was preferred and was adopted in August 1919.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hobart |first=Malcolm C |date=2000 |title=Badges and Uniforms of the Royal Air Force |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ATMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |publisher=Leo Cooper |page=26 |isbn=0-85052-739-2}}</ref> The rank was first used on 1 April 1922 with the promotion of [[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|Sir Hugh Trenchard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Trenchard.htm|title=H M Trenchard_P|website=www.rafweb.org}}</ref> With Trenchard's promotion to marshal of the RAF on 1 January 1927, no officer held the rank until Sir [[John Salmond]] was promoted on 1 January 1929. It has been used continuously ever since.

In the RAF, the rank of air chief marshal is held by the serving [[Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)|Chief of the Air Staff]] (currently Sir [[Richard Knighton]]). Additionally, RAF officers appointed to [[four-star rank|four-star]] tri-service posts hold the rank of air chief marshal. Throughout the history of the RAF, 139 RAF officers have held the rank and it has also been awarded in an honorary capacity to senior members of the [[British Royal Family]] and allied foreign monarchs.

Although no serving RAF officer has been promoted to marshal of the Royal Air Force since the British defence cuts of the 1990s, British air chief marshals are not the most senior officers in the RAF as several officers continue to retain the RAF's highest rank. Additionally, [[Jock Stirrup, Baron Stirrup|Lord Stirrup]] was granted an honorary promotion to marshal of the Royal Air Force in 2014. The marshals are still to be found on the RAF's active list even though they have for all practical purposes retired.

===RAF insignia, command flag and star plate===
The rank insignia consists of three narrow light blue bands (each on a slightly wider black band) over a light blue band on a broad black band. This is worn on the lower sleeves of the service dress jacket or on the shoulders of the flying suit or working uniform. The command flag for an RAF air chief marshal is defined by the two broad red bands running through the centre of the flag. The vehicle star plate for an RAF air chief marshal depicts four white stars (air chief marshal is a four-star rank) on an air force blue background.

== Australia ==
{{main|Air chief marshal (Australia)}}
{{see also|Australian Defence Force ranks}}
In the [[Royal Australian Air Force]], this rank is only used when the [[Chief of the Defence Force (Australia)|Chief of the Defence Force]] is an Air Force officer. When this is not the case, the senior ranking Air Force officer is the [[Chief of Air Force (Australia)|Chief of Air Force]], holding the rank of [[air marshal (Australia)|air marshal]].<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |website=defence.gov.au |publisher=Department of Defence (Australia) |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

With the establishment of the Australian Air Board on 9 November 1920, Australian Air Corps officers dropped their army ranks in favour of those based on the Royal Air Force. However, it was not until 1965 when [[Frederick Scherger|Sir Frederick Scherger]] became Chairman of the Australian Chiefs of Staff Committee, and was promoted to air chief marshal that an RAAF officer attained the rank. Throughout the history of the RAAF, only four of its officers have held the rank. Apart from Scherger, they are [[Neville McNamara|Sir Neville McNamara]] (promoted 1982), [[Angus Houston|Sir Angus Houston]] (promoted 2005) and [[Mark Binskin]] (promoted 2014). McNamara, Houston and Binskin are former Australian Defence Force chiefs; as of July 2018, General [[Angus Campbell (general)|Angus Campbell]] is the current chief of the Australian Defence Force.

== Bangladesh ==
In 2016 the Bangladeshi [[Chief of Air Staff (Bangladesh)|Chief of Air Staff]] position was upgraded from air marshal to air chief marshal rank.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/107524/Navy-BAF-chiefs%E2%80%99-rank-upgraded |title=Navy, BAF chiefs' rank upgraded |website=Daily-sun.com |date=2016-01-17 |accessdate=2016-07-19}}</ref> Since then the rank has been held by [[Abu Esrar]], [[Masihuzzaman Serniabat]] and [[Shaikh Abdul Hannan]].

== Canada ==
Throughout the 20th century history of the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]], only two officers held the rank of air chief marshal. They were: [[Lloyd Samuel Breadner]]<ref name="Canada in the Second World War">{{cite web|url=https://www.junobeach.org/canada-in-the-second-world-war/|title=Canada in the Second World War|date=21 February 2014|website=Juno Beach Centre}}</ref> (promoted 1945) and [[Frank Robert Miller]]<ref>{{cite journal|author=Stouffer, Ray |url=http://www.journal.dnd.ca/vol10/no2/08-stouffer-eng.asp |title=Air Chief Marshal Frank Miller – A Civilian and Military Leader |journal=Canadian Military Journal |volume=10 |number=2 |date=2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926121630/http://www.journal.dnd.ca/vol10/no2/08-stouffer-eng.asp |archive-date=26 September 2010 }}</ref> (promoted 1961). The rank existed on paper until the 1968 unification of the [[Canadian Forces]], when Army-type rank titles were adopted and the rank of air chief marshal was replaced by that of full [[general (Canada)|general]]. As no serving officers held the rank in 1968, no Canadian air chief marshals were regraded to general and Miller, the then only living retired air chief marshal, retained his rank. When Miller died in 1997 the Canadian rank of air chief marshal effectively passed into history. The 21st century re-creation of the Royal Canadian Air Force has not seen the rank revived and as of 2014 there are no plans for such a change. Army-style rank titles continue to be used although a return to the former insignia has been enacted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca/en/article-template-standard.page?doc=rcaf-receives-new-rank-insignia/i0dslgrl|title=News Article – RCAF receives new rank insignia|first=National Defence|last=Government of Canada|date=25 September 2014|website=www.rcaf-arc.forces.gc.ca}}</ref> In official French Canadian usage, the rank title was ''maréchal en chef de l'air''.

== India ==
{{Main|Air chief marshal (India)}}
In the [[Indian Air Force]], the [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]] (CAS) (currently ACM [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]]) holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal. The position of the CAS was upgraded from [[Air Marshal]] to Air Chief Marshal in 1966. The first IAF officer to hold this rank was Air Chief Marshal [[Arjan Singh]] (later promoted to the [[five-star rank]] of [[Marshal of the Air Force|marshal of the Indian Air Force]]) who was promoted to the rank in 1966 while he served as the CAS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Legends/Arjan.html |title=Arjan |access-date=4 April 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327195335/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Legends/Arjan.html |archive-date=27 March 2008 }}</ref> Post 1966, all the Indian air chiefs have held the rank. As of 2014, 19 Indian chiefs of the air staff have held the rank. In the Indian Air Force the honorary promotion of Arjan Singh to [[Marshal of the air force|marshal of the Indian Air Force]] in 2002 resulted in Indian air chief marshals no longer being the most senior IAF officers until Singh's death in 2017.

==Namibia==
{{see also|Military ranks of Namibia}}
In the [[Namibian Air Force]], the rank is known as Chief air marshal.<ref name="Namibia" />

== Nigeria ==
{{see also|Military ranks of Nigeria}}
The Nigerian air chief marshal is the second highest-ranking officer in the [[Nigerian Air Force]], below [[Marshal of the air force]].<ref name="Nigeria" /> Only the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Nigeria)|Chief of the Defence Staff]] holds [[four-star rank]]. The first Nigerian Air Force officer to attain the rank of air chief marshal was [[Paul Dike]] upon his appointment as the Nigerian Chief of Defence Staff in 2008. Dike was succeeded as Chief of the Defence Staff in 2010 by Air Chief Marshal [[Oluseyi Petinrin]]. In 2014, [[Alex Sabundu Badeh]] was appointed Chief of Defence Staff and promoted to air chief marshal. The Nigerian Chief of Air Staff is normally a three-star air marshal.

== Pakistan ==
In March 1976, as part of a Pakistani Defence Ministry reorganization, the post of [[Chief of Air Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of Air Staff]], the head of the Pakistan Air Force, was upgraded from air marshal to air chief marshal rank. To date all Pakistani air chief marshals have been members of the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, Pakistan|Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]]. However, only Air Chief Marshal [[Farooq Feroze Khan]] has served as [[Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (Pakistan)|Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee]], the supreme commandant of Pakistan Armed Forces.

Originally, a Pakistani air chief marshal's rank insignia was essentially the same as the RAF insignia. In 2006 the Pakistan Air Force changed [[Air Force ranks and insignia of Pakistan|the rank insignia for its officers]],<ref name="Rank change">{{cite news|title=PAF changes officers’ rank insignia |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=14307&Cat=2&dt=7/6/2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416131903/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=14307&Cat=2&dt=7/6/2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2012 |newspaper=The News |date=6 July 2006 }}</ref> abandoning the ring insignia in favor of a Turkish Air Force-style featuring four stars and a crossed swords and laurel device.

== Sri Lanka ==
In Sri Lanka, only the [[Chief of the Defence Staff (Sri Lanka)|Chief of Defence Staff]] holds an active [[four-star rank]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioned Officers |url=http://www.airforce.lk/ranks.php |website=airforce.lk |publisher=Sri Lanka Air Force |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref> Retiring [[Commander of the Air Force (Sri Lanka)|Commanders of the Sri Lanka Air Force]] are promoted to the rank of air chief marshal as an outgoing honour. Air Chief Marshal [[Donald Perera]] was the first CDS appointed from the Air Force and Air Chief Marshal [[Roshan Goonetileke]] became the first serving Air Force Commander to be appointed to the rank of air chief marshal as part of the victory celebrations.

