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Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis

2026-05-07T10:19:25Z

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{{Short description|Indian Author (1900 - 1981)}}

{{Infobox writer
| name = Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis
| image = Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis.jpg
| birth_date = 24 October 1900
| death_date = 13 March 1981
| occupation = Author
| notable_works = 'Kobi' and 'Rani': Memoirs and Correspondences of Nirmalkumari Mahalanobis and Rabindranath Tagore
| caption = Nirmalkumari c. 1930s
| subject = [[Rabindranath Tagore]]
| native_name = নির্মলকুমারী মহলানবিশ
| native_name_lang = Bengali
| citizenship = {{hlist | British Raj | India}}
| spouse = [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]
| language = Bengali
}}

'''Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis''' ({{IPA|bn|nɪrˈməl kuˈmɑːri məˌhɑːləˈnoʊbɪs}}; 24 October 1900 – 13 March 1981) was an Indian author who wrote memoirs dedicated to [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. She was notably the wife of [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis|P.C. Mahalanobis]] who was an Indian statistician and the founder of [[Indian Statistical Institute]](ISI), Calcutta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Memorial Museum and Archives |url=https://www.isical.ac.in/~museum/museum.html#history |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920114532/https://www.isical.ac.in/~museum/museum.html#history |archive-date=2019-09-20 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=www.isical.ac.in}}</ref> She had been a close support companion of Tagore, especially in the last years of his life. The memoirs of conversations between them are well documented in her book, ''Kobi and Rani''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=সংবাদদাতা |first=নিজস্ব |date=2023-07-23 |title=পর্ব-৬৮: বাবা, 'পিতা নোহসি' বলো — এই কথাটি ঘুরেফিরেই কবির কানে বেজে উঠত |url=https://samayupdates.in/tagore-stories/golpokatha-thakurbari-by-parthajit-gangyopadhyay_part-68/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=সময় Updates |language=en-US}}</ref>

Tagore had profound respect for her because of which he called her 'Rani' after his second child, Renuka Devi, who had died of tuberculosis at the age of 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TSC |first=Alex Dunedin |date=2019-02-05 |title=Renuka Devi (1890–1904); daughter of Rabindranath |url=https://scotstagore.org/renuka-devi-1890-1904-daughter-of-rabindranath-by-christine-kupfer/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=The Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mahalanobis had travelled with her later husband, P. C. Mahalanobis and Tagore to different countries in Europe and to South India including [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) the accounts of which were also written by her.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mohanty |first=Sachidananda |date=2021-01-19 |title=Review of ‘Kobi & Rani: Memoirs and Correspondence of Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis and Rabindranath Tagore’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-wandering-poet-review-of-kobi-rani-memoirs-and-correspondence-of-nirmal-kumari-mahalanobis-and-rabindranath-tagore/article33609229.ece |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[File:P.C. Mahalanobis and Rani Mahalanobis.png|thumb|P.C. Mahalanobis and Rani Mahalanobis, 1923]]

==Early life==
She was born on 24 October 1900 in Calcutta, British Raj. Her father was the Bengali educationalist, Heramba Chandra Moitra who also had been a member of [[Brahmo Samaj]]. In Calcutta, she met with the scientist, [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]] with whom she married on 27th February 1923.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=C. R. |date=2010 |title=P. C. Mahalanobis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24108285 |journal=Current Science |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=76–80 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> This move was met with initial resistance by Heramba, her father who was infuriated with P. C. Mahalanobis showing opposition to various clauses of membership of the student wing of the Brahmo Samaj, including prohibition against the members' smoking and drinking. Therefore, Sir [[Nilratan Sircar|Nilratan Sarkar]], had been present at the wedding in place of the father of the bride. Rabindranath Tagore had also been present during the wedding. He had gifted the couple the original manuscript of his recently published work, ''Basanta''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis – Bhāvanā |url=https://bhavana.org.in/mahalanobis-renaissance-man/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> Dedicating his work to them, Tagore wrote:

{{Translated blockquote
| quote = প্রশান্ত, রানী
তোমাদের ই মিলন বসন্ত দিবেন
কবি বসন্ত গান আনি
সুন্দর প্রেম সাজুক আনন্দে
পরুক গোলায় সুরের মালাখানি
| translation = Prasanta, Rani
In this spring of your union
the poet evokes the songs of Spring;
Let your love dress in joy
and wear the garland of melody.
| language = bn
}}

Mahalanobis family lived in the Baranagar house ''"Sashi Villa"'' situated at 265/19, Gopal Lal Tagore Road, Baranagar which was often visited by Tagore in where he wrote a few poems. Tagore had renamed this house to Amrapali''.'' In 1960, this villa had been renovated as Mukh Bodhir Vidyalaya (''transl.'' School of Deaf and Dumb). At the time when P. C. Mahalanobis worked at [[India Meteorological Department|Indian Meteorological Department]] (IMD), Tagore also lived in Alipore observatory building with the Mahalanobis from the years 1923 to 1928. Despite having a room for himself, he preferred to write his poems under the shade of a banyan tree. Today the observatory has been changed to a museum with the Banyan tree still preserved in its place.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RMC Kolkata |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/kolkata/aboutus.php |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=mausam.imd.gov.in}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
Tagore and Mahalanobis' 1926.jpg|Tagore with P.C. and Rani Mahalanobis in Alipore Observatory, 1926
</gallery>

==Career==
In 1926, both Prasanta and Nirmal Mahalanobis toured with Rabindranath Tagore on a seven month long trip to different countries in Europe which included Italy, Austria, Germany, Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia. This was followed by their trip to South India and Ceylon in 1928.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Photos |first=Old Indian |title=Rabindranath Tagore in Hungary - 1926 |url=https://www.oldindianphotos.in/2010/05/rabindranath-tagore-in-hungary-1926.html |access-date=2026-04-30}}</ref>

=== Kobi and Rani ===
The memoirs of the above mentioned travels are well written in her book (in Bengali) that was published in 1941 long after Tagore's death. In it their travel anthology is divided into two parts namely, ''Kobir Shongey Europey'' (''transl.'' With the poet in Europe) and ''Kabir Shongey Dakshinattey'' (''transl.'' With the poet in South India).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahalānabiśa |first=Nirmalakumārī |title='Kobi' and 'Rani': memoirs and correspondences of Nirmalkumari Mahalanobis and Rabindranath Tagore |last2=Mandal |first2=Somdatta |last3=Mahalānabiśa |first3=Nirmalakumārī |last4=Mahalānabiśa |first4=Nirmalakumārī |last5=Tagore |first5=Rabindranath |date=2020 |publisher=Birutjatio Sahitya Sammiloni |others=Birutjatio Sahitya Sammiloni (Bolpur, India) |isbn=978-81-944352-8-0 |edition=First impression |location=Bolpur}}</ref> It also includes the translated 60 letters called ''Pathe o Pather Pranthe'' (''transl.'' On the road and beyond it) that ''Kobi'' Tagore wrote to ''Rani'' Mahalanobis out of a total of 500 that he wrote to her in his lifetime.<ref name=":0" /> Three other articles written by Mahalanobis have been also included in this volume which are "Om Pita Nohosi" ("You are my holy father"), "Tomaso Ma Jyotirgomayo" ("Your mother is brilliant") and one for children which was published in Autumn Festive Number of [[Anandamela]] in 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Kobi’ and ‘Rani’ |url=https://birutjatio.org/store/kobi-and-rani/ |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Birutjatio |language=en-US}}</ref>

A month before Tagore died, he remembered Mahalanobis as given in the preface to ''Kabir Shongey Dakshinattey'',
{{Blockquote|text=You are one of my last friends. I know that even if others go away, you will not leave me.}}
The book had been translated by Somdatta Mondal, former English professor at [[Visva-Bharati University|Viswa-Bharati university]] which was established by Tagore with funds from US and Europe; and adopted Oriental (Gurukul) education system for the students.

<gallery mode="packed" heights="250px">
Tagore with Prasanta and Rani Mahalanobis.png|Tagore with P. C. and Rani Mahalanobis in Balatonfured, Hungary
Tagore with Rani Mahalanobis.png|Tagore with Rani Mahalanobis in Kesztehly, Hungary
</gallery>

=== Baishe Srabon ===
This book was written by Mahalanobis as a tribute to the infamous day on which Tagore had died while being surrounded by Mahalanobis and his servant. In it all the events leading to Tagore's failing health, his last wish and the events post death are all recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Anasuya |date=2024-06-24 |title=The Tagore-Mahalanobis bond: Rare pictures showcased at exhibition |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/the-rabindranath-tagore-prasanta-chandra-mahalanobis-bond-rare-pictures-showcased-at-exhibition/cid/2029356 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=The Telegraph India}}</ref> According to Mahalanobis, Tagore's last wish right before he died on 7 August 1941 was to leave his corpse in free will to the ground in Shantiniketan, his birth place. [[File:Baishe-srabon.jpg|thumb|Baishe Srabon]] This wish unfortunately couldn't be fulfilled as the Jorasanko house had been forcefully broken and crowd entered then took him away as huge populace waiting outside at that moment had grieved his demise. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How much respect did Bengal show to Tagore on his â€˜Last Journey?â€™ |url=https://www.getbengal.com/home/story_detail/how-much-respect-did-bengal-show-to-tagore-on-his-last-journey |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=২২শে শ্রাবণ |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/31374111 |access-date=2026-04-30 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref>

=== Indian Statistical Institute ===
In the annual reports of ISI, it is stated that Rani Mahalanobis had made donations to ISI which led to [[Raj Chandra Bose]] getting the part time scholarship. It was with this scholarship that R. C. Bose made out the [[Mahalanobis distance|Mahalanobis D2 statistic]]. The Mahalanobis couple also hosted distinguished scientists and their families at the time.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=T. Krishna |date=1997 |title=An Unfinished Biography: Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4405481 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=32 |issue=23 |pages=1321–1332 |issn=0012-9976 |quote=One of these reports it was stated that Raj Chandra Bose received a part-time scholarship from a donation made to ISI by Nirmal Kumari Mahalanobis.}}</ref>

==Legacy==
In 2024, as a part of 3 day long celebration of Tagore's achievements at Kolkata Centre for Creativity, a rare collection of photos and other memorabilia during Tagore's Europe tour and Mahalanobis residences had been put on display. One of these images include a group photo of Tagore, Prasanta Mahalanobis, Rani Mahalanobis and Andrea Butchenson in Oslo, 1926. Another item put on display was tribute to Tagore for naming Mahalanobis house to Netrakona. One page from manuscript of ''Baishe Srabon'' was also shown.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-01 |title=City celebrates Tagore through performances and a rare exhibition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/city-celebrates-tagore-through-performances-and-a-rare-exhibition/articleshow/111398906.cms |access-date=2026-04-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On the first floor of ISI, the ''chatal'' (the open lounge), the study room and the residential rooms of Professor and Mrs. Mahalanobis are reinstated in order to give an authentic impression of the period. <ref name=":1" />

==References==
<references />
==External links==
*[https://www.oldindianphotos.in/2010/05/rabindranath-tagore-in-hungary-1926.html Rabindranath Tagore in Hungary, 1926]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahalanobis, Nirmal Kumari}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Works about Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Women in Red redlink lists (by occupation)]]

{{Improve categories|date=May 2026}}

Kilvelur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T05:52:29Z

ContactBot:

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kilvelur
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 164
| map_image = Constitution-Kilvelur.svg
| established = 2008
| district = [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency|Nagapattinam]]
| reservation = SC
| party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Secular Progressive Alliance}}
| mla = [[V. P. Nagaimaali]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| electors = 170,558
}}
'''Kilvelur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] newly formed after constituency delimitations in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008 |url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-15 }}</ref> It is included in [[Nagapattinam Lok Sabha constituency]]. It comprises Kilvelur, Keezhayur and a part of Nagapattinam panchayat union. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Winner
!colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[P. Mahalingam|Nagaimaali V P]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[U. Mathivanan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| Nagaimaali V P
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[T. Latha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=y}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|47.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|48.99}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilvelur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Latha|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=56108|percentage=37 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= T.A.P. Senthil pandiyan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=53830 |percentage=35.5 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vadivel Ravanan|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=31675 |percentage=20.89 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. Karthika|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8069 |percentage=5.32 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vedha Mukundhan|party=Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=437 |percentage=0.29 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=545 |percentage=0.36 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2278 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=151637 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 168934|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilvelur<ref>{{cite web|title=kilvelur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a164|access-date= 21 Jul 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. P. Nagaimaali]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=67,988 |percentage=47.85% |change=+35.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vadivel Ravanan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=51,003 |percentage=35.89% |change=+33.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ponelavazhaki |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=15,173 |percentage=10.68% |change=+9.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Sidhu |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,906 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Neethimohan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,503 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=896 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,985 |percentage=11.95% |change= 4.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,099 |percentage=79.52% |change= -4.88% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=378|percentage=0.27% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,686 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilvelur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Mathivanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,999 |percentage=44.95% |change=-3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Meena |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,829 |percentage=37.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mahalingam|V. P. Nagaimaali]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,499 |percentage=11.96% |change=-37.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vanitha |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,637 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Palanivel |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,553 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,142 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,049 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,170 |percentage=7.37% |change= 6.78% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=137,929 |percentage=84.40% |change= -1.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 163,415 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -4.04% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kilvelur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Mahalingam|V. P. Nagaimaali]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=59,402 |percentage=48.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[U. Mathivanan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,678 |percentage=48.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Devaki |party=Independent politician |votes=1,487 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Shajahan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=743 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=724 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=121,254 |percentage=85.88% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,185 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|10.6565924|79.6144682|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Falimy

2026-05-03T10:47:52Z

ContactBot: Started

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film by Nithish Sahadev}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Falimy
| image = Falimy poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nithish Sahadev]]
| screenplay = Nithish Sahadev Sanjo Joseph
| story = Nithish Sahadev
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Lakshmi Warrier
* Ganesh Menon
* Amal Paulson
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Basil Joseph]]
* [[Jagadish]]
* [[Sandeep Pradeep]]
* [[Manju Pillai]]
}}
| cinematography = Bablu Aju
| editing = Nidhin Raj Arol
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Cheers Entertainments
* Sooper Dooper Films
}}
| distributor = Icon Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|17|ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |author=|date=8 November 2023 |title=Falimy trailer: Basil Joseph's next is a mishmash of genres |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/falimy-trailer-basil-josephs-next-is-a-mishmash-of-genres-9018986/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118102403/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/falimy-trailer-basil-josephs-next-is-a-mishmash-of-genres-9018986/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref name=":0" />
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Falimy'''''{{Efn|The title is a play on the word family and alludes to the film's dysfunctional family.}} is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Falimy |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/falimy-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3njkw |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218120023/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/falimy-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3njkw |url-status=live }}</ref> co-written and directed by [[Nithish Sahadev]] in his directorial debut.<ref>{{Cite web |author=|date=2023-10-06 |title=Basil Joseph leads family on to a crazy ride in Malayalam film Falimy |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/basil-joseph-leads-family-on-to-a-crazy-ride-in-malayalam-film-falimy |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020122621/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/basil-joseph-leads-family-on-to-a-crazy-ride-in-malayalam-film-falimy |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Basil Joseph]], [[Jagadish]], [[Sandeep Pradeep]] and [[Manju Pillai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-18 |title='Falimy' Teaser: Basil Joseph, Jagadish, and Manju Pillai team up for a fun-filled family adventure |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/falimy-teaser-basil-joseph-jagadish-and-manju-pillai-team-up-for-a-fun-filled-family-adventure/articleshow/104530218.cms |access-date=2023-10-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019181302/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/falimy-teaser-basil-joseph-jagadish-and-manju-pillai-team-up-for-a-fun-filled-family-adventure/articleshow/104530218.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Teaser of Basil Joseph's Falimy to be out |url=https://12duex.blogspot.com/2023/10/teaser-of-basil-josephs-falimy-to-be-out.html |access-date=2023-10-21 |website=XII DX. |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121401/https://12duex.blogspot.com/2023/10/teaser-of-basil-josephs-falimy-to-be-out.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It narrates the journey of a dysfunctional middle-class family to [[Varanasi]] and the realisations they gain from it.

The film was officially announced in December 2019. [[Principal photography]] began in November 2022 and was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up in May 2023. The music was composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]], while Bablu Aju and Nidhin Raj Arol handled the cinematography and editing.

''Falimy'' was released in theatres on 10 November 2023 during [[Diwali]] week and received positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success at box office.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=വരുന്നത് ബേസില്‍ വക അടുത്ത ഹിറ്റ്? 'ഫാലിമി' ആദ്യ വാരാന്ത്യത്തില്‍ നേടിയത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/falimy-first-weekend-box-office-collection-basil-joseph-jagadish-manju-pillai-nithish-sahadev-vishnu-vijay-cheers-entertainments-nsn-s4f166 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |access-date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121193138/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/falimy-first-weekend-box-office-collection-basil-joseph-jagadish-manju-pillai-nithish-sahadev-vishnu-vijay-cheers-entertainments-nsn-s4f166 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Anoop is a [[dubbing]] artist who lives in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] with his father Chandran, mother Rema, younger brother Abhijith and grandfather Janardhanan. Chandran, who is an unemployed person, earlier owned a printing press but now spends his days watching TV and drinking with his friend Chacko. Rema works in a digital press and Abhijith intends to migrate to the [[United Kingdom]] for his higher studies. Janardhanan wishes to visit [[Varanasi]] and is caught by his family members whenever he attempts to go alone. Anoop and Chandran are in a feud and communicate only through insults.

Anoop's family arranges a marriage proposal for him with Anagha, a teacher. On their [[engagement]] day, the marriage proposal is called off when Robin, a guy who used to stalk Anagha, disrupts the ceremony. Abhijith trashes Robin and Chandran makes a complaint at the police station. After the incident, the engagement is called off and Anoop takes a two-week leave and decides to take Janardhanan to Varanasi. As Robin's friends are after him, Abhijith decides to accompany Anoop. Chandran, who is having issues with Anoop and initially showed no interest, later decides to join the journey and Rema also joins them.

On the way to [[Varanasi]], Chandran is tricked by a tea-selling boy at a railway station and Rema, Anoop and Abhijith get off the train. The [[station master]] helps them get off Janardhanan and the luggage at [[Tikaria]] Railway Station. The next day, they reach the railway station in Tikaria and take Janardhanan with them. They catch a bus heading for [[Varanasi]] and get off in a remote place when Rema begins [[vomiting]].

Pappu Panday, an [[Wildlife smuggling|animal trafficker]], offers them a ride and on the way at a checkpoint, a police officer asks him for the vehicle's documents. Pappu Panday escapes by breaking the checkpoint and leaves Chandran and his family in a desolate place. They somehow reach a bus stop from where they are able to take another bus to [[Varanasi]]. They get a call from Chacko that their aged neighbour, who was a friend of Janardhanan's, died and Janardhanan is heartbroken. They manage to reach Varanasi at night and take a room in a lodge.

The next morning, they learn from the [[receptionist]] that Janardhanan left with a group of [[monk]]s at midnight. While searching for Janardhanan, Chandran, Rema, Anoop and Abhijith are taken to the police station by the police officer who was at the checkpoint. Rema shows their family photo when [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Sakshi Yadav asks them for ID proof. A [[public announcement]] is made by Anoop about Janardhanan's missing case in Malayalam. Pramod, a [[Malayali]] settled in Varanasi who is familiar with Anoop's voice, meets them and assures to help find Janardhanan. They spend many days in the city trying to find Janardhanan and meanwhile, Anoop and Chandran slowly restore their relationship. Anoop later learns from two people that Janardhanan is dead and that his body was [[Antyesti|cremated]] on the banks of the [[Ganges]]. Chandran performs Janardhanan's [[death rituals]]. In between the rituals, Chacko calls Anoop to inform that Janardhanan is back home at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and is upset about his friend's death.

When Chandran and his family return home, they learn from their neighbour that Janardhanan has departed for the railway station with his friend's [[Cremation|cremains]]. They meet Janardhanan on the train, and the whole family happily reconcile, deciding to join Janardhanan on his journey to Varanasi. However, the ticket checker kicks Chandran, Rema, Anoop and Abhijith off the train as they are travelling without tickets and they decide to let Janardhanan continue the journey alone, believing he is the most sensible among them.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Anoop Chandran "Anu"
* [[Jagadish]] as Chandran
* [[Sandeep Pradeep]] as Abhijith Chandran "Abhi"
* [[Manju Pillai]] as Rema Chandran
* [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]] as Pramod
* [[Boloram Das]] as Pappu Panday
* Meenaraj Palluruthy as Janardhanan
* Raina Radhakrishnan as Anagha
* Amith Mohan Rajeshwari as Kichu
* [[Joemon Jyothir]] as Robin
* Anilraj Thiruvananthapuram as Chacko
* Kuttappan as Ravindran
* Arunsol as Ravindran's son
* Aryan Kathuria as Dev
}}

== Production ==
In December 2019, it was announced that [[Antony Varghese]] would be playing the lead role in the film, with [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] and Aravind Kurup as producers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=Digital |date=11 December 2019 |title=Antony Varghese's next film is titled 'Falimy' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/antony-varghese-s-next-film-titled-falimy-113858 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121406/https://platform.twitter.com/embed/Tweet.html?creatorScreenName=migrator&dnt=false&embedId=twitter-widget-4&features=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%3D%3D&frame=false&hideCard=false&hideThread=false&id=1715563334001672506&lang=en&origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenewsminute.com%2Fflix%2Fantony-varghese-s-next-film-titled-falimy-113858&sessionId=9085e578bdde78c4a206ee9ed47beb9dd15b5e56&siteScreenName=thenewsminute&theme=light&widgetsVersion=01917f4d1d4cb%3A1696883169554&width=550px |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, Antony Varghese withdrew from the project,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2023 |title=2018 director Jude Anthany lashes out against Antony Varghese: 'Ungrateful', 'Doesn't deserve to be in cinema' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/2018-director-jude-anthany-lashes-out-against-antony-varghese-ungrateful-doesnt-deserve-to-be-in-cinema/c7c2ee66be703 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121403/https://www.ottplay.com/news/2018-director-jude-anthany-lashes-out-against-antony-varghese-ungrateful-doesnt-deserve-to-be-in-cinema/c7c2ee66be703 |url-status=live }}</ref> and Basil Joseph came in to play the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=30 March 2023 |title=Basil Joseph to play the lead in 'Falimy' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/basil-joseph-to-play-the-lead-in-falimy/article66679727.ece |access-date=21 October 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418101234/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/basil-joseph-to-play-the-lead-in-falimy/article66679727.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The production studio was replaced with Cheers Entertainments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 April 2023 |title=First look poster of Basil Joseph's Falimy is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/16/first-look-poster-of-basil-josephs-falimy-is-here-42379.html |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423050835/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/16/first-look-poster-of-basil-josephs-falimy-is-here-42379.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Falimy'' marks the third collaboration of Basil Joseph with Cheers Entertainments, following ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' (2022) and ''[[Jan. E. Man]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title=Basil Joseph reunites with Jaya Jaya team for Falimy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/apr/01/basil-joseph-reunites-with-jaya-jaya-team-for-falimy-2561406.html |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401202708/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/apr/01/basil-joseph-reunites-with-jaya-jaya-team-for-falimy-2561406.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 5 November 2022 and was [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up on 6 May 2023. The film was shot in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Chamarajanagar]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Varanasi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=17 November 2023 |title=Malayalam film director Nithish Sahadev's 'Falimy' is about a dysfunctional family |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-director-nithish-sahadevs-falimy-is-about-a-dysfunctional-family-with-basil-joseph-manju-pillai/article67535541.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118102400/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-director-nithish-sahadevs-falimy-is-about-a-dysfunctional-family-with-basil-joseph-manju-pillai/article67535541.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
The film has music composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Falimy teaser: Basil Joseph takes you on a fun ride |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/falimy-teaser-basil-joseph-takes-you-on-a-fun-ride/aee291a1b6801 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021121403/https://www.ottplay.com/news/falimy-teaser-basil-joseph-takes-you-on-a-fun-ride/aee291a1b6801 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first [[Single (music)|single]] titled "Manjeera Shinjitham," written by [[Muhsin Parari]] and sung by Vishnu Vijay and [[Anthony Daasan]], was released on 21 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2023 |title=First song from Basil Joseph-starrer Falimy out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/21/first-song-from-basil-joseph-starrer-falimy-out-48835.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024233157/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/21/first-song-from-basil-joseph-starrer-falimy-out-48835.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The second song "Mazhavillile" was released on 15 November 2023, sung by Vishnu Vijay and written by [[Muhsin Parari]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Mazhavillile video song from Basil Joseph's Falimy is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/15/mazhavillile-video-song-from-basil-josephs-falimy-is-out-49576.html |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115553/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/15/mazhavillile-video-song-from-basil-josephs-falimy-is-out-49576.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
''Falimy'' was released in theatres on 17 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=8 November 2023 |title=Falimy promises an out-and-out laugh riot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/falimy-promises-an-out-and-out-laugh-riot-49354.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115456/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/falimy-promises-an-out-and-out-laugh-riot-49354.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Disney+ Hotstar]] acquired the digital rights and initially scheduled to start streaming on 15 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2023 |title=Falimy OTT release date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/09/falimy-ott-release-date-announced-50251.html |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210150052/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2023/dec/09/falimy-ott-release-date-announced-50251.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2023 |title=Falimy OTT : ഇനി ഈ ഫാമിലി ഒടിടിയിൽ എത്തും; ഫാലിമിയുടെ ഡിജിറ്റൽ റിലീസ് പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/falimy-movie-ott-malayalam-super-hit-entertainer-will-start-streaming-from-this-day-in-disney-plus-hotstar-173739 |access-date=10 December 2023 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210150052/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/falimy-movie-ott-malayalam-super-hit-entertainer-will-start-streaming-from-this-day-in-disney-plus-hotstar-173739 |url-status=live }}</ref> The release date was later postponed and the film began streaming on the platform on 18 December 2023 in Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=14 December 2023 |title=Falimy OTT release pushed, here's the new release date of Basil Joseph's family dramedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/falimy-ott-release-pushed-heres-the-new-release-date-of-basil-josephs-family-dramedy/3bce0a117b257 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218120032/https://www.ottplay.com/news/falimy-ott-release-pushed-heres-the-new-release-date-of-basil-josephs-family-dramedy/3bce0a117b257 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Manu |first=Hridyambika |date=18 December 2023 |title=Falimy out on OTT- Where to stream Basil Joseph's family entertainer in Hindi, Tamil and Telugu |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/falimy-out-on-ott-when-where-to-watch-basil-josephs-comedy-drama/4fc63ff85a96 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218120022/https://www.ottplay.com/news/falimy-out-on-ott-when-where-to-watch-basil-josephs-comedy-drama/4fc63ff85a96 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Falimy'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":1" />

Subhash K. Jha of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "There's the drama of the dysfunctional family; quite the cliché in Hindi and Malayalam cinema. Then there is the 'Dis' functional family in ''Falimy'', always dissing one another irrespective of who gets hurt."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. Jha |first=Subhash |date=24 December 2023 |title=Falimy Movie Review: Delightful Malayalam Comedy Of A 'Dis' Functional Family |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/falimy-movie-review-delightful-malayalam-comedy-of-a-dis-functional-family-review-106249496 |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Cris of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Performances of the newer actors are as raw as the experienced Jagadish and the easily-funny Basil."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=17 November 2023 |title=Falimy review: This Basil Joseph starrer is a funny, organic entertainer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/falimy-review-this-basil-joseph-starrer-is-a-funny-organic-entertainer |access-date= |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117135947/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/falimy-review-this-basil-joseph-starrer-is-a-funny-organic-entertainer |url-status=live }}</ref> Gopika Is of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Basil Joseph starrer ''Falimy'' turned out to be a pleasant surprise with an apt picturisation of middle-class life with a touch of natural humour."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Is |first=Gopika |date=17 November 2023 |title=Falimy Movie Review : A relatable family entertainer |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/falimy/movie-review/105298532.cms |access-date=18 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118102425/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/et_photoshow.cms?msid=95129861&datasection=Entertainment-Movies |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Despite ''Falimy's'' subject having the potential for a lot of emotionally charged drama, Nithish opts for a light-hearted approach relying more on fun moments."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=18 November 2023 |title='Falimy' film review: Enjoyable falimy ride |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/18/falimy-flim-review-enjoyable-falimy-ride-2633818.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118102404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/nov/18/falimy-flim-review-enjoyable-falimy-ride-2633818.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Falimy'' works mostly because of its humour - derived from relatable situations in middle-class households - where a journey with a family isn't often a priority for everyone who is part of the trip."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sidhardhan |first=Sanjith |date=17 November 2023 |title=Falimy movie review: Basil Joseph's dysfunctional family drama works |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/falimy-movie-review-basil-josephs-dysfunctional-family-drama-works-because-of-the-humour-and-relatability/6c45b236f0580 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115440/https://www.ottplay.com/review/falimy-movie-review-basil-josephs-dysfunctional-family-drama-works-because-of-the-humour-and-relatability/6c45b236f0580 |url-status=live }}</ref> Snigdha Nalini Oreya of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Falimy'' has its moments of comedy and emotion, but it is not something that has not been done before. The underlying emotion with which the characters take certain steps is something that we might all be familiar with."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nalini Oreya |first=Snigdha |date=21 December 2023 |title='Falimy' On Disney+ Hotstar Movie Review: Basil Joseph's Hilarious Performance Salvages This Comedy Drama By Nithish Sahadev |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-falimy-on-disney-hotstar-review-nithish-sahadev-s-comedy-drama-works-only-for-the-hilarious-performances-movie_reviews-337547 |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=Outlook |language=en}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Despite having the potential to be significantly better, ''Falimy'' falls short of hitting top gear due to unimpressive writing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=17 November 2023 |title=Falimy movie review: Basil Joseph film is fun and funny, but only occasionally |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/falimy-movie-review-basil-joseph-film-is-fun-and-funny-but-only-occasionally-9030109/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115449/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/falimy-movie-review-basil-joseph-film-is-fun-and-funny-but-only-occasionally-9030109/ |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "In getting the mix between humour and emotion right, Nithish Sahadev's debut directorial elevates itself above the average comedy-drama and turns into a heartwarming tale."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=17 November 2023 |title='Falimy' movie review: An endearing, {{as written|humo|urous [sic]}} tale of a dysfunctional family |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/falimy-movie-review-an-endearing-humourous-tale-of-a-dysfunctional-family/article67543846.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115328/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/falimy-movie-review-an-endearing-humourous-tale-of-a-dysfunctional-family/article67543846.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "The movie's strength lies in its simplicity; it avoids being overly ambitious. It maintains a straightforward storyline with compelling characters, and the actors seamlessly bring their roles to life, adding to the film's overall strength."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=17 November 2023 |title='Falimy' review: This Basil Joseph-starrer is a hilarious journey of chaos and quirks |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/17/falimy-movie-review-basil-joseph-jagadish-malayalam-film.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117115328/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/17/falimy-movie-review-basil-joseph-jagadish-malayalam-film.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
| [[Basil Joseph]]
| rowspan="2" {{Nominated}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA Awards 2024 full list of nominees: Dasara, Jailer, Kaatera, 2018 top the list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| [[Jagadish]]
|-
| Best Actress in a Supporting Role
| [[Manju Pillai]]
| {{Won}}
|-
| Best Comedian
| [[Sandeep Pradeep]]
| {{Nominated}}
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Varanasi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films about travel]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]

Central Consumer Protection Authority

2026-04-25T05:23:41Z

ContactBot: New

{{Short description|Regulatory authority in New Delhi, India}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Central Consumer Protection Authority
| formation = 2019
| native_name =
| image = Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA).webp
| image_alt =
| owner = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Ministry of Consumer Affairs]], [[Government of India]]
| key_people =
| parent_organization =
| abbreviation =
| type = [[Regulatory Agency|Regulatory Body]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| status = Active
| coordinates =
| services =
| website = {{URL|https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/acts-and-rules/consumer-protection}}
}}
'''Central Consumer Protection Authority''' is a [[regulatory]] authority set up under Section 10(1) of the [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019]] in relation to matters affecting rights of [[consumer]]s by individuals or entities following improper trade practices or by display of inappropriate or wrong advertisements affecting public interest and helps promoting consumer trust by enforcing the rights of consumers through effective guidelines.

== History and Objective ==

Central Consumer Protection Authority replaced the previous The [[Consumer Protection Act, 1986]] and is formed as per The Consumer Protection Act, 2019.<ref name="ccpa ref1">{{cite news |title=Explained: Govt to establish Central Consumer Protection Authority; what is it? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/ram-vilas-paswan-food-and-public-distribution-central-consumer-protection-act-6288654/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The new act has been incorporated with additional consumer concerns
like treating misleading advertisements and providing wrong information regarding quality or quantity of goods or provision of services as an offence.<ref name="ccpa ref6">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shipra |title=Here's how consumers will benefit under the new Consumer Protection Act |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/spend/heres-how-consumers-will-benefit-under-the-new-consumer-protection-act/articleshow/70711304.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=19 August 2019}}</ref>

== Composition ==

Central Consumer Protection Authority shall consist of following members appointed by Central Government.<ref name="ccpa ref1" />

1. Chief Commissioner

2. Two Commissioners. One commissioner each will represent for goods and services.

Nidhi Khare is current Chief Commissioner of Central Consumer Protection Authority.<ref name="ccpa ref4">{{cite news |title=Be it defective saree or tawa, consumers getting speedy justice via e-Daakhil: CCPA |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/be-it-defective-saree-or-tawa-consumers-getting-speedy-justice-via-e-daakhil-ccpa/articleshow/87926927.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=26 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Powers ==

Central Consumer Protection Authority has the following powers:<ref name="ccpa ref1" /><ref name="ccpa ref7">{{cite news |title=The Consumer Protection Bill, 2019 |url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-consumer-protection-bill-2019 |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=PRS Legislative Research}}</ref>

(i) If the commission finds violations of rights of consumers or in notice of trade practices which is unfair it can inquire or cause an inquiry, either on receipt of complaint or suo moto or as directed by Central Government.<ref name="ccpa ref3">{{cite news |title=CCPA seeks RBI intervention on banks delaying refund in case of failed transactions |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/ccpa-seeks-rbi-intervention-on-banks-delaying-refund-in-case-of-failed-transactions/articleshow/80057593.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=1 January 2021}}</ref>

(ii) If the commission finds after preliminary inquiry of an existence of a prima facie case of consumer rights violation or it is in notice of any unfair trade practice or any wrong or inaccurate advertisement which is prejudicial to public interest or to the interests of the consumers, it can order an investigation by the [[District magistrate|District Collector]] or by Director General.

(iii) If the commission finds prima facie of a person involved in violation of consumer rights or following any unfair trade practice or making any false or inaccurate advertisement as described above, it can call upon the person involved and can direct him to produce any document or record in his possession relating to it. In addition, the District Collector or Director General under the Code of Criminal Procedure,1973 has powers of [[search and seizure]], and authority to ask submission of any record or document.

(iv) The commission can direct recalling of any dangerous, hazardous or unsafe goods or withdrawal of similar services and order refunding of the proceeds collected towards sale of goods or offering of services so recalled or order stoppage of any unfair practices after giving the person directed to do so, an opportunity of being heard.

(v) The commission can involve in and engage in services relating to consumer advocacy by offering services of registering complaints before the National Commission, the State Commission, or the District Commission, formed as per the Act, involving in the proceedings before them, suggesting remedial actions, involving itself in related research, creating awareness and guiding consumers on safety precautions.<ref name="ccpa ref5">{{cite news |last1=Dash |first1=Dipak K. |title=Failing to refund overcharged sum lands cab aggregators in a soup |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/tech-bytes/failing-to-refund-overcharged-sum-lands-cab-aggregators-in-a-soup/articleshow/79950834.cms |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=The Economic Times |date=25 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="ccpa ref8">{{cite news |title=Central Consumer Protection Authority takes action on violations of consumer rights; Rs 41,85,500 penalty collected from 75 companies |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/central-consumer-protection-authority-takes-action-on-violations-of-consumer-rights-rs-4185500-penalty-collected-from-75-companies20211027021821/ |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=ANI News |date=27 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

(vi) The commission can direct to a trader or manufacturer or endorser or advertiser or publisher after investigation to discontinue advertisements which are wrong or misleading or prejudicial to consumers, and in such case impose penalties up to Rs 10 lakhs payable in cash.

(vii) The commission can also prevent the endorser of advertisement which is wrong or misleading from making the same in relation to any product or service for a time period ranging up to one year, and three years in case of subsequent contravention.<ref name="ccpa ref2">{{cite news |title=Central Consumer Protection Authority issues 15 notices against e-commerce companies for violation of compulsory standards |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-central-consumer-protection-authority-issues-15-notices-against-e-commerce-companies-for-violation-of-compulsory-standards-174800 |access-date=28 January 2022 |publisher=Zee Business |date=29 December 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Consumer Protection Act, 2019]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://consumeraffairs.nic.in/acts-and-rules/consumer-protection Official Website]


[[Category:Regulatory agencies of India]]
[[Category:Consumer protection in India]]

Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)

2026-04-23T14:06:36Z

ContactBot: Started a entry!

{{Short description|1658–59 war of succession in the Mughal Empire}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)
| partof =
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 300px
| direction = vertical
| image1 = The Battle of Samugarh.jpg
| image2 = The princes of the Mogul Emperor against their father and Combat.jpg
}}
| caption = {{flatlist|
* [[Battle of Samugarh]] (Top; 13 May 1658)
* [[Battle of Khajwa]] (Bottom; 5 January 1659)
}}
| date = {{start and end dates|1658|2|14|1659|1|5|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=14|year1=1658|month2=01|day2=05|year2=1659}})}}
| place = [[Mughal India]]
| result = [[Aurangzeb]]'s victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Aurangzeb]]'s forces [[Murad Bakhsh]]'s forces
| combatant2 = [[Dara Shikoh]]'s forces
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list|
*[[Aurangzeb]]
*[[Murad Bakhsh]]
*[[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]]
*[[Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung|Zulfiqar Khan]]
*[[Kilich Khan]]
*Multafat Khan
*Najabat Khan
*Murshid Quli Khan{{KIA}}
*Bahadur Khan{{WIA}}
*Shaikh Mir
}}
| commander2 = {{unbulleted list|
*[[Dara Shikoh]] {{Executed}}
*[[Sulaiman Shikoh]] {{Executed}}
*[[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh Rathore]]
*[[Ratan Singh Rathore]]{{KIA}}
*[[Rao Raja Chattar Sal|Rao Chhatrasal Hada]]{{KIA}}
*Mukund Singh Hada{{KIA}}
*Rustam Khan{{KIA}}
*Qasim Khan
}}
| commander3 = {{Unbulleted list|
*[[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]
*Buland Akhtar
*Sultan Bang
*Zainul Abedin
*Mirza Ismail Beg
}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| combatant3 = [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]'s forces
| width = 250px
}}

The '''Mughal war of succession of 1658–1659''' was a war of succession fought among the four sons of [[Shah Jahan]]: [[Aurangzeb]], [[Dara Shikoh]], [[Murad Bakhsh]], and [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], in hopes of gaining the Mughal Throne. Prior to the death of Shah Jahan, each of his sons held governorships during their father's reign. The emperor favoured the eldest, [[Dara Shikoh]], However, there was resentment among the younger three, who sought at various times to strengthen alliances between themselves and against Dara.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukhoty |first=Ira |title=Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh's fight for the throne was entwined with the rivalry of their two sisters |url=https://scroll.in/article/879195/aurangzeb-and-dara-shikohs-fight-for-the-throne-was-entwined-with-the-rivalry-of-their-two-sisters |website=Scroll.in}}</ref> There was no Mughal tradition of [[primogeniture]], the systematic passing of rule, upon an emperor's death, to his eldest son.<ref name="Chandra2005p267">{{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA267 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2005 |isbn=9788124110669 |volume=2 |pages=267–269 |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian) |access-date=29 September 2012}}</ref> Instead it was customary for sons to overthrow their father and for brothers to war to the death among themselves ([[takht ya takhta]]).<ref name="google96">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C |title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 |date=2004 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-004-4 |editor-last=Markovits |editor-first=Claude |edition=2nd |location=London |page=96 |orig-year=First published 1994 as ''Histoire de l'Inde Moderne''}}</ref>

Shah Shuja was victorious in the [[Battle of Bahadurpur]]. Shuja turned back to [[Rajmahal]] to make further preparations. He signed a treaty with his elder brother, Dara, which left him in control of Bengal, Orissa and a large part of Bihar, on 17 May 1658.

[[Aurangzeb]] defeated Dara twice (at Dharmat and Samugarh), caught him, executed him on a charge of heresy and ascended the throne. Shuja marched to the capital again, this time against Aurangzeb. A battle took place on 5 January 1659 at the [[Battle of Khajwa]] (Fatehpur district, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]), where Shuja was defeated. Ultimately, Aurangzeb was victorious making him the 6th [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]].<ref name="Asher">Catherine Blanshard Asher, (1992) [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521267285 "Architecture of Mughal India – Part 1"], Cambridge university Press, Volume 1, Page 252.</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:The_Emperor_Shah_Jahan_recumbent_Wellcome_V0046338.jpg|left|thumb|[[The Passing of Shah Jahan]] by [[Abanindranath Tagore]] c.1902]]

On 6 September 1657, [[Shah Jahan]] was ill with [[strangury]] and constipation. He failed to hold [[Jharokha Darshan]] and the shops were closed in the bazaars around Delhi. [[Dara Shikoh]] was assumed the role of regent in his father's stead, which swiftly incurred the animosity of his brothers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Valerie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LharCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116 |title=Aesthetic Hybridity in Mughal Painting, 1526–1658 |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1317184874 |page=116 |language=en}}</ref> Seizing the opportunity to claim the throne, Prince [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], who was the viceroy of Bengal and Orissa rebelled against his father and prince [[Murad Baksh]] crowned himself as emperor at [[Surat]]. However, as a contrast to both Shuja and Murad, Aurangzeb did not take the irrevocable step of crowning himself. Instead, he engaged in a busy secret correspondence with Murad, and, to a lesser extent, with Shuja. Letters written in cipher encased in bamboo tubes passed from runner to runner over special relay posts newly established between Ahmadabad and Aurangabad. Both of them agreed to a joint action against their brothers. As a result, they decided to divide the ruling Mughal land amongst themselves.(But this wasn't so as Aurangzeb was only seeking his brother's support for claiming the throne for himself and he would later execute Murad, typical of the Mughal fratricidal wars for the throne).{{sfn|Richards|1993|loc=''The War of Succession'' p.
[https://archive.org/details/iB_in/1-3/page/n173/mode/1up?view=theater 158-159]}}

Upon Shah Jahan falling seriously ill, [[Dara Shikoh]] took measures to control the flow of information to his three brothers - [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] in [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]], [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and [[Murad Bakhsh|Murad Baksh]] in [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]] - by halting courtiers on the roads. However, this only exacerbated the situation, leading to widespread rumors across the country. Many believed that the Emperor had already died, and that Dara was concealing this fact to pave his own path to the throne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=R. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLQeSBLpUwsC |title=Studies In Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.) |last2=Bakshi |first2=S. R. |date=2008 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-841-8 |pages=37–39 |language=en}}</ref>

Subsequently, the inevitable war of succession began. Shuja and Murad declared themselves as Emperors in their respective provincial seats and started marching towards [[Delhi]] with their available troops. Aurangzeb, however, opted for a more subtle approach. He denounced Dara as an [[Apostasy|apostate]] from [[Islam]] and portrayed his own intentions as merely aiming to free his father from Dara's alleged harmful influence. Aurangzeb forged an alliance with his neighbor Murad, promising to combine their forces for the march to the capital.<ref name=":0" />

== Battle of Bahadurpur (1658) ==
[[File:Dara-S.png|thumb|Dara Shikoh]]
When Shah Jahan recovered and was relocated to [[Agra]], he was informed of the rebellious actions of his three sons. Since they had disobeyed his previous order to return to their respective provinces, he was easily persuaded by Dara to dispatch armies against them. The instructions given to these armies were to persuade or threaten the princes to return to their headquarters, resorting to force only if persuasion failed.<ref name=":0" />

Two armies were dispatched against Aurangzeb and Murad, led by [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] and Qasim Khan respectively. They departed from Agra on December 18 and 26. The force sent against Shuja was nominally under Dara's eldest son, [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], with [[Jai Singh I|Jai Singh]] serving as his guardian and aide.<ref name=":0" />

Dara Shikoh dispatched his son Suleiman Shikoh and Jai Singh to confront his brother Shah Shuja, who held the Subahdari of Mughal Bengal. The battle took place at Bahadurpur near Varanasi on 14 February 1658.<ref name="z147">{{cite journal | last=Ambashtheya | first=Brahamadeva Prasad | title=SOME LETTERS FROM JAIPUR RECORDS IN SIR JADUNATH SARKAR'S COLLECTIONS AT DR. RAGHUBIR SINH'S LIBRARY, SITAMAU (MALWA) | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=Indian History Congress | volume=27 | year=1965 | issn=2249-1937 | jstor=44140638 | pages=262–265 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44140638 | access-date=11 February 2025}}</ref> The Mughal forces led by Suleiman and Jai Singh emerged victorious, compelling Shah Shuja to retreat to Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=449 |language=en}}</ref>

Suleiman's troops proceeded to plunder the entire camp. Shah Shuja's losses were estimated at 50 lakhs of rupees, with his chief minister, Mirza Jan Beg, suffering additional losses of six lakhs worth of property, along with horses and elephants. The fleeing prince swiftly set sail and traveled down the river, reaching [[Patna]] on February 19. From there, he retreated to [[Munger]] (Monghyr), where he halted to prepare for a confrontation against his pursuers.<ref name=":0" />

Through diligent efforts and daily oversight, Shah Shuja oversaw the construction of a two-mile-long wall stretching from the hill to the river, blocking the plain outside the city. This unexpected barrier brought Suleiman to a sudden stop. He hesitated, lingering at [[Jaipur]] for several days to secure a safe passage forward with the assistance of local [[zamindar]]s. After marching 14 miles further east, he set up camp at [[Surajgarh]], located 15 miles southwest of Munger, and took time to devise new plans.<ref name=":0" />

== Battle of Dharmat (1658) ==
{{See also|Battle of Dharmat}}
After Shah Jahan's illness, his son Aurangzeb proclaimed himself ruler and bestowed titles on his children. By April 3 he crossed the [[Narmada]] river towards [[Ujjain]]. On April 13 he learns that Murad was just near him and Aurangzeb summoned him to come fast and on the next day they camped at Dharmat by the western bank of the Gambhira River.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc=''Aurengzeb contests the Throne'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n236/mode/1up?view=theater 213-215]}}

On 15 April 1658, when the rival hosts sighted each other. The battle began with the usual discharge of artillery, rockets, and muskets at long range. The distance gradually decreased, as Aurangzeb's army advanced slowly, keeping its regular formation. The [[Rajputs]] were soon engaged in a close hand-to-hand combat. The Rajputs densely packed within their narrow position, were severely galled by the barqandazes and archers of the princes’ army from front and flank, without being able to manoeuvre freely and give an effective reply. {{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc='Battle of Dharmat' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n248/mode/1up?view=theater 226]}} The guns and muskets fired at point-blank range, woefully thinned their ranks, but so impetuous was their onset that it bore down all opposition. Murshid Quli Khan, the Chief of Artillery, was slain after a heroic resistance and his division was shaken; but the guns were not damaged.

The Rajputs, being divided into many mutually antagonistic clans, could not charge in one compact mass; they were broken up into six or seven bodies, each under its own chieftain and each choosing its own point of attack. Thus the force of their impact was divided and weakened as soon as it struck the dense mass of Aurangzib's Van. {{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc=''Battle of Dharmat'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n249/mode/1up?view=theater 227]}}{{rp|227}}

The Maharajah had chosen his position so badly that many of the imperialists standing on the uneven ground could not join in the fight, and many others could not charge by reason of their being cramped within a narrow space. Half the imperial Van, viz., the Mughal troops under Qasim Khan, rendered no aid to their Rajput comrades now struggling hard with Aurangzeb's Van, they were suspected of collusion with the enemy or of antipathy to the Rajputs. The charge of Jaswant's vanguard was not followed up. Aurangzeb's troops, who had parted before the rushing tide, closed again behind them, and thus cut off their retreat. Jaswant, too, was not the cool wise commander to keep watch on all the field and send reinforcements and the new development made his position untenable.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc=''Battle of Dharmat'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n249/mode/1up?view=theater 227]}}{{rp|227}}

Without support or reinforcement arriving from their own army, the Rajputs were disheartened and checked. Mukund Singh Hada, their gallant leader, received an arrow through his eye and fell down dead. All the six Rajput chieftains engaged in the charge were slain. Hopelessly outnumbered now, assailed in front, right, and left, and cut off from their rear, the Rajputs were slaughtered. Aurangzeb's gunners, with their pieces mounted on high ground, concentrated their fire on the enemy's centre under Jaswant himself. At the sight of the annihilation of their brave vanguard and a triumphant forward movement on the part of Aurangzeb, desertion appeared in the Maharajah's ranks. Kai Singh Sisodia from the right flank of the centre, and Sujan Singh Bundela and Amar Singh Chandrawat from the van, left the battlefield with their clansmen and returned home.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc=''Rajputs Slaughtered'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n250/mode/1up?view=theater 228]}}

Even though the imperialists were close to defeat, there stood 2,000 Rathors under the banner of [[Marwar]], ready to live or to die with their chieftain, besides many other Rajput and Mughal auxiliaries; and they offered a stubborn opposition. [[Iftikhar Khan (governor)|Iftikhar Khan]], who bravely fought the reserves with his depleted forces, was slain.{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc='' Stiff Opposition'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n251/mode/1up?view=theater 229]}}

With the Vanguard of Iftikhar Khan overwhelmed and the Mughal force under Qasim Khan kept aloof during the battle, [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar|Jaswant Singh]] fought valiantly for 4 hours even though he was wounded, his voice was a constant encouragement to his Rajput troops. According to Ishwardas, he chose the option of charging with his horse towards the strong fresh troops to get slain, but he was persuaded by Maheshdas and Askarandas to desist from it and took the reins of the horse from him.{{sfn|Ahmad|1978|loc=''Jaswant Singh'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131101/page/n53/mode/1up?view=theater 29]}}

== Battle of Samugarh (1658) ==
{{See also|Battle of Samugarh}}
[[File:The Battle of Samugarh.jpg|thumb|Deception of the [[Battle of Samugarh]]. c.1658]]

After his defeat at the [[Battle of Dharmat]], Dara Shikoh began to retreat towards Samugarh, about 10 miles (16 km) east of [[Agra]], south of the [[Yamuna River]], Aurangzeb and his army then flanked Dara's fortified line along the [[Chambal River]].{{sfn|Sarkar|1973|loc=''Aurengzeb
Thanks Allah for his victory'' pp.
[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/page/n253/mode/1up?view=theater 231]}}

Shikoh ordered his cannons to start firing towards the army of Aurangzeb. Eventually, Murad Baksh and his Sowars began a swift charge into the far right flank of Dara Shikoh, commanded by Chatter Sal, without the orders of Aurangzeb. It is believed that Murad Baksh was a sworn enemy of Chattar Sal. They both fought ferociously on the battlefield as the Sowars of Murad Baksh and Murad Baksh killed Ram Singh Rautela. {{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

When Dara Shikoh was informed about the death of Chattar Sal, Murad Baksh,<ref name="google">{{cite book |author=Lal, M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ |title=Aurangzeb |date=1988 |publisher=Vikas Pub. House |access-date=2015-02-22}}</ref> the collapse of the Rajput infantry and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] Sowars, he immediately pushed towards their aid alongside Khalilullah Khan. However, Due to Aurangzeb's heavy bombardment Dara Shikoh decided to join Khalilullah Khan in the [[Cavalry]]. Dara Shikoh's army fled to [[Goindval|Goindwal]] where [[Guru Har Rai]] had deployed his army, the [[Akal Sena]], to prevent and delay Aurangzeb's army from pursuing Dara Shikoh.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Takhar |first1=Opinderjit Opinderjit |title=Global Sikhs: Histories, Practices and Identities |last2=Jakobsh |first2=Doris R. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=9781000847352 |series=Routledge Critical Sikh Studies |quote=During the time of the seventh Guru, the emphasis on armed conflict with the Mughals receded, but Guru Har Rai held court and kept a regular force of Sikh horsemen. He had favorable relations with Dara Shikoh (eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan and heir apparent to the Mughal throne), who sought the Guru's help while he was fleeing in front of the army of his younger brother Aurangzeb, after his defeat in the battle of Samugrah on May 29, 1658. According to Mahimà Prakäsh Värtak, Guru Har Rai deployed his own troops at the ferry at Goindval to delay Aurangzeb's army, which was pursuing Dara Shikoh at his heels}}</ref> When the battle ended Dara Shikoh and Khalilullah Khan fled towards Sulaiman Shikoh and Aurangzeb was declared the new [[Mughal Emperor]].

== Battle of Khajwa (1659) ==
[[File:Shah-Shuja.png|thumb|Shah Shuja]]
{{Main|Battle of Khajwa}}
After subduing two of his brothers, Dara and Murad, Aurangzeb assembled a massive army to confront his last remaining brother, Shah Shuja, in the Battle of Khajwa. This battle, which took place on January 5, was primarily characterized by an intense artillery exchange, with cannon, rockets, muskets, and hand grenades being employed extensively by both sides. With the arrival of [[Mir Jumla II|Mir Jumla]], preparations on the imperial side were accelerated. On January 3, Aurangzeb, likely following Mir Jumla's counsel, organized his forces and assigned each division its designated position.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Kawser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQXFDwAAQBAJ |title=The Rohingya Crisis: Analyses, Responses, and Peacebuilding Avenues |last2=Mohiuddin |first2=Helal |date=2019-12-16 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4985-8575-0 |pages=8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jagadish Narayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4UY_AAAAMAAJ |title=The Life of Mir Jumla, the General of Aurangzab |date=1951 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=146–148 |language=en}}</ref>

The battle ensued between Aurangzeb and Shah Shuja, resulting in the defeat of Shah Shuja's army, which subsequently surrendered as Shuja fled the battlefield. Determined to eliminate any potential threats to his claim to the throne, Aurangzeb pursued Shah Shuja relentlessly. Faced with bleak prospects and the fear of public execution if captured alive, Shah Shuja abandoned Bengal permanently and sought refuge in [[Arakan]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Confinement of Shah Jahan ==
[[File:Aurangzeb-portrait.jpg|thumb|Aurangzeb]]
[[Jahanara Begum Sahib]], Mumtaz Mahal's eldest surviving daughter, voluntarily shared his 8-year confinement and nursed him in his dotage. In January 1666, Shah Jahan fell ill. Confined to bed, he became progressively weaker until, on 30 January, he commended the ladies of the imperial court, particularly his consort of later years Akbarabadi Mahal, to the care of Jahanara. Shah Jahan died on 22 January of that year, aged 74. Shah Jahan's chaplain [[Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji]] and Kazi Qurban of Agra came to the fort, moved his body to a nearby hall, washed it, enshrouded it, and put it in a coffin of sandalwood.<ref name="Eraly2000p379">{{harvnb|Eraly|2000|p=379}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mughal war of succession (1707–1709)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Ahmad |editor-first1=Tasneem |title=Futuhāt-I-Alamgiri of Ishwardas Nagar |year=1978 |publisher=Idarāh-I-Adabiyā-I-Dilli Ltd |oclc=313077940}}
* {{cite book |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |author-link=Abraham Eraly |year=2000 |title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA379 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0141001432}}
* {{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=John F. |author-link=John F. Richards |year=1993 |title=The Mughal Empire |series=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |volume=V |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0521566032}}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Sarkar |editor-first1=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |title=History of Aurengzeb Vol 1, 2 |publisher=Orient Longman Limited |year=1973 |orig-year=1912 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.98676/2015.98676.History-Of-Aurangzib-Vol-12_djvu.txt |oclc=1223182}}{{PD-notice}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1658]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1659]]
[[Category:1658 in India]]
[[Category:1659 in India]]
[[Category:1650s in the Mughal Empire]]

History of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly

2026-04-21T10:18:09Z

ContactBot:

The '''[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]''', also known as the '''Uttarakhand Vidhan Sabha''', is a [[unicameral]] governing and law making body of [[Uttarakhand]], one of the 28 states of India. It is seated at [[Dehradun]], the winter capital, and [[Gairsain]], the summer capital of Uttarakhand. The total strength of the assembly is 70 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).

