https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ConradQ41114Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-07T08:33:38ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolathur_Assembly_constituency&diff=510313Kolathur Assembly constituency2026-05-07T21:08:04Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding a details</p>
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<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{For|the defunct constituency in Tamil Nadu|Kolathur, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kolathur<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 13<br />
| map_image = File:Constitution-Kolathur.svg<br />
| mla = [[V. S. Babu]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| preceded_by = [[M. K. Stalin]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = 211,772<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''[[Kolathur, Chennai|Kolathur]] State Assembly constituency''' ({{langx|ta|கொளத்தூர் சட்டமன்றத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 234 [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern [[India]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 13. It is also one of the six state legislative assembly constituencies included in [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]]. This constituency is represented by [[V. S. Babu|V.S.Babu]] of [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] who defeated the incumbent chief minister [[M. K. Stalin|M.K.Stalin]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] in the 2026 Assembly elections<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|45.09}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.86}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.25}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.35}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolathur<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2213.htm</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. S. Babu]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=82997|percentage=45.09|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Stalin ]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=74,202|percentage=40.32|change=-20.54}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Santhana Krishnan|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=18,430|percentage=10.01|change=-10.26}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Soundarapandian Loutherseth|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=5,046|percentage=2.74|change=-3.78}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=892|percentage=0.48|change=-0.40}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= 8,795|percentage=4.78 |change=-35.81}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,84,051|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing=+45.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolathur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Stalin]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=105,522 |percentage=60.86 |change=6.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aadi Rajaram|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=35,138|percentage=20.27|change=-11.56}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Jagadish Kumar|party=Makkal Needhi Maiam|votes=14,210|percentage=8.20|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Camilus Selva|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=11,304|percentage=6.52|change=4.84}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=1,529|percentage=0.88|change=-1.23}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. J. S. Jamal Mohamed Meera|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,295|percentage=0.75|change=0.49}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Arumugam|party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=1,081|percentage=0.62|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70,384 |percentage=40.59 |change=18.18 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=173,388|percentage=61.68|change=-3.10}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=373|percentage=0.22}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 281,128 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 6.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolathur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf |access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC20WISE20CANDIDATE20COUNT.pdf |title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Stalin]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,303 |percentage=54.25 |change={{increase}}5.89 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. C. D. Prabhakar]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=53,573|percentage=31.83|change={{decrease}}14.60}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Mathivanan|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=6,276|percentage=3.73|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Raghavan|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,289|percentage=3.14|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above|party=None of the above|votes=3,554|percentage=2.11|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gopal|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=3,022|percentage=1.80|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Xavier Felix|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=2,827|percentage=1.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,730 |percentage=22.42 |change=20.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=168,308|percentage=64.77|change=-3.50}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 259,843 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kolathur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Assembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. K. Stalin]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,677 |percentage=48.35 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Saidai Duraisamy]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=65,943|percentage=46.43|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Armstrong]]|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,004|percentage=2.82|change=}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,734 |percentage=1.92 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=208,018|percentage=68.28|change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,028 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
*{{cite web |url= http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/BLO_list/ac013.pdf | title= Kolathur Constituency Polling Area |publisher= Tamil Nadu Election Commission}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coord|11.51|N|77.45|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Chennai district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mrinal_Pande&diff=518631Mrinal Pande2026-04-29T04:43:29Z<p>ConradQ41114: starting first info v1...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Writer, journalist, editor, media personality}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|image = Mrinal Pande.jpg<br />
|imagesize = 250px |<br />
| name = Mrinal Pande<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1946|2|26}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Tikamgarh]], [[Central India Agency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]])<br />
| height = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| yearsactive = 1967–present<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| occupation = Hindi story writer, editor, columnist, essayist<br />
| othername = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]<br />
[[George Washington University]]<br />
| website =<br />
| known_for = <br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mrinal Pande''' (born 26 February 1946) is an Indian [[television personality]], journalist and author, and until 2009 chief editor of [[Hindi]] daily ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Pande was born in [[Tikamgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], 26 February 1946.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} She studied initially at [[Nainital]] and then completed her [[master's degree]] from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]].<ref name=abhi>[http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/m/mrinalpandey.htm Mrinal Pandey Profile] www.abhivyakti-hindi.org.</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In her report on the life of indian women in the countryside (2003), she criticizes the widespread taboo in India of everything to do with the body and sexuality.<ref>Cornelia Zetzsche (ed.), ''Geschichten aus dem modernen Indien.'' Frankfurt (Main) 2006, p. 93.</ref><br />
<br />
In 1983, she published her short story, "Girls" in the Hindi weekly ''[[Dharmyug]]'', and in [[English language]] translation in the weekly ''[[Manushi]]'' in the same year.<br />
<br />
She was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2006 for her services in the field of journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MRINAL PANDE |date=17 September 2013 |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/mrinal-pande-3543}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*''Devi'', Tales of the Goddess in our time; 2000, Viking/Penguin.<br />
*''Daughter's Daughter'', 1993. Penguin Books.<ref>[http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/AuthorSelect.asp?Author=Mrinal+Pande Mrinal Pande Books] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119080051/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/Authorselect.asp?Author=Mrinal+Pande |date=19 November 2008 }}</ref><br />
*''That Which Ram Hath Ordained'', 1993, Seagull Books.<ref>[http://books.rediff.com/bookshop/buyersearch.jsp?lookfor=Mrinal%20Pande&search=1 Mrinal Pande Books]</ref><br />
*''The Subject is Woman'', 1991. Sanchar Publishing House, New Delhi.<br />
*''My Own Witness'', 2001, Penguin, New Delhi,{{ISBN|0-14-029731-6}}.#<br />
*''Stepping Out · Life and Sexuality in Rural India'', 2003, Gardners Books.<br />
*''[[The Other Country: Dispatches from the Mofussil]]'', 2012, Penguin, New Delhi.<br />
*''<bdi>Sahela Re</bdi> <bdi>- A Novel,</bdi>'' <bdi>2023, Harper Perennial India</bdi><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Paramita |date=2023-08-02 |title=For the record: Mrinal Pande on her new book 'Sahela Re' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/Aug/02/for-the-recordmrinal-pande-on-her-new-book-sahela-re-2600996.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian writers]]<br />
* [[Kumauni people]]<br />
*<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20080323152533/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2002/02/03/stories/2002020300200400.htm A price for life, an article in ''The Hindu'']}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091120041153/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/18/stories/2009111854990800.htm The hindi media and an unreal discourse an article in ''The Hindu'']<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article51034.ece The games of masking from reality an article in ''The Hindu'']<br />
<br />
===Works online===<br />
* [http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/kahaniyan/2001/chimgadadein/chim1.htm ''Chimgadadein'', a short story by Mrinal Pande]<br />
* [http://www.littlemag.com/jan-feb01/mrinal.html 'Bitch', a short story by Mrinal Pande]<br />
* [http://www.littlemag.com/2000/bibbo.htm ''Bibbo'', a short story by Mrinal Pande]<br />
* [http://www.unesco.org/courier/2000_06/uk/doss24.htm Mrinal Pande's article: India’s nurseries of politics]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110711211849/http://www.livemint.com/Articles/Authors.aspx?author=Mrinal%20Pande&type=wa Mrinal Pande columns] at ''[[Mint (newspaper)]]''<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature|journalism}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pande, Mrinal}}<br />
[[Category:1946 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women newspaper editors]]<br />
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian columnists]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panvel_railway_station&diff=524274Panvel railway station2026-04-26T14:58:32Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Mumbai, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<br>Panvel<br />
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station<br />
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway<br />
| image = Panvel railway station - Entrance.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Panvel railway station – Suburban entrance<br />
| address = Panvel - Navi Mumbai<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.98932|N|73.12229|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|12.175|m|ft}}<br />
| line = [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour line]], [[Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans-Harbour line]], [[Vasai Road–Roha line]], [[Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor]]<br />
| structure = Standard on-ground station<br />
| platform = 7 (including 4 [[island platform]] and 3 [[side platform|end platform]])+3 (under construction)<ref name=cidd/><br />
| tracks = 10<br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| accessible = <br />
| bicycle = <br />
| levels = <br />
| code = PL<!--station code is NOT PN-->{{small|([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]])}}<br>PNVL {{small|([[Indian Railways|mainline]])}}<br />
| zone = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]<br />
| closed = <br />
| former = <br />
| opened = 1962<br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| status = Active<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| passengers = 1 million<ref>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Develop-Panvel-station-in-one-stretch-to-avoid-encroachment/articleshow/24790383.cms| title=Develop Panvel station in one stretch to avoid encroachment| work=[[Times of India]]| date=28 October 2013| access-date=23 February 2016| author=Sandeep Shivadekar}}</ref><br />
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]] and [[CIDCO]]<ref name=cidd>{{cite web| url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/NM_Railway_Infrastuture.aspx#middel| title=NM Railway Infrastructure| publisher=[[CIDCO]]| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref><br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = 2013<br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway<br />
|line1=Harbour|left1=Khandeshwar|type1=Panvel <br />
|line2=Trans-Harbour|left2=Khandeshwar|type2=Panvel<br />
|line3=Vasai Road-Roha|left3=Kalamboli|right3=Somatne}}<br />
| map_type = India<br />
| map_dot_label = Panvel<br />
| route_map = {{MSR Harbour line}}{{MSR Vasai Road–Roha line}}{{MSR Panvel-Karjat Railway Corridor}}<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| map_state = Maharashtra<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Panvel''' railway station, station code is: '''PL'''<!--station code is NOT PN--> {{small|([[Mumbai Suburban Railway|suburban]])}}/'''PNVL''' {{small|([[Indian Railways|mainline]])}}) is a railway station on the [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour line]] and [[Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Central line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network, in India.<br />
<br />
The station inter-connects to the proposed [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]].<ref name=connct>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/High-speed-rail-corridor-from-CST-to-new-airport-will-now-run-along-Palm-Beach-Rd/articleshow/50747946.cms| title=High-speed rail corridor from CST to new airport will now run along Palm Beach Rd| work=[[Times of India]]| date=27 January 2016| access-date=23 February 2016| author=Manthank Mehta}}</ref> Panvel station was originally opened as a [[rail freight transport]] in 1962, for limited service to [[Diva Junction railway station]]. Regular commuter service began in 1964 for passengers headed to {{stnlnk|Khopoli}}.<ref name=pnv>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-panvel-diva-rail-section-turns-50-1942262| title=Panvel–Diva rail section turns 50| work=[[DNA India]]| date=29 December 2013| access-date=22 February 2016| author=Amit Shrivastava}}</ref><br />
<br />
Inbound and outbound trains shares a twelve-car platform on the inbound track, requiring Panvel passengers to embark or debark from the forthcoming coaches of outbound trains or the rear coaches of inbound trains. Panvel also serves a parallel route for {{stnlnk|Karjat}} which is known as the Panvel–Karjat route.<ref name=panukar/> The route has been set up for cargo services travelling from Karjat} to Navi Mumbai. An in-development terminus of the station had been proposed in 2007.<ref name=pter>{{cite web| url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/CR-revives-2007-plan-to-make-Panvel-station-a-terminus/articleshow/48508270.cms| title=CR Revives 2007 Plan to Make Panvel Station a Terminus| work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]| date=17 August 2015| access-date=22 February 2016| author=Rajendra B. Aklekar}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] buses from the station run in both Old and [[New Panvel]]. it is expected to increase ridership at Old Panvel from 94% total daily boardings and alightings.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/NMMT-launches-bus-service-from-railway-station-to-Old-Panvel/articleshow/49293103.cms| title=NMMT launches bus service from railway station to Old Panvel| work=[[Times of India]]| date=10 October 2015| access-date=22 February 2016| author=TNN}}</ref> After the success of the bus services, NMMT proposed to expand the bus services from the station.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Panvel-to-get-new-bus-route-from-Oct-6/articleshow/49218361.cms| title=Panvel to get new bus route from Oct 6| work=[[Times of India]]| date=5 October 2015| access-date=23 February 2016| author=TNN}}</ref><br />
<br />
It Has 4 Platforms for Suburban Traffic out which 2 have been closed for the WDFC. As a replacement 2 more platforms will be constructed in the far west of the station. One is already operational while second's construction would start shortly.<br />
<br />
The remaining 3 are for the mainline Central Railways. PF 5 is for Trains going towards Diva/Vasai Road/Kalyan. PF 6 is for Trains terminating here, Trains going towards Roha, or for trains going to Vasai Road/Kalyan/Diva. PF 7 is for trains going towards Roha or Konkan railway.<br />
<br />
It handles 2 [[Rajdhani Express]]<br />
<br />
*12431/12432 [[Thiruvananthapuram Rajdhani Express]]<br />
*22413/22414 [[Madgaon Rajdhani Express]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Inauguration===<br />
The station was introduced as the [[Vasai Road–Roha line|Panvel–Diva railway line]], serving as [[rail freight transport]] in 1962 and was used for [[cargo]] services. The [[Indian Railways]] ministry had commissioned the independent commuter railway services in 1964.<ref name=pnv/> In addition, a number of development activities have been conducted, including track expansions, electrification of the coaches and addition of long-route express trains.<br />
<br />
===Proposed terminus development===<br />
In 2007, the [[Central Railways]] ministries had proposed to develop a terminus, serving the inbound and outbound long distance [[express train]]s.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cr-plans-terminus-for-panvel-to-decongest-mumbai/story-OEgYqDCDLegmte0YMBW4LP.html| title=CR plans terminus for Panvel to decongest Mumbai| work=[[Hindustan Times]]| date=6 May 2007| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> According to the general manager, V. K. Kaul, it was announced that the project will be developed with an expenditure of {{INRConvert|22|c}}.<ref name=pter/> [[City and Industrial Development Corporation]] (CIDCO) stated that the corporation also has a two-thirds of expenditure on the project and the CR has the major expenditure plan. However, in 2015 the project was re-announced with a total expenditure of {{INRConvert|126|c}} from the CR ministries.<ref name=proposed>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Panvel-revamp-on-track-to-be-rail-terminus-by-2018-says-CR/articleshow/49342471.cms| title=Panvel revamp on track, to be rail terminus by 2018, says CR| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=14 October 2015| access-date=22 February 2016| author=TNN}}</ref> The CR ministries also stated that the development of the terminus will be completed in 2018.<ref name=proposed/> The terminus also consists two separate platforms for the express trains.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/panvel-railway-station-to-be-remodelled/346884| title=Panvel railway station to be remodelled| work=[[Free Press Journal]]| date=29 April 2014| access-date=22 February 2016| author=Iram Siddiqui}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Major trains ==<br />