== Thailand ==
{{refimprove|section|date=July 2023}}
[[File:RTAF OF-9 (Air Chief Marshal).svg|thumb|right|70px|Rank insignia of a [[Royal Thai Air Force]] air chief marshal]]

The [[List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Air Force|officer appointed to command]] the [[Royal Thai Air Force]] has been promoted to the rank of air chief marshal ({{lang-th|พลอากาศเอก|Phon Akat Ek}}) since {{Circa|1950}}. The present commander is Air Chief Marshal [[Alongkorn Wannarot]] who is supported by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief (currently Air Chief Marshal Chanon Mungthanya) and the Assistant Commander-in-Chief (currently Air Chief Marshal Punpakdee Pattanakul). If an air force officer is appointed to the position of [[List of Commanders of the Royal Thai Armed Forces Headquarters|Chief of Defence Forces]] (formerly Supreme Commander), then he has always held the rank of air chief marshal. The last air chief marshal to be appointed Supreme Commander was Air Chief Marshal Voranat Aphichari who retired in 1994.

In November 2007 it became known that crown prince [[Vajiralongkorn]] (now king of Thailand) had granted the title of Air Chief Marshal to his pet [[poodle]] [[Fufu (dog)|Fufu]]. The dog died in 2015.<ref>Andrew MacGregor Marshall: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/05/thai-crown-prince-pet-poodle-air-chief-marshal-foo-foo-cremated Thai crown prince’s poodle, Air Chief Marshal Foo Foo, has been cremated] [[The Guardian]], 5 February 2015; Gordon Rayner: [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/wikileaks/8304660/WikiLeaks-cables-Thailands-royal-pet.html WikiLeaks cables: Thailand's royal pet] [[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]], 5 February 2011.</ref>

==Gallery==

<gallery class=center>
File:Australia RAAF OF-9.svg|([[Royal Australian Air Force]])<ref name="Australia">{{cite web |title=Badges of rank |url=https://www.defence.gov.au/images/Badges_of_rank.pdf |website=defence.gov.au |publisher=Department of Defence (Australia) |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>
File:British RAF OF-9.svg|([[Bangladesh Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=OFFICER'S RANKS |url=http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |website=joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd |access-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219212643/http://www.joinbangladeshairforce.mil.bd/index.php/main_controll/ranks_structure_baf?1=1&pagemenu=ranks_structure_baf&submenu=1&leafsub=0 |archive-date=19 February 2020}}</ref>
File:Indian IAF OF-9.svg|([[Indian Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=For Officers |url=http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html |website=careerairforce.nic.in |publisher=Indian Air Force |access-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225210317/http://www.careerairforce.nic.in/life_airforce/lifeair_cargraph_officers.html |archive-date=25 February 2012}}</ref>
File:16-Namibia Air Force-ACM.svg|([[Namibian Air Force]])<ref name="Namibia">{{cite magazine |title=Government Notice |magazine=Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia |date=20 August 2010 |volume=4547 |pages=99-102 |url=http://www.lac.org.na/laws/2010/4547.pdf |access-date=20 December 2021}}</ref>
File:Nigeria-AirForce-OF-9.svg|([[Nigerian Air Force]])<ref name="Nigeria">{{cite book |last1=Smaldone |first1=Joseph P. |editor1-last=Metz |editor1-first=Helen Chapin |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Nigeria: a country study |series=Area Handbook |date=1992 |publisher=Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |lccn=92009026 |pages=296-297 |edition=5th |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/frdcstdy.nigeriacountryst00metz_0/?sp=340 |access-date=21 October 2021 |chapter=National Security}}</ref>
File:Pak-air-force-OF-9.svg|([[Pakistan Air Force]])
File:UK-Air-OF9.svg|([[Sri Lanka Air Force]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Commissioned Officers |url=http://www.airforce.lk/ranks.php |website=airforce.lk |publisher=Sri Lanka Air Force |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref><br />
File:British RAF OF-9.svg|([[Royal Air Force]])<ref name="UK_AirForce">{{cite web |title=RAF Ranks |url=https://www.raf.mod.uk/our-organisation/raf-ranks/ |website=raf.mod.uk/ |publisher=Royal Air Force |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
File:Canadian RCAF Mess Dress Of-09.png|([[Air Force of Zimbabwe]])<ref name="Zimbabwe_AirForce">{{cite web |title=RANKS AND BADGES IN THE AFZ |url=http://www.afz.gov.zw/?page_id=1115 |website=afz.gov.zw |publisher=Air Force of Zimbabwe |access-date=29 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609134525/http://www.afz.gov.zw/?page_id=1115 |archive-date=9 June 2022}}</ref>
</gallery>

==See also==
{{stack|
* [[Air force officer rank insignia]]
* [[British and U.S. military ranks compared]]
* [[Comparative military ranks]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{-}}
{{UK officer ranks}}
{{Military ranks by country}}
{{Star officer ranks}}
{{Highest Military Ranks}}

[[Category:Military ranks of the Commonwealth]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Australia]]
[[Category:Former military ranks of Canada]]
[[Category:Military ranks of the Royal Air Force]]
[[Category:Military ranks of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Air force ranks]]

Ravinder Bhalla

2023-09-25T15:58:50Z

Convex: Create stub

{{Short description|American politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Ravi Bhalla
|image = 12.19.17RaviBhallaByLuigiNovi2.jpg
|office = 39th [[Mayor of Hoboken, New Jersey|Mayor of Hoboken]]
|term_start = January 1, 2018
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Dawn Zimmer]]
|successor =
|birth_name = Ravinder Singh Bhalla
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|1|13}}
|birth_place = [[Passaic, New Jersey]], [[United States|U.S.]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
|spouse = Navneet Patwalia
|children = 2
|education = [[University of California, Berkeley]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[London School of Economics]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])<br>[[Tulane University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])
}}
'''Ravinder Singh Bhalla''' (born January 13, 1974),<ref>Tran, Claire (July 19, 2017). [https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/new-jersey-s-first-sikh-elected-official-looks-uplift-community-n783876 "Asian America New Jersey's First Sikh Elected Official Looks to 'Uplift' Community in Mayoral Bid"]. [[NBC News]].</ref> often simply called '''Ravi Bhalla''', is an American [[civil rights]] lawyer, politician, the 39th and current mayor of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/08/nyregion/hoboken-sikh-mayor-ravi-bhalla.html |title=In a City of Firsts, Hoboken Elects a Sikh as Mayor |last=Otterman |first=Sharon |date=2017-11-08 |work=The New York Times |access-date=2017-11-12 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Prior to becoming mayor, he served in the [[city council]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], since 2009. On November 7, 2017, he was elected New Jersey's first [[Sikh]] mayor, as well as the first elected mayor in the United States who is a Sikh and wears a [[Dastar|turban]].<ref name= firstsikhmayor>"[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/us-canada-news/ravinder-bhalla-becomes-first-sikh-mayor-of-hoboken-city-in-us/articleshow/61557168.cms Ravinder Bhalla becomes first Sikh mayor of Hoboken city in US]". ''[[Times of India]]''. November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.</ref><ref name= profiles>Baer, Marilyn (October 22, 2017). "[http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/27496385/article-Profiles--Three-of-six-mayoral-candidates---Get-to-know-Bhalla--Giattino--and-Bautista-?instance=home_Most_popular Profiles: Three of six mayoral candidates: Get to know Bhalla, Giattino, and Bautista]". ''[[The Hudson Reporter]]''. October 22, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.</ref><ref name= historicwins>Park, Madison (November 8, 2017). "[http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/08/us/election-firsts-lgbt-minorities/ Election night brings historic wins for minority and LGBT candidates]". ''[[CNN]]''. November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.</ref><ref name= diverse>"[http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/41914221/trans-politician-and-sikh-mayor-among-diverse-politicians-chosen-in-us-elections Trans politician and Sikh mayor among diverse politicians chosen in US elections]". [[BBC News]]. November 8, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.</ref>{{efn | [[Kashmir Gill|Kash Gill]] was the first Sikh to be elected mayor in the United States when he was elected mayor of [[Yuba City, California]], in 2009, but he did not wear a [[Dastar|turban]].<ref name= gill>Smith, Ken (October 24, 2013). "[http://www.newsreview.com/chico/sikhs-of-the-sacramento-valley/content?oid=11840883 Sikhs of the Sacramento Valley]". ''Chico News & Review'' (Chico, California).</ref> Additionally, the [[Charlottesville, Virginia#Government and politics|Charlottesville City Council]] ([[Virginia]]) appointed councilmember Satyendra Huja, a Sikh who wears a turban, to the position of mayor in 2012.<ref name= charlottesville>"Sikh Elected Mayor of Charlottesville, Virginia". ''News India-Times'' (New York, New York). January 27, 2012. p. 4.</ref> }}

==Early life==
Ravinder Singh Bhalla was born in [[Passaic, New Jersey]],<ref name= runs>Sohrabji, Sunita (3 April 2009). "Ravinder Bhalla Runs for Hoboken City Council". ''India-West'' [[San Leandro, California]]). p. A26.</ref> and raised in [[Woodland Park, New Jersey|Woodland Park]] (then called West Paterson.)<ref>[[Brian Lehrer|Lehrer, Brian]] (November 10, 2017). "[http://www.wnyc.org/story/new-leaders-new-jersey/ New Leaders in New Jersey]". ''The Brian Lehrer Show''. [[WNYC]]. Retrieved November 10, 2017.</ref> His parents, Ranbir and Harminder Singh, live in [[Montville, New Jersey]], where they own and manage a company that manufactures [[Sodium-vapor lamp#High-pressure sodium|high-pressure sodium]] [[street lamp]]s that Ranbir Singh, a physicist, invented himself.<ref name= getsfirst>Sohrabji, Sunita (26 June 2009). "Hoboken Gets First Sikh City Councilman". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). p. A29.</ref>