==Seats==
{{Main|List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly}}
Between 2002 and 2020, Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly had 71 seats, including one [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved]] seat for the member of [[Anglo-Indian]] community that was abolished on 25 January 2020 by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019]], reducing the strength of Assembly from 71 to 70 seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.livelaw.in|access-date=25 January 2020|date=23 January 2020}}</ref>

== 2016 Assembly suspension ==
{{Main|2016 Uttarakhand political crisis}}

Starting March 2016, Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]] underwent a political crisis. The [[Indian National Congress]] [[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand|Chief Minister]] [[Harish Rawat]] replaced [[Vijay Bahuguna]] as the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand on 2014. After a political crisis in 2016, the [[President's rule]] was imposed ending his tenure as the Chief Minister when 9 rebel Congress MLAs withdrew their support to the Harish Rawat government. On 13 July 2016, [[Uttarakhand High Court]] lifted the President's rule and reinstated the Harish Rawat government. Next day the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the High Court's order and the President's rule was imposed again that lasted till May. In May, Harish Rawat government was once again reinstalled and the rebel MLAs were suspended by the Speaker on the grounds of defection.

==Electionwise composition of Assembly==
{{Main|Elections in Uttarakhand}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly year-wise election results
!rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Party
!colspan="6" |Year
|- style="text-align:center;"
![[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022 {{small|Elections}}]]
![[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017 {{small|Elections}}]]
![[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012 {{small|Elections}}]]
![[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007 {{small|Elections}}]]
![[2002 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2002 {{small|Elections}}]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|02
|–
|03
|08
|07
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|47
|57
|31
|35
|19
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|19
|11
|32
|21
|36
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|–
|–
|–
|–
|01
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background-color: {{party color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]]{{ref label|Symbol|A|A}}
|–
|–
|01
|03
|04
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|02
|02
|03
|03
|03
|- style="text-align:center;"
|colspan="2" |'''Total Seats'''
|'''70'''
|'''70'''
|'''70'''
|'''70'''
|'''70'''
|}

===List of Assemblies===

The following is the list of all the Uttarakhand Legislative Assemblies<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in/pages/show/85-former-members|title=पूर्व सद्स्य: उत्तराखण्ड विधान सभा|website=ukvidhansabha.uk.gov.in|access-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Assembly
! Election Year
! Speaker
! Chief Minister
! colspan="2" |Party
! Opposition Leader
! colspan="2" |Party
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2"| [[Interim Uttaranchal Assembly]]
|rowspan="2"| N/A
|rowspan="2"| [[Prakash Pant]]
| [[Nityanand Swami (politician)|Nityanand Swami]] {{small|(2000–01)}}
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2"| ''Vacant''
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Vacant}}" |
|rowspan="2"| N/A
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] {{small|(2001–02)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|rowspan="2"| [[1st Uttarakhand Assembly|1st Assembly]]
|rowspan="2"| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Yashpal Arya]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]]
| [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]] {{small|(2002–03)}}
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[Matbar Singh Kandari]] {{small|(2003–07)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|rowspan="3"| [[2nd Uttarakhand Assembly|2nd Assembly]]
|rowspan="3"| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Harbans Kapoor]]
| [[Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri]] {{small|(2007–09)}}
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Harak Singh Rawat]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[Ramesh Pokhriyal]] {{small|(2009–11)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri]] {{small|(2011–12)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|rowspan="2"| [[3rd Uttarakhand Assembly|3rd Assembly]]
|rowspan="2"| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Govind Singh Kunjwal]]
| [[Vijay Bahuguna]] {{small|(2012–14)}}
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[Harish Rawat]] {{small|(2014–17)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|rowspan="3"| [[4th Uttarakhand Assembly|4th Assembly]]
|rowspan="3"| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Premchand Aggarwal]]
| [[Trivendra Singh Rawat]] {{small|(2017–21)}}
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="4"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Hridayesh]] {{small|(2017–21)}}
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="4"| [[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
| [[Tirath Singh Rawat]] {{small|(2021)}}
|- style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|rowspan="2"| [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]]
|[[Pritam Singh (Uttarakhand politician)|Pritam Singh]] {{small|(2021–22)}}
|-style="text-align:center; height:60px;"
|[[5th Uttarakhand Assembly|5th Assembly]]
|[[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ritu Khanduri Bhushan]]
| [[Yashpal Arya]]
|}

==Notes==
* {{note label|Symbol|A|A}} In the [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012 Assembly election]], [[Uttarakhand Kranti Dal]] contested as "Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (P)" led by then party president [[Trivendra Singh Panwar]]. The original party name and the election symbol (chair) were seized by the [[Election Commission of India]] following the factionism and leadership dispute within the party that led to its break-up. Its original name and party symbol were restored in 2017.

==See also==
*[[List of speakers of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of chief ministers of Uttarakhand]]
*[[List of Uttarakhand ministries]]
*[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/uttarakhand Uttarakhand Lok Sabha Election 2019 Result Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425182251/https://www.loksabhaelections.in/uttarakhand |date=2023-04-25 }}
* [http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/Details%20of%20MP_MLA.htm Elected Members of Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand, Official list] [[Govt. of Uttarakhand]].
* [http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/uttarachal/member_legislative_assembly.htm Members of Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823071246/http://www.sarkaritel.com/states/uttarachal/member_legislative_assembly.htm |date=2010-08-23 }}
* [http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/uttranchal.htm Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/presidents-rule-imposed-in-uttarakhand/article8402097.ece President’s rule in Uttarakhand; Congress says ‘murder of democracy’]

{{Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly}}
{{Uttarakhand elections}}
{{Uttarakhand}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Government of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:History of Uttarakhand (1947–present)]]

Gumti Darwaza

2026-04-20T16:34:07Z

ContactBot:

{{Short description|Monument in Gaur, West Bengal}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Gumti Darwaza
| native_name = গুমটি দরওয়াজা
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Gumti Gate at Gaur in Malda District 01.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Façade of the gate
| location = Kadam Rasul Rd, [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], [[Malda District|Malda]], [[West Bengal]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|24.867952|N|88.132092|E|region:IN-WB_type:mosque|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| status =
| years_built =
| completion_date = {{start date and age|1512}}
| owner =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| building_type = [[Gate]]
| image_upright = 1.4
| pushpin_mapsize = 250px
| governing_body = [[Archaeology of India]]
| material = [[Brick]]
| size = 12.80 sq.m.
}}

The '''Gumti Darwaza'''{{Efn|Also spelled Gumpti Darwaza{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=74}}}} or '''Gumti Gate''' ({{Langx|bn|গুমটি দরওয়াজা}}) is a historical monument located in the city of [[Gauḍa (city)|Gour]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]], serving as the eastern gateway to the citadel of Gaur-Lakhnauti, the capital of the [[Bengal Sultanate]].{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=74}} Assumed to be built in 1512 by [[Alauddin Husain Shah|Alauddin Hussain Shah]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gumti Darwaza {{!}} Malda District {{!}} India |url=https://malda.gov.in/tourist-place/gumti-darwaza/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=74}} it is a fine example of Sultanate architecture, distinct from [[Mughal architecture|Mughal structures]] like the nearby [[Lukochuri Darwaza]].<ref name="bdpedia">{{Cite Banglapedia|last=Husain|first=ABM|article=Gumti Gate|article-url=Gumti_Gate}}</ref> The gate is now a protected monument under [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archaeology Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Centrally Protected Monuments |url=https://www.nma.gov.in/showfile.php?lang=1&level=1&ls_id=965&lid=1276&nma_type=0 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=National Monument Authority}}</ref>

== History ==
Its construction is dated to the late 15th or early 16th century, with uncertainty about its exact builder. Some scholars attribute it to Sultan [[Mahmud Shah of Bengal|Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah]], linking it to the citadel's construction. Others describe the erection of the gate in 1512 AD during Sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah]]’s reign, based on an inscription found in the Shah Nimatullah tomb complex in [[Chapai Nawabganj District|Chapainawabganj]], though this inscription lacks a patron’s name and does not clearly connect to the monument’s facade. Aligned with the Chika Building, the Gumti Darwaza likely served as an entrance to an administrative unit within the Gaur-Lakhnauti citadel.{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=74}}

== Architecture ==
The structure is a brick-built single room, measuring 7.60 sq.m internally with {{Convert|2.65|m|ft|abbr=on}} thick walls and an outer dimension of 12.80 sq.m. It has a square plan with four doorways, one on each side, and the east and west entrances are flanked by fluted turrets. Decorated multicoloured tiles resembles [[Lattan Mosque]].{{Sfn|Michell|1984|p=74}} The building is topped by a single dome supported by squinches, a feature tracing back to the [[Eklakhi Mausoleum]] at [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]]. The corners feature typical Sultanate-style corner towers. The Gumti Gate might have been an imitation of the [[Alai Darwaza]] in [[Delhi]].<ref name="bdpedia" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery widths="250">
File:Gumti Gateway at Gaur in Malda district 02.jpg|The gateway in 2019
File:Gumti Gateway, Gaur, Malda.jpg|Front view of the gate
File:Gumti Gateway (3).jpg|Cornered view
File:Different view of Gumti Gateway.jpg|The gateway featuring semicircular [[dome]]
File:Gumti Gateway at Gaur in Malda district 11.jpg|Pillar of unknown structure
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Firoz Minar]]
* [[Kotwali Gate]]
* [[Dakhil Darwaza]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iiNUAAAAMAAJ |title=The Islamic Heritage of Bengal |date=1984 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102174-9 |editor-last=Michell |editor-first=George |language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gumti Gate}}

[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Bengal Sultanate]]
[[Category:City gates]]

Mandeep Punia

2026-04-19T16:22:26Z

ContactBot: Started new page

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Notability|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

'''Mandeep Punia''' is a [[freelance journalist]] based in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{cite web |title="They Don't Want Truth to Come Out": Journalist Arrested at Farmers' Stir |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/journalist-mandeep-punia-arrested-at-farmers-stir-says-was-thrashed-by-cops-camera-broken-2363910}}</ref> He was arrested by [[Delhi Police]] during [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=Freelance journalist Mandeep Punia, picked up from Singhu border, sent to Tihar Jail for 14 days |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/freelance-journalist-mandeep-punia-picked-up-from-singhu-border-sent-to-tihar-jail-for-14-days}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Want to be a Reporter? We'll Make You a Reporter': Mandeep Punia Recounts Day of Arrest |url=https://thewire.in/media/mandeep-punia-singhu-arrest-journalist-delhi-police}}</ref> He was sent to [[Tihar Jail]] for 14 day.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/journalist-mandeep-punia-held-at-singhu-is-sent-to-jail-for-14-days-7169366/ | title=Journalist Mandeep Punia held at Singhu is sent to jail for 14 days | date=February 2021 }}</ref> Indian journalists protested against Punia's arrest in the front of [[Delhi Police]] headquarter.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1355803656357097473|user=VijaytaL|title=Journalists protesting against the arrest of Mandeep Punia next to the new Delhi police headquarters|date=31 January 2021}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Punia's home town is [[Jhajjar]], Haryana. He done his graduation from [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]. He studied journalism from [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] (IIMC) during 2017-18.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/journalist-mandeep-punia-held-at-singhu-is-sent-to-jail-for-14-days-7169366/ | title=Journalist Mandeep Punia held at Singhu is sent to jail for 14 days | date=February 2021 }}</ref> A 30 minutes long show on Al Jazeera has shown his work in Farmers protest.

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punia, Mandeep}}
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Mass Communication alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sonawari Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:57:01Z

ContactBot: Created New Info.

{{short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Sonawari
|type= SLA
| constituency_no = 14
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Hilal Akbar Lone]]
|party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
|established = 1967
|electors = {{formatnum:99490}} (2014)<ref name="election2014"/>
|reservation =
}}
'''Sonawari Assembly constituency''' is located in [[Bandipore district|Bandipura]] district of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Sonawari assembly constituency is part of the [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla parliamentary]] area. There were {{formatnum:99490}} voters in the Sonawari constituency in 2014.<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref> It has been represented by [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]] candidate [[Hilal Akbar Lone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/sonawari.html|title=Sonawari Assembly Constituency|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Abdul Khaliq Bhat || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=3 | Abdul Aziz Parray || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Ghulam Rasool Bahar
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Mohammed Ud-Din Kochey
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Mohammed Yousuf Parray || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Awami League}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=3 | [[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Hilal Akbar Lone]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hilal Akbar Lone]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=31,535 |percentage=37.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasir Reshi |party=Independent politician |votes=17,791 |percentage=20.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmad Parray |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=17,608 |percentage=20.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Tahir Qadri |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,773 |percentage=4.43% |change={{decrease}}35.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majeed Sheikh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,422 |percentage=4.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Mohammad |party=Independent politician |votes=2,051 |percentage=2.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saheer Ahmad Rather |party=Independent politician |votes=1,807 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shabir Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,382 |percentage=1.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wazir Ahmad Qureshi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,245 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Khan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,024 |percentage=1.20% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=846 |percentage=0.99% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,744 |percentage=16.15% |change= {{increase}}15.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,077 |percentage=70.33% |change= {{decrease}}10.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,20,963 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=32,567 |percentage=40.53% |change={{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasir Reshi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=32,161 |percentage=40.02% |change={{increase}}28.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ashraf Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=14,283 |percentage=41.88% |change={{increase}}30.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmad Parray |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,065 |percentage=15.01% |change={{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Omar Abdullah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,500 |percentage=27.85% |change={{decrease}}11.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peer Bilal Ahmad |party=Independent politician |votes=4,394 |percentage=12.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laldin Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=1,996 |percentage=5.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qawamudin Sheikh |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=1,174 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darakhshan Andrabi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,100 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,075 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khem Lata Wakhlu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=808 |percentage=2.37% |change={{decrease}}3.99 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=406 |percentage=0.51% |change= {{decrease}}23.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,359 |percentage=80.77% |change= {{increase}}20.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,490 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=20,108 |percentage=39.74% |change={{decrease}}18.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abid Hussain Ansari |party=Independent politician |votes=7,951 |percentage=15.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtiyaz Ahmad Parray |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=6,472 |percentage=12.79% |change={{decrease}}16.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yasir Reshi |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=5,985 |percentage=11.83% |change={{increase}}5.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Dar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,218 |percentage=6.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam Fafoo |party=Independent politician |votes=929 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=838 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool Malla |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Hurra |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=528 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abbas |party=People's Democratic Front (Jammu and Kashmir) |votes=493 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zahoor Ahmed Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=465 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,157 |percentage=24.03% |change= {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,595 |percentage=59.95% |change= {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,402 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}18.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,687 |percentage=58.05% |change={{increase}}18.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Yusuf Parray]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=12,929 |percentage=29.22% |change={{decrease}}11.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Rather |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=2,610 |percentage=5.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Hanief |party=Independent politician |votes=1,368 |percentage=3.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,029 |percentage=2.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid Mir |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=623 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,758 |percentage=28.83% |change= {{increase}}26.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,246 |percentage=56.51% |change= {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,299 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |swing= {{increase}}16.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Yusuf Parray]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |votes=15,601 |percentage=41.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,875 |percentage=39.24% |change={{decrease}}28.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qasim |party=Independent politician |votes=7,045 |percentage=18.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shafiq Ahmad Pandith |party=Indian National Congress |votes=389 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=726 |percentage=1.92% |change= {{decrease}}37.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,910 |percentage=60.94% |change= {{decrease}}16.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,750 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir Awami League |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}26.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ud-Din Kochey |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,819 |percentage=67.53% |change={{increase}}9.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Haneef |party=Independent politician |votes=11,146 |percentage=28.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rahim Kalloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=869 |percentage=2.19% |change={{decrease}}56.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdulah Hajam |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=309 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sabir Lone |party=Independent politician |votes=270 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,673 |percentage=39.46% |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,716 |percentage=76.98% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,591 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.55 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}9.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool Bahar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,245 |percentage=58.30% |change={{decrease}}9.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Parray |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,813 |percentage=20.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,470 |percentage=16.57% |change={{decrease}}51.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed Ganayee |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=1,481 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,432 |percentage=37.66% |change= {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,009 |percentage=78.47% |change= {{decrease}}5.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,363 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.02 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}9.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Parray |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=21,074 |percentage=67.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] |party=Janata Party |votes=9,923 |percentage=32.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,151 |percentage=35.97% |change= {{decrease}}39.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,997 |percentage=84.98% |change= {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,570 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Parray |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,121 |percentage=85.17% |change={{increase}}20.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Parray |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,819 |percentage=9.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,554 |percentage=5.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,302 |percentage=75.62% |change= {{increase}}45.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,494 |percentage=76.51% |change= {{increase}}14.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 39,151 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz Parray |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,563 |percentage=65.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Rather |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,281 |percentage=34.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,282 |percentage=30.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,844 |percentage=63.13% |change= {{increase}}61.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,150 |ref = |change= {{increase}}45.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Sonawari<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Abdul Khaliq Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=23,534 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}

{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,534 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|34.23|74.65|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Bandipore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Jay Dholakia

2026-04-16T01:47:19Z

ContactBot: created data

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jay Dholakia
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 14 November 2025
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rajendra Dholakia]]
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Nuapada (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nuapada]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|05|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khariar Road]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| other_party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
| profession =
| spouse = Suman Dholakia
| father = [[Rajendra Dholakia]]
| mother = Kalpana Dholakia
}}

'''Jay Dholakia''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He is a Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nuapada Assembly constituency|Nuapada]] bypoll election as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-11-14 |title=Nuapada bypoll results: BJP's Jay Dholakia leads, BJD in second spot |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/nuapada-bypoll-results-2025-odisha/article70278314.ece |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="BJP’s Nuapada Bypoll Sweep Leaves BJD, Congress Scrambling; Blame Game Intensifies">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP's Nuapada Bypoll Sweep Leaves BJD, Congress Scrambling; Blame Game Intensifies |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/politics/bjps-nuapada-bypoll-sweep-leaves-bjd-congress-scrambling-blame-game-intensifies-1917314 |access-date=15 November 2025 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115121834/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/news/politics/bjps-nuapada-bypoll-sweep-leaves-bjd-congress-scrambling-blame-game-intensifies-1917314 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jay Dholakia wins Nuapada bypoll as BJP surges; BJD secures third spot">{{cite news |title=Jay Dholakia wins Nuapada bypoll as BJP surges; BJD secures third spot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jay-dholakia-wins-nuapada-bypoll-as-bjp-surges-bjd-secures-third-spot/articleshow/125331217.cms |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115121846/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/jay-dholakia-wins-nuapada-bypoll-as-bjp-surges-bjd-secures-third-spot/articleshow/125331217.cms |archive-date=15 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="In blow for Naveen Patnaik, BJP wins big in Nuapada, Cong edges out BJD in second spot">{{cite news |title=In blow for Naveen Patnaik, BJP wins big in Nuapada, Cong edges out BJD in second spot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-blow-for-naveen-patnaik-bjp-wins-big-in-nuapada-cong-edges-out-bjd-in-second-spot-10366313/ |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115122126/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/in-blow-for-naveen-patnaik-bjp-wins-big-in-nuapada-cong-edges-out-bjd-in-second-spot-10366313/ |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Assembly bypolls: Congress wins Jubilee Hills; BJP takes Nuapada, Nagrota; AAP takes Taran Taran">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Assembly bypolls: Congress wins Jubilee Hills; BJP takes Nuapada, Nagrota; AAP takes Taran Taran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/14/assembly-bypolls-congress-builds-lead-in-jubilee-hills-bjp-storms-ahead-in-nuapada-wins-nagrota |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115123731/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Nov/14/assembly-bypolls-congress-builds-lead-in-jubilee-hills-bjp-storms-ahead-in-nuapada-wins-nagrota |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

He is the son of late minister and [[Biju Janata Dal]] leader [[Rajendra Dholakia]].<ref name="Jay Dholakia, son of former BJD Minister, joins BJP">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Jay Dholakia, son of former BJD Minister, joins BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/jay-dholakia-son-of-former-bjd-minister-joins-bjp/article70151827.ece |access-date=15 November 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=11 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115121807/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/jay-dholakia-son-of-former-bjd-minister-joins-bjp/article70151827.ece |archive-date=15 November 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dholakia, Jay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1993 births]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ziradei Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:03:30Z

ContactBot: Created New Data.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ziradei
| type = SLA
| map_image = 106-Ziradei constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Bhism Pratap Singh Kushwaha]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| preceded_by = [[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Siwan district|Siwan]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = 
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|106]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 276,435
| reservation = 
| abolished = 
}}
'''Ziradei Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Siwan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|title=Amarjeet Kushwaha(CPI(ML)(L)):Constituency- ZIRADEI(SIWAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=11160|access-date=2020-12-27|website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 106 Ziradei Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Ziradei (Community development block)|Ziradei]], Nautan and Mairwa [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-02-25 }}</ref>

Ziradei Assembly constituency is part of No. 18 [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency|Siwan (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2020-1">{{Cite web |title=Ziradei Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/ziradei.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Zawar Hussain
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Raja Ram Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Zawar Hussain
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sankarnath Vidyarthi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Raja Ram Choudhary
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Raghav Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Tribhuvan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mohammad Shahabuddin (Indian politician)|Mohammad Shahabuddin]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|1996^
|Sheo Shanker Yadav
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Azazul Haque]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|[[Shyam Bahadur Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|Asha Devi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|[[Ramesh Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Bhism Pratap Singh Kushwaha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ziradei<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Bhism Pratap Singh Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66227}}
|percentage = 41.94
|change = +11.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:63601}}
|percentage = 40.27
|change = -7.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Munna Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:10125}}
|percentage = 6.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Mall
|votes = {{formatnum:5102}}
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaglal Rajbhar
|votes = {{formatnum:2390}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raghwendra Kumar Kharwar
|votes = {{formatnum:2263}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4707}}
|percentage = 2.98
|change = -0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2626}}
|percentage = 1.67
|change = -16.0
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:157926}}
|percentage = 57.13
|change = +5.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ziradei<ref name="election2020"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:69442}}
|percentage = 48.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kamla Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:43932}}
|percentage = 30.44
|change = +0.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Vinod Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:7155}}
|percentage = 4.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ugam Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:4943}}
|percentage = 3.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shri Niwas Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4816}}
|percentage = 3.34
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumar Santosh
|votes = {{formatnum:2499}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Mahatma Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1738}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rakesh Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:1347}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change = +0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4739}}
|percentage = 3.28
|change = +1.74
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25510}}
|percentage = 17.67
|change = +13.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:144345}}
|percentage = 52.04
|change = -1.55
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ziradei<ref name="election2015">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/|title=Bihar 2015|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Ramesh Singh Kushwaha]]
|votes = {{formatnum:40760}}
|percentage = 29.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:34669}}
|percentage = 25.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Amarjeet Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:34562}}
|percentage = 25.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shri Niwas Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4478}}
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brij Bihari Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:3220}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rana Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3162}}
|percentage = 2.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sudhir Kumar Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:3104}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Pratap Shahi
|votes = {{formatnum:2614}}
|percentage = 1.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = National People's Party (India)
|candidate = Ravi Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:2305}}
|percentage = 1.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Udeshavar Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1731}}
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2098}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:6091}}
|percentage = 4.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:135904}}
|percentage = 53.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ziradei<ref name="election2010">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/|title=Bihar 2010|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Asha Devi
|votes = 29,442
|percentage = 27.25
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = [[Amarjeet Kushwaha]]
|votes = 20,522
|percentage = 18.99
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Shiva Shankar Yadav
|votes = 12,555
|percentage = 11.62
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Rana Pratap Singh
|votes = 8,737
|percentage = 8.09
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 108,043
|percentage = 54.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=198,655|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = BJP
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="election2010-1">{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04106.htm | title = Bihar - Ziradei | work = Bihar Assembly Elections Nov 2010 Results | publisher = Election Commission of India | access-date = 2011-02-25 | archive-date = 27 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101127011301/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS04106.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp32.htm |title = 32 - Ziradei Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-02-25 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}

{{Bihar elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Siwan district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]
{{coord|26|14|10|N|84|14|53|E|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}

Deedwana Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:21:25Z

ContactBot: Done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Deedwana
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-107-Deedwana.svg
| mla = [[Yunus Khan]]
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| established = 1951
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Nagaur]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 107
}}
'''Deedwana Assembly Constituency''' is one of the constituencies of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]. [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]] is the MLA.<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Deedwana Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/deedwana-election-result-s20a107/|access-date=2020-09-11|website=News18}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{Cite web|title=Deedwana Assembly Election Results 2018: Congress' Chetan Chaudhary wins by 40,602 votes against BJP candidate|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/rajasthan-election/article/deedwana-assembly-constituency-election-2018-rajasthan-assembly-polls-rajasthan-vasundhara-raje-bharatiya-janata-party-bjp-congress-sachin-pilot/320651|access-date=2020-09-11|website=www.timesnownews.com|date=11 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Deedwana Elections Results|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/deedwana.html|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Elections in India}}</ref> || Mathura Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=":0" /> || rowspan=2|Moti Lal
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name=":0" /> ||M. D. Mathur
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=":0" /> ||Bhomaram || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=":0" /> ||Mathura Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=":0" />||Umed Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=":0" /> || Bhanwara Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=":0" /> || Ummed Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=":0" /> ||Chena Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=":0" /> ||[[Ruparam Dudi|Rupa Ram Dudi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=":0" /> || [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=":0" /> || [[Ruparam Dudi|Rupa Ram Dudi]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=":0" /> || [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018-2">{{Cite web|title=Deedwana Assembly constituency (Rajasthan): Full details, live and past results|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/deedwana-election-result-s20a107/|access-date=2020-09-11|website=News18}}</ref> || [[Chetan Dudi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]]|| {{full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Deedwana<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]]
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:70952}}
|percentage = 36.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Chetan Dudi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:68560}}
|percentage = 34.99
|change = -21.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jitendra Singh Jodha
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:48814}}
|percentage = 24.91
|change = -6.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ramniwas Royal
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:2516}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change = -3.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1778}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = +0.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2392}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = -23.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195933}}
|percentage = 73.7
|change = +2.16
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Deedwana<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-4">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Chetan Dudi]] <ref name="election2020">https://election.rajasthan.gov.in/Vidhansabha%202018/DetailedResults.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:92981}}
|percentage = 56.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jitendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:52379}}
|percentage = 31.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Hakeem Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:7177}}
|percentage = 4.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Raju Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:3339}}
|percentage = 2.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Mangej Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3101}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ganesha Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:2748}}
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sher Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1499}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1506}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:40602}}
|percentage = 24.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:166011}}
|percentage = 71.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
* Yunus Khan (BJP): 68,795<ref name="election2013">{{cite web | title=Rajasthan Assembly Election Results in 2013 | url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html }}</ref>
* Chetan Chaudhary (Chetan Dudi): 57,351

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}
{{coords|27.40|74.58|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]

Yashwant Mane

2026-04-14T01:33:07Z

ContactBot: Created A Data.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yashwant Mane
| native_name =
| image =
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 23 November 2024
| predecessor = [[Ramesh Kadam (politician)|Ramesh Kadam]]
| successor = [[Raju Khare]]
| office1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| constituency1 = [[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]
| profession =
| spouse =
| sibling =
| website =
}}

'''Yashwant Mane''' is a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/ex-ncp-mla-rajan-patil-yashwant-mane-joins-bjp-10335199/lite/</ref> who served as member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] elected from [[Mohol Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Mohol Election Results 2019 Live Updates (मोहोळ): Mane Yashwant Vitthal of NCP Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/karmala-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121171259/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/politics/mohol-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2358697.html |archive-date=21 November 2022 |access-date=21 November 2022 |website= [[News18 India]] |language=English
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी येथे पाहा |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/articleshow/71749478.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026162142/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/vidhan-sabha-nivadnuk-list-of-winning-candidates-in-the-state/amp_articleshow/71749478.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2019 |title=Maharashtra Election 2019 Winners Full List: Check full list of winning candidates in Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha Chunav 2019 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026205732/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/maharashtra-assembly-election-2019-winners-full-list/1744244/ |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=English}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mane, Yashwant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]

{{Maharashtra-NCP-politician-stub}}

Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah

2026-04-08T17:46:46Z

ContactBot: Added Bio.

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{See also|Aranyani}}
{{Infobox religious building
|name = Aranya Devi Temple
|native_name = Maa Aranya Devi
|image = Aranya Devi Temple, Arrah.jpg
|caption = Maa Aranya Devi in 2023
|religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
|established =
|deity = [[Aranyani]] (believed)<ref>{{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|location=India|pages=28|isbn=9780143415176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&q=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths+page+28&pg=PA28}}</ref>
|country = India
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]
|location = [[Arrah]]
|map_type = India Bihar
|map_size = 250
|map_alt = India's Bihar state in light yellow
|map_caption = Position in Bihar
|coordinates = {{coord|25.5678967|84.6729917|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|website = {{URL|https://www.maaaranyadevi.com/|Aranya Devi Temple Official Website}}
}}
'''Aranya Devi Temple''' is a Hindu temple located in [[Arrah]] of Bihar, India. Ara, the headquarters of [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]] is named after the goddess of this temple. The Hindu goddess worshipped here is considered to be the presiding deity of the city and the deity of the people there.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/patna/bhojpur/news/maa-aranya-devi-mandir-navratri-2021-bihar-ara-temple-intresting-facts-and-history-129009027.html|title=मां आरण्य देवी मंदिर का अद्भुत है इतिहास, देखें Video:रामायण काल से जुड़ी है कहानी, देवी के नाम पर ही रखा गया शहर का नाम; मन्नत पूरी होने तक घी के बड़े दीये जलाते हैं श्रद्धालु|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=Hindi|date=2021}}</ref>

According to [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], this temple, recognized from [[Satya Yuga]] to [[Kali Yuga]], is also a Siddh Pitha along with 108 [[Shakti Pitha]]s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/religion/maa-aranya-devi-shaktipeeth-fulfill-your-incomplete-wish/752041/|title=माता का वो शक्तिपीठ जहां पूरी होती है अधूरी मनोकामना, मत्स्य पुराण में भी स्वरूप का वर्णन|website=[[Zee News]]|language=Hindi|date=22 Sep 2020}}</ref> The temple was established in 2005. It is associated with the [[Mahabharata]] period. It is also linked to the context of [[Rama]]'s visit to [[Janakpur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskarhindi.com/dharm/news/aranya-devi-temple-at-ara-city-biharread-here-interesting-facts-13217|title=VIDEO:यहां 'आरण्य' देवी की पूजा करके भगवान राम ने तोड़ा था धनुष, पढ़ें रोचक मान्यताएं|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=Hindi|date=27 Sep 2017}}</ref>

Due to the dilapidated condition of the temple building, a new multi-storey building was under construction by demolishing the old one as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihar-aras-2-oldest-landmarks-to-get-a-facelift/articleshow/95414080.cms|title=Bihar: Ara's 2 oldest landmarks to get a facelift|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=English|date=10 Nov 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/bhojpur/arrah/news/new-temple-of-aranya-devi-will-be-built-108-feet-high-130194341.html|title=सार्वजनिक प्रदर्शन:108 फीट ऊंचा बनेगा आरण्य देवी का नया मंदिर|website=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|language=Hindi|date=2022}}</ref>

==History and legends==

The temple established in 2005 is situated at the Sheesh Mahal Chowk at the northeast end of the city. It is said that when [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]] and Maharishi [[Vishvamitra]] were going to [[Janakpur]] via [[Buxar]] for the Dhanush Yagna, [[Maharishi]] Vishvamitra had told Lord Rama and Lakshmana about the glory of Aranya Devi. Thereafter, they bathed here in the [[Ganges]] and worshipped [[Devi]] [[Mahadevi|Adishakti]] and then crossed the Sonbhadra river.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hindi.news18.com/videos/news18-bihar-jharkhand/top-news-of-april-2022-big-news-of-april/arrah-story-of-aranya-devi-mandir-where-rama-did-shakti-worship-before-sita-was-cast-4182265.html|title=Arrah: Aranya Devi Mandir की कहानी, जहां सीता वरण से पहले राम ने की थी शक्ति पूजा|website=News18|language=Hindi|date=9 April 2022}}</ref>

The story is also that there was only the idol of Adishakti at that place in ancient times. There was a forest around this temple. The [[Pandava]]s stayed in Arrah during their exile. Pandavas worshiped Adishakti. The goddess indicated in a dream to the eldest Pandava Dharmaraj [[Yudhishthira]] that he should install the statue of Maa Aranya Devi. Then Dharmaraj Yudhishthir installed the statue of Aranya Devi here.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-aranya-devi-is-deity-of-ara-city-14824671.html|title=आरा शहर की अधिष्ठात्री हैं आरण्य देवी, महाभारतकाल से हो रही पूजा|website=Dainik Jagran|language=Hindi|date=6 Oct 2022}}</ref> King [[Mordhwaj|Mayurdhwaj]] used to rule this place in [[Dvapara Yuga]]. During his reign, Lord [[Krishna]] came here with Pandu's son [[Arjuna]]. Shri Krishna, testing the king's charity, asked the king for the meat of his son's right organ for his lion's food. When the king and queen started tearing their son apart for meat with a saw, the goddess appeared and gave them darshan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/astrology/story-navratri-devi-appeared-in-front-of-king-mayurdhwaj-here-devi-aranya-devi-temple-bihar-7146125.html|title=Navratri: यहां के राजा मयूरर्ध्वज के सामने प्रकट हुईं थी देवी|website=Hindustan|language=Hindi|date=28 Sep 2022}}</ref>

Where the big statue installed in this temple is said to be the form of [[Saraswati]], the smaller statue is said to be the form of [[Lakshmi|Mahalakshmi]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/ara/ara-aranya-devi-temple-renovation-jeeyar-swami-laid-foundation-stone-watch-video/videoshow/92129256.cms|title=आरा में आरण्य देवी मंदिर का जीर्णोद्धार, जीयर स्वामी ने किया शिलान्यास, बोले- सौभाग्य की बात|website=Navbharat Times|language=Hindi|date=10 Jun 2022}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/bhojpur/aranya-devi-temple Bihar Tourism Aranya Devi Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617043006/https://tourism.bihar.gov.in/en/destinations/bhojpur/aranya-devi-temple |date=17 June 2023 }}
*[https://www.maaaranyadevi.com/ Aranya Devi Temple Official Website]

[[Category:Shakta pithas]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Arrah]]

Amjad Ali Khan

2026-03-28T17:22:02Z

ContactBot: improved layout and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{for multi|the Indian classical vocalist of Kirana Gharana|Amjad Ali Khan (Indian vocalist)|the Pakistani politician|Amjad Ali Khan (politician)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Amjad Ali Khan
| image = Amjad Ali Khan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Khan performing in 2008
| image_size =
| birth_name = Masoom Ali Khan
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|10|09|df=yes}}<ref name="TOI031123"/>
| birth_place = [[Gwalior]], [[Gwalior State]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument = ''[[sarod]]''<ref name="RD021001"/>
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Hafiz Ali Khan]], [[Amaan Ali Khan]], [[Ayaan Ali Khan]], [[Gurdev Singh (musician)|Gurdev Singh]]
| website = [http://sarod.com/ sarod.com]
}}

[[Ustad]] ''' Amjad Ali Khan''' (born 9 October 1945) is an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] ''[[sarod]]'' player, best known for his clear and fast ekhara [[Taan (music)|taans]]. Khan was born into a classical musical family (the [[Senia Bangash Gharana|Bangash lineage]] of the [[Senia Gharana]]) and has performed internationally since the 1960s. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honor [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2001, India's third highest civilian honor [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1991 and [[Padma Shri|Padma Shree]] in 1975.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/november-fest/i-am-conscious-that-unlike-language-i-cannot-manipulate-sound-amjad-ali-khan/article25295577.ece | title=I am conscious that unlike language, I cannot manipulate sound: Amjad Ali Khan | work=The Hindu | date=23 October 2018 | last1=Raman | first1=Anuradha }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born on 9 October 1945 as Masoom Ali Khan, the youngest of seven children, to Gwalior court musician [[Hafiz Ali Khan]] and Rahat Jahan.<ref name="TOI031123">{{cite news|last=Sawhney|first=Anubha|title=Amjad Ali Khan, unplugged (interview with him)|publisher=[[Times News Network]]|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 November 2003|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/amjad-ali-khan-unplugged/articleshow/297188.cms|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref name="RD021001">{{cite web|last=Bhatia|first=Shyam|title=The sound of sarod music|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=1 October 2002|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/oct/01spec.htm|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> His family is part of the [[Bangash]] ([[Gwalior]]) lineage and Khan is in the sixth generation of musicians; his family claims to have invented the ''[[sarod]]''.<ref name="RD021001" /><ref name="NYT080607">{{cite news|last=Weisman|first=Steven R.|title=Traditionalist Reshapes India's Ancient Sarod|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 June 1988|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/07/arts/traditionalist-reshapes-india-s-ancient-sarod.html|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Rockwell|first=John|title=Review/Music; Another Indian Master, This Time of the Sarod|newspaper=The New York Times|date=24 February 1991|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/02/24/arts/review-music-another-indian-master-this-time-of-the-sarod.html|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> His personal name was changed by a [[sadhu]] to Amjad.<ref name="TOI031123" /> Khan received [[homeschooling]] and studied music under his father who belongs to [[Gwalior gharana|Gwalior Gharana]].<ref name="TOI031123" /> In 1957, a cultural organization in Delhi appointed Hafiz Ali Khan as its guest and the family moved to Delhi.<ref name="TOI031123" /> Hafiz Ali Khan received training from the descendants of [[Tansen]], the magical musician who was one of the 'Nav-ratna' ( nine gems) at the court of the Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]]. Thus, Amjad belongs to the lineage of Tansen.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://penguin.co.in/thepenguindigest/ustad-amjad-ali-khan-a-bio/|title=Ustad Amjad Ali Khan|date=20 April 2017 }}</ref> Friends of Hafiz Ali Khan convinced him of the importance of formal schooling for his son; as a result, Amjad was taken to meet the Principal of [[Modern School (New Delhi)|Modern School]] in New Delhi and admitted there as a day scholar. He attended Modern School from 1958 to 1963.<ref name="SinghHameed1995">{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Khushwant|author-link1=Khushwant Singh|last2=Hameed|first2=Syeda Saiyidain|author2-link=Syeda Saiyidain Hameed|title=A Dream Turns Seventy Five: The Modern School, 1920-1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZNhHR1yfzAC&pg=PA156|year=1995|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-499-9|page=156}}</ref>

==Career and recognition==
[[File:Ustad amjat ali khan.JPG|thumbnail|Amjad Ali Khan]]
Khan first performed in the [[United States]] in 1963 and continued into the 2000s, with his sons.<ref name="TOI031123" /><ref>{{cite news|last=Ratliff|first=Ben|title=From India, a Sarod Dynasty Represented by Father and Sons|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 October 2006|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/30/arts/music/30khan.html|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> He has experimented with modifications to his instrument throughout his career.<ref name="NYT080607" /> Khan played with the [[Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra]] and worked as a visiting professor at the [[University of New Mexico]].<ref name="RD021001" /> In 2011, he performed on [[Carrie Newcomer]]'s album ''Everything is Everywhere''. In 2014, along with his two sons, Ayaan Ali Khan and Amaan Ali Khan, he performed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/amjad-ali-khan-sons-perform-raga-for-peace-at-nobel-concert/|title=Amjad Ali Khan, sons perform 'Raga For Peace' at Nobel concert|date=2014-12-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-01}}</ref> 'Raga For Peace' in 2014 [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]].

Khan was awarded 21st Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavna Award. Khan received [[Padma Shri]] in 1975, [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1991, and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2001, and was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for 1989 and the [[List of Sangeet Natak Akademi fellows|Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] for 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees – Instrumental – Sarod|publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm#InstrumentalSarod|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727234019/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm|archive-date=27 July 2011|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards |publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]] |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Amjad&award=All |access-date=26 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625212736/http://india.gov.in/myindia/advsearch_awards.php?start=0&award_year=&state=&field=3&p_name=Amjad&award=All |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amjad Ali Khan – The 15th Fukuoka Asian Culture Prizes 2004|publisher=Asian Month|year=2009|url=http://asianmonth.com/prize/english/winner/|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707174051/http://asianmonth.com/prize/english/winner/|archive-date=7 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The U.S. state [[Massachusetts]] proclaimed 20 April as Amjad Ali Khan Day in 1984.<ref name="TOI070411">{{cite news|title=Amjad Ali Khan honoured in the US|agency=Press Trust of India|date=11 April 2007|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/Amjad-Ali-Khan-honoured-in-the-US/articleshow/1889599.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024010039/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-04-11/us/27876291_1_amjad-ali-khan-day-sarod-maestro-tulsa|url-status=live|archive-date=24 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> Khan was made an honorary citizen of [[Houston]], [[Texas]], and [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]], [[Tennessee]], in 1997, and of [[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]], [[Oklahoma]], in 2007.<ref name="TOI070411" /> He received the [[Banga-Vibhushan]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=State honours nine with Banga-Vibhushan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/State-honours-nine-with-Banga-Vibhushan/articleshow/9364736.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105234331/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-26/kolkata/29815979_1_manna-dey-mamata-banerjee-award |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |agency=[[Times News Network]] |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 July 2012 |access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Amjad Ali Khan bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 3786 December 23, 2018.jpg|left|thumb|Ustad Amjad Ali Khan performing at the IGNCA, Delhi.]]
In the 1980s, music critic [[Mohan Nadkarni]] described Khan as a "top-notcher" in classical music and among its "celebrities."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadkarni |first1=Mohan |title=CBS enters classical arena |url=https://mohannadkarni.org/cbs-enters-classical-arena/ |publisher=The Economic Times |date=December 6, 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nadkarni |first1=Mohan |title=Namdhari touch to classical music |publisher=The Illustrated Weekly of India |date=June 28, 1981}}</ref> ''[[The Guardian]]'' referred to Khan as "one of the last legends of Hindustani classical music."

===Compositions===
Khan has introduced many ragas, which he does not acknowledge as "new" or his creations. These include:
* [[Haripriya Kanada (raga)|Raga Haripriya Kanada]], created in the 1960s as a compound of [[Charukeshi (raga)|Raga Charukeshi]] and [[Darbari Kanada|Raga Darbari Kanada]] in honor of [[Swami Haridas]].
* [[Kiranranjani (raga)|Raga Kiranranjani]], created in the 1960s
* [[Amiri Todi (raga)|Raga Amiri Todi]], created in 1974 as a compound of [[Shahana (raga)|Raga Shahana Kanada]] and [[Bilaskhani Todi (raga)|Raga Bilaskhani Todi]] due to [[Amir Khan (singer)|Ustad Amir Khan's]] death.
* [[Lalita Dhwani (raga)|Raga Lalita Dhwani]], created in 1976
* [[Shyam Shri (raga)|Raga Shyam Shri]], created in 1980 as a compound of [[Yaman (raga)|Raga Yaman]] in the [[Purvang (music)|purvang]] and [[Shree (Hindustani raga)|Raga Shree]] in the [[Uttarang (music)|uttarang]].
* [[Saraswati Kalyan (raga)|Raga Saraswati Kalyan]], created in 1980
* [[Priyadarshini (raga)|Raga Priyadarshini]], created in 1984 due to [[Indira Gandhi|Indira Gandhi's]] [[Assassination_of_Indira_Gandhi|assassination]]
* [[Shivanjali (raga)|Raga Shivanjali]], created in 1987
* [[Shantana (raga)|Raga Shantana]], created in 1990
* [[Mangresh (raga)|Raga Mangresh]], created in 1990 after [[Deenanath Mangeshkar|Deenanath Mangeshkar's]] rendition of the [[Sangeet Natak|Marathi natya sangeet]], [[Prem Seva Sharan (song)|"Prem Seva Sharan"]] from ''[[Sangeet Manapman]]''.
* [[Jawahar Manjari (raga)|Raga Jawahar Manjari]], created in 1990 after [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].
* [[Kamalshree (raga)|Raga Kamalshree]], created in 1991
* [[Ganesh Kalyan (raga)|Raga Ganesh Kalyan]], created in 1992
* [[Subhalakshmi (raga)|Raga Subhalakshmi]], created in 1995
* [[Aahuti (raga)|Raga Aahuti]], created in 1996
* [[Haafiz Kauns (raga)|Raga Haafiz Kauns]], created in 1997 to honor Khan's father and guru, [[Hafiz Ali Khan]].
* [[Rahat Kauns (raga)|Raga Rahat Kauns]], created in 1997 to honor Khan's mother, Rahat Jahan.
* [[Shyama Gauri (raga)|Raga Shyama Gauri]], created in 1999
* [[Saawan Malhar (raga)|Raga Saawan Malhar]], created in 2008
* [[Atal Manjari (raga)|Raga Atal Manjari]], created in 2018 due to [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee|Atal Bihari Vajpayee's]] death.

===Students===
Khan's foremost disciples are his two sons, [[Amaan Ali Bangash]] and [[Ayaan Ali Bangash]]. In the early 60s, one of Khan's first and most senior students was [[Gurdev Singh (musician)|Gurdev Singh]].
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Gurdev Singh (musician) - Bharatpedia | url=https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Gurdev_Singh_(musician)#:~:text=Gurdev%20Singh%20(born%2015%20January,and%20sings%20Hindustani%20classical%20music/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250628150237/https://en.m.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Gurdev_Singh_(musician) | access-date=2025-11-22 | archive-date=2025-06-28}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web | title=Amaan and Ayaan Ali Bangash on Ustad Amjad Ali Khan: ‘Abba Saheb’s teaching and philosophy are beyond music’ {{!}} Art-and-culture News - The Indian Express | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/amaan-ali-khan-ayaan-ali-bangash-on-ustad-amjad-ali-khan-father-guru-music-9472362/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730151546/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/amaan-ali-khan-ayaan-ali-bangash-on-ustad-amjad-ali-khan-father-guru-music-9472362/ | access-date=2025-11-22 | archive-date=2024-07-30}}</ref>

==Playing style==
[[File:Amjad Ali Khan with Naveen Pattnaik.jpg|thumb|Amjad Ali Khan with [[Odisha]] CM [[Naveen Patnaik|Naveen Pattnaik]]]]
Critics have praised the technical brilliance and emotional expressiveness of Khan's playing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/30/arts/music/30khan.html | title=From India, a Sarod Dynasty Represented by Father and Sons | work=The New York Times | date=30 October 2006 | last1=Ratliff | first1=Ben }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/amjad-ali-khan-review-ecstatic-playing-in-an-east-meets-west-celebration-bbwvcn7tz | title=Amjad Ali Khan review — ecstatic playing in an east-meets-west celebration | date=10 January 2023 }}</ref> He specializes in the [[Ekhara Taan (music)|ekhara taan]] of [[sarod]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2019/may/02/amjad-ali-khan-review-royal-festival-hall-london-indian-classical | title=Amjad Ali Khan review – intensity and brilliance by an Indian classical legend | work=The Guardian | date=2 May 2019 | last1=Lewis | first1=John }}</ref>

==Media appearances==
''Ustad Amjad Ali Khan'' (1990), a [[Gulzar]] directed Indian documentary film on Amjad Ali Khan won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Documentary]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0216329/|title= Ustad Amjad Ali Khan (1990) - a documentary film by Gulzar|publisher= IMDb website|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On 25 September 1976, Khan got married a second time. His bride was [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer Subhalakshmi Barooah, hailing from [[Assam]] in north-eastern India.<ref name="RD021001" /><ref name="TOI031123" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Zakir Hussain and Bangash brothers' ode to heritage |newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=13 December 2003 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031214/ncr1.htm#3 |access-date=26 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625132844/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20031214/ncr1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2009}}</ref> They have two sons, [[Amaan Ali Bangash|Amaan]] and [[Ayaan Ali Bangash|Ayaan]], both of whom are performing artists trained in music by their father.<ref name="TOI031123" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Narayanan|first=Lavanya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/ustad-amjad-ali-khan-on-his-memories-of-rukmini-devi/article30930487.ece|title=Ustad Amjad Ali khan on his memories of Rukmini Devi|date=2020-02-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-03-01|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Khan cared for his [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetic]] father until he died in 1972.<ref name="TOI031123" /> Their family home in Gwalior was made into a musical center and they live in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramnarayan|first=Gowri|title=Commitment to tradition|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 January 2006|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/01/08/stories/2006010800010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110202510/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/01/08/stories/2006010800010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2006|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref>

==Discography==
* ''The Maestro's Musings'' (LP) (1986, CBS)
* ''Swar Sameer'' (1991, Super Cassettes Industries Ltd., T-Series)
* ''Serene Strings'' (1994, EMI, RPG Enterprises)
* ''North India: Instrumental Music of Medieval India'' (1994, [[Ocora]])
* ''Ragas Bilaskhani Todi & Brindabani Sarang'' (1994, Navras Records)
* ''[[The Rough Guide to the Music of India and Pakistan]]'' (1996, [[World Music Network]]) (contributing artist)
* ''Sarod Maestro Amjad Ali Khan with sons Amaan Ali Bangash & Ayaan Ali Bangash'' (2001, Chhanda Dhara)
* ''Music from the 13th Century'' (2005, Navras Records)
* ''[[Moksha]]'' (2005, [[Real World Records]])
* ''[[Confluence]]'' (2005, Navras Records) (jugalbandi with singer [[Girija Devi]])
* ''My Inspirations'' (2006, Navras Records)
* ''Romancing The Rains'' (2007, Navras Records)
* ''Samaagam'' (2011, [[Harmonia Mundi|World Village]]) (with the [[Scottish Chamber Orchestra]])
* ''Masterworks From The NCPA Archives'' (2012, Navras Records)
* ''Raga Bahar'' (2015, Sony music)

==Awards and recognition==
* 1975: [[Padma Shri]], [[Government of India]]
* 1978-9: [[Sahitya Kala Parishad]] Samman
* 1989: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
* 1991: [[Padma Bhushan]], Government of India
* 1997: Crystal Award, [[World Economic Forum]]
* 2001: [[Padma Vibhushan]], Government of India
* 2010: [[Grammy_Award_for_Best_Traditional_World_Music_Album]] for ''Ancient Sounds'' with [[Rahim Alhaj]]
* 2010: [[Vivekananda National Award]] for Lifetime Achievement from the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Indian Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]
* 2010: Honorary Doctorate, [[Mangalayatan University]]
* 2010: Honorary Doctorate in Literature, [[North Bengal University]]
* 2011: [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]], Sangeet Natak Akademi
* 2011: [[Banga Bibhushan]], [[Government of West Bengal]]
* 2012: [[Gulab Khan Award]], [[Maharaja of Jodhpur|Kingdom of Marwar]] [[Gaj Singh]]
* 2012: Honorary Doctorate in Literature, [[Jadavpur University]]
* 2012: Prem Nazir International Award, [[Dammam]]
* 2012: Lifetime Achievement Award, [[Delhi Government]]
* 2012: [[Rajiv Gandhi Sadbhavna Award]]
* 2015: Alva Virasat, [[Alva's Educational Foundation]]
* 2015: Swati Puraskar, [[Kerala Government]]
* 2016: Honorary Doctorate in Literature, [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/raipur-d-lit-conferred-on-sarod-virtuoso-ustad-amjad-ali-khan/articleshow/56180804.cms | title=Raipur: D Lit conferred on sarod virtuoso Ustad Amjad Ali Khan | work=The Times of India | date=26 December 2016 }}</ref>
* 2017: Gold Medal, [[Global Music Awards]]
* 2018: Ram Award for Lifetime Achievement, [[Shriram Bharatiya Kala Kendra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Amjad Ali Khan}}
*{{cite web|url=http://sarod.com/|title=Sarod.com|publisher=Official website}}
*{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p42984|label=Amjad Ali Khan}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Amjad Ali}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gwalior]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Sarod players]]
[[Category:Modern School (New Delhi) alumni]]
[[Category:Sahitya Kala Parishad Awardee]]

Kho (Bhutia dress)

2026-03-26T16:27:03Z

ContactBot:

{{Short description|Traditional dress of the Bhutia people}}
{{One source|date=July 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 135-S-07-04-19, Tibetexpedition, Töchter des Maharaja.jpg|thumb|Daughters of [[chogyal]] [[Tashi Namgyal]] wearing kho (1938).]]
[[File:Story Teller by Gaganendranath Tagore.jpg|thumb|''Storyteller'', painting by [[Gaganendranath Tagore]]]]
The '''{{translit|bo|kho}}''' ({{langx|bo|ཁོ}}) or '''{{translit|ne|bakhu}}''' the traditional dress worn by the [[Bhutia]]s, an ethnic group native to the Indian state of [[Sikkim]]. It is a loose, cloak-like garment that is fastened at the neck on one side and near the waist with a silk or cotton belt similar to the Tibetan [[chuba]] and the Mongolian {{translit|mn|[[Deel (clothing)|deel]]}}.

Women wear a full-sleeve [[blouse]] called a {{translit|dz|[[wonju (Bhutan)|wonju]]}} inside the {{translit|bo|kho}}; a loose gown type garment fastened near the waist, tightened with a cloth belt.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of North-East India: Sikkim |last= Bareh |first=Hamlet|year=2001 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-7099-794-1 |pages=5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrr7HPr8NAQC}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Gho]]
* [[Chuba]]
* [[Kira (Bhutan)]]
* {{translit|bo|[[Khada]]}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.snowlinenews.com/The%20People%20of%20Sikkim-.htm |title=The Ethnic People of Sikkim: Their Lifestyles and Their Cultures |editor=Bijaya Bantawa |work=Snowline News online |date=2010-12-07 |access-date=2011-10-12}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/tribes/bhutiatribes.html |title=Bhutia Tribes |work=Indian Mirror online |date=2010-12-14 |access-date=2011-10-12}}
* [[University of Hawaii Museum]]. ''[https://www.flickr.com/photos/uhmuseum/4132497148 Sikkim - Woman's Informal Ensemble].'' {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206122654/https://www.flickr.com/photos/uhmuseum/4132497148/ |date=6 February 2019 }} (dress worn by [[Hope Cooke]] in the 1960s, on [[Flickr]]).