The train which originates from Panvel Junction are :<br />
<br />
* [[Panvel–Alipurduar Amrit Bharat Express]] (11031/11032)<br />
<br />
* [[Gorakhpur–Panvel Express (via Barhni)]] (15065/15066)<br />
<br />
* [[Panvel–Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]] (17613/17614)<br />
<br />
==Services and further development==<br />
===CIDCO corridor project===<br />
CIDCO has implemented a six-corridor railway project including the Mankhurd–Belapur–Panvel Railway Line and Panvel/Belapur–Uran Railway Line. The project will be developed with an expenditure on a ratio of 67:33; {{INRConvert|466|c}} from Indian Railways and {{INRConvert|946|c}} from CIDCO,<ref name=prop/> covering a length of {{convert|200|km|mi}} and occupying 900 hectares of land.<ref name=cidd/><br />
<br />
The Mankhurd–Belapur–Panvel Railway Corridor Line was first commissioned on 25 January 1995 as a single line connecting to [[Khandeshwar railway station|Khandeshwar station]] from [[CBD Belapur railway station|CBD Belapur station]]. The line was subsequently expanded to Panvel on 29 June 1998. On 14 April 2000, the line got subsequently expanded as double line services from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]] to Panvel.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cidco.maharashtra.gov.in/rti_pdf/Belapur-panvel_line.pdf| title=Belapur-Panvel Railway Line| publisher=[[CIDCO]]| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Panvel/Belapur–Uran Corridor Line was originally planned in 1996, but later it was halted for unknown reasons in 2008.<ref name=prop>{{cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/cidco-begins-work-on-nerul-uran-rail-link/story-i8PQsLnl5MUiU1ZeY1oLqI.html| title=Cidco begins work on Nerul–Uran rail link| work=[[Hindustan Times]]| date=31 October 2011| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> According to the 2009 reports, the expenses of the project was around {{INRConvert|1412.17|c}}, including the expenses of constructing foot-over bridges and installation of railway network for Belapur station from the proposed station Sagarganga (Kille).<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nerul-uran-rail-corridor-gets-cidco-push-1845988| title=NERUL-URAN RAIL CORRIDOR GETS CIDCO PUSH| work=[[DNA India]]| date=10 June 2013| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> The planned stations between the route including Seawoods Darave, Sagar Sangam, Targhar, Bamandongri, Kharkopar, Gavhan, Shematikhar, Nhava Sheva, Dronagiri and Uran with a length of {{convert|27|km|mi}}, will be developed in the first phase of the project in 2017.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/phase-2-of-nerul-uran-corridor-could-be-completed-by-2018/15889178| title=Phase 2 of Nerul-Uran corridor could be completed by 2018| work=[[Mid-Day]]| date=5 January 2015| access-date=23 February 2016| author=Ankoor Anvekar}}</ref> Due to the scarcity of the land required for the tracks development, a {{convert|4|km|mi}} of forest land between Gavhan and Shematikhar stations will be acquired by the corporation for phase 2 of the development.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/keep-it-simple-cidco-tells-architects-for-stations-on-seawoods-uran-rail-corridor/16578182| title=Keep it simple: CIDCO tells architects for stations on Seawoods-Uran rail corridor| work=[[Mid-Day]]| date=2 October 2015| access-date=23 February 2016| author=Ankoor Anvekar}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Implementation of shuttle train services===<br />
In 2006, the Central Railways ministries had proposed the [[shuttle train]] services between Karjat station and Panvel. The plan was implemented as the cargo service trains uses the single track of the Panvel–Karjat route.<ref name=panukar>{{cite web| url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/CR-plans-shuttle-service-between-Panvel-and-Karjat/articleshow/15666890.cms| title=CR Plans Shuttle Service Between Panvel and Karjat| work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]| date=25 December 2006| access-date=23 February 2016| author=Binoo Nair}}</ref> In October 2015, the shuttle train services were started between Diva station and Panvel on the trial basis. Due to the establishment of shuttle train services, the commuters from the New Panvel can travel directly to Diva.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/shuttle-services-start-between-diva-and-panvel/| title=Shuttle services start between Diva and Panvel| work=[[The Indian Express]]| date=2 October 2015| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/mumbai/politics/diva-panvel-shuttle-from-october-1/articleshow/49142522.cms| title=Diva Panvel shuttle from 1 October (Hindi)| work=[[Navbharat Times]]| date=29 September 2015| access-date=23 February 2016}}</ref> A new [[shuttle train]] service is going to be commissioned between Panvel and Bhiwandi / Vasai / Virar stations which is a 70&nbsp;km project. Currently,{{when|date=November 2018}} there are 13 stations on this route. 11 more stations are to be built after the project commences.<br />
<br />
===Track elevation===<br />
In 2012, CIDCO had proposed a {{convert|25|km|mi}} metro corridor of [[Navi Mumbai Metro]], linking from Belapur to the proposed [[Navi Mumbai International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cidco-takes-navi-mumbai-metro-plan-ahead-1667823| title=CIDCO TAKES NAVI MUMBAI METRO PLAN AHEAD| work=[[DNA India]]| date=27 March 2012| access-date=26 February 2016| author=Rahul Gadpale}}</ref><br />
<br />
However, in January 2016, the CST-Panvel elevated corridor project was proposed by [[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]] (MVRC) to connect the route along [[Palm Beach Marg]] to the proposed international airport. The corridor, although was originally proposed to link the parallel route between {{stnlnk|Reay Road}} and Panvel.<ref name=connct/> The report was revised in February 2016 of the project and was stated that the corridor will be integrated with the [[Navi Mumbai Metro]], connecting the [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] to the proposed airport.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/cst-panvel-elevated-corridor-fast-corridor-to-take-a-detour-via-palm-beach-road/16990161| title=CST-Panvel elevated corridor: Fast corridor to take a detour via Palm Beach Road| work=[[Mid-Day]]| date=26 February 2016| author=Shashank Rao}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/news/elevated-rail-corridors-will-take-off-in-mumbai/article8283862.ece| title=Elevated rail corridors will take off in Mumbai| work=[[The Hindu]]| date=26 February 2016| author=Rahi Gaikwad}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2014, it was announced that the Panvel–Karjat route will get track extension under the phase 3 of the [[Mumbai Urban Transport Project]] scheme with an expenditure of {{INRConvert|1809|c}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/state-approves-two-railway-projects-worth-rs-1809-crore/15387178| title=State approves two railway projects worth Rs 1,809 crore| work=[[Mid-Day]]| date=18 June 2014| access-date=24 February 2016| author=Ravikiran Deshmukh}}</ref> In February 2015, MVRC approved the extension of tracks with an expenditure of {{INRConvert|2024|c}}; reducing the distance of the route to {{convert|78|km|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/Two-rail-projects-to-save-time-for-Karjat-Kalyan-commuters/articleshow/46401127.cms| title=Two rail projects to save time for Karjat, Kalyan commuters| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=28 February 2015| access-date=26 February 2016| author=Sanjay Banerjee}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Bus connections==<br />
The station serves as the major hub from the [[Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport]] (NMMT) bus routes serving the Navi Mumbai areas. In August 2015, NMMT and Panvel City Municipal Corporation (PCMC) had implemented to start the bus services serving the three major parts of the city from the station, including Sai Nagar, Uran Naka and Palaspa Phata.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/navi-mumbai/NMMT-to-start-city-bus-service-in-Panvel/articleshow/48725625.cms| title=NMMT to start city bus service in Panvel| work=[[Times of India]]| date=30 August 2015| access-date=23 February 2016| author=U.K Nambiar}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Route (from)<br />
!Bus no.<br />
!Route (to)<br />
|-<br />
|Panvel station<br />
|111<br />
|[[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]<br />
|-<br />
|Vichumbe village<br />
|59<br />
|[[Khandeshwar railway station]] (via New Panvel(east))<br />
|-<br />
|Panvel station<br />
|75<br />
|[[Sai Nagar]](Old Panvel)<br />
|-<br />
|Panvel station<br />
|76<br />
|Karanjade<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Panvel railway station - Outstation Station board.jpg|Panvel railway station – Outstation station board<br />
File:Panvel railway station - Platform board.jpg|Panvel railway station – Platform board<br />
File:Ernakulam–H.Nizamuddin Duronto Express at Panvel railway station.jpg|[[Ernakulam–H.Nizamuddin Duronto Express]] at Panvel railway station<br />
File:Panvel railway station - Local train station board.jpg|Panvel railway station – Local train station board<br />
File:Palm Beach Road, Belapur, Navi Mumbai.jpg|Palm Beach road, binds connectivity points from CSMT to Panvel<br />
File:Panel-Karjat cargo train.jpg|Cargo trains from Panvel to [[Karjat railway station|Karjat]]<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://wikimapia.org/8161698/Panvel-Railway-Station Panvel railway station] at [[Wikimapia]]<br />
<br />
{{Commons category|Panvel railway station}}<br />
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Central}}<br />
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Harbour}}<br />
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Trans-Harbour}}<br />
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Nerul-Uran/Panvel-Karjat}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Raigad district]]<br />
[[Category:Panvel-Roha rail line]]<br />
[[Category:Karjat-Panvel rail line]]<br />
[[Category:Diva-Panvel rail line]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Panvel]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balak_Ram_(idol)&diff=489267Balak Ram (idol)2026-04-25T16:38:51Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started new data!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Child form of Hindu deity Rama}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<!--Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism--><br />
| type = Hindu<br />
| image = PM at the Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Shree Ram Janmaboomi Temple in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on January 22, 2024 (cropped).jpg<br />
| alt = An image of a deity resembling a 5-year-old child Rama, wearing a crown, dressed as a prince, and adorned with ornaments. The deity is sculpted from a black granite stone known locally as ''Krishna Sila'' and is 51 inches tall. The deity holds a bow and an arrow as weapons.<br />
| caption = The central image of the deity at the [[Ram Mandir]] located at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] in Ayodhya<br />
| name = Bālaka Rāma<br />
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Bālakarāma}}<br />
| affiliation = Form of [[Vishnu]]/[[Rama]]<br />
| abode = [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]]<br />
| weapon = Bow and arrow{{efn|The name of Rama's bow is {{IAST|Kodanḍa}} and his arrow is the {{IAST|Rāmabāṇa}} that is supposed to be infallible upon release.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Flipside of Hindu Symbolism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ewRfp4qpvt4C|year=2007|publisher=Fultus Corporation|author=M.K.V. Narayan|isbn=978-1-59682-117-0|page=35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramabana, Rāmabāṇa: 7 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/ramabana|access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Wisdom Library|date=12 May 2018 }}</ref>}}<br />
| other_names = Rāma Lallā Virājamāna<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Balak Ram'''<ref name=NewNameofDeity>{{cite news |editor=HT Newsdesk |date=23 January 2024|title=Ayodhya mandir's new Ram Lalla deity will now be called by this name|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ayodhyas-new-ram-lalla-idol-will-now-be-called-balak-ram-101706003525225.html|work= Hindustan Times|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> ({{Literal translation|Child Rama}}, {{IAST3|Bālakarāma}}), also known as '''Ram Lalla''', is the presiding deity of the [[Ram Mandir]], a prominent [[Hindu]] temple located at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]], the birthplace of the [[Hindu deity]] [[Rama]] in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], [[India]].<ref name=ThirdlargestTempleReference>{{cite news |last=Wattas|first=Rajnish |date=23 January 2024|title=Ram Mandir and Hindu temple architecture|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/ram-mandir-and-hindu-temple-architecture-583811|work= Tribune India|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What Happens To Old Ram Idol Which "Appeared" Inside Babri Masjid In 1949 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-ram-lalla-idol-explainer-in-a-makeshift-tent-since-1949-what-happens-to-old-ram-lalla-idol-now-4915720 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> ''Balak Rama'' is housed in the sacred ''sanctum sanctorum'' ({{IAST|garbha gṛha}}) of the ''Ram Mandir'', a traditional [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara style]] temple.<ref name=IT0124>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-lalla-idol-ram-mandir-arun-yogiraj-ayodhya-2493046-2024-01-24 |title=Ram Lalla gave me the order, I just followed it' Arun Yogiraj on making the deity |newspaper=India Today |date=25 January 2024 |access-date= 25 May 2024}}</ref><ref name = Nagara>{{cite news|date=31 January 2024|title=Why is Ayodhya Ram Mandir built in Nagara style of architecture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/ayodhya-ram-mandir-nagara-style-of-architecture/articleshow/107271908.cms|work= [[Times of India]]|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref> The ''murti (idol)'' was consecrated in an elaborate [[Prana pratishtha]] ceremony on January 22, 2024.<ref name="reuters-Ram">{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=India's Modi leads consecration of Ram temple in Ayodhya|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-counts-down-opening-grand-ram-temple-ayodhya-2024-01-22 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=Reuters |language=en-US|quote="Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi led the consecration on Monday of a grand temple to the Hindu god Lord Ram on a site believed to be his birthplace"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: From 1528 To 2024, A 500-Year Timeline Of Ayodhya Ram Temple |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-explained-from-1528-to-2024-a-500-year-timeline-of-ayodhya-ram-temple-4909652 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Rama is one of the principal [[Hindu deities|deities of Hinduism]] and is traditionally considered by Hindus as the seventh [[avatar]], or incarnation, of [[Vishnu]]. Before the Ram Mandir's consecration, the deity was represented by a set of four metal ''(ashtdhatu)'' idols (for the four brothers ''Ram, Lakshman, Bharat and Shatrughn'') and were known by the name '''{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Rām Lallā Virājamān}}'''. The deities are worshiped alongside ''Balak Ram'' in the same ''sanctum sanctorum (garbha gṛha)'' since they were first placed in the complex in 1949 after their "appearance".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Explained: From 1528 To 2024, A 500-Year Timeline Of Ayodhya Ram Temple |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-explained-from-1528-to-2024-a-500-year-timeline-of-ayodhya-ram-temple-4909652 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327111620/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-ram-temple-explained-from-1528-to-2024-a-500-year-timeline-of-ayodhya-ram-temple-4909652 |archive-date=2025-03-27 |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Balak Ram'' deity represents a five-year-old form of Lord Ram and was prepared by sculptor [[Arun Yogiraj]] adhering to the Shilpa Shashtra, a sacred scripture of the sculpting world.<ref name=IT0124/> On April 17, 2024, the first [[Ram Navami]] (Ram's birth festival) after the consecration of Ayodhya's [[Ram Temple]] with ''Balak Ram'' murti was celebrated by thousands of devotees across India.<ref name = IE18Apr>{{cite news|date=18 April 2024|title=Ayodhya Temple On Ram Navami, ‘Surya Tilak’ shines on Ram Lalla|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ayodhya-temple-on-ram-navami-surya-tilak-shines-on-ram-lalla-9276650/|work=Indian Express|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref> On this occasion, the forehead of the ''Ram Lalla'' idol was anointed with a ray of sunlight, known as {{IAST|Sūrya Tilaka}}.<ref name=NDTV18Apr>{{cite news|date=17 April 2024|title=The Science Behind 'Surya Tilak' Ceremony At Ayodhya's Ram Temple|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-science-behind-surya-tilak-ceremony-at-ayodhyas-ram-temple-5460250 | work=NDTV|access-date=18 April 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Historical background ==<br />
{{See also|Ram Janmabhoomi}}<br />
According to the ''[[Ramayana]]'', Rama was born in [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]].<ref>{{cite book | translator-last1= Shastri | translator-first1= Hari Prasad | date = 1952 | title = The Ramayana of Valmiki | url = http://archive.org/details/TheRamayan | location = London | publisher = Shanti Sadan | page = 42}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-10 |title=Hindus' faith in Lord Ram's birthplace based on 'Valmiki Ramayana', 'Skanda Purana': SC|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/hindus-faith-in-lord-ram-s-birthplace-based-on-valmiki-ramayana-skanda-purana-sc-119111000393_1.html |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The ''[[Babri Masjid|Masjid-i-Janmasthan]]'' (mosque of birthplace) was built by [[Babur]] at the site, allegedly destroying a Hindu temple commemorating Ram's birthplace.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w5SlnZilfMMC|title= The Ethics of Terrorism|publisher= Charles C. Thomas|year=2009|language=English|isbn=978-0-398-07867-6|editor-last1=Gilly|editor-first1=Thomas Albert |editor-last2=Sergevnin|editor-first2=Vladimir|page=25}}</ref> Historical accounts by some European travellers who visited Ayodhya during the [[early modern period]] report that the Hindus believed the mosque and its immediate surroundings to be the exact birthplace of Rama.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |author-link=Meenakshi Jain |title=Rama and Ayodhya |publisher=Aryan Books |location=New Delhi |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-7305-451-8|pages=120–121}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Kishore |last=Kunal |title=Ayodhya Revisited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKKaDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |page=xv|year=2016 |isbn=978-81-8430-357-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8 |title=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-134-60498-2 | last1 = Layton| first1= Robert | last2 = Julian| first2 = Thomas|page=8 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1949, the idols of "Ram Lalla" were placed in the disputed mosque, with some locals claiming that they had miraculously appeared there.<ref name="Godbole 1996">{{cite book | last=Godbole | first=M. | title=Unfinished Innings: Recollections and Reflections of a Civil Servant | publisher=Orient Longman | year=1996 | isbn=978-81-250-0883-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ItQF4g08KbwC&pg=PA332 | access-date=2024-01-04 | pages=332–333 | archive-date=4 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104142502/https://books.google.com/books?id=ItQF4g08KbwC&pg=PA332 | url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, in 1950, the state administration took control of the structure and allowed Hindus to perform worship at the site.<ref name="Chatterji">{{cite book | last=Chatterji | first=Roma | title=Wording the World: Veena Das and Scenes of Inheritance | publisher=Fordham University Press | series=Forms of Living | year=2014 | isbn=978-0-8232-6187-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT408 | page=408 | access-date=22 January 2024 | archive-date=4 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104110659/https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT408 | url-status=live }}</ref> Further, in the 1980s, [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] groups and political parties launched a campaign to construct the Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir ("Rama birthplace temple") at the site.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/what-if-rajiv-hadnt-unlocked-babri-masjid/224878 |title=What If Rajiv Hadn't Unlocked Babri Masjid? |publisher=Outlook |access-date=2012-06-20 |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127100259/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/what-if-rajiv-hadnt-unlocked-babri-masjid/224878 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 6 December 1992, a Hindu nationalist mob destroyed the mosque.<ref name="BBC Ram-1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|title=Ayodhya dispute: The complex legal history of India's holy site|date=16 October 2019 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=17 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017092145/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-50065277|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