Bhalla earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in political psychology from [[University of California, Berkeley]], a [[master's degree]] in [[Master of Public Administration|public administration]] and [[Master of Public Policy|public policy]] from the [[London School of Economics]], and earned his [[juris doctor]] from [[Tulane University Law School]] in [[New Orleans]].<ref name= getsfirst/><ref name=aboutravi>"[https://www.ravinderbhalla.com/about/ About Ravi]". ''Ravi Bhalla for Hoboken Mayor''. 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2017.</ref>

==Career==
===Legal practice===
[[File:George Floyd protest in Hoboken, NJ - June 5, 2020 - 5530.jpg|thumb|Bhalla during a [[George Floyd protest]] in Hoboken on June 5, 2020]]
Bhalla was a civil rights attorney at the law firm of Florio, Perrucci, Steinhardt & Fader, who have represented [[NJ Transit]].<ref name= fpsf>"[http://www2.fpsflawfirm.com/attorneys Attorneys]". ''Florio, Perrucci, Steinhardt & Fader, LLC''. Retrieved November 10, 2017.</ref><ref name= talks>Venugopal, Arun. "Community concerns discussed at SAALT talks". ''India Abroad'' (New York, New York). April 15, 2005. p. C6.</ref>

In a case in 2002, Bhalla represented three high school students at [[Hunterdon Central High School]] in [[Flemington, New Jersey]]. The high school had implemented a policy of random drug-testing of students participating in any extracurricular activities or who have a parking permit, and the three students filed a lawsuit in New Jersey State Court alleging the school's drug-testing policy violated their rights according to the [[Constitution of New Jersey|New Jersey Constitution]].<ref name= experts>Slack, Donovan (June 28, 2002). "Experts: Garden State case may carry more weight". ''The Times'' (Trenton, New Jersey). p. A1.</ref> The New Jersey state court ruled that the random drug-testing was allowable under the state constitution, pointing to a similar case ruling by a federal court. Bhalla said he disagreed with the state court's ruling, saying that the New Jersey Constitution gives a wider protection against [[Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution|unreasonable search and seizure]] than the [[United States Constitution]].<ref>Reilly, Matthew. "School wins drug-test appeal: Expanded Hunterdon Central program called no denial of rights". ''The Star-Ledger'' (Newark, New Jersey). August 13, 2002. p. 1.</ref>

In a case in 2003, Bhalla represented Amric Singh Rathour. Rathour had qualified for a job in traffic enforcement with the [[New York Police Department]]. Rathour's supervisors fired Rathour because he would not shave his beard or stop wearing his [[Dastar|turban]], both of which are required by Rathour's religion, [[Sikhism]]. On behalf of his client, Bhalla filed a lawsuit in [[United States District Court]] for [[religious discrimination]].<ref name= nypd>"Sikh alleges discrimination by NYPD". ''The Statesman'' (India). March 5, 2003.</ref>

Bhalla wrote an [[amicus curae]] for the [[United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit|federal court]] case of married couple Harpal Singh Cheema and Rajwinder Kaur. Cheema had been brutally and repeatedly [[Rack (torture)|torture]]d by Indian police for protesting the [[government of India|Indian government]] and for giving food and shelter to protesters. Cheema and Kaur had been [[Parole (United States immigration)|allowed to enter the U.S. for humanitarian reasons]]. Their asylum application was later disapproved, and they were trying to fight that decision so they could remain in the U.S.<ref>"[https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-9th-circuit/1173604.html Cheema and Kaur v. Immigration and Naturalization Service]". ''United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit''. via findlaw.com. December 1, 2003. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</ref><ref>Taiara, Camille T. (August 7, 2006). "[http://www.sikhtimes.com/news_080706a.html Harpal Singh Cheema Chose "Voluntary" Deportation]". ''New America Media''. The Sikh Times. Retrieved November 14, 2017.</ref> Cheema lost his appeal and was deported to India, where he was arrested at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]].<ref>"Khalistani arrested". ''The Statesman''. May 3, 2006.</ref>

In another case, Bhalla represented Gurpreet S. Kherha. A car dealership in [[Little Falls, New Jersey]], refused to employ Kherha because of its policy of prohibiting beards. Kherha's religion, Sikhism, forbids him from shaving his beard. Bhalla filed a religious discrimination complaint with the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] and a lawsuit in New Jersey State Court, stating that the car dealership had violated Kherha's civil rights by refusing him [[Reasonable accommodation#United States|reasonable religious accommodation]]. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission determined that Kherha had indeed suffered religious discrimination, and the parties settled the case.<ref name= damages>Joseph, George (6 December 2013). "Sikh man gets $50,000 damages in religious discrimination case". ''India Abroad'' (New York, New York). p. A10.</ref>

===Politics===
Bhalla ran for an [[at-large]] seat on the [[Hoboken City Council]] in 2009 on incumbent mayor [[Dawn Zimmer]]'s ticket. During Bhalla's campaign, he emphasized fiscal responsibility, slowing down development, increasing the amount of affordable housing, lower city property taxes, and transparency in government.<ref name= runs/> In the election, Bhalla received 13% of the vote, advancing to a runoff election.<ref name= 2009p/> In the runoff election, Bhalla received 17% of the vote, winning an at-large seat on the Hoboken City Council for a four-year term in office.<ref name= getsfirst/> He was sworn in on July 1, 2009.<ref name= baldwin>Baldwin, Carly (July 1, 2009). "Hoboken". ''The Jersey Journal'' (Jersey City, New Jersey). p. A4.</ref>

Bhalla served as the chairman of the Hoboken Democratic Party from 2010 to 2011. He also served as vice president of the council between 2010 and 2011, and he served as president of the city council from 2011 to 2012.<ref name= tosue>Joseph, George (15 November 2013), but lost subsequent re-election attempts for city counsel president. "Hoboken Councilman Ravinder Bhalla to sue colleague Beth Mason". ''India Abroad'' (New York, New York). p. A8.</ref>

[[File:Ravinder Bhalla.png|thumb|left|Bhalla during an interview on [[MSNBC]] on the day after his 2017 election win]]
In 2011, Bhalla ran to represent the [[33rd Legislative District (New Jersey)|33rd Legislative District]] in the [[New Jersey General Assembly]]. During his campaign, Bhalla emphasized that New Jersey had the highest property taxes in the country, and he advocated for lowering property taxes, offset by an increase to state income taxes. Bhalla focused on creating jobs and strengthening New Jersey's hate crime laws. Bhalla opposed [[New Jersey Governor]] [[Chris Christie]]'s $1.3-billion cuts in the state's education budget. Bhalla called himself an [[Independent Democrat]].<ref name= assembly>Sohrabji, Sunita (27 May 2011). "Hoboken City Councilman Bhalla Runs for State Assembly". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). p. A10.</ref> Bhalla was defeated in the Democratic primary election, coming in third place, but he has stated that he still has political aspirations to be a legislator at the state or Federal level.<ref name= loses2011>Sohrabji, Sunita (17 June 2011). "Ravinder Bhalla Loses Bid for New Jersey Assembly Seat". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). p. A10, A12.</ref>

In 2012, following [[Superstorm Sandy]], Bhalla distributed food to people at multiple locations in Hoboken.<ref name= sandy>Sohrabji, Sunita (9 November 2012). "Superstorm Sandy Decimates Homes, Businesses in Its Path". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). p. A2, A4.</ref>

Bhalla filed to run again to represent the 33rd District in the [[New Jersey General Assembly]] in 2013.<ref name= confirms>Hack, Charles (April 24, 2013). "[http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2013/04/hoboken_mayor_dawn_zimmer_back.html Hoboken Councilman Bhalla confirms run for state Assembly]". ''The Jersey Journal'' (Jersey City, New Jersey). nj.com.</ref> The following month, Bhalla withdrew from the election when Carmelo Garcia's candidacy was cleared.<ref name= withdraws>Hack, Charles (May 8, 2013). "[http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2013/05/councilman_ravi_bhalla_withdra.html Councilman Ravi Bhalla withdrwaws from Assembly race citing state Supreme Court ruling]". ''The Jersey Journal'' (Jersey City, New Jersey). nj.com.</ref> Instead Bhalla ran for reelection to the Hoboken City Council.<ref name= reelection2013>"Ravi Bhalla Runs for Reelection to Hoboken, N.J., Council". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). October 18, 2013. p. A18.</ref> Bhalla received 14% of the vote, giving him a second four-year term in office.<ref>Dutt, Ela (15 November 2013). "New Jersey Assemblyman Re-elected for a 7th Term". ''News India-Times'' (New York, New York). p. 6–7.</ref><ref name= 2013g/>