[[Category:Culture of Nepal]]
[[Category:Culture of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Tibetan clothing]]
[[Category:Nepalese clothing]]
[[Category:Sherpa culture]]

M. T. V. Acharya

2026-03-24T18:59:57Z

ContactBot: minor corrected formatting per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{Copy edit|date=March 2026}}{{Short description|Indian painter and illustrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''M.T.V. Acharya''' (1920 – c. 1992) was a painter, illustrator and art educator, most famous for his work for the popular Indian children's magazine ''[[Chandamama]]''.

Acharya won prizes for his painting during his student days in the Mysore Dasara Exhibition. Initially, he worked with Hindusthan Aircraft in [[Bangalore]]. His first painting exhibition was in [[Chennai]] in 1945. He joined the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] children's magazine [[Chandamama]] in 1947, and later became editor of its Kannada version. He painted many covers for Chandamama.

Acharya was art director of the Kannada daily ''[[Tai nadu]]'' between 1963 and 1965. Later, he founded his own art school in Bangalore, the [[Acharya Chitrakala Bhavan]], which provided lessons and training in painting through correspondence.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramakrishna|first=G.|title=An encyclopaedia of South Indian culture|year=1983|publisher=K.P. Bagchi |isbn=9780836411881|editor=N. Gayathri |editor2=Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIkeAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> An exhibition of paintings by the great artist of Karnataka, Sri M.T.V. Acharya, will be held on April 4, 2025, at the Indian Institute of World Culture art gallery, due to popular demand. This is a special event because his last exhibition at the same gallery was 58 years ago.

The name M.T.V. Acharya immediately brings to mind the mythological paintings he created, particularly those published in the popular illustrated monthly magazine Chandamama in the 1950s. His illustrations were so captivating that they helped make the magazine famous throughout India. After [[Raja Ravi Varma]] and S.M. Pandit, M.T.V. Acharya is a renowned name among Indian artists who specialized in mythological paintings.

Originally from Mysuru, M.T.V. Acharya developed an interest in art from a young age. He was a student of Y. Subramanyam Raju and Tankasale. Although his family was not supportive of his choice, he was determined to make a name for himself in the art world. He studied art at the Chamarajendra Technical Institute in Mysuru. In addition to painting, he was also skilled in yoga and writing.

He was a self-respecting person who did not want to depend on anyone. When he was unemployed, he would paint portraits and landscapes, and sometimes even mythological pictures to make a living. Some would pay him, while others would just praise him and send him away empty-handed. He realized the difficulties of being an artist in society and questioned whether it was worth pursuing art when there was no demand for it. His artistic and spiritual pursuits seemed pointless in the face of poverty. He even considered giving up art for a regular job.

During [[World War II]] in 1942, Acharya was offered a job as a photographer in the air force and was asked to report to Lahore. But his mother's tears, combined with the full responsibility of his family, prevented him from taking the job.

A few days later, his family moved to Bengaluru, where he found a job as a tracer at the [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL) factory. Some officials at the factory found out he was an artist and wanted to see his work. They were so impressed with his paintings that they bought twenty of them for two hundred rupees. They praised him, saying he was as good as the great American artists, and gave him leave to travel around South India and paint. He never met the American people and never returned to his job. After leaving his job, he became a freelance artist and created many works that he was passionate about.

After his trip to South India, Acharya spent several months in Melukote, where he painted many nature scenes. At the request of some friends, he also decided to paint a picture of Tirunarayana. Photography was not allowed in the temple, so he observed the deity's adornments for a long time and then painted the picture using watercolors. A minister from the then-Mysore state took the painting, promising to get it printed, but it ended up in the house of the minister's personal secretary and eventually with the secretary of the government's judiciary department. When Acharya met him, the secretary promised to get a replica made so Acharya could have his original painting back. Impressed by Acharya's talent, the secretary offered to help him get a job. When Acharya, who was unemployed at the time, asked for a job, the secretary offered him a position in the police department.

The secretary then introduced Acharya to the renowned lawyer S.K. Iyengar. Iyengar asked him to design a [[greeting card]] for a relative's wedding. Impressed by the card, Iyengar invited Acharya to Madras, offering to help him find the recognition he deserved. He hosted Acharya in his home and arranged an exhibition of his paintings. M.T.V. Acharya himself stated that his was the first art exhibition by a Karnataka artist in Madras. Many of his works were sold, and the media praised him. News of his success even reached Karnataka, and the great artist Venkatappa expressed his joy.

With the money he earned, Acharya's passion for art grew. He bought quality papers, brushes, and colors, and created many popular paintings based on the traditional Mysore style. He believed that the subject matter was more important than the style itself. Over time, however, his style became so recognizable that people could identify his paintings at a glance.

In 1946, six of Acharya's paintings were selected for an exhibition at the Academy of Fine Arts in Calcutta. He traveled to Calcutta to see the exhibition and learn from other artists in Shantiniketan. In the same year, the Indian Institute of Fine Arts entrusted him with organizing a major art exhibition. He brought together the works of fifty artists from Karnataka and fifty from [[Tamil Nadu]] for the show.

In Madras, the famous film producer Nagi Reddi and writer Chakrapani were planning to launch the children's magazine Chandamama and were looking for an artist. Rumale Chennabasavaiah, an artist from Karnataka who knew Nagi Reddi, introduced Acharya to him. Impressed with his work, Nagi Reddi hired him as the artist for the magazine. Acharya was delighted because it allowed him to paint the mythological themes he had always wanted to, especially the Mahabharata series. People eagerly waited for his cover illustrations. Former IAS officer Chiranjeevi Singh says he grew up reading Chandamama. Acharya also served as the editor of the Kannada edition of Chandamama before taking voluntary retirement and returning to Karnataka.

Back in Karnataka, Acharya wrote art reviews for various publications and held exhibitions of his works from Madras in major cities. Many people became his students and asked him to teach art through distance education, as they could not leave their hometowns. As a result, he gained students throughout India and dedicated his life to teaching and creating art.

The article, written by Shivananda Basavantappa, concludes by stating that M.T.V. Acharya will turn 105 in 2025. To preserve Indian art, the author suggests people should view and appreciate the works of senior artists like Acharya.

==Bibliography==
*[https://archive.today/20121217123913/https://www.chandamamashop.com/index.php?action=productDetails&productId=211 Chandamama Art Book], an anthology of artwork by Acharya and other Chandamama artists.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
*M.T.V.Acharya Karnataka Artist Series 22 (Book in Kannada published by Karnataka Lalithakala Academy)
}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120326131548/http://www.chandamama.com/archive/storyArchive.htm Chandamama Archives]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Acharya, M. T. V.}}
[[Category:Indian children's book illustrators]]
[[Category:Journalists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Artists from Mysore]]
[[Category:Painters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1990s deaths]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

[[kn:ಎಂ. ಟಿ. ವಿ. ಆಚಾರ್ಯ]]
[[ta:எம். டி. வி. ஆச்சார்யா]]

Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala

2026-03-21T19:51:10Z

ContactBot: minor cleanup

{{Short description|2018 Indian musical television series by Gul Khan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| genre = Drama
| creator = Nilanjana Purkayasstha [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| story = {{ubl|Sahana|Faizal Akhtar| Lakshmi Jayakumar|Swechchha Bhagat| Pallavi Mehta |'''Dialogue:'''|Divy Nidhi Sharma (Dialogues & Lyrics) |Aparajita Sharma (Dialogues)}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
Aakriti Sharma [[Mohit Malik]] [[Anjali Anand]] Myra Singh Shruti Sharma}}
[[Rudra Kaushish]]
| director = Pradeep Yadav
| creative_director = Yashvardhan Shukla 
Ketki WalWalkar
| cinematography = {{ubl|Sandeep Yadav|Mohseen Swan}}
| composer = {{plainlist|
* [[Sargam Jassu]]
* [[Nakash Aziz]]
}}
| opentheme = "Pet Bechara" by Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 494
| list_episodes = List of Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala episodes
| location = [[Mumbai]] [[Pathankot]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup]]
| runtime = 21 minutes 
| producer = {{ubl|Gul Khan|Karishma Jain|Nilanjana Purkayasstha|Herumb Khot|}}
| company = {{ubl|[[4 Lions Films]]|Invictus T Mediaworks}}
| channel = {{ubl|[[StarPlus]]|[[Hotstar]]}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|03|19|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2020|02|07|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohit-malik-bidding-goodbye-to-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-6256466/|title=Mohit Malik: Bidding goodbye to Kulfi Kumar Bajewala has been very hard for me|date=7 February 2020}}</ref>
| related = [[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]] Mouna Raagam
}}

'''''Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala''''' (native name {{langx|hi|कुल्फ़ी कुमार बाजेवाला}}, {{Translation}} ''Kullfi Kumarr The Musician'') is an Indian musical drama television series that aired from 19 March 2018 to 7 February 2020 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/specials/hindi/kulfi-kumar-bajewala/entspecial/66067330.cms|title=Special: Kulfi Kumar Bajewala|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Produced by [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]], Karishma Jain and Nilanjana Purkayasstha, it was directed by Pradeep Yadav and written by Sahana and Faizal Akhtar. The show starred Aakriti Sharma, [[Mohit Malik]], [[Anjali Anand]], Myra Singh, Shruti Sharma and [[Vishal Aditya Singh]] and was a [[remake]] of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television series ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-to-bhootu-7-tv-shows-that-were-adapted-from-popular-regional-shows-1198932-2018-03-27|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala to Bhootu: 7 TV shows that were adapted from popular regional shows|date=27 March 2018|website=India Today}}</ref>

The soundtrack is composed by Sargam Jassu and [[Nakash Aziz]], with lyrics written by Shashank Kunwar, Divyanidhi Sharma, and edited Satya Sharma.

==Plot==
Budding singer Sikandar Singh Gill falls in love with and secretly marries villager Nimrat Bhatia, who lives in [[Pathankot]]. But as forced to choose between Nimrat and his career, Sikandar goes on to latter and leaves her, unaware she is pregnant. He then marries the rich Lovely Chaddha.

===8 years later===
Lovely has spoiled Amyra, her daughter. Nimrat's daughter Kullfi, unaware Sikandar is her father, aspires to be a singer like him. Nihalo hates but wants to cash in on her talent. Suffering cancer, Nimrat gets hit by Lovely's car and dies. Nihalo plans to sell Kullfi for her talent, but Sattu helps her escape.

Disguised as a boy, Kullfi enters Mumbai and
accidentally reaches Sikandar's home. Lovely keeps her to use her voice to make Amyra singer successfully. She discloses Nimrat bore a daughter but gets Sikandar promise to not look out for her. He decides to teach Amyra and Kullfi music.

His brother, Mahinder finds out that Kullfi is Sikandar's daughter but is forced by their mother Sushila to keep the secret. Enters singer Tevar Singh, Lovely's ex-boyfriend. Amyra turns out to be their daughter through past affair. Sikandar learns Kullfi is a girl. Lovely threatens Mahinder that she will kill herself and Amyra if he reveals the truth about Kullfi's parentage to Sikandar.

Lovely misleads Tevar that Kullfi is their child and Nimrat adopted her. Tevar decides to formally adopt her. Lovely's plan works and Kullfi leaves to live with Tevar. Sikandar infers that Amyra is his step-daughter after hearing truth about her daughter.Tevar after understanding the real truth about his daughter he finally meet her for last time and then leave.Lovely implores him to accept her. Sattu tells Kullfi that Sikandar is her father. Insecure, Lovely poisons Amyra and manipulates everyone into agreeing to send Kullfi to boarding school.

Sikandar realises Kullfi is his daughter. Lovely sends her off to a juvenile remand home. Supervisor Ammaji mistreats Kullfi, who befriends some children. On Amyra's birthday Kulfi and some of her juvenile friends are invited to the party to sing and plan an escape but it fails as Kulfi hears Sikander's voice but is caught by Ammaji and is sent back to the juvenile and they are punished.Gradually, they escape and visit Sikandar, who not accepts Kullfi due to his promise to Amyra. Shocked, she runs away. Ashamed of his doings, Sikandar decides to win back Kullfi, who defeats Amyra in a singing contest, becoming the winner.

===Few months later===
Sikandar loses his memory in an accident and due to some misunderstandings, Chandan Chor takes his place. Sikandar lives with Dr. Nandini and her daughter Pakhi. Being a divorcée, she tells Pakhi that Sikandar is her father. Chandan loves Amyra more than Kulfi, which starts getting suspicious and also starts misbehaving with her. He also gets close to Lovely. Later Sikandar regains his memory. The family unites. Sikandar confesses Kullfi is his daughter. Proven guilty for killing Nimrat, Lovely is jailed.

Jimmy causes chaos in Sikandar, Kullfi and Amyra's lives, getting them evicted out their home and Amyra kidnapped.
Lovely returns to help them in saving Amyra. Sikandar learns his health is deteriorating and he will die soon so he tries to make things better for Kullfi and Amyra. Later, they get their home back from Jimmy. Lovely wants to get rid of Kullfi once again. She turns Amyra against Kullfi.

Meanwhile, Kullfi meets Chalu who aids her in exposing Lovely, uniting with Amyra and treating Sikandar. Jimmy tries to kill Sikandar. Realising her mistakes and taking his place, Lovely dies. In the end, Sikandar happily sings with Kullfi and Amyra as they stare up to the stars where Kullfi says their mothers are among stars now.

==Cast==
===Main===
*Aakriti Sharma as Kullfi Singh Gill: Singer; Nimrat and Sikandar's daughter; Loveleen's step-daughter; Amyra's step-sister (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakriti-sharma-gets-a-chance-to-meet-her-idol-hema-malini/articleshow/63693531.cms|title=Aakriti Sharma gets a chance to meet her idol, Hema Malini|publisher=Times of India|date=10 April 2018|access-date=15 April 2018|archive-date=10 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410225543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakriti-sharma-gets-a-chance-to-meet-her-idol-hema-malini/articleshow/63693531.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Mohit Malik]] as Sikandar Singh Gill/Chandan Chor/Murphy Singh: Singer; Sushila's younger son; Mahinder's brother; Nimrat and Lovely's widower; Kulfi's father; Amyra's step-father;/theif/Kulfi's agent/secretary (2018–2020)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohit-malik-i-dont-want-to-play-father-to-grown-up-girls-it-wont-look-convincing/articleshow/72491018.cms|title=Mohit Malik: I don't want to play father to grown-up girls, it won't look convincing|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-12-13|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref>
*[[Vishal Aditya Singh]] as Tevar Singh: Singer; Lovely's ex-boyfriend; Amyra's father (2018)
* [[Anjali Anand]] as Loveleen "Lovely" Chaddha Singh Gill: Cutie and Tony's daughter; Sakshi's step-daughter; Saurabh and Kajal's half-sister; Tevar's ex-girlfriend; Sikandar's second wife; Amyra's mother; Kullfi's step-mother (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kullfi-kumarr-bajewalas-anjali-anand-enjoys-pldaying-the-vamp-asks-fans-to-keep-the-hate-coming/articleshow/63727597.cms|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala's Anjali Anand enjoys playing the vamp; asks fans to keep the 'hate coming'|publisher=Times of India|date= 12 April 2018}}</ref> (Dead)
*Myra Singh as Amyra Singh Gill: Lovely and Tevar's daughter; Sikandar's step-daughter; Kullfi's step-sister (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/gr-noidas-myra-singh-makes-tv-debut-with-kulffi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/64001467.cms|title=Greater Noida's Myra Singh makes TV debut with Kulffi Kumarr Bajewala|publisher=Times of India|date=3 May 2018}}</ref>

===Recurring===
*[[Mehul Buch]] as Tony Chaddha: Music producer; Cutie and Sakshi's husband; Lovely, Saurabh and Kajal's father; Amyra's grandfather (2018–2020)
*[[Anjalie Gupta (disambiguation)|Anjali Gupta]] as Sakshi Rao Chaddha: Tony's second wife; Lovely's step-mother; Saurabh and Kajal's mother (2018–2020)
* [[Rudra Kaushish]] as Mahinder Singh Gill: Sushila's son; Sikandar's brother; Gunjan's husband; Kullfi's uncle (2018–2020)
* Pallavi Rao as Nihalo Kaur Singh: Sattu's wife; Bholi.and Kadu's mother;Kullfi's aunt (2018–2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/pallavi-rao-to-play-character-with-grey-shades-in-kulfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/63041400.cms|title=Pallavi Rao to play character with grey shades in Kulfi Kumarr Bajewala|publisher=[[The Times of India|Times of India]]|access-date=12 March 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* [[Vidya Sinha]] as Sushila Devi: Mahinder and Sikandar's mother; Kullfi's grandmother (2018–2019)
* Sunila Karambelkar as Cutie Arora: Tony's first wife; Lovely's mother; Saurabh and Kajal's step-mother; Amyra's grandmother (2018–2020)
*Ishrat Jahan as Gunjan Ahuja: Namrata's cousin; Mahinder's wife; Kullfi's aunt (2018–2020)
*Romanch Mehta as Satwant "Sattu" Kumar Bhatia: Nimrat's brother; Nihalo's husband; Bholi and Kadu's father; Kullfi's uncle (2018–2020)
*[[Ashwin Mushran]] as Roshan Kumar: Music director (2018)
*[[Shafaq Naaz]] as Niyati Khanna (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shafaq-naaz-to-do-cameo-in-kullfi-kumarr-/articleshow/65258169.cms|title=Shafaq Naaz to do cameo in 'Kullfi Kumarr...'|publisher=Times of India|date=3 August 2018|access-date=9 September 2018|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803142408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shafaq-naaz-to-do-cameo-in-kullfi-kumarr-/articleshow/65258169.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Kanishka Soni]] as Redkar (2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=Kanishka Soni re-enters 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' : Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kanishka-soni-re-enters-kullfi-kumarr-baljewala/articleshow/65621601.cms |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=The Times of India |author= Neha Maheshwri|date=31 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Iris Maity]] as Dr. Nandini Sharma: Pakhi's mother (2019)
* [[Priyamvada Kant]] as Namrata Ahuja: Gunjan's cousin; Sikandar's lover (2019) <ref name="Priyamvada">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/priyamvada-enters-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/67205303.cms|title=Priyamvada enters 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 December 2018|access-date=15 January 2019}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Mrinmai Kolwalkar as Meenakshi "Minty" Attwal: Lovely's friend
* Mallika Nayak as Narmada "Ammaji" Devi: Boarding school head (2019)
* Viraj Kapoor as Rocket: Kullfi's friend (2019)
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Advocate Adinath "Adi" Irani: Lovely's lawyer (2018–2019)
* Rajeev Bhardwaj as David D'Souza: Susan's husband; Kullfi's kidnapper (2018)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajeev Bhardwaj to do a cameo in 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajeev-to-do-a-cameo-in-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/65103813.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
* Sudeepta Singh as Susan D'Souza: David's wife (2018)
* Riney Aryaa as Irina:(upcoming actress)(2019)
* Rajat Sharma as Gaitonde: Videographer
*[[Mona Vasu]] as Mia (2019)
*[[Romit Raj]] as Vikram Ahuja (2019)
*[[Sulakshana Khatri]] (2019–2020)
* [[Vindhya Tiwari]] as Charumina "Chalu" Kaneja (2020)
*Deepali Saini as Sikander (Murfy Singh) 's fake wife
*[[Rushad Rana]]

===Guests===
* RJ Pritam Singh as host for Independence day concert (2018)
* [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kulfi Kumar Bajewala: Sikander and Kulfi perform with singers Sunidhi Chauhan and Sukhwinder|url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/kulfi-kumar-bajewala-sikander-and-kulfi-perform-with-singers-sunidhi-chauhan-and-sukhwinder-740694|website=ABP News|date=10 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Nakash Aziz]]<ref name="Nakash">{{cite news |title=Nakash to do cameo in 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nakash-to-do-cameo-in-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/65473135.cms |access-date=8 September 2018 |work=The Times of India|date=20 August 2018}}</ref>
* [[Sukhwinder Singh]]<ref name=":0" />
*[[Kumar Sanu]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kumar Sanu to reunite Kulfi and Sikander in Kulfi Kumar Bajewala; watch video|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kumar-sanu-to-reunite-kulfi-and-sikander-in-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-watch-video/articleshow/68034923.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Udit Narayan]] as host of the singing show Little Superstar (2019)<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|title=Kulfi Kumar Bajewala spoiler: Udit Narayan and Usha Uthup to be seen as celebrity judges in the show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kulfi-kumar-bajewala-spoiler-udit-narayan-and-usha-uthup-to-be-seen-as-celebrity-judges-in-the-show/articleshow/68835135.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*[[Usha Uthup]] as host of the singing show Little Superstar (2019)<ref name=":1" />

==Production==

===Development===
[[File:Nariman-Point Bombay 2005.JPG|220px|thumb|right|Filming location at [[Mumbai]]]]
Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala is an adaptation of the Bengali show, [[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-to-bhootu-7-tv-shows-that-were-adapted-from-popular-regional-shows-1198932-2018-03-27|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala to Bhootu: 7 TV shows that were adapted from popular regional shows|author=Shweta Keshri|publisher=[[India Today]]|date=27 March 2018|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> The production company, [[4 Lions Films]] deals with [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] to remake the show in Hindi under the distributor of [[Star India]]. Hotstar streaming services distributor is under of [[Novi Digital Entertainment]]. The show is directed by Pradeep Yadava and Yashraj Shukla. The show's production staff were able to generate an episode in about three weeks. The director of photography are Sandeep and Yadav Mohseen Swan, who provided cinematography for every episodes. The crew used 5 small, special cameras for [[Visual Effects]] and the [[Multiple-camera setup]] was installed in 180 degrees. Currently, this show set in [[Mumbai]] and [[Pathankot]]. Actor Mohit Mallik said about Gul Khan's production, "I have worked with Gul Khan before on [[Suvreen Guggal – Topper of The Year|Suvreen Guggal]]. We have wanted to work together for a long time. She is a creative person and just a call away."

In January 2020, a leap in storyline was decided while Mohit Mallik decided to quit.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} But soon it was cancelled and he did not quit. The report stated, "Star Plus auditioned several girls to play Kullfi and Amyra and also men for Sikandar’s role. However, they couldn’t zero down suitable actors to play the lead roles in the show. As of now, ‘Kulfi Kumar Bajewala’ won't take a leap."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-leap-cancelled-mohit-malik-to-continue-with-show-1128206|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala: LEAP Cancelled, Mohit Malik Aka Sikandar To Stay|website=ABP News|date=19 December 2019 }}</ref>

===Casting===

The show's main characters, Kullfi and Sikandar Singh Gill, were the core of the concept for Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindustantimes.com/tv/mohit-malik-stressed-on-variety-he-s-played-positive-and-negative-roles-and-done-reality-shows-too/story-ot5jFWb9GqtK93jXHPHh0L.html|title=Mohit Malik stressed on variety: He's played positive and negative roles, and done reality shows too|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 April 2018}}</ref> These characters are taken from original television series ''[[Potol Kumar Gaanwala]]'''s Poteshwari and Sujon Kumar Malik. Kullfi's child character role is played by Aakriti Sharma. She was selected for her acting talent. Producer Nilanjana Purkayasstha said, "Aakriti is a very enthusiastic and fearless child."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakriti-sharma-is-a-fearless-child-nilanjana-purkayasstha/articleshow/63429102.cms|title=Aakriti Sharma is a fearless child: Nilanjana Purkayasstha|publisher=Times of India|date=23 March 2018|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=23 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323220220/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakriti-sharma-is-a-fearless-child-nilanjana-purkayasstha/articleshow/63429102.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> Otherside, Amyra character's role was decided to play by [[Spandan Chaturvedi]] but due to date issues, she was replaced by Myra Singh. Myra said, "It's my first time on television and I'm really excited to play this role."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/kulfi-kumar-bajewala-to-be-broadcasted-soon-on-tv-sub-television-news-creur--42496-1.html|title='Kulfi Kumar Bajewala' to be broadcasted soon on TV|publisher=News Track|author=Noopur|date=16 March 2018|access-date=25 December 2018}}</ref> Actor Mohit Malik said about his role, "I have the signature rockstar look in Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/kulfi-kumar-bajewala-mohit-malik-loves-his-rockstar-avatar/1240656 |title= Kulfi Kumar Bajewala: Mohit Malik loves his rockstar avatar |publisher= Free Pressjournal |date=19 March 2018}}</ref> [[Dhhai Kilo Prem]]'s actress, Anjali Anand is playing Lovely Kaur character, who is Amyra's mother. She said, "Character matters the most to me and this character is extremely challenging and fun at the same time."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjali-anand-is-excited-to-play-a-mother-on-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/63639943.cms |title= Anjali Anand is excited to play a mother on Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala |publisher= Times of India |date= 6 April 2018 |access-date= 6 April 2018 |archive-date= 6 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180406165903/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/anjali-anand-is-excited-to-play-a-mother-on-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/63639943.cms |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/4/8/Acting-is-God-s-gift-to-me--actress-Anjali.aspx |title= Acting is God's gift to me: actress Anjali |publisher= The Hitavada |date= 8 April 2018 |access-date= 8 April 2018 |archive-date= 8 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180408095724/http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/4/8/Acting-is-God-s-gift-to-me--actress-Anjali.aspx |url-status= dead }}</ref> Aakriti's brother, Hardik Sharma was going to join this show, debut as Kullfi's friend but later it delayed for script.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakritis-brother-to-enter-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/63617403.cms |title= Aakriti's brother to enter 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' |publisher= Times of India |date= 4 April 2018 |access-date= 6 April 2018 |archive-date= 5 April 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180405163127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aakritis-brother-to-enter-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/63617403.cms |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[Barun Sobti]], who recently played on Gul Khan's ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]'', decided to play on this show debut as a Rockstar, Sikandar's competitor and Amyra's music teacher role.<ref name="Barun Sobti to enter Kullf Kumarr Bajewala">{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/barun-sobti-to-enter-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/63836393.cms |title= Barun Sobti to enter Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala?|publisher= Times of India |date=19 April 2018}}</ref> According to source, "Gul wanted to Barun in a significant role for this show. The makers are in talks to get Barun on board."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/before-his-web-series-barun-sobti-to-be-seen-in-this-tv-show-1215467-2018-04-19 |title= Before his web series Barun Sobti to be seen in this TV show |publisher= India Today |date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Barun said, "It is exhausting. I am back in the grind. So we are in that zone where we are putting in everything that we have and hoping that people will like it."<ref>{{cite web |url= http://abpnews.abplive.in/television/barun-sobti-to-play-metor-in-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-836605 |title= 'कुल्फी कुमार बाजेवाला' में बरुण सोबती का होगी एंट्री, निभाएंगे ये किरदार |publisher= [[ABP News]] |date= 19 April 2018 |access-date= 20 April 2018 |archive-date= 26 May 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180526093414/http://abpnews.abplive.in/television/barun-sobti-to-play-metor-in-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-836605 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Later, due to issues, Barun was replaced by [[Vishal Aditya Singh]], as Tevar Singh. Vishal said, "I am really excited to be a part of the show which is already being loved by the audience."<ref name="Vishal Aditya">{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-aditya-singh-roped-in-for-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/64843021.cms |title= Vishal Aditya Singh roped in for 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' |publisher=Times of India |author=TNN |date=4 July 2018 |access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref> Rajeev Bhardwaj, who had performed on [[Devon Ke Dev...Mahadev]], has done major role for this show. He said, "Doing a cameo is like batting in a T20 match where you have to put in more effort and do more homework."<ref>{{cite web |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rajeev-to-do-a-cameo-in-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/articleshow/65103813.cms |title= Rajeev Bhardwaj to do a cameo in 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' |publisher= Times of India|author=TNN |date=24 July 2018 |access-date= 28 July 2018}}</ref> Gul roped [[Priyamvada Kant]] for a significant role. Kant statement, "My previous show was historical and I wanted a major shift for my next role."<ref name="Priyamvada" />

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sargam Jassu]], [[Nakash Aziz]] and Sanjeev Srivastava
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 February 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Popular music]]
| length =
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = {{hlist|[[Star India]]|Screen Journal|[[4 Lions Films]]}}
| producer = {{hlist|[[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]|Nilanjana Purkayasstha}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| type = Album
| prev_title = [[No Entry Pudhe Dhoka Aahey]]
| prev_year = 2012
| title = Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala
| year = 2018
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Singles
| name = Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Pet Bechara
| single1date = 13 March 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/star-plus-1/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-pet-bechara |title= Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala song Pet Bechara by Star Plus |publisher=[[SoundCloud]] |date= 14 March 2018}}</ref>
}}
}}
[[Sargam Jassu]] and [[Nakash Aziz]] is the music composer of this show.<ref name="Nakash" /> The soundtrack album was produced by Gul Khan and Nilanjana, written by Shashank Kunwar, Shaheen Iqbal and Satya Sharma.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://scroll.in/reel/888897/hindi-serials-like-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-are-investing-in-original-soundtracks-and-thats-great |title= Hindi serials like 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' are investing in original soundtracks, and that's great |publisher= Scroll |author=Devarsi Ghosh |date=19 August 2018 |access-date=19 August 2018}}</ref> This album released several songs, which are featured by Rashi Salil Harmalkar, Bhaven Dhanak and Nakash.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.com/tv/news/hindi/aakriti-sharma-had-to-learn-eight-songs-in-a-week/articleshow/63206687.cms|title=Aakriti Sharma had to learn eight songs in a week|publisher=Times of India|access-date=17 March 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Song [[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]] was remade for this show. The remade version also featured by Rashi Salil, which promo was released on 8 March 2018 via YouTube. The promo video has over 10 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LPRQja5AZmg|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala – Kullfi's Melodious Voice|date=8 March 2018 |publisher=YouTube|access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dama Dam Mast Qalandar – Promo|url=http://www.hotstar.com/tv/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/dama-dam-mast-qalandar-promo/1000207645|website=[[Hotstar]]|publisher=Star India|access-date=17 March 2018|language=en|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618080032/http://www.hotstar.com/tv/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala/dama-dam-mast-qalandar-promo/1000207645|url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the viewers. "Asha Ka Pathaasha"{{efn|This male version song is originally released on episode fourteenth. Note that child version song was also released on the same episode.}} male version song originally featured by Bhaven Dhanak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-original-scores-for-tv-why-makers-are-using-these-songs-to-give-a-unique-identity-to-their-shows-and-character-2607289|title=Original scores for TV: Why makers are using these songs to give a unique identity to their shows and character, Kullfi Kumarr|publisher=DNA India|date=22 April 2018}}</ref> Music director Nakash said, "I am very excited and looking forward to the episode. We have created some lovely tracks and I enjoyed shooting them."<ref name="Nakash" />

{{track listing
| extra_column= Artist
| headline = Track List
| title1 = Pet Bechara
| note1 =
| extra1 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length1 = 03:14
| title2 = ABCD
| note2 =
| extra2 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length2 = 02:29
| title3 = Yaara
| note3 = Child version
| extra3 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length3 = 01:06
| title4 = Chand Banne Ke Liye
| note4 = Male version
| extra4 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length4 = 02:30
| title5 = Chidiya Gaaya Gaana
| note5 =
| extra5 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length5 = 03:30
| title6 = Asha Ka Pathaasha
| note6 = Male version
| extra6 = Bhaven Dhanak
| length6 = 03:26
| title7 = Asha Ka Pathaasha
| note7 = Child version
| extra7 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length7 = 03:24
| title8 = Maa Ka Tukra
| note8 =
| extra8 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length8 = 02:54
| title9 = Jaago Re
| note9 =
| extra9 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length9 = 03:16
| title10 = Yaara
| note10 = Male verson
| extra10 = Nakash Aziz
| length10 = 03:12
| title11 = Yaara
| note11 = Female version
| extra11 = Various artist
| length11 = 03:08
| title12 = Mandir Ke Diya Jasi
| note12 =
| extra12 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length12 = 03:26
| title13 = Jaag Jaa Na Maa
| note13 =
| extra13 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length13 = 03:46
| title14 = Patang
| note14 =
| extra14 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length14 = 03:10
| title15 = Ek Choti, Anek Choti
| note15 =
| extra15 = Nakash Aziz
| length15 = 03:21
| title16 = Kullfi Bana Ladka
| note16 =
| extra16 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length16 = 03:26
| title17 = Giri Dhara
| note17 =
| extra17 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length17 = 03:32
| title18 = Kheil Ha Baki Abhi
| note18 =
| extra18 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length18 = 03:02
| title19 = Jab Phelibar Milay
| note19 =
| extra19 = Sargam Jassu & Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length19 = 03:06
| title20 = Dil Ha Mera
| note20 = Jashn-E-Hindustan
| extra20 = Sargam Jassu & Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length20 = 05:16
| title21 = Ishq da Jurmana
| note21 =
| extra21 = Nakash Aziz
| length21 = 02:05}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Track List: Kullfi Ke Khushi Ka Formula<ref>{{cite web |title=Kullfi Ke Khushi Ka Formula |url=https://soundcloud.com/star-plus-1/sets/kullfi-ke-khushi-ka-formula |website=SoundCloud |access-date=24 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
| title1 = ABCD
| note1 =
| extra1 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length1 = 02:29
| title2 = Chhota Chuara
| note2 =
| extra2 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length2 = 02:42
| title3 = Sa Re Ga Ma
| note3 =
| extra3 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length3 = 05:25
| title4 = Kullfi Bani Ladka
| note4 =
| extra4 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length4 = 01:00
| title5 = Maa
| note5 =
| extra5 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length5 = 02:01
| title6 = Pet Bechara
| note6 =
| extra6 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length6 = 03:16
| title7 = Shriman Kuttaji
| note7 =
| extra7 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length7 = 02:19
| title8 = Tap Tap Tapar
| note8 =
| extra8 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length8 = 08:21
}}

{{track listing
| extra_column = Artist
| headline = Track List: Remake edition
| title1 = [[Dama Dam Mast Qalandar]]
| note1 =
| extra1 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length1 = 02:38
| title2 = Haathi Ghoda Palki
| note2 =
| extra2 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length2 = 02:50
| title3 = Bulleya
| note3 =
| extra3 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length3 = 03:10
| title4 = Tum Aa Gaye Ho
| note4 =
| extra4 = Rashi Salil Harmalkar
| length4 = 03:17
}}

==Release==
===Marketing===
On 14 February 2018, the first promo of the show was released, with the title song. On 28 February 2018, the second promo of the show was released which is based on Kullfi, wished [[Holi|Happy Holi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/entertainment/television-news/mohit-malik-anjali-anand-starrer-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-to-replace-ikyawann-on-star-plus-promo-launch-date-time-slot-meri-durga-article-192406.html|title=CONFIRMED: Mohit Malik starrer Kulfi Kumar Bajewala to replace THIS show|publisher=News Nation|author=News Nation Bureau|date=23 February 2018|access-date=20 August 2018}}</ref> Soon after, the promo began trending on Twitter with the hashtag #Kullfi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/StarPlus/status/969459790123622401|title=#Kullfi hashtag on Twitter|publisher=Twitter|date=1 March 2018}}</ref> On 24 February 2018, child artiste Aakriti Sharma and actress Shruti Sharma welcomed the production team, media and public with colours of Holi, location at [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newstrack.com/other-top-stories/kulfi-kumar-bajewala-launched-lucknow-holi-celebrations/|title='Kulfi Kumar Bajewala' launched in Lucknow with Holi celebrations|publisher=Newstrack|date=1 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="'Kulfi Kumar Bajewala' launched in Lucknow">{{cite web|url= https://www.onlinenewsindia.com/2018/03/star-plus-brings-its-latest-offering-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala.html?m=1|title=Star Plus Brings Its Latest Offering Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala|author=Admin|date=1 March 2018|publisher=Online News India|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> On 10 March 2018, a musical concert was organized by Gul Khan at [[Chandigarh]], Punjab. The musical concert was performed by child artiste Aakriti Sharma, Punjabi singer and songwriter, [[Gurdas Maan]], the [[Nooran Sisters]] and [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] young maestros, the Langa Kids.<ref>{{cite news|title=जल्द शुरू होगा 'कुल्फी कुमार बाजेवाला', ये मशहूर चाइल्ड एक्ट्रेस नहीं आएगी नजर|url=https://khabar.ndtv.com/news/television/kulfi-kumar-bajewala-shruti-sharma-and-aakriti-sharma-in-a-lead-role-1823275|access-date=18 March 2018|work=NDTVIndia|agency=अल्केश कुशवाहा|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

===Premiere===
The show replaced the prime time slot of ''[[Ikyawann]]'', but Panorama Entertainment's production producer Suzana Ghai confirmed that Ikyawann was not going to air off, it replaced the time slot of ''[[Meri Durga]]'', which was aired off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/entertainment/television-news/mohit-malik-anjali-anand-starrer-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-to-replace-ikyawann-on-star-plus-promo-launch-date-time-slot-meri-durga-article-192406.html|title=Confirmed: Mohit Malik starrer Kulfi Kumar Bajewala to replace this show|date=11 February 2018 |publisher=[[News Nation]]|access-date=7 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Meri Durga to go off air on March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meri-durga-to-go-off-air-on-march-17/articleshow/63284203.cms|access-date=17 March 2018|work=The Times of India}}</ref> On 19 March 2018, the show was first released on the [[Hotstar]] streaming service, for the premium viewers of India. Later, this show broadcast on the [[Star Plus]]. In countries like Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and United Kingdom broadcast on the original release date. On 20 March 2018, the show was released in United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/uk-ratings-yhm-stays-top-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-impresses/|title=UK Ratings: 'YHM' stays top; 'Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala' impresses|publisher=Bizasia|date=9 April 2018}}</ref>

Owing to its declining [[Audience measurement|trp ratings]], it was shifted to the evening time slot 6:30 pm from its prime time slot 8:30 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) and was replaced by [[Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka!]] on 14 October 2019 produced by the same production house.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kulfi-kumar-bajewalas-time-slot-to-change-due-to-low-trps-yehh-jadu-hai-jinn-ka-to-replace-the-show/articleshow/71280052.cms|title=Kulfi Kumar Bajewala's time slot to change due to low TRPs; Yehh Jadu Hai Jinn Ka to replace the show|website=Times of India}}</ref> On 23 December 2019, it was shifted to 7:00 pm (IST) replacing [[Namah Lakshmi Narayan|Namah]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-to-get-new-time-slot-after-namah-goes-off-air-on-star-plus-1122698|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala To Get NEW Time Slot After THIS Show Goes Off Air|website=ABP News|date=11 December 2019}}</ref>

===Episodes===
{{main|List of Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala episodes}}

==Reception==

===Ratings===
In its first week, the show was ranked in the top sixteen in India. The show has received a number of [[Target rating point]], 4323 impressions, which means more than 4.3 million viewers watched this show in its first week. This show was ranked in the top one in the United Kingdom. More than 98,000 viewers watched this show in the UK. Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala had taken ''[[Yeh Hai Mohabbatein]]'' position, which was previously the premier Hindi show in the UK. During the third week, this show catapulted to eighth position, with 4.8 million impressions in India. During the sixth week, this show climbed up to sixth place in India.<ref name="week6">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/photos/entertainment/barc-trp-ratings-week-18-2018-kundali-bhagya-kumkum-bhagya-naamkarann-ishqbaaaz-top-ten-shows-2814/slide1|title=BARC TRP ratings week 18, 2018: Kundali Bhagya remains UNBEATABLE; Bepannaah, Ishq Mein Mar Jawan ENTER top ten|publisher=News Nation|date=10 May 2018}}</ref> During the ninth week, this show has reached at the top fifth position with 4500 impressions.<ref name="week9">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsnation.in/photos/entertainment/barc-trp-ratings-week-20-2018-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-ishqbaaaz-kundali-bhagya-kumkum-bhagya-top-ten-shows-list-2827/slide1|title=BARC TRP ratings week 20, 2018: Kulfi Kumar Bajewala, Udaan, Naamkarann spread magic on viewers|publisher=News Nation|date=24 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/new-show-kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-joins-the-list-of-top-5-tv-shows/articleshow/64353325.cms|title=New show Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala joins the list of top 5 TV shows|publisher=Times of India|date=28 May 2018}}</ref> During thirtieth week, the show received 6731 impressions with fourth position.<ref name="week13">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/dance-plus-4-kasautii-zindagii-kay-2-trp-5407821/|title=Most watched Indian TV shows: Dance Plus 4 opens with a bang, Kasautii Zindagi Kay 2 drops down TRP chart|publisher=Indian Express|author=Sana Farzeen|date=19 October 2018|access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

In the tables below, the {{color|blue|blue numbers}} represent the lowest ratings or ranks and the {{color|red|red numbers}} represent the highest ratings or ranks.

{| class=wikitable style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|+Ratings history chart
|-
!rowspan="1"|Week no.
!rowspan="1"|Episodes
!rowspan="1"| [[Broadcast Audience Research Council|BARC]]'s rank
!rowspan="1"|Published date
!rowspan="1"| [[Target rating point]] {{small|(impressions)}}
|-
! 34
| 166–170
| 4
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|11|12}}
| 6.3<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/most-watched-indian-tv-shows-naagin-3-top-trp-chart-5442666/|title=Most watched Indian TV shows: Naagin 3 continues to top the TRP chart|publisher=Indian Express|author=Sana Farzeen|date=12 November 2018|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
! 38
| 191–195
| {{color|red|3}}
| {{Start date|df=yes|2018|12|13}}
| {{color|red|7.5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kundali-bhagya-dethrones-naagin-3-kulfi-kumar-bajewala-takes-the-third-spot/articleshow/67078687.cms|title=Kundali Bhagya dethrones Naagin 3; Kulfi Kumar Bajewala takes the third spot|publisher=Timer of India|date=13 December 2018|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==

Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala and its cast and crew have been nominated for [[Gold Awards|Gold Awards 2018]] and [[Indian Television Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whatsappdpgirl.com/kulfi-kumarr-bajewala-the-singing-star-starlife-full-story-plot-summary-casts/}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Child actress Aakriti has received her first award for this show as the Best Child Actor. Otherside, Mohit Malik has won the Stellar Performer of the Year award for his exhibiting role.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Pics: Zee Gold Awards 2018 Full Winners List: Jennifer Winget, Nakuul Mehta, Mouni Roy walk away with the trophies |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-in-pics-zee-gold-awards-2018-full-winners-list-jennifer-winget-nakuul-mehta-mouni-roy-walk-away-with-the-trophies-2627274 |access-date=9 July 2018 |publisher=DNA |date=20 June 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Reference
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2018
| rowspan="2" | [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Child Actor
| Aakriti Sharma
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-mouni-roy-hina-5225490/|title=Zee Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Mouni Roy, Hina Khan, Ravi Dubey, Nakuul Mehta win big honours|publisher=Indian Express|author=Sana Farzeen|date=20 June 2018|access-date=7 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Stellar Performer of the Year
| [[Mohit Malik]]
|-
| [[Zee Rishtey Awards]]
| Best Show
| [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/zee-rishtey-awards-2018-full-winners-list-sriti-shabbir-of-kumkum-bhagya-bag-best-jodi-award-naagin-3-adjudged-best-tv-show-across-channels-435777.html|title=Zee Rishtey Awards 2018 Full Winners List: Sriti-Shabbir of Kumkum Bhagya Bag Best Jodi Award, Naagin 3 Adjudged Best TV Show Across Channels|publisher=Latestly|author=Rashmi Mishra|date=14 October 2018|access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actor (Jury)
| [[Mohit Malik]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="7"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018: Complete list of winners|publisher=Indian Express|author=Sana Farzeen|date=12 December 2018|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Best Child Actor
| Aakriti Sharma
| rowspan=2 {{won}}
|-
| Best Show (Jury)
| [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
|-
| Best Director (Jury)
| Pradeep Yadav
| rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress in a Negative Role
| Anjali Anand
|-
| Best Lyrics
|
| rowspan=2 {{won}}
|-
| Best Dialogues
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2019
|rowspan=4|Lions Gold Awards
|Best Child Actor
|Aakriti Sharma
|{{won}}
| rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/people/article/lions-gold-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-is-out-see-inside/349745|title=Lions Gold Awards 2019 complete winners list: Varun Dhawan, Janhvi Kapoor win big|publisher=Times Now|author=Ramnish Sharma|date=18 January 2019|access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor (Popular)
|rowspan=2|[[Mohit Malik]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor (Jury)
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Show
|[[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
|{{nom}}
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8163874}}
* {{TV Guide|1178870|Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala}}
* [https://www.tvtime.com/en/show/348725 Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala] on [[TV Time]]

{{Star Plus Shows}}
{{4 Lions Films}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television|Music}}

[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian musical television series]]
[[Category:Television series by 4 Lions Films]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]

List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Tamil

2026-03-20T08:33:55Z

ContactBot: correct information further

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.

== Recipients ==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Author
! Work
! Type of Work
! References
|-
| 2011
| M. Thavasi
| ''Sevalkattu''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2012
| Malarvathi
| ''Thooppukkari''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2013
| Kathir Bharathi
| ''Messiyavukku Moondru Machangal''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2014
| R. Abilash
| Kaalkal
| Novel
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Poetry dominates Sahitya Akademi Yuva awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/poetry-dominates-sahitya-akademi-yuva-awards/article6342960.ece |work=The Hindu |date=22 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| Veerapandiyan
| ''Parukkai''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2016
| Lakshmi Saravanan Kumar
| ''Kaanakan''
| Novel
| <ref> {{cite web | title = Sahitya Academi on Twitter | url = https://twitter.com/sahityaakademi/status/743344691639267328/photo/1?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E743344691639267328&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Flatest%2F810097%2Fraghu-karnad-nilotpal-mrinal-among-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-2016-winners | publisher= [[twitter]] | accessdate=2019-07-25}} </ref>
|-
| 2017
| J. Jayabharathi
| ''Aathik Kathalin Ninaiuv Kurippukal''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2018
| Suneel Krishnan
| ''Ambu Padukkai''
| Short Stories
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Two Tamil writers bag Sahitya Akademi awards | date= 23 June 2018 | url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jun/23/two-tamil-writers-bag-sahitya-akademi-awards-1832389.html | publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2019-07-25}}</ref><ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| Sabarinathan
|''Vaal''
| Poetry
| <ref> {{cite news|title=Two Tamil writers get Sahitya Akademi awards|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/two-tamil-writers-get-sahitya-akademi-awards/article27947226.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 June 2019|accessdate=2019-07-25|last1=A|first1=Pon Vasanth B.}} </ref><ref>{{ cite web |title = சபரிநாதனுக்கு யுவபுரஸ்கார் விருது | url = https://www.jeyamohan.in/122878 | website=jeyamohan.in | accessdate=2019-07-25 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| Shakti
|''Mara Naai''
| Poetry
| <ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya Puraskar, Yuva Puraskar 2020 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-puraskar-yuva-puraskar-2020-961327.html |website=www.deccanherald.com |date=2021-03-12 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| Karthik Balasubramanian
|''Natchatravaasikal''
| Novel
|
|-
| 2022
| P. Kali Muthu
|''Thanithirukkum Aralikalin Mathiyam''
| Poetry
|
|-
| 2023
| Ram Thangam
|''Thirukarthiyal''
| Short Stories
| <ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || Lokesh Raghuraman || ''Vishnu Vandhar'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || Latshmihar || ''Kuttonru Kutirru'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Tamil]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Tamil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]

[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]

Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar

2026-03-19T06:58:34Z

ContactBot: Started biography!

{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
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| alt =
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| birth_date = 1 April 1931
| birth_place = [[Abbottabad]]
| disappeared_date =
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| death_date = 31 May 2019
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| allegiance = {{Ind}}
| branch = {{air force|India}}
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| rank = [[Group captain (India)|Group captain]]
| rank_label =
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = [[No. 5 Squadron IAF]]
| known_for = Role in [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]] evidence
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
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'''Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar''' (1 April 1931-31 May 2019) was an [[Indian Air Force]] [[fighter pilot]] known for his role in air operations during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], for which he received the [[Maha Vir Chakra]]. He later submitted [[affidavit|evidence]] in relation to the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|violence upon Sikhs in Delhi in 1984]].

==Early life==
Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar was born on 1 April 1931 in [[Abbottabad]], then in [[British India]], to Kartar Singh.<ref name=Chakravorty1995/><ref name=Phoolka2007>{{cite book |last1=Phoolka |first1=H. S.|author1-link=H. S. Phoolka |last2=Mitta |first2=Manoj|author2-link=Manoj Mitta |title=When a Tree Shook Delhi |date=2007 |publisher=[[Roli Books]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7436-598-9 |page=45-47 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ot6mBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45|language=en |chapter=Plight of a War Hero}}</ref>

==Military career==
Talwar was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 14 October 1953 and from 1969 to 1972 served the Agra based [[No. 5 Squadron IAF]], which operated [[English Electric Canberra|English Electric Canberra bombers]], first as squadron leader and then as Wing commander.<ref name=Chakravorty1995>{{cite book |last1=Chakravorty |first1=B. |title=Stories of Heroism: PVC & MVC Winners |date=1995 |publisher=Allied Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7023-516-2 |page=345 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzizVBSb4YsC&pg=PA345 |language=en |chapter=2. Medals and decorations of India}}</ref><ref name=Napier2022>{{cite book |last1=Napier |first1=Michael |title=Flashpoints: Air Warfare in the Cold War |date=2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-5355-4 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8whxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA166 |language=en |chapter=Indo-Pakistan War}}</ref><ref name=BRak/> During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he held the rank of [[Wing Commander]] and led several bombing missions into Pakistani territory.<ref name=Napier2022/> Then, along with [[No. 16 Squadron IAF]], he led his squadron's Canberras to [[PAF Base Murid|Murid]], [[PAF Base M.M. Alam|Mianwali]], [[Sargodha Airfield Complex|Sargodha]] [[PAF Base Chandhar|Chandhar]], [[PAF Base Masroor|Masroor]], [[Faisalabad International Airport|Risalwala]], [[PAF Base Masroor|Masroor]], and [[PAF Base Rafiqui|Shorkot]].<ref name=Napier2022/>

==Later life==
In 1973 Talwar joined the Defence Services Staff College as Wing commander.<ref name=BRak/> In 1977 was appointed Group Captain at [[Gorakhpur Airport|Gorakhpur airbase]].<ref name=BRak>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Group Captain Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar 4573 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/4573#google_vignette |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=26 July 2025 |language=en-gb}}</ref> He retired in 1979, following which he took to a garment business from his residence in Delhi.<ref name=BRak/><ref name=Singh/>

Talwar's [[affidavit|witness statement]] in relation to [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|anti-Sikh violence in Delhi in 1984]], is detailed in Pav Singh's ''[[1984: India's Guilty Secret]]'' (2017). In it, he recounts how he was imprisoned for defending his family when mobs attacked them in November of that year.<ref name=Singh>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Parvinder |title=1984 Sikhs' Kristallnacht |url=https://www.saada.org/item/20170109-4880 |website=South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA) |access-date=25 July 2025 |language=en |date=9 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=Tribune>{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Sujan |date=31 October 2021 |title=MVC Wg Cdr Man Mohan Bir Singh Talwar is known as the man who bombed Sargodha |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/mvc-wg-cdr-man-mohan-bir-singh-talwar-is-known-as-the-man-who-bombed-sargodha-332316/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725143944/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/mvc-wg-cdr-man-mohan-bir-singh-talwar-is-known-as-the-man-who-bombed-sargodha-332316/ |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025 |work=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |title=Affidavit of Manmohanbir Singh Talwar (Captain) 1984 |url=http://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_genocide/affidavit_of_manmohanbir_singh.html |website=www.discoversikhism.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725144753/https://www.discoversikhism.com/sikh_genocide/affidavit_of_manmohanbir_singh.html |archive-date=25 July 2025 |access-date=25 July 2025}}

[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Witness (law)]]
[[Category:Pilots of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]

Tiger hunting

2026-03-14T01:39:11Z

ContactBot: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|none}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
[[Image:George Curzon with his wife posing with a hunted Bengal tiger, 1903.jpg|thumb|right|Tiger hunting by [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]], and [[Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston|his wife Mary]] in [[British India]], 1903.]]
'''Tiger hunting''' is the capture and killing of [[tiger]]s. Humans are the tigers' most significant predator, and illegal poaching is a major threat to the tigers. The [[Bengal tiger]] is the most common subspecies of tiger, constituting approximately 80% of the entire tiger population in [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Sub-Continent]],<ref name="SJF">{{cite book |author1=Sir Joseph Fayrer |title=The Royal Tiger of Bengal |date=1875 |publisher=J. & A. Churchill |location=London |oclc=3733279 }}</ref> and is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]], and [[India]]. Tigers have mythological, cultural and religious significance in these countries.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mohammed Ullah |title=Tigers in Different Culture and Folklore |url=https://rampages.us/mohammedullah2017/2017/12/05/tigers-in-different-culture-and-folklore-blog-6/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |date=5 December 2017}}</ref> Foreign big game hunters saw hunting of tigers as a symbol of masculinity and an adventurous sporting event.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Joseph Sramek |title="Face Him like a Briton": Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875 |journal=Victorian Studies |year=2006 |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=659–680 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4618910 |access-date=3 August 2022 |publisher=Indiana University Press|doi=10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659 |jstor=4618910 |s2cid=145632352 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> It has been hunted in these countries for centuries. In 1924, the tiger population in Asia was estimated to be more than 100,000. However, within less than a hundred years, it had declined to fewer than 3,200.<ref name="Nat Geo">{{cite web |title=Tiger Hunting in India 1924 |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/140803-tiger-hunt-1924-india-maharaja-safari |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327101735/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/140803-tiger-hunt-1924-india-maharaja-safari |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2021 |work=National Geographic |access-date=3 August 2022 |date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Tigers have historically been a popular [[Big game hunting|big game]] animal and has been hunted for prestige as well as for taking trophies. Extensive poaching has continued even after such hunting became illegal and legal protection was provided to the tiger. Now a [[conservation reliant species|conservation-reliant]] [[endangered species]], the majority of the world's tigers live in captivity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Animals : Tigers|url=http://www.vitalstatistics.info/sub-category2.asp?cid=6&scid=1349|website=Vital Statistics|access-date= 26 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220005533/http://www.vitalstatistics.info/sub-category2.asp?cid=6&scid=1349|archive-date=2012-02-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tigers were once considered to be harder to hunt than lions, due to their habit of living alone in dense cover and not noisily asserting their presence with roars as often.<ref name="Perry" />

==History==
[[Image:Tigerhunting1821.jpg|thumb|Historical tiger hunting in [[India]], c. 1821.]]
Historically, tigers have been hunted on foot, horseback, elephant-back, and from [[Hunting blind|machans]]. Any of these involved considerable danger and the hunting of a tiger had been considered a manly and a courageous feat with game, trophies being collected as the symbols of valor and prestige. Accounts of British royalty photographed aside dead tiger carcasses during the late 19th and early 20th centuries depict the construction of the successful conquest of Indian nature, thus symbolizing the imperial, masculine identities desired by the British.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sramek|first1=Joseph|title="Face Him like a Briton": Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875|journal=Victorian Studies|volume=48|issue=4|pages=659–680|date=Summer 2006|jstor=4618910|doi=10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659|s2cid=145632352}}</ref> In some places such as China, tigers were also perceived to be a threat to human life in the area, so those who managed to kill them were hailed as heroes to the general public.