As the dispute continued in courts, a survey was conducted by [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] in 2003 on the 2.77-acre disputed land as ordered by the Allahabad High Court. According to BR Mani, who led this survey, there was evidence that a temple of [[Nagara Style]] of North India existed at the place before the construction of the mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Was a temple razed in Ayodhya? What the stones say |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-mandir-temple-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-asi-excavations-babur-ayodhya-archaeological-evidence-history-2494442-2024-01-30 |work=India Today}}</ref> In 2019, the contentious [[Ayodhya dispute]] was settled by the [[Supreme Court of India]], which gave the disputed site to Hindus for a temple, and allotted a separate land to the Muslims for a mosque.<ref name = BBC-Ram-2>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11436552 | publisher=BBC News | title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis | date=30 September 2010 | access-date=9 June 2023 | archive-date=26 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123626/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11436552 | url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[2019 Supreme Court verdict on Ayodhya dispute|Ayodhya verdict]], the construction of the Ram Mandir temple and the choice of the deity of Rama was supervised by [[Shri Ram Janmbhoomi Teerth Kshetra]], a trust that was set up by the [[Indian government]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-05 |title=Explained: What is the Trust set up to build Ram Temple in Ayodhya? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-what-is-the-trust-govt-has-set-up-to-build-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-6252985/ |access-date=2024-01-25 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Naming==<br />
The deity was originally referred to as {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Rām Lallā Virājamān}} until the construction of the Ram Mandir. In the ''{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Kavitāvali}}'', [[Tulsidas]] uses the word {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Rām Lallā}}.<ref>{{cite news |last=Raghuvanshi|first=Umesh |date=10 November 2019|title=Making Ram Lalla a litigant helped in Ayodhya case: Expert|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/making-ram-lalla-a-litigant-helped-win-the-case-expert/story-lHFX4pAgE3JC8QaueL9HJN.html|work= [[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Lāla}} or {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Lallā}} is an affectionate term for children in [[Braj Bhasha]], the language of Tulsidas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lalla, Lallā: 12 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/lalla|access-date=2024-01-25 |website=Wisdom Library|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Psychological Perspectives on Social Issues and Human Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DfPBGZxPgMC|year=2009|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|editor-last1=Tiwari |editor-first1= Ram Kumar|isbn=978-81-8069-612-1|page=63}}</ref> The trust says the deity of the newly constructed Ram Mandir shall be called {{transliteration|hi|ISO|Bālak Rām}} as the name was used by [[Tulsidas]] in the [[Ramcharitmanas|''Rāmacaritamānasa'']].<ref name=NewNameofDeity/><br />
<br />
==Attributes of the ''murti'' (idol) ==<br />
The ''Balak Ram'' ''[[murti]]'' ({{literal translation|idol}}) represents Rama in the form of a small child. Three Indian sculptors, namely, Ganesh Bhatt, Satyanarayan Pandey, and [[Arun Yogiraj]], were assigned the task of making the idol of the deity by the trust.<ref name= ThreeScultptorsReference>{{cite news |editor=Express News Service |date=23 January 2024|title=Ayodhya mandir's new Ram Lalla idol will now be called by this name|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/Dec/09/three-sculptors-at-work-to-create-ram-lala-idol-for-consecration-2640065.html|work= New Indian Express|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> As per the trust, the characteristics of the deity were supposed to be a 5-year-old '''{{IAST|Bālaka}}''' ({{literal translation|child}}) with '''{{IAST|Mandasmita Vadana}}''' ({{literal translation|cheerful-faced}}) possessing both '''{{IAST|Divya}}''' ({{literal translation|divine}}) and '''{{IAST|Rājakumāra}}''' ({{literal translation|princely}}) looks.<ref name=CharacteristicsOfDeity>{{cite news |editor=Shanjay Sharma |date=25 January 2024|title= 'Ram Lalla had changed,' sculptor Arun Yogiraj thought to himself as he saw idol|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-lalla-idol-ram-mandir-ayodhya-arun-yogiraj-2493384-2024-01-25|work= [[India Today]]|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> The ''murti'' sculpted by Yogiraj was chosen as the presiding deity.<ref>{{cite news |editor=Shankar B|date=16 January 2024|title=Sculptor's family in Mysuru ecstatic as idol chiseled by him chosen for Ayodhya temple|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/sculptors-family-in-mysuru-ecstatic-as-idol-chiseled-by-him-chosen-for-ayodhya-temple/article67744882.ece|work= The Hindu|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |editor=HT Newsdesk |date=2 January 2024|title=Who is Arun Yogiraj, the sculptor whose Ram Lalla idol selected for the grand temple in Ayodhya?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-arun-yogiraj-sculptor-whose-ram-lalla-idol-selected-for-grand-temple-in-ayodhya-101704164606854.html|work= Hindustan Times|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> The other two are to be placed within the temple as minor deities.<ref>{{cite news |editor=Livemint|date=24 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: Two more Ram Lalla idols to be placed in temple complex soon.|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-two-more-ram-lalla-idols-to-be-in-temple-complex-soon-see-pics-11706105593177.html|work= [[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref> Initially, the sacred [[Devashila Yatra|Devashila]] stone of [[Gandaki River|Kali Gandaki]] river in [[Nepal]] was chosen for carving the idol of Ram Lalla but due to some religious reasons it was not used.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devshila Yatra: नेपाल के जनकपुरधाम से मधुबनी पहुंची देवशिला यात्रा, जय श्री राम की गूंज से भक्तिमय हुआ शहर - Devshila Yatra reached Madhubani from Janakpur of Nepal |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-devshila-yatra-reached-madhubani-from-janakpur-of-nepal-23313703.html |access-date=2025-04-24 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Then Yogiraj used a three billion-year-old stone that was found at Gujjegowdanapura village in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]] and sculpted it by adhering strictly to the guidelines of the ''[[Shilpa Shastras]]''.<ref name=CharacteristicsOfDeity/><ref name=NewNameofDeity/> The Trust informed that the black-stone is water resistant and non-reacting to the acidic nature of milk when [[Abhisheka|{{IAST|Abhiṣeka}}]] (i.e. ritualistic holy bath) is done.<ref name="ReferenceAboutBlackStone"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Dutta|first=Shrishti B. |date=22 January 2024|title=Ayodhya Temple: Why Is Rama Lalla Idol Black?|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/ayodhya-temple-why-is-rama-lalla-idol-black-625799.html|work= India Times|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> In the idol, the deity of Balak Ram is in the {{IAST|Sthānaka Bhangima}} (i.e. standing pose) on {{IAST|Viśvapadmāsana}} (i.e. a double row lotus seat).<ref>{{cite news |editor=Ram Narayana|date=22 January 2024|title=ఇంద్రలోకమా …!అన్నట్లుగా అయోధ్యాపురి|url=https://drukpadam.com/76023|work= Drukpadam|language=Telugu|access-date=10 July 2024}}</ref>{{efn| The deity of Vishnu in Hindu iconography can be of three different postures, namely, {{IAST|Sthānaka}} (i.e. standing), {{IAST|Āsana}} (i.e. seated) and {{IAST|Śayana}} (i.e. reclining/sleeping).}} On both sides of the main idol, Hindu Gods and symbols are carved on the {{IAST|Śilātoraṇa}} (i.e. stone arch). They are [[dasavatar|10 avatars]] of Vishnu, [[Hanuman]], [[Garuda]], [[Swastik]], [[Om]], [[Shankha|{{IAST|Śankha}}]], [[Sudarshana Chakra|{{IAST|Sudarśana cakra}}]], [[Gada (mace)|{{IAST|Kaumodaki Gada}}]], [[Nelumbo nucifera|{{IAST|Padma}}]], [[Brahma]], [[Shiva]] and [[Surya]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma|first=Aman |date=20 January 2024|title=From Vishnu Avatars to the Swastik, Ram Lalla Idol Depicts All Significant Sanatan Dharma Symbols|url=https://www.news18.com/india/from-vishnu-avatars-to-the-swastik-ram-lalla-idol-depicts-all-significant-symbols-of-the-sanatan-dharma-8747285.html|work= News 18|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta|first=Adarsh Kumar |date=22 January 2024|title=Ram Lalla idol depicts 10 avatars of Lord Vishnu, major Hindu symbols. Check details|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-lalla-idol-depicts-10-avatars-of-lord-vishnu-major-hindu-symbols-check-details-101705747636689.html|work= Hindustan Times|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceAboutBlackStone">{{cite news |last=Sharma|first=Heena |date=7 January 2024|title=Ram Lalla's standing Idol in dark stone to grace Ayodhya temple: Trust's general secy|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/ram-lallas-standing-idol-in-dark-stone-to-grace-ayodhya-temple-trusts-general-secy-677353|work= WION|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref> Sage [[Vedavyasa]] extolls Rama with the epithet of ''{{IAST|Mahādhanuḥ}}'' ({{literal translation|the one who wields a great bow}}) and his bow was said to be ''{{IAST|dhanuḥ śreṣṭha}}'' ({{literal translation|the best bow}}) in the [[Ramopakhyana]] of [[Mahabharata]].{{efn|kṛtacihnaṁ tu sugrīvaṁ rāmo dṛṣṭva mahādhanuḥ<br />
vicakarṣa dhanuḥ śreṣṭhaṁ vālimuddiśya lakṣyavat (Mahabharata 3.264.35)<ref name="Ramopakhyana">{{Cite book |title=Ramopakhyana - The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfoJBAAAQBAJ|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|author=Peter Scharf|isbn=0-7007-1390-5|page=370}}</ref>}} However, in sharp contrast to other idols sculpted in South India, the Balak Ram idol doesn't have any carved weapons. Instead, a golden bow and arrow were fitted to their deity. The bow has been crafted carefully by artisans in Chennai as per the description of Rama's bow {{IAST|kodaṇḍa}} in the Ramayana.<ref>{{cite news |editor=PTI|date=12 January 2024|title=Lord Ram to be presented with 2.5 kg bow ahead of consecration ceremony in Ayodhya|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lord-ram-to-be-presented-with-25-kg-bow-ahead-of-consecration-ceremony-in-ayodhya/article67733857.ece|work= The Hindu|access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
After consecration, the Hindus refer to the idol in the sanctum sanctorum as ''[[Moolavar|mūlavirāṭ mūrti]]'' or ''{{IAST|acala mūrti}}'', while any replica of it used in festivals is called as ''[[Utsava murti|utsava mūrti]]'' (lit. idol for festivals).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Srivaishnavism and social change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1I7XAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Company|author=K. Seshadri|isbn=978-81-7074-198-5|page=50}}</ref> The trust has clarified that the 9-inch high ''Ramlalla Virajman idol'' which was placed in the mosque in 1949 will be henceforth used as the ''utsava mūrti''.<ref>{{cite news |editor=Maulshree Seth|date=3 January 2024|title='Ram Lalla Virajman' that fought temple suit for decades to be placed as 'festival idol'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/ram-lalla-virajman-that-fought-temple-suit-for-decades-to-be-placed-as-festival-idol-9092621/|work= The Indian Express|access-date=27 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Consecration==<br />
[[File:Ayodhya Ram Mandir Inauguration Day Picture.jpg|right|thumb|View of the Ram Mandir on Consecration day, Jan 2024]]<br />
The ''[[prana pratishtha]]'' (i.e. consecration ceremony) of the deity in the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' (sanctum sanctorum) of the Ram Mandir occurred on 22 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=2024-01-20|title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir: Date, aarti timings, darshan, and other details here|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ayodhya-ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-date-aarti-timings-darshan-and-other-details-here-11705713816603.html|access-date=2024-01-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The consecration ceremony included recitation of sacred hymns and mantras to invite the deity into the idol, which was henceforth considered as the resident deity ''Balak Ram''.<ref>{{cite web |title='Dream, Luckiest Person': Ram Lalla Sculptor Arun Yogiraj after 'Pran Pratishtha' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/arun-yogiraj-ram-lalla-idol-sculptor-luckiest-person-earth-ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-ayodhya-2492006-2024-01-22 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=India Today }}</ref> The Trust has announced that every year on the consecration day as '''Pratiṣṭha dvādaśi''' shall be celebrated as per the Hindu calendar.<ref>{{cite web |editor=Arushi Jaiswal|title=Ayodhya's Ram Temple 'pran pratishtha' anniversary celebrations not on January 22|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/uttar-pradesh/ayodhya-ram-temple-pran-pratishtha-anniversary-celebrations-not-on-january-22-here-why-latest-updates-2024-11-27-963619|access-date=2024-11-27|date=2024-11-27 |website=India TV}}</ref> According to that calendar, it falls on the twelfth day of the first fortnight of Pushya month; i.e. {{IAST|Pauṣa Śukla Pakṣa Dvādaśi}}, which is also celebrated by the Hindus as {{IAST|Kūrma Dvādaśi}} that is the appearance day of Lord Vishnu in the form of a [[Kurma|tortoise]].<ref>{{cite web |editor=Mahima Sharma|title=Kurma Dwadashi 2023: All you need to know about Kurma Avtar of Lord Vishnu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/kurma-dwadashi-2023-all-you-need-to-know-about-kurma-avtar-of-lord-vishnu/articleshow/96592313.cm|access-date=2024-11-27|date=2023-01-03 |website=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Adornments==<br />
<br />
[[File:PM at the Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Shree Ram Janmaboomi Temple in Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|Balak Ram adornments after pran pratishta- Jan 2024]]<br />
Since antiquity, it has been a custom to offer and adorn Hindu deities with precious metals and valuable stones.<ref>{{cite book | author= Sir [[James Macnabb Campbell]] | date = 1885 | title =Notes on the spirit basis of belief and custom. (Rough draft)| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_icOAAAAQAAJ | publisher = Government Central Press | page = 119}}</ref> The Balak Ram murti was adorned with {{Convert|15|kg}} of gold and no less than 18,000 precious stones such as diamonds, Zambian emeralds, and rubies.<ref>{{cite news |editor=NDTV News Desk |date=23 January 2024|title=Diamonds, Rubies: All You Need To Know About Ram Lalla Idol's Ornaments|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/diamonds-rubies-all-you-need-to-know-about-ram-lalla-idols-ornaments-4917632|work= [[NDTV]]|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>{{efn|The trust detailed the ornaments that adorned the deity on the day of consecration, consisting of the {{IAST|[[Urdhva Pundra|Ūrdhva Puṇḍra Tilaka]]}} (i.e. a Vaishnava forehead mark), a {{IAST|Makuṭa}} (i.e. a Hindu royal crown), two {{IAST|Kunḍalas}} (i.e. earrings), a {{IAST|Kardhani}} (i.e. a gem-studded girdle), a {{IAST|Kaṇṭhamālā}} to adorn the neck, a {{IAST|[[Kaustubha]]}} necklace, a {{IAST|Padikā}} (i.e. a five stranded necklace), a {{IAST|[[Vaijayanti|Vijayamālā]]}} (i.e. a garland necklace worn by Vishnu), two {{IAST|Bhujabandhas}} (i.e. two royal armlets), two jewel-studded {{IAST|Kaṅkaṇas}} (i.e. bangles) for hands, a pair of Painjaniya (i.e. anklets), and {{IAST|Mudrikā}} (rings).<ref name=OrnamentsListReferenceIndiaToday>{{cite news |editor=Santosh Kumar Sharma |date=23 January 2024|title=15 kg of gold, 18,000 emeralds and diamonds adorn Ram Lalla's magnificent idol|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ayodhya-ram-mandir-ram-lalla-idol-jewellery-gold-diamond-emerald-pm-modi-pran-pratishtha-2492450-2024-01-23|work= [[India Today]]|access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref> The deity was equipped with {{IAST|Dhanurbāṇa}} (i.e. a bow and arrow); both made of gold.<ref>{{cite news |editor=Vani Mehrotra|date=22 January 2024|title=Majestic Ram Lalla's idol adorned with diamonds, rubies, gold bow and arrow|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-mandir-pran-pratishtha-majestic-ram-lallas-idol-adorned-with-diamonds-rubies-gold-bow-and-arrow-2491974-2024-01-22|work= [[NDTV]]|access-date=16 March 2024}}</ref>}} Various artisans who crafted the ornaments for the deity have referred to Hindu scriptures about Rama such as [[Valmiki Ramayana]], [[Adhyatma Ramayana]], [[Stotra Ratna|Alavandar Stotra]] and [[Ramacharitamanasa]].<ref name=OrnamentsListReferenceIndiaToday/><br />
<br />
==Service to deity==<br />
Hindu deities are offered services to deity such as {{transliteration|hi|ISO|[[Arti (Hinduism)|Ārati]]}} and {{transliteration|hi|ISO|[[Arti (Hinduism)|Prasad]]}}.<ref>{{cite book | author= Lavanya Vemsani | date =2016 | title =Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zQPHEAAAQBAJ | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing | isbn= 9798216108450}}</ref> From epigraphic records about Hindu temples we get to know that the services offered to deity are also referred as ''{{IAST|Aṅga Raṅgabhoga}}'' ({{literal translation|corporeal and theatrical offering}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Hindu Temple Traditions of Draksharama|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E3rXAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|author=M. Srinivas Chary|isbn=978-0-77346-765-1|page=135}}</ref> Per Hindu tradition, {{IAST|Aṅgabhoga}} consists of services to the body of the deity such as {{IAST|abhiṣeka}} ({{literal translation|ritualistic holy bath}}), {{IAST|gandha}} ({{literal translation|perfume}}), {{IAST|vastra}} ({{literal translation|dressing}}), {{IAST|ābharaṇa}} ({{literal translation|adornaments}}), {{IAST|puṣpa}} ({{literal translation|flowers}}). Likewise, {{IAST|Raṅgabhoga}} include music (either vocal or instrumental) and dance performed in front of the deity. The trust has informed that there will be six {{transliteration|hi|ISO|[[Arti (Hinduism)|Āratis]]}} offered to the Balak Ram.<ref name=AartiDetails>{{cite news |editor=Livemint |date=23 January 2024|title=Ram Lalla to be called ''Balak Ram''; from aarti timings to bhog, five things to know about Ayodhya Ram Temple|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/ram-lalla-set-to-be-called-balak-ram-from-aarti-timings-to-bhog-five-things-to-know-about-ayodhya-ram-mandir-temple-11706013148851.html|work= Livemint |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> They are <br />
*{{IAST|Maṅgala Ārati}} ({{langx|sa|मंगला आरती}}) is offered to awaken the deity in the morning<br />
*{{IAST|Śṛṅgāra Ārati}} ({{langx|sa|श्रृंगार आरती}}) is offered after fully decorating the deity <br />
*{{IAST|Rājabhoga Ārati}} ({{langx|sa|राजभोग आरती}}) is offered as mid-day royal meals and prepared for a [[siesta]]<br />
*{{IAST|Utthāpan Ārati}} ({{langx|sa|उत्थापन आरती}}) is offered to awaken deity from siesta<br />
*{{IAST|Sandhyā Ārati}} ({{langx|sa|संध्या आरती}}) is offered performed during twilight<br />