In 2017, Bhalla decided to run for a third term on the Hoboken City Council.<ref name= third>"Hoboken Councilman Bhalla Raises Funds for Third Term". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). April 21, 2017. p. A22.</ref> When incumbent Hoboken Mayor [[Dawn Zimmer]] decided not to run for reelection, she endorsed Bhalla in a surprise press conference.<ref name="unexpected">Sohrabi, Sunita (14 July 2017). "An Unexpected Run for Hoboken Mayor". ''India-West'' (San Leandro, California). p. A3, A14.</ref> During Bhalla's mayoral campaign, he advocated for response development, open-space initiatives, defending Hoboken's citizens' rights from the [[Trump administration]], fiscal responsibility, holding the line on local taxes, and building a surplus for unanticipated city emergencies.<ref>"Indian-American Councilman Running For Mayor Of Hoboken, New Jersey". ''News India-Times'' (New York, New York). June 30, 2017. p. 8.</ref> Bhalla won the election with 33% of the vote.<ref name="firstsikhmayor"/><ref name="profiles" /><ref name="historicwins"/><ref name="diverse"/> His term of office began January 1, 2018.<ref>[http://hudsonreporter.com/view/full_story/27527275/article-Hoboken-Mayor-Bhalla-takes-oath-of-office--designates-Hoboken-a--welcoming-city-?instance=top_story "Hoboken Mayor Bhalla takes oath of office, designates Hoboken a 'welcoming city'"]. ''The Hudson Reporter''. January 1, 2018.</ref>

In 2021 Bhalla ran unopposed for a second term,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudsonreporter.com/2022/01/07/2021-the-year-in-review/|title=2021: The year in review|newspaper=[[The Hudson Reporter]]|language=en|date=January 7, 2022|accessdate=January 22, 2022|archivedate=January 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107154658/https://hudsonreporter.com/2022/01/07/2021-the-year-in-review/}}</ref> which he won in November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hudsonreporter.com/2021/11/03/mayor-ravi-bhalla-wins-unopposed-election-to-second-term/|newspaper=[[The Hudson Reporter]]|title=Mayor Ravi Bhalla wins unopposed election to second term in Hoboken|language=en-US|url-status=live|author=Koosau, Mark|date=November 3, 2021|access-date=June 3, 2023|archive-date=November 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104002615/https://hudsonreporter.com/2021/11/03/mayor-ravi-bhalla-wins-unopposed-election-to-second-term/}}</ref>

===Controversies===
In 2018, Bhalla was censured by the New Jersey Supreme Court after a disciplinary board chided him for not setting aside over $6,000 for a former employee's retirement account between 2008 and 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nj.com/hudson/2018/06/hoboken_mayor_censured_for_unethical_conduct_by_nj.html|title = Hoboken mayor censured for 'unethical' conduct by N.J. Supreme Court|date = 21 June 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhalla has lived in Hoboken, New Jersey, since 2000.<ref name= runs/> He and his wife, Navneet (also known as Bindya), a human rights attorney, live with their children, Arza and Shabegh.<ref name= getsfirst/><ref name=aboutravi/>

==Electoral results==
===2009===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = '''2009 [[City Council|Council]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], [[At-large|At Large]], [[General Election]]'''<ref name=2009p>"Hoboken Numbers". ''The Jersey Journal'' (Jersey City, New Jersey). May 13, 2009.</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Carol Marsh
|votes = 3,719
|percentage = 13%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Ravi Bhalla
|votes = 3,698
|percentage = 13%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = David Mello
|votes = 3,361
|percentage = 12%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Vincent Addeo
|votes = 2,624
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Raul Morales Jr.
|votes = 2,576
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Angel Alicea
|votes = 2,534
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Michael Novak
|votes = 2,513
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Anthony Pasquale
|votes = 2,418
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Frances Rhodes-Kearns
|votes = 2,415
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Chris Carbine
|votes = 705
|percentage = 3%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Timothy Occhipinti
|votes = 672
|percentage = 2%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Patricia Waiters
|votes = 569
|percentage = 2%
}}
{{Election box end}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = '''2009 [[City Council|Council]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], [[At-large|At Large]], [[Two-round system|Runoff Election]]'''<ref name=2009g>Baldwin, Carly (June 12, 2009). "[http://www.nj.com/hobokennow/index.ssf/2009/06/zimmers_slate_retains_win_of_c.html Zimmer's slate retains win of City Council seats]". ''nj.com''. New Jersey On-Line LLC.</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Carol Marsh
|votes = 5,853
|percentage = 17%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Ravi Bhalla
|votes = 5,857
|percentage = 17%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = David Mello
|votes = 5,648
|percentage = 17%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Vincent Addeo
|votes = 5,560
|percentage = 16%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Raul Morales Jr.
|votes = 5,431
|percentage = 16%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Angel Alicea
|votes = 5,422
|percentage = 16%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = '''2011 [[New Jersey General Assembly]], [[33rd Legislative District (New Jersey)|33rd Legislative District]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[Primary Election]]'''<ref name=2011p>"[http://www.nj.com/hudson/index.ssf/2011/06/post_177.html June 7, 2011 Hudson County primary election results]". ''The Jersey Journal'' (Jersey City, New Jersey). June 7, 2011.</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Ruben J. Ramos Jr.
|votes = 13,564
|percentage = 46%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Sean Conners
|votes = 13,438
|percentage = 45%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Democratic Party (United States)
|candidate = Ravi S. Bhalla
|votes = 2,781
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = '''2013 [[City Council|Council]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], [[At-large|At Large]], [[General Election]]'''<ref name=2013g>"[http://www.hudsoncountyclerk.org/elections/default.htm Hoboken Council-At-Large 40/40 100.00%]". ''Division of Elections''. Hudson County Clerk's Office. November 2013.</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = David Mello
|votes = 4,828
|percentage = 15%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = James F. Doyle
|votes = 4,727
|percentage = 15%
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Ravinder S. Bhalla
|votes = 4,561
|percentage = 14%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Laura Miani
|votes = 2,974
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Eduardo Gonzalez
|votes = 2,955
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Joseph Mindak
|votes = 2,947
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Frank Raja
|votes = 2,880
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Peter Biancamano
|votes = 2,775
|percentage = 9%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Britney Montgomery-Cook
|votes = 2,214
|percentage = 7%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Patricia Waiters
|votes = 673
|percentage = 2%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Write-in
|votes = 25
|percentage = 0%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Main|Hoboken_mayoral_election,_2017|l1=Hoboken Mayoral Election, 2017}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = '''2017 [[Mayor]] of [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], [[General Election]]'''<ref name=2017g>
[http://www.hudsoncountyclerk.org/vipresults/results_19624.html#HobokenMayor Hoboken Mayor, 40/40 (100.00%)]". ''Hudson County Clerk's Office''. Retrieved November 10, 2017.</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Ravi Bhalla
|votes = 5,041
|percentage = 32.75%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Michael DeFusco
|votes = 4,557
|percentage = 29.6%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Anthony L. Romano
|votes = 2,804
|percentage = 18.21%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Jen Giattino
|votes = 2,537
|percentage = 16.48%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Karen Nason
|votes = 233
|percentage = 2%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Ronald Bautista
|votes = 201
|percentage = 1%
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
|party = Nonpartisan politician
|candidate = Write-in
|votes = 5
|percentage = 0%
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Main|Hoboken_mayoral_election,_2021|l1=Hoboken Mayoral Election, 2021}}

{{Election box begin no change
| title = Results<ref name="2021 Results">{{cite web |title=General Election Results |url=https://results.enr.clarityelections.com/NJ/Hudson/111524/web.278093/#/detail/2394 |publisher=Hudson County Clerk |date=November 17, 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Ravinder Bhalla
| party = Nonpartisan politician
| votes = 8,771
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = ''Write-in''
| party = Nonpartisan politician
| votes = 612
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 9,383
| percentage =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Civil rights law]]
* [[Indian Americans in New Jersey]]
* [[List of mayors of Hoboken]]
* [[Sikh Americans]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Hoboken Mayors}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhalla, Ravinder Singh}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:American mayors of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Asian-American people in New Jersey politics]]
[[Category:American Sikhs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Mayors of Hoboken, New Jersey]]
[[Category:New Jersey Democrats]]
[[Category:Politicians from Passaic, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Tulane University Law School alumni]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni]]

Jyoti Chhatri

2023-09-08T13:16:34Z

Convex: Shared an inspiring article.

{{Short description|Indian women hockey player}}
{{more footnotes|blp=yes}}

'''Jyoti Chhatri''' (born 8 March 2003)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Chhatri Profile |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/jyoti-chhatri-profile-3702 |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|Indian women's hockey team]]. She hails from [[Panposh]] in Odisha. She is a product of [[Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre]]. She plays as a midfielder. She is selected in the Senior Indian squad for the 2023 Asian Games.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Razzaqui |first=Samreen |title=Hockey: Jyoti Chhatri’s quiet, confident approach to reaching new heights |url=https://scroll.in/field/1052627/hockey-jyoti-chhatris-quiet-confident-approach-to-reaching-new-heights |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born to Bhim Singh Chhatri and Suman Singh Chhatri,<ref name=":0" /> Jyoti has two elder brothers, Santosh Kumar and Suraj Kumar. She did her matriculation at the [[Birsa Munda Vidhyapitha]], Panposh, Rourkela and completed her Class 12 at the Hrushikesh Ray Mahavidyalaya, Rourkela. His brother Suraj Singh Chhatri, who was a National-level goalkeeper, initiated her into hockey in 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=ANI |title=Getting picked for Senior Women's National Camp is an incredible opportunity: Jyoti Chhatri |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/getting-picked-for-senior-womens-national-camp-is-an-incredible-opportunity-jyoti-chhatri20230414141231/?amp=1 |url-status=live |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.aninews.in}}</ref> and the same year she joined the Sports Hostel Panposh. His father works as a mason. He moved the family from Darjeeling to Odisha in 2013 and the family struggled to meet both ends meet. She joined the Panposh hostel where the food and accommodation are free and she can also train.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Undaunted by adversities Jyoti Chhatri is 'fulfilling papa's dream' on the hockey field |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/undaunted-by-adversities-jyoti-chhatri-is-fulfilling-papas-dream-on-the-hockey-field/articleshow/101690385.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Hockey career ==