In 1986, it was discovered that tigers were declining rapidly due to being poisoned, snared or shot and then smuggled out of India to supply [[Traditional Chinese medicine|medicinal manufacturers in China]].<ref name=Nichols>Nichols, Michael, and Geoffrey C. Ward. (1998). "The Year of the Tiger." National Geographic Society. Print.</ref> By 1992, the trade industry paid a total of $12.4 million for 200 tigers that were harvested by poachers.<ref name=Nichols /> Since that time, the Chinese have banned poaching and the tiger part trade. However, this has only increased the value of poached tigers. Individual poachers now get approximately $800 per tiger, but those associated with well-known established gangs can receive up to $5,000 per body received.<ref name=Nichols /> In addition to poaching, to compensate for the banning of trade in tiger parts, China has begun harvesting tigers by means of "tiger farming."<ref>{{cite journal|last2=Abbott|first2=Brant|last1=Cornelis van Kooten|first1=Gerrit|year=2011|title=Can Domestication of Wildlife Lead to Conservation? The Economics of Tiger Farming in China|journal=Ecological Economics|volume=70|issue=4|pages=721–728|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.11.006|url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/46994/files/WorkingPaper2009-01.pdf}}</ref> This enables them to breed captive tigers for the purpose of selling their parts.

===India===

[[File:Ala-uddin and Mahima hunting.JPG|thumb|right|'Ala'ud-Din and Mahima Dharma hunting a tiger for [[entertainment]] while in an intimate relationship, [[Punjab]], [[South Asia]], 1790]]
From time immemorial, humans and tigers have co-existed throughout the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="KP">{{cite web |author1=Kalpana Pradhan |title=The people who live with tigers |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190329-the-people-who-live-with-tigers |publisher=BBC |access-date=3 August 2022 |date=2 April 2019}}</ref> In fact, tigers were revered and worshiped in the forests and grasslands it shared with people throughout the region.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Seidensticker |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Jackson |editor2-first=Peter |editor3-last=Christie |editor3-first=Sarah |editor4-last=Burge |editor4-first=Richard |title=Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-64057-1 |page=50 |edition=First |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/animaforum/article/abs/seidensticker-j-christie-s-jackson-p-eds-1999-riding-the-tiger-tiger-conservation-in-humandominated-landscapes-cambridge-university-press-cambridge-383-pp-isbn-0521640571-hard-cover-0521648351-soft-cover/6FD285FBB27FFDCAD2800074C7E316D2}}</ref> While the [[tigers in India]] were widely extant and not threatened up to the first decades of the twentieth century, hunting and habitat loss reduced their population in [[India]] from 40,000 to less than 1,800 in a mere hundred years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HC21Df01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322185209/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/HC21Df01.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 March 2006 |newspaper=[[Asia Times]] Online |title=South Asia news, business and economy from India and Pakistan |date=21 March 2006 |access-date=26 February 2012}}</ref> Despite the prevalence of tiger hunting as a royal sport for centuries, the consequences were larger during the [[British Raj]] due to the hunters' use of far superior firepower, and their interest to hunt shared by a much larger number of colonial aristocrats led to further depletion. Hunting events were chronicled in detail by the British officers in their personal diaries, memoirs, official gazetteers and their photographs,<ref name="ET" /> with successful tiger hunts being seen as a symbol of the successful conquest of nature by civilised, manly Britons.<ref name="JosephSramek2006FaceHimLikeBriton">{{Cite journal |last=Sramek |first=Joseph |date=Summer 2006 |title=?Face Him Like a Briton?: Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and British Masculinity in Colonial India, 1800-1875 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/210064 |journal=[[Victorian Studies]] |language=en |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=659–680 |doi=10.2979/VIC.2006.48.4.659 |issn=0042-5222 |access-date=15 June 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref> British rulers enacted Forest Act of 1878 which enabled them to treat forest area as hunting grounds.<ref name="ET">{{cite web |author1=Raghav Chandra |author2=Shruti Chandra |title=Reparation for destruction of wildlife: That'll be 15 bn Pounds, your highness |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/et-commentary/reparation-for-destruction-of-wildlife-thatll-be-15-bn-pounds-your-highness/ |access-date=3 August 2022 |date=12 October 2015}}</ref> British officially killed 1,579 tigers in the year 1878.<ref>{{cite web |title=1,579 Tigers Were Killed by British in India in Just One Year, Reveals IFS Officer's Tweet |date=23 January 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/tigers-killed-by-british-in-india-staggering-numbers-4689128.html |publisher=News 18 Network |access-date=3 August 2022 |quote=IFS officer Parveen Kaswan, who is well-known on Twitter for sharing wildlife facts, tweeted a document that showed in a single year of 1878 British government officially killed 1579 tigers.}}</ref> In 1882, the British officials paid £4800 in rewards for killing 1,726 tigers.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Sir William Wilson Hunter |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |date=1886 |publisher=Trübner & Company |location=London |page=653}}</ref> Maharaja of Surguja killed 1,710 tigers in his hunting quests. George Yule, a British civil servant in [[Bengal Presidency]] had killed more than 400 tigers during his administration. Duke of Windsor shot 17 tigers in one week in 1921<ref>{{cite web |author1=Roshni Johar |title=The scent of shikar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030406/spectrum/main3.htm |website=The Tribune India |date=6 April 2003}}</ref> King [[George V]] on his visit to Colonial India in 1911 killed 39 tigers in a matter of 10 days<ref name="LODH">{{cite journal |author1=Lodh, S. |title=Portrayal of 'Hunting' in Environmental History of India |journal=ALTRALANG Journal |year=2020 |volume=2 |issue=02 |page=199 |doi=10.52919/altralang.v2i02.84 |s2cid=238134573 |url=https://www.univ-oran2.dz/revuealtralang/index.php/altralang/article/view/84|doi-access=free }}</ref> One of these is on display at the [[Royal Albert Memorial Museum]].<ref name="RM">{{cite web |author1=Mitra, R. |title=Shooting Tigers in Early 20th-Century India |url=https://imperialglobalexeter.com/2018/09/17/shooting-tigers-in-early-20th-century-india/ |access-date=1 August 2022 |year=2018}}</ref>

As of 2022, India contains 75 percent of the global tiger population.<ref>{{cite web |title=India almost doubled its tiger population, says Minister on International Tiger Day |url=https://newsonair.com/2022/07/29/india-almost-doubled-its-tiger-population-says-minister-on-international-tiger-day/ |website=News on AIR |access-date=3 August 2022}}</ref>

===Tsarist Russia===
{{Main|Russian history, 1892-1917}}
In the first years of the 20th century, the [[Imperial Russia]]n government began a plan to colonise the Central Asiatic lands inhabited by the [[Caspian tiger]]. The Russian local authorities worked heavily to exterminate tigers during a huge land reclamation program in areas such as the [[Syr-Daria]] and [[Amu-Daria]] rivers and the [[Aral Sea]]. The Russian army was instructed to exterminate all tigers found around the area of the [[Caspian Sea]], a project that was carried out very efficiently. Once the extermination of the Caspian tiger was almost complete, the farmers followed, clearing forests and planting crops. Due to intensive hunting and deforestation, the Caspian tiger retreated first from the lush lowlands to the forested ranges, then to the marshes around some of the larger rivers, and finally, deeper into the mountains, until it almost certainly became extinct. The last stronghold of the Caspian tiger in the former Soviet Union was in the Tigrovaya Balka area, in [[Tajikistan]]. Though the tigers were reported as being found here until the mid-1950s, the reliability of these claims is unknown.

===Soviet Union===
In the early years of the [[Russian Civil War]], both [[Red army|Red]] and [[Mensheviks|White]] armies based in [[Vladivostok]] nearly wiped out the local [[Siberian tiger]]s. In the 1920s, tigers were heavily persecuted by the Communists, who would on occasion bag up to eight or ten on a single outing. Legal tiger hunting within the Soviet Union would continue until 1947, when it was officially prohibited.<ref name="Snowtigers">{{cite book | author = Matthiessen, Peter | title = Tigers in the Snow | year = 2000 | page = 185 | isbn = 978-1-86046-677-9}}</ref>

===People's Republic of China===
In 1959, during the [[China|PRC]]'s [[Great Leap Forward]], [[Mao Zedong]] declared [[South China tiger]]s as enemies of man, and began organizing and encouraging eradication campaigns. By the early 1960s, Chinese tigers had been reduced to just over 1,000 animals. A decade later, their range was reduced to three regions in southern China, two of which were located in the [[Jiangxi Province]].<ref name="Snowtigers"/>

==Tigers in traditional Chinese medicine==
{{See also|Tiger bone wine}}[[Image:TigerSkinning.jpg|thumb|Instructions for tiger skinning]]

Tiger bones and nearly all body parts are used in [[traditional Chinese medicine]] for a range of purported uses, including pain killers. When combined with the high prices that furs fetch on the black market and [[destruction of habitat]], [[poaching]] for medicinal uses has greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. A century ago, it is estimated that there were over 100,000 tigers in the world; now, global numbers may be below 2,500 mature breeding individuals, with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals.
There is no scientific corroboration to these beliefs, which include:

*The tail of the tiger is sometimes ground and mixed with soap to create an [[ointment]] for use in treating [[skin cancer]].
*The bones found in the tip of the tiger's tail are said to ward off evil spirits.
*Crushed tiger bones added to wine, served as a Taiwanese general tonic.
*The feet of a tiger, when dipped in [[palm oil]] and hung in front of a door, are said to diminish the likelihood of evil spirits from entering.
*Tiger's skin is said to cure a fever caused by ghosts. To use it effectively, the user must sit on the tiger's skin, but beware. If too much time is spent on the tiger's skin, legend says the user will become a tiger.
*Adding honey to the [[gallstones]] and applying the combination to the hands and feet is said to effectively treat [[abscesses]].
*Burnt tiger hair can allegedly drive away [[centipedes]].
*Mixing the brain of a tiger with oil and rubbing the mixture on your body is an alleged cure for both laziness and [[acne]].
*Rolling the [[eyeball]]s into pills is an alleged remedy for [[convulsions]].
*The whiskers are used to cure toothaches.
*One will allegedly possess courage and shall be protected from sudden fright by wearing a tiger's claw as a piece of jewellery or carrying one in a pocket.
*Strength, cunning, and courage can allegedly be obtained by consuming a tiger's [[heart]].
*Floating ribs of a tiger are considered a good luck [[Amulet|talisman]].
*The [[tiger's penis]] is said to be an aphrodisiac.
*Small bones in a tiger's feet tied to a child's wrists are said to be a sure cure for convulsions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tigers|website=Big Cat Rescue|url=http://www.bigcatrescue.org/tiger.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091620/http://www.bigcatrescue.org/tiger.htm|archive-date=15 May 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Tiger shooting in East Berar.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Tiger shooting in [[Berar Province|Berar]]]]
On 15 March 2010, the World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies (WFCMS) issued a statement regarding the use of endangered species for medicinal purposes. Huang Jianyin, Deputy Secretary of WFCMS, addressing the conference, issued the following statement: "Tiger conservation has become a political issue in the world. Therefore it is necessary for the traditional Chinese medicine industry to support the conservation of endangered species, including tigers".<ref>{{citation |contribution-url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?190643/Chinese-medicine-societies-reject-tiger-bones-ahead-of-CITES-conference |contribution=Chinese Medicine Societies Reject Tiger Bones ahead of CITES |title=Official site |location=Gland |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |date=12 March 2010 }}.</ref> As TCM practitioners push to remove endangered species from the "ingredients list," they are being met by farmers hoping to reignite the demand for TCM-based medicinal products, such as [[Tiger Bone Wine]].

Tiger farming is partially, if not fully, responsible for reigniting the demand for tiger-based medicinal products. At Xiongsen bear and tiger farm in Guilin, China, as many as 200,000 bottles of tiger bone wine are being produced annually. (Jacobs 2010) Parks such as Xiongsen profit off branding their wine as holistic medicinal remedies, meeting the market demand for prior medicinal practices. While TCM practitioners attempt to move away from the use of endangered species, tiger farms are reigniting this demand. Today, tiger farmers in China are pushing their government to lift the ban on tiger part sales.

In 2007, farmers fought to have the ban lifted, citing that, "[t]he poaching of wild tigers for traditional medicine would diminish substantially if tigers, which breed prolifically in captivity – could be farmed for food." However, this goes directly against the reasons for which these establishments were created – for reintroducing the endangered species back into the wild. If tiger farming is allowed, the population of wild tigers will be directly affected. One of the first noticeable factors will be the growth in demand for a natural product (wild vs captive bred). The consequence of ignoring these dire issues will be detrimental to the population of tigers. Most alarmingly, it is projected that within the next decade, the species of tigers may go extinct. "James Leape, director general of the World Wildlife Fund, told the meeting in St. Petersburg that if the proper protective measures aren't taken, tigers may disappear by 2022, the next Chinese calendar year of the tiger." (Titova 2010)<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese Medicine Societies Reject Tiger Bones Ahead of CITES Conference|website=ScienceDaily|date=15 March 2010|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/03/100312164653.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Andrew Jacobs|title=Tiger Farms in China Feed Thirst For Parts|work=The New York Times|date=13 February 2010|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/13/world/asia/13tiger.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Titova, Irina|title=Tigers Could Be Extinct in 12 Years If Unprotected|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune|date=21 November 2010|url=http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2010/nov/21/tigers-could-be-extinct-in-12-years-if-unprotected/?print}}</ref>

==Hunting and poaching==
[[File:Mannerheim Tiger Hunt 1937.jpg|thumb|[[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] and [[Juddha Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]] with a killed tiger, 1937]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een groep mannen en kinderen poseert bij een pas geschoten tijger te Malingping in Bantam West-Java TMnr 10006636.jpg|thumb|A group of men poses with a killed [[Javan tiger]], 1941]]
The wild tiger is one of the most threatened species on the planet. The main factors behind the endangerment of tigers are spurred by humans, due to demand, customary beliefs, ritual practices of/and increasing number of populations clashing and tampering with the original boundaries and dwelling zones of this wild animal. In some middle eastern countries tiger parts are believed to heal the liver and kidneys and are used to treat epilepsy, baldness, inflammation, possession by evil demons, toothaches, malaria, hydrophobia, skin diseases, nightmares, laziness, fevers, and headaches.<ref>{{cite web|author=Winter, S.|author2=Guynop, S.|date=3 January 2014|title=Tiger Hunting: Illegal Worldwide But Still on the Rise|access-date=25 February 2015|url=http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/elist/eListRead/tiger_hunting_illegal_worldwide_but_still_on_the_rise/}}</ref>
Although tiger populations are mostly impacted by habitat degradation and diminution in prey density. Wang and Shen 2010 explain that factors that best explain diminishing population of tiger species are human population density and distance from roads. However, hunting activities and poaching contribute greatly to the declines of this animal. Illegal trade circulating products from tiger parts is another of the major causes of extinction of the Javan, Caspian and Bali tiger subspecies (WWF 2010).<ref>{{cite book|editor=IUCN|publication-date=2011|vauthors=Linkie M, Wibisono HT, Martyr DJ, Sunarto S|date=2008|chapter=Panthera tigris ssp. sumatrae|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2|chapter-url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15966/0|access-date=15 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514003631/http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15966/0|archive-date=14 May 2012}}</ref>

A well-respected report "Traffic: The wildlife trade monitoring network" has released numbers on animals killed and traded for parts and products. "One thousand tigers were killed and traded for their parts and products in the last decade." The Malayan species of tiger has about 600 to 800 in the wild, making it the third largest sub-species. It is one of the most portrayed, which appears on the Malaysian coat of arms. The Bali tiger has already become extinct due to hunting. It was the smallest of the tiger family with an approximate weight of 90–100 kg in males and 65–80 kg in females.

As the Russian economy has declined, laws and regulations against poaching became looser and less enforced, which has favoured the hunting and poaching of tigers to improve market conditions and economy (Washington Post, 2010). The degree to which poaching and hunting is practised is such that very rarely do Siberian tigers die of old age, since they are killed before they are allowed to reach this stage.

In recognition of these times of struggle for the survival of the tiger, Russian Prime minister Vladimir Putin has put forth an effort to bring people together in awareness of this occurrence in the city of St. Petersburg. The name of the event is called the "Tiger Summit" an international forum to rescue tigers from the brink of extinction. The year 2010 was the Chinese year of the tiger, which made the year a natural focus of international conservation efforts.
Tiger experts fear that tigers are in jeopardy of extinction due to current threats (Traffic 2010). Prolonging their existence will take a very high level of commitment from multiple countries. Experts agree that efforts to conserve habitat are essential. For example, an evaluation of conservation strategies to preserve species of tigers in North-eastern China reveal the importance of enlarging suitable habitats for conservation and survival (Xiaofeng, 2009). Key landscapes must be tiger-conservation friendly to ensure ecosystem integrity that is equally valuable for humans, tigers and many other wildlife species sharing the same area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wibisono|first1=Hariyo T.|last2=Pusparini|first2=Wulan|title=Sumatran Tiger: a review of conservation status|journal=Integrative Zoology|year=2010|pages=313–323|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00219.x|volume=5|issue=4|pmid=21392349}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Seidensticker|title=Saving Wild Tigers|journal=Integrative Zoology|date=Jan 2010|pages=289–299|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00214.x|pmid=21392347|first1=John|volume=5|issue=4|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lally|first=Kathy|title=Members of Russian summit have diverging ideas but common goal|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=1996–2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Goodrich|first=J.M.|title=Human-Tiger conflict:a review and call for comprehensive plans|journal=[[Integrative Zoology]]|year=2010|pages=300–312|doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00218.x|volume=5|issue=4|pmid=21392348|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Habitat evaluation of wild Amur Tiger and conservation priority setting in North Eastern China|journal=[[Journal of Environmental Management]]|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.001|year=2011|last1=Xiaofeng|first1=Luan|last2=Yi|first2=Qu|last3=Diqiang|first3=Li|last4=Shirong|first4=Liu|last5=Xiulei|first5=Wang|last6=Bo|first6=Wu|last7=Chunquan|first7=Zhu|volume=92|pages=31–42|pmid=20828917|issue=1|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dyabas|first=C.|title=The Once and Future Tiger|year=2010|series=872-877|doi=10.1525/bio.2010.60.11.3|journal=BioScience|volume=60|issue=11|pages=872–877|s2cid=83471382}}</ref> In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China.<ref name="TigersChina">{{cite news|date=12 July 2014|title=Conservationists shocked by Chinese admission of tiger skin selling|url=http://www.shanghaisun.com/index.php/sid/223750073/scat/b8de8e630faf3631/ht/Conservationists-shocked-by-Chinese-admission-of-tiger-skin-selling|access-date=12 July 2014|work=Shanghai Sun|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140141/http://www.shanghaisun.com/index.php/sid/223750073/scat/b8de8e630faf3631/ht/Conservationists-shocked-by-Chinese-admission-of-tiger-skin-selling|archive-date=2014-07-14}}</ref>

==Methods==
[[Image:ElephantbackTigerHunt.jpg|thumb|left|Tiger hunting on elephant-back]]

===Baiting===
Baiting consisted of watching for a tiger over the carcass of some animal, domestic or wild, which it had previously killed. The tiger would usually come to its kill in the evening, making the vicinity resound with its loud roars. While there was no danger to the hunter as long as he sat up in the tree, it was dangerous for him to attempt to return home during the night. The hunter would thus have to remain in the tree till morning.<ref name="Tigerhunt">{{cite web | url = http://www.loukashkin.org/Tigers/index.htm| title = Tiger Hunting and Some Tiger Habits | publisher = Museum of North Manchuria, Manchuria Research Institute, Harbin, Manchuria| access-date = 27 September 2007}}</ref> In China, small bombs known as ''pen-tras'' were placed in a tiger's kill, and would detonate upon ingestion.<ref name="Perry" />

===Bird lime===
In Burma and in India, a concoction of mustard oil and latex was strewn around a water hole frequented by a tiger. In an attempt to rid its paws of the sticky fluid with its tongue or teeth, the tiger would involuntarily cover its face with dirt and leaves. The resulting blindness made it easier for it to be brought down.<ref name="Perry" />

===Hunquah===
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - Majaraha Ram Singh Hunting a Tiger.jpg|thumb|[[Maharaja]] Ram Singh hunting a tiger]]
''Hunqua'' was the [[raja]]h's practise in [[Bengal]] of reducing the numbers of tigers by setting fire to grass ten or twenty miles around one jungle in such a manner that beaters could drive the fleeing animals into a mile of netting.<ref name="Perry" />

===Impalement===
In upper [[Irrawaddy River|Irrawaddy]], when a bamboo bridge was seen to be used by tigers, the slats of the bridge would be adjusted, so that on its next crossing, the tiger would fall onto sharpened poles at the bottom.<ref name="Perry" /> In Madhya Pradesh, the Baigas would hang a tiger's kill from the middle of a horizontal pole supported in two forked trees a few feet apart. Because the pole was slippery and had no bark, the tiger would slip, trying to gain access to the kill and fall upon sharpened bamboo spikes at the bottom.<ref name="Perry" /> In Burma, bamboo stakes would be placed on both sides of a path frequented by tigers. When a tiger made physical contact with a cord tied across the path, the slit half of the [[bamboo clapper]] would loudly spring back on its other half. The sound would apparently cause the tiger to leap to one side and impale itself on one of the stakes.<ref name="Perry" />

===Horse/camel back===
[[File:Beaters QE1 130.jpg|thumb|Elephant back beaters on a tiger hunt, India, late 1890's.]]
Horses and camels were used by [[cavalry officer]]s in the 17th century India, which they found to be more reliable and less unpredictable than elephants. After chasing the tigers to exhaustion, the riders would gallop around the tigers in ever decreasing circles, and then kill the tiger with a sword.<ref name="Perry" />

===Hunting dogs===
For this purpose it was necessary to have a pack of [[hunting dog]]s of very considerable strength, well trained in the chase of every kind of big game animal found in the taiga. When hunting, the hunters would usually collect most of the dogs of their village to form a nondescript pack. Not all dogs were equal in hunting, as they differed greatly in quality and character. In every pack there were one or two leaders which the rest follow. If the leader were lost, the pack soon got out of hand. Hunters rarely brought dogs along in heavy snow, as it would impede the dogs' movement and make them easy targets for the tiger.

Upon encountering the tiger, the dogs would begin to bark furiously, at the same time catching hold of its legs and biting it in the hind quarters. In such a manner, they caused it to stop and turn at bay. When the tiger was finally cornered, the dogs would usually make high pitched barks, consistent with feelings of extreme nervousness. Half of the pack would continue to surround the tiger, while the other dogs rested. If, however, the quarry tried to break away, the whole pack charged it, with some of the dogs actually jumping on the animal's back and forcing it to halt once more. Working only from sound and keeping behind trees out of sight of the quarry, the hunter would get within easy range of the latter and shoot it.

Despite their great strength, the tigers usually did not stand their ground against the dogs unless cornered, much preferring to retreat. It was theorised that this is due to the tiger mistaking the dogs for [[dhole]]s (''Cuon alpinus''), which have been known to kill tigers on rare occasions.<ref name="Tigerhunt" />

==Solutions to tiger extinction==

To conserve the wild tigers as a species in the environment, several threats need to be addressed – habitat loss, reduction of prey populations, and direct hunting of tigers.

Human scarcity makes for less [[exploitation of natural resources]] and the wild tiger populations can in these places remain stable or increase, as long as they are not subject to poaching.

Tigers depend on trees for shelter and cover and hunting of animals that live on them. Habitat destruction and logging for new roads and dwellings harms this species ecosystem drastically. The trees allow tigers to sharpen their claws and scratch trees to provide the basic survival toolkits.
The loss of vegetative elements in their reproductive and dwelling environment is a cause for concern as well, since these species rely on cover from trees and tall grasses to prey on other animals. Trees and vegetation also provide natural cover from abiotic factors and elements that these animals rely on for their protection. Tigers mate and reproduce in the same areas where they were born, therefore conserving natural vegetation and tree cover is important.

The effort to promote the recovery of tigers throughout their range has been ongoing for at least 40 years. Multiple governments have funded a special [[Project Tiger]] Program, and have been very active. Anderson et al. 2006 has analysed funding of money for tiger conservation specifically by non-governmental organisations between the years 1998–2002. Over $23 million has been invested between the countries of India, Russia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Nepal.

Gratwicke et al. 2006 writes that ExxonMobil, a major corporation has invested 12.6 million US dollars for the sole purpose of tiger conservation between the years of 1999–2004. The [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] and the Panthera Foundation announced a plan in 2008 to create a "Genetic Corridor" between Bhutan and Myanmar to help sustain a large, continuous population of tigers, spanning eight countries. This project promises to be the largest area of unbroken or unfragmented tiger habitat, and would represent the single most intense effort to conserve this species from extinction. (Rabinowitz).

Another major contributor is the World Wildlife Fund for nature. This organisation has proposed a major initiative with an objective of doubling wild tiger populations by the year 2020. In response to major organisations putting forth such great efforts, other smaller more numerous efforts have joined forces in this task. The conglomeration of these organisations has been named the international Tiger Coalition.

Sanderson et al. (2006) evaluated the effectiveness of varying conservation measures for the tiger species in differing sites through a survey of 70 conservationists.
High scores were given for those areas that showed a high effectiveness in implementation with a scaling value in descending order for those measures proven ineffective. Of these measures, a few projects in India, Bhutan, Nepal, and Malaysia were considered to be most effective.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Xavier|first=N.K.|title=A new conservation policy needed for reintroduction of Bengal tiger-white|journal=Current Science|year=2010|volume=99|issue=7|pages=894–895}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal|last=Jenkins|first=Hank|title=Conservation of the Tiger; The need for new and radical approaches|journal=IUCN Sustainable Use Initiative}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Chundawat RS, Habib B, Karanth U, Kawanishi K, Ahmad Khan J, Lynam T, Miquelle D, Nyhus P, Sunarto S, Tilson R, ((Sonam Wang))|date=2010|chapter=Panthera tigris|editor=IUCN|title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.2|publication-date=2010 |chapter-url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15955/0|access-date=11 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100711201946/http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/15955/0|archive-date=2010-07-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Barber-Meyer|first=Shannon M.|title=Dealing with the Clandestine nature of clandestine nature of Wildlife Trade market surveys|date=8 April 2010|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01500.x|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=24|issue=4|pages=918–923|pmid=20408867|s2cid=35243642 }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Genetic corridors are the next step to saving tigers|author=Wildlife Conservation Society|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080213124702.htm}}</ref>

==Notable tiger hunters==
[[File:Sultan Ali Adil II Shah of Bijapur, hunting tiger, India, Deccan, Bijapur, ca 1660.jpg|thumb|Sultan [[Ali Adil Shah II]] of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur]] hunting tiger, c 1660]]
* [[Jim Corbett]]
* [[Kenneth Anderson (writer)|Kenneth Anderson]]
* [[Pachabdi Gazi]]
* [[Timur]]<ref name="Perry">{{cite book | author = Perry, Richard | title = The World of the Tiger | year = 1965 | page = 260 | id = ASIN: B0007DU2IU}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Animal welfare]]
* [[Lion hunting]]
* [[Elephant hunting in Kenya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger Hunting}}
[[Category:Hunting by game]]
[[Category:Culture of Asia]]
[[Category:Social history of India]]
[[Category:Maoist China]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:Cat conservation]]
[[Category:Social history of China]]

Kamasundari Devi

2026-03-13T15:09:51Z

ContactBot: created new bio

{{Short description|Last queen of Darbhanga Raj in Mithila}}

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Kamasundari Devi
| title = Maharani
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|10|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mangrauni]] village, [[Madhubani district]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|01|12|1932|10|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = Kalyani Niwas
| consort = Kameshwar Singh
| regnal name = Maharani Kamasundari Devi
| house = Raj Darbhanga
| house-type = Royal House
| father = Pandit Hansmani Jha
| occupation = Queen
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Kamasundari Devi''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: कामसुंदरी देवी) was the last queen of the [[Raj Darbhanga]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. She was the third queen of the last ruler King [[Kameshwar Singh]] of the ''Khandwala Dynasty'' in Mithila. She is popularly known for her donation of 600 kg gold to the [[Government of India]] during the war between [[India]] and [[China]] in 1962. Her regal name is ''Maharani Kamasundari Devi''.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite news |date=2026-01-12 |title=End of an era as last queen of Darbhanga Raj dies at 96 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/end-of-an-era-as-last-queen-of-darbhanga-raj-dies-at-96/articleshow/126490093.cms |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamsundari Devi: दरभंगा की अंतिम महारानी की कहानी क्यों अलग है? जानें कामसुंदरी देवी के बारे में |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shakti/who-is-kamsundari-devi-darbhanga-raj-last-queen-biography-2026-01-14 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What Remains Of The Darbhanga Royal Family That Once Donated 600 Kg Gold |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/what-remains-of-the-darbhanga-royal-family-that-once-donated-600-kg-gold-10740852 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=दरभंगा राज परिवार के पास आज कितनी संपत्ति, कामसुंदरी देवी का क्या था असली नाम; जानें सबकुछ |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga-raj-family-maharani-kamsundari-devi-maharaja-kameshwar-singh-201768276704969.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=End of an era: Last Maharani of Darbhanga Maharani Kamsundari Devi dies at 93 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/end-of-an-era-last-maharani-of-darbhanga-maharani-kamsundari-devi-dies-at-93-101768222278845.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="jagran">{{Cite web |title=राजा, रियासत, तीन रानियां… फिर भी सूनी रही गोद, दरभंगा महाराज कामेश्वर सिंह और अंतिम महारानी कामसुंदरी देवी की अधूरी विरासत - darbhanga raj end of an era as last queen kamsundari devi dies and story of darbhanga maharaja kameshwar singh |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-darbhanga-raj-end-of-an-era-as-last-queen-kamsundari-devi-dies-and-story-of-darbhanga-maharaja-kameshwar-singh-40104733.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kamasundari was born on 22 October 1932 in a family of [[Maithil Brahmin]] in Mithila.<ref name="jagran"/><ref name="moneycontrol">{{Cite news |title=Maharani who donated 600kg gold during 1962 India-China war, offered private jets to the nation, passes away at 93 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/maharani-who-donated-600kg-gold-during-1962-india-china-war-offered-private-jets-to-the-nation-passes-away-at-93-13773723.html/amp |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260115015246/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/maharani-who-donated-600kg-gold-during-1962-india-china-war-offered-private-jets-to-the-nation-passes-away-at-93-13773723.html/amp |archive-date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-16 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref> She was the fourth daughter of ''Pandit Hansmani Jha'' in the [[Mangrauni]] village of the [[Madhubani district]].<ref name="livehindustan">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=महारानी के अंतिम दर्शन को उमड़े शहरवासी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/darbhanga/story-maharani-kam-sundari-devi-passes-away-a-legacy-of-social-work-and-cultural-influence-201768311896255.html |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Later life ==
In 1940, she was married to Maharaja Kameshwar Singh as his third wife.<ref name="indiatimes"/> She was married at the age of 8 years. According to an other source, she was married on 5 May 1943.<ref name="livehindustan"/> In 1962, Maharaja Kameshwar Singh died and consequently Maharani Kamasundari Devi became widow.<ref name="moneycontrol"/>

== Death ==
In September 2025, she slipped in her bathroom and got injured. After suffering a brain hemorrhage and later developing blood clots therefrom. She was admitted to ICU of a private hospital in the city of Darbhanga. But her health condition didn't recover and she died on 12 January 2026 at her residence Kalyani Niwas.<ref name="jagran"/>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Kamasundari}}
[[Category:People from Darbhanga]]
[[Category:Indian royal consorts]]
[[Category:History of the Mithila region]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

Panchayat (disambiguation)

2026-03-11T10:48:26Z

ContactBot: made post!

{{wiktionary|panchayat}}
The '''[[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]]''' is a political system, originating from the Indian subcontinent, found mainly in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal.

'''Panchayat''' may also refer to:

* [[Panchayat (Nepal)]], the political system of Nepal from 1960 to 1990
* [[Panchayati raj in India]], official system of local self-government of villages in rural India, introduced by constitutional amendment in 1992
** [[Panchayat samiti]], rural local governments (panchayats) at the intermediate level in panchayat raj institutions (PRI)
** [[Nyaya panchayat]], a system of dispute resolution at village level in India
** [[Gram panchayat]], the grassroots-level of panchayati raj formalised local self-governance system in India
* [[Panchayat (film)|''Panchayat'' (film)]], a 2017 Nepalese film
* [[Panchayat (TV series)|''Panchayat'' (TV series)]], an Indian web series
* ''Panchayat'' (1996 film), an Indian Punjabi film by Surinder Walia, starring [[Yograj Singh]]

==See also==
* [[Pancha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Ayat (disambiguation)]]
* [[Panchayatana (disambiguation)]]
* {{look from|Panchayat}}
* [[Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996]], an act of the Parliament of India, amending the constitution
* [[Panchayat forest]], type of forest designation in India
* [[Panchayati Hall]], a Hindu temple in Jaipur, India
* [[Panchayati Times]], an Indian media organization
* [[Panchayati Revolution]] (1842–45), a revolution in the Sikh Empirear
* [[Local government in India]]
* [[Caste panchayat]], based on caste system in India
* [[Nagar panchayat]], a settlement in transition from rural to urban in India
* [[Sarpanch]], head of a panchayat

{{disambiguation}}

Peter Heehs

2026-03-10T05:31:01Z

ContactBot: correct page and added references to improve readability

{{Short description|American historian (born 1948)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = 
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1948}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Historian]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Peter Heehs''' (born 1948) is an [[United States|American]] historian living in [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[India]], who writes on modern Indian history, spirituality and religion. Much of his work focuses on the Indian freedom fighter and spiritual leader [[Sri Aurobindo]]. His publications include twelve books and more than sixty articles in journals and magazines.

==Biography==
Peter Heehs was born and educated in the [[United States]] but has lived in [[India]] since 1971. He has worked in the team as a researcher<ref>{{Cite web | title = Aurobindo's Biographer Speaks Out | url = http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-articles/new-age/aurobindos-biographer-speaks-out | date = April 21, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2012|title=East meets West, again!|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE02Df02.html>|access-date=May 11, 2012|publisher=Asia Times}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} [https://archive.today/20120724043151/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE02Df02.html Archived link, 14 March 2021]{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> at the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]] Archives since its founding, and has contributed to the re-editing of the ''[[Collected Works of Sri Aurobindo|Sri Aurobindo Birth Centenary Library]]'' and ''The Complete Works of Sri Aurobindo''.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Biography - Sri Aurobindo Association of America | url = http://aum.collaboration.org/aum/98/heehs.html |date= August 28, 1998 | access-date = February 22, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Peter Heehs - Biography & Resources | url = http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/bios/peter-heehs.asp | publisher = EnlightenNext.org | access-date = February 22, 2010 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120729071142/http://www.enlightennext.org/magazine/bios/peter-heehs.asp | archive-date = 29 July 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

As a historian, Heehs has written on the [[Swadeshi movement|Swadeshi period]] of the [[Indian independence movement]] and on the early phase of the [[Indian revolutionary movement]]. His 1992 study ''The Bomb in Bengal'' highlighted the importance of the [[Anushilan Samiti|Maniktala secret society]], which was a predecessor of the [[Jugantar]] Group. In that book and other publications, Heehs made it clear that the Indian freedom struggle had both violent and [[non-violence|non-violent]] sides and that the violent revolutionaries helped prepare the country psychologically for the later mass movements led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. In the second edition of ''The Bomb in Bengal'' (2004), Heehs distinguished the aims and methods of early Indian revolutionaries.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Heehs |first=Peter | title= The Bomb in Bengal |edition= Second |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=ix–xxvii}}</ref>

Heehs has also written on problems of Indian [[historiography]] in ''History and Theory'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = Myth, History, and Theory | journal = History and Theory | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–19 | date = February 1994 | url = http://www.wesleyan.edu/histjrnl/archives/feb94.html | access-date = February 22, 2010 | doi = 10.2307/2505649 | jstor = 2505649 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110106013304/http://www.wesleyan.edu/histjrnl/archives/feb94.html | archive-date = 6 January 2011 | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}</ref> ''Postcolonial Studies'',<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = The uses of Sri Aurobindo | journal = Postcolonial Studies | volume = 9 | issue = 2 2006 | pages = 151–164 | issn = 1466-1888 | doi=10.1080/13688790600657827| s2cid = 144965032 }}</ref> and other journals. He has also contributed to popular magazines such as ''History Today''.<ref>{{Cite web | last = Heehs | first = Peter | publisher=History Today.com| title = Articles from the History Today Archive | url=http://www.historytoday.com/search/apachesolr_search/heehs | access-date = December 1, 2010}}</ref>

As a scholar of religion, Heehs has edited the textbook ''Indian Religions''<ref>{{Cite web | last = Heehs | first = Peter | title = Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience | url=http://www.nyupress.org/books/Indian_Religions-products_id-3004.html | publisher= New York University Press | access-date = February 22, 2010}}</ref> and has contributed to journals and edited volumes dealing with [[new religious movements]] in India.<ref>{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Heehs | chapter=The Error of all 'Churches': Religion and Spirituality in Communities Founded or 'Inspired' by Sri Aurobindo| editor1-last=Copley |editor1-first=Antony |title=Gurus and their Followers: New Religious Reform Movements in Colonial India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |pages=209–224}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | first = Peter | last = Heehs | chapter=The Centre of the Religious Life of the World: Spiritual Universalism and Cultural Nationalism in the Work of Sri Aurobindo| editor1-last=Copley |editor1-first=Antony |title=Hinduism, Public and Private: Reform, Hindutva, Gender, Sampraday |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |pages=66–83}}</ref> He has also discussed the problems of Indian [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]].

Heehs's ninth book, ''The Lives of Sri Aurobindo'' (Columbia University Press, 2008), was intended for scholarly readers.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Letter to the Managing Trustee, from Peter Heehs | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/letters/51-letter-to-the-managing-trustee-from-peter-heehs | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> It received positive reviews in the United States<ref>{{Cite web | title = Academic reviews of The Lives of Sri Aurobindo by Peter Heehs | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/academic-reviews | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> but was objected to by a large number of devotees of [[Sri Aurobindo]],<ref>{{Cite web | title = An Outbreak of Fundamentalism? | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/fundamentalism/30-an-outbreak-of-fundamentalism | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> who have delayed the publication of the book in India.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Court Cases | publisher=Religious Fundamentalism and Integral Yoga | url=http://iyfundamentalism.joomla.com/court-cases | access-date = April 10, 2019}}</ref> Heehs's tenth book, ''Writing the Self'', was published by Bloomsbury in February 2013. It has been named an Outstanding Academic Title for 2013 by [[Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries|Choice]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = On Modern Poetry and Writing the Self named Choice Outstanding Academic Titles 2013 | url=http://bloomsburyliterarystudies.typepad.com/continuum-literary-studie/2014/01/on-modern-poetry-and-writing-the-self-are-choice-outstanding-academic-titles.html | publisher=Bloomsbury Literary Studies | access-date = February 1, 2014}}</ref> His eleventh book, ''Situating Sri Aurobindo: A Reader'', a collection of essays by various scholars on Sri Aurobindo's writings with an introduction, was published by Oxford University Press in October 2013. His twelfth book, ''Spirituality without God'', was published by Bloomsbury in November 2018.

Heehs was briefly in the news in April 2012 after the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Ministry of Home Affairs]] declined to entertain an application for an extension of his resident visa after April 15.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Don't expel US historian, govt told | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Don-t-expel-US-historian-govt-told/Article1-833201.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331174747/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Don-t-expel-US-historian-govt-told/Article1-833201.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 March 2012 | publisher=Hindustan Times | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> Learning of the affair on March 31, Union Home Minister [[P Chidambaram|P. Chidambaram]] said that he would review Heehs’s case.<ref>{{Cite news | title = Chidambaram to decide on Heehs' visa tomorrow | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chidambaram-to-decide-on-Heehs-visa-tomorrow/articleshow/12487881.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517221938/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-01/chennai/31269636_1_peter-heehs-visa-historians | url-status=live | archive-date=May 17, 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | date=April 2012 | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref> A number of prominent scholars, as well as Union Minister for Rural Development [[Jairam Ramesh]], wrote in support of Heehs to Chidambaram and to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web | title = Let Heehs stay, scholars urge PM | url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-heehs-stay-scholars-urge-pm/244877-60-118.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819134933/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/let-heehs-stay-scholars-urge-pm/244877-60-118.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 19, 2014 | publisher=IBNLive | access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref>

Leading public intellectuals such as [[Ramachandra Guha]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Ramachandra Guha: Ban the Ban – The republic of India bans books with a depressing frequency | url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/opinion/story_14295812.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111012122946/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110730/jsp/opinion/story_14295812.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 12 October 2011 | publisher = The Telegraph | date = | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> and [[Pratap Bhanu Mehta]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Pratap Bhanu Mehta: Book clubbed | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/book-clubbed/935545/1 | publisher = The Indian Express | date = April 12, 2012| access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> wrote about the issue in their newspaper columns. On April 13, the Home Ministry announced that it had approved a one-year extension of Heehs’s visa.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Chidambaram intervenes, US historian gets 1-yr visa extension | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chidambaram-intervenes-US-historian-gets-1-yr-visa-extension/Article1-840184.aspx | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413221455/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Chidambaram-intervenes-US-historian-gets-1-yr-visa-extension/Article1-840184.aspx | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 April 2012 | publisher=Hindustan Times| access-date = April 14, 2012}}</ref>

The affair became a point of reference in discussions in the Indian and international press of freedom of expression,<ref>{{Cite web | title = The intolerant Indian? | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/opinion/edit-page/The-intolerant-Indian/articleshow/12598780.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707095701/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-10/edit-page/31313634_1_court-cases-intolerance-indian-visa | url-status = live | archive-date = July 7, 2012 | date = Apr 10, 2012 | work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Nilanjana S Roy: Behind the portrait | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nilanjana-s-roy-behindportrait/472347/ | publisher = Business Standard | date = April 24, 2012| access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Mark Tully: Hay Festival 2012: Freedom of Speech | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/hay-festival/9312060/Hay-Festival-2012-Freedom-of-Speech-Mark-Tully.html | publisher = The Telegraph (London) | date = June 8, 2012 | access-date = June 18, 2012}}</ref> book banning,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Gautam Chikermane: Sri Aurobindo, Heehs and the fragility of faith | url = http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-faith/?p=1069 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120823203056/http://blogs.hindustantimes.com/just-faith/?p=1069 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 23 August 2012 | publisher = Hindustan Times | date = February 22, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = A little reason would help | url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=183772 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120410214255/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/articlePrint.jsp?aid=183772 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 10 April 2012 | publisher = India Today | date = April 10, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Indian Academics Object to Treatment of American Historian | url = http://chronicle.com/blogs/global/indian-academics-object-to-treatment-of-american-historian/32734 | publisher = The Chronicle of Higher Education | date = April 3, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Identify politics behind demand for banning a book, says Romila Thapar | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3381463.ece | work = The Hindu| date = May 4, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> censorship,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Indian intellectuals report an increase in censorship | url = http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,15890941,00.html?maca=en-rss-en-all-1573-rdf | publisher = Deutsche Welle | date = April 18, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Palash Krishna Mehrotra: Climate of touchiness augurs ill for India | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/palash-krishna-mehrotra/story/climate-of-touchiness-or-new-hypersensitivity-in-india-99872-2012-04-21 | publisher = India Today | date = April 22, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> xenophobia,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Mihir S. Sharma: Xenophobindia | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mihir-s-sharma-xenophobindia/472807/ | publisher = Business Standard | date = Apr 28, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref> and visa policy.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Rupa Subramanya: Should India Relax its Visa Rules? | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/04/04/economics-journal-should-india-relax-its-visa-rules/ | publisher = The Wall Street Journal | date = April 4, 2012 | access-date = May 11, 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Censorship in India]]
*[[List of books banned in India]]

==Books==
* ''India's Freedom Struggle'' (1988)
* ''Sri Aurobindo: A Brief Biography'' (1989)
* ''Modern India and World History'' (textbook, 1991)
* ''The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India'' (1993)
* ''Essential Writings of Sri Aurobindo'' (1998)
* ''Nationalism, Terrorism, Communalism: Essays in Modern Indian History'' (1998)
* ''Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience'' (2002)
* ''Nationalism, Religion and Beyond: Writings on Politics, Society and Culture'' (2005)
* ''The Lives of Sri Aurobindo'' (2008)
* ''Writing the Self: Diaries, Memoirs, and the History of the Self'' (2013)
* ''Situating Sri Aurobindo: A Reader'' (2013)
*''Spirituality without God'' (2018)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Peter+Heehs&hl=en&lr=&btnG=Search Heehs in Google Scholar]
* [http://peterheehs.com/publications Heehs's publications]
* [https://archive.org/details/Asian_Times_TV_Show_6.12 Skype interview on Archive.org ]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heehs, Peter}}
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]
[[Category:21st-century American male writers]]
[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:1948 births]]

Kudumbakodathi

2026-03-03T21:19:45Z

ContactBot: minor expanded references after review and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kudumbakodathi
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Viji Thampi]]
| producer = V. S. Suresh
| writer = [[Sasidharan Arattuvazhi]]
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = Sanjeev Shankar
| editing = Sreekar Prasad
| studio = Chithram Films
| distributor = Chithram Films
| released = {{Film date|1996|1|18|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kudumbakodathi''''' ({{translation|Family Court}}) is a 1996 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[comedy film]], directed by Viji Thampy and produced by V. S. Suresh. The film stars [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], and [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] in the lead roles. The film has a musical score by [[S. P. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=2932|title=Kudumbakodathi|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1890|title=Kudumbakodathi|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/kudumbakodathi-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027164912/http://spicyonion.com/title/kudumbakodathi-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Kudumbakodathi|accessdate=2014-10-27|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Plot==

N.D. Raman Nair a.k.a. NDR is a successful businessman who is very stingy and makes his two sons work at home as maids. He insults them at the slightest pretext in public and at home. Both the boys have no courage to stand up to him. They have no jobs and live on the mercy of their father. The boys, Ramanan and Rameshan, marry their girlfriends Pournami and Panchami, respectively. The girls were rivals from college and their enmity spills into their home. After the wedding, the boys become subdued husbands and the family spirals into fights and acrimony. Raman, marries a second time and brings home wife who sets about correcting the atmosphere at home with a firm hand.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Naarakatharayil Damodaran Nair Raman Nair aka N. D. R
*[[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Rameshan Nair, NDR's Younger Son
*[[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Ramanan Nair, NDR's Elder Son
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] as Guntoor Parvathy<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/six-years-without-kalpana-why-malayalam-actor-can-never-be-replaced-160193 | title=Six years without Kalpana: Why the Malayalam actor can never be replaced | date=24 January 2022 }}</ref>
*[[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]] as Pournami Nair, Ramanan's Wife
*[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] as Panchami Panicker, Rameshan's Wife
*[[Harishree Ashokan]] as Sarathy Kumaran, NDR's Driver and Rameshan and Ramanan's Friend
*[[Indrans]] as Adv.Punjapadam Pushpangathan, NDR's Legal Advisor
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Paramanandan Nair, Pournami's Father
*[[Zainuddin (actor)|Zainuddin]] as Swami Laxmananda, NDR's younger brother
*[[Spadikam George]] as Impeechi, Guntoor Parvathy's Brother
*[[Jagannadha Varma]] as Rishikeshan Nair, NDR's Friend
*[[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Sivan, Drama Artist
*[[N. L. Balakrishnan]] as Jambulingam Ashan
*[[Meena Ganesh]] as Guntoor Parvathy's Mother
*Priyanka as Charulatha Pournami's Servent
*[[Kuttiyedathi Vilasini]] as Chandramathi Panjami's Servent
*Poojappura Radhakrishnan as Food Inspector
*Bindu Varappuzha
}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]], and the lyrics were written by S. Ramesan Nair.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Dum Dum Thirumukham" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 2 || "Pandathe Meesha" (Hey Mooliyalankaari) || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0266708|Kudumbakodathi}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Viji Thampi]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Swargaputhri

2026-03-03T21:05:36Z

ContactBot: fix structure to improve readability also and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swargaputhri
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. Subramaniam]]
| producer = P. Subramaniam
| writer = [[Kanam E. J.]]
| screenplay = Kanam E. J.
| starring = [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] [[Vijayasree]] [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = R. C. Purushothaman
| editing = N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = Neela
| distributor = Neela
| released = {{Film date|1973|12|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Swargaputhri''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed and produced by [[P. Subramaniam]]. The film stars [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Vijayasree]], [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] and [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]]. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=509|title=Swargaputhri|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4949|title=Swargaputhri|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/swarga-puthri-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092806/http://spicyonion.com/title/swarga-puthri-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 March 2016|title=Swarga Puthri|accessdate=2014-10-15|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]] as Babu
*[[Vijayasree]] as Lissy
*[[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Mathai
*[[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Poulose
*[[Nilambur Balan]] as Pappachan
*[[Raghavan (actor)|Raghavan]] as Doctor
*[[Adoor Pankajam]] as Mariyakutty
*[[Bahadoor]] as Kunjali
*[[KPAC Sunny]] as Thampi
*[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] as Thomas
*[[S. P. Pillai]] as Hospital Warden
*[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]] as Thampi's Wife
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aakaashathaamara" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[P. Madhuri]] || [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Daivaputhra Nin" || P. Madhuri || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 3 || "Kaakke Kaakke" || P. Madhuri || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 4 || "Kaakke Kaakke" (Pathos) || P. Madhuri || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 5 || "Maninaadam Maninaadam" || K. J. Yesudas, [P. Madhuri || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 6 || "Swargaputhree" (Swapnam Vilambiya) || [[P. Jayachandran]] || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|-
| 7 || "Swarnamukhi Nin" || P. Jayachandran || Sreekumaran Thampi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0278078|Swarga Puthri}}

[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Subramaniam]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Vidayutham

2026-03-03T03:06:33Z

ContactBot: Created Data.

{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Nagamaneci}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vidayutham
| image =
| caption = Bloodless Soul
| director = N. Nakamaneci
| producer = R. N. Sreeja
| writer = N. Nakamaneci
| starring = [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]] Ram Saravanan N. Nakamaneci
| music = Mithun Eshwar
| cinematography = Gopal
| editing = Shebin Sebastian & Pradeep
| studio = Sree Nagaraja Sarpayashi Films Pvt Ltd
| distributor = Sree Nagaraja Sarpayashi Films Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|03|18}}
| runtime = 138 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vidayutham''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil film]] directed by Nagamaneci. The film stars [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]], Kaushik Ram and Nagamaneci in the lead roles. This film is produced by Sree Nagaraja Sarpayaakshi Films and Nagamaneci Entertainments Private Ltd. The film was theatrically released on 18 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vidayutham Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/vidayutham/movieshow/61297776.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/vidayutham/movieshow/61297776.cms |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="DC1">{{Cite web |date=December 2015 |title=Slumdog Millionaire fame Tanvi Lonkar in Tamil |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151130/entertainment-kollywood/article/slumdog-millionaire-fame-tanvi-lonkar-tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=விடாயுதம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2016/03/22142044/Vidayutham-movie-review.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228032929/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2016/03/22142044/Vidayutham-movie-review.vpf |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

==Plot ==
The film unfolds through a journey where one faces the consequence when two people meet each other. Devathai, who is the daughter of the ex-minister Chitravel, comes across her first love Kaushik at her grandmother's death. She starts her love adventure to know more about Kaushik. Meanwhile, her elder sister Nithya develops a relationship with her father's rival Paddi Alandhan's son Prakash. A special investigating officer Nagaraj is set to unravel the clues and in his investigation, he gradually realizes that it is not any man behind this, but it is the power of the demon force (ghost) that was leading to these gruesome murders, which cannot been seen or heard.