*{{IAST|Śayana Ārati}} ({{langx|sa|शयन आरती}}) is offered to put the deity to sleep<br />
Every day, the deity is venerated with an {{IAST|aṣtayāma seva}} (A service for every {{transliteration|sa|ISO|yāmaḥ}}; three hours).{{efn|{{transliteration|hi|ISO|Yām}} is a unit of time used in India until the modern era. It is equal to 3 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yam, Yaṃ, Yām: 15 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yam|access-date=2024-01-28 |website=Wisdom Library|date=23 September 2008 }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book | editor= Amaresh Datta | date = 1988 | title =Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC| publisher = Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126011940 | page = 1582}}</ref> To offer {{IAST|Raṅgabhoga}} services, the temple has five [[mandapa|halls]], namely {{IAST|Raṅgamaṇḍapa}}, {{IAST|Sabhāmaṇḍapa}} ({{translation|Court hall}}), {{IAST|Nṛtyamaṇḍapa}} ({{translation|Hall of dance}}), {{IAST|Prārthanāmaṇḍapa}} ({{translation|Hall of [[Prayer in Hinduism|prayer]]}}), and {{IAST|Kīrtanāmaṇḍapa}} ({{translation|[[Kirtan]] hall}}).<ref name=Hallsreference>{{cite news |editor=ANI |date=4 January 2024|title=Built in traditional Nagara style Shri Ram Janmabhoomi Mandir will be 161 feet tall with five Mandapas says Temple Trust|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/built-in-traditional-nagara-style-shri-ram-janmabhoomi-mandir-will-be-161-feet-tall-with-five-mandapas-says-temple-trust-101704348436796.html|work= [[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
* '''''[[Surya Tilak]]''''' ([[Sanskrit]] : सूर्य: तिलक) is an annual service to the deity on the occasion of [[Rama Navami|Ram Navami]] ( Rama's Birthday) in which a beam of sunlight is directed onto the forehead of the idol of [[Ram Lalla|Lord Ramlalla]] at the new [[Ram Mandir]] temple. This is achieved using an apparatus with mirrors and lenses specially designed by [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics|IIA, Bengaluru.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='Surya Tilak' illuminates Ram Lalla idol's forehead at Ayodhya Temple on Ram Navami |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/surya-tilak-illuminates-ram-lalla-idols-forehead-at-ayodhya-temple-on-ram-navami-101713335853008-amp.html |access-date=2024-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Science Behind 'Surya Tilak' Ceremony At Ayodhya's Ram Temple |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-science-behind-surya-tilak-ceremony-at-ayodhyas-ram-temple-5460250 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title='Surya Tilak' illuminates Ram Lalla's forehead in Ayodhya on Ram Navami |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ram-lalla-surya-tilak-ram-mandir-ram-navami-2528231-2024-04-17 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-17 |title=Ram Lalla's Surya Tilak Completed: Watch mesmerising images of sun kissing Lord Ram's forehead in Ayodhya's Ram Mandir |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ram-lallas-surya-tilak-completed-watch-mesmerising-images-of-sun-kissing-lord-rams-forehead-in-ayodhyas-ram-mandir/articleshow/109365994.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-17 |title=How a beam of sunlight was directed on Lord Ram’s forehead in Ayodhya temple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/beam-sunlight-lord-ram-ayodhya-surya-tilak-9276021/lite/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dressing==<br />
In Hindu temples, dressing the holy deity is considered as a form of devotional service known as {{IAST|Vastrālaṅkaraṇa Seva}} ({{literal translation|Dress decoration service}}).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Clothing as Devotion in Contemporary Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkSxDwAAQBAJ|year=2019|publisher=Brill|author=Urmila Mohan|isbn=978-9-00441-913-1}}</ref> The deity is dressed on Sunday with pink coloured clothes, on Monday with white, on Tuesday with red, on Wednesday with green, on Thursday with yellow, on Friday with cream, and on Saturday with blue.<ref name=AartiDetails/> On the day of consecration, the deity was dressed in a yellow ''[[dhoti]]'' and a red ''[[angavastra]]''. The deity will be dressed in yellow on special occasions.<ref>{{cite news |editor=ET Online|date=23 January 2024|title=Ayodhya's Ram Lalla idol at Ram Mandir named as 'Balak Ram'; Bhog food items, aarti and attire colour schedule also announced|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ayodhyas-ram-lalla-idol-at-ram-mandir-named-as-balak-ram-bhog-food-items-aarti-and-attire-schedule-also-announced/articleshow/107078653.cms|work= Economic Times|access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Temple architecture ==<br />
Ram Mandir was built in the Maru-Gurjara school (also known as Solanki), which is a sub-style of [[Nagara style|Nagara]] architecture of Indian temples that exist in Northern, Eastern, and Western India.<ref name=ThirdlargestTempleReference/> It was consecrated with the hoisting of the [[Ram Mandir Dharma Dhwaj|Dharma Dhwaja]] when the [[Shikhara]] of the temple was completed in 25 November, 2025 in the [[Ram Mandir Dhwajarohan|Dhwajarohan]]. The [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]], [[Angkor Wat]] in [[Cambodia]] and BAPS Swaminarayan Akshardham in [[New Jersey]] are the largest Hindu temples in the world. As per the modified design, it shall have three floors with five domes, and the whole complex spans around {{Convert|120|acre}}. The [[Shikhara|{{IAST|Śikhara}}]] (trans. main dome) shall be {{Convert|161|ft}} high.<ref name=Hallsreference/> The architect of the Ram Mandir is Chandrakant Sompura, whose father was Prabhakar Sompura, the [[Somnath temple]]'s architect.<ref>{{cite news |last=Abraham|first=Bobins|date=5 August 2020|title=Meet Chandrakant Sompura, The Architect Who Has Designed Ram Temple In Ayodhya|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/meet-chandrakant-sompura-the-architect-who-has-designed-ram-temple-in-ayodhya-500157.html|work=India Times|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the traditional [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara style]] temple architecture, the ''Balak Rama'' murti (idol) is housed in centrally located sacred ''sanctum sanctorum'' (garbha griha) of the ''Ram Mandir'' temple in Ayodhya.<ref name=IT0124/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Venkateswara]]<br />
*[[Vitthala]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{VishnuAvatars}}<br />
{{Hindu deities and texts}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Balak Ram}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Rama]]<br />
[[Category:Ayodhya]]<br />
[[Category:Ram Mandir, Ayodhya]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radha_Charan_Sah&diff=527902Radha Charan Sah2026-04-20T08:59:45Z<p>ConradQ41114: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Radha Charan Sah<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 14 November 2025<br />
| term_end = <br />
| constituency = [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Kiran Devi Yadav]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]]<br />
| term_start1 = 17-Jul-2015<br />
| term_end1 = November 2025<br />
| constituency1 = ''Bhojpur-Buxar LA''<br />
| predecessor1 = Hulas Pandey<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| birth_place = Bihar, India<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|2|8|df=y}}<br />
| spouse = <br />
| party = [[File:JanataDalUnitedFlag.PNG|30px]] [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| father = <br />
| footnotes = <ref name="Radha Charan Sah">{{cite news |title=Radha Charan Sah |url=https://vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in/profile/57 |access-date=8 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Vidhanparishad. |date=8 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208151437/https://vidhanparishad.bihar.gov.in/profile/57 |archive-date=8 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Radha Charan Sah''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] constituency.<ref name="Victory margin less than 100 in three Bihar seats">{{cite news|title=Victory margin less than 100 in three Bihar seats|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-2025-results-live-updates-election-commission-of-india-vote-counting-winner-loser-bihar-polls-latest-news-14th-november/liveblog/125312752.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=8 December 2025|publisher=The Economic Times|date=14 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208064135/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/bihar-election-2025-results-live-updates-election-commission-of-india-vote-counting-winner-loser-bihar-polls-latest-news-14th-november/liveblog/125312752.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=8 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Radha Charan Sah won from [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]] constituency representing [[Janata Dal (United)]] in the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 80,598 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Dipu Singh of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], by a low margin of 27 votes.<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sandesh">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04192.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sandesh|date=14 November 2025|access-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208063948/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04192.htm|archive-date=8 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Sandesh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sandesh|title=Sandesh Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|access-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208063857/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sandesh|archive-date=8 December 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier, he was elected as Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] in 2022.<ref name="Bihar MLC election results 2022 {{!}} NDA wins big, grabs 13 out of 24 MLC seats">{{cite news|title=Bihar MLC election results 2022 {{!}} NDA wins big, grabs 13 out of 24 MLC seats|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/bihar/story/bihar-mlc-election-result-rjd-bjp-ljp-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-lalu-yadav-1934568-2022-04-07|accessdate=8 December 2025|publisher=India Today|date=7 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208065901/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/bihar/story/bihar-mlc-election-result-rjd-bjp-ljp-chirag-paswan-nitish-kumar-lalu-yadav-1934568-2022-04-07|archivedate=8 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sah, Radha Charan}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:1954 births]]<br />
<br />
{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arvindbhai_Ladani&diff=487751Arvindbhai Ladani2026-04-18T22:34:44Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started a post!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Arvindbhai Jinabhai Ladani<br />
| birth_name = Arvindbhai Jinabhai Ladani<br />
| caption =<br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Member of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Manavadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manavadar]]<br />
| term_start = (2022-2024), (2024-Present)<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Jawaharbhai Chavda]]<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| alma_mater = MT Dhamsania College Rajkot<br />
| occupation = Farmer<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arvindbhai Jinabhai Ladani''' is an Indian politician from Gujarat. He was elected to the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] from [[Manavadar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Manavadar]] Assembly constituency in Junagadh district in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>[https://myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=6761 My Neta]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-14|title=Former Congress MLA Arvind Ladani joins BJP|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/former-congress-mla-arvind-ladani-joins-bjp-9214434/|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]] on 6 March 2024<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-03-06|title=Another Congress MLA resigns from Guj assembly set to join BJP|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2024/03/06/bom27-gj-cong-mla-resign.html|access-date=|website=theweek|language=en}}</ref> and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He won from the same seat in the [[2024 elections in India|2024 By Election]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ladani, Arvindbhai}}<br />
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:People from Junagadh district]]<br />
<br />
{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kot-Kehloor_Assembly_constituency&diff=510567Kot-Kehloor Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:34:44Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding a data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency <br />
| name = Kot-Kehloor<br />
|type= SLA <br />
|state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
|established = 1972<br />
|abolished = 2007<br />
|electors = 65,765<br />
|mla = Randhir Sharma<br />
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
| district = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| reservation = <br />
}} <br />
'''Kot-Kehloor Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Kuldip Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Daulat Ram Sankhyan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Ram Lal Thakur <br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Krishan Kumar Kaushal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=3 | Ram Lal Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Randhir Sharma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Randhir Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,828 |percentage=51.38% |change={{increase}}16.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Lal Thakur|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,874|percentage=41.90%|change={{increase}}0.69}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Sukh Ram Chauhan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,394|percentage=4.59%|change={{increase}}2.95}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jeet Ram Chaudhary|party=Communist Party of India|votes=1,064|percentage=2.04%|change={{decrease}}0.13}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,954 |percentage=9.49% |change= {{increase}}3.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=52,211|percentage=79.39%|change={{decrease}}0.43}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,765 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.86 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.18 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,509 |percentage=41.20% |change={{decrease}}9.59 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randheer Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,507 |percentage=34.86% |change={{decrease}}8.30 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Kaushal |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=8,276 |percentage=17.48% |change={{increase}}15.97 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmender Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,254 |percentage=2.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,028 |percentage=2.17% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=774 |percentage=1.63% |change={{increase}}0.75 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,002 |percentage=6.34% |change= {{decrease}}1.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,348 |percentage=79.82% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,321 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.90 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,381 |percentage=50.79% |change={{decrease}}1.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Kaushal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,321 |percentage=43.17% |change={{increase}}25.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Lal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,337 |percentage=3.33% |change={{decrease}}24.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram Thakur |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=606 |percentage=1.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=354 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}0.38 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,060 |percentage=7.63% |change= {{decrease}}16.51 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,126 |percentage=78.73% |change= {{decrease}}0.22 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,629 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.13 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.64 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,985 |percentage=52.43% |change={{increase}}13.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Kaushal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,245 |percentage=28.29% |change={{decrease}}28.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sada Ram Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,289 |percentage=17.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhu Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=458 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,740 |percentage=24.14% |change= {{increase}}7.02 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,211 |percentage=78.47% |change= {{increase}}2.61 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,460 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.12 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}4.01 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Kaushal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,437 |percentage=56.43% |change={{increase}}14.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,846 |percentage=39.32% |change={{decrease}}4.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sankhyam |party=Janata Dal |votes=818 |percentage=2.50% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal Shandilya |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,591 |percentage=17.11% |change= {{increase}}15.37 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,670 |percentage=76.00% |change= {{decrease}}0.60 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,371 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.67 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.40 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Lal Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,183 |percentage=44.03% |change={{increase}}13.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Kaushal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=10,739 |percentage=42.29% |change={{increase}}17.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,474 |percentage=13.68% |change={{decrease}}14.15 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=444 |percentage=1.75% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,396 |percentage=76.58% |change= {{increase}}8.88 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,448 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.49 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sankhyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,400 |percentage=30.39% |change={{increase}}4.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,861 |percentage=27.83% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Kumar Kaushal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,271 |percentage=25.03% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,049 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wattan Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=1,007 |percentage=4.78% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhi Singh Kaundal |party=Janata Party |votes=677 |percentage=3.21% |change={{decrease}}66.18 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=586 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram Durvasha |party=Independent politician |votes=208 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=539 |percentage=2.56% |change= {{decrease}}40.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,059 |percentage=68.15% |change= {{increase}}4.31 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,409 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.26 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}39.01 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sankhyan |party=Janata Party |votes=12,074 |percentage=69.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,546 |percentage=26.13% |change={{decrease}}21.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Das |party=Independent politician |votes=778 |percentage=4.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,528 |percentage=43.27% |change= {{increase}}36.69 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,398 |percentage=63.33% |change= {{increase}}13.48 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,731 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.32 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kot-Kehloor<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldip Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,029 |percentage=47.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram Sankhyan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,334 |percentage=41.03% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bohra |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=4.83% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sant Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=368 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asha Ram |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=247 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hargobind Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=74 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=695 |percentage=6.58% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,562 |percentage=50.93% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,443 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}<br />