* In 2014, Jyoti began playing hockey and joined Panposh Sports Hostel in Rourkela.
* Her first coaches at the hostel were Florencia Ekka and Amulyananda Bihari.
* In 2016, she won a gold medal with the Odisha team in the National School Games and followed it with another silver medal in the next edition in December.
* In the same year, they also secured a silver medal in a different national tournament.
* Jyoti participated in the 6th Sub-Junior Women National Hockey Championship in Rohtak in 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTkzMA==#google_vignette |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>
* In 2017, she played for Hockey Gangpur-Odisha team at the 7th Sub-Junior Women National Hockey Championship.<ref name=":1" />
* Jyoti captained the Hockey Gangpur-Odisha team that won bronze in the 8th Sub-Junior Women National Hockey Championship in 2018.<ref name=":1" />
* She also won bronze in the 8th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Jharkhand crowned champions of 8th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship 2018 |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/jharkhand-crowned-champions-of-8th-hockey-india-junior-women-national-championship-2018 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* Jyoti made her senior India debut in April 2019 during the Malaysia Tour.
* She captained the U-17 Odisha hockey team to a bronze medal at the Khelo India Youth Games in January 2020.
* In 2021, she joined<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=Getting picked for Senior Women's National Camp is an incredible opportunity: Jyoti Chhatri |url=https://theprint.in/sport/getting-picked-for-senior-womens-national-camp-is-an-incredible-opportunity-jyoti-chhatri/1518186/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and led the Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre to a bronze medal at the Hockey India Junior Women Academy National Championship.
* Jyoti captained the Hockey Association of Odisha team to bronze at the 12th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship in 2022.
* She made her Junior India debut in June 2022, winning silver in the Uniphar U-23 Five-Nations Tournament in Dublin, Ireland.
* In April 2023, Jyoti was included in the Senior India camp at SAI, Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 from Odisha named in 33-member Indian Women's Hockey core group ahead of Asian Games |url=https://argusenglish.in/article/odisha/5-from-odisha-named-in-33member-indian-womens-hockey-core-group-ahead-of-asian-games |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=Argus News |language=en}}</ref>
* In 2023, Jyoti earned her first Senior India cap against Germany<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rourkela girl Jyoti Chhatri aims to make her mark in senior women's hockey side |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/rourkela-girl-jyoti-chhatri-aims-to-make-her-mark-in-senior-womens-hockey-side/articleshow/101553115.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and played matches against Germany and China during the tour.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Preview: India (W) gear up for crucial European tour ahead of Asian Games |url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/38013667/india-women-hockey-team-european-tour-ahead-asian-games-preview |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref>
* She was part of the gold medal-winning Indian team at the Women Junior Asia Cup Hockey Tournament in Japan in June 2023.
* In February 2023, she was also part<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |title=Hockey India announces 18-member Indian junior women’s team for Women’s Junior Asia Cup 2023 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/hockey-india-announces-18-member-indian-junior-womens-team-for-womens-junior-asia-cup-2023/article66834220.ece |access-date=2023-09-07 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of the Indian Junior team's successful tour of South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |title=Hockey India names junior women's team for South Africa tour |url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2023/01/31/hockey-india-names-junior-womens-team-for-south-africa-tour |access-date=2023-09-07 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>
* On August 12, she was selected for he final Asian Games camp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Hockey India announces 34-member women's team core group for Asian Games |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/hockey-india-announce-34-member-women-team-core-group-asian-games-43392 |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chhatri, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Indian field hockey players]]
[[Category:Indian female field hockey players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]

Bara Surajpur

2023-09-06T22:46:38Z

Convex: Wrote an informative manuscript.

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bara Surajpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2817337|N|79.1720653|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhongaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.117
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2796
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bara Surajpur''' ([[Devanagari]]: बरा सूरजपुर {{IAST|Barā Sūrajpur}}) is a village in [[Sultanganj, Mainpuri|Sultanganj]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 2,796, in 453 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Bara Surajpur had a population of 2,796, in 453 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|167}} This population was 51.8% male (1,447) and 48.2% female (1,349). The 0-6 age group numbered 409 (219 male and 190 female), or 14.6% of the total population. 126 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 4.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bara Surajpur as having a population of 1,588 people, in 277 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|166-7}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bara Surajpur as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 1,177 people (607 male and 570 female), in 217 households and 174 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,028 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xcii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Bara Surajpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|167-72}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Girls Hostel (2018 TV series)

2023-07-11T13:30:21Z

Convex: Just finished crafting a new page.

{{Short description|Indian comedy-drama web series}}
{{Orphan}}

{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = Comedy, drama
| creator = Shreyasi Sharma
| director = Hanish D Kalia
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ahsaas Channa]]
*Srishti Shrivastava
*[[Parul Gulati]]
*[[Simran Natekar]]
*Shreya Mehta
*Tanvi Lehr Sonigra
}}
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|12|08}}
}}

'''''Girls Hostel''''' is an Indian [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] web series that originally premiered on [[SonyLIV|Sony LIV]] on December 8, 2018.<ref name=":0" /> The show revolves around the lives of girls residing in a hostel at a medical institute, highlighting the challenges they face in obtaining basic amenities and fostering inclusivity.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 3 Twitter Review: Fans binge watch series, exclaim that it is unmissable |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/girls-hostel-season-3-twitter-review-fans-binge-watch-series-claim-that-it-is-unmissable/articleshow/95804029.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is created by Shreyasi Sharma and directed by Hanish D Kalia.<ref name=":1" />

== Cast ==
The cast of ''Girls Hostel'' includes [[Ahsaas Channa]], Srishti Shrivastava,<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Girls like Jo exist but such characters are not explored often on the screen’: Girls Hostel 3.0 actor Srishti Shrivastava |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/girls-like-jo-exist-but-such-characters-are-not-explored-often-on-the-screen-girls-hostel-3-0-actor-srishti-shrivastava-9644831.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> [[Parul Gulati]], [[Simran Natekar]], Shreya Mehta, and Tanvi Lehr Sonigra.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ahsaas Channa, Parul Gulati on ‘Girls Hostel 3.0’, how they use social media, and more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ahsaas-channa-parul-gulati-on-girls-hostel-30-how-they-use-social-media-and-more/article66191046.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Overview ==
The third season of ''Girls Hostel'', also referred to as ''Girls Hostel 3.0'', continues the story from the previous seasons. The characters have progressed by a year, with the juniors becoming seniors and preparing to welcome new students into the complex ecosystem of the hostel. The season explores personal conflicts and the reactions of the surrounding environment. One of the standout characters in the series is Jo, portrayed by Srishti Shrivastava. Jo, initially a misfit, presents herself with flamboyance and a "don't mess with me" attitude. However, beneath her tough exterior lies a girl who yearns to stand up for herself. The show acknowledges Jo's inner struggles as she makes a life-changing decision that alters the course of the entire narrative. The remaining cast members play their respective roles as per the script, with some characters bordering on caricatures. While the series attempts to delve into relevant themes, some subplots and conflicts are resolved too quickly, resulting in an incomplete and purposeless narrative. Furthermore, the absence of family backgrounds for the characters, which were emphasized in previous seasons, raises questions about the show's consistency and the audience's investment in the characters' personal lives.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girls Hostel 3.0 trailer: SonyLIV series promises more drama, chaos and confusion as the girls try to build a life of their own |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/girls-hostel-3-0-trailer-sony-liv-trailer-8259040/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Girls like Jo exist but such characters are not explored often on the screen’: Girls Hostel 3.0 actor Srishti Shrivastava |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/girls-like-jo-exist-but-such-characters-are-not-explored-often-on-the-screen-girls-hostel-3-0-actor-srishti-shrivastava-9644831.html |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 3 Review : The medical girls' gang is back to entertain with their relatable struggles |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/girls-hostel/season-3/seasonreview/95692630.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave season 1, a rating of 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "All said, it’s a light-hearted binge-watch series with a motto of ‘why can’t girls have all the fun’."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 1 Review : An interesting sneak peek into the girl's hostel life |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/girls-hostel/season-1/seasonreview/81083762.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Season 2 received 3.5 stars out of 5 and Khurana wrote "This season tackles some serious issues—right from water crises management to eve-teasing—which are depicted in a lighter manner."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel Season 2 Review : A promising second season with some feisty acts |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/girls-hostel/season-2/seasonreview/81083846.cms |access-date=2023-07-11 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''Girls Hostel 3.0'' received mixed reviews from viewers and critics. Some appreciated the relatable portrayal of hostel life and the exploration of relevant issues such as gender fluidity, expectations from parents, and anxiety at a young age. The performances of the main cast members, including Ahsaas Channa, Srishti Shrivastava, and Parul Gulati, were praised for their natural and convincing portrayal of student life.

Sukanya Saha of ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' in his review wrote "Dull, Unimaginative, And Just Not Worth Your Time."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girls Hostel Season 3 Review: It's Dull, Unimaginative, And Just Not Worth Your Time |url=https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/girls-hostel-season-3-review-its-dull-unimaginative-and-just-not-worth-your-time-10055405 |access-date= |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[Koimoi]]'' wrote "[[The Viral Fever|TVF]] Spark Goes Missing From A Show That Is Confused About Its Own Intent."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Girls Hostel 3.0 Review: TVF Spark Goes Missing From A Show That Is Confused About Its Own Intent |work=koimoi |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/girls-hostel-3-0-review-tvf-spark-goes-missing-from-a-show-that-is-confused-about-its-own-intent/}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=9401936}}

[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:2018 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Comedy-drama web series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]

Sikh philosophy

2023-05-26T01:24:36Z

Convex: Contributed a new entry to the website.