While getting deeper into the investigation, Nagaraj gets to know the reason behind the ghost doing this and from where and why has this ghost been originated. Trying to find a solution to this problem, he gets to know the Nagraja temple in Nagarcoil and the power behind that. In the temple, there is a five-headed snake, and the mud that comes out from the snake is the "prasadam" for that temple. The prasadam is so powerful that if anyone applies it on their forehead, then no evil, sprit, or ghost will touch or come near them, and using the power of this temple, he is able to destroy the demonic force (ghost), thus succeeding making it flee.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*Nakamaneci as Nagaraj
*[[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]] as Devathai
*Ram Saravana as Kaushik
*[[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Paddi Alandhan
*Vettri as Prakash
*J. K. Adithya
*Chidambara Marthandan
*Swapna Banerjee as Nithya
*Shreya
*Kamali
*Deepa
*Malini Sathappan
}}

==Production==
The film initially began production in 2012 under the title ''Kadhal Theevu'' with director [[Vetri Mahalingam|Vetriveeran]] and the film was reported to be a romantic thriller. Ram Saravana aka Ram Charan, who had earlier worked as a child actor in [[Thangar Bachan]]'s ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002) in the song "Damakku Damakku" was selected to play the lead role.<ref name="T">{{Cite web |date=29 February 2012 |title=Kadhal Theevu: The cast factor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/kadhal-theevu-the-cast-factor/articleshow/12079883.cms |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> Through a common friend, the makers signed on actress [[Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar]], who had earlier appeared in the English film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), to play the female lead role. Tanvi signed the film citing her interest in using the Tamil film industry as a platform to break into bigger films in [[Bollywood]], citing the examples of actresses [[Asin]] and [[Genelia D'Souza]]. Tanvi learned Tamil to shoot her scenes.<ref name="DC1" /> The actress's inclusion in the film was widely covered by the media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2015 |title=சிலம் டாக் மில்லினர் தன்வி நடிக்கும் விடாயுதம் | Tanvi Lonkar starrer Vidayutham |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/36336/cinema/Kollywood/Tanvi-Lonkar-starrer-Vidayutham.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163620/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/36336/cinema/Kollywood/Tanvi-Lonkar-starrer-Vidayutham.htm |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2016 |title=Remember little Latika from Slumdog Millionaire? You will be stunned by how she looks now |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/slumdog-millionaire-latika-frieda-pinto-4401387/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163653/https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/slumdog-millionaire-latika-frieda-pinto-4401387/ |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> Before N. Nakamaneci took over as director, [[Manoj Bharathiraja]] was cast as the antagonist.<ref name="T" />

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vidayutham
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to ''Vidayutham''
| artist = Mithun Eshwar
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 27 November 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Naga B Music
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Whatsapp il Neeum
| lyrics1 = Nagamaneci
| extra1 = Mithun Eshwar, [[Saptaparna Chakraborty]]
| length1 = 5:00
| title2 = Alli Poo
| lyrics2 = Nagamaneci
| extra2 = [[Sooraj Santhosh]],Sraswathy,Roshni Roopesh,Latha Krishna
| length2 = 5:02
| title3 = Engaio
| lyrics3 = Nagamaneci
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length3 = 5:02
| title4 = Cinna Cinna Aasai
| lyrics4 = Nagamaneci
| extra4 = Nagamaneci, Roshine.I.S.
| length4 = 3:45
| title5 = Aaeram Aaeram
| lyrics5 = Nagamaneci
| extra5 = [[Velmurugan]], [[Jassie Gift]], Nagamaneci, Sunil Kumar
| length5 = 4:25
| title6 = Ottai Sollai
| lyrics6 = Nagamaneci
| extra6 = Latha Krishna
| length6 = 4:00
| title7 = Whatsapp il Neeum (Male Solo)
| lyrics7 = Nagamaneci
| extra7 = Mithun Eshwar
| length7 = 5:00
}}

== Reception ==
The film had a theatrical release across Tamil Nadu on 18 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2016 |title=புகழ், சவாரி, ஆகம், என்று தணியும், விடாயுதம் இன்றைய ரேஸில் வெற்றி யாருக்கு? |url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/today-released-movies-list-039326.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163620/https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/today-released-movies-list-039326.html |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=இந்த வாரம் என்ன பார்க்கலாம்? படங்கள்.. ஒரு பார்வை #MoviePreview |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/60694-friday-movies-preview-moviepreview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806163620/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/60694-friday-movies-preview-moviepreview |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> A review from the newspaper ''Thinnai'' gave the film a negative review and criticised the film's screenplay. <ref>{{Cite web |title=விடாயுதம் – திரை விமர்சனம் | திண்ணை |url=https://puthu.thinnai.com/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804165248/https://puthu.thinnai.com/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9/ |archive-date=4 August 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022}}</ref> The film was also reviewed by newspaper ''[[Maalai Malar]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unknown |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/2016/03/22142044/Vidayutham-movie-review.html}}{{dead link|date=December 2023| fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5572872}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Meesho

2026-02-24T14:06:24Z

ContactBot:

{{Short description|Online commerce platform based in India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=November 2025}}
{{Third-party|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Meesho
| logo = Meesho_logo.png
| logo_size = 180px
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl| {{nse|MEESHO}} |{{bse|544632}}}}
| industry = [[E-commerce]]
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| services = [[Online shopping]]
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|9389|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25"/>
| net_income = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|-3941|c}} (FY25)<ref name="fy25">{{cite news |title=SEBI clears Meesho IPO; e-commerce firm to raise Rs 4,250 crore via fresh issue |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/sebi-clears-meesho-ipo-e-commerce-firm-to-raise-rs-4-250-crore-via-fresh-issue-13650039.html |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=Moneycontrol}}</ref>
| founded = {{start date and age|2015|12}}
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Vidit Aatrey ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])|Sanjeev Barnwal ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])<ref name="Singh 2021 u399">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=Rajiv | title=How Meesho's Big, Bold Bets Took It Close To $5-billion Valuation At Lightning Speed | website=Forbes India | date=November 11, 2021 | url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-meeshos-big-bold-bets-took-it-close-to-5billion-valuation-at-lightning-speed/71477/1 | access-date=September 20, 2023 | archive-date=16 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316214736/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-meeshos-big-bold-bets-took-it-close-to-5billion-valuation-at-lightning-speed/71477/1 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| owner = Meesho Private Limited<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukul |first1=Pranav |title=IPO-bound Meesho to change Indian parent entity's name from Fashnear Technologies |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/ipo-bound-meesho-to-change-indian-parent-entitys-name-from-fashnear-technologies/articleshow/120690035.cms |access-date=13 November 2025 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 April 2025}}</ref>
| founder = {{ubl|Vidit Aatrey|Sanjeev Barnwal}}
| users = 190 million<ref name="z794">{{cite web | last1=Kaushik | first1=Krishn | last2=Kay | first2=Chris | title=Ecommerce start-up Meesho taps India's second cities | website=Financial Times | date=9 April 2025 | url=https://www.ft.com/content/5be19f29-57ec-4409-9618-50c4a32a837f | access-date=26 June 2025}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://meesho.com/}}
}}
'''Meesho Limited''' (short for ''Meri shop'', {{translation}} My shop)<ref name="h922">{{cite web | last=Bureau | first=BL Bengaluru | title=Ahead of IPO, Meesho to rename Indian parent company as Meesho Pvt Ltd | website=BusinessLine | date=28 April 2025 | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/ahead-of-ipo-meesho-to-rename-indian-parent-company-as-meesho-pvt-ltd/article69501410.ece | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-12 |title=Meet Vidit Aatrey And Sanjeev Barnwal, The Meesho Founders Whose Earlier Venture Failed |url=https://www.news18.com/business/meet-vidit-aatrey-and-sanjeev-barnwal-the-meesho-founders-whose-earlier-venture-failed-7525813.html |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601122810/https://www.news18.com/business/meet-vidit-aatrey-and-sanjeev-barnwal-the-meesho-founders-whose-earlier-venture-failed-7525813.html |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian [[e-commerce]] company, headquartered in [[Bengaluru]].'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vidit Aatrey & Sanjeev Barnwal: Redefining Distribution With Meesho |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2018/vidit-aatrey-sanjeev-barnwal-redefining-distribution-with-meesho/49381/1 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102343/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2018/vidit-aatrey-sanjeev-barnwal-redefining-distribution-with-meesho/49381/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>'''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Tech in Asia – Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem |url=https://www.techinasia.com/y-combinator-startup-meesho-helps-you-sell-on-facebook-whatsapp |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=techinasia.com |language=en-US |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513152009/https://www.techinasia.com/y-combinator-startup-meesho-helps-you-sell-on-facebook-whatsapp |url-status=live }}</ref> Founded by Vidit Aatrey and Sanjeev Barnwal in December 2015, Meesho is an [[online marketplace]] that facilitates trade between [[suppliers]] and [[customers]]. The company operates in categories such as [[fashion]], [[home]] and [[kitchen]], [[beauty]] and [[personal care]], [[electronics]] [[Fashion accessory|accessories]], and daily use [[Product (business)|products]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Purnell 2022 m212">{{cite web | last=Purnell | first=Newley | title=Meta-Backed Meesho Is Beating Amazon, Walmart in Race for Indian Shoppers | website=WSJ | date=October 22, 2022 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-backed-meesho-is-beating-amazon-walmart-in-race-for-indian-shoppers-11666431001 | access-date=September 20, 2023 | archive-date=27 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127104945/https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-backed-meesho-is-beating-amazon-walmart-in-race-for-indian-shoppers-11666431001 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Meesho Private Limited, formerly Fashnear Technologies Private Limited, was established by [[IIT Delhi]] graduates Vidit Aatrey and Sanjeev Barnwal in December, 2015<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Meesho Creates Stores for Indian SMBs Selling Through WhatsApp |url=https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/meesho |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Y Combinator |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102346/https://www.ycombinator.com/blog/meesho |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidit Aatrey & Sanjeev Barnwal: Redefining Distribution With Meesho |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2018/vidit-aatrey-sanjeev-barnwal-redefining-distribution-with-meesho/49381/1 |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517102343/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/30-under-30-2018/vidit-aatrey-sanjeev-barnwal-redefining-distribution-with-meesho/49381/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2016, the founders came up with the idea of re-establishing the platform as Meesho, one that would enable country-wide shipping for resellers with the use of social media sites as tools for marketing.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Russell |first1=Jon |title=Meesho wants to make selling through WhatsApp more efficient and less painful |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/17/meesho-wants-to-make-selling-through-whatsapp-more-efficient-and-less-painful/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=26 August 2023 |location=Palo Alto, California |date=18 August 2016 |archive-date=10 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910121238/https://techcrunch.com/2016/08/17/meesho-wants-to-make-selling-through-whatsapp-more-efficient-and-less-painful/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Meesho had 209,000 users and 1.2 million orders per month in February 2019 and 563,000 users and 3.1 million orders per month in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-16 |title=Meesho logs 17.8 mn users in Sept; aims to reach 100 mn by Dec 2022 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/entrepreneurship/news/story/meesho-logs-178-mn-users-in-sept-aims-to-reach-100-mn-by-dec-2022-312391-2021-11-16 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Purnell |first=Newley |date=2022-10-22 |title=Meta-Backed Meesho Is Beating Amazon, Walmart in Race for Indian Shoppers |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-backed-meesho-is-beating-amazon-walmart-in-race-for-indian-shoppers-11666431001 |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127104945/https://www.wsj.com/articles/meta-backed-meesho-is-beating-amazon-walmart-in-race-for-indian-shoppers-11666431001 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, the Meesho mobile application was ranked among the most downloaded shopping apps globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Meesho's Big, Bold Bets Took It Close To $5-billion Valuation At Lightning Speed |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-meeshos-big-bold-bets-took-it-close-to-5billion-valuation-at-lightning-speed/71477/1 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316214736/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/how-meeshos-big-bold-bets-took-it-close-to-5billion-valuation-at-lightning-speed/71477/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, Meesho had about 120 million monthly users and about 910 million orders were made through the platform, with a [[gross merchandise value]] (GMV) of about $5 billion.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-24 |title=Meesho's growing scale, differentiated business model make profitability a reality in 2023: Jefferies |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/meeshos-growing-scale-differentiated-business-model-make-profitability-a-reality-in-2023-jefferies/article66774340.ece |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517143457/https://www.thehindu.com/business/meeshos-growing-scale-differentiated-business-model-make-profitability-a-reality-in-2023-jefferies/article66774340.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-22 |title=Meesho's average monthly user count 55 per cent that of Flipkart, Amazon India: Report |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/meeshos-average-monthly-user-count-55-per-cent-that-of-flipkart-amazon-india-report/article66767112.ece |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517140443/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/meeshos-average-monthly-user-count-55-per-cent-that-of-flipkart-amazon-india-report/article66767112.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=With 910 million orders in 2022, Meesho grew 135% y-o-y |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/with-910-million-orders-in-2022-meesho-grew-135-y-o-y/2922533/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

According to report as of August 2023 Meesho delisted 42 lakh counterfeit listings and 10 lakh restricted products under its initiative Project Suraksha. During the same period, the platform blocked access for over 12,000 user accounts flagged for policy violations.<ref name="j046">{{cite web | title=Meesho delists 42 lakh counterfeit, 10 lakh restricted products in six months | website=CNBCTV18 | date=2 August 2023 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/meesho-delists-42-lakh-counterfeit-10-lakh-restricted-products-in-six-months-17411281.htm | access-date=13 May 2025}}</ref> The Court granted injunctive relief by directing domain registrars to suspend the infringing websites. Additionally, the Court ordered law enforcement authorities to initiate criminal investigations, freeze associated financial accounts against the identified offenders.<ref name="b417">{{cite web | title=Meesho acts against 2.2 cr suspicious transactions, lodges 12 cases in a year | website=ETCFO.com | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://cfo.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/meesho-acts-against-2-2-cr-suspicious-transactions-lodges-12-cases-in-a-year/115413016 | access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

In 2023, Meesho was named one of the most influential companies of the year by [[Time (magazine)]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=TIME100 MOST INFLUENTIAL COMPANIES 2023 |url=https://time.com/collection/time100-companies-2023/6285212/meesho/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Tara Law |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meesho on TIME's 100 most influential companies |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/meesho-on-times-100-most-influential-companies-10839501.html |website=moneycontrol.com/ |publisher=MONEYCONTROL NEWS |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> In the same year, Meesho also became the fastest shopping app to cross over 500 million downloads.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meesho becomes world's fastest shopping app to cross 500 mn downloads |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/companies/news/meesho-becomes-world-s-fastest-shopping-app-to-cross-500-mn-downloads-123060100771_1.html |website=business-standard.com/ |publisher=Peerzada Abrar |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602092037/https://www.business-standard.com/amp/companies/news/meesho-becomes-world-s-fastest-shopping-app-to-cross-500-mn-downloads-123060100771_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Meesho becomes world's fastest shopping app to cross 500 million |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/meesho-becomes-worlds-fastest-shopping-app-to-cross-500-million-downloads/articleshow/100704012.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |date=2 June 2023 |publisher=Asmita Dey |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603022219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/meesho-becomes-worlds-fastest-shopping-app-to-cross-500-million-downloads/articleshow/100704012.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2024, Meesho introduced Valmo, a logistics marketplace, to provide shipment services to sellers by aggregating multiple logistics providers. Meesho employs over 3,000 small businesses and 10-12 large firms for warehousing and sorting operations within its logistics framework.<ref name="The Economic Times 2024 p785">{{cite web | title=Meesho launches logistics vertical Valmo | website=The Economic Times | date=2024-02-07 | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/meesho-launches-logistics-vertical-valmo-to-charge-under-a-rupee-per-order-for-services/articleshow/107500845.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref> According to media reports, Valmo operating in approximately 15,000 pincodes in India with around 6,000 partners. It is reported to handle over 50% of Meesho's daily orders.<ref name="h620">{{cite web | title=Meesho's logistics platform Valmo now handles 50% of orders, more than double from last year | website=Moneycontrol | date=26 March 2025 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/meesho-s-logistics-platform-valmo-now-handles-50-of-orders-more-than-double-from-last-year-12976586.html | access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>

In November 2024, Meesho introduced a generative AI-powered voice bot for customer support, managing approximately 60,000 calls daily in English and Hindi. According to media reports, the system resolves the majority of queries without human assistance, with only a small fraction of calls requiring manual intervention.<ref name="e794">{{cite web | last=Xavier | first=John | title=Meesho launches multilingual Gen AI-powered chatbot to handle shoppers' queries | website=The Hindu | date=26 November 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/meesho-launches-multilingual-gen-ai-powered-chatbot-to-handle-shoppers-queries/article68913793.ece | access-date=1 May 2025 | archive-date=2 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202120709/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/meesho-launches-multilingual-gen-ai-powered-chatbot-to-handle-shoppers-queries/article68913793.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

According to media reports, in 2024, Meesho prevented over 22 million suspicious or potentially fraudulent transactions on its platform.<ref name="m011">{{cite web | title=Meesho acts against 2.2 crore suspicious transactions, lodges 12 cases in a year | website=Moneycontrol | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/startup/meesho-acts-against-2-2-crore-suspicious-transactions-lodges-12-cases-in-a-year-12869562.html | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> The company initiated legal proceedings, resulting in the filing of twelve cases, including nine specifically targeting over forty individuals in the cities of Kolkata and Ranchi.<ref name="c174">{{cite web | title=Meesho acts against 2.2 crore suspicious transactions, lodges 12 cases in a year | website=CNBCTV18 | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/technology/meesho-acts-against-suspicious-transactions-lodges-cases-in-a-year-19511086.htm | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref> The company filed a suit in the Delhi High Court for a permanent injunction against parties operating deceptive websites misappropriating its brand identity.<ref name="n923">{{cite web | last=Standard | first=Business | title=Meesho acts against 22 mn suspicious transactions, files 12 cases in a yr | website=Business Standard | date=18 November 2024 | url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/meesho-acts-against-22-mn-suspicious-transactions-files-12-cases-in-a-yr-124111800355_1.html | access-date=8 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="m011"/>

Meesha went public through an [[initial public offering]] in December 2025, raising $603 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Ashutosh |last2=Mascarenhas |first2=Rajesh |date=10 December 2025 |title=India E-Commerce Upstart Meesho Jumps 60% After $603 Million IPO |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-10/meesho-to-debut-after-603-million-ipo-as-india-deals-hit-record |work=Bloomberg News}}</ref> It is listed on both the [[Bombay Stock Exchange|BSE]] and [[ National Stock Exchange of India|NSE]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrar |first=Peerzada |date=10 December 2025 |title=Meesho debuts on NSE, BSE; Prosus to hold 11.2% stake after listing |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/prosus-says-meesho-lists-on-nse-bse-retains-11-2-pc-stake-worth-about-1-bn-125121000485_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Y Combinator startups]]
* [[Social commerce]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|www.meesho.com|Official Website}}

[[Category:Application software]]
[[Category:E-commerce in India]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies based in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2015]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:2025 initial public offerings]]

List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients

2026-02-23T05:49:13Z

ContactBot:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox civilian award
| name = Padma Vibhushan
| image = Medal, order (AM 2014.7.12-17).jpg
| caption = Padma Vibhushan medal attached with a pink ribbon
| alt = Padma Vibhushan medal in golden colour with its pink ribbon
| type = National Civilian
| country = {{flag|India}}
| established = 1954
| firstawarded = 1954
{{bulleted list|[[Satyendra Nath Bose]]|[[Nandalal Bose]]|[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]|[[B. G. Kher|Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]]|[[V. K. Krishna Menon]]|[[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]]}}
| lastawarded = 2026
{{bulleted list|[[Dharmendra]] (posthumous)||[[K. T. Thomas (judge)|K. T. Thomas]]|[[N. Rajam]]|[[P. Narayanan (journalist)|P. Narayanan]]|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]] (posthumous)}}
| total_awarded = 348
| presenter = [[File:Emblem of India.svg|30px]] [[Government of India]]
| previous = Padma Vibhushan "Pahla Varg" (Class I)
| obverse = A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus.
| reverse = A platinum [[Emblem of India]] placed in the centre with the national motto of India, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script
| ribbon = [[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg|100px]]
| higher = [[File:Bharat Ratna Ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Bharat Ratna]]
| lower = [[File:Padma Bhushan Ribbon.svg|x15px]] [[Padma Bhushan]]
}}

The [[Padma Vibhushan]] is the second highest [[Indian honours system|civilian award]] of the [[India|Republic of India]]. Instituted on 2 January 1954,<ref name=award1954/> the award is given for the "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] and registered in ''[[The Gazette of India]]''{{mdash}}a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]] used for official government notices.<ref name="PAscheme">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=28 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002803/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-PadmaAwards-050514.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are also registered in the ''Gazette'' and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register.<ref name=award1955>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Ayyar|first=N. M.|year=1955|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=15 January 1955|access-date=26 September 2015|pages=8|quote=All persons upon whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan (Pahla Varg) was conferred under the Regulations issued with Notification No. 2-Pres./54, dated the 2nd January, 1954, shall, for all purposes of these regulations, be deemed to be persons on whom the decoration of Padma Vibhushan has been conferred by the President.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518211317/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1955/O-2196-1955-0003-100533.pdf|archive-date=18 May 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government, the [[Bharat Ratna]] and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the [[List of current Indian chief ministers|Chief Ministers]] and the [[List of current Indian governors|Governors of State]], and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, constituted by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]. The committee recommendations are later submitted to the Prime Minister and the [[President of India|President]] for the further approval.<ref name="PAscheme"/>

When instituted in 1954, the Padma Vibhushan was classified as "Pahla Varg" (Class I) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards; preceded by the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award,<ref name="BRscheme">{{cite web|title=Bharat Ratna Scheme|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-BR.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|access-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002940/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Scheme-BR.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref> and followed by "Dusra Varg" (Class II), and "Tisra Varg" (Class III).<ref name=award1954>{{cite journal|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|title=The Gazette of India—Extraordinary—Part I|last=Lal|first=Shavax A.|year=1954|journal=The Gazette of India|publisher=The President's Secretariat|publication-date=2 January 1954|access-date=26 September 2015|pages=2|quote=The President is pleased to institute an award to be designated "Padma Vibhushan" in three classes, namely: "Pahla Varg", "Dusra Varg" and "Tisra Varg"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514155953/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1954/E-2233-1954-0001-103507.pdf|archive-date=14 May 2014}}</ref> On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Padma Shri]]. The criteria includes "exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" but excluding those working with the [[Public sector undertakings in India|Public sector undertakings]] with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.<ref name="PAscheme"/><ref name=award1955/> The award, along with other personal [[Indian honours system#Civilian awards|civil honours]], was briefly suspended twice in its history;{{sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=96}} for the first time in July 1977 when [[Morarji Desai]] was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister.{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A248}}{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}} The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after [[Indira Gandhi]] became the Prime Minister.{{sfn|Bhattacherje|2009|p=A253}} The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two [[Public interest law|Public-Interest Litigations]] were filed in the [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts]] questioning the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of [[s:Constitution of India/Part III|Article 18 (1)]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].{{sfn|Hoiberg|Ramchandani|2000|p=96}}{{efn|name=Article18|Per Article 18 (1) of the [[Constitution of India]]: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".{{sfn|Edgar|2011|p=C-105}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|title=The Constitution of India|access-date=19 May 2014|page=36|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf|archive-date=9 September 2014}}</ref>}} The awards were reintroduced by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.<ref name="sci">{{cite web|url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|title=Balaji Raghavan S. P. Anand Vs. Union of India: Transfer Case (civil) 9 of 1994|date=4 August 1997|access-date=14 May 2014|publisher=Supreme Court of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519060941/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgst.aspx?filename=19825|archive-date=19 May 2014}}</ref>

The recipients receive a ''Sanad'' (certificate) signed by the President and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award.<ref name="PAscheme"/> The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion {{convert|1+3/4|inch|mm}} in diameter and {{convert|1/8|inch|mm}} thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of {{convert|1+3/16|inch|mm}} side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter {{convert|1+1/16|inch|mm}} is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written in [[Devanagari]] script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. The [[Emblem of India]] is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "[[Satyameva Jayate]]" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text "Padma Vibhushan" of silver gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband {{convert|1+1/4|inch|mm}} in width.<ref name=award1955/> It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA==&ParentID=XRRy6fl/Yj1c0bK0sve+Pg==|title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals|access-date=22 November 2015|publisher=Indian Army|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220808/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=zCQHR1MODtMw0EJ0MUc5CA%3D%3D&ParentID=XRRy6fl%2FYj1c0bK0sve+Pg%3D%3D|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>

The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were [[Satyendra Nath Bose]], [[Nandalal Bose]], [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]], [[B. G. Kher|Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]], [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], and [[Jigme Dorji Wangchuck]], who were honoured in 1954. {{As of|2026}}, the award has been bestowed on 348 individuals, including thirty-four posthumous and twenty-five non-citizen recipients.<ref name="PadmaAwards"/> Some of the recipients have refused or returned their awards; [[P. N. Haksar]],{{efn|[[P. N. Haksar]] was offered the award in 1973 for, among other services, his crucial diplomatic role in brokering the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]] and the [[Shimla Agreement]], but declined as "Accepting an award for work done somehow causes an inexplicable discomfort to me."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Haksar-and-the-Padma-Vibhushan/article17029692.ece|title=Haksar and the Padma Vibhushan|date=13 January 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|newspaper=The Hindu|df=dmy-all|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015134/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/Haksar-and-the-Padma-Vibhushan/article17029692.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>}} [[Vilayat Khan]],{{efn|[[Vilayat Khan]] refused [[Padma Shri]] (1964), [[Padma Bhushan]] (1968), and Padma Vibhushan (2000) and stated that "the selection committees were incompetent to judge [his] music".<ref>{{cite book|url={{GBurl|id=wWDnTWrz4O8C|p=411}}|title=India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic|author1=Kaminsky, Arnold P.|author2=Long, Roger D.|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37462-3|page=411}}
* {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/Those-who-said-no-to-top-awards/articleshow/2714615.cms|title=Those who said no to top awards|newspaper=The Times of India|date=20 January 2008|access-date=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124063906/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/Those-who-said-no-to-top-awards/articleshow/2714615.cms|archive-date=24 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=PB2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1703/17030300.htm|title=Spotlight: Republic Day honours|author=Venkatesan, V.|volume=17|issue=3|date=5 February 2000|access-date=21 November 2015|publisher=Frontline|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228183610/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1703/17030300.htm|archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>}} [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]],{{efn|[[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], the General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India]] (of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] from 1964) and the first [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] (1957-59, 1967-69), declined the award in 1992, as it went against his nature to accept a state honour.<ref>{{cite book |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=2001 |title=An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays |publisher=Permanent Black |page=211 |isbn=81-7824-001-7 }}</ref>}} [[Swami Ranganathananda]],{{efn|[[Swami Ranganathananda]] declined the award in 2000 as it was conferred to him as an individual and not to the [[Ramakrishna Mission]].<ref name=PB2000/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/31/stories/2005053102980600.htm|title=Ranganathananda, kept alive spirit of Vivekananda's legacy|date=31 May 2005|access-date=21 November 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228183610/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/05/31/stories/2005053102980600.htm|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=28 February 2018}}</ref>}} and [[Manikonda Chalapathi Rau]] refused the award; the family members of [[Lakshmi Chand Jain]] (2011) and [[Sharad Anantrao Joshi]] (2016) declined their posthumous conferments,{{efn|name=Jain|[[Lakshmi Chand Jain]] died on 14 November 2010, at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-gandhian-activist-who-revitalised-indian-handicraft-dies-at-85-1466799|title=Gandhian activist who revitalised Indian handicraft dies at 85|date=15 November 2010|access-date=10 April 2016|author=Pawar, Yogesh|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907170511/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-gandhian-activist-who-revitalised-indian-handicraft-dies-at-85-1466799|archive-date=7 September 2017}}</ref> His family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Jain was against accepting state honours.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gandhians-family-declines-Padma-Vibhushan/articleshow/7784160.cms|title=Gandhian's family declines Padma Vibhushan|work=Mumbai Mirror|publisher=The Times of India|date=25 March 2011|access-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919185949/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gandhians-family-declines-Padma-Vibhushan/articleshow/7784160.cms|archive-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>}}{{efn|name=Joshi|[[Sharad Anantrao Joshi]]'s family refused to accept the posthumous honour as Joshi's work for good of farmers is not reflected in the Government policies for them.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/sharad-joshis-family-refuses-padma-award/articleshow/50723216.cms|title=Sharad Joshi's family refuses Padma award|work=Pune Mirror|publisher=The Times of India|date=26 January 2016|access-date=19 February 2017|author=Chavan, Vijay|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220144534/http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/others/sharad-joshis-family-refuses-padma-award/articleshow/50723216.cms|archive-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>}} and 1986 recipient [[Baba Amte]] and 2015 recipient [[Parkash Singh Badal]] returned theirs honour in 1991 and 2020 respectively.<ref>{{cite book|url={{GBurl|id=6BU6AAAAIAAJ|q=padma vibhushan refused}}|title=Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance|chapter=The Privilege of Knowing M. C.|chapter-url=http://www.yabaluri.org/Web%20(1978%20-%202008)/theprivilegeofknowingmcoct83.htm|publisher=Triveni Publishers|volume=52|year=1983|author=Kumar, A. Prasanna}}</ref>{{efn|name=Amte|In 1991, [[Baba Amte]] returned the award, along with the [[Padma Shri]] conferred in 1971, to protest against the treatment given to the tribals during the construction of [[Sardar Sarovar Dam]].<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Dharker|editor-first=Anil|author-last=D'Monte|author-first=Darryl|title=Icons: Men and Women Who Shaped India's Today|year=2011|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|url={{GBurl|id=sNFbBAAAQBAJ|pg=PT52}}|isbn=978-81-7436-944-4|page=52}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-good-life/236659|title=The Good Life|date=11 February 2008|access-date=20 November 2015|publisher=Outlook|author=Deshpande, Neeta|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120154805/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/the-good-life/236659|archive-date=20 November 2015}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/parkash-singh-badal-sukhdev-dhindsa-return-padma-awards-in-protest-against-farm-laws-179404|title=Prakash Singh Badal and Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa returned their padma award|work=The Tribune|date=3 December 2020|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211211543/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/parkash-singh-badal-sukhdev-dhindsa-return-padma-awards-in-protest-against-farm-laws-179404|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|In 2020, [[Parkash Singh Badal]] returned the award in solidarity with the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest|farmers protest]].}} The 2026 award was bestowed upon five recipients{{dash}}[[Dharmendra]] (posthumous), [[K. T. Thomas (judge)|K. T. Thomas]], [[N. Rajam]], [[P. Narayanan (journalist)|P. Narayanan]], and [[V. S. Achuthanandan]] (posthumous).

== Overview ==
{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top" |
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by decade<ref name="PadmaAwards">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards: Year wise list of recipients (1954–2014)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=18 October 2015|pages=1, 3–6, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19–20, 23, 25, 29, 32–33, 37, 42, 48, 55, 59, 63, 66, 69–70, 72, 74, 83, 86, 88, 90–93, 95, 99–100, 105–106, 112, 114–115, 117–118, 121, 126, 131, 135, 139–140, 144, 149, 154–155, 160, 166, 172, 178, 183, 188|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6U68ulwpb?url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2015|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2015|access-date=18 October 2015|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002859/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2015_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2016|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2016|access-date=25 January 2016|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002908/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2016_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2017|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2017|access-date=25 January 2017|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002819/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Awards_2017_14042017.PDF|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2018|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2018|access-date=25 January 2018|pages=1|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002937/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards2018_E_25012018.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2019|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2019|access-date=25 January 2019|pages=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125171903/https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Padma_Awards_2019.pdf|archive-date=25 January 2019|df=dmy-all}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2020|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2020|access-date=25 January 2020|pages=1|df=dmy-all|archive-date=22 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522072654/https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2021|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/2021AwardeesList_25012021.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2021|accessdate=25 January 2021|pages=1–2|df=dmy-all|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124150937/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/2021AwardeesList_25012021.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2022|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/PadmaAwards2022_27012022.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2022|accessdate=5 December 2022|pages=1–2|df=dmy-all|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205034213/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/PadmaAwards2022_27012022.pdf|url-status=live}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2023|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/PadmaAwards_25012023.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2023|accessdate=25 January 2023|pages=1|df=dmy-all|archive-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125182355/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/PadmaAwards_25012023.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>
| float = right
| bar_width = 22
| width_units = em
| data_max = 86
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = 1954–1959
| data1 = 17
| label2 = 1960–1969
| data2 = 27
| label3 = 1970–1979
| data3 = 53
| label4 = 1980–1989
| data4 = 20
| label5 = 1990–1999
| data5 = 42
| label6 = 2000–2009
| data6 = 86
| label7 = 2010–2019
| data7 = 62
| label8 = 2020–2029
| data8 = 31
}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by field<ref name="PadmaAwards"/>
| float = right
| bar_width = 15
| width_units = em
| data_max = 78
| label_type = Field
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 = Arts
| data1 = 67
| label2 = Civil Service
| data2 = 53
| label3 = Literature and Education
| data3 = 43
| label4 = Medicine
| data4 = 16
| label5 = Others
| data5 = 8
| label6 = Public Affairs
| data6 = 79
| label7 = Science and Engineering
| data7 = 37
| label8 = Social Work
| data8 = 18
| label9 = Sports
| data9 = 4
| label10 = Trade and Industry
| data10 = 13
}}
|}

==Recipients==

{{Table TOC|1954|1960|1970|1980|1990|2000|2010|2020}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|{{legend|#E9D4C9| + [[Indian nationality law#Citizenship by naturalisation|Naturalised citizen]] recipient|outline=orange|border=1px solid red}}
|{{legend|#FFECC8| {{asterisk}} Non-citizen recipient|outline=orange|border=1px solid orange}}
|{{legend|#CEE8F0| {{Hash}} Posthumous recipient|outline=blue|border=1px solid blue}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em"| Year
! scope="col" | Image
! scope="col" style="width:18em"| Laureates
! scope="col" | Field
! scope="col" style="width:10em"| State / country<ref name="PadmaAwards" />
|- id="1954"
| 1954
| [[File:SatyenBose1925.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Satyendra Nath|Bose}}
| Science and Engineering
| West Bengal
|-
| 1954
| [[File:Nandalal Bose 1967 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nandalal|Bose}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 1954
| [[File:President Zakir Husain 1998 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Zakir|Husain}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1954
| [[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|B. G.|Kher}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1954
| [[File:VK Krishna Menon 1975 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|V. K. Krishna|Menon}}
| Public Affairs
| Kerala
|-
| 1954
| [[File:Picture of king Jigme Dorje Wangchuck at Thimpu airport Bhutan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Jigme Dorji|Wangchuck}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Bhutan
|-
| 1955
| [[File:Dhondo Keshav Karve 1958 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Dhondo Keshav|Karve}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1955
| [[File:JRD Tata 1994 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|J. R. D.|Tata}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1956
| [[File:Saiyid_Fazl_Ali.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Fazl|Ali}}
| Public Affairs
| Bihar
|-
| 1956
| [[File:Janaki_Devi_Bajaj_receives_Padma_Vibhushan_from_the_President_of_India,_Rajendra_Prasad.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Janaki Devi|Bajaj}}
| Social Work
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 1956
| [[File:Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Chandulal Madhavlal|Trivedi}}
| Public Affairs
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 1957
| [[File:Ghanshyam Das Birla 1984 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ghanashyam Das|Birla|G. D. Birla}}
| Trade and Industry
| Rajasthan
|-
| 1957
| [[File:Sri Prakasa 1991 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sri|Prakasa}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1957
| [[File:M.C._Setalvad.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. C.|Setalvad}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1958
! colspan="4" | ''No awards''
|-
| 1959
| [[File:John Mathai.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|John|Matthai}}
| Literature and Education
| Kerala
|-
| 1959
| [[File:Gaganvihari_L._Mehta_(Ambassador_of_India_to_the_United_States_1952_-_1958).png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Gaganvihari Lallubhai|Mehta}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1959
| [[File:Radhabinod Pal 1947 extracted.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Radhabinod|Pal}}
| Public Affairs
| West Bengal
|- id="1960"
| 1960
|
! {{sortname|Narayana Raghvan|Pillai|N. R. Pillai}}
| Public Affairs
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1961
! colspan="4" | ''No awards''
|-
| 1962
| [[File:HVR Iengar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|H. V. R.|Iyengar|H. V. R. Iengar}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1962
| [[File:Padmaja Naidu.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Padmaja|Naidu}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1962
| [[File:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 1965b.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Vijaya Lakshmi|Pandit}}
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1963
| [[File:Sunitikumar Chatterjee.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Suniti Kumar|Chatterji}}
| Literature and Education
| West Bengal
|-
| 1963
| [[File:A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|A. Lakshmanaswami|Mudaliar}}
| Medicine
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1963
| [[File:Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Hari Vinayak|Pataskar}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1964
| [[File:Kaka Kalelkar 1985 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Acharya Kakasaheb|Kalelkar|Kaka Kalelkar}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1964
| [[File:Gopinath Kaviraj 1988 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Gopinath|Kaviraj}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1965
| [[File:General Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jayanto Nath|Chaudhuri}}
| Civil Service
| West Bengal
|-
| 1965
| [[File:Nawab Mehdi Nawaz Jung.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mehdi Nawaz|Jung}}
| Public Affairs
| Telangana
|-
| 1965
| [[File:Marshal Arjan Singh.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Arjan|Singh}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1966
| [[File:Cardinal Valerian Gracias in Malta.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Valerian|Gracias}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1967
|
! {{sortname|C. K.|Daphtary}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1967
| [[File:Hafiz Mohammad Ibrahim.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Hafiz Mohamad|Ibrahim}}
| Civil Service
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1967
|
! {{sortname|Bhola Nath|Jha}}
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1967
|
! {{sortname|P. V. R.|Rao}}
| Civil Service
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1968
| [[File:Madhav Shrihari Aney 2011 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Madhav Shrihari|Aney}}
| Public Affairs
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 1968
| [[File:Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Subrahmanyan|Chandrasekhar}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 1968
| [[File:PC Mahalanobis 1993 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Prasanta Chandra|Mahalanobis}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 1968
| [[File:Kirpalsingh.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kirpal|Singh}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1968
|
! {{sortname|Kalyan|Sundaram}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 1969
|
! {{sortname|Rajeshwar|Dayal}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1969
|
! {{sortname|Dattatraya Shridhar|Joshi|D. S. Joshi}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1969
| [[File:Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Har Gobind|Khorana}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 1969
|
! {{sortname|Mohan Sinha|Mehta}}
| Civil Service
| Rajasthan
|-
| 1969
|
! {{sortname|Ghananand|Pande}}
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-id="1970"
| 1970
|
! {{sortname|Tara|Chand|dab=archaeologist}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1970
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Suranjan|Das}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Suranjan Das]] died on 10 January 1970, at the age of 49.}}
| Civil Service
| West Bengal
|-
| 1970
|
! {{sortname|Anthony Lancelot|Dias}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1970
| [[File:General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumramangalam.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Paramasiva Prabhakar|Kumaramangalam}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1970
| [[File:Ramaswamy Mudaliar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|A. Ramasamy|Mudaliar|Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar|A. Ramasamy Mudaliar}}
| Civil Service
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1970
| [[File:Binay Ranjan Sen.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Binay Ranjan|Sen}}
| Civil Service
| West Bengal
|-
| 1970
| [[File:Harbaksh Singh.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Harbaksh|Singh}}
| Civil Service
| Punjab
|-
| 1971
| [[File:Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Bimala Prasad|Chaliha}}
| Civil Service
| Assam
|-
| 1971
| [[File:Allauddin Khan 1999 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Allauddin|Khan}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 1971
| [[File:Sumati morarjee.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sumati|Morarjee}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1971
| [[File:Uday Shankar, 1930s.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Uday|Shankar}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1971
|
! {{sortname|Vithal Nagesh|Shirodkar}}
| Medicine
| Goa
|-
| 1971
|
! {{sortname|B.|Sivaraman}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Justice P.B. Gajendragadkar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|P. B.|Gajendragadkar}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1972
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Aditya Nath|Jha}}'''#
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1972
| [[File:ACM PC Lal.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Pratap Chandra|Lal}}
| Civil Service
| Punjab
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Sam Manekshaw 2008 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sam|Manekshaw}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Jivraj Mehta.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jivraj Narayan|Mehta}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Admiral SM Nanda.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sardarilal Mathradas|Nanda}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Gulam Mohammad Sadiq.png|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Ghulam Mohammed|Sadiq}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] died on 12 December 1971, at the age of 59.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq, 59, Kashmir Chief Minister, Dies|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/13/archives/ghulam-mohammed-sadiq-59-kashmir-chief-minister-dies.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=19 February 2017|date=12 December 1971|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403180845/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/12/13/archives/ghulam-mohammed-sadiq-59-kashmir-chief-minister-dies.html|archive-date=3 April 2018}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Jammu and Kashmir
|-
| 1972
| [[File:Vikram Sarabhai 1972 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Vikram|Sarabhai}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Vikram Sarabhai]] died on 30 December 1971, at the age of 52.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vikram Sarabhai: A Visionary of Indian Space Programme|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Vikram%20Sarabhai.htm|author=Mahanti, Subodh|publisher=Vigyan Prasar Science Portal|access-date=4 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232153/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/Vikram%20Sarabhai.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>}}
| Science and Engineering
| Gujarat
|-
| 1972
|
! {{sortname|Hormasji Maneckji|Seervai}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1973
|
! {{sortname|Basanti|Devi}}
| Civil Service
| West Bengal
|-
| 1973
| [[File:U. N. Dhebar.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|U. N.|Dhebar}}
| Social Work
| Gujarat
|-
| 1973
| [[File:Daulat Singh Kothari 2011 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Daulat Singh|Kothari}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 1973
| [[File:Nellie and Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 1985 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nellie|Sengupta}}
| Social Work
| West Bengal
|-
| 1973
|
! {{sortname|Nagendra|Singh}}
| Public Affairs
| Rajasthan
|-
| 1973
|
! {{sortname|Thirumalraya|Swaminathan|T. Swaminathan}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1974
|
! {{sortname|Niren|De}}
| Public Affairs
| West Bengal
|-
| 1974
|
! {{sortname|Benode Behari|Mukherjee}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 1974
|
! {{sortname|V. K. R. V.|Rao}}
| Civil Service
| Karnataka
|-
| 1974
|
! {{sortname|Harish Chandra|Sarin}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1975
| [[File:CD Deshmukh 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|C. D.|Deshmukh}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1975
| [[File:Durgabai Deshmukh 1982 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Durgabai|Deshmukh}}
| Social Work
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1975
| [[File:MaryJadhav (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mary Clubwala|Jadhav}}
| Social Work
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1975
| [[File:Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Basanti Dulal|Nagchaudhuri}}
| Literature and Education
| West Bengal
|-
| 1975
|
! {{sortname|Raja|Ramanna}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 1975
|
! {{sortname|Homi Nusserwanji|Sethna|Homi Sethna}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1975
| [[File:MS Subbulakshmi 2005 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. S.|Subbulakshmi}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1975
|
! {{sortname|Premlila Vithaldas|Thackersey}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1976
| [[File:Salim ali mns.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Salim|Ali}}
| Science and Engineering
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1976
| [[File:Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir 2001 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Gurmukh Singh|Musafir}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Gurmukh Singh Musafir]] died on 18 January 1976, at the age of 77.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Kartar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyQ2AAAAMAAJ&q=%22Sir+Sobha+Singh's+place%22 |title=Giani Gurmukh Singh 'Musafir' |date=1999 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |isbn=978-81-237-2765-3 |language=en}}</ref>
| Literature and Education
| Punjab
|-
| 1976
| [[File:Cartoonist Shankar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. Shankar|Pillai}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 1976
| [[File:K R Ramanathan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. R.|Ramanathan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Kerala
|-
| 1976
| [[File:Satyajit_Ray_in_New_York_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Satyajit|Ray}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 1976
| [[File:Kl shrimali.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. L.|Shrimali}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1976
|
! {{sortname|Bashir Hussain|Zaidi}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 1977
| [[File:Balasaraswati 2010 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|T.|Balasaraswati|Balasaraswati}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1977
| [[File:Ali Yavar Jung (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Ali Yavar|Jung}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Ali Yavar Jung]] died on 11 December 1976, at the age of 70.}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1977
| [[File:Ajudhia_Nath_Khosla.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ajudhia Nath|Khosla}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1977
| [[File:ACM OP Mehra.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Om Prakash|Mehra}}
| Civil Service
| Punjab
|-
| 1977
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 158282 - Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar - Ajoy Kumar Mukherjee.jpeg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ajoy Kumar|Mukherjee|Ajoy Mukherjee}}
| Public Affairs
| West Bengal
|-
| 1977
| [[File:Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan|Singh}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 1978
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | ''Awards suspended''
|-
| 1979
|-id="1980"
| 1980
| [[File:Bismillah_Khan_2008_stamp_of_India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Bismillah|Khan}}
| Arts
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1980
|
! {{sortname|Rai|Krishnadasa}}
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1981
| [[File:S_Dhawan_official_Portrait_ISRO.webp|70px]]
! {{sortname|Satish|Dhawan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 1981
| [[File:Stamp of India - 2014 - Colnect 496008 - Indian Musicians - Ravi Shankar.jpeg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ravi|Shankar}}
| Arts
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1982
| [[File:Madeleine Slade 1983 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname||Mirabehn}}'''
| Social Work
| United Kingdom
|-
| 1983
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | ''No awards''
|-
| 1984
|-
| 1985
| [[File:Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao 03650.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|C. N. R.|Rao}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 1985
| [[File:MGK Menon.webp|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. G. K.|Menon}}
| Science and Engineering
| Kerala
|-
| 1986
| [[File:Baba Amte 2014 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Baba|Amte}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1986
| [[File:Pandit Birju Maharaj.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Birju|Maharaj}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 1986
|
! {{sortname|Autar Singh|Paintal}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kamaladevi|Chattopadhyay}}
| Social Work
| Karnataka
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Benjamin Peary Pal 2008 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Benjamin Peary|Pal}}
| Science and Engineering
| Punjab
|-
| 1987
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Manmohan|Singh}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 1987
| [[File:General Arunkumar Shridhar Vaidya.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Arun Shridhar|Vaidya}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Arun Shridhar Vaidya]] was assassinated by Sikh extremists on 10 August 1986.<ref>{{cite news|title=General A.S. Vaidya; 1926-1986|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/general-a.s.-vaidya-1926-1986-49284-2009-06-03|newspaper=India Today|access-date=26 July 2019|date=4 June 2009|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726164735/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/general-a.s.-vaidya-1926-1986-49284-2009-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1988
| [[File:Justice M. Hameedullah Beg.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mirza Hameedullah|Beg}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 1988
| [[File:Kuvempu 2017 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Kuvempu}}
| Literature and Education
| Karnataka
|-
| 1988
| [[File:Stamp of India - 1991 - Colnect 164196 - Mahadevi Verma Poetess and - Varsha.jpeg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Mahadevi|Varma}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Mahadevi Varma]] died on 11 September 1987, at the age of 80.}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1989
| [[File:Uma_Shankar_Dikshit_Rajya_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Uma Shankar|Dikshit}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1989
| [[File:Ali Akbar Khan 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ali Akbar|Khan}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 1989
| [[File:Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan - Kolkata 2013-01-07 2674.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. S.|Swaminathan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Tamil Nadu
|-id="1990"
| 1990
|
! {{sortname|V. S. R.|Arunachalam}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 1990
| [[File:T. N. Chaturvedi.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Triloki Nath|Chaturvedi|T. N. Chaturvedi}}
| Civil Service
| Karnataka
|-
| 1990
|
! {{sortname|Bhabatosh|Datta}}
| Literature and Education
| West Bengal
|-
| 1990
| [[File:Kumar Gandharva 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kumar|Gandharva}}
| Arts
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 1990
| [[File:A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|A. P. J. Abdul|Kalam}}
| Science and Engineering
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1991
| [[File:Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Semmangudi Srinivasa|Iyer}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1991
| [[File:M. Balamuralikrishna 01.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M.|Balamuralikrishna}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1991
| [[File:MFHussain2.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. F.|Husain}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1991
|
! {{sortname|Hirendranath|Mukherjee}}
| Public Affairs
| West Bengal
|-
| 1991
| [[File:Gulzarilal Nanda 1999 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Gulzarilal|Nanda}}
| Public Affairs
| Gujarat
|-
| 1991
| [[File:I. G. Patel.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|I. G.|Patel}}
| Science and Engineering
| Gujarat
|-
| 1991
| [[File:NG Ranga 2001 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|N. G.|Ranga}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1991
| [[File:COMMAND OFFICE OF SH K F RUSTAMJI, DIRECTOR GENERAL BSF.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Khusro Faramurz|Rustamji}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1991
|
! {{sortname|Rajaram|Shastri}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Aruna Asaf Ali 1998 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Aruna Asaf|Ali}}
| Social Work
| Delhi
|-
| 1992
|
! {{sortname|Lakshman Shastri|Joshi}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Mallikarjun Mansur 2014 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mallikarjun|Mansur}}
| Arts
| Karnataka
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Si-padmavati.webp|70px]]
! {{sortname|S. I.|Padmavati}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Kaloji Narayanarao.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kaloji Narayana|Rao}}
| Arts
| Telangana
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Ravi Narayan Reddy.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Ravi Narayana|Reddy}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Ravi Narayana Reddy]] died on 9 September 1991, at the age of 83.}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 1992
| [[File:V Shantaram 2001 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|V.|Shantaram}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[V. Shantaram]] died on 30 October 1990, at the age of 88.}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Govinbhai shroff.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Govindbhai|Shroff}}
| Literature and Education
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Swaran_Singh_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Swaran|Singh}}
| Public Affairs
| Punjab
|-
| 1992
| [[File:Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_2002-06-12.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Atal Bihari|Vajpayee}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 1993
! colspan="4" rowspan="5" | ''Awards suspended''
|-
| 1994
|-
| 1995
|-
| 1996
|-
| 1997
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Usha Mehta.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Usha|Mehta}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Nanabhoy Palkhivala 2004 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nanabhoy|Palkhivala|Nani Palkhivala}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Lakshmi Sahgal.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Lakshmi|Sahgal}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 1998
| [[File:Walter_Sisulu_1991_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Walter|Sisulu}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| South Africa
|-
| 1999
|
! {{sortname|Pandurang Shastri|Athavale}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Rajagopala Chidambaram.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Rajagopala|Chidambaram}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Nanaji Deshmukh 2017 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nanaji|Deshmukh}}
| Social Work
| Delhi
|-
| 1999
|
! {{sortname|Sarvepalli|Gopal}}
| Literature and Education
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Satish Gujral photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Satish|Gujral}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Justice vr krishna iyyar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|V. R. Krishna|Iyer}}
| Public Affairs
| Kerala
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Bhimsen_Joshi.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Bhimsen|Joshi}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1999
|
! {{sortname|Hans Raj|Khanna}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Verghese Kurien in 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Verghese|Kurien}}
| Science and Engineering
| Gujarat
|-
| 1999
| [[File:LataMangeshkar10.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Lata|Mangeshkar}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Braj_Kumar_Nehru_with_Kennedy_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Braj Kumar|Nehru}}
| Civil Service
| Himachal Pradesh
|-
| 1999
| [[File:DK Pattammal 2014 stampsheet of India cr.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|D. K.|Pattammal}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 1999
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Lallan Prasad|Singh}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Lallan Prasad Singh]] died on 9 November 1998, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19981109-ulfa-leader-anup-chetia-sentenced-to-six-years-and-nine-months-in-jail-by-a-dhaka-court-827731-1998-11-08|title=ULFA leader Anup Chetia sentenced to six years and nine months in jail by a Dhaka court|date=9 November 1998|access-date=11 April 2016|magazine=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424232006/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ulfa-leader-anup-chetia-sentenced-to-six-years-and-nine-months-in-jail-by-a-dhaka-court/1/265661.html|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>}}
|Civil Service
|Delhi
|-
| 1999
| [[File:Dharma Vir, ICS.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Dharma|Vira}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-id="2000"
| 2000
| [[File:Sikander_Bakht_Lok_Sabha_photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sikander|Bakht}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Jagdish N. Bhagwati Professor Jagdish pa Columbia University talar vid invigningen av Nordiskt globaliseringsforum i Riksgransen 2008-04-02.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Jagdish|Bhagwati}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Hariprasad chaurasia.jpeg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Hariprasad|Chaurasia}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Minister of State for Youth Affairs & Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. S.|Gill}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2000
| [[File:K. Kasturirangan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Krishnaswamy|Kasturirangan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2000
|
! {{sortname|K. B.|Lall}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Kelucharan Mohapatra 2023 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kelucharan|Mohapatra}}
| Arts
| Odisha
|-
| 2000
| [[File:Jasraj 048.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jasraj|Motiram|Jasraj}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2000
|
! {{sortname|M.|Narasimham}}
| Trade and Industry
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2000
| [[File:RK Narayan 2009 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|R. K.|Narayan}}
| Literature and Education
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2000
|
! {{sortname|Bhairab Dutt|Pande|B. D. Pande}}
| Civil Service
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2000
| [[File:DrKNRaj.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. N.|Raj}}
| Literature and Education
| Kerala
|-
| 2000
|
! {{sortname|Tarlok|Singh|dab=economist}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2001
| [[File:JK Galbraith 1962.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|John Kenneth|Galbraith}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Benjamin A. Gilman.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Benjamin|Gilman}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| United States
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Amjad Ali Khan bharat-s-tiwari-photography-IMG 3786 December 23, 2018.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Amjad Ali|Khan}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2001
| [[File:ZubinMehtaMar11_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Zubin|Mehta}}'''*
| Arts
| United States
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Hrishikesh Mukherjee 2013 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Hrishikesh|Mukherjee}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2001
|
! {{sortname|K. Satchidananda|Murty}}
| Literature and Education
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Chakravarthi V Narasimhan (1966).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Chakravarthi V.|Narasimhan}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Hosei Norota.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Hosei|Norota}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Japan
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao at ISI Chennai (cropped).JPG|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|C. R.|Rao}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2001
|
! {{sortname|Man Mohan|Sharma}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2001
| [[File:Pandit Shivkumar Sharma Santoor.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Shivkumar|Sharma}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2002
|
! {{sortname|Kishori|Amonkar}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Kumar Gandharva 2014 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Gangubai|Hangal}}
| Arts
| Karnataka
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Portrait_of_Priyaranjan_Dasmunsi_felicitating_noted_Tabla_Maestro_Pandit_Kishan_Maharaj_with_Life_time_Award_at_the_annual_concert_of_Shakhri_Begum_Memorial_Trust_at_Science_city_Auditorium,_Calcutta_on_December_9,_2006_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kishan|Maharaj}}
| Arts
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2002
| [[File:The Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister, Dr. C. Rangarajan addressing a press conference on ‘Economic Review 2012-13’, in New Delhi on April 23, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|C.|Rangarajan}}
| Literature and Education
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2002
| [[File:Soli Sorabjee lecture (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Soli|Sorabjee}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2003
| [[File:Kazi Lhendup Dorjee .jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kazi Lhendup|Dorjee}}
| Public Affairs
| West Bengal
|-
| 2003
| [[File:Sonal Mansingh.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sonal|Mansingh}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2003
|
! {{sortname|Bal Ram|Nanda}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2003
| [[File:Brihaspati Dev Triguna 2019 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Brihaspati Dev|Triguna}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Jayant Vishnu Narlikar - Kolkata 2007-03-20 07324.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jayant|Narlikar}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Amrita Pritam (1919 – 2005) , in 1948.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Amrita|Pritam}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2004
| [[File:Justice M. N. Venkatachaliah BNC.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. N.|Venkatachaliah}}
| Public Affairs
| Karnataka
|-
| 2005
|
! {{sortname|Milon K.|Banerji}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2005
| [[File:MohanDharia.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mohan|Dharia}}
| Social Work
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2005
| [[File:Shri J.N. Dixit in New Delhi on May 27, 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Jyotindra Nath|Dixit}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Jyotindra Nath Dixit]] died on 3 January 2005, at the age of 68.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/j-n-dixit-17834.html|title=Obituaries: J. N. Dixit: Hawkish diplomat and India's first full-time National Security Adviser|newspaper=Independent|date=5 January 2005|access-date=13 December 2016|author=Singh, Kuldip|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220202144/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/j-n-dixit-17834.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref>}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2005
|
! {{sortname|B. K.|Goyal}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2005
| [[File:R. K. Laxman.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|R. K.|Laxman}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2005
| [[File:Ram Narayan in Delhi 2010.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ram|Narayan}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2005
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee receiving the first copy of the book entitled "VB-Raju-The Visionary Leader" from the President of ICCR, Dr. Karan Singh, at Rashtrapati Bhavan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Karan|Singh}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2005
| [[File:Dr.M.S.Valiathan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. S.|Valiathan}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Norman Borlaug, 2004 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Norman|Borlaug}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Charles Correa.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Charles|Correa}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Late Nirmala Deshpande.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Nirmala|Deshpande}}
| Social Work
| Delhi
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Mahashweta devi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Mahasweta|Devi}}
| Literature and Education
| West Bengal
|-
| 2006
| [[File:DirectorAdoor.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Adoor|Gopalakrishnan}}
| Arts
| Kerala
|-
| 2006
| [[File:Justice V.N. Khare.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|V. N.|Khare}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2006
| [[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_the_Padma_Vibhushan_Award_–_2006_to_Shri_Colathur_Rama_Krishnaswamy_Rao_Sahib,_a_distinguished_bureaucrat,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_20,_2006.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|C. R. Krishnaswamy|Rao|C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao Sahib}}
| Civil Service
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2006
| [[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Vibhushan_to_Prof._Obaid_Siddiqi,_an_eminent_scientist,_at_investiture_ceremony,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_29,_2006.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Obaid|Siddiqi}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2006
| [[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Vibhushan_to_Prof._Prakash_Narain_Tandon,_an_eminent_Neurosurgeon,_at_investiture_ceremony,_in_New_Delhi_on_March_29,_2006.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Prakash Narain|Tandon}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Justice P.N. Bhagwati.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|P. N.|Bhagwati}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Naresh Chandra July 2012.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Naresh|Chandra}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
|
! {{sortname|Raja|Chelliah}}
| Public Affairs
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2007
|
! {{sortname|V.|Krishnamurthy}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
| [[File:The President, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam presenting Padma Vibhushan to Shri Fali Sam Nariman, at an Investiture Ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi on March 23, 2007.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Fali Sam|Nariman}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Raja|Rao}}'''*#{{efn-lr|[[Raja Rao]] died on 8 July 2006, at the age of 97.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jul/17/guardianobituaries.india|title=Obituaries: Raja Rao|newspaper=The Guardian|date=17 July 2006|access-date=10 April 2016|author=Alterno, Letizia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306032315/http://www.theguardian.com/news/2006/jul/17/guardianobituaries.india|archive-date=6 March 2016}}</ref>}}
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2007
| [[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Vibhushan_to_Prof._Balu_Sankaran,_at_an_Investiture-II_Ceremony_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_April_05,_2007.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Balu|Sankaran}}
| Medicine
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
| [[File:Khushwantsingh.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Khushwant|Singh}}
| Literature and Education
| Delhi
|-
| 2007
| [[File:ECG Sudarshan.jpg |70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|E. C. George|Sudarshan}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2007
| [[File:J&K Governor N.N. Vohra.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Narinder Nath|Vohra}}
| Civil Service
| Haryana
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Justice A.S. Anand.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Adarsh Sein|Anand}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2008
| [[File:AnandWM2008.Presse.Konf_(revised).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Viswanathan|Anand}}
| Sports
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Asha_Bhosle_-_still_47160_cropped.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Asha|Bhosle}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2008
|
! {{sortname|P. N.|Dhar}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2008
|[[File:Edmundhillarycropped.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Edmund|Hillary}}'''*#{{efn-lr|[[Edmund Hillary]] died on 11 January 2008, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10482156|title=State funeral for Sir Edmund Hillary|author=McKenzie-Minifie, Martha|date=11 January 2008|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|access-date=29 September 2011}}</ref>}}
| Sports
| New Zealand
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Lakshmi Mittal LM.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Lakshmi|Mittal}}'''*
| Trade and Industry
| United Kingdom
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Pranab Mukherjee Portrait (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Pranab|Mukherjee}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2008
|[[File:Narayana_Murthy_CIF_(cropped).JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|N. R. Narayana|Murthy}}
| Trade and Industry
| Karnataka
|-
| 2008
| [[File:The_President,_Smt._Pratibha_Devisingh_Patil_presenting_the_Padma_Vibhushan_to_Shri_P.R.S._Oberoi,_at_an_Investiture-I_Ceremony,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_May_05,_2008.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Prithvi Raj Singh|Oberoi}}
| Trade and Industry
| Delhi
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Ragendra_Pachauri.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Rajendra K.|Pachauri}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2008
| [[File:E. Sreedharan "Metro Man".jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|E.|Sreedharan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Delhi
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Shri Ratan Naval Tata.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ratan|Tata}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2008
| [[File:Sachin-Tendulkar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sachin|Tendulkar}}
| Sports
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Sunderlal Bahuguna at New Tehri cropped.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sunderlal|Bahuguna}}
| Social Work
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2009
|
! {{sortname|Jasbir Singh|Bajaj}}
| Medicine
| Punjab
|-
| 2009
| [[File:D. P. Chattopadhyaya Rajya Sabha photo.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|D. P.|Chattopadhyaya}}
| Literature and Education
| West Bengal
|-
| 2009
|
! {{sortname|Ashok Sekhar|Ganguly}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2009
|
! {{sortname|Nirmala|Joshi}}
| Social Work
| West Bengal
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Anil Kakodkar.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Anil|Kakodkar}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2009
| [[File:Dr_Lal_receiving_Padma_Vibhushan_Award_by_President_of_India_2009.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Purshotam|Lal}}
| Medicine
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2009
| [[File:G._Madhavan_Nair.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|G. Madhavan|Nair}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2009
|
! {{sortname|Govind|Narain}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2009
|
! {{sortname|Chandrika Prasad|Srivastava}}
| Civil Service
| Maharashtra
|-id="2010"
| 2010
| [[File:Ebrahim Alkazi getting awarded (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ebrahim|Alkazi}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Venki Ramakrishnan (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Venkatraman|Ramakrishnan|Venki Ramakrishnan}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United Kingdom
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Prathap C. Reddy (1).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Prathap C.|Reddy}}
| Trade and Industry
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2010
| [[File:The Governor of Reserve Bank of India, Shri Y.V. Reddy addressing a seminar on ‘Challenges and Implications of Basel II for Asia’ at 39th Asian Development Bank Annual General Body Meeting in Hyderabad on May 3, 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Y. Venugopal|Reddy|Y. V. Reddy}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Zohra Segal on April 07, 2010 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Zohra|Sehgal}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2010
| [[File:Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Umayalpuram K.|Sivaraman}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Montekahuwalia.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Montek Singh|Ahluwalia}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Vijay Kelkar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Vijay|Kelkar}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2011
| [[File:A. R. Kidwai in 2009 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Akhlaqur Rahman|Kidwai}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Onv.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|O. N. V.|Kurup}}
| Literature and Education
| Kerala
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Sitakant Mahapatra.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sitakant|Mahapatra}}
| Literature and Education
| Odisha
|-
| 2011
| [[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil presenting the Padma Vibhushan award to Shri Brajesh Chandra Mishra, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on March 24, 2011 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Brajesh|Mishra}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|K.|Parasaran}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Azim Premji - World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2009 (crop).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Azim|Premji}}
| Trade and Industry
| Karnataka
|-
| 2011
|
! {{sortname|Palle Rama|Rao}}
| Science and Engineering
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Akkineni Nageswara Rao (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Akkineni Nageswara|Rao}}
| Arts
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2011
| [[File:Kapilavatsyayan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kapila|Vatsyayan}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2011
| [[File:The photograph of Mrs. Homai Vyarawalla of Vadodara, one of the recipients of the First National Photo Award – Life Time Achievement 2010. The Vice President.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Homai|Vyarawalla}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Bhupen Hazarika 2016 stamp.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Bhupen|Hazarika}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Bhupen Hazarika]] died on 5 November 2011, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15606150|title=Celebrated Indian singer Bhupen Hazarika dies|work=BBC News Asia|date=5 November 2011|access-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230231018/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15606150|archive-date=30 December 2011}}</ref>}}
|Arts
|Assam
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Miranda de Miranda.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Mario|Miranda}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Mario Miranda]] died on 11 December 2011, at the age of 85.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cartoonist-mario-miranda-passes-away-at-85-1624220|title=Cartoonist Mario Miranda passes away at 85|date=11 December 2011|access-date=10 April 2016|location=Panaji|newspaper=Daily News Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129013004/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cartoonist-mario-miranda-passes-away-at-85-1624220|archive-date=29 January 2018}}</ref>}}
| Arts
| Goa
|-
| 2012
| [[File:T. V. Rajeswar (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|T. V.|Rajeswar}}
| Civil Service
| Delhi
|-
| 2012
| [[File:Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kantilal Hastimal|Sancheti}}
| Medicine
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2012
| [[File:K.G. Subramanyan 2008.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. G.|Subramanyan}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Sculptor Raghunath Mohapatra.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Raghunath|Mohapatra}}
| Arts
| Odisha
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Rodham Narasimha.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Roddam|Narasimha}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Yash Pal 049.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Yash|Pal}}
| Science and Engineering
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2013
| [[File:Sayed Haider Raza (1995).png|70px]]
! {{sortname|S. H.|Raza}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2014
| [[File:BKS Iyengar.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|B. K. S.|Iyengar}}
| Others
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2014
| [[File:Ramesh Mashelkar Apr09.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Raghunath Anant|Mashelkar}}
| Science and Engineering
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Lalkrishna_Advani.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|L. K.|Advani}}
| Public Affairs
| Gujarat
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Indian actor Amitabh Bachchan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Amitabh|Bachchan}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2015
| [[File:ParkashSinghBadal.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Parkash Singh|Badal}}
| Public Affairs
| Punjab
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Veerendra Heggade 02.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Veerendra|Heggade}}
| Social Work
| Karnataka
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Dilip_Kumar_2006.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Dilip|Kumar}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Jagadguru Rambhadracharya2.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jagadguru Swami|Rambhadracharya|Rambhadracharya}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2015
| [[File:MR SRINIVASAN.jpeg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. R.|Srinivasan}}
| Science and Engineering
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Kottayan Katankot Venugopal, K K Venugopal.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kottayan Katankot|Venugopal|K. K. Venugopal}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2015
| [[File:Aga Khan 01 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Karim Al Hussaini Aga|Khan|Aga Khan IV}}'''*
| Social Work
| United Kingdom/France
|-
| 2016
| [[File:V. K. Aatre in 2016 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|V. K.|Aatre}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Dhirubhai Ambani 2002 stamp of India.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Dhirubhai|Ambani}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Dhirubhai Ambani]] died on 6 July 2002, at the age of 69.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2109740.stm|title=Indian business giant dies|publisher=BBC|work=BBC News World Edition|date=7 July 2002|access-date=10 April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322030838/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2109740.stm|archive-date=22 March 2016}}</ref>}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Dr Girija Devi.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Girija|Devi}}
| Arts
| West Bengal
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Avinash Dixit.JPG|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Avinash|Dixit}}'''*
| Literature and Education
| United States
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Jagmohan.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Jagmohan}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Yamini Krishnamurthy (cropped).JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Yamini|Krishnamurthy}}
| Arts
| Delhi
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Rajinikanth in 2019.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Rajinikanth}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Cherukuri Ramoji rao.png|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ramoji|Rao}}
| Literature and Education
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Sri Sri Ravi Shankar - new.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sri Sri Ravi|Shankar|Ravi Shankar|dab=spiritual leader}}
| Others
| Karnataka
|-
| 2016
| [[File:Dr. V. Shanta, in New Delhi on March 20, 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|V.|Shanta}}
| Medicine
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Murli Manohar Joshi MP.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Murli Manohar|Joshi}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Sundar_Lal_Patwa.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Sunder Lal|Patwa}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Sunder Lal Patwa]] died on 28 December 2016, at the age of 92.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/sunder-lal-patwa-former-madhya-pardesh-cm-dies-at-92-4448354/|title=Sunder Lal Patwa, former Madhya Pardesh CM, dies at 92|date=28 December 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 January 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230164337/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bhopal/sunder-lal-patwa-former-madhya-pardesh-cm-dies-at-92-4448354/|archive-date=30 December 2016}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Madhya Pradesh
|-
| 2017
| [[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sharad|Pawar}}
| Public Affairs
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2017
| [[File:U_R_Rao_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Udupi Ramachandra|Rao}}
| Science and Engineering
| Karnataka
|-
| 2017
| [[File:P. A. Sangma official portrait.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|P. A.|Sangma}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[P. A. Sangma]] died on 4 March 2016, at the age of 68.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/pa-sangma-death-obituary/|title=PA Sangma dead at 68; Lok Sabha adjourned in respect for former Speaker|date=4 March 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=25 January 2017|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129175712/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/pa-sangma-death-obituary/|archive-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Meghalaya
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Sadhguru-Jaggi-Vasudev.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jaggi|Vasudev|Sadhguru}}
| Others
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2017
| [[File:Kj-yesudas-indian-playback-singer-2011.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. J.|Yesudas}}
| Arts
| Kerala
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Ilaiyaraaja at Shamitabh Press Show.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Ilaiyaraja}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2018
| [[File:A still of Shri Ghulam Mustafa Waris Khan who will be presented with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for Hindustani Music - Vocal by the President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam in New Delhi on October 26, 2004.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Ghulam Mustafa|Khan|dab=singer}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2018
| [[File:Parameshwaran.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|P.|Parameswaran}}
| Literature and Education
| Kerala
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Teejan Bai after performnce at Bharat Bhawan Bhopal.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Teejan|Bai}}
| Arts
| Chhattisgarh
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Ismail Omar Guelleh 2010.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Ismaïl Omar|Guelleh}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Djibouti
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Mr. A.M. Naik.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Anil Manibhai|Naik|A. M. Naik}}
| Trade and Industry
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2019
| [[File:Babasahebwikismall.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Balwant Moreshwar|Purandare|Babasaheb Purandare}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-id="2020"
| 2020
| [[File:George Fernandes (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|George|Fernandes}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[George Fernandes]] died on 29 January 2019, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690|title=George Fernandes, Former Defence Minister, Dies At 88 After Long Illness|last=Prabhu|first=Sunil|editor-last=Ghosh|editor-first=Deepshikha|date=29 January 2019|location=New Delhi|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209133217/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/george-fernandes-former-defence-minister-dies-at-88-after-long-illness-1984690|archive-date=9 February 2019|publisher=NDTV}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Bihar
|-
| 2020
| [[File:The official photograph of the Defence Minister, Shri Arun Jaitley (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Arun|Jaitley}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Arun Jaitley]] died on 24 August 2019, at the age of 66.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-jaitley-passes-away-at-66-1591089-2019-08-24|title=Arun Jaitley passes away at 66|publisher=India Today Group|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824183554/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/arun-jaitley-passes-away-at-66-1591089-2019-08-24|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2020
| [[File:Anerood_Jugnauth,_2015.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Anerood|Jugnauth}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Mauritius
|-
| 2020
| [[File:Mary_Kom_with_Pranab_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|M. C. Mary|Kom|Mary Kom}}
| Sports
| Manipur
|-
| 2020
| [[File:Chhannulal Mishra.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Chhannulal|Mishra}}
| Arts
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2020
| [[File:Secretary Tillerson is Greeted by Indian Minister of External Affairs Swaraj (24074726498) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Sushma|Swaraj}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Sushma Swaraj]] died on 6 August 2019, at the age of 67.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/sushma-swaraj-death-live-news-final-journey-funeral-latest-updates-narendra-modi-swaraj-kaushal-bjp-bansuri-swaraj-bjpleaders-family-tribute-external-affairs-minister-today-lodhi-crematorium-delhi-7121071.html|title=Sushma Swaraj funeral; latest updates: Ex-minister cremated with State honours in Delhi as top NDA leaders bid farewell|work=Firstpost|date=7 August 2019|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807115046/https://www.firstpost.com/india/sushma-swaraj-death-live-news-final-journey-funeral-latest-updates-narendra-modi-swaraj-kaushal-bjp-bansuri-swaraj-bjpleaders-family-tribute-external-affairs-minister-today-lodhi-crematorium-delhi-7121071.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Delhi
|-
| 2020
| [[File:Vishvesha Tirtha Swamiji of Pejawar Mutt meets PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Vishwesha|Tirtha}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Vishwesha Tirtha]] died on 29 December 2019, at the age of 88.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/padma-vibhushan-honour-for-pejawar-seers-visionary-work/articleshow/73630480.cms|title=Padma Vibhushan honour for Pejawar seer's visionary work|newspaper=The Times of India|date=26 January 2020|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-date=27 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127201834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/padma-vibhushan-honour-for-pejawar-seers-visionary-work/articleshow/73630480.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Others
| Karnataka
|-
| 2021
| [[File:Shinzō Abe 20120501.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Shinzo|Abe}}'''*
| Public Affairs
| Japan
|-
| 2021
| [[File:S. P. Balasubrahmanyam at the 'Gurkha' Audio Launch.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|S. P.|Balasubrahmanyam}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] died on 25 September 2020, at the age of 74.}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2021
| [[File:BelleMonappaHegde.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|Belle Monappa|Hegde|B. M. Hegde}}
| Medicine
| Karnataka
|-
| 2021
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Narinder Singh|Kapany}}'''*#{{efn-lr|[[Narinder Singh Kapany]] died on 4 December 2020, at the age of 94.}}
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2021
| [[File:Maulanawahiduddin.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Wahiduddin|Khan}}
| Others
| Delhi
|-
| 2021
| [[File:B. B. Lal.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|B. B.|Lal|dab=archaeologist}}
| Others
| Delhi
|-
| 2021
| [[File:Sudarshan Sahoo receiving Padma Vibhushan 2021.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Sudarshan|Sahoo}}
| Arts
| Odisha
|-
| 2022
| [[File:Prabha atre.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Prabha|Atre}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2022
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Radheshyam|Khemka}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Radheshyam Khemka]] died on 4 April 2021, at the age of 86.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/gita-press-chairman-radheshyam-khemka-dies-pm-pays-tribute/articleshow/81901960.cms | title=Gita Press chairman Radheshyam Khemka dies, PM pays tribute | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 August 2021 | accessdate=10 February 2022 | archive-date=27 January 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127014434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/gita-press-chairman-radheshyam-khemka-dies-pm-pays-tribute/articleshow/81901960.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| Literature and Education
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2022
| [[File:General Bipin Rawat, India's 1st Chief of Defence Staff.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Bipin|Rawat}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[General (India)|General]] [[Bipin Rawat]] died on 8 December 2021, at the age of 63.}}
| Civil Service
| Uttarakhand
|-
| 2022
| [[File:Kalyan Singh1.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Kalyan|Singh}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Kalyan Singh]] died on 21 August 2021, at the age of 89.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister-kalyan-singh-dies-at-89-101629562799495.html|title=Former Uttar Pradesh chief minister Kalyan Singh dies at 89|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=21 August 2021 |access-date=10 February 2022|archive-date=21 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821165526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/former-uttar-pradesh-chief-minister-kalyan-singh-dies-at-89-101629562799495.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2023
| [[File:Balkrishna Doshi.JPG|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Balkrishna Vithaldas|Doshi|B. V. Doshi}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[B. V. Doshi|Balakrishna Doshi]] died on 24 January 2023, at the age of 95.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bernstein |first1=Fred A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/arts/balkrishna-doshi-dead.html|title=Balkrishna Doshi, Modernist Indian Architect, Is Dead at 95|work=[[New York Times]]|date=24 January 2023 |access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126005349/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/arts/balkrishna-doshi-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Science and Engineering
| Gujarat
|-
| 2023
| [[File:Ustad Zakir Hussain 1.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Zakir|Hussain|dab=musician}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2023
| [[File:India-eam-krishna (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|S. M.|Krishna}}
| Public Affairs
| Karnataka
|-
| 2023
|
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Dilip|Mahalanabis}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Dilip Mahalanabis]] died on 16 October 2022, at the age of 87.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dr-dilip-mahalanabis-pioneer-of-oral-rehydration-therapy-dies-in-kolkata-3437323|title=Dr Dilip Mahalanabis, Pioneer Of Oral Rehydration Therapy, Dies In Kolkata|work=[[NDTV 24x7|NDTV]]|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=27 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027190346/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dr-dilip-mahalanabis-pioneer-of-oral-rehydration-therapy-dies-in-kolkata-3437323|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Medicine
| West Bengal
|-
| 2023
| [[File:Srinivasa Varadhan Heidelberg.JPG|70px]]
| bgcolor="#FFECC8" align="center"| '''{{sortname|S. R. Srinivasa|Varadhan}}'''*
| Science and Engineering
| United States
|-
| 2023
| [[File:Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Shri.Mulayam Singh Yadav, addressing at the National Development Council, New Delhi on December 9, 2006 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Mulayam Singh|Yadav}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Mulayam Singh Yadav]] died on 10 October 2022, at the age of 82.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mulayam-singh-yadav-dies-at-82-live-updates-political-leaders-pay-tributes-3417199|title=Updates: Mulayam Singh Yadav Dies At 82, Political Leaders Pay Tributes|work=[[NDTV 24x7|NDTV]]|access-date=26 January 2023|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026085409/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mulayam-singh-yadav-dies-at-82-live-updates-political-leaders-pay-tributes-3417199|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| Public Affairs
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2024
| [[File:Padma_Vibhushan_Dr_Vyjayanthimala_Bali.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Vyjayanthimala}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2024
| [[File:The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the National Tourism Awards 2011-12, at a function, in New Delhi on March 18, 2013. The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Tourism, Shri K. Chiranjeevi is also seen (1) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname||Chiranjeevi}}
| Arts
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2024
| [[File:Venkaiah Naidu official portrait.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Venkaiah|Naidu}}
| Public Affairs
| Andhra Pradesh
|-
| 2024
| [[File:Bindeshwar Pathak.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Bindeshwar|Pathak}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Bindeshwar Pathak]] died on 15 August 2023, at the age of 80.}}
| Social Work
| Bihar
|-
| 2024
| [[File:Guru Padma Subramanyam in Bhagavath Geetha .jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Padma|Subrahmanyam}}
| Arts
| Tamil Nadu
|-
| 2025
| [[File:Dr. Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy.jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|D. Nageshwar|Reddy}}
| Medicine
| Telangana
|-
| 2025
| [[File:Justice_Jagdish_Singh_Khehar_(cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Jagdish Singh|Khehar}}
| Public Affairs
| Chandigarh
|-
| 2025
| [[File:Kumudini Lakhia (cropped).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|Kumudini|Lakhia}}
| Arts
| Gujarat
|-
| 2025
| [[File:L._Subramaniam_at_Bharat_Bhavan.JPG|70px]]
! {{sortname|L.|Subramaniam}}
| Arts
| Karnataka
|-
| 2025
| [[File:M_T_Vasudevan_nair_-_cropped_image.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|M. T. Vasudevan|Nair}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]] died on 25 December 2024, at the age of 91.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrated Indian author MT Vasudevan Nair dies at 91 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czr3kdn7pv3o |website=bbc.com |access-date=25 January 2025 |date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
| Literature and Education
| Kerala
|-
| 2025
| [[File:Osamu Suzuki 2022.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Osamu|Suzuki|dab=businessman}}'''*#{{efn-lr|[[Osamu Suzuki (businessman)|Osamu Suzuki]] died on 25 December 2024, at the age of 94.<ref>{{cite web |title=Osamu Suzuki, who led Japanese automaker into India, dies at 94 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/27/business/osamu-suzuki-japanese-automaker-dies-94/index.html |website=CNN |access-date=25 January 2025 |date=27 December 2024}}</ref>}}
| Trade and Industry
| Japan
|-
| 2025
| [[File:Sharda Sinha (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|Sharda|Sinha}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Sharda Sinha]] died on 5 November 2024, at the age of 72.<ref>{{cite web |title=Folk singer Sharda Sinha, 72, dies at Delhi AIIMS |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/folk-singer-sharda-sinha-72-dies-at-delhi-aiims/articleshow/114989488.cms?from=mdr |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=25 January 2025 |date=5 November 2024}}</ref>}}
| Arts
| Bihar
|-
| 2026
| [[File:Shri Dharmendra Deol on April 04, 2012.jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname||Dharmendra}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[Dharmendra]] died on 24 November 2025, at the age of 89.}}
| Arts
| Maharashtra
|-
| 2026
| [[File:Justice K T Thomas (2023).jpg|70px]]
! {{sortname|K. T.|Thomas|dab=judge}}
| Public Affairs
| Kerala
|-
| 2026
|
! {{sortname|N.|Rajam}}
| Art
| Uttar Pradesh
|-
| 2026
|
! {{sortname|[[P. Narayanan (journalist)|P. Narayanan]]
| Literature and Education
| Kerala
|-
| 2026
| [[File:V._S._Achuthanandan.JPG|70px]]
| bgcolor="#CEE8F0" align="center"| '''{{sortname|V. S.|Achuthanandan}}'''#{{efn-lr|[[V. S. Achuthanandan]] died on 21 July 2025, at the age of 101.}}
| Public Affairs
| Kerala
|-
|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist}}