{{coord|31.29|76.52|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
<br />
{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kripapureeswarar_Temple&diff=510749Kripapureeswarar Temple2026-04-14T10:22:17Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding a location - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Krupapureeswarar Temple<br />
| image = Kripapureeswarar temple, Thiruvennainallur (7).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|11|51|37|N|79|21|59|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| other_names = <br />
| proper_name = <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]<br />
| location = [[Thiruvennainallur]]<br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| deity = Kripapureeswarar([[Shiva]])<br />
Mangalambigai([[Parvathi]])<br />
<br />
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| Direction_posture = <br />
| Pushakarani = <br />
| Vimanam = <br />
| Poets = <br />
| Prathyaksham = <br />
| festivals= <br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity= <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = <br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
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'''Kripapureeswarar Temple''' (கிருபாபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயில்)<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:திருவெண்ணெய்நல்லூர் கிருபாபுரீசுவரர் கோயில்]]</ref> (also called '''Arutkondanathar''' or '''Thiruvennainallur temple''') in [[Thiruvennainallur]], a panchayat town in [[Villupuram district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. The presiding deity is revered in the 7th century Tamil Saiva canonical work, the ''[[Tevaram]]'', written by Tamil saint poets known as the [[Nayanmars]] and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''. The temple is closely associated with [[Sundarar]], the saivite saint of the 8th century, who started composing his ''[[Tirumurai]]'' starting with "Pitha Piraisudi" verse in this temple.<br />
<br />
Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the present structure of the temple is believed to have been built during the [[Cholas]] period in the 10th century. The temple has received gracious endowments from the Chola queen [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]]. Shiva is worshipped as Kripapureeswarar and his consort [[Parvathi]] as Mangalambigai. A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The temple has a five-tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower. <br />
<br />
The temple is open from 6am - 11 am and 4-8:00 pm on all days except during festival days when it is open the full day. Four daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Aadi star day celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aaadi'' (June - July) for [[Sundarar]] and Panguni Uthiram festival during ''Panguni'' (March - April) with a float festival being the most prominent. <br />
<br />
The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
[[File:Thiruvennainallur temple (19).jpg|left|thumb|250px|Temple premises]]<br />
As per Hindu legend, the sages in Tharukavanam were very proud of their achievements and started doing a penance to destroy [[Shiva]]. Shiva absorbed all the evils from the penance and realising their mistake, the sages started their worship to Shiva. Shiva blessed them with their wishes and came to be known as Krupapureeswarar, the "God who would bestow wishes of the devotees".<ref name="dinamalar"/> <br />
<br />
As per another legend, [[Sundarar]], the famous Saivite saint and [[Nayanmar]], was stopped by an old man from marrying at Thirukovilur.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=44}}</ref> He showed a document indicating Sundarar was indebted to the old man for serving him for a lifetime. Sundarar called him ''Pitha'', a lunatic. The village elders after analysing the document, asked Sundarar to follow the old man. Sundarar followed the old mand and served him in his household. It was later revealed to him that Shiva appeared as the old man to test his servitude.<ref name="dinamalar"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Unleashing the Bodily Energies for Health and Success|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-JMCgAAQBAJ&q=thiruvennainallur+temple&pg=PT89|last=Deane|first=Martin|publisher=Abbott Press|year=2015|isbn=9781458219244}}</ref> Sundarar felt guilty of accusing Shiva, but Shiva revealed to him in a divine voice that he enjoyed the verse and requested him to sing verses starting with "Pitha".<br />
Sundarar started singing his ''[[Tirumurai]]'' with "Pitha Piraisudi" verse in this temple and later would go on to become one of the four most venerated saints of Saiva literature.<ref name="dinamalar"/><br />
[[File:Thiruvennainallur temple Panorama (2).jpg|700px|thumb|center|Panoramic view of the temple]]<br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center<br />
|align=<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
|image1=Thiruvennainallur2.JPG<br />
|image2=Thiruvennainallur4.JPG<br />
|width1=1516|height1=1371<br />
|width2=1826|height2=1777<br />
|footer=Image of Vinayagar and Muruga on the temple tower}}<br />
<br />
The exact year of building could not be ascertained from the inscriptions, but the inscriptions found in the Visalur temple indicate benevolent gifts to the temple from [[Raja Raja Chola I]] (984-1015 CE) and his successors.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rare inscriptions throw light on administration during Chola period|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rare-inscriptions-throw-light-on-administration-during-chola-period/article3604134.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=8 November 2015|date=5 July 2012|location=Pudukottai}}</ref> Based on the inscriptions, researchers point out that the temple had gardens, which were supposed to have both floral plants and fruit bearing trees.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KjlbinB5Xj8C&q=thiruvennainallur+temple&pg=PA2539|page=2539|last=Kapoor|first=Subodh |publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788177552577}}</ref> The temple has received gracious endowments from the Chola queen [[Sembiyan Mahadevi]] and is believed to have established various sculptures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Woman, Her History and Her Struggle for Emancipation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZmyUpHdPWYC&q=thiruvennainallur+temple&pg=PA141|page=141|last=L.|first=Thilagavathi|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2009|isbn=9788189909970}}</ref><br />
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Kripapureeswar temple is located in [[Thiruvennainallur]], a village located {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Villupuram]] on the [[Panruti]]- [[Thirukovilur]] road.<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1965|page=328}}</ref> The temple has a seven-tiered ''raja[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower that pierces the rectangular wall that houses all the shrines. The sanctum houses the image of Kripapureeswarar in the form of [[Lingam]], an iconic form of Shiva. There is an Ardha [[Mandapam|Mandap]] and a Mukha mandap, pillared halls leading to the sanctum. The first precinct has the images of [[Vinayakar]], [[Murugan]], [[Durga]], [[Dakshinamurthy]] and [[Chandeshvara Nayanar|Chandikeswara]]. The hall where the case was fought between the old man and Sundarar is believed to be the Panchyat Mandap located on the right side of the entrance.<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
[[File:Kripapureeswarar temple, Thiruvennainallur (1).jpg|left|thumb|250px|The shrine of Amman located parallel to the Shiva shrine]]<br />
The temple follows Saivite tradition. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 6:00&nbsp;a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 11:00&nbsp;a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00&nbsp;p.m., and ''Sayarakshai'' between 7:45&nbsp; - 8:00&nbsp;p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Kripapureeswarar and Mangalambigai. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6am - 12 pm and 4-8:30 pm.<ref name="dinamalar"/><br />
<br />
Aadi star day celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''Aaadi'' (June - July) as [[Sundarar]]'s birthday and Panguni Uthiram festival during ''Panguni'' (March - April) with a float festival being the most prominent festivals. There are other common festivals like [[Shivaratri]], [[Vinayaka Chaturthi|Vinayaga Chaturthi]], [[Vijayadashami|Vijayadasami]] and Karthigai Deepam celebrated in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Kripapureeswarar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=163|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Sundarar]], an 8th-century Tamil ''Saivite'' poet, venerated Kripapureeswarar in ten verses in ''[[Tevaram]]'', compiled as the ''[[Tirumurai|Seventh Tirumurai]]''. As the temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', it is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 275 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seventh Thirumurai|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=7&Song_idField=7001&padhi=100+&button=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95|publisher=Thevaram.org|last=Sundarar|access-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> [[Appar]] is believed to have visited the temple during the series of visits from Thingalur to [[Veerateeswarar temple, Thirukovilur|Thirukovilur]] and [[Sudarkozhundeeswarar Temple, Pennadam|Pennadam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Philosophy of Šaivism: Saiva works and tantras of Kashmir; Saivism; Kashmir Shaivism I; Kashmir Shaivaism II; History of Kashmir Saivism. The universal experience : five principles of the universal subject-object; The limited individual experience; Famous Saiva saints; The Saiva Acharyas; Kashmir Shaivism in Siddha Yoga; Moksa and the means of its attainment in Kashmir Shaivism; Literature of Śaivism; Vīra Śaivism; Śaivism|year=2004|section=Saiva Acharyas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuRfquoAGrcC&q=tiruvamathur&pg=PA501|page=501|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd|editor-first=Subodh |editor-last=Kapoor|isbn=9788177558852}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Marundeeswarar Temple, T. Edayar]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|title=Temple Art under the Chola queens|pages=25–26|last=B.|first=Venkatraman|year=1976|publisher=Thomson Press (India) Limited|location=Haryana}}<br />
* {{cite book|title=Explorations in Art and Archaeology of South Asia: Essays Dedicated to N.G. Majumdar|last=Majumdar|first=Nani Gopal|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of West Bengal|year=1996}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
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== Photogallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple2.jpg|Vimana of the presiding deity<br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple5.jpg|Outer prakara (right)<br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple6.jpg|Outer prakara (left)<br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple8.jpg|Inner prakara(right)<br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple7.jpg|Inner prakara (left)<br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple3.jpg|Entrance of Amman shrine<br />
File: Tiruvennainallurkirubapurisvarartemple4.jpg|Amman shrine<br />
</gallery><br />
{{Famous Shiva temples}}<br />
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[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Viluppuram district]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapu_Assembly_constituency&diff=508431Kapu Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:48:51Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding new article</p>
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<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kapu<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 121<br />
| map_image = 121-Kapu constituency.svg<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Udupi district|Udupi]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi Chikmagalur]]<br />
| established = 1956<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:189007}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| mla = Gurme Suresh Shetty<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|preceded_by = [[Lalaji Mendon]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kapu Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Udupi district]].<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Pinto Denis. F. X || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || B. Bhaskar Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. B. Shetty<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | B. Bhaskar Shetty || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="5" | Vasanth. V. Salian || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[Lalaji Mendon]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Lalaji Mendon]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Gurme Suresh Shetty]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref name=election2023/><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kapu">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Kapu |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10121.htm?ac=121 |access-date=6 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506092137/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10121.htm?ac=121 |archive-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Gurme Suresh Shetty]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 80,559 |percentage = 53.23% |change = {{increase}}0.69 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,555 |percentage = 44.63% |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Haneef |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,616 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 805 |percentage = 0.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,004 |percentage = 8.59% |change = {{increase}}0.34 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 151,519 |percentage = 80.17% |change = {{increase}}1.17 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 151,355}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,007 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.69 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lalaji Mendon]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,893 |percentage = 52.54% |change = {{increase}}13.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,976 |percentage = 44.29% |change = {{increase}}3.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anupama Shenoy |party = Bhaarateeya Janashakthi Congress |votes = 1,634 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Mansoor Ibrahim |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 0.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 839 |percentage = 0.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,917 |percentage = 8.25% |change = {{increase}}6.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,566 |percentage = 79.00% |change = {{increase}}5.71 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,448}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,004 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.78 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vinay Kumar Sorake]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 52,782 |percentage = 40.45% |change = {{decrease}}5.16 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lalaji Mendon]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,927 |percentage = 39.03% |change = {{decrease}}7.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,327 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{decrease}}0.07 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hakeem |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 2,171 |percentage = 1.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srikantha. B. Acharya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,174 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hameed |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,125 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,855 |percentage = 1.42% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,872 |percentage = 73.29% |change = {{increase}}1.83 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,474}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 155,382 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.55 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}6.14 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lalaji Mendon]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 45,961 |percentage = 46.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,994 |percentage = 45.61% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Leeladhara Shetty |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,341 |percentage = 3.39% |change = {{increase}}1.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagesh Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,030 |percentage = 2.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Stevan John Menezes |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,109 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gururaj Bhat Alias Surya |party = Independent politician |votes = 680 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 967 |percentage = 0.98% |change = {{decrease}}0.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,659 |percentage = 71.46% |change = {{increase}}7.93 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,653}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 138,057 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.87 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.13 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lalaji Mendon]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,611 |percentage = 46.72% |change = {{increase}}4.56 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,221 |percentage = 44.79% |change = {{decrease}}2.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gladis Alimada |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,848 |percentage = 3.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Mhb |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,634 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}6.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gopal. K. M |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 928 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raj Ballal |party = Janata Party |votes = 703 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,390 |percentage = 1.93% |change = {{decrease}}3.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,965 |percentage = 63.53% |change = {{decrease}}0.77 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,945}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,281 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.42 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.77 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,151 |percentage = 47.49% |change = {{increase}}19.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Lalaji Mendon]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,653 |percentage = 42.16% |change = {{increase}}16.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ivan D. Souza |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,046 |percentage = 9.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hameed |party = Independent politician |votes = 745 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,498 |percentage = 5.33% |change = {{increase}}2.78 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,814 |percentage = 64.30% |change = {{decrease}}1.71 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,595}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,208 |percentage = 3.26% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,461 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.29 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}19.71 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,152 |percentage = 27.78% |change = {{decrease}}26.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lalaji. R. Memdon |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,578 |percentage = 25.23% |change = {{increase}}20.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ivan D. Souza |party = Janata Dal |votes = 12,440 |percentage = 20.15% |change = {{decrease}}19.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok. M. Suvarna |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 8,275 |percentage = 13.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Leeladhara Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,818 |percentage = 12.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,574 |percentage = 2.55% |change = {{decrease}}12.50 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,557 |percentage = 66.01% |change = {{increase}}6.81 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,742}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 810 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{decrease}}3.59 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,765 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.45 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}26.74 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,823 |percentage = 54.52% |change = {{decrease}}2.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Bhaskar Shetty |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,593 |percentage = 39.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhava Suvarna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,437 |percentage = 4.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karunakara Shetty |party = Janata Party |votes = 561 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,230 |percentage = 15.05% |change = {{decrease}}24.52 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,506 |percentage = 59.20% |change = {{decrease}}5.75 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 54,701}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,805 |percentage = 4.88% |change = {{increase}}4.07 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,141 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.27 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,356 |percentage = 57.38% |change = {{increase}}6.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Bhaskar Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,494 |percentage = 17.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayanatha. K. Kotian |party = Janata Party |votes = 8,340 |percentage = 17.49% |change = {{increase}}10.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhara Suvarna |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,649 |percentage = 5.56% |change = {{decrease}}30.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnanada Shenoy |party = Independent politician |votes = 420 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,862 |percentage = 39.57% |change = {{increase}}25.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,060 |percentage = 64.95% |change = {{decrease}}1.20 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,672}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 388 |percentage = 0.81% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,001 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.71 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.80 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth. V. Salian |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,839 |percentage = 50.58% |change = {{increase}}50.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangadhara |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 16,442 |percentage = 36.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sridhara. M. Kalmady |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,178 |percentage = 7.04% |change = {{decrease}}33.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Janet Lobo |party = Independent politician |votes = 771 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Abbas |party = Independent politician |votes = 738 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Silver |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 430 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjeva. G. Karkera |party = Independent politician |votes = 429 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Babu |party = Independent politician |votes = 329 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,397 |percentage = 14.17% |change = {{decrease}}3.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,870 |percentage = 66.15% |change = {{decrease}}8.99 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,156}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 714 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{increase}}0.23 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,345 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.13 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}7.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Bhaskar Shetty |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,030 |percentage = 57.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dayanatha. K. Kotian |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,312 |percentage = 40.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhogeesha Aitha Karkera |party = Independent politician |votes = 575 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,718 |percentage = 17.32% |change = {{decrease}}11.78 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,018 |percentage = 75.14% |change = {{increase}}4.82 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,341}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 677 |percentage = 1.33% |change = {{increase}}1.33 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,896 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.85 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.59 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Bhaskar Shetty |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,358 |percentage = 62.26% |change = {{increase}}24.69 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Muddu Suvarna |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,504 |percentage = 33.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Perody Vittal Shetty |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,183 |percentage = 2.90% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. S. Dayakara |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 514 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,854 |percentage = 29.10% |change = {{increase}}9.50 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,573 |percentage = 70.32% |change = {{decrease}}4.11 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,729}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,116 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.49 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}5.09 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. B. Shetty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 20,956 |percentage = 57.17% |change = {{increase}}8.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. R. Heggade |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,771 |percentage = 37.57% |change = {{decrease}}10.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. M. L. Prabhu |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 1,928 |percentage = 5.26% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,185 |percentage = 19.60% |change = {{increase}}18.94 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,771 |percentage = 74.43% |change = {{increase}}16.25 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,655}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,088 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.51 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}8.40 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. Bhaskar Shetty |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,624 |percentage = 48.77% |change = {{increase}}24.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = F. X. D. Pinto |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,441 |percentage = 48.12% |change = {{decrease}}14.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mathais Charles Fernandes |party = Independent politician |votes = 870 |percentage = 3.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 183 |percentage = 0.66% |change = {{decrease}}38.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,278 |percentage = 58.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.94 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,935}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,322 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.25 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.02 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kapu <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pinto Denis. F. X |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,761 |percentage = 62.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Navinchandra. M |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,170 |percentage = 24.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramachandra Rao Kunjoor |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,950 |percentage = 13.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,591 |percentage = 38.79% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,881 |percentage = 60.12% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,881}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,701 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Udupi district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|13.23|74.74|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Udupi district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]<br />
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baripada_Assembly_constituency&diff=489861Baripada Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:17:15Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Baripada}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Baripada<br />
| state = [[Odisha]]<br />
| constituency_no = 33<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| division = Central Division<br />
| district = [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mayurbhanj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mayurbhanj]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mla = Prakash Soren<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 2,25,354{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Baripada''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Mayurbhanj district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221145434/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=33|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 February 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Baripada (33) District : Mayurbhanj |accessdate= 9 February 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Area of this constituency includes [[Baripada]] town, Baripada block, Khunta block and 9 [[Gram Panchayat|GP]]s (Gudialbandh, Jadunathpur, Jarkani, Khanua, Naupal, Purnachandpur, Sankerko, Tangasol and Uthaninuagaon) of [[Badasahi (community development block)|Badasahi block]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref><br />
<br />
==Elected members==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|48.39}}<br />
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|45.08}}<br />
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.49}}<br />
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|29.66}}<br />
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|35.26}}<br />
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|43.17}}<br />
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.81}}<br />
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|37.59}}<br />
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.64}}<br />
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|50.94}}<br />
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|32.88}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections were held till date. It was a 2-member constituency for 1952 & 1957.<br />
<br />
List of members elected from Baripada constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=February 20, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref><ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=7 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Election<br />
!Portrait<br />
!Name<br />
!scope="col" colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Baripada Assembly Election Results 2024: Baripada Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/baripada-constituency-result-18033 |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" | <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Prakash Soren]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Baripada Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/baripada-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
| rowspan="2" | <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sananda Marndi]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":3" /><br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| <br />
|Bimal Lochan Das <br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
| <br />
|Kishore Dash <br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
| [[File:Prasanna Kumar Dash.jpg|102x102px]]<br />
| Prasanna Kumar Dash<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
| <br />
| Chhatish Chandra Dhal <br />
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Prasanna Kumar Dash.jpg|102x102px]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Prasanna Kumar Dash<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | <br />
| rowspan="2" |Pramod Chandra Bhanj Deo <br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | <br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Santosh Kumar Sahu]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br />
|<br />
|Harihar Mohanty <br />
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Samai Majhi.jpg|102x102px]]<br />
|Samai Majhi<br />
|{{full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}<br />
|<br />
|Girish Chandra Roy <br />
|{{full party name with color|Socialist Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| <br />
|Surendra Singh<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election Results==<br />
<br />
=== 2024 ===<br />
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Prakash Soren]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sananda Marndi]] by a margin of 29,385 votes.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Baripada}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Prakash Soren]]<br />
|votes = 78,272<br />
|percentage = 48.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Sananda Marndi]]|votes=48,887|percentage=30.22|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pramod Kumar Hembram|votes=25,626|percentage=15.84|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,718|percentage=1.68|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=29,385|percentage=18.17|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,61,757|percentage=71.78|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2019===<br />
In the 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Prakash Soren]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sarojini Hembram]] by a margin of 19,411 votes.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Baripada<ref>{{cite web|title=Baripada Assembly Election Results 2019|url=https://www.oneindia.com/baripada-assembly-elections-od-33/|publisher=OneIndia.com|accessdate=27 June 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Prakash Soren]] |votes=72,225|percentage=45.08|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Sarojini Hembram]] |votes=52,814|percentage=32.96|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Dasaratha Singh |votes=26,978|percentage=16.84|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=NOTA|votes=2,325|percentage=1.45|change=''-''}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=19,411|percentage=12.12|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,228|percentage=74.13|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2014 ===<br />
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sananda Marndi]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Nisamani Baske by a margin of 17,114 votes.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=31 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Baripada <ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Baripada|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1833.htm?ac=33|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=1 June 2014|archive-date=2 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602201740/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1833.htm?ac=33|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Baripada (33)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=33|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605053226/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=33|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Sananda Marndi]]<br />
|votes = 54,131<br />
|percentage = 37.49<br />
|change = 7.83<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Nisamani Baske<br />
|votes = 37,017<br />
|percentage = 25.64<br />
|change = 2.03<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Priyabrata Majhi<br />
|votes = 21,933<br />
|percentage = 15.19<br />
|change = 0.31<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
|candidate = Fagu Hansda<br />
|votes = 19,214<br />
|percentage = 13.31<br />
|change = 12.18<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 2,199<br />
|percentage = 1.52<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 17,114<br />
|percentage = 11.85<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,44,388<br />
|percentage = 76.21<br />
|change = 7.92<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = 1,89,471<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2009 ===<br />
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Sananda Marndi]] defeated [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] candidate [[Bhadav Hansdah]] by a margin of 4,760 votes.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=4760 |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin |<br />
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]], Baripada<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the LEgislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Sananda Marndi]]<br />
|votes = 33,840<br />
|percentage = 29.66<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
|candidate = [[Bhadav Hansdah]]<br />
|votes = 29,080<br />
|percentage = 25.49<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Golak Bihari Naik<br />
|votes = 26,940<br />
|percentage = 23.61<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Kanhu Soren<br />
|votes = 16,979<br />
|percentage = 14.88<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 4,760<br />
|percentage = 4.17{{efn|%of total valid votes}}<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,14,213<br />
|percentage = 68.29<br />
|change = ''-''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|<br />
|winner = Biju Janata Dal<br />
|loser = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mayurbhanj district}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}<br />
{{coord|21.94|86.75|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Politics of Mayurbhanj district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jyoti_Singh_(field_hockey)&diff=506780Jyoti Singh (field hockey)2026-04-13T03:23:02Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding biography - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian hockey player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox field hockey player<br />
| name = Jyoti Singh<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2004|10|06|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| height = <br />
| weight = <br />
| position = Defender<br />
| years1 = <br />
| clubs1 = Madhya Pradesh Hockey Academy<br />
| caps1 = <br />
| goals1 = <br />
| years2 = 2025–<br />
| clubs2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]<br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| nationalyears1 = 2023–2024<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 16<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 0<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2025–<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 12<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 0<br />
| medaltemplates = <br />
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024 Oman]]|}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Jyoti Singh''' (born 6 October 2004)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Singh - Hockey India |url=https://hockeyindia.org/players/jyoti-singh-profile-7580 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=hockeyindia.org}}</ref> is an Indian hockey player from Haryana. She plays for the [[India women's national field hockey team]] as a defender. She played for [[Soorma Hockey Club|JSW Soorma Hockey Club]] in the Women's Hockey India League 2025.<br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Jyoti is from Sonepat, Haryana. Her late father, Narender Singh, died in an accident. She was trained by former India captain and coach [[Pritam Rani Siwach]], who accepted to bear the school fees of Rs.250 per month, if her mother agreed to send her to the hockey academy.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-27 |title=Jyoti's hockey journey: A mother who couldn't afford her school fees met a former India captain, and it led to a shining career |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/jyoti-story-crying-mother-shining-hockey-career-whil-9802442/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In December 2023, Jyoti represented India in the [[Women's FIH Junior World Cup]] 2023 held at [[Santiago]], Chile, where India finished ninth.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier in August 2023, she took part in the under-21, 4 Nations Junior Women's Invitational Tournament at Düsseldorf.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti Singh {{!}} India hockey player |url=https://www.fih.hockey/events/junior-world-cup/women/2023-fih-junior-world-cup-w-1508/player/jyoti-singh-27309 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2025, she made her senior India debut against Spain in the FIH Pro Hockey League. In May 2024, she was named as the captain of the Indian Junior Women's team by Hockey India, in the 22-member squad announced for the tour of Europe from 21 to 20 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-05-06 |title=Jyoti to lead Indian junior women's hockey team for Europe tour |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/jyoti-lead-indian-junior-womens-hockey-22-member-squad-europe-tour-sakshi-rana-deputy-news/article68144822.ece |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyoti set to lead as HI announces 22-member Indian Junior Women's Hockey team for Europe tour |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/hockey/jyoti-set-to-lead-as-hi-announces-22-member-indian-junior-womens-hockey-team-for-europe-tour20240506150733/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-06 |title=Jyoti Singh to lead Indian junior women's hockey team for Europe tour |url=https://thebridge.in/hockey/jyoti-singh-to-lead-indian-junior-team-at-europe-tour-47188 |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was declared as the best player of the tournament in the inaugural [[Hockey India League|Women's Hockey India League]].<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jyoti}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2004 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]<br />
[[Category:Women's field hockey defenders]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Sonipat]]<br />
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Hockey India League players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Om_Shanti_Shanti_Shantihi&diff=522914Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi2026-04-10T16:20:45Z<p>ConradQ41114: stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2026 film by A. R. Sajeev}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi<br />
| image = Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi poster.png<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = A. R. Sajeev<br />
| screenplay = A. R. Sajeev<br />Nanda Kishore Emani (dialogue)<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''|[[Vipin Das]]}}<br />
| producer = {{Ubl|Srujan Yarabolu|Aditya Pittie|Vivek Krishnani|Anup Chandrasekharan|Sadhik Shaik|Naveen Sanivarapu}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Tharun Bhascker]]<br />
* [[Eesha Rebba]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = Jay Krish<br />
| cinematography = Deepak Yaragera<br />
| editing = A. R. Sajeev<br />
| studio = S Originals<br />Movie Verse Studios<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{film date|2026|1|30|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/om_shanti_shanti_shantihi|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=2026-01-31}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi''''' ([[Shanti Mantras|Shanti Mantra]]; {{Literal translation|Om, Peace, Peace, Peace}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by A. R. Sajeev. It is a remake of the 2022 [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''. The film stars [[Tharun Bhascker]] and [[Eesha Rebba]]. The plot follows Prashanthi (Rebba), who unwillingly marries Omkar Naidu (Bhascker), a short-tempered male chauvinist. Upon receiving no support while suffering domestic violence, Prashanthi decides to resist.<br />
<br />
Principal photography of the film began in April 2024 and wrapped up in December 2025, with majority of the filming taking place in [[Rajahmundry]]. The film was theatrically released on 30 January 2026.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Prashanthi gives up her dreams for love, only to fall into abusive relationships first with her lecturer and later with her husband, Omkar, who pretends to support her but turns violent and manipulative. After enduring trauma, betrayal, and a heartbreaking miscarriage, she secretly strengthens herself, escapes his control, and rebuilds her life by starting a successful business. When Omkar's abuse becomes public and reaches court, she refuses divorce, not out of love, but to ensure no other woman suffers the same fate.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Eesha Rebba]] as Kondaveeti Prashanthi<br />
* [[Tharun Bhascker]] as Ambati Omkar Naidu<br />
* [[Brahmaji]] as Pulasa Ramarao, Omkar’s uncle<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Judge<br />
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Prashanthi's father<br />
* Bindu Chandramouli as Prashanthi’s mother<br />
* Dheeraj Athreya as Prashanth, Prashanthi’s brother<br />
* Goparaju Vijay as Prakasam, Prashanthi’s uncle<br />
* Surabhi Prabhavathi as Omkar's mother<br />
* Anashvi Reddy as Karuna, Omkar’s sister<br />
* Rohini Reddy as Divorce Lawyer<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
In April 2024, actor-filmmaker [[Tharun Bhascker]] was signed to play the lead in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tharun Bhascker to lead Telugu remake Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/tharun-bhascker-to-lead-telugu-remake-jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey/1dd6eb8d1a516|website=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=|language=en|date=16 April 2024|last=Kumar|first=R. Manoj}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Another Malayalam Remake a bad move by Tollywood director?|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/tharun-bhascker-mulls-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-telugu-remake-890016|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2024-04-18|access-date=|language=en|first=|last=}}</ref> Actress [[Eesha Rebba]] was also signed for the film, and Rebba joined principal photography which commenced in [[Rajahmundry]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Tharun Bhascker and Eesha Rebba team up for Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey Telugu remake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tharun-bhascker-and-eesha-rebba-team-up-for-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-telugu-remake/articleshow/109527619.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2024-04-23|access-date=|issn=0971-8257|last=Goud|first=M. Priyanka}}</ref> Majority of the film was shot in Rajahmundry, and was wrapped up in December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi gets a release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Dec/07/om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-gets-a-release-date|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2025-12-07|access-date=|language=|first=|last=}}</ref> The film's title was announced in July 2025.<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey’ Telugu remake titled ‘Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi’; release date announced|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jaya-jaya-jaya-jaya-hey-telugu-remake-om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-tharun-bhascker-eesha-rebba/article69779472.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2025-07-06|access-date=|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=|last=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
''Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi'' was theatrically released on 30 January 2026. It was previously scheduled to release on 1 August 2025 but was postponed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tharun Bhascker and Eesha Rebba's 'Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi' to release on 1 August|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/telugu/tharun-bhascker-and-eesha-rebbas-om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-to-release-on-1-august/|website=The South First|date=2025-07-05|access-date=|language=|first=|last=}}</ref><br />
== Reception ==<br />
Reviewing the film for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi called "partly fun, partly simmering emotional drama" with "compelling performances" from Rebba and Bhascker.<ref>{{Cite news|title=‘Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi’ movie review: Eesha Rebba, Tharun Bhascker shine in this sharp critique of patriarchy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-movie-review-eesha-rebba-tharun-bhascker-star-in-the-film-directed-by-ar-sajeev/article70569609.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2026-01-30|access-date=|issn=0971-751X|language=en-IN|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo}}</ref> ''[[Moneycontrol]]''<nowiki/>'s Bhawana Tanmayi stated it was a "faithful remake", which worked in parts,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/regional/om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-movie-review-a-faithful-remake-of-the-original-but-entertains-in-bits-and-pieces-article-13799279.html|title=Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi movie review: A faithful remake of the original but entertains in bits and pieces|date=2026-01-31|last=Bhawana|first=Tanmayi|website=[[Moneycontrol]]}}</ref> while Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' felt that the remake lacked the original's intensity. On technical aspects, Kavirayani added "the cinematography beautifully captures the [[Godavari]] landscape, adding visual appeal. The music, however, remains average and doesn’t elevate the emotional moments."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi Movie Review: The remake misses the original’s intensity|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2026/Jan/30/om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-movie-review-the-remake-misses-the-originals-intensity|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=2026-01-30|access-date=|language=en|first=Suresh|last=Kavirayani}}</ref><br />
<br />
BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', who rated the film {{Fraction|1|1|2}} stars out of 5, criticized the film, saying, "the Telugu adaptation lacks the novelty, sharpness and emotional depth required to keep the audience engaged."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Om Shanti Shanti Shantihi Review: A Slap On Telugu Audience’s Face|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/om-shanti-shanti-shantihi-review-a-slap-on-telugu-audiences-face-1933714|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=2026-01-30|access-date=|language=en|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|34446638}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films set in Rajahmundry]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Rajahmundry]]<br />
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2026 comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaladhar_Mandal&diff=507548Kaladhar Mandal2026-04-07T21:35:47Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Kaladhar Mandal<br />
| image =<br />
| image size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Rupauli Assembly constituency|Rupauli]]<br />
| term_start1 = 14 November 2025<br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]]<br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| term_end2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| term_start3 = <br />
| term_end3 = <br />
| term_start4 = <br />
| term_end4 = <br />
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]<br />
| spouse = Anandhi Mandal<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| relations = <br />
| children = <br />
| profession = Farmer<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Kaladhar Mandal''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]].<br />
He is a resident of Rupauli town in [[Purnia district|Purnia District]]. Kaladhar Mandal obtained his bachelor's degree from [[Vinayaka Missions University]], located in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1974 |title= Bihar 2025 |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Janata Dal (United)]] party. In the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025 Bihar Assembly elections]], he successfully contested and won the election from the [[Rupauli Assembly constituency]], becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).He hails from [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Gangota]] Community.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/kaladhar-prasad-mandal |title=MPs & MLAs Bihar 18th Assembly (2025 to 2030) |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
== 2025 ==<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rupauli<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0460.htm |title= General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results November-2025 Assembly Constituency 60 - RUPAULI (Bihar) |access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Kaladhar Mandal<br />
|votes = 1,24,826<br />
|percentage = 55.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Bima Bharti]]<br />
|votes = 51,254<br />
|percentage = 22.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|candidate = [[Shankar Singh (Bihar politician)|Shankar Singh]]<br />
|votes = 29,986<br />
|percentage = 13.32<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| <br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|votes = 5,862<br />
|percentage = 2.60<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| <br />
|votes = 73,572<br />
|percentage = 32.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| <br />
|votes = 225,095<br />
|percentage = 63.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|winner = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|loser = Independent politician<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pratibhatane&diff=526538Pratibhatane2026-04-07T19:05:51Z<p>ConradQ41114: started</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pratibhatane<br />
| image = Pratibhatane.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Rajendra Kumar Arya<br />
| writer = Rajendra Kumar Arya (dialogue)<br />
| screenplay = Rajendra Kumar Arya<br />
| story = K. Shivaram <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = M. Ravi<br />
| starring = K. Shivaram<br />[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = R. C. Mapakshi<br />
| editing = Shyam<br />
| music = [[V. Manohar]]<br />
| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = --><br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|2|26|ref1=<ref name="C"/>}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Pratibhatane''''' ({{Translation|Protest}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Rajendra Kumar Arya and starring K. Shivaram and [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]].<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*K. Shivaram as Basava<br />
*[[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]] as Sudha<br />
*Kanchana<br />
*Keerthiraj <br />
*[[Shani Mahadevappa]]<br />
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]<br />
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]<br />
*[[Karibasavaiah]]<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[V. Manohar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/gb/album/pratibhatane-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1161644177|title=Pratibhatane (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=2014|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> The lyrics are written by K. G. Prasad, V. Manohar, and [[Siddalingaiah (poet)|Siddalingaiah]].<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/prathibhatane-1999#movie_crew_list|title=Prathibhatane|work=Chiloka|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> The song "Hasuvina" written by Siddalingaiah, under the pseudonym of Aditya,{{Efn|Siddalingaiah was a [[dalit]] and didn't want to get accused of getting lured by the commercial film industry.<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/997975/siddalingaiah-1954-2021-the-dalit-poet-who-broke-the-rules-and-challenged-the-norms|title=Siddalingaiah (1954-2021): The Dalit poet who broke the rules and challenged the norms|date=20 June 2021|first=S. R.|last=Ramakrishna|work=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref> <br />
}} was reportedly a "smash hit" and won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Lyricist]].<ref name="S"/><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Chori Chori<br />
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length1 = 4:09<br />
| title2 = Baale Naviloora<br />
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length2 = 4:24<br />
| title3 = Hasuvina<br />
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan<br />
| length3 = 4:44<br />
| title4 = Sarasakke Baare<br />
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length4 = 4:27<br />
| title5 = Varadakshine<br />
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan<br />
| length5 = 4:28<br />
| total_length = 22:12<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Srikanth Srinivasa of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Director Rajendra Arya has given a clean social film with he himself pitching in with a good performance. V Manohar is back with a bang, with a good musical score. The editing could have been tighter".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument|title=Pratibhatane|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214152015/http://www.cscsarchive.org:80/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument|archive-date=14 February 2008|first=Srikanth|last=Srinivasa}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{noteslist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|14816580}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1999 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kotwali_Gate&diff=510677Kotwali Gate2026-03-30T11:57:41Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Medieval gate on the Bangladesh-India border}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Chapai KotowaliDorja 03Jun16 IMG 20160603 113712 01.jpg|thumb|The contemporary condition of Kotwali Gate]]<br />
The '''Kotwali Gate''', commonly known as '''Kotwali Darja''', is the location of a collapsed medieval gate on the [[Bangladesh-India border]]. The gate was the southern entrance to an ancient [[citadel]] of [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Siddiq |first=Mohammad Yusuf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAUBCwAAQBAJ&dq=kotwali+gate&pg=PA154 |title=Epigraphy and Islamic Culture: Inscriptions of the Early Muslim Rulers of Bengal (1205-1494) |date=2015-11-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-58746-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPSIC55IT3MC&dq=kotwali+gate&pg=PA69 |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1882 |publisher=Government Press |language=en}}</ref> It is a former [[arch]] and [[Gate|gateway]] to the former [[walled city]] of [[Gauda (city)|Gaur]], which was the capital of Bengal for 112 years. <br />
<br />
Today, it marks the international border between India and Bangladesh in the northwestern region, dividing the districts of [[Chapai Nawabganj]] and [[Malda district|Malda]]. The gate is an official border crossing between the two countries.{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The name of the gate originates from the term [[Kotwal]].<ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Kotwali_Darwaza |title=Kotwali Darwaza - Banglapedia |publisher=En.banglapedia.org |date=2021-06-18 |accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Kotwali Gate at Gour, an aquatint by James Moffatt, 1808.jpg|thumb|Painting of Kotwali Gate in 1808]]<br />
According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the structure dates back to the era of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] between the reigns of [[Iltutmish]] (r. 1211–1236) and [[Alauddin Khalji]] (r. 1296–1316).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.asikolkata.in/maldah.aspx | title=ASI, Kolkata Circle }}</ref> According to the [[British Library]], the gate may have been built after the capital of Bengal was re-established in Gaur by the [[Sultan of Bengal]] following the relocation from nearby [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]] in 1446.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/k/019pho000001003u00091000.html |title=Kotwali Darwaza, Gaur. 100391 |publisher=Bl.uk |date=2003-11-30 |accessdate=2023-02-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The central arch, which was 9.15 meters high and 5.10 meters wide,<ref name="banglapedia1"/> has now collapsed. The gate is part of the southern wall of Gaur. Minor decorative arches are still present on the wall. In addition to the collapsed arch, the gate also had semi-circular towers, battlements and apertures to defend the city.<ref name="banglapedia1"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Nimtali arch]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|24.8426|88.1412|type:landmark|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Gates in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Chapai Nawabganj District]]<br />
[[Category:Maldah]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Ruins in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ruins in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Shibganj Upazila, Chapai Nawabganj]]<br />
[[Category:City gates]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zaigham_Imam&diff=546422Zaigham Imam2026-03-25T02:02:32Z<p>ConradQ41114: Creating A Data More To Come!</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1982)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Zaigham Imam<br />
| image = Zaigham Imam at the premier of Nakkash.jpg<br />
| caption = Imam at the premier of Nakkash<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age |df=yes|1982|12|10}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh]], India<ref>{{cite web |title=Zaigham Imam Interview |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/zaigham-imam-s-nakkash-showcased-at-cannes-film-festival/story-TQvE8WyZlGwhwJpmAX4ygJ.html |website=Hindustantimes.com}}</ref><br />
| occupation = Writer, director, producer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Zaigham Imam''' (born 10 December 1982) is an Indian film director, writer, and producer, known for ''[[Nakkash]]'', ''[[Dozakh in Search of Heaven]]'', and ''[[Alif (2016 film)|Alif]]'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Zaigham Imam Filmography |url=https://thereviewmonk.com/person/zaigham-imam/ |website=Thereviewmonk.com}}</ref> He has written two books, ''Main Mohabbat'' and ''Dozakh'', both published by [[Rajkamal Prakashan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dozakh by Zaigham Imam |url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/radha/catalog/product/view/id/332/s/dozakh/category/41/ |website=rajkamalprakashan.com |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014155140/https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/radha/catalog/product/view/id/332/s/dozakh/category/41/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He won the Best Director award for ''Nakkash'' at the India International Film Festival of Boston (IIFFB) 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Nakkash'' wins two big awards at film fest in Boston |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/nakkash-wins-two-big-awards-at-film-fest-in-boston/1621794 |website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Imam spent nearly ten years as a media professional and worked for Hindi newspapers such ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' and the news channels [[Aaj Tak]]. He then started writing dialogues, stories and screenplays, and was a researcher on Indian TV dramas. He entered Bollywood by adapting his own novel ''Dozakh: in Search of Heaven'' for the screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/censor-boards-strange-diktat/15581173|title= Censor Certificate controversy – MidDay Reportsr|work=Centist|access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
In ''Dozakh: In Search Of Heaven'', Imam took on the roles of writer, director and producer. The release in March 2015 was well-received and won awards and nominations in various international film festivals. Amitabh Bachchan complimented him by saying "'Dozakh' is a sensitive film, made by sensitive people."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/amitabh-bachchan-wishes-support-for-small-budget-film-dozakh/|title= Tweet by Mr. Amtabh Bachchan|work=Centist|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Imam's second feature film, ''Alif'', his second feature film, was released on February 3, 2017. The trailer was launched by former [[Uttar Pradesh]] Chief Minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-attends-chief-minister-akhilesh-yadavs-film-alifs-trailer-launch/articleshow/56221328.cms|title=Amitabh Bachchan attends Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav's film Alif's trailer launch – Times of India Reports|work=Centist|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref><br />
The film was narrated by Jaya Bachchan and got acclaimed as 'A Pearl in the sea of Bollywood'. <br />
''Alif'' was well-received critics as well as in the general audience, and the television rights to ''Alif'' were bought. It also premiered at Australia's Indian International Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/070117/award-winning-film-alif-narrated-by-jaya-bachchan-set-for-february-release.html|title=Alif narrated by Jaya Bachchan set for February release|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Imam'ss third film, ''Nakkash'', was made in 2019, completing the trilogy of stories set around the holy city of Varanasi, India. The I & B Ministry selected ''Nakkash'' to represent the spirit of communal harmony in India and sponsored its launch in the "India Pavilion" at [[Cannes]], where it was showcased during the 71st Cannes Film Festival 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/zaigham-imam-s-nakkash-showcased-at-cannes-film-festival/story-TQvE8WyZlGwhwJpmAX4ygJ.html|title=Nakkash showcased in Cannes – Hindustan Times Reports|work=Centist|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref> Nakkash was released on 31 May 2019 in India.<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year !! Title !! Director !! Writer!! Producer<br />
|-<br />
|2011||''[[Looteri Dulhan]]''||{{no}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}<br />
|-<br />
|2015||''[[Dozakh in Search of Heaven]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|2016||''[[Alif (2016 film)|Alif]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019||''[[Nakkash]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|2026||''[[The Narmada Story]]''||{{yes}}||{{yes}}||{{no}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|6901818}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Imam, Zaigham}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:1982 births]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=JJ_Colony_Madanpur_Khadar&diff=504947JJ Colony Madanpur Khadar2026-03-15T12:45:13Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding a info</p>
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<div>{{Orphan|date=December 2018}}<br />
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
<!--See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details--><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = JJ Colony<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = District Subdivision<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|28.5301|77.3137|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[South East Delhi]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 2000s<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!--[[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 110076<br />
| area_code = 011<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi]],<br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''JJ Colony''' is a resettlement colony on the Gram Sabha Land of [[Madanpur Khadar Village]] in the south-eastern region of Delhi. It is located in close proximity to [[Sarita Vihar]] and [[Kalindi Kunj]], about 1 kilometers from the [[Haryana|Uttar Pradesh]] border. It was created in 2004 when the slum dwellers from across Delhi were [[Slum clearance in India|forcefully evicted]] and relocated to the urban peripheries.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
"[[Khadir and Bangar|Khadar]]" refers to the black loamy soil found in this region; a natural feature caused by the low-lying areas of fertile floodplains. Since most of the land is on the slopes of canals running through the colony, local building regulations prohibit the construction of houses higher than three floors. For over 100 years, a village called [https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/in-madanpur-khadar-rural-life-rides-out-urban-crush/story-fo1d2lrueDIC7Uq9vTG35M.html Madanpur Khadar] had existed in this area, until new waves of migrants in the 1970s and 1980s going to Delhi in search of jobs and working in the industries and factories in Delhi's urban peripheries began to change its landscape.<br />
<br />
In 2000, a landmark judgment was passed by the Indian Supreme Court. During the summing up of a Public Interest Litigation brought by a ‘concerned citizen’, the judge labeled slum dwellers as ‘pickpockets’, ‘encroachers’ and ‘trespassers’.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkOrCwAAQBAJ&dq=%E2%80%98pickpockets%E2%80%99%2C+%E2%80%98encroachers%E2%80%99+and+%E2%80%98trespassers%E2%80%99+2000&pg=PA67|title=The Illegal City|isbn=9781317027942|last1=Datta|first1=Ayona|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> Widely known as the ''[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/339109/ Almitra Patel]'' case, this ruling overturned the earlier political patronage of slums that had enabled its residents to live and flourish in the city, even though the land they lived on was not formally owned by them. As Dr. Ayona Datta wrote in 2012, "While the Indian courts till the 1980s had followed an implicit understanding that access to affordable shelter and infrastructure services was a basic human right, this ruling set the trend for interpreting squatting as a criminal offense in most regional states of India".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkOrCwAAQBAJ&q=ayona+datta|title=The Illegal City: Space, Law and Gender in a Delhi Squatter Settlement|last=Datta|first=Ayona|date=2016-03-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317027942|language=en}}</ref> Shortly after, Madanpur Khadar area was assigned by the Government of India as a relocation site for evictees from various slums across Delhi.<br />
<br />
The name JJ Colony is a derivative of "''jhuggi-jhopri''"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/AsIntroduced/slumjhugi-237w-E.pdf|title=THE SLUMS AND JHUGGI-JHOPRI AREAS (BASIC AMENITIES AND CLEARANCE) BILL, 2015}}</ref> a colloquial name for unauthorized slums. Madanpur Khadar JJ Colony was formed after the Supreme Court ruling in 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/DoIT_Revenue/revenue/home/land+acquisition/south/madanpur+khadar/madanpur+khadar+village|title=Department of Revenue|website=delhi.gov.in|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> when the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA) acquired land from the village of Madanpur Khadar, subdivided it into plots and sold it on a lease (Rs7000 for 22m<sup>2</sup> plots and Rs 5000 for 12m<sup>2</sup> plots) to thousands of families who were evicted and relocated from slums across Delhi. The eligibility for relocation was set as those slum dwellers holding ration cards by 31 January 1990. Later, it was modified to make those holding ration cards up to 31 December 1998 eligible to plots of 12.5m<sup>2</sup>. Over four years, people from [[Nehru Place]], [[Kalkaji Mandir]], Raj Nagar, R. K. Puram, [[Nizamuddin East|Nizamuddin]], [[Green Park]], [[Alaknanda]], and ITO were relocated to the JJ colony under extremely challenging and difficult conditions.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9NsSAQAAMAAJ|title=Swept off the map: surviving eviction and resettlement in Delhi|last1=Menon-Sen|first1=Kalyani|last2=Bhan|first2=Gautam|last3=India)|first3=Jāgorī (New Delhi|date=2008-04-01|publisher=Yoda Press|isbn=9788190618618|language=en}}</ref> Although its residents are now legal leaseholders of their plots, it was named a JJ Colony since the inhabitants were previously slum dwellers from Delhi.<br />
<br />
A report<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/snc/cssh/HumanRights/|title=Documents on Human Rights Violations|website=www.unipune.ac.in|access-date=2018-10-24}}</ref> by Delhi Janwadi Adhikar Manch in 2001 highlighted the challenges that newly evicted slum dwellers faced when resettled in the Madanpur Khadar JJ Colony. The land was mainly agricultural and had not been developed or serviced with basic infrastructure connections. Although most residents moved to the Colony around 2000, they did not receive electricity connections till 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/07/13/stories/2004071317280300.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=New Delhi News: Madanpur Khadar residents to get power connections|date=2004-07-13|access-date=2018-10-24}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> There was no direct sewage connection, resulting in many people defecating in the open. Despite the construction of public toilets later, they are poorly maintained and mostly unused. Other infrastructures, such as water and sanitation, were also lacking at the time of settlement. Water supply was unpredictable and residents often had to rely on tankers or hand pumps. Drainage was via uncovered channels along the internal roads.<br />
<br />
==Accessibility==<br />
<br />
Different types of private transport operate out of the colony. E-rickshaws take people from here to the two nearest metro stations- [[Sarita Vihar]] on the [[Violet Line (Delhi Metro)|Violet Line]] and [[Kalindi Kunj]] on the [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Magenta Line]]. Apart from this, private mini-buses and vans offer their services through Jasola-Okhla-Harkesh Nagar to [[Nehru Place]] and back. Despite being one of the biggest resettlement colonies, with hundreds of workers going outside to work, the [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] has no buses that run along these routes, making the residents entirely dependent on private transportation and, more recently, the [[Delhi Metro]].<br />
<br />
==Education and employment==<br />
<br />
There are 6 government schools in the JJ colony and about 15 private schools. Prior to the opening of these schools, the children from the resettlement colony attended the Sarita Vihar Government School.<br />
<br />
Men of the colony are typically employed as daily wage workers, in hotels, or call centers. Women also work in these places, but typically also find employment in the flats/homes of Sarita Vihar and Kalindi Kunj as domestic laborers.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Current residents of Khadar are typically first or second generation migrants from regional states such as West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, or Rajasthan. The population is estimated around 25000 people, the majority of which are Hindus. Residents are primarily engaged in low-wage jobs such as unskilled laborers, drivers, domestic workers, security guards, [[Ragpicker|rag pickers]], vendors, and construction, industrial, and commercial workers. Women typically work as domestic workers, factory workers, taxi drivers, street hawkers, and NGO workers. Hindi is the local language.<br />
<br />
JJ colony in khadar includes so many cultural aspects and religion communities.<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religion at JJ Colony, Madanpur Khadar<br />
|titlebar=#ddd <br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|89.9}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|8.7}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|Yellow|2.1}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikh]]|Blue|1.2}}<br />
|caption= Source: Census Report of 2011, Government Of India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Governance==<br />
The ward number of the JJ colony is 103, and the current councillor is Santosh Devi, who won on a ticket from the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP.) in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/delhi/mcd-elections/|title=Delhi MCD Election Results 2017, Party and Ward Wise|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2018-12-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Physical and social infrastructure==<br />
<br />
The Urban Services Programme<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nua.unhabitat.org/details1.asp?ProjectId=32&ln=1|title=Implementing the New Urban Agenda :: Projects - URBAN BASIC SERVICES|website=nua.unhabitat.org|access-date=2018-11-07|archive-date=24 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924142234/http://nua.unhabitat.org/details1.asp?ProjectId=32&ln=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> for resettlement colonies mandates that Pay and Use toilets be made available at the ratio of 1 seat per 10 families. However, the number of public toilets in the entire locality ranges from about 15–20. The number of public toilets in each block typically depends upon the size of the block. B1 has 5 toilets whereas A1 has 3 and B2 has 2. The toilets also only operate on specific times, from 6-11 a.m. and 4-8 p.m. Safe and free drinking water is difficult to find in this colony, as the supply water is non-potable and [[Hard water|hard]]. This has led to a growing water-distilling business in the region which provide 20 liters for Rs. 10 on average. <br />
[[File:Private water distribution.jpg|thumb|Private water distribution]]<br />
The nearby [[Badarpur Thermal Power Station]] on Mathura Road creates long-term health risks of exposure to fly ash and dust particles. However, there are no primary health centers;<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-s-irony-urban-poverty/story-ovjqaXGwrGZfZKT8yETuaO.html|title=Delhi's irony: Urban Poverty|date=2012-04-07|newspaper=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=2018-10-24|language=en}}</ref> only one government dispensary is functional in the area, though many private clinics also exist. Health remains a major area of concern, with diseases such as diarrhea, [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] and respiratory diseases common among children. According to a study by Delhi Forces Neev, 2 percent of the children in Madanpur Khadar were severely malnourished as of 2010.<ref name=":0" /> For any major illnesses, residents have to travel more than 15 k&nbsp;m to [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS]] or [[Safdarjung Hospital]].<br />
<br />
The lack of access to basic civic amenities and essential services is a problem for all, but disproportionately affects women and young girls in such situations. As a Guardian article recently reported, "Faced with prohibitive costs of unregulated private transport, fear of harassment by men on long journeys and few employment opportunities in their new settlement, they have little choice but to remain at home".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/finalist-blogs/2013/aug/27/women-of-madanpur-khadar-want-jobs|title=The Women of Madanpur Khadar want jobs – and to play football|last1=Griffin|first1=Joanna|last2=India|date=2013-08-27|newspaper=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref> The challenges of mobility for women are further exacerbated by