#redirect [[Sikhism#Philosophy and teachings]]

Broadcasting

2022-06-18T21:26:17Z

Convex: Just finished crafting a new article.

{{short description|Distribution of audio or audiovisual content to dispersed audiences}}
{{Redirect|Broadcast|other uses|Broadcast (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
[[File:Broadcasting1.JPG|alt=|thumb|A broadcasting antenna in [[Stuttgart]]]]
'''Broadcasting''' is the [[distribution (business)|distribution]] of [[sound|audio]] or video content to a dispersed [[audience]] via any electronic [[medium (communication)|mass communications medium]], but typically one using the [[electromagnetic spectrum]] ([[radio wave]]s), in a [[:wikt:one-to-many|one-to-many]] model.<ref name=peters >{{cite book |last1=Peters |first1=John Durham |location=Chicago |title=Speaking into the Air |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/40452957 |oclc=40452957 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-66276-3 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730074121/https://www.worldcat.org/title/speaking-into-the-air-a-history-of-the-idea-of-communication/oclc/40452957 |url-status=live }}</ref> Broadcasting began with [[AM radio]], which came into popular use around 1920 with the spread of [[vacuum tube]] [[radio transmitter]]s and [[radio receiver|receivers]]. Before this, most implementations of electronic communication (early [[radio]], [[telephone]], and [[telegraph]]) were [[wikt:one-to-one|one-to-one]], with the message intended for a single recipient. The term ''broadcasting'' evolved from its use as the agricultural method of sowing seeds in a field by casting them broadly about.<ref name=douglas >{{cite book |last1=Douglas |first1=Susan J. |title=Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-3832-3 |location=Baltimore |url-access=registration |oclc=15485739 |url=https://archive.org/details/inventingamerica00doug}}</ref> It was later adopted for describing the widespread distribution of information by printed materials<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822031033079;view=1up;seq=80 ''The Hand-book of Wyoming and Guide to the Black Hills and Big Horn Regions''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801135348/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822031033079;view=1up;seq=80 }}, 1877, p. 74: "in the case of the estimates sent broadcast by the Department of Agriculture, in its latest annual report, the extent has been sadly underestimated".</ref> or by telegraph.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070278273;view=1up;seq=340 "Medical Advertising"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801211136/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070278273;view=1up;seq=340 }}, ''Saint Louis Medical and Surgical Journal'', December 1886, p. 334: "operations formerly described in the city press alone, are now sent broadcast through the country by multiple telegraph".</ref> Examples applying it to "one-to-many" radio transmissions of an individual station to multiple listeners appeared as early as 1898.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050973286;view=1up;seq=841 "Wireless Telegraphy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727033000/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101050973286;view=1up;seq=841 }}, ''The Electrician'' (London), 14 October 1898, p. 815: "there are rare cases where, as Dr. Lodge once expressed it, it might be advantageous to 'shout' the message, spreading it broadcast to receivers in all directions".</ref>

Over the air broadcasting is usually associated with [[Radio broadcasting|radio]] and [[Terrestrial television|television]], though more recently, both radio and television transmissions have begun to be distributed by cable ([[cable television]]). The receiving parties may include the general public or a relatively small subset; the point is that anyone with the appropriate receiving technology and equipment (e.g., a radio or television set) can receive the signal. The field of broadcasting includes both government-managed services such as [[public radio]], [[community radio]] and [[public television]], and private [[commercial radio]] and [[commercial television]]. The U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, title 47, part 97 defines "broadcasting" as "transmissions intended for reception by the general public, either direct or relayed".<ref>Electronic Code of Federal Regulation. (28 September 2017). Retrieved 2 October 2017.</ref> Private or two-way [[telecommunication]]s transmissions do not qualify under this definition. For example, [[amateur radio|amateur]] ("ham") and [[citizens band radio|citizens band]] (CB) radio operators are not allowed to broadcast. As defined, "transmitting" and "broadcasting" are not the same.

Transmission of radio and television programs from a radio or television station to home receivers by [[radio wave]]s is referred to as "over the air" (OTA) or [[Terrestrial television|terrestrial]] broadcasting and in most countries requires a [[broadcast license|broadcasting license]]. Transmissions using a wire or cable, like [[cable television]] (which also retransmits OTA stations with their [[retransmission consent|consent]]), are also considered broadcasts but do not necessarily require a license (though in some countries, a license is required). In the 2000s, transmissions of television and radio programs via [[Streaming media|streaming]] digital technology have increasingly been referred to as broadcasting as well.<ref>{{cite web |first=Diana Larrea |last=Maccise |author2=Montaser Marai |url=https://institute.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/2018/mobile%20journalisn%20english.pdf |title=Mobile Journalism |publisher=AlJazeera Media Training and Development Centre |year=2018 |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205928/https://institute.aljazeera.net/sites/default/files/2018/mobile%20journalisn%20english.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of broadcasting}}

The earliest broadcasting consisted of sending telegraph signals over the airwaves, using [[Morse code]], a system developed in the 1830s by [[Samuel Morse]], [[physicist]] [[Joseph Henry]] and [[Alfred Vail]]. They developed an [[electrical telegraph]] system which sent pulses of [[electric current]] along wires which controlled an [[electromagnet]] that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph system. A code was needed to transmit natural language using only these pulses, and the silence between them. Morse therefore developed the forerunner to modern [[International Morse code]]. This was particularly important for ship-to-ship and ship-to-shore communication, but it became increasingly important for business and general news reporting, and as an arena for personal communication by radio amateurs.<ref name=douglas />

In 1894, Italian inventor [[Guglielmo Marconi]] began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of [[radio wave]]s, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vujovic |first=Ljubo |year=1998 |title=Tesla Biography |url=http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114205727/http://www.teslasociety.com/biography.htm |archive-date=14 January 2016 |website=Tesla Memorial Society of New York}}</ref> This was the start of [[wireless telegraphy]] by radio. Audio radio broadcasting began experimentally in the first decade of the 20th century. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in [[Glace Bay]], Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TR Center – Talking Across the Ocean |url=https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Talking%20Across%20the%20Ocean |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org |archive-date=17 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417162827/https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Talking%20Across%20the%20Ocean |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[World War I]] accelerated the development of radio for [[military communications]]. After the war, commercial radio [[AM broadcasting]] began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. [[World War II]] again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar.<ref>{{cite book | last=Thompson | first=R.J. Jr. |title=Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II |publisher=Wiley |year=2011 |isbn=9781118104644 |location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref> Development of stereo [[FM broadcasting]] of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Théberge |first1=P. |title=Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound |last2=Devine |first2=K. |last3=Everrett |first3=T |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2015 |isbn=9781623566654 |location=New York}}</ref>

On 25 March 1925, [[John Logie Baird]] demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store [[Selfridges]]. Baird's device relied upon the [[Nipkow disk]] and thus became known as the [[mechanical television]]. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] beginning on 30 September 1929.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=The Pioneers |url=http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http://www.mztv.com/pioneers.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514070220/http://www.mztv.com/newframe.asp?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mztv.com%2Fpioneers.html |archive-date=14 May 2013 |website=MZTV Museum of Television}}</ref> However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the [[cathode ray tube]] invented by [[Karl Ferdinand Braun|Karl Braun]]. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by [[Philo Farnsworth]] and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Postman |first=Neil |title=Philo Farnsworth |url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930214902/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/farnsworth.html |archive-date=30 September 2009 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> After [[World War II]], interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium, using [[VHF]] and [[UHF]] spectrum. [[Satellite broadcasting]] was initiated in the 1960s and moved into general industry usage in the 1970s, with DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellites) emerging in the 1980s.

Originally all broadcasting was composed of [[analog signal]]s using [[analog transmission]] techniques but in the 2000s, broadcasters [[Digital switchover|switched]] to [[Digital signal (broadcasting)|digital signals]] using [[digital transmission]]. An analog signal is any [[continuous signal]] representing some other quantity, i.e., ''analogous'' to another quantity. For example, in an analog [[audio signal]], the instantaneous signal [[voltage]] varies continuously with the [[Sound pressure|pressure of the sound waves]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Analogue Signal – an overview {{!}} ScienceDirect Topics |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/analogue-signal |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808183605/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/analogue-signal |url-status=live }}</ref> In contrast, a [[digital signal]] represents the original time-varying quantity as a [[Sampling (signal processing)|sampled]] sequence of [[Quantization (signal processing)|quantized]] values which imposes some [[Nyquist frequency|bandwidth]] and [[dynamic range]] constraints on the representation. In general usage, broadcasting most frequently refers to the transmission of information and entertainment programming from various sources to the general public.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Signal Processing {{!}} Journal {{!}} ScienceDirect.com by Elsevier |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/digital-signal-processing |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=www.sciencedirect.com |language=en-us |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808183910/https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/digital-signal-processing |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Analog audio]] radio (AM, FM) vs. [[Digital audio radio service|Digital audio radio]] ([[HD Radio]]), [[Digital Audio Broadcasting]] (DAB), [[Satellite radio]] and [[Digital Radio Mondiale]] (DRM)
* [[Analog television]] vs. [[Digital television]]
* [[Wireless]]

The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way broadcast networks more than quadrupled during the two decades from 1986 to 2007, from 432 [[exabytes]] of (optimally compressed) information, to 1.9 [[zettabytes]].<ref name="HilbertLopez2011">[https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1200970 "The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531133712/http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2011/02/08/science.1200970.DC1/Hilbert-SOM.pdf }}, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), [[Science (journal)|Science]], 332(6025), 60–65; free access to the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html</ref> This is the information equivalent of 55 newspapers per person per day in 1986, and 175 newspapers per person per day by 2007.<ref name="Hilbertvideo2011">{{cite web |url=https://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |title=video animation on The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information from 1986 to 2010 |publisher=Ideas.economist.com |access-date=26 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118072720/https://ideas.economist.com/video/giant-sifting-sound-0 |archive-date=18 January 2012 }}</ref>

==Methods==
In a broadcast system, the central high-powered [[Radio masts and towers|broadcast tower]] transmits a high-frequency [[electromagnetic wave]] to numerous receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then [[Antenna tuner|tuned]] so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a [[demodulator]] is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analog (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).<ref name="stallings-intro">{{cite book |last=Haykin |first=Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/communicationsy000simo |title=Communication Systems |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-471-17869-9 |edition=4th |pages=[https://archive.org/details/communicationsy000simo/page/n21 1]–3 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>[http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm How Radio Works] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102215734/http://www.howstuffworks.com/radio.htm}}, HowStuffWorks.com, 2006.</ref>

Historically, there have been several methods used for broadcasting [[electronic media]] audio and video to the general public:
* [[Telephone]] broadcasting (1881–1932): the earliest form of electronic broadcasting (not counting data services offered by stock [[Electrical telegraph|telegraph companies]] from 1867, if [[ticker tape|ticker-tapes]] are excluded from the definition). Telephone broadcasting began with the advent of [[Théâtrophone]] ("Theatre Phone") systems, which were telephone-based distribution systems allowing subscribers to listen to live [[opera]] and [[theatre]] performances over telephone lines, created by French inventor [[Clément Ader]] in 1881. Telephone broadcasting also grew to include [[telephone newspaper]] services for news and entertainment [[Radio programming|programming]] which were introduced in the 1890s, primarily located in large [[Europe]]an cities. These telephone-based [[Subscription business model|subscription services]] were the first examples of electrical/electronic broadcasting and offered a wide variety of programming.{{Citation needed}}
* [[Radio broadcasting]] (experimentally from 1906, commercially from 1920); [[sound|audio]] signals sent through the air as [[radio waves]] from a [[transmitter]], picked up by an [[radio antenna|antenna]] and sent to a [[tuner (radio)|receiver]]. [[Radio stations]] can be linked in [[radio network]]s to broadcast common [[radio program]]s, either in [[broadcast syndication]], [[simulcast]] or [[subchannel]]s.
** [[Television]] broadcasting (telecast), experimentally from 1925, [[commercial television|commercially]] from the 1930s: an extension of radio to include [[video]] signals.
* [[Cable radio]] (also called "cable FM", from 1928) and [[cable television]] (from 1932): both via [[coaxial cable]], originally serving principally as transmission media for programming produced at either radio or [[television station]]s, but later expanding into a broad universe of cable-originated [[cable channel|channels]].
* [[Direct-broadcast satellite]] (DBS) (from {{Circa|1974}}) and [[satellite radio]] (from {{Circa|1990}}): meant for direct-to-home broadcast programming (as opposed to studio network uplinks and down-links), provides a mix of traditional radio or television broadcast programming, or both, with dedicated satellite radio programming. (See also: [[Satellite television]])
* [[Webcast#Origins|Webcasting]] of video/television (from {{Circa|1993}}) and audio/radio (from {{Circa|1994}}) streams: offers a mix of traditional radio and television station broadcast programming with dedicated [[Internet radio]] and [[Internet television]].

==Economic models==
{{Unreferenced section}}
There are several means of providing financial support for continuous broadcasting:
* [[Commercial broadcasting]]: for-profit, usually privately owned stations, channels, networks, or services providing programming to the public, supported by the sale of air time to advertisers for [[radio advertisement|radio]] or [[television advertisement]]s during or in breaks between programs, often in combination with cable or [[pay cable]] subscription fees.
* [[Public broadcasting]]: usually [[non-profit]], publicly owned stations or networks supported by license fees, government funds, grants from foundations, corporate [[underwriting]], audience memberships, contributions or a combination of these.
* Community broadcasting: a form of [[mass media]] in which a [[television station]], or a [[radio station]], is owned, operated or [[broadcast programming|programmed]], by a community group to provide programs of local interest known as [[local programming]]. Community stations are most commonly operated by [[non-profit group]]s or [[cooperatives]]; however, in some cases they may be operated by a local [[college]] or [[university]], a [[cable company]] or a municipal government.
* Internet Webcast: the audience pays to recharge and buy virtual gifts for the anchor, and the platform converts the gifts into virtual currency. The anchor withdraws the virtual currency, which is drawn by the platform. If the anchor belongs to a trade union, it will be settled by the trade union and the live broadcasting platform, and the anchor will get the salary and part of the bonus. This is the most common profit model of live broadcast products.

Broadcasters may rely on a combination of these [[business model]]s. For example, in the United States, [[National Public Radio]] (NPR) and the [[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] (PBS, television) supplement public membership subscriptions and grants with funding from the [[Corporation for Public Broadcasting]] (CPB), which is allocated bi-annually by Congress. US public broadcasting corporate and charitable grants are generally given in consideration of [[underwriting spot]]s which differ from commercial advertisements in that they are governed by specific [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] restrictions, which prohibit the advocacy of a product or a "call to action".

==Recorded and live forms==
{{Unreferenced section}}
{{anchor|Recorded broadcasts and live broadcasts}}
[[File:TV Station Control Room.JPG|thumb|A [[television studio]] [[production control room]] in [[Olympia, Washington]], August 2008]]
[[File:On Air DSC0004 1.jpg|thumb|An "On Air" sign is illuminated, usually in red, while a broadcast or recording session is taking place.]]
[[File:Radio Maria Studio in Adliswil.jpg|thumb|[[Radio Maria]] studio in [[Switzerland]]]]
The first regular television broadcasts started in 1937. Broadcasts can be classified as "recorded" or "live". The former allows correcting errors, and removing superfluous or undesired material, rearranging it, applying [[slow-motion]] and repetitions, and other techniques to enhance the program. However, some live events like [[sports television]] can include some of the aspects including slow-motion clips of important goals/hits, etc., in between the [[live television]] telecast. American radio-network broadcasters habitually forbade prerecorded broadcasts in the 1930s and 1940s, requiring radio programs played for the Eastern and Central [[time zone]]s to be repeated three hours later for the Pacific time zone (See: [[Effects of time on North American broadcasting]]). This restriction was dropped for special occasions, as in the case of the German [[dirigible]] airship ''[[Hindenburg disaster|Hindenburg]]'' disaster at [[Lakehurst, New Jersey]], in 1937. During [[World War II]], prerecorded broadcasts from war correspondents were allowed on U.S. radio. In addition, American radio programs were recorded for playback by [[Armed Forces Radio]] [[radio station]]s around the world.

A disadvantage of recording first is that the public may learn the outcome of an event before the recording is broadcast, which may be a "[[spoiler (media)|spoiler]]". Prerecording may be used to prevent [[announcer]]s from deviating from an officially approved [[screenplay|script]] during a [[live radio]] broadcast, as occurred with [[propaganda]] broadcasts from Germany in the 1940s and with [[Voice of Russia|Radio Moscow]] in the 1980s. Many events are advertised as being live, although they are often "recorded live" (sometimes called "[[live television|live]]-to-[[video tape|tape]]"). This is particularly true of performances of musical artists on radio when they visit for an in-studio [[concert]] performance. Similar situations have occurred in [[television production]] ("''[[The Cosby Show]]'' is recorded in front of a [[live television]] studio [[audience]]") and [[news broadcasting]].

A broadcast may be distributed through several physical means. If coming directly from the [[radio studio]] at a single station or [[television station]], it is sent through the [[studio/transmitter link]] to the [[transmitter]] and hence from the [[television antenna]] located on the [[radio masts and towers]] out to the world. Programming may also come through a [[communications satellite]], played either live or recorded for later transmission. Networks of stations may [[simulcast]] the same programming at the same time, originally via [[microwave]] link, now usually by satellite. Distribution to stations or networks may also be through physical media, such as [[magnetic tape]], [[compact disc]] (CD), [[DVD]], and sometimes other formats. Usually these are included in another broadcast, such as when [[electronic news gathering]] (ENG) returns a story to the station for inclusion on a [[news program]]me.

The final leg of broadcast distribution is how the signal gets to the listener or viewer. It may come over the air as with a [[radio station]] or [[television station]] to an [[antenna (radio)|antenna]] and [[radio receiver]], or may come through [[cable television]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diwaxx.ru/|title=Информационно – развлекательный портал – DIWAXX.RU – мобильная связь, безопасность ПК и сетей, компьютеры и программы, общение, железо, секреты Windows, web-дизайн, раскрутка и оптимизация сайта, партнерские программы|website=Diwaxx.ru|access-date=11 November 2017|archive-date=3 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171103065154/http://www.diwaxx.ru/|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[cable radio]] (or "[[wireless cable]]") via the station or directly from a network. The [[Internet]] may also bring either [[internet radio]] or [[streaming media]] television to the recipient, especially with [[multicast]]ing allowing the signal and [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] to be shared. The term "[[broadcast network]]" is often used to distinguish networks that broadcast an over-the-air television signals that can be received using a [[tuner (television)]] inside a [[television set]] with a [[television antenna]] from so-called networks that are broadcast only via [[cable television]] ([[cablecast]]) or [[satellite television]] that uses a [[dish antenna]]. The term "[[broadcast television]]" can refer to the [[television program]]s of such networks.

==Social impact==
[[File:WTUL Microphone.jpg|thumb|left|[[Radio station]] [[WTUL]] studio, [[Tulane University]], [[New Orleans]]]]
The sequencing of content in a broadcast is called a [[scheduling (broadcasting)|schedule]]. As with all technological endeavors, a number of technical terms and [[slang]] have developed. A list of these terms can be found at [[List of broadcasting terms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST+GLOSSARY.htm|website=Qsl.net|access-date=11 November 2017|title=Broadcast Terminology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116173416/https://www.qsl.net/n2jac/jota2k/BROADCAST%20GLOSSARY.htm|archive-date=16 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Television]] and [[radio]] programs are distributed through radio broadcasting or [[cable television|cable]], often both simultaneously. By coding signals and having a [[cable converter box]] with [[Code (cryptography)|decoding]] equipment in [[home]]s, the latter also enables [[subscription]]-based channels, [[pay-tv]] and [[pay-per-view]] services. In his essay, [[John Durham Peters]] wrote that [[communication]] is a tool used for dissemination. Peters stated, "[[Dissemination]] is a lens—sometimes a usefully distorting one—that helps us tackle basic issues such as interaction, presence, and space and time ... on the agenda of any future [[communication theory]] in general".<ref name=jpeters >{{Citation |last=Peters |first=John Durham |title=Communication as Dissemination |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml |work=Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory |pages=211–222 |place=Thousand Oaks, California |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781483329055.n23 |isbn=978-1-4129-0658-6 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822070805/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|211}} Dissemination focuses on the message being relayed from one main source to one large [[audience]] without the exchange of [[dialogue]] in between. It is possible for the message to be [[Propaganda|changed or corrupted by government officials]] once the main source releases it. There is no way to predetermine how the larger population or audience will absorb the message. They can choose to listen, analyze, or ignore it. Dissemination in communication is widely used in the world of broadcasting.

Broadcasting focuses on getting a message out and it is up to the general public to do what they wish with it. Peters also states that broadcasting is used to address an open-ended destination.<ref name=jpeters />{{rp|212}} There are many forms of broadcasting, but they all aim to distribute a signal that will reach the target [[audience]]. Broadcasters typically arrange audiences into entire assemblies.<ref name=jpeters />{{rp|213}} In terms of media broadcasting, a [[radio show]] can gather a large number of followers who tune in every day to specifically listen to that specific [[disc jockey]]. The disc jockey follows the script for his or her radio show and just talks into the [[microphone]].<ref name=jpeters /> He or she does not expect immediate feedback from any listeners. The message is broadcast across airwaves throughout the community, but there the listeners cannot always respond immediately, especially since many radio shows are recorded prior to the actual air time.

== Broadcast engineering ==
{{Main articles|Broadcast engineering}}
Broadcast engineering is the field of [[electrical engineering]], and now to some extent [[computer engineering]] and [[information technology]], which deals with [[radio]] and [[television]] broadcasting. [[Audio engineering]] and [[RF engineering]] are also essential parts of broadcast engineering, being their own [[subset]]s of electrical engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pizzi |first=Skip |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879025861 |title=A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers. |publisher=Taylor and Francis |others=Graham Jones |isbn=978-1-317-90683-4 |edition=4th |location=Hoboken |oclc=879025861 |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220825125510/https://www.worldcat.org/title/879025861 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Broadcast engineering involves both the [[Television studio|studio]] and [[transmitter]] aspects (the entire [[airchain]]), as well as [[remote broadcast]]s. Every [[Broadcast network|station]] has a broadcast [[engineer]], though one may now serve an entire station group in a city. In small [[media market]]s the engineer may work on a [[contract]] basis for one or more stations as needed.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite web |title=about.com – Broadcast Technician or Sound Engineering Technician: Career Information |url=http://careerplanning.about.com/cs/occupations/p/broadcst_sound.htm |access-date=3 August 2013 |publisher=Careerplanning.about.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050918203626/http://careerplanning.about.com/cs/occupations/p/broadcst_sound.htm |archive-date=18 September 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Transmission Engineer – TV |url=http://www.skillset.org/tv/jobs/Studio_Broadcast/article_5477_1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508172948/http://www.skillset.org/tv/jobs/Studio_Broadcast/article_5477_1.asp |archive-date=8 May 2007 |access-date=3 August 2013 |publisher=skillset}}</ref>

==See also==

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Analog television]]
* [[Bandplan]]
* [[Broadcast engineering]]
* [[Broadcast quality]]
* [[Broadcast television systems]] – contains the standards of the topic
* [[Broadcasting in the United States]]
* [[Cablecast]]
* [[Frank Conrad]]
* [[Dead air]]
* [[Digital television]]
* [[Electronic media]]
* [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU)
* [[List of broadcast satellites]]
* [[List of broadcasting terms]]
* [[List of radio awards]]
* [[List of television awards]]
* [[Narrowcasting]]
* [[NaSTA]]
* [[Nonbroadcast Multiple Access Network]] (NBMA)
* [[North American broadcast television frequencies]]
* [[Outside broadcast]]
* [[Radio Act of 1927]], United States
* [[Reality television]]
* [[Society of Broadcast Engineers]] (SBE)
* [[Television broadcasting in Australia]]
* [[Television transmitter]]
* [[Transposer]]
* [[Wilkinsburg]]
}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* Carey, James (1989), ''Communication as Culture'', New York and London: Routledge, pp. 201–30
* Kahn, Frank J., ed. ''Documents of American Broadcasting'', fourth edition (Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1984).
* Lichty Lawrence W., and Topping Malachi C., eds, ''American Broadcasting: A Source Book on the History of Radio and Television'' (Hastings House, 1975).
* Meyrowitz, Joshua, ''Mediating Communication: What Happens?'' in Downing, J., Mohammadi, A., and Sreberny-Mohammadi, A. (eds), ''Questioning The Media'' (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage 1995), pp. 39–53
* {{Citation |last=Peters |first=John Durham |title=Communication as Dissemination |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml |work=Communication as…: Perspectives on Theory |pages=211–222 |place=2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |doi=10.4135/9781483329055.n23 |isbn=978-1-4129-0658-6 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822070805/https://sk.sagepub.com/books/communication-as/n23.xml |url-status=live }}
* Thompson, J., ''The Media and Modernity'', in Mackay, H., and O'Sullivan, T. (eds), ''The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation'' (London: Sage, 1999), pp. 12–27
{{Refend}}
* [https://www.histv.net/histoire-de-la-t-s-f-et-de-la-radio International bibliography – History of wireless and radio broadcasting]

==Further reading==
* Barnouw Erik. ''The Golden Web'' (Oxford University Press, 1968); ''The Sponsor'' (1978); ''A Tower in Babel'' (1966).
* Covert Cathy, and Stevens John L. ''Mass Media Between the Wars'' (Syracuse University Press, 1984).
* Tim Crook; ''International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice'' Routledge, 1998
* John Dunning; ''On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio'' Oxford University Press, 1998
* Ewbank Henry and Lawton Sherman P. ''Broadcasting: Radio and Television'' (Harper & Brothers, 1952).
* Maclaurin W. Rupert. ''Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry'' (The Macmillan Company, 1949).
* Robert W. McChesney; ''Telecommunications, Mass Media, and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting, 1928–1935'' Oxford University Press, 1994
* Gwenyth L. Jackaway; ''Media at War: Radio's Challenge to the Newspapers, 1924–1939'' Praeger Publishers, 1995
* Lazarsfeld Paul F. ''The People Look at Radio'' (University of North Carolina Press, 1946).
* Schramm Wilbur, ed. ''Mass Communications'' (University of Illinois Press, 1960).
* Schwoch James. ''The American Radio Industry and Its Latin American Activities, 1900–1939'' (University of Illinois Press, 1990).
* Slater Robert. ''This ... is CBS: A Chronicle of 60 Years'' (Prentice Hall, 1988).
* Sterling Christopher H. ''Electronic Media, A Guide to Trends in Broadcasting and Newer Technologies 1920–1983'' (Praeger, 1984).
* Sterling Christopher, and Kittross John M. ''Stay Tuned: A Concise History of American Broadcasting'' (Wadsworth, 1978).
* Wells, Alan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3zpeKLHPVBQC ''World Broadcasting: A Comparative View''], [[Greenwood Publishing Group]], 1996. {{ISBN|1-56750-245-8}}

==External links==
* [https://www.radio-locator.com Radio Locator], for American radio station with format, power, and coverage information.
* [https://www.hawkins.pair.com/radio.html Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page] – History of broadcast transmitter
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130918081316/https://www.indiedcp.com/broadcast-industry-terminology.html Indie Digital Cinema Services] – Broadcast Industry Glossary

{{Broadcasting}}
{{Telecommunications}}
{{Wireless video}}
{{Audio broadcasting|state=collapsed}}
{{Communication studies}}

[[Category:Broadcasting| ]]
[[Category:Telecommunications]]