;Posthumous recipients
{{notelist-lr|2}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|year=2009|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|url={{GBurl|id=oGVSvXuCsyUC|pg=PAA248}}|isbn=978-81-207-4074-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Edgar|first=Thorpe|title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|url={{GBurl|id=mHaYRoLuKBgC}}|isbn=978-81-317-5640-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale|author-link1=Dale Hoiberg|last2=Ramchandani|first2=Indu|title=Students' Britannica India|volume=1–5|url={{GBurl|id=ISFBJarYX7YC|p=96}}|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7156-112-4}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan}}
{{Portal|India}}
* {{Official website|http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/}}
* {{cite web|title=Awards & Medals|url=http://mha.gov.in/media/awards-medals|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 September 2015|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424065106/http://mha.gov.in/media/awards-medals|url-status=live}}

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Vibhushan award recipients}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]

Shylaja Nag

2026-02-12T02:44:01Z

ContactBot: Created A Entry

{{short description|Indian film actor and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shylaja Nag
| image =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 14 May
| other_names =
| occupation = Producer
| spouse = {{marriage|[[B. Suresha]]|1992}}
| children = 1
| yearsactive =
}}

'''Shylaja Nag''' is an Indian actress and film producer known for her works in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/np-nag,%20shylaja/ |title=Nag, Shylaja |website=worldcat.org |publisher=[[WorldCat Identities]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/sep/24/yajamana-tailor-made-for-darshan-shylaja-nag-1876197.html |title=Yajamana tailor-made for Darshan: Shylaja Nag |website=The New Indian Express |location=India |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/entertainment/exclusive-interview-with-producer-shylaja-nag-plicpc |title='ಯಜಮಾನ' ಗುಟ್ಟು ಬಿಚ್ಚಿಟ್ಟ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕಿ |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |language=kn |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chitratara.com/show-content.php?key=Kannada%2520Cinemas/Movies%2520Latest%2520News,%2520Kannada%2520New%2520Cinemas/Movies,%2520Latest%2520Kannada%2520Cinema/Movies&title=DARSHAN%2520IS%2520CRAZE%2520BAAP%2520KA%2520BAAP%2520%2596%2520SHYLAJA%2520NAG&id=12115&ptype=News |title=Kannada Movie/Cinema News - DARSHAN IS CRAZE BAAP KA BAAP SHYLAJA NAG |website=www.chitratara.com |publisher=Chitratara |location=Bangalore, Karnataka, India |publication-place=Bangalore |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> Some of the notable films produced by Shylaja Nag includes ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'', ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'', ''[[Devara Naadalli]]'', ''[[Sakkare]]'', ''Gubbachigalu'' and ''Artha''). She owns ''Media House Studio'', a production house. She is also partner of ''[[D Beats]]'', a music company.

==Personal life==
Shylaja is married to filmmaker and actor [[B. Suresha]] since 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/b-suresha-i-learnt-all-about-cinema-on-the-sets-865289.html|title=B Suresha: I learnt all about cinema on the sets|date=July 24, 2020|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==

=== Films ===
* Kranti 2022
* ''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]'' (2019)
*''[[Uppina Kagada]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Devara Naadalli]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Sakkare]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Naanu Nanna Kanasu]]'' (2010)
* ''Gubbachigalu'' (2008)
* ''Artha'' (2002–03)

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film(s) !! Award(s) !! Category !! Result !! Ref(s)
|-
|2020||''[[Yajamana (2019 film)|Yajamana]]''||[[Bangalore International Film Festival]]||Best Popular film|| {{won}}||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Puttakkana Highway]]'' || [[58th National Film Awards]] || [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] || {{Won}} || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2011/may/20/kannada-scores-four-at-national-awards-254779.html |title=Kannada scores four at national awards |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref>
|-
| 2002-03 || ''Artha'' || [[Karnataka State Film Awards]] || [[Karnataka State Film Award for First Best Film]] || {{Won}} || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/02/23/stories/2005022300930400.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Metro Plus Bangalore / Cinema : 'Backward' Gulbarga shows the way |date=2005-02-23 |access-date=2019-03-09}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nag, Shylaja}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

T. R. Ramanna

2026-02-11T05:31:44Z

ContactBot:

{{short description|Indian director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. R. Ramanna
| image = T.R.RamannaImg.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = Birth year 1923
| birth_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| birth_name = Thanjavur Radhakrishnan Ramachandran
| death_date = 22 May 1997 (Age 74) <ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990209164337/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm |archivedate=9 February 1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/highlights/1997/1997high.htm |title=Tamil cinema 1997 -- year highlights |publisher=dinakaran.com |accessdate=25 October 2018}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| spouses = [[E. V. Saroja]]
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
| family = T. S. Damayanthi (Sister)T. D. Kushalakumari (niece)[[T. R. Rajakumari]] (elder sister)<ref name="ref1">{{cite news |title=Manapandhal (1961) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/manapandhal-1961/article5951258.ece |first=Randor |last=Guy |date=26 April 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |accessdate=25 October 2018}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Thanjavur Radhakrishnan Ramachandran (T.R.Ramanna)''' (1923–1997) was an [[India|Indian]] film director and producer.

==Film career==
{{unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}
Ramanna started his life as a sound recordist in a city studio and then made his way to film direction. He started the production company R.R. Pictures (with the initials of his sister and himself). He produced movies in Tamil, Telugu and Hindi, many of which were successful.

One of his successful film was ''[[Manapanthal|Manapandhal]]'', inspired by the Hollywood classic ''[[Sabrina (1954 film)|Sabrina]]'' (1954), directed by [[Billy Wilder]] and starring Humphrey Bogart, William Holden and Audrey Hepburn.

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date=December 2022}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:175px;" | Film
! colspan="2" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:80px;" | Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; width:350px;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! width=65 | Director
! width=65 | Producer
|-
| 1953 || ''[[Vazha Pirandhaval ]]'' || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1954 || ''[[Koondukkili]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1955 || ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1957 || ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Karthavarayuni Katha]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Rathinapuri Ilavarasi|Rathnapuri Ilavarasi]]'' || style="text-align: center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1960 ||[[Ondrupattal Undu Vazhvu]]|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Manapanthal]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1961 ||[[Intiki Deepam Illale]]'' ''|| style="text-align:center;" |{{n}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1961 ||[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli]]|| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Paasam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Manchi Chedu]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Arunagirinathar (film)|Arunagirinathar]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Panam Padaithavan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Nee!]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Kumari Penn]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Parakkum Pavai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Bhavani (1967 film)|Bhavani]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Naan (1967 film)|Naan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Moondrezhuthu]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Neeyum Naanum''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||25th Film
|-
| 1969 || Athai Magal || style="text-align:center;"|{{y}}
||{{n}}
|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Thanga Surangam]] || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1969 || [[Waris (film)|Waris]]|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Thulabharam''
||{{n}}|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Yaen?]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Sorgam]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Lagan'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Veettukku Oru Pillai''|| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || Wafaa || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Shakthi Leelai]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Aankh Micholi]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Baghdad Perazhagi]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Maru Piravi]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1974 ||[[Vairam]]|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||.
|-
| 1974 || Sorgathil Thirumanam || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1976 || Tuhi Kali Tuhi Durga || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Thaliya Salangaya]]''|| style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1978 || Farz Aur Khoon || style="text-align:center;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Ennai Pol Oruvan]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Bhale Huduga]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Siritanakke Savaal]]'' || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Neechal Kulam'' || style="text-align:center;"| {{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1979 || Yuvaraj || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1981 ||[[Kanni Theevu]]|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}}
||{{Qmark}}|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1981 || Kulakozhunthu ||
{{y}}
||{{Qmark}}|| Tamil ||
|-
| 1981 ||[[Kula Puthra]]|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1982 ||[[Sattam Sirikkiradhu]]|| style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style=" text-align:center;"| {{n}} || Tamil ||50th Film
|-
| 1984 || Shankari || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Elangeswaran'' || style="text-align:center;" |{{y}} || style="text-align:center;"| {{Qmark}} || Tamil ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1059554|Ramanna T.R.}}

{{T. R. Ramanna}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramanna, T. R.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-film-director-stub}}

Harini Nagendra

2026-02-06T19:08:35Z

ContactBot:

{{short description|Indian ecologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Harini Nagendra
| image = HariniNagrenda2019.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Harini Nagendra (2019)
| birth_date = 1972
| birth_place = [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| citizenship = [[India]]
| ethnicity =
| field = [[Ecology]]
| work_institution = [[Azim Premji University]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Book: Nature in the City: Bengaluru in the Past, Present, and Future, 2016, Oxford University Press.
She is also noted for her work on sustainability studies, remote sensing studies, also for her work as an ecologist and environmentalist.
| author_abbreviation_bot =
| author_abbreviation_zoo =
| prizes =
| website = https://harininagendra.com
| footnotes =
| awards = Clarivate-Thomson Reuters Web of Science 2017 India Research Excellence Citation Award, 2013 Elinor Ostrom Senior Scholar Award for Collective Governance of the Commons
}}

'''Harini Nagendra''' is an Indian ecologist who uses satellite [[remote sensing]] coupled with field studies of biodiversity, archival research, institutional analysis, and community interviews to examine the factors shaping the social-ecological sustainability of [[Forest|forests]] and cities in the south Asian context.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/harini-nagendra-312597|title=Harini Nagendra|website=The Conversation|language=en|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://indiabioscience.org/columns/conversations/ten-women-ten-questions-harini-nagendra|title=Ten women, ten questions: Harini Nagendra|date=2016-03-22|work=IndiaBioscience|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref> Her areas of interest include Urban sustainability, Ecology and development, Land change, Biodiversity and conservation.

== Early and personal life ==
Nagendra was born in 1972 in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiko-berlin.de/en/fellows/fellowfinder/detail/2004-nagendra-harini/|title=Harini Nagendra, Ph.D.|website=Harini Nagendra, Ph.D.|language=en|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127175322/https://www.wiko-berlin.de/en/fellows/fellowfinder/detail/2004-nagendra-harini/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Born to a botanist mother, Nagendra was inspired by her to pursue a career in the field of science. Nagendra is married and has a daughter.<ref name=":2" />

== Education ==
Nagendra finished her B.Sc. from Bangalore University in 1992. In 1995, she did her M.S. in biological sciences from the Indian Institute of Science.<ref name=":5" />

Nagendra finished her PhD in December 1997 from the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in Ecological Sciences.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Nagendra is currently a professor of sustainability at the [[Azim Premji University]], [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blogger/harini-nagendra-99733|title=Harini Nagendra|website=downtoearth.org.in|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en}}</ref> She coordinates the Centre for Urban Sustainability in India at Azim Premji University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/people/harini-nagendra|title=People: Harini Nagendra|website=azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in|access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref> Larger global crisis of sustainability motivates Nagendra to research on the subject.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/we-know-what-we-need-to-do-but-we-won-t-do-it-860071.html|title=We know what we need to do, but we won't do it|website=deccanherald.com|date=12 July 2020 |access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref>

She was a visiting researcher at the [[University of California, San Diego]] in 1998. She was an independent researcher from 2003 to 2013.<ref name=":2" /> She has worked in a variety of contexts in forests and cities of South Asia and globally.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.edx.org/bio/harini-nagendra|title=Harini Nagendra|date=2018-06-13|work=edX|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en}}</ref> Nagendra served as Hubert H Humphrey Distinguished Visiting Professor at Macalester College, Saint Paul, Minnesota in 2013.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/SitePages/harini-nagendra.aspx|title=Azim Premji University|website=azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref>

She has over 150 scientific publications to her name, writes widely on her research through Indian newspapers and other forums. She also engages with international research, including being on the Steering Committee of the Programme for Ecosystem Change and Society and a Lead Author on the 5th IPCC Report – Working Group III.<ref name=":3" />

Nagendra's recent book “Nature in the City: Bengaluru in the Past, Present, and Future” (Oxford University Press India, 2016) examines the transformation of human-nature interactions in Bangalore from the 6th century CE to the present, addressing the implications of such change for the urban sustainability of fast-growing cities in the global South.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />

In 2022, Nagendra's debut mystery novel, ''The Bangalore Detectives Club,'' was published in the U.S., U.K. and India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/n/harini-nagendra/bangalore-detectives-club.htm|title=The Bangalore Detectives Club|website=fantasticfiction.com|language=en-US|access-date=2022-03-17}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* '''The Bangalore Detectives Club series:'''
** {{cite book|title=The Bangalore Detectives Club|date=2022|isbn=1408715171}}
** {{cite book|title=Murder Under a Red Moon|date=2023|isbn=1639363734}}
** {{cite book|title=A Nest of Vipers|date=2024|isbn=1639366156}}
** {{cite book|title=Into the Leopard's Den|date=2025|isbn=9781639368976}}

== Awards ==
In 2006, Nagendra received the Cozzarelli Prize from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA.<ref name=":3" />

She is a recipient of a 2013 Elinor Ostrom Senior Scholar award for her research and practice on issues of the urban commons.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Harini_Nagendra|title=Harini Nagendra {{!}} PhD. {{!}} Azim Premji University, Bengaluru {{!}} School of Development|last=PhD|first=Harini NagendraAzim Premji University · School of Development 39 56 ·|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref>

In 2017, Nagendra received Clarivate award for interdisciplinary research in India.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://penguin.co.in/book_author/harini-nagendra/ Harini Nagendra] at [[Penguin India]]
*[https://harininagendra.com/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagendra, Harini}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:People from Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women scientists]]

Uma Parameswaran

2026-01-22T03:00:15Z

ContactBot: Created A Info.

{{short description|Indo-Canadian professor and writer (born 1938)}}
{{Infobox writer
| embed =
| name = Uma Parameswaran
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1938}}
| birth_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| occupation = Professor, writer, editor
| education = [[Jabalpur University]] (B.A.) [[Nagpur University]] (M.A.) [[Indiana University Bloomington]] (M.A.)
| alma_mater = [[Michigan State University]] (Ph.D.)
| movement = South Asian Canadian Literature
| notable_works =
| website = 
}}

'''Uma Parameswaran''' (born 1938) is an [[Indian people|Indo]]-Canadian writer, scholar, and literary critic. Her writing includes works of fiction and poetry, as well as plays and nonfiction. She is a retired professor of English at the [[University of Winnipeg]].

==Early life and education==
Parameswaran was born in 1938 in [[Madras]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India).<ref name="2007 Gale profile">{{cite news |title=Uma Parameswaran |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/H1000144287/BIC |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=Gale Literature: Contemporary Authors |date=November 1, 2007|via=Gale}}</ref> She was raised in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] home<ref name="Kumar 2013"/> in [[Jabalpur]], a city in [[Central Provinces and Berar]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]).<ref name="TMU profile" />

She completed her B.A. at [[Jabalpur University]] and a master's degree in journalism at [[Nagpur University]].<ref name="2007 Gale profile"/> With a [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] grant, she completed a master's degree in creative writing at [[Indiana University Bloomington]].<ref name="2007 Gale profile"/><ref name="Thomas 2009"/> In 1972, she completed a doctorate in English at [[Michigan State University]].<ref name="2007 Gale profile"/><ref name="Thomas 2009">{{cite web |last1=Thomas |first1=Sonja Maria |title=Uma Parameswaran |url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166297/Parameswaran,%20Uma.pdf |website=Voices from the Gaps |publisher=University of Minnesota |access-date=27 September 2022 |date=2009}}</ref>

==Career==
Parameswaran has written fiction, poetry, drama and literary criticism.<ref name="Rao 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=Susheela N. |title=Uma Parameswaran: What Was Always Hers / The Sweet Smell of Mother's Milk-Wet Bodice |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=Winter 2002 |volume=76 |issue=1 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A86170556/BIC |access-date=27 September 2022|via=Gale}}</ref> Her poetry includes the 1973 collection ''Cyclic Hope, Cyclic Pain'', published by the [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] in Calcutta, the 1988 collection ''Trishanku'', and the 2002 collection ''Sisters at the Well''.<ref name="Perry 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Perry |first1=John Oliver |title=Uma Parameswaran. Sisters at the Well |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=April 2003 |volume=77 |issue=1 |doi=10.2307/40157831 |jstor=40157831 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A107397413/BIC |access-date=27 September 2022|via=Gale|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

She wrote the play ''Sons Must Die'' in 1962, and her other plays include ''Meera'' (1971), ''Sita's Promise'' (1981), ''Rootless but Green are the Boulevard Trees'' (1987) and ''Dear Deedi, My Sister'' (1989), which were collected in ''Sons Must Die and Other Plays'' in 1998 as part of the South Asian Canadian Literature Series (SACLIT) that Parameswaran created and edited.<ref name="Thomas 2009" /><ref>{{cite journal|first=Susheela N. |last1=Rao |title=Sons Must Die and Other Plays |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=Spring 1999 |volume=73 |issue=2 |doi=10.2307/40154771 |jstor=40154771 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A55074352/BIC |access-date=27 September 2022|via=Gale|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Uma Parameswaran's Series on South Asian Canadian Literature (SACLIT) |url=https://ion.uwinnipeg.ca/~parmswrn/saclit.html |website=Uma Parameswaran |publisher=[[University of Winnipeg]] |access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>

''What Was Always Hers'', published in 1999, was her first collection of prose fiction, consisting of four short stories and a novella.<ref name="Keahey 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Keahey |first1=Debbie |title=What Was Always Hers by Uma Parameswaran |journal=[[Herizons]] |date=Summer 2000 |volume=14 |issue=1|id={{ProQuest| }}}}</ref> In 2001, her novella ''The Sweet Smell of Mother's Milk-Wet Bodice'' was published.<ref name="Rao 2002"/> She has also written three novels: ''Mangoes on the Maple Tree'', published in 2002,<ref name="Gerein 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Gerein |first1=James |title=Mangoes on the Maple Tree |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=July 2003 |volume=77 |issue=2 |page=91|doi=10.2307/40158030 |jstor=40158030 }}</ref> ''Cycle of the Moon'', published in 2010,<ref name="Johnston 2010">{{cite news |last1=Johnston |first1=Faith |title=Convincing novel has many set pieces that are pitch perfect |work=[[Winnipeg Free Press]] |date=27 November 2010|id={{ProQuest| }}}}</ref> and ''Maru and the Maple Leaf'', published in 2016.<ref name="Ghai 2019" />

Her work includes biographies of [[CV Raman]]<ref name="Shoba 2011">{{cite news |last1=Shoba |first1=V |title=Raman Effect Minimal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/raman-effect-minimal/ |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=December 3, 2011}}</ref> and his wife, Lady [[Lokosundarai Raman]].<ref name="Ravi 2014">{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=Bhama Devi |title=The Raman wife effect: lively recollections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-raman-wife-effect-lively-recollections/article6234660.ece |access-date=27 September 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

She was also a professor of English at the [[University of Winnipeg]].<ref name="Thomas 2009" />

==Critical reception==
===Fiction===
In a review of the collection ''What Was Always Hers'', Debbie Keahey writes for ''[[Herizons]]'', "Parameswaran's writing is at its strongest in describing women's relationships with their children and spouses, and the combination of tenderness and misunderstanding often involved."<ref name="Keahey 2000" /> In a review for ''[[World Literature Today]]'', James Gerein describes the novel ''Mangoes on the Maple Tree'' as "largely a success, for it gives us a glimpse into the lives of a recent immigrant family and how they feel about their new home as well as the tensions among themselves."<ref name="Gerein 2003" /> In a review of the novel ''Maru and the Maple Leaf'', Nilambri Ghai writes in ''Montreal Serai'', "Parameswaran is very skilled in exploring centuries of relationships and bringing them together to a place in time that transcends a linear, chronological sequence of events."<ref name="Ghai 2019">{{cite news |last1=Ghai |first1=Nilambri |title=A review of Maru and the Maple Leaf |url=https://montrealserai.com/article/a-review-of-maru-and-the-maple-leaf/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=Montreal Serai |date=February 25, 2019}}</ref>

Susheela Rao writes in ''World Literature Today'' that ''The Sweet Smell of Mother's Milk-Wet Bodice'' "is the common tale of an Indian girl, naive and accustomed to living in a joint family, now exposed to a foreign culture and environment" and in the novella, "Parameswaran skillfully depicts the condition of such women."<ref name="Rao 2002" /> In ''[[Canadian Literature (journal)|Canadian Literature]]'', Kuldip Gill writes, "Adaptation to a new country doesn't just produce a hybrid life, but rather a [[double consciousness]], and a very deeply felt change of identity. Parameswaran could have shown us more depth in the crisis felt by [the protagonist] Namita, caught in an unjust world."<ref name="Gill 2005">{{cite journal|url=https://canlit.ca/article/three-narrative-strains/ |last1=Gill |first1=Kuldip |title=Three Narrative Strains |journal=[[Canadian Literature (journal)|Canadian Literature]] |date=Autumn 2005 |issue=186 |pages=158–160|access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> Wendy Robbins writes in ''Herizons'' that ''The Sweet Smell of Mother's Milk-Wet Bodice'' "belongs to the genres of engagé literature, roman à thèse and feminist fiction" and "Parameswaran demonstrates that new social paradigms are possible and reminds us that feminists, despite the hype, have an extraordinary sense of humour."<ref name="Robbins 2002">{{cite journal |last1=Robbins |first1=Wendy |title=The Sweet Smell of Mother's Milk-Wet Bodice by Uma Parameswaran |journal=[[Herizons]] |date=Summer 2002 |volume=16 |issue=1|id={{ProQuest| }}}}</ref>

===Poetry===
In a review of the poetry collection ''Sisters at the Well'', John Oliver Perry writes in ''[[World Literature Today]]'', "As in ''Trishanku'', the main persona here clearly presents experiences, attitudes, and issues of a civically and academically active Indian-born woman happily married to an Indian man, attempting to accommodate to Canadian – more specifically Manitoban – life culturally and climatically, and raising their child to have some honest feelings like their own about India and about their probably always less than fully accepted, racially marked place in Canadian multicultural society."<ref name="Perry 2003" /> In ''Negotiation of Home and Homelessness: The Immigrant in Uma Parameswaran's Poetry'' in the ''South Asian Review'', Minakshi Kaushik writes, "Against theories that see immigration as an eagerness to get assimilated, Paramswaran's poetry develops immigration as an experience that undergoes painful phases of nostalgia, alienation from Canadian culture, and the desire for grounding the self as subject in the erstwhile unfamiliar soil."<ref name="Kaushik 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Kaushik |first1=Minakshi |title=Negotiation of Home and Homelessness: The Immigrant in Uma Parameswaran's Poetry |journal=South Asian Review |date=2016 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=117–130 |doi=10.1080/02759527.2016.11933048 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02759527.2016.11933048 |access-date=30 September 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|s2cid=149391454 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Plays===
In a review of ''Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees'' for ''[[Canadian Literature (journal)|Canadian Literature]]'' Alan Filewood writes, "When first published in 1987 (some years in fact after it was written), Parameswaran's play was a groundbreaking and effective dramatic slice of life about an immigrant family in Winnipeg [...] it was the emergence of South Asian voices in Canadian drama that was significant. The canon shifted."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Filewood |first1=Alan |title=Factored Dramaturgies |journal=[[Canadian Literature (journal)|Canadian Literature]] |date=Summer 2010 |issue=205 |pages=127–129 |url=https://canlit.ca/article/factored-dramaturgies/ |access-date=30 September 2022}}</ref> In a review of ''Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees'' for ''Canadian Review of Materials'', Harriet Zaidman writes, "Despite the specific references the characters make to India and their heritage, plus some references to dated events and expressions that are no longer in common usage, the challenges these characters face apply to every group that has immigrated to this country in the past and at the present time" and that the play "would be an effective catalyst for discussion in today's high schools which are full of youth from every continent."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zaidman |first1=Harriet |title=Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees |journal=Canadian Review of Materials |date=October 26, 2007 |volume=14 |issue=5|id={{ProQuest| }}}}</ref>

In a ''Language in India'' review, Lidwina. E. Pereira describes ''Sita's Promise'' as "a play which links epic India with modern Canada through myth and dance" and "elucidates upon the celebration of Indian art traditions and familiarizing its richness to the children born in Canada and other Canadians."<ref name="Pereira 2019">{{cite journal |last1=Pereira |first1=Lidwina. E. |title=Between Two Cultures: Uma Parameswaran's Sita's Promise |journal=Language in India |date=March 2019 |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=82–85 |issn=1930-2940}}</ref> According to R. Vedavalli, in ''Critical Essays on Canadian Literature'', "The promise of Sita, "I through my people, shall surely come again and we shall build our temple and sing our songs with all the children to all the different countries who make this their home" symbolizes Uma Parameswaran's vision of Canada, as a mosaic of cultures."<ref>{{cite book |author1=R. Vedavalli |editor1-last=Balachandran |editor1-first=K. |title=Critical Essays on Canadian Literature |date=December 31, 2002 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176253741 |pages=131–138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TB_-DMAdMPQC |access-date=30 August 2022 |chapter=Sending Roots: A Study of Uma Parameswaran's Sita's Promise and Rootless but Green are the Boulevard Trees}}</ref>

===Nonfiction===
In a review of ''Kamala Markandaya'', B. Hariharan writes in ''[[World Literature Today]]'', "In an astute manner, the critic speaks of three distinct kinds of readers and their readings of Markandaya: Indians who have settled abroad, Indians living in India, and non-Indians. The division appears to be too neat, but she sticks to her "metacriticism," which is quite illuminating."<ref name="Hariharan 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Hariharan |first1=B. |title=Kamala Markandaya |journal=[[World Literature Today]] |date=Summer 2000 |volume=74 |issue=3 |doi=10.2307/40155863 |jstor=40155863 |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A68364362/BIC |access-date=27 September 2022|via=Gale|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a review of ''Quilting a New Canon: Stitching Women's Words'' in the ''[[NWSA Journal]]'', Shelley Lucas writes of the essay collection edited and introduced by Parameswaran that "each of the essays represents at least one of the three types of processes Parameswaran deems necessary for revising a canon: retrieving, recording, and re-reading" and the book offers "a sample of how feminists are interacting with communities, and, as a result, are revising the canons of other disciplines."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lucas |first1=Shelley |title=Reviewed Works: Quilting a New Canon: Stitching Women's Words by Uma Parameswaran; Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism by Robyn R. Warhol, Diane Price Herndl |journal=[[NWSA Journal]] |date=Summer 1999 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=199–201 |jstor=4316668 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4316668 |access-date=30 August 2022}}</ref>

==Selected works==
===Fiction, poetry, and plays===
* ''Cyclic Hope, Cyclic Pain'', [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] (Calcutta, India), 1973. {{OCLC|1529139}}
* ''Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees'', TSAR (Toronto, Canada), 1987, {{ISBN|9780920661031}}, 2007, {{ISBN|9781894770354}}.
* ''Trishanku'', TSAR (Toronto, Canada), 1988, {{ISBN|9780920661048}}.
* ''The Door I Shut Behind Me: Selected Fiction, Poetry and Drama'', Affiliated East-West Press (Madras, India), 1990, {{ISBN|9788185336350}}, (includes "The Door I Shut Behind Me"; "Trishanku"; "Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees")
* (Editor) ''SACLIT: An Introduction to South Asian-Canadian Literature''. EastWest Books, (Madras, India), 1996.
* ''SACLIT Drama: Plays by South Asian Canadians'', IBH Prakashana (Bangalore, India), 1996, {{OCLC|37580056}}, (includes "Meera"; "Sita's Promise"; "Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees").
* ''Sons Must Die and Other Plays'', Prestige Books ([[New Delhi]], India), 1998, {{ISBN|9788175510203}}, (includes "Sons Must Die"; "Meera"; "Sita's Promise"; "Dear Deedi, my Sister"; "Rootless But Green Are the Boulevard Trees").
* ''Trishanku and Other Writings'', Prestige Books (New Delhi, India), 1998.
* ''What Was Always Hers'', Broken Jaw Press (Fredericton, Canada), 1999, {{ISBN|9781896647128}}.
* ''The Sweet Smell of Mother's Milk-Wet Bodice'', Broken Jaw Press (Fredericton, Canada), 2001, {{ISBN|9781896647722}}, 2006, {{ISBN|9780973382174}}.
* ''Mangoes on the Maple Tree'', Broken Jaw Press (Fredericton, Canada), 2002, {{ISBN|9781896647791}}.
* ''Sisters at the Well'', Indialog (New Delhi, India), 2002. {{ISBN|9788187981145}}
* ''Sons Must Die'', Alexander Street Press (Alexandria, United States), 2003, {{OCLC|137351205}}.
* ''Sita's Promise'', Alexander Street Press (Alexandria, United States), 2004, {{OCLC|181089504}}.
* ''Riding High with Krishna and a Baseball Bat'', iUniverse (Lincoln, NE), 2006.
* ''The Forever Banyan Tree'', Larkuma (Winnipeg, Canada), 2007.
* ''Fighter Pilots Never Die'', Larkuma (Winnipeg, Canada), 2007.
* ''A Cycle of the Moon: a novel'', [[TSAR Publications]], (Toronto, Canada), 2010, {{ISBN|9781894770620}}.
* ''Maru and the Maple Leaf'', Larkuma (Winnipeg, Canada), 2016

===Nonfiction===
* ''A Study of Representative Indo-English Novelists'', Vikas Publishing House (New Delhi, India), 1976, {{ISBN|9780706904109}}.
* (Editor) ''The Commonwealth in Canada: Proceedings of the Second Triennial Conference of CACLALS'', [[University of Winnipeg]], 1–4 October 1981, [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]] (Calcutta, India), 1983.
* ''The Perforated Sheet: Essays on Salman Rushdie's Art'', Affiliated East-West Press (New Delhi, India), 1988, {{ISBN|9788185095936}}.
* (Editor) ''Quilting a New Canon: Stitching Women's Words'', Sister Vision (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), 1996, {{ISBN|9781896705064}}.
* ''Kamala Markandaya'', Rawat Publications (Jaipur, India), 2000, {{OCLC|43853159}}.
* ''Salman Rushdie's Early Fiction'', Rawat Publications (Jaipur, India), 2007, {{ISBN|9788131600726}}
* ''Writing the Diaspora: Essays on Cul[t]ure and Identity'', Rawat Publications (Jaipur, India), 2007. {{ISBN|9788131600733}}

==Honors and awards==
* 2000 Canadian Authors' Association Jubilee Award for short fiction (''What Was Always Hers'')<ref name="TMU profile">{{cite web |title=Uma Parameswaran |url=https://library.torontomu.ca/asianheritage/authors/parameswaran/ |website=Asian Heritage in Canada |publisher=Toronto Metropolitan University Libraries |access-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>
* 2010 nomination for Canadian Book of the Year award (''A Cycle of the Moon'')<ref name="Kumar 2013">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Anu |title=So far, yet so near |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/so-far-yet-so-near/article4679641.ece |access-date=30 August 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=May 4, 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Parameswaran moved to [[Winnipeg]] in 1966, after she married.<ref name="Kumar 2013"/><ref name="TMU profile" /> She has one daughter.<ref name="2007 Gale profile" />

Parameswaran is related to both [[C. V. Raman|CV Raman]]<ref name="Shoba 2011"/> and [[Subramaniam Chandrasekhar]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://ion.uwinnipeg.ca/~parmswrn/ Uma Parameswaran, Professor of English, University of Winnipeg] (University of Winnipeg, 17 March 2004)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parameswaran, Uma}}
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian women writers]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Indiana University Bloomington alumni]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:Canadian women poets]]
[[Category:Canadian women short story writers]]
[[Category:Canadian women novelists]]
[[Category:Canadian women academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of University of Winnipeg]]
[[Category:Poets from Manitoba]]

Mehdar

2026-01-21T13:24:38Z

ContactBot: Started a post!

{{Short description|Village in Siwan, Bihar}}
{{distinguish|Mahnar}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mehdar
| native_name = मेंहदार
| native_name_lang = Hindi
| other_name = Menhdar or Mehndar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of villages in Siwan district|Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map_alt = to
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| pushpin_relief = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|25.987|N|84.438|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flagicon image|Seal_of_Bihar.svg|size=23px}} [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Siwan district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block in India|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Siswan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Government
| governing_body = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| leader_title = [[Gram Panchayat|Panchayat]]
| leader_name = [[Ramgarh, Siwan|Ramgarh]]<ref name="Ramgarh Panchayat">{{Cite web |title= Ramgarh Panchayat|url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mukhi]]ya
| leader_name1 = Chanda Bharati<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramgarh, Siswan - Wowsome |url=https://wowsome.com/siwan/siswan/ramgarh/ |website=wowsome.com |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title2 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituency]]
| leader_name3 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =<ref name="Mehdar">{{Cite web |title=Area of Mehdar Village|url=https://vill.co.in/bihar/siwan/siswan-218012470/menhdar-012472327900/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=vill.co.in}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.88
| elevation_footnotes =<ref name="Mehdar Elevation">{{Cite web |title=Sea Level of Mehndar Village|url=https://www.freemaptools.com/elevation-finder.htm |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=freemaptools.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 57
| population_total = 146
| population_as_of = 2,011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =<ref name="Population of Mehndar Village">{{Cite web |title=Population of Mehndar Village - District Census Handbook 2011|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/318/download/922/DH_2011_1016_PART_A_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
|demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & English
|demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title2 = [[Literacy in Bihar|Literacy]]<ref name="Summary Report of Merahi Village">{{Cite web |title=Summary Report of Menhdar Village|url=https://villagedatabase.com/village-info/india/bihar/siwan/siswan/menhdar#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=villagedatabase}}</ref>
| demographics2_info2 = 80.14% Males: 56 (80.00%) Females:61 (80.26%)
| demographics2_title3 = [[Demographics of Bihar|Sex ratio]]<ref name="Mehdar"></ref>
| demographics2_info3 = 92 Males: 70 Females: 76
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841203
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR29]]
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|https://siwan.nic.in/tourist-place/mahendra-nath-temple|siwan.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mehdar''' or Mehndar/Menhdar is an Indian village<ref>{{Cite web |title= Mehndar Village|url=https://siwan.nic.in/village-panchayats|access-date=2025-05-01 |website=siwan.nic.in}}</ref> located in the [[Siswan]] block of [[Siwan district]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It's approximately 32 kilometers south of the district headquarters in [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]]. It is known for its religious significance, with a sacred [[Hindu]] place and a temple dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]]. Many devotees from the surrounding areas visit this temple.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nitish performs 'Rudrabhisheka' - Mahendra Nath Temple, Siwan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nitish-performs-rudrabhisheka-67497-2010-02-15 |website=IndiaToday.in |publisher=[[India Today]] |language=en |date=16 February 2010}}</ref>

==History==
The village is well known for the [[Mahendra Nath Temple, Siwan|Mahendranath Temple]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mahendra Nath Temple {{!}} Saran Division, Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://sarandivision.bih.nic.in/places-centres/mahendra-nath-temple/ |website=sarandivision.bih.nic.in |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> This temple was built by King Mahendrabir Vikram Sahdev of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/siwan/mysterious-story-of-baba-mahendranath-of-siwan-mahashivaratri-2023/articleshow/98034057.cms |title=Mystry of Mahendra Nath Temple, Mehadar, Siwan|access-date=2013-07-11|publisher=[[Navbharat Times]]|website=navbharattimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> The village is located near to Daha River.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mehdar Mahotsav 2018 {{!}} District Siwan, Government Of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://siwan.nic.in/event/mehdar-mahotsav-2018/ |website=siwan.nic.in |access-date=7 August 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[Government of India|government records]], the village code of Mehdar is 232790. The total geographical area of Menhdar village is 88 Hectares. The village has 23 houses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Menhdar village in Siswan taluka, Siwan, Bihar, India |url=https://vill.co.in/bihar/siwan/siswan-218012470/menhdar-012472327900/ |website=vill.co.in |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded Menhdar village in [[Bihar]] with a population of 146, including 70 males and 76 females, spread across 23 households. The village has a notable literacy rate of 80.14%, with 56 literate males and 61 literate females.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1016_PART_B_DCHB_SIWAN.pdf |title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK - Census of India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Census of India |access-date=29 April 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Siswan]]
* [[List of villages in Siwan district]]
* [[Siwan subdivision]]
* [[Administration in Bihar]]
* [[Daraunda Assembly constituency]]
* [[Siwan Lok Sabha constituency]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{url|https://siwan.nic.in|Official website - siwan.nic.in}}

{{Siwan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Siwan district]]

{{Siwan-geo-stub}}

Bhoodan Pochampally

2026-01-21T02:33:51Z

ContactBot: typo fix

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhoodan Pochampally
| image_skyline = Bhoodan pochampally.jpg
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3461|78.8122|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district|Bhuvanagiri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Nalgonda|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/27681/download/30850/DH_28_2001_NAL.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=11 February 2016|page=13,248}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 28.42
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1184
| population_total = 12972
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Postal PIN Code]]
| postal_code = 508284
| area_code = +91 8685
| registration_plate = TS 30
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhoodan Pochampally''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It is located in Pochampalle [[mandal]] of [[Bhongir]] division.<ref name="census" /> This village is Known for woven products, especially hand-woven Ikkat [[Sari|sarees]]. There are thousands of looms in the village that produce large quantities of sarees. In 2004, Pochampalli saree also received a geographical indication (GI) tag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Application Details |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/4 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=search.ipindia.gov.in}}</ref> This village was one of the three nominated under the category of best tourism villages by the [[United Nations World Tourism Organization]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1772314|title = Pochampally village in Telangana selected as one of the best Tourism Villages by United Nations World Tourism Organisation}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Bhoodan movement}}{{Tone|date=November 2020}}[[File:Nalgonda mandals Pochampalli pre 2016.png|thumb|Pochampally highlighted on Nalgonda Map.]]

On 18 April 1951, the historic day of the very genesis of the [[Bhoodan movement]], [[Vinoba Bhave]] entered the Pochampally Mandal in Nalgonda district, the center of Communist activity. The organizers had arranged Vinoba's stay at Pochampally, a large village with about 700 families, of whom two-third were landless. It is widely recognised as the birthplace of the Bhoodan (land-gift) movement and as a major centre of ikat weaving, often referred to as the “silk city of India”.<ref name="TOISitharaman">{{Cite news |title=Nirmala Sitharaman opts for white and magenta saree for Budget 2024 presentation |date=23 July 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/nirmala-sitharaman-opts-for-white-and-magenta-saree-for-budget-2024-presentation/articleshow/111945427.cms
|work=The Times of India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1999, the weaving industry of Bhoodan Pochampally came to limelight when a young weaver [[Chintakindi Mallesham|Chithakindhi Mallesham]] developed a machine for automating the time-consuming, laborious and painful ''Asu'' process of winding of yarn before the dyeing and weaving is done. The innovation was recognized by National Innovation Foundation – India.<ref>[http://5award.nif.org.in/doc_file/Mallesham%20nov%2012.doc Recognition of Asu Machine by National Innovation Foundation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603151626/http://5award.nif.org.in/doc_file/Mallesham%20nov%2012.doc |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref>

== Location and overview ==
Bhoodan Pochampally lies roughly 40–50 km from Hyderabad, in the eastern part of Telangana. It functions as a weaving and tourism hub for a wider cluster of surrounding villages that specialise in hand-woven ikat textiles.<ref name="HansAfrican">{{Cite news |title=African beauties take a peek into Pochampally handloom artistry |date=16 May 2025 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/african-beauties-take-a-peek-into-pochampally-handloom-artistry-971561 |work=The Hans India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

The name “Bhoodan Pochampally” refers to its association with the 1951 land-gift initiative led by Acharya Vinoba Bhave, while “Pochampally Ikat” refers to the local resist-dyed weaving tradition.
<ref name="IASNote">{{Cite news |title=Pochampally is One of the Best Tourism Villages: UNWTO |date=17 November 2021 |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/daily-updates/daily-news-analysis/pochampally-best-tourism-village|work=Drishti IAS |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== Bhoodan movement ==

On 18 April 1951, local landlord [[V. Ramachandra Reddy]] donated 100 acres of land following [[Vinoba Bhave]] appeal to support landless families, marking the beginning of the [[Bhoodan movement]].<ref name="Hans75">{{Cite news |title=Pochampally to celebrate 75 years of Bhoodan movement |date=2025 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/pochampally-to-celebrate-75-years-of-bhoodan-movement-963742
|work=The Hans India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOIPostal">{{Cite news |title=Special postal cover on first donor of Bhoodan Movement at Pochampalli in Telangana |date=17 July 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/special-postal-cover-on-first-donor-of-bhoodan-movement-at-pochampalli-in-telangana/articleshow/92939322.cms
|work=The Times of India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Accounts identify the Pochampally donation as the spark that led to millions of acres being pledged voluntarily across India.<ref name="DeccanReddy">{{Cite news |title=Remembering the man behind Bhoodan Movement: Vedire Ramachandra Reddy |date=14 August 2021 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/featured/140821/remembering-the-man-behind-bhoodan-movement-vedire-ramachandra-reddy.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Handloom and Pochampally Ikat==
Pochampally and surrounding villages are known for ikat textiles created using resist-dyed yarns woven into geometric and curvilinear patterns.<ref name="HansAfrican" />The textile is legally protected under the Geographical Indications Registry, Application No. 4 (registered 31 December 2004).
<ref name="GIRegistry">{{Cite news |title=Pochampally Ikat – GI Application Details (No. 4) |date=31 December 2004 |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/4|work=Intellectual Property India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

Media and government reports note that the weaving cluster spans dozens of villages and remains a major handloom centre.
<ref name="HinduUNWTO">{{Cite news |title=Pochampally village awarded ‘Best World Tourism Village’ tag by UNWTO |date=21 November 2021|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/pochampally-village-awarded-best-world-tourism-village-tag-by-unwto/article37603914.ece
|work=The Hindu |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==UNWTO ‘Best Tourism Village’ recognition==
In 2021, Pochampally was shortlisted by India’s Ministry of Tourism for the UNWTO “Best Tourism Village” initiative.<ref name="NIEShortlist">{{Cite news |title=Pochampally makes it to UN’s ‘best tourism village’ shortlist |date=13 September 2021 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2021/Sep/13/pochampally-makes-it-to-uns-best-tourism-village-shortlist-2357888.html
|work=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, Pochampally was officially recognised as one of the Best Tourism Villages at the UNWTO General Assembly in Madrid.<ref name="PIBUNWTO">{{Cite news |title=Pochampally selected as one of the best Tourism Villages by UNWTO |date=16 November 2021 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1772314|work=Press Information Bureau |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOIUNWTO">{{Cite news |title=Telangana's Pochampally, India’s silk city, is world’s best tourism village |date=2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/pochampally-indias-silk-city-is-worlds-best-tourism-village/articleshow/87746860.cms
|work=The Times of India |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Tourism and “Tourism 2.0” initiatives==
A 2025 tourism policy identifies Pochampally as one of nine priority destinations, with planned experiences such as weaving-street tours, interactive weaving rooms, and a Bhoodan Museum.<ref name="TNIEPolicy">{{Cite news |title=Telangana to unveil new tourism policy |date=26 September 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Sep/26/telangana-to-unveil-new-tourism-policy
|work=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Miss World 2025 visits==
In 2025, 22 contestants from African countries visited Bhoodan Pochampally as part of the Miss World programme, observing ikat weaving and cultural events.<ref name="AIRMissWorld">{{Cite news |title=22 African Miss World contestants visit Telangana Tourism Park |date=16 May 2025 |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/22-african-miss-world-contestants-visit-telangana-tourism-park/
|work=News On AIR |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HinduMissWorld">{{Cite news |title=Miss World 2025 contestants soak in Telangana’s cultural tapestry at Bhoodan Pochampally |date=2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/miss-world-2025-contestants-soak-in-telanganas-cultural-tapestry-at-bhoodan-pochampally/article69580348.ece
|work=The Hindu |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TNIEWeavesWarmth">{{Cite news |title=Weaves and warmth: Telangana rolls out vibrant welcome for Miss World contestants |date=16 May 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/May/16/weaves-and-warmth-telangana-rolls-out-vibrant-welcome-for-miss-world-contestants
|work=The New Indian Express |access-date=7 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Bhoodan Pochampally remains significant for its dual heritage of Gandhian land-reform history and handloom excellence. Its recognition by the UNWTO, major tourism initiatives, and frequent presence in national and international cultural events continue to reinforce its importance.
<ref name="PIBUNWTO" /><ref name="TNIEPolicy" /><ref name="AIRMissWorld" />

==See also==
* [[Pochampally Saree]]
* [[Bhoodan Movement]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dUGDFPxNVq0 Special Story On Bhoodan Pochampally Village | UNWTO Best Tourism Village], V6 News (via youtube), November 2021.

{{Yadadri district}}

[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district]]

Bombay Sisters

2026-01-12T12:58:06Z

ContactBot: add section for accuracy for accuracy

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic music singing duo}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Bombay Sisters
| birth_date = {{Plainlist|
* C. Saroja
* {{Birth date and age|1936|12|07|df=yes}}
* [[Trichur]], [[Kingdom of Cochin]], British India
* C. Lalitha
* {{Birth date|1938|08|26|df=yes}}
* Trichur, Kingdom of Cochin, British India
}}
| death_date = {{Plainlist|
* C. Lalitha
* {{Death date and age|2023|01|31|1938|08|26|df=yes}}
}}
* [[Chennai]], India
| image = Bombay Sisters.jpg
| image_size =
| alias =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
| module = {{Infobox person |embed=yes|
| education = S.I.E.S Matunga
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2020) [[Sangita Kalanidhi]] (2010) [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2004)
}}
}}

The '''Bombay Sisters''', '''C. Saroja''' (born 7 December 1936) and '''C. Lalitha''' (26 August 1938 – 31 January 2023), were an Indian [[Carnatic music]] singing duo.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/entertainment/carnatic/bsisters.asp|title=Interview with Bombay Sisters|last=Saravanan & Hari Krishnan|publisher=ChennaiOnline.com|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928064511/http://archives.chennaionline.com/entertainment/carnatic/bsisters.asp|archive-date=28 September 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> They received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 2020.

==Filmography==
# Yar Jambulingam (Aadi Aadi Asaithal)
# Arunagirinathar (Kaithala Nirai Kani)

==Early life==
The Bombay Sisters, C. Saroja and C. Lalitha, were born in [[Trichur]], in what is today [[Kerala]], to Mukthambal and N. Chidambaram Iyer. The sisters were brought up in [[Bombay]]. Saroja and Lalitha had their education in the S.I.E.S Matunga, passed their intermediate privately from Bhopal, M.P. and completed their graduation from [[Delhi University]]. They had their musical training with H. A. S. Mani, [[Musiri Subramania Iyer]] and T. K. Govinda Rao. T. K. Govinda Rao played major role in training the nuances of Carnatic music, How to enhance the raga and its bhava while singing sangatis in a kriti<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Sisters - A Sruti Interview |url=https://www.sruti.com/articles/spotlight/bombay-sisters-a-sruti-interview |access-date=2023-02-19 |website=www.sruti.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/09/22/stories/2007092252420400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107181225/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2007/09/22/stories/2007092252420400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Bombay sisters in concert|date=22 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnatica.net/artiste/bombaysisters.htm|title=C Saroja & C Lalita – The Bombay Sisters |publisher=Carnatica.com|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref>

== Career ==
After they were groomed in [[Carnatic music]] in [[Mumbai]], the sisters moved to Chennai when the elder sister, Saroja, first received a fellowship at the Central College of Music in [[Chennai|Madras]] (now Chennai). The younger sister, Lalitha, also later received a fellowship at the same college.<ref name=":0" /> The duo got their name when [[Swami|''Mouna Swamigal'']] of [[Ambattur]] addressed them as 'Bombay Sahodarigal' ({{Translation|Bombay Sisters}}) and the name stuck.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2018 |title=Bombay Sisters speak about their successful journey |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/12/11/bombay-sisters-speak-about-their-successful-journey/}}</ref>

As part of the trend of duo singing in Carnatic music, which started in the 1950s, with performers like [[Radha Jayalakshmi]], and [[Soolamangalam Sisters]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/article95639.ece|title=Sisters in song|date=30 January 2010|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> Bombay Sisters began singing in 1963 when they started with light classical music, subsequently progressing to classical Carnatic music.<ref name=":2" /> Their first major concert in Madras was at the [[Shirdi Sai Baba Temple, Mylapore|Sai Baba temple]] in [[Mylapore]], where they were bumped to the prime-time slot because of the unavailability of [[Madurai Mani Iyer]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=1 February 2023 |title=C Lalitha, younger of noted Carnatic duo Bombay Sisters, dies at 84 in Chennai |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/c-lalitha-younger-of-noted-carnatic-duo-bombay-sisters-dies-at-84-in-chennai/articleshow/97506592.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 February 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The duo sang in multiple languages including [[Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iu8VAAAAIBAJ&pg=4559,1638849&dq=bombay-sisters|title=Concert by Bombay sisters|date=16 February 1994|newspaper=[[New Straits Times]]|pages=13|access-date=3 August 2009}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They stayed away from singing for film-songs through their career.<ref name=":3" /> They were also known for promoting young musicians through endowments and scholarships.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Charukesi |title=In complete harmony |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/in-complete-harmony/article2777468.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 January 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref> They received the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour, in 2020.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Review |first=Team Friday |date=2 February 2023 |title=Remembering C. Lalitha of the Bombay Sisters |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/c-saroja-c-lalitha-bombay-sisters/article66463095.ece |access-date=5 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Awards==
{{div col begin}}
* [[Padmashri]], 2020; awarded by the Government of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2020 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* ''Isai Peraringar Award'', 2006; awarded by the [[Tamil Isai Sangam]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/11/stories/2006111103880200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205015702/http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/11/stories/2006111103880200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2007|title=Bombay Sisters to get Isai Perarignar Award|date=11 November 2006|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]], 2006; awarded by The Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Heritage – December Madras (Chennai) Music Season – Awards 1998 to 2010 |url=https://www.indian-heritage.org/musicseason/awardsp.htm |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=indian-heritage.org}}</ref>
* [[Kalaimamani]] for contributions to Carnatic music; awarded by the Government of Tamilnadu<ref name="ChennaiOnline - Profile">{{cite web|url=http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/bombaysisters.html|title=Profile – Bombay Sisters|publisher=ChennaiOnline.com|access-date=3 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815060753/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/bombaysisters.html|archive-date=15 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* First women to be conferred the status of ''[[Asthana Vidushi]]'' by the [[Kanchi matha]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/28/stories/2007092850950200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105072632/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/09/28/stories/2007092850950200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2007|title=Sheer hard work has brought us this far|date=28 September 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] Award, 2010; awarded by the [[Madras Music Academy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article523573.ece?homepage=true|title=Sangita Kalanidhi award for Bombay Sisters|date=20 July 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 July 2010}}</ref>
* [[Sangeetha Choodamani]] Award, 1991; awarded by the Sri Krishna Gana Sabha<ref>{{Cite web |title=Understanding of bhava is needed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/dec/11/understanding-of-bhava-is-needed-319316.html |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=The New Indian Express|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], 2004; awarded by the Government of India<ref name=":4" />
* S V Narayanaswamy Rao Award, 2018; awarded by the Sree Rama Seva Mandali, Bangalore<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 February 2010 |title=Saregama in air-conditioned comfort |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/Saregama-in-air-conditioned-comfort/article16814956.ece |access-date=5 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Maharajapuram Viswanatha Iyer Memorial Award, 2013<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2013 |title=Award for Bombay Sisters |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Award-for-Bombay-Sisters/article11589642.ece |access-date=5 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* Sangeetha Kala Nipuna, 1994; awarded by Mylapore Fine Arts Club, Madras<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=C Lalitha of 'Bombay sisters' passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/c-lalitha-of-bombay-sisters-passes-away-1.8271257 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* M S Subbulakshmi Award 2019; awarded by the Government of Tamilnadu<ref name=":5" />
{{div col end}}

== Personal life ==
Lalitha was married to [[N. R. Chandran]], former [[Advocate-General of Madras]]. She died on 31 January 2023, aged 84, in [[Chennai]]. She was suffering from cancer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=31 January 2023 |title=Lalitha Chandran of Bombay sisters dies at 84 in Chennai |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lalitha-of-bombay-sisters-no-more/article66455380.ece |access-date=4 February 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Saroja is married to Rajaram, former chief secretary of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]].<ref name=":1" />

==Discography==
Source(s):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Sisters Albums and Discography |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/bombay-sisters-mn0001283404/discography |access-date=5 February 2023 |work=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Sisters |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/4182129-Bombay-Sisters |access-date=5 February 2023 |work=Discogs |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Sisters – Top Albums – Listen on JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/bombay-sisters-albums/tE4Alhv-7DQ_ |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=JioSaavn |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay Sisters albums and discography |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Bombay+Sisters/+albums |access-date=5 February 2023 |publisher=Last.fm |language=en}}</ref>

=== Sanskrit ===
{{div col begin}}
# Sri Venkatesa Suprabhatham & Sri Vishnu Sahasranamam
# Sri Parthasarathy Suprabhatham & Pasurangal
# Sri Kamakshi Suprabhatham
# Sri Raghavendra Suprabhatham & Sthothras
# Sri Mookambika Suprabhatham
# Sri Sharada Suprabhatham & Other Sthothras
# Sri Bhubaneswari Suprabhatham & Songs
# Sri Kalikambal Suprabhatham
# Siva Suprabhatham & Sthothras
# Sri Lakshmi Hayagreeva Stotram
# Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Stotram (1991)
# Sri Lakshmi Sahasranamam
# Mooka Panchasathi Vol 01, Vol 02, Vol 03, Vol 04
# Gangalahari
# Sri Bilva Ashtothara Sathanamavali
# Devi Mahathmayam Vol 01, Vol 02, Vol 03
# Sowdaryalahari
# Sri Lalitha Sahasranamam & Ashtothram
# Durga Sthothram
# Sree Mahishasuramardini Sthothram
# Sriman Narayaneeyam
# Sthothravali
# Sthothramala
# Sri Hanuman Chalisa & Other Hanumath Stothras (2008)
# Chinna Chinna Slogangal
# Krishna Karnamrutham
# Sivanandalahari
# Sri Vishnu Padadi Kesantha Sthothram
# AanandaLahari
# Sri Guru Stotram
# Sri Dakshinamurthi Manthra Mathruka Sthavam
# Sri Dakshinamurthi Navarathnamala Stotram
# Sri Dakshinamurthi Pancharatna Stotram
# Sri Dakshinamurthi Ashtakam
# Sri Guru Paduka Panchakam
# Sri Dakshinamurthi Astothara Sathanama Stotram
# Dakshinamurthy Sthothram
# Sri Dattatreya Astothara Sathanaama Stotram
# Sri Dattatreya Suprabhatham
# Sri Datta Aparadha Kshamapana Stotram
# Sri Dattatreya Stotram
# Sri Datta Stotram
# Dattastahavarajaha
# Sri Dattatreya Prarthana Chathuskam
# Sri Datta Navarathna Malika
# Sri Datta Naamavali
# Adi Sankara SivasthuthiMala
# Aadithya Hridayam
# SriSthuthi Bhoosthuthi
# Padmanabha Sathakam
# Subrahmanyam (Kandarkalivemba)
# Sri Lalitha Trisathi and Other Devi Stothras
# Devi Sthothra Malika
# Devi Sthothra Mala
# Mahishasura Mardhini (Nadam Music)
# Ramaya Thubhyam Namah
# Valmiki Ramayanam
# Sri Dattathreya Sthothram
# Sri Bhubaneswari Suprabhatham and Ashtakam
# Sri Pudukkottai Bhuvaneswari Suprabhatham and Songs
# Sri Yogabigai Suprabhatham
# Sri Manik Prabhu Suprabhatham
# Sri Ganesa Sahasranamam
{{div col end}}

=== Malayalam ===
{{div col begin}}
# Sapthaham (1991)
# Sundara Narayana Guruvayurappan Gananjali Vol. 8- CD 1
# Sundara Narayana Guruvayurappan Gananjali Vol. 8- CD 2
{{div col end}}

=== Tamil ===
{{div col begin}}

# Sri Abirami Andhadhi
# Sri Guruvayurappa Suprabhatham
# Kandar Sashti Kavacham (Sangeetha Music)
# Daivegathenisai
# Ganapathi Aayiram Namangal
# Enn Annai
# Divyaprabadham
# Jaya Jaya Kali
# Kandar Sashti Kavacham (KRV Music)
# Karumari Amman Andhadi
# Koil Mani Osai
# Maagadu Amman Aaruvara Padalgal
# Maduraimeenakshi
# Mahishasuramardhini (Symphony music)
# Narayana Leelanjali
# Navagraha Krithis
# Pallikkarannai Parasakthi
# PoornayogaVibhavam
# Ramanar Suprabhatham
# Sai Bhajan
# Sakthiye Sakthi
# Saravana Sangeetham
# Shanmukha Suprabhatham
# Kudavarasi Amman Padalgal
# Sivadarisanam
# Sri Bhuvaneswari Kavacham
# Sri Hanumanchalisa & Songs
# Sri Panchamukha Herambha Ganapathi Kavacham (1993)
# Prasanna Venkatachalapathi pukazhmalai
# Raghavedra Songs
# Raghavendra Suprabhatham
# Raghavendra Navarathnamalai
# Sri Saneeswara Bhagavan Sthothram
# Sri Thiruchedur Suprabhatham
# Sri Venkatesa Suprabhatham (Tamil)
# Sri Lalitha Sahasranamam (Tamil)
# Sri Vishnu Sahasranamam (Tamil)
# Bhajagovindam & Mukundamala (1991)
# Aandal
# Vinayaka Agaval
# Thiruppugazh
# Sri Venkatesa Suprabhatham (symphony)
# Mahalakshmi Suprabhatham
{{div col end}}

=== Kannada ===
{{div col begin}}
# Daasara Padagalu (1981).
# Devi Geethanjali (1991).
# Ambe Mookambe (1991).
# Kailasagirivasa Sri Manjunatha
# Navagraha Bhakthimala
# Srinivasa Vaibhava
# Varamahalakshmi
# Venkateswara Suprabhatha (Kannada)
# Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Suprabhatha
{{div col end}}

=== Carnatic Vocal===
{{div col begin}}

# Popular Composition of Arunachala Kavirayar
# Popular Varnams
# Swathithirunal Devi Krithis
# Popular Melodies
# Sri Thygaraja Pancharathna Krithis
# Sri Annamayya Krithis
# Thiruvayyaru Kshethra Krithis Vol 1&2
# Sri Muthuswami Dishithar Navagraha Krithis
# Kovur Pancharathna Krithis
# Thiruvoytiyur Pancharathna Krithis
# Sri Thyagaraja's Lalgudi Pancharatna Krithis
# Srirangam Pancharathna Krithis
# Ragam Tanam Pallavi
# Popular Thillanas
# Enticing Melodies
# Classical Vocal - Bombay Sisters
# Periyasami Thooran Songs
# Panchalinga Krithis
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090815060753/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicseason99/profile/bombaysisters.html Profile at ChennaiOnline.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110208172355/http://www.bombaysisters.com/ BombaySisters.com]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Portal bar|India|Music}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Singers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Sibling musical duos]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1963]]
[[Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2023]]
[[Category:2023 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

India at the 1976 Summer Olympics

2025-12-23T17:57:00Z

ContactBot:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IND
| NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Association]]
| games = Summer Olympics
| year = 1976
| flagcaption =
| oldcode =
| website =
| location = [[Montreal]]
| competitors = 26 in 5 sports
| sports =
| flagbearer = [[Ajit Pal Singh]]
| rank =
| gold = 0
| silver = 0
| bronze = 0
| officials =
| appearances = auto
| app_begin_year = 1900
| app_end_year =
| summerappearances =
| winterappearances =
| seealso =
}}

[[India]] competed at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canada. This was the first Olympics since 1928 in which the Indian Men's hockey team did not win an Olympic Medal.

== Competitors ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Sports
!Men
!Women
!Total
!Events
|-
| align=left|[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Athletics]] ||4 ||0 ||4 ||4
|-
| align=left|[[Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Boxing]] ||2 ||0 ||2 ||2
|-
| align=left|[[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]] ||16 ||0 ||16 ||1
|-
| align=left|[[Shooting at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Shooting]] ||3 ||0 ||3 ||2
|-
| align=left|[[Weightlifting at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]] ||1 ||0 ||1 ||1
|- class="sortbottom"
!Total
!26
!0
!26
!10
|}

==Results by event==

===[[Athletics at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Athletics]]===
'''Men's 800 metres'''
* [[Sriram Singh]]
:* Heat — 1:45.86
:* Semi Final — 1:46.42
:* Final — 1:45.77 (→ 7th place)

'''Men's 10.000 metres'''
* [[Hari Chand]]
:* Heat — 28:48.72 (→ did not advance)

'''Men's Long Jump'''
* [[T. C. Yohannan]]
:* Heat — 7.67m (→ did not advance)

'''Men's Marathon'''
* [[Shivnath Singh]] — 2:16:22 (→ 11th place)

===[[Boxing at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Boxing]]===
* [[S. K. Rai]] (Featherweight) – lost first round
* [[C. C. Machaiah]] (Light Welterweight) – lost first round

===[[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]]===

====Men's team competition====

* '''Team roster'''<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1976/HOK/ |title=India Hockey at the 1976 Montréal Summer Games |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307165057/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/IND/summer/1976/HOK/ |archivedate=2016-03-07 }}</ref>
:* ( 1.) [[Ajitpal Singh]]
:* ( 2.) [[Vadivelu Phillips]] 
:* ( 3.) [[Baldev Singh (field hockey)|Baldev Singh]]
:* ( 4.) [[Ashok Diwan]]
:* ( 5.) [[Billimoga Govinda]]
:* ( 6.) [[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok Kumar]]
:* ( 7.) [[Varinder Singh (field hockey)|Varinder Singh]]
:* ( 8.) [[Harcharan Singh (field hockey)|Harcharan Singh]]
:* ( 9.) [[Mohinder Singh (field hockey)|Mohinder Singh]]
:* (10.) [[Aslam Sher Khan]]
:* (11.) [[Syed Ali (field hockey, born 1956)|Syed Ali]]
:* (12.) [[Bir Bhadur Chettri]]
:* (13.) [[Chand Singh]]
:* (14.) [[Ajit Singh (field hockey)|Ajit Singh]]
:* (15.) [[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit Singh]]
:* (16.) [[Vasudevan Baskaran]]
* '''Head coach''': [[Gurbux Singh (field hockey)|Gurbux Singh]]

====Preliminary round====
=====Group A=====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35957 Olympedia]
|update=complete
|team_order=NED, AUS, IND, MAS, CAN, ARG

|result1=SF |result2=SF

|win_NED=5 |draw_NED=0 |loss_NED=0 |gf_NED=11|ga_NED=3
|win_AUS=3 |draw_AUS=0 |loss_AUS=2 |gf_AUS=14|ga_AUS=6
|win_ARG=1 |draw_ARG=0 |loss_ARG=4 |gf_ARG=4 |ga_ARG=12
|win_IND=3 |draw_IND=0 |loss_IND=2 |gf_IND=12|ga_IND=9
|win_CAN=1 |draw_CAN=0 |loss_CAN=4 |gf_CAN=4 |ga_CAN=11|status_CAN=H
|win_MAS=2 |draw_MAS=0 |loss_MAS=3 |gf_MAS=3 |ga_MAS=7

|name_NED={{fh|NED}}
|name_AUS={{fh|AUS}}
|name_ARG={{fh|ARG}}
|name_IND={{fh|IND}}
|name_CAN={{fh|CAN}}
|name_MAS={{fh|MAS}}

|hth_AUS=[[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]] and [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] finished on equal points at the conclusion of the pool stage, resulting in a match to determine second place in the pool. The match was contested on 26 July 1976 and Australia won 5–4 after a [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|penalty shoot-out]].
|hth_IND=AUS

|res_col_header=Q
|col_SF=green1 |text_SF=[[#Medal round|Semi-finals]]

|winpoints=2
}}

{{fieldhockeybox
|date=18 July 1976
|time=10:00
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35973 Report]
|score=4–0
|team2={{fh|ARG}}
|goals1=[[Ajit Singh (field hockey)|Ajit]] {{fhgoal|FG|1|FG|66}} [[Chand Singh|Chand]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} [[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|49}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Francis Steurs (BEL) Osvaldo Pensosi (ITA)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=19 July 1976
|time=15:00
|team1={{fh-rt|NED}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35975 Report]
|score=3–1
|team2={{fh|IND}}
|goals1=[[Hans Kruize|Kruize]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Paul Litjens|Litjens]] {{fhgoal|LC|47|LC|48}}
|goals2=[[Victor Philips|Philips]] {{fhgoal|PS|37}}
|umpires=Louis-Michel Gillet (FRA) Graham Nash (GBR)
}}

----

{{fieldhockeybox
|date=21 July 1976
|time=15:00
|team1={{fh-rt|AUS}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35979 Report]
|score=6–1
|team2={{fh|IND}}
|goals1=[[Ronald Riley|Riley]] {{fhgoal|FG|13|FG|30|FG|50}} [[Greg Browning|Browning]] {{fhgoal|FG|26}} [[Jim Irvine (field hockey)|Irvine]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}} [[Trevor Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
|goals2=[[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|21}}
|umpires=Alain Renaud (FRA) Fritz Seegers (FRG)
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=22 July 1976
|time=10:00
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35981 Report]
|score=3–0
|team2={{fh|CAN}}
|goals1=[[Ajit Singh (field hockey)|Ajit]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Victor Philips|Philips]] {{fhgoal|PS|47|FG|69}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Jaime Salvatella (ESP) Mohamed Abdel Gomaa (EGY)
}}

----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=24 July 1976
|time=10:00
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35985 Report]
|score=3–0
|team2={{fh|MAS}}
|goals1=[[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok]] {{fhgoal|FG|4|LC|16}} [[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|60}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Graham Nash (GBR) Peter Jackson (GBR)
}}

----
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=26 July 1976
|time=13:00
|team1={{fh-rt|AUS}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35988 Report]
|score=1–1
|team2={{fh|IND}}
|goals1=[[Ric Charlesworth|Charlesworth]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}
|goals2=[[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit]] {{fhgoal|PC|34}}
|umpires=Louis-Michel Gillet (FRA) Peter Paul Lathouwers (NED)
|aet=yes
|penalties1=[[David Bell (field hockey)|Bell]] {{fhps|g}} [[Robert Haigh (field hockey)|Haigh]] {{fhps|g}} [[Terry Walsh (field hockey)|Walsh]] {{fhps|g}} [[Trevor Smith (field hockey)|Smith]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ric Charlesworth|Charlesworth]] {{fhps|g}}
|penaltyscore=5–4
|penalties2={{fhps|g}} [[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ajit Pal Singh|Ajit Pal]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ajit Singh (field hockey)|Ajit]] {{fhps|g}} [[Victor Philips|Philips]]
}}

===Fifth to eighth place classification===

{{fieldhockeybox
|date=29 July 1976
|time=17:00
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35969 Report]
|score=2–3
|team2={{fh|FRG}}
|goals1=[[Mohinder Singh (field hockey)|Mohinder]] {{fhgoal|PS|20}} [[Ajit Pal Singh|Ajit Pal]] {{fhgoal|FG|66}}
|goals2=[[Wolfgang Strödter|Strödter]] {{fhgoal|PC|38|PC|62}} [[Horst Dröse|Dröse]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}
|umpires=Richard Jewell (AUS) Graham Nash (GBR)
}}

====Seventh place game====
{{fieldhockeybox
|date=30 July 1976
|time=10:00
|team1={{fh-rt|IND}}
|report=[https://www.olympedia.org/results/35962 Report]
|score=2–0
|team2={{fh|MAS}}
|goals1=[[Aslam Sher Khan|Aslam Sher]] {{fhgoal|PC|55|FG|59}}
|goals2=
|umpires=Peter Paul Lathouwers (NED) Bob Davidzon (NED)
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060622162855/http://www.amateur-boxing.vip.interia.pl/Championships/OlympicGames2000.html Official Olympic Reports]

{{Nations at the 1976 Summer Olympics}}
{{Country at games navbox|India|Olympics}}

[[Category:Nations at the 1976 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:India at the Summer Olympics by year|1976 Summer Olympics]]

{{India-sport-stub}}
{{1976-Olympic-stub}}

1991 Indian general election in Delhi

2025-12-18T12:27:07Z

ContactBot: Added Post

{{Short description|none}}

{{primary sources|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1991 Indian general election in Delhi
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 1989 Indian general election in Delhi
| previous_year = 1989
| next_election = 1996 Indian general election in Delhi
| next_year = 1996
| election_date = {{Start date|1991|05|20}}
| seats_for_election = 7 seats
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Lalkrishna Advani.jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=04}}
| leader1 = [[Lal Krishna Advani]]
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leaders_seat1 =
| seats1 = 5
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 1
| popular_vote1 = 1,171,156
| percentage1 = 40.27%
| swing1 = {{increase}} 14.08 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC (cropped)(2).jpg|bSize=110|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=06|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats2 = 2
| seat_change2 = {{steady}}
| popular_vote2 = 1,152,627
| percentage2 = 39.57%
| swing2 = {{decrease}} 3.84 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| map_image = File:1991delhi.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| before_party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
| after_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| turnout = 48.5%
}}

The [[1991 Indian general election]] in [[Delhi]] was held to elect representatives of the 7 seats of the [[NCT of Delhi]] in the Lok Sabha.

The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won 5 of the 7 seats in Delhi, with its opposition, the [[Indian National Congress]] winning 2 seats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Party-wise performance for 1991 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/party_list/57/10 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances==

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! Flag
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
| style="text-align:center|[[L. K. Advani]]
| style="text-align:center| 7
|}

=== {{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}} ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Party
! '''Flag'''
! Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|! style="text-align:center; background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};color:white"|'''1.'''
| style="text-align:center| [[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
| [[File:INC Logo.png|50px]]
| style="text-align:center| [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| style="text-align:center| 7
|}

== Results ==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Party Name
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 11,71,156
| 40.21
| {{increase}} 14.02
| 7
| 5
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 11,52,627
| 39.57
| {{decrease}} 3.84
| 7
| 2
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 4,13,933
| 14.21
| {{decrease}} 2.07
| 7
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Party|JP]]
| 35,902
| 1.23
| {{steady}}
| 7
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 26,865
| 0.92
| {{decrease}} 2.73
| 7
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|SAD(M)]]
| 9,918
| 0.34
| {{steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 2,800
| 0.10
| {{steady}}
| 1
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 24,928
| 0.85
| {{steady}}
| 66
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 74,734
| 2.57
| {{increase}} 6.81
| 399
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 29,12,863
! 100%
! -
! 502
! 7
! -
|}

== List of elected MPs ==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]
|Lal Krishan Advani
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|93,662
|43.40
|Rajesh Khanna
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|92,073
|42.66
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,589
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.74
|-
!2
|[[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi]]
|Madan Lal Khurana
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|208,728
|49.95
|Romesh Bhandari
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|158,005
|37.81
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|50,723
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12.14
|-
!3
|[[Outer Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Delhi]]
|Sajjan Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|346,259
|45.36
|Sahib Singh Verma
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|259,468
|33.99
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|86,791
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.37
|-
!4
|[[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
|B. L. Sharma 'Prem'
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|303,141
|40.27
|H. K. L. Bhagat
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|241,316
|32.05
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|61,825
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.22
|-
!5
|[[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]
|Tara Chand Khandelwal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,898
|35.70
|[[Jai Prakash Aggarwal]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|78,124
|34.48
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,774
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.22
|-
!6
|[[Delhi Sadar Lok Sabha constituency|Delhi Sadar]]
|Jagdish Tytler
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|137,453
|48.57
|Vijay Kumar Malhotra
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|123,362
|43.59
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14,091
!style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.98
|-
!7
|[[Karol Bagh Lok Sabha constituency|Karol Bagh (SC)]]
|Kalka Dass
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|101,897
|40.23
|Krishna Tirath
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|99,397
|39.24
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,500
!style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.99
|-
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from Delhi==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
!SI No.
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!Colspan=2|Party
|-
!rowspan="2"|1
|rowspan="2"|Jagdish Tytler
|rowspan="2"|Delhi Sadar
|rowspan="2"|Minister of State (Independent Charge)
|Surface Transport
|21 June 1991
|15 September 1995
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|Coal
|13 September 1995
|16 May 1996
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Delhi elections}}

[[Category:1991 Indian general election by state or union territory|D]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Delhi]]
[[Category:1990s in Delhi]]

{{India-election-stub}}

2021 Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala

2025-11-27T12:10:14Z

ContactBot: cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala#2021 outbreak]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

[[Category:2021 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2021 disease outbreaks]]
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India]]
[[Category:2020s epidemics]]
[[Category:Paramyxoviridae]]
[[Category:Health in Kerala]]
[[Category:2020s in Kerala]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]

Marumakkathayam

2025-10-16T05:02:12Z

ContactBot: small edit

{{Short description|Former system of matrilineal inheritance in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{more footnotes|date=January 2012}}
'''Marumakkathayam''' was a system of [[matrilineal]] [[inheritance]] prevalent in regions of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Kerala]]. It is similar to the [[Aliyasantana|Aliyasanthana]] system followed by the Bunt community in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marumakkattayam And Aliyasantana System |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/mds.htm#:~:text=The%20definition%20of%20Marumakkathayam%20in,by%20Marumakkathayam%20Law%20of%20Inheritance. |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref>

The word "'''Marumakkathayam'''" originated from the [[Malayalam]] word "marumakkal" also known as "Anandaravar", which means "sister's child", "[[Niece and nephew|nephews]]", or "[[Niece and nephew|nieces]]" in [[English language|English]].

Through this system, descent and the inheritance of property were passed from the [[Mother|maternal]] [[uncle]] to nephews or nieces.

The right of the child was with the maternal uncle or the mother's family rather than the [[father]] or the father's family. Through this bloodline, [[Surname|surnames]], [[Title|titles]], [[Property|properties]], and everything of the child are inherited from his uncle or mother.

The joint family under the matrilineal system is known as [[Tharavad]] also knowns Kudumbakkar or veedu, formed the nucleus of the society. The eldest male was considered the head of the family, known as the [[Karnavar|karanavar]], and he controlled all the family assets. However, his sons did not inherit the properties; instead, inheritance went to the children of his sisters.

This system was not [[matriarchal]] as is sometimes misinterpreted, and was strongly [[patriarchal]] with only a male allowed to be the head of the family.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ne2ADwAAQBAJ|title=In Pursuit of the Good Life - Aspiration and Suicide in Globalizing South India|first=Jocelyn Lim|last=Chua|page=213|year=2014|publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520281165 }}</ref>

==Origin==
One popular theory pertains to the [[Kshatriya|ancient martial]] tradition of the [[Nair|Nairs]]. Boys were sent to military training or [[War|warfare]] at the age of eight, dedicating themselves solely to mastering the art of warfare and rule the Kingdom. For them, death by any means other than on the battlefield was a shameful disgrace. Driven by an unwavering commitment to military excellence, glorious bloodshed and honorable combat, they prioritized martial pursuits over familial or economic endeavors. As a result, they had no time for family reunions, thus the responsibility for the upbringing of their children fell upon the mother or her family. Indeed, this emphasis on martial prowess and a warrior's code of honor is often cited as the foundation of the matrilineal succession system, which is later influenced others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Led to the End of Kerala's Matrilineal Society? |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/what-end-kerala-matrilineal-society |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Modern changes and adaptations==

The customary law of inheritance was codified by the Madras Marumakkathayam Act 1932, Madras Act No. 22 of 1933, published in the ''Fort St. George Gazette'' on 1 August 1933.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |title=CiNii - Transformation of the Marumakkathayam System in Malabar: The Malabar Marriage Act, 1896 and the Nayar Tarawads |url=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/110000281870/ |access-date=2008-03-09 |publisher=ci.nii.ac.jp}}</ref>

[[Malabar District]] was part of the [[Madras Presidency]] in [[British India]]. In the Madras Marumakkathayam Act 1932, "Marumakkathayam" is defined as the system of inheritance in which descent is traced by females, and "Marumakkathayee" means a person governed by the Marumakkathayam law of inheritance. The system of inheritance was abolished by The Joint Family System (Abolition) Act, 1975, by the Kerala State Legislature.

By the beginning of the 20th century, marumakkathayam was increasingly seen as an undesirable remnant of a feudal past, and discontented groups including Nair and Ambalavasi men sought to bring reform. The reforms were pushed through in spite of opposition from conservative factions led by [[Kesava Pillai of Kandamath]] in the Travancore Court, Sree Mulam State Council and by leading members of society such as [[C. V. Raman Pillai]]<ref>''Kandamathu Kudumba Sangamam'' Published by K. K. N., Neyyattinkara, S. India, 1995, pp. 35–39.</ref><ref>Jeffrey in the Decline of Nayar Dominance in Travancore, See notes under C V Raman Pillai</ref> in the states of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] and [[Travancore]], and the British Indian province of [[Malabar district|Malabar]], which later joined together to form Kerala in 1957.

==Matrilineal communities==
Matrilineal system or marumakkathayam is traditionally followed by [[Royal family|Royal families]], [[Nair|Nairs]], [[Ambalavasi]] and some [[Nambuthiri|Nambudiri Brahmin]] families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Marumakkattayam And Aliyasantana System |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/articles/mds.htm#:~:text=The%20definition%20of%20Marumakkathayam%20in,by%20Marumakkathayam%20Law%20of%20Inheritance. |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref><ref>Koya,S.M. Mohamed, MATRILINY AND MALABAR MUSLIMS, Vol. 40 (1979), pp. 419-431 (13 pages)</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aliyasantana]]
* [[Matrilineal succession]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |chapter=Kinship and Gender Identity: Some Notes on ''Marumakkathayam'' in Kerala |first=Marion |last=den Uyl |pages=177–190 |title=Culture, creation, and procreation: concepts of kinship in South Asian practice |editor1-first=Monika |editor1-last=Böck |editor2-first=Aparna |editor2-last=Rao |publisher=Berghahn Books |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-57181-911-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzKBAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA177 |access-date=19 October 2012}}

[[Category:Kinship and descent]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu law]]
[[Category:Social history of Kerala]]
[[Category:Family in India]]

Smarta tradition

2025-09-25T11:03:32Z

ContactBot: formatting fix

{{short description|Tradition in Hinduism linked to Advaita Vedanta}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Smarta'' tradition}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox religious group
| group = ''Smarta''
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image = Ganesha pachayatana.jpg
| image_caption = The five primary deities of ''Smarta'' in a Ganesha-centric panchayatana: Ganesha (centre) with Shiva (top left), Adi Shakti (top right), Vishnu (bottom left), and Surya (bottom right)
| population =
| founder = [[Adi Shankara]]<ref>U Murthy (1979), Samskara, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195610796, p. 150.</ref>
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| scriptures = ''[[Vedas]]''{{•}}''[[Dharmaśāstra|Smritisastras]]''
| languages = [[Sanskrit]], [[Old Tamil]]
| related-c = [[Babburkamme]], [[Iyer]], [[Deshastha]], [[Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins]], etc.
| tablehdr =
| ref1 =
| ref2 =
| notes =
}}
[[File:Smarth Brahmins (9969593914).jpg|thumb|Smarta Brahmins in [[Western India]] (c. 1855–1862)]]

The '''''Smarta'' tradition''' ({{langx|sa|स्मार्त}}, {{IAST3|Smārta}}) is a movement in [[Hinduism]] that developed and expanded with the [[Purana]]s genre of literature.{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}} It reflects a synthesis of four philosophical strands, namely [[Uttara Mīmāṃsā]], [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]], [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]], and [[theism]].<ref name="Milner 1994 p. 195"/> The Smarta tradition rejects theistic sectarianism,<ref name="Milner 1994 p. 195"/> and is notable for the domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal – [[Ganesha]], [[Shiva]], [[Shakti]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Surya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Smarta sect {{!}} Hinduism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Smarta-sect |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> The Smarta tradition contrasted with the older [[Śrauta|Shrauta]] tradition, which was based on elaborate rituals and rites.{{Sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}}{{sfn|Knipe|2015|pp=36–37}} There has been a considerable overlap in the ideas and practices of the Smarta tradition with other significant historic movements within Hinduism, namely [[Shaivism]], [[Brahmanism]], [[Vaishnavism]], and [[Shaktism]].{{Sfn|Flood|1996|pp=113, 134, 155–161, 167–168}}<ref name="Sanderson, Alexis 2009. pp. 276-277">Sanderson, Alexis. "The Saiva Age: The Rise And Dominance Of Saivism During The Early Medieval Period". In ''Genesis And Development of Tantrism'', Edited By Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute Of Oriental Culture, University Of Tokyo, 2009. Institute Of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 276–277.</ref><ref>John Shephard (2009), ''Ninian Smart On World Religions'', Ashgate, {{ISBN|978-0754666387}}, p. 186.</ref>

The Smarta tradition developed during (early) Classical Period of Hinduism around the beginning of the Common Era, when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}{{sfn|Flood|1996}} The Smarta tradition is aligned with [[Advaita Vedanta]], and regards [[Adi Shankara]] as its founder or reformer.<ref>U Murthy (1979), Samskara, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195610796}}, p. 150.</ref> Shankara championed the thesis that ultimate reality is impersonal and ''Nirguna'' (attributeless) and any symbolic god serves the same equivalent purpose.<ref name=williamsonp89>L. Williamson (2010), ''Transcendent in America: Hindu-inspired Meditation Movements as New Religion'', New York University Press, {{ISBN|978-0814794500}}, p. 89.</ref> Inspired by this belief, the Smarta tradition followers, along with the five Hindu gods, include a sixth impersonal god in their practice.<ref name=williamsonp89/> The tradition has been called by William Jackson as "[[Advaita Vedanta|advaitin]], [[Monism|monistic]] in its outlook".<ref>William Jackson (1994), Tyāgarāja and the Renewal of Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120811461}}, p. 218.</ref>

The term Smarta also refers to [[Brahmin]]s who specialise in the [[Smriti]] corpus of texts named the Grihya Sutras, in contrast to Shrauta Sutras.{{sfn|Knipe|2015|p=36}}<ref>Buhnemann, Gudrun, ''Puja: A Study In Smarta Ritual'', Publications Of The De Nobili Research Library, Gerold & Co., Vienna, 1988. pp. 32–33.</ref><ref name="Buhnemann, Gudrun 2003. p. 57">Buhnemann, Gudrun, ''Mandalas And Yantras In The Hindu Traditions'', Leiden, Brill, 2003. p. 57. "Initially A Brief Explanation Of The Word Smarta May Be In Order. Smarta Is A Rather Loosely Used Term Which Refers To A Brahmin Who Is An 'Adherent Of The Smrti' And Of The Tradition Which Is 'Based On The Smrti'."</ref><ref name="Flood, Gavin 1996 pg. 17">Flood, Gavin (1996), ''An Introduction To Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press. p. 17. "There Is Also An Important Tradition Of Brahmans Called Smartas, Those Who Follow The Smrti Or Secondary Revelation ..." p. 56. "The Brahmans Who Followed The Teachings Of These Texts Were Known As Smartas, Those Who Followed The Smrtis ..." p. 113. "The Brahmans Who Followed The Puranic Religion Became Known As Smarta, Those Whose Worship Was Based On The Smrtis, Or Pauranika, Those Based On The Puranas."</ref> Smarta Brahmins, with their focus on the Smriti corpus, are contrasted from [[Shrauta|Srauta]] Brahmins, who specialise in the [[Sruti|Śruti]] Corpus, that is, rituals and ceremonies that follow the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Gavin Flood 2006 6–7">{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood |title=The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC |year=2006|publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn= 978-1-84511-011-6 |pages=6–7 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Smārta'' (स्मार्त) is an adjective derived from [[Smriti]] ({{indic|lang=sa|indic=स्मृति|trans=Smrti|indicipa=s̪mr̩.t̪i}}).<ref name=SSD-Smarta /> The smriti are a specific body of Hindu texts usually attributed to an author, traditionally written down but constantly revised, in contrast to [[Śruti|Sruti]]s (The Vedic Literature) considered authorless, that were transmitted verbally across the generations and fixed.<ref name="Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty 1988 Pages 2-3">Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty (1988), ''Textual Sources For The Study Of Hinduism'', Manchester University Press, {{ISBN|0-7190-1867-6}}, Pages 2–3</ref>{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}

Smarta has several meanings:<ref name=SSD-Smarta>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+smArta&trans=Translate&direction=AU Spoken Sanskrit Dictionary, ''smArta'']</ref><ref name=monierwilliamssmarta>{{cite book|author=Monier Monier-Williams|title=A Sanskrit–English Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1154|year=1923|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=1154}}</ref>
*Relating to memory
*Recorded in or based on the [[Smriti]]
*Based on tradition, prescribed or sanctioned by traditional law
*Orthodox [[Brahmin]] versed in or guided by traditional law and Vedanta doctrine

In Smarta tradition context, the term ''Smarta'' means "Follower Of Smriti".<ref>Dermot Killingley (2007), ''Encyclopedia Of Hinduism'' (Editors: Denise Cush Et Al), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700712670}}, Page 456</ref> Smarta is especially associated with a "Sect Founded By [[Adi Shankara|Shankaracharya]]", according to Monier Williams.<ref name=monierwilliamssmarta/> Some families in South India follow Srauta strictly and do not accept any [[Vedanta]] systems. They even have a custom of the sacred thread being worn by women.

==History==
{{Hinduism small}}
{{See also|History of India#Iron Age – Vedic period (c. 1500–600 BCE)|History of Hinduism#Classical Hinduism (c. 200 BCE – 1200 CE)}}

Both [[Alf Hiltebeitel]] and Gavin Flood locate the origins of the Smarta Tradition in the (early) Classical Period of Hinduism, particularly with the [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualist]] (Advaita) interpretation of Vedanta,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=18–22, 29–30}} when Hinduism emerged from the interaction between Brahmanism and local traditions.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}{{sfn|Flood|1996}}

===The "Hindu Synthesis"===
Hiltebeitel situates the origins of the Smarta tradition in the ongoing interaction between the Vedic-Brahmanic tradition and non-Vedic traditions. According to him, a period of consolidation in the development of Hinduism took place between the time of the late Vedic Upanishad (c. 500 BCE) and the period of the rise of the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]] (c. 320–467), which he calls the "Hindus synthesis", "Brahmanic synthesis", or "orthodox synthesis".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=12}} It develops in interaction with other religions and peoples:
{{blockquote|The emerging self-definitions of Hinduism were forged in the context of continuous interaction with heterodox religions (Buddhists, Jains, Ajivikas) throughout this whole period, and with foreign people (Yavanas, or Greeks; Sakas, or Scythians; Pahlavas, or Parthians; and Kusanas, or Kushans) from the third phase on [between the Mauryan empire and the rise of the Guptas].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=13}}}}

The ''smriti'' texts of the period between 200 BCE and 100 CE{{refn|group=note|name=smartasutras}} proclaim the authority of the Vedas, and "nonrejection of the Vedas comes to be one of the most important touchstones for defining Hinduism over and against the heterodoxies, which rejected the Vedas."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=14}} The Smriti texts interpret the Vedas in a number of ways, which gave rise to six ''darsanas'' (orthodox schools) of [[Hindu philosophy]]. Of the six Hindu darsanas, the Mimamsa and the Vedanta "are rooted primarily in the Vedic ''sruti'' tradition and are sometimes called ''smarta'' schools in the sense that they develop ''smarta'' orthodox current of thoughts that are based, like ''smriti'', directly on ''sruti''."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=18}} They emphasize the Vedas with reason and other ''[[pramanas]]'', in contrast to ''Haituka'' schools which emphasize ''hetu'' (cause, reason) independent of the Vedas while accepting the authority of the Vedas.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=18–19}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Mircea Eliade|author2=Charles J. Adams|title=The encyclopedia of religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2aYjAAAAYAAJ |volume=6 |year=1987 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-02-909750-2 |pages=345–347}}</ref> Of the two Smarta traditions, Mimamsa focused on Vedic ritual traditions, while Vedanta focussed on [[Upanishadic]] knowledge tradition.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=18–19}}

Around the start of the common era, and thereafter, a syncretism of ''Haituka'' schools (Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya and Yoga), the ''Smarta'' schools (Mimamsa, Vedanta) with ancient theistic ideas (bhakti, tantric) gave rise to a growth in traditions such as [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=18–22}} The revived Smarta tradition attempted to integrate varied and conflicting devotional practices, with its ideas of nondual experience of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (self, soul) as [[Brahman]].{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=29–30}} The rapprochement included the practice of ''pancayatana-puja'' (five shrine worship), wherein a Hindu could focus on any ''saguna'' deity of choice (''[[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|istadevata]]'') such as Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, Surya and Ganesha as an interim step towards realizing the ''nirguna'' Brahman.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=29–30}} The growth of this Smarta Tradition began in the Gupta period (4th–5th century CE), and likely was dominated by [[Dvija]] classes, in particular the [[Brahmin]]s,<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/topic/Smarta-sect Smarta sect], Encyclopædia Britannica (2012): "Smarta Sect, Orthodox Hindu Sect Composed Of Members Of The 'Twice-Born', Or Initiated Upper Classes (Brahmin, Kshatriya, And Vaishya), Whose Primarily Brahmin Followers ..."</ref> of the early medieval Indian society.<ref name="Jackson1994p212">{{cite book|author=William Joseph Jackson |title=Tyagaraja And The Renewal Of Tradition: Translations And Reflections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZBnppBQgOsC |year=1994|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-1146-1|pages=212–220 }}</ref> This Smarta tradition competed with other major traditions of Hinduism such as Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism.<ref name="Jackson1994p212"/> The ideas of Smarta were historically influential, creative with concepts such as of [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu deity) and [[Ardhanarishvara]] (half woman, half man deity), and many of the major scholars of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism, and Bhakti movement came out of the Smarta tradition.<ref name="Jackson1994p212" />

According to Hiltebeitel, "the consolidation of Hinduism takes place under the sign of ''bhakti''."{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=20}} It is the ''Bhagavadgita'' that seals this achievement. The result is a universal achievement that may be called ''smarta''. It views Shiva and Vishnu as "complementary in their functions but ontologically identical".{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=20}}

===Puranic Hinduism===
According to Flood, the Smarta tradition originated with the development of the [[Puranas]].{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}} The Puranic corpus is a complex body of materials that advance the views of various competing cults. Flood connects the rise of the written Purana historically with the rise of devotional cults centring upon a particular deity in the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] era.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=359}}{{refn|group=note|[[Wendy Doniger]], based on her study of indologists, assigns approximate dates to the various Puranas:{{sfn|Collins|1988|p=36}}
* [[Markandeya Purana]] to c. 250 CE (with one portion dated to c. 550 CE)
* [[Matsya Purana]] to c. 250–500
* [[Vayu Purana]] to c. 350
* [[Harivamsa]] and [[Vishnu Purana]] to c. 450
* [[Brahmanda Purana]] to c. 350–950
* [[Vamana Purana]] to c. 450–900, [[Kurma Purana]] to c. 550–850
* [[Linga Purana]] to c. 600–1000}}

After the end of the Gupta Empire and the collapse of the Harsha Empire, power became decentralised in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vasal states". The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} With the breakdown of the Gupta empire, gifts of virgin waste-land were heaped on brahmanas,{{sfn|Nath|2001}}{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=325, 487}} to ensure profitable agrarian exploitation of land owned by the kings, but also to provide status to the new ruling classes. Brahmanas spread further over India, interacting with local clans with different religions and ideologies.{{sfn|Nath|2001}}

The early medieval Puranas were composed to disseminate religious mainstream ideology among the pre-literate [[Adivasi|tribal societies]] undergoing [[acculturation]].{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=19}} The Brahmanas used the Puranas to incorporate those clans into the agrarian society and its accompanying religion and ideology.{{sfn|Nath|2001}} Local chiefs and peasants were absorbed into the caste system, which was used to keep "control over the new ''kshatriyas'' and ''shudras''".{{sfn|Thapar|2004|p=487}}

The Brahmanism of the [[Dharmashastras]] and the ''smritis'' underwent a radical transformation at the hands of the Purana composers, resulting in the rise of Puranic Hinduism,{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=19}} "which like a colossus striding across the religious firmament soon came to overshadow all existing religions". Puranic Hinduism was a "multiplex belief-system which grew and expanded as it absorbed and synthesized polaristic ideas and cultic traditions". It was distinguished from its Vedic Smarta roots by its popular base, its theological and sectarian pluralism, its Tantric veneer, and the central place of ''bhakti''.{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=20}}

Many local religions and traditions were assimilated into puranic Hinduism. Vishnu and Shiva emerged as the main deities, together with Sakti/Deva, subsuming local cults, popular totem symbols and creation myths. Rama and Krsna became the focus of a strong ''bhakti'' tradition, which found expression particularly in the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''. The Krsna tradition subsumed numerous Naga, yaksa, and hill and tree based cults. Siva absorbed local cults by the suffixing of ''Isa'' or ''Isvara'' to the name of the local deity, for example Bhutesvara, Hatakesvara, and Chandesvara.{{sfn|Nath|2001|pp=31–32}}

===Shankara and Advaita Vedanta===
{{main|Adi Shankara|Advaita Vedanta}}

Traditionally, Adi Shankara is regarded as the greatest teacher and reformer of the Smarta tradition.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}}{{refn|group=note|Shankara himself, and his influential predecessor [[Gaudapada]], used Buddhist terminology and mention Buddhist doctrines in their work,{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=35-36}}{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=60-64}} suggesting that they were influenced by Buddhism.{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177-178}}{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}} Gaudapada, states Raju took over the Buddhist doctrines that [[Yogacara#Representation-only|ultimate reality is pure consciousness (''vijñapti-mātra'')]]{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177}} and "that the nature of the world is the four-cornered negation", then "wove [both doctrines] into a philosophy of the ''Mandukaya Upanisad'', which was further developed by Shankara".{{sfn|Raju|1971|p=177-178}} In Gaudapada's text, similarly, the Buddhist concept of [[Ajativada|"ajāta"]] from [[Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna's]] [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy is found.{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=35-36}} Gaudapada also took over the Buddhist concept of [[Ajativada|"ajāta"]] from [[Nagarjuna|Nagarjuna's]] [[Madhyamaka]] philosophy.{{sfn|Renard|2010|p=157}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=35-36}} Adi Shankara Acharya succeeded in reading Gaudapada's ''mayavada''{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=64}}{{refn|group=note|name=mayavada|The term "mayavada" is still being used, in a critical way, by the Hare Krshnas.<ref>[http://gaudiyatouchstone.net/mayavada-and-buddhism-%E2%80%93-are-they-one-and-same Swami B.V. Giri, Gaudya Touchstone, ''Mayavada and Buddhism – Are They One and the Same?'']</ref><ref>[http://www.harekrishnatemple.com/chapter21.html harekrishnatemple.com, ''Mayavada Philosophy'']</ref><ref>[http://www.harekrsna.com/philosophy/gss/sadhu/sampradayas/mayavada/mayavada.htm harekrsna.com, ''The Mayavada School'']</ref><ref>[http://gosai.com/writings/the-self-defeating-philosophy-of-mayavada Gaura Gopala Dasa, ''The Self-Defeating Philosophy of Mayavada'']</ref>}} into Badarayana's ''Brahma Sutras'', "and give it a ''locus classicus''", against the realistic strain of the ''Brahma Sutras''.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=64}} Yet, while there is borrowed terminology, Gaudapada's doctrines are unlike Buddhism. Gaudapada's influential text consists of four chapters; Chapter One, Two and Three of which are entirely Vedantin and founded on the [[Upanishads]], with little Buddhist flavor.<ref name=trvmurti114>TRV Murti (1955), The central philosophy of Buddhism, Routledge (2008 Reprint), {{ISBN|978-0-415-46118-4}}, pages 114-115</ref> Chapter Four uses Buddhist terminology and incorporates Buddhist doctrines, state both Murti and Richard King, but Vedanta scholars who followed Gaudapada through the 17th century never referenced nor used Chapter Four, they only quote from the first three.<ref name=trvmurti114/><ref name=iepgauda>[http://www.iep.utm.edu/gauḍapad/ Gaudapada], Devanathan Jagannathan, University of Toronto, IEP</ref> The Gaudapada tradition is Vedantin with its foundation of Atman and Brahman, and his doctrines fundamentally different from Buddhism which deny these foundational concepts of Hinduism.<ref name="trvmurti114"/>{{Sfn|Potter|1981|p=81}}}} According to Hiltebeitel, Adi Shankara established the [[nondualist]] interpretation of the [[Upanishads]] as the touchstone of a revived ''smarta'' tradition:
{{blockquote|Practically, Adi Shankara Acharya fostered a rapprochement between Advaita and ''smarta'' orthodoxy, which by his time had not only continued to defend the ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varnasramadharma]]'' theory as defining the path of ''karman'', but had developed the practice of ''pancayatanapuja'' ("five-shrine worship") as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices. Thus one could worship any one of five deities (Vishnu, Siva, Durga, Surya, Ganesa) as one's ''istadevata'' ("deity of choice").{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013}}}}

The [[Sringeri Matha|Sringeri Sharada monastery]], according to tradition founded by Adi Shankara, in Karnataka is still the centre of the Smarta sect.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}}

===Recognition of Smarta as a tradition===
Medieval era scholars such as Vedanta Desika and Vallabhacharya recognized Smarta as competing with Vaishnavism and other traditions. According to Jeffrey Timm, for example, in verse 10 of the ''Tattvarthadipanibandha'', [[Vallabhacharya]] states that, "Mutually contradictory conclusions are non-contradictory when they are considered from their respective contexts, like Vaishnava, Smarta, etc."<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffrey R. Timm|title=Texts In Context: Traditional Hermeneutics In South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ryswPhIBcZkC |year=1992|publisher=State University Of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-0796-7|page=138}}</ref>

According to Murray Milner Jr., a professor of Sociology, the Smarta tradition refers to "Hindus who tend toward Brahmanical orthodoxy in both thought and behavior". Smartas are usually committed to a "relatively unified Hinduism" and they reject extreme forms of sectarian isolationism, reminiscent of the European discourse about the church and Christian sects.<ref name="Milner 1994 p. 195">{{cite book | last=Milner | first=M. | title=Status and Sacredness: A General Theory of Status Relations and an Analysis of Indian Culture | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1994 | isbn=978-0-19-535912-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EdqMMcYQ7r8C&pg=PA195 | access-date=2018-06-18 | pages=194–195}}</ref> The tradition, states Milner, has roots that emerged sometime between 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE, likely in response to the growth of Jainism and Buddhism.<ref name="Milner 1994 p. 195"/> It reflected a Hindu synthesis of four philosophical strands: Mimamsa, Advaita, Yoga and theism.<ref name="Milner 1994 p. 195"/>

Smarta tradition emerged initially as a synthesis movement to unify Hinduism into a nonsectarian form based on the Vedic heritage. It accepted ''varnasrama-dharma'', states Bruce Sullivan, which reflected an acceptance of ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]'' (caste/class) and ''[[Ashrama (stage)|ashrama]]'' (four stages of human life) as a form of social and religious duty. In the later second half of the 1st millennium, [[Adi Shankara]] reformed and brought ideas to the movement in the form of the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy.<ref>{{cite book | last=Sullivan | first=B. M. | title=Historical Dictionary Of Hinduism | publisher=Scarecrow Press | series=Historical Dictionaries Of Religions, Philosophies, And Movements | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-8108-3327-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cvhGP8NRx4QC&pg=PA213 | pages=213–214}}</ref> According to Upinder Singh, the Smarta tradition's religious practice emerged as a transformation of [[Brahmanism]] and can be described as [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Singh | first=U. | title=A History Of Ancient And Early Medieval India: From The Stone Age To The 12th Century | publisher=Pearson Education | year=2008 | isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA514 | pages=509–514}}</ref> Smarta as a tradition emphasized all gods as equal and different ways of perceiving the all-pervasive metaphysical impersonal [[Brahman]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Melton | first=J. G. | title=Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years Of Religious History | publisher=ABC-CLIO | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-61069-026-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI9_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA578 | page=578}}</ref>

===Modern Hinduism===
In recent times bhakti cults have increasingly become popular with the smartas.{{sfn|Morris|2006|p=135}}

Vaitheespara notes the adherence of the Smarta Brahmans to "the pan-Indian Sanskrit-brahmanical tradition":
{{blockquote|The emerging pan-Indian nationalism was clearly founded upon a number of cultural movements that, for the most part, reimagined an 'Aryo-centric', neo-brahmanical vision of India, which provided the 'ideology' for this hegemonic project. In the Tamil region, such a vision and ideology was closely associated with the Tamil Brahmans and, especially, the Smarta Brahmans who were considered the strongest adherents of the pan-Indian Sanskrit-Brahmanical tradition.{{sfn|Vaitheespara|2010|p=91}}}}

==Philosophy and practices==

===Panchayatana Puja===
The Smartas evolved a kind of worship which is known as [[Panchayatana puja]]. In this Puja, one or more of the five Hindu Deities ([[Surya]], [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Ganesha]] and [[Adi Shakti]]) are the objects of veneration.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=29-30}}{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}} The five symbols of the major Gods are placed on a round open metal dish called Panchayatana, the symbol of the deity preferred by the worshiper being in the center. A similar arrangement is also seen in the medieval temples, in which the central shrine housing the principal Deity is surrounded by four smaller shrines containing the figures of the other deities.{{sfn|Goyal|1984}} Some of the Smartas of South India add a sixth god [[Kartikeya]] (see [[Shanmata]]). According to [[Arthur Llewellyn Basham|Basham]], any upper-class Hindus still prefer the way of the Smartas to Saiva and Vaisnava forms of worship.{{sfn|Basham|1991|p=109}}

Panchayatana puja is a practice that became popular in medieval India,<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">{{cite book |first=Gudrun |last=Bühnemann |year=2003 |title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions |page=60 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-9004129023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60 |via=Google Books}}</ref> and has been attributed to Adi Shankara.<ref name="lexicon">{{cite web |title=The Four Denominations of Hinduism |series=Basics of Hinduism |publisher=Kauai Hindu Monastery |website=Himalayan Academy |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |access-date=9 March 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726075754/http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara. Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the [[Gupta Empire]] period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from [[Ajmer]]) has been dated to belong to the [[Kushan Empire]] era (pre-300 CE).<ref name="Williams1981p2">{{cite book |first=Frederick |last=Asher |editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams |year=1981 |title=Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India |pages=1–4 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-06498-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<ref name="Williams1981p2"/> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the ''pancayatana'' architecture very commonly, from [[Odisha]] to [[Karnataka]] to [[Kashmir]]; and the temples containing fusion deities such as [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.<ref name="Harle1994p141">{{cite book |first=James C. |last=Harle |year=1994 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140 140]–142, 191, 201-203 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}</ref>

===Saguna and Nirguna Brahman===
{{anchor | Saguna | Saguna and Nirguna Brahman| Saguna and Nirguna Brahman| Saguna and Nirguna Brahman}}

According to Smartism, supreme reality, Brahman, transcends all of the various forms of personal deity.{{sfn|Espin|Nickoloff|2007|p=563}}{{refn|group=note|By contrast, the dualistic [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions consider [[Vishnu]] or [[Krishna]] to be the supreme God who grants salvation. Similarly, the dualistic subtradition of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] holds the same beliefs about [[Shiva]]. Other traditions of Shaivism, Vaishnavism, Shaktism hold a spectrum of beliefs between dualism and [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondualism]].<ref>{{cite book|last= McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC | year =2004| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19-534713-5| pages=89–91}}</ref><ref>Kiyokazu Okita (2010), Theism, Pantheism, and Panentheism: Three Medieval Vaishnava Views of Nature and their Possible Ecological Implications, Journal of Vaishnava Studies, Volume 18, Number 2, pages 5-26</ref>}} The Smartas follow an orthodox Hindu philosophy, which means they accept the Vedas, and the ontological concepts of Atman and Brahman therein.

The Smarta Tradition accepts two concepts of Brahman, which are the ''[[saguna Brahman]]'' – the Brahman with attributes, and ''[[nirguna Brahman]]'' – the Brahman without attributes.<ref name="dx.doi.org">{{Cite journal|doi = 10.7825/2164-6279.1250|title = Heirarchies [sic] in the Nature of God? Questioning the "Saguna-Nirguna" Distinction in Advaita Vedanta|year = 2001|last1 = Rambachan|first1 = Anantanand|journal = Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies|volume = 14|doi-access = free}}</ref> The ''nirguna Brahman'' is the unchanging Reality, however, the ''saguna Brahman'' is posited as a means to realizing this ''nirguna Brahman''.<ref name=williamw/> The concept of the ''saguna Brahman'' is considered in this tradition to be a useful symbolism and means for those who are still on their spiritual journey, but the saguna concept is abandoned by the fully enlightened once he or she realizes the identity of their own soul with that of the ''nirguna Brahman''.<ref name=williamw>William Wainwright (2012), [http://stanford.library.usyd.edu.au/entries/concepts-god/ Concepts of God], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University</ref> A Smarta may choose any ''saguna'' deity (''istadevata'') such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Surya, Ganesha or any other, and this is viewed in Smarta Tradition as an interim step towards realizing the ''nirguna'' Brahman and its equivalence to one's own Atman.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=29-30}}

==Texts==
{{See also|Shastra}}

Smartas follow the [[Hindu scriptures]]. These include the ''[[shruti]]'' ([[Vedas]]),<ref name="Coburn, Thomas B. 1984. pp. 439">Coburn, Thomas B. 1984. pp. 439</ref><ref>Klaus Klostermaier (2007), Hinduism: A Beginner's Guide, {{ISBN|978-1851685387}}, Chapter 2, page 26</ref><ref>Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pages 245-248</ref><ref name="Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty 1988 Pages 2-3"/> but most markedly the ''smriti'' literature, which incorporated shramanic and Buddhist influences{{sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}} of the period from about 200 BCE to about 300 CE{{sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}}{{sfn|Cousins|2010}} and the emerging ''bhakti'' tradition into the Brahmanical fold.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}}{{sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}} According to Larson,
{{blockquote|[M]ost of the basic ideas and practices of classical Hinduism derive from the new ''smriti'' literature. In other words, Hindus for the most part pay little more than lip service to the Vedic scriptures. The most important dimensions of being Hindu derive, instead, from the ''smriti'' texts. The point can also be made in terms of the emerging social reality. Whereas the ''shruti'' is taken seriously by a small number of Brahmins, the ''smriti'' are taken seriously by the overwhelming majority of Hindus, regardless of class or caste identity.{{sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}}}}

The identity of ''Atman'' and ''Brahman'', and their unchanging, eternal nature, are the basic truths in this tradition. The emphasis in Vedic texts here is the ''jnana-kanda'' (knowledge, philosophical speculations) in the Upanishadic part of the Vedas, not its ''karma-kanda'' (ritual injunctions).{{sfn|Koller|2013|p=100-101}} Along with the Upanishads, the [[Bhagavad Gita]] and [[Brahma Sutras]] are the central texts of the Advaita Vedanta tradition, providing the truths about the identity of ''Atman'' and ''Brahman'' and their changeless nature.{{sfn|Koller|2013|p=100-101}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=35}}

* The major [[Smriti]] texts are:{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=656}}
** The two epics ''[[Ramayana]]'' of [[Valmiki]] and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', which have been commented on by many Smarta philosophers and scholars. Harikathas, Pravachanams, Upanyasams, and Kalakshepams on these texts are still very popular. The Ramayana is the text of choice for daily devotional reading or Nitya Parayanam for many Smartas and it has pervaded and guided Hindu conscience for centuries.
** The [[Bhagavad Gita]], which is part of the Mahabharata, and commentaries on it by Adi Shankara, [[Madhusudhana Saraswati]] and Sridhara Swami. The Bhagavad Gita exemplifies the "Hindu synthesis" of Brahmanic orthodoxy with the emerging [[bhakti]] traditions{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}} and the use of the shramanic and Yogic terminology to spread the Brahmanic idea of living according to one's duty or ''dharma'', in contrast to the yogic ideal of liberation from the workings of karma.{{sfn|Scheepers|2000}}
** The ''[[Puranas]]'', a collection of mythological stories of the various Hindu gods, especially Shiva and Vishnu. The [[Srimad Bhagavatham]] and [[Vishnu Purana]] are treated with the same reverence as the major epics, as also being the chosen texts for daily devotional reading (Parayana grantham). "Sridhariyam" on the Bhagavatham, and "Bhavartha-Dipika" on the Vishnu Purana are well-known commentaries, both by Sridhara Swami.
** Common religious law books or ''dharma literature'', namely the [[Manu Smriti]], the [[Apastamba Smriti]] and the Bodhyayana Smriti.

The Brahmasutra is considered as the ''Nyaya Prasthana'' (canonical base for reasoning).{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=35-36}} The Bhagavad Gita is considered as the ''Smriti Prasthana''.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=35-36}} The text relies on other ''Smritis'', such as the [[Vedangas]], [[Itihasa]], [[Dharmasastras]], [[Puranas]] and others.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=113}} Some of this ''smriti'' literature incorporated shramanic and Buddhist influences{{sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}} of the period from about 200 BC to about AD 300{{Sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}}{{sfn|Cousins|2010}} and the emerging ''bhakti'' tradition into the Brahmanical fold.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002}}{{sfn|Larson|2009|p=185}}

==Institutions==
[[Image:Vidyashankara Temple at Shringeri.jpg|thumb|The Vidyashankara temple at Sringeri Sharada Peetham, [[Sringeri]], [[Karnataka]], a historic center of the Smarta Tradition.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}]]

The Smarta Tradition includes temples and monasteries. More Smarta temples are found in West and South India, than in North India.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549451/Smarta-sect ''Smarta sect''], Encyclopædia Britannica</ref>

Adi Shankara is one of the leading scholars of the Smarta Tradition, and he founded some of the most famous monasteries in Hinduism.<ref name=ryanjonesmatha>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones |author2=James D. Ryan |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC |year=2006|publisher=Infobase |isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5 |pages=280 }}</ref> These have hosted the {{IAST|[[Dashanami Sampradaya|Daśanāmi Sampradāya]]}} under four Maṭhas, at [[Dwarka]] in the West, [[Jagannatha Puri]] in the East, [[Sringeri]] in the South and [[Badrinath]] in the North.<ref name=ryanjonesmatha/><ref name=kwerner148/>> He himself Ascended the Savagna peetam in Kanchi, known as Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam. Each math was headed by one of his disciples, called Shankaracharya, who each independently continued the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya.<ref name=ryanjonesmatha/> The ten Shankara-linked Advaita monastic orders are distributed as follows: Indra Saraswati at Kanchi, Bharati, Puri and Saraswati at Sringeri, Aranya and Vana at Puri, Tirtha and Ashrama at Dwarka, and Giri, Parvata and Sagara at Badrinath.<ref name=gjlarson99>{{cite book|author=Gerald James Larson |title=India's Agony Over Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MuT-6200wdEC |year=1995|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn= 978-1-4384-1014-2 |pages=99–100 }}</ref>

The mathas which Shankara built exist until today, and continue the teachings and influence of Shankara.<ref name="Narayanan2009p50">{{cite book|author=Vasudha Narayanan |title=Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0Mm6S1XFYAC |year=2009|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-4358-5620-2 |pages=50–51 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Nakamura |first=Hajime |year=2004 |title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two (Original: 1950) | isbn= 978-8120819634| publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=680–681}}</ref>

The table below gives an overview of the four largest Advaita Mathas founded by Adi Shankara, and their details.<ref name=kwerner148>{{cite book|author=Karel Werner |title=Love Divine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yMxdAgAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-1-136-77461-4|pages=148–151 }}</ref><ref group=web>{{cite web| url=http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626233820/http://www.sringerisharadapeetham.org/html/History/amnaya.html|archive-date=26 June 2006 |title=Adi Shankara's four Amnaya Peethams |access-date= 2006-08-20}}</ref> However, evidence suggests that Shankara established more ''mathas'' locally for Vedanta studies and its propagation, states Hartmut Scharfe, such as the "four mathas in the city of [[Trichur]] alone, that were headed by Trotaka, Sureshvara, Hastamalaka and Padmapada".<ref>Hartmut Scharfe (2002), ''From Temple schools to Universities'', in Education in Ancient India: Handbook of Oriental Studies, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004125568}}, page 179</ref>

The [[Sringeri Matha|Sringeri Sharada monastery]] founded by [[Adi Shankara]] in Karnataka is the centre of the Smarta sect for its disciples.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}} {{Failed verification span|text=Puri, Kanchi and Dwaraka Peetams have records of lineage of Sankaracharya since the 5th century BC.|reason=the refs are broken|date=September 2025}}{{sfn|Dr. Vaidhyanathan|2017|p=35}}{{Sfn|Jonathan Bader|2017|p=270}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Guru-shishya tradition|Shishya]] (lineage)
![[Relative direction|Direction]]
!Maṭha
!State
!{{IAST|[[Mahāvākya]]}}
![[Veda]]
!{{IAST|[[Sampradaya]]}}
|-
|{{IAST|[[Padmapāda]]}}
!East
|{{IAST|[[Govardhana matha|Govardhana Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|[[Odisha]]
|{{IAST|Prajñānam brahma (Consciousness is Brahman)}}
|[[Rig Veda]]
|Bhogavala
|-
|{{IAST|[[Sureśvara]]}}
!South
|{{IAST|[[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Sringeri Śārada Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|[[Karnataka]]
|{{IAST|Aham brahmāsmi (I am Brahman)}}
|[[Yajur Veda]]
|{{IAST|Bhūrivala}}
|-
|{{IAST|[[Hastamalakacharya|Hastāmalakācārya]] }}
!West
|{{IAST|[[Dvaraka Pitha|Dvāraka Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|[[Gujarat]]
|{{IAST|Tattvamasi (That thou art)}}
|[[Sama Veda]]
|Kitavala
|-
|{{IAST|[[Totakacharya|Toṭakācārya]]}}
!North
|{{IAST|[[Jyotirmath|Jyotirmaṭha Pīṭhaṃ]]}}
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|{{IAST|Ayamātmā brahma (This Atman is Brahman)}}
|[[Atharva Veda]]
|Nandavala
|}

Other Advaita Vedanta mathas following Smarta Tradition include:
*[[Svarnavalli Matha]] at Swarnavalli near [[Sodhe]], [[Sirsi, Karnataka]]
*[[Ramachandrapura Math]] at Haniya, [[Hosanagara]], Karnataka
*[[Kanchi matha]], at [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Chitrapur Math]], [[Shirali]], Karnataka
*[[Shri Gaudapadacharya Math]], [[Kavale]], [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]], Goa
*[[Sri Samsthan Dabholi Math]], [[Dabholi]], Goa

==Smarta Brahmins and Visvakarmas==

===Smarta Brahmins===
[[File:Vaidika smartha, Brahmin, Mysore. (priest) (NYPL b13409080-1125664).tiff|thumb|right|A Vaidika Smarta Brahmin from [[Mysore]], 1868]]
The adjective ''Smārta'' is also used to classify a [[Brahmin]] who adheres to the [[Smriti]] corpus of texts.<ref name="Flood, Gavin 1996 pg. 17"/><ref name="Buhnemann, Gudrun 2003. p. 57"/>

Smarta Brahmins specialize in the Smriti corpus of texts,{{Sfn|Flood|1996|pp=56–57}} are differentiated from [[Shrauta|Srauta]] Brahmins who specialize in the [[Sruti]] corpus of texts such as the [[Brahmana]]s layer embedded inside the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Gavin Flood 2006 6–7"/> Smarta Brahmins are also differentiated from Brahmins who specialize in the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] ([[Tantra]]) literature such as the [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Adi Shaiva]] Brahmins, [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] Brahmins and Shaiva [[Kashmiri Pandits]].<ref name="Sanderson, Alexis 2009. pp. 276-277"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin Flood |title=The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC |year=2006|publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn= 978-1-84511-011-6 |pages=7–8 }}</ref> However, these identities are not clearly defined, and active groups such as "Agamic Smarta Saiva Brahmins" have thrived.<ref>{{cite book|author= Fred W. Clothey |title=Ritualizing on the Boundaries: Continuity and Innovation in the Tamil Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRxAOJWnyEwC |year=2006|publisher= University of South Carolina Press |isbn= 978-1-57003-647-7 |pages=168–169 }}</ref>

In a more general sense, all Brahmins who do not come from small communities of orthodox Vedic sects are considered Smarta Brahmins. Many orthodox Vedic sects have also turned to temple worship and management, which is considered a Smarta and Agamic tradition. Sri Vaishnava Brahmins sought to combine the Smarta tradition, Alvar Bhakti, and the Pancharatra traditions. Kashmiri Pandits combine Smarta and Agamic tradition.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

===Smarta Visvakarmas===
[[Vishwakarma (caste)|Visvakarmas]] are artisans found in South India, such as in the state of [[Karnataka]]. They are known for their traditional expertise and skills as blacksmiths, carpenters, coppersmiths, sculptors, and goldsmiths. Smarta Visvakarmas are vegetarian artisans who follow the Smarta tradition. They contrast with Vaishnava Visvakarmas who follow the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of Hinduism and some of whom may consume non-vegetarian food.<ref name="Ridder1987"/><ref name=stein257>{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|title=Institutions and economic change in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcrsAAAAMAAJ |year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563857-8|pages=257–258}}</ref> The remarriage of widows is a tradition found among the Smarta Visvakarmas, but has been atypical among Vaishnava Visvakarma.<ref name=stein257/>

According to Brouwer, examples of Smarta Visvakarmas include Niligundapanta (traditionally blacksmiths and carpenters), Konnurpanta (all five artisan trades) and Madipattar (goldsmiths).<ref name="Ridder1987"/> The Smarta & Vaishnava Visvakarmas claim to be Brahmins but were never considered to be Brahmins by the mainstream smarta Brahmins of Karnataka and other castes.<ref name="Ridder1987">{{cite book|author=J. Brouwer |editor=Rob de Ridder|others=Jan A. J. Karremans|title=The Leiden Tradition in Structural Anthropology: Essays in Honour of P. E. de Josselin de Jong |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQcVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA161 |year=1987|publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-08517-6|pages=161–162}}</ref>

==Influence==
{{expand section|date=April 2016}}
Vaitheespara notes the adherence of the Smarta Brahmans to "the pan-Indian Sanskrit-brahmanical tradition" and their influence on pan-Indian nationalism:
{{blockquote|The emerging pan-Indian nationalism was clearly founded upon a number of cultural movements that, for the most part, reimagined an 'Aryo-centric', neo-brahmanical vision of India, which provided the 'ideology' for this hegemonic project. In the Tamil region, such a vision and ideology was closely associated with the Tamil Brahmans and, especially, the Smarta Brahmans who were considered the strongest adherents of the pan-Indian Sanskrit-Brahmanical tradition.{{sfn|Vaitheespara|2010|p=91}}}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Neo-Vedanta]]
* [[Advaita Vedanta]]
* [[Ishta-deva]]
* [[Simran (Sanskrit word)|Smarana]]
{{div col end}}

'''Prominent Smarta teachers'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Gaudapada]]{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
*[[Govinda Bhagavatpada]]
*[[Adi Shankara]]
*[[Sureshwaracharya]]
*[[Padmapadacharya]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Hastamalakacharya]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Totakacharya]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Vachaspati Mishra]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Sri Ramakrishna]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Swami Vivekananda]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Sri Ramana Maharshi]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}
*[[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]{{sfn|Fort|1998|p=179}}{{sfn|Minor|1987|p=3}}
*[[Madhusudana Saraswati]]
*[[Swami Karpatri]]
{{div col end}}

'''Sects'''
Examples of sects that follow the Smarta tradition and Advaita Vedanta, with Shankara as the primary reformer:
* [[Halenadu Karnataka Brahmin]]
* [[Hoysala Karnataka Brahmins]]
* [[Iyers]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=

{{refn|group=note|name=smartasutras|The [[Vedanga]] texts, states [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], are Smriti texts that were composed in the second half of the Vedic period that ended around 500 BCE.{{harv|Hiltebeitel|2013|p=13}} The Vedanga texts include the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)]] texts consisting of the Srautasutras, Grihyasutras and Dharmasutras, many of which were revised well past the Vedic period.{{harv|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=13–14}} The Grihyasutras and Dharmasutras, states Hiltebeitel, were composed between 600 BCE and 400 CE, and these are sometimes called the Smartasutras, the roots of the Smriti tradition.{{harv|Hiltebeitel|2013|pp=13–14}}}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Citation |last=Comans |first=Michael |year=2000 |title=The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation |last=Cousins |first=L.S. |year=2010 |title=Buddhism. In: "The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions" |publisher=Penguin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNAJiwpmEo0C&q=%22hindu+synthesis%22|isbn=9780141955049 }}
* {{Citation |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZP_f9icf2roC&q=%22smarta+sect%22&pg=PA1017|isbn=9780877790440 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Espin |first1=Orlando O. |last2=Nickoloff |first2=James B. |year=2007 |title=An Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies |publisher=Liturgical Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Flood |first=Gavin |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C|isbn=9780521438780 }}
* {{Citation |last=Fort |first=Andrew O. |year=1998 |title=Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta |publisher=SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Goyal |first=S. R. |year=1984 |title=A Religious History of Ancient India. Volume 2 |publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan |place=Meerut, India}}
* {{Citation |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=2013 |title=Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ|isbn=9781136875977 }}
* {{Citation | last =Hiltebeitel | first =Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel | year =2002 | title =Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" | publisher =Routledge | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ| isbn =9781136875977 }}
* {{Citation | last =Isaeva | first =N.V. | year =1993 | title =Shankara and Indian Philosophy | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Koller | first1 =John M. | year =2013 | chapter =Shankara | editor-last1 =Meister | editor-first1 =Chad | editor-last2 =Copan | editor-first2 =Paul | title =Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion | publisher =Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last =Knipe | first =David M. | year =2015 | title =Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition | place =Oxford | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{Citation |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |year=2009 |title=Hinduism. In: "World Religions in America: An Introduction" |publisher=Westminster John Knox Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34vGv_HDGG8C|isbn=9781611640472 }}
* {{Citation| last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |year=2002 |title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&pg=PA656 |isbn=9780823931804 }}
* {{Citation |last =Michaels |first =Axel |author-link=Axel Michaels |year =2004 |title =Hinduism. Past and present |place =Princeton, New Jersey |publisher =Princeton University Press}}
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* {{Citation |last=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=9780852297605 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=smarta+shankara}}
* {{Citation | last =Potter | first =Karl. H. | year =1981 | title =''Gaudapada,'' Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and his pupils, Volume 3 | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0310-7}}
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* {{Citation |last=Vaitheespara |first=Ravi |year=2010 |title=Forging a Tamil caste: Maraimalai Adigal (1876-1950) and the discourcse of caste and ritual in colonial Tamilnadu. In: Bergunder e.a. (editors), "Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India" |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbISha_aGocC|isbn=9783447063777 }}
{{refend}}

'''Web sources'''
{{reflist|group=web}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Smarta Tradition}}

===Advaita Vedanta===
*[http://www.sankaracharya.org Adi Sankaracharya and Advaita Vedanta Library]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050729095233/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/ Advaita Vedanta Homepage]
*[http://www.sringeri.net/ Jagadguru Mahasamsthanam, Sringeri Sharada Peetam]

===Puranas===
*[http://www.kamakoti.org/hindudharma/part14/chap9.htm Oneness of God from Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]

[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Smarta tradition| ]]
[[Category:Advaita Vedanta]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]

Mrudanga

2025-09-08T16:40:47Z

ContactBot: Started new article!

{{Short description|Instrument}}
{{About|the clay drum of Odisha|a general article about the clay drum of Eastern India|Khol|the wooden drum of southern India|Mridangam|the wooden drum of Odisha|Mardala}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Mrudanga
| background = percussion
| image = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Guru Kishore Chandra Pradhan palying Mrudanga.jpg
| border = 0
| spacing = 0
}}
| image_capt = Guru Kishore Pradhan playing the Mrudanga
| names = Khola
| hornbostel_sachs = 211.222.1
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Membranophone]] directly struck by hand
| pitch = high
| musicians =
| articles = [[Odissi music]]
}}

'''Mrudanga''' ({{Langx|or|ମୃଦଙ୍ଗ|translit=Mrudanga}}, {{IPA|or|mrud̪ɔŋɡɔ|lang|LL-Q33810 (ori)-Prateek Pattanaik-ମୃଦଙ୍ଗ.wav}}), also known as '''Khola''' ({{Langx|or|ଖୋଳ|translit=Khoḷa}}) is a classical percussive instrument native to the east Indian state of Odisha with a developed distinct traditional repertoire and technique.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Parhi |first=Dr. Kirtan Narayan |title=The Classicality of Odishi Music |publisher=Maxcurious Publications Pvt. Ltd. |year=2017 |isbn=9788193215128 |location=India |pages=383}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Kabichandra Dr. Kali Charan |title=A Glimpse into Orissan Music |publisher=Government of Orissa |location=Bhubaneswar, Odisha |pages=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pani |first=Jiwan |title=Back to the Roots : Essays on Performing Arts of India |publisher=Manohar |year=2004 |isbn=8173045607 |location=New Delhi |author-link=Jiwan Pani}}</ref> It has been used alongside the [[Mardala]] in [[Odissi music|Odissi classical music]] from ancient times, which is a comparatively bass-heavy drum as opposed to the high-pitched Mrudanga.

The Mrudanga is used in a wide range of traditional art forms of Odisha, including Pala, Sankirtana (Odisi Kirtana), [[Odissi|Odissi dance]], Bhagabata Tungi, Radha Prema Lila, Ramalila, Krusnalila<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pani |first=Jeevan |title=Performing Arts of Orissa |publisher=Prafulla Publication |year=2007 |isbn=978-8190358880 |location=Kolkata}}</ref> and more.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Vidyarthi |first=Nita |date=6 February 2014 |title=His own beat |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/his-own-beat/article5660641.ece |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rath |first=Shantanu Kumar |editor-last=Mishra |title=Odia Lokanatakaku Ganjamara Abadana |trans-title=Role of Ganjam in Odisha's performing art traditions |journal=Rangabhumi |language=or |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi, Department of Culture, Government of Odisha |volume=9 |pages=52–64}}</ref> The instrument is different from other instruments that have similar names (as opposed to the [[Mridangam]], used in South Indian music) in the Indian subcontinent due to its unique construction, acoustic features and traditional playing technique.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Gopinath |date=August 2007 |title=Odissi - The Classical Music |journal=Orissa Review |publisher=Culture Department, Government of Orissa |pages=108–111}}</ref>

== History ==
Odishan musicologists in ancient treatises have mentioned four distinct kinds of instruments or ''vadyas'' : ''tat'' or stringed instruments, ''susira'' or wind instruments, ''anaddha'' or leather instruments / drums & finally ''ghana'' or metallic instruments.<ref name=":1" />

Out of these four, the Mrudanga falls under the category of ''anaddha vadya''s or drums and is considered one of the earliest percussion instruments, said to be invented by [[Shiva|Mahadeva]] himself.<ref name=":1" />

== Construction ==
The Mrudanga is made by potters from special mud collected from the banks of rivers in Odisha.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Famous Khol, Mridang Maker Of Odisha - Nayan Das |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UArOoLuZl9I |language=en |access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>

== Repertoire and technique ==
{{Odissi Classical Music sidebar}}

The playing of the Mrudanga, like the Mardala, is based on the ''tala-paddhati'' or rhythmic system of [[Odissi music]]. A [[Tala (music)|tala]] is a rhythmic structure in Indian music. The ''tala''s in use in Odissi music are distinctive, and are not found in other systems of Indian music.<ref name=":2" /> The playing of the instrument follows a strict classical grammar.

Traditionally, there are ten vital features of tala that are taken care of :

# ''kāla'' or beats
# ''mārga'' or inter-beat transitions
# kriyā or hand movements
# ''anga''
# ''graha''
# ''jāti''
# ''kalā''
# ''laya''
# ''jati''
# ''prastāra''

The kriyas are either ''nisabda'', that is without-sound or ''sasabda'', with sound. The ''nisabda'' or soundless kriyas are demonstrated by four types of motions; there is no stroke. The ''sasabda'' or sounded kriyas are created by striking a membrane. Apart from these, there are eight ''desi-kriya''s.<ref name=":1" /> The regional terminology used in the Mrudanga's context are ''kalā, ansā, māna, aḍasā, bhaunri, bhaunri aḍasā, tāli, khāli, phānka, bāṇi, ukuṭa, pāṭa, chhanda, bhangi,'' etc.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hota |first=Dr. Damodar |title=Sangita Sastra |publisher=Swara-Ranga |year=2005 |edition=2 |volume=1 |location=Bhubaneswar |pages=90–100 |language=or |author-link=Damodar Hota}}</ref>

Though several hundred talas are defined in treatises, some are more common : ''ekatāli, khemaṭā'' or ''jhulā, rūpaka, tripaṭā, jhampā, āḍatāli, jati, āditala, maṭhā''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hota |first=Dr. Damodar |title=Udra Paddhatiya Sangita |publisher=Swara-Ranga |year=2012 |volume=2 |location=Bhubaneswar |pages=18–19 |language=or |author-link=Damodar Hota}}</ref> Other talas that are also used are ''sarimāna,'' ''nihsāri'', ''kuḍuka, aḍḍa, duāḍamāna, upāḍḍa, panchutāla (nabapanchu tala), paḍitāla, pahapaṭa, aṭṭatāla, āṭhatāli'' and ''jagannātha tāla.'' The talas have a characteristic swing that is typical of and universally found in Odissi music. The details of some major talas are listed below.<ref name=":1" />
{| class="wikitable"
!
!Tala
!Matra
!Bibhaga
!Chhanda
|-
|1
|''ekatāli''
|4
|1
|4
|-
|2
|''khemaṭā''
|6
|2
|3 + 3
|-
|3
|''rūpaka''
|6
|2
|2 + 4
|-
|4
|''tripaṭā''
|7
|3
|3+ 2 + 2
|-
|5
|''jhampā''
|10
|4
|2 + 3 + 2 + 3
|-
|6
|''āḍatāli''
|14
|4
|4 + 3 + 4 + 3
|-
|7
|''jati''
|14
|4
|3 + 4 + 3 + 4
|-
|8
|''sarimāna''
|14
|4
|4 + 2 + 4 + 4
|-
|9
|''nihsāri''
|10
|4
|3 + 2 + 3 + 2
|}

=== Padi ===
An exclusive technique called ''paḍi'' is frequently employed in traditional Odissi songs. This is composed within the fixed prosody of the respective song. The ''padi'' is repeated in several different talas, layas and from different matras. Kabichandra Dr. [[Kalicharan Pattnaik|Kali Charan Patnaik]] calls this feature 'the lifeline of Odissi music'.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

* [[Odissi music]]
* [[Odissi|Odissi dance]]
* [[Mardala]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Odissi music}}{{Odia culture}}{{Indian musical instruments|state=autocollapse}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Music of Odisha]]
[[Category:Odissi music]]

Sembanur

2025-08-17T20:19:27Z

ContactBot: Created Pg

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sembanur
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| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
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| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
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| coordinates = {{coord|10.00|N|78.631|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India

| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]

| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
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| subdivision_name2 = [[Sivaganga district|Sivaganga]]
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| area_footnotes =
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| population_as_of = 2011
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
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'''Sembanur''' (or '''Sembanoor''') is a village located in the [[Sivaganga District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/sivaganga-school-honours-phc-doctor-on-republic-day/articleshow/80465156.cms|title=Sivaganga schools honours PHC doctor on Republic Day|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 January 2021|first=Sukshma|last=Radhakrishnan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/city/sivagangai/child-died-and-was-born-after-a-cleaner-attended-delivery-of-pregnant-woman-at-sivagangai-sembanur-government-primary-health-centre/articleshow/95959080.cms?trc_source=TaboolaExploreMore|title=கர்ப்பிணிக்கு பிரசவம் பார்த்த துப்புரவு பணியாளர்.. குழந்தை இறந்து பிறந்த கொடூரம்.. சிவகங்கையில் பகீர் சம்பவம்!|language=ta|trans-title=The cleaning worker who saw the delivery of the pregnant woman.. The brutality of the child's stillbirth.. Bagheer incident in Sivagangai!|date=3 December 2022|work=[[The Times of India|Times of India Samayam]]|first=Poorani|last=Lakshmanasamy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/markets/sebi-s-largest-property-fire-sale-crosses-the-first-hurdle-116091700730_1.html|title=Sebi's largest property fire sale crosses the first hurdle|date=17 September 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|first=N. Sundaresha|last=Subramanian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/tamil-nadu/sivaganga/sembanur-pincode-630313.html|title=Sembanur Pin Code|work=[[ABP Live]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tntemplesproject.in/2021/12/19/kandeeswarar-sembanur-sivaganga/|title=Kandeeswarar, Sembanur, Sivaganga|work=TN Temples Project}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/statescan/2023/01/14/jallikattu-2023-legal-issues-bull-breeds.html|title=Why this year's Jallikattu season is crucial|date=22 January 2023|first=Lakshmi|last=Subramanian|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chettinad Villages}}

[[Category:Villages in Sivaganga district]]

{{Sivagangai-geo-stub}}

Zee Marathi Awards 2015

2025-07-25T12:48:36Z

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#Redirect [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards#2015]]

Nagau, Uttar Pradesh

2025-01-09T01:22:14Z

ContactBot: Started page!

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{for|the mountain range in Pakistan|Nagau}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nagau
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
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| image_skyline =
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| image_map = Firozabad block Nagau.png
| map_caption = Map showing Nagau in Firozabad block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
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| coordinates = {{coord|27.18963|N|78.32595|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
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| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
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| elevation_footnotes =
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| population_as_of = 2011
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| demographics_type1 =
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}}
'''Nagau''' ({{IAST|Nāgaū}}) is a village in [[Firozabad]] block of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. As of 2011, it had a population of 4,144, in 676 households.

== Geography ==
Nagau is located northwest of Firozabad, with [[National Highway 2 (India, old numbering)|the old NH 2]] a bit to the north of the village. Along the highway, the village of [[Usaini]] is northwest of Nagau, while [[Alinagar Kenjra]] is to the southeast. South of the highway, the village of [[Salempur Nagla Khar]] is to the northwest of Nagau, and [[Ulau]] is to the southwest. The Nagau distributary canal passes by Nagau on the east.<ref name="Survey of India map G44A8">{{cite map |author=[[Survey of India]] |title=Open Series Map No. G44A8 |date=2005 |scale=1:50,000 |type=[[Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system|Universal Transverse Mercator]] projection |edition=1st}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Nagau had a population of 4,144, in 676 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|119}} This population was 53.8% male (2,230) and 46.2% female (1,914). The 0–6 age group numbered 616 (331 male and 285 female), making up 14.9% of the total population. 1,967 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 47.5% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|110-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Nagau as having a population of 2,243 people (1,250 male and 993 female), in 358 households and 358 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|190-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Nagau as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 1,531 people (822 male and 709 female), in 250 households and 142 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 992 acres and it had a medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xciv}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Nagau had 2 primary schools; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/bore well; there were no public toilets. The village did not have a post office or public library; there was at least some access to electricity for residential and agricultural (but not commercial) purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|119-24}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]

Dalavai Chalapathi Rao

2024-01-27T19:44:35Z

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{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dalavai Chalapathi Rao
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Anantapur]] district, [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Puppet artisan
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
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| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = National award, 1988 [[Padma Shri]] award, 2020
}}
'''Dalavai Chalapathi Rao''' is a leather puppet artisan from [[Anantapur]] district, [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/171016/poverty-turns-puppet-show-artistes-into-farmhands-in-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Poverty turns puppet show artistes into farmhands in Andhra Pradesh|last=Nagabhushanam|first=Hoskote|date=2016-10-17|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> He received the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2020 for his efforts in leather puppet art.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/this-award-is-special-says-leather-puppetry-artist/article30655352.ece|title=Padma Awards 2020: This award is special, says Andhra Pradesh leather puppetry artist Dalavai Chalapathi Rao|last=Susarla|first=Ramesh|date=2020-01-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/sindhu-4-others-from-telangana-and-andhra-pradesh-get-padma-honour/articleshow/73629881.cms|title=PV Sindhu, 4 others from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh get Padma honour|date=26 January 2020|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/performing-arts-thespians-craftsmen-among-25-conferred-padma-awards/1717794|title=Performing arts: Thespians, craftsmen among 25 conferred Padma awards|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chaibisket.com/padma-awards-2020/|title=Padma Awards 2020: Here Is The Complete List Of Winners|last=Kavuluru|first=Madhav Jaswanth|website=Chai Bisket|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-26|archive-date=18 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818204542/https://chaibisket.com/padma-awards-2020/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/from-mary-kom-to-anand-mahindra-and-karan-johar-heres-the-full-list-of-padma-awardees-2473323.html|title=From Mary Kom to Anand Mahindra and Karan Johar: Here's The Full List of Padma Awardees|website=News18|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>

==Early life and background==
Dalavai Chalapathi Rao was born in 1936. He started his journey in puppet-making at the age of 13 as this art is mostly a family affair. He had learned the art from his father Khade Rao and for 40 years gave several shows, mostly on mythological themes. Later he underwent formal training in the craft.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Susarla |first1=Ramesh |title=Padma Awards 2020: This award is special, says Andhra Pradesh leather puppetry artist Dalavai Chalapathi Rao |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/this-award-is-special-says-leather-puppetry-artist/article30655352.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He lives in Nimmalakunta village of [[Dharmavaram, Anantapur district|Dharmavaram]] mandal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/vijayawada/2020/jan/26/two-from-andhra-pradesh-among-padma-shri-awardees-2094731.html|title=Two from Andhra Pradesh among Padma Shri awardees|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> In 1988 he received a national award for his art and in 2016 he received the [[Kala Ratna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/andhra-pradesh/news/yadla-gopal-rao-and-dalavai-chalapathi-rao-from-andhra-wins-padma-shri/articleshow/73626647.cms|title=మన కళాకారులకు ‘పద్మ శ్రీ’.. యడ్ల గోపాలరావు, దళవాయి చలపతి రావు వివరాలివే..|date=2020-01-26|website=Samayam Telugu|language=te|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/andhra/find-out-who-padmashri-received-gopalarao-dalavai-chalapathi-rao-38337|title=పద్మశ్రీ అందుకున్నయడ్ల గోపాలరావు, దలవాయి చలపతిరావు ఎవరో తెలుసుకోండి !|last=Krishna|date=2020-01-26|website=www.hmtvlive.com|language=te|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref>

==Awards==
* '''1988''': National award in 1988.
* '''2020''': [[Padma Shri]] award in 2020 for his efforts in leather puppet art.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chalapathi Rao, Dalavai}}
[[Category:People from Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Rayalaseema]]
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[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
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[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Muse Mary George

2023-10-01T03:18:00Z

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{{Short description|Indian writer and academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Notability|Biography|date=April 2022}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Muse Mary George
|image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|03|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanjirappally]], [[Kottayam district]]
| education = PhD
| occupation = Critic, poet, teacher
| children =
| parents =
| spouse =Mathew Jacob
| awards =
}}

'''Prof Dr Muse Mary George''' (born 12 March 1965) is a [[Malayalam]] writer, [[literary]] critic, and [[educationist]]. She published more than 50 articles and poems in magazines. She worked as a columnist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/manorama-books/2020/06/22/kavithamazha-muse-mary-george.html|title=മനോരമ ബുക്സ് കവിത മഴയിൽ മ്യൂസ് മേരി ജോർജ്|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/220416/dgp-jacob-thomas-leads-front-against-graft.html|title = DGP Jacob Thomas leads front against graft|date = 22 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/interviews/writer-and-orator-muse-mary-farewell-in-teaching-uc-college-aluva-1.5559524|title = എന്നു നിങ്ങളുടെ മ്യൂസ് മേരി}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/sep/09/honour-for-writer-hareesh-ex-minister-sivadasa-menon-2356192.html|title = Honour for writer Hareesh, ex-minister Sivadasa Menon}}</ref> Muse worked as a professor in the Department of Malayalam at [[Union Christian College, Aluva]]. Muse Mary's collections of poems include "Ispadu Rani" and "Rahasyandriyangal". She works as director of [[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]]

==Books==
* ''Streepaksha Madhyama Padanangal'' (Ed) – Current books, Kottayam
* ''Ispedu Rani'' (Collection of Poems) -Grey Friars Publications
* ''Malayalam Intercom'' – DC Books, Kottayam
* ''Rahasya Indriyangal'' (Collection of Poems)- Fabian books
* ''Streeye Enikkum Ninakkum Enthu?'' -Christava Sahithya Samithy
* ''Utaladhikaram'' – Olive Publications
* ''Mercury Jeevithathinte Resamapini'' -Sahithya Pravarthak co-operative Society
* ''Disgrace'' (Translation) – DC Books
* ''Pazhaya Kruthi Puthiya Vayana'' – Study Ancient Malayalam Books, Published by dept of Malayalam
* ''Gender / Linga Padhavi'' – Published by Dept of Malayalam
* ''Uppu Tharisse'' – (Collection of Poems) Published by DC Books, Kottayam
* ''Mary's Musings'' – (Essays) Published by Saikatham Books, Kothamangalam

==Recognition==
* 1993-Assissi Literary Award
* 2012– Mahilathilakam Award by Social Welfare Dept Govt of Kerala
* 2015– M.P.Paul Research Award for supervising the best dissertation
* 2018– Sahodharan Ayyappan Award

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*മനോരമ ബുക്സ് കവിത മഴയിൽ മ്യൂസ് മേരി ജോർജ്...[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/manorama-books/2020/06/22/kavithamazha-muse-mary-george.html മനോരമ ബുക്സ് കവിത മഴയിൽ മ്യൂസ് മേരി ജോർജ്]
*എന്നു നിങ്ങളുടെ മ്യൂസ് മേരി..[https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/interviews/writer-and-orator-muse-mary-farewell-in-teaching-uc-college-aluva-1.5559524 എന്നു നിങ്ങളുടെ മ്യൂസ് മേരി]
* [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/220416/dgp-jacob-thomas-leads-front-against-graft.html DGP Jacob Thomas leads front against graft]
* വാക്കു മുറിയാതേം, നടു കുനിയാതേം വന്നുനിന്ന് വര്‍ത്തമാനം പറയുന്ന കവിതകള്‍..[https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/bookreview/2021/06/17/upputharissu-book-written-by-muse-mary.html വാക്കു മുറിയാതേം, നടു കുനിയാതേം വന്നുനിന്ന് വര്‍ത്തമാനം പറയുന്ന കവിതകള്‍]
*{{Cite web|url=http://malayalamuniversity.edu.in/en/sahithi-2016|title=Sahithi 2016 | Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|website=Sahithi 2016 | Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://musemarygeorge.uccollege.edu.in/|title=Muse Mary George – Associate Professor, Dept. of Malayalam}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Muse Mary, George}}
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[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
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[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
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[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:Educators from Kerala]]
[[Category:21st-century women educators]]

Vijainagar, Ajmer

2022-08-07T05:38:22Z

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Bachchan 2

2022-07-09T04:34:17Z

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Secunderabad Cantonment (SC) (Assembly constituency)

2022-05-02T11:31:56Z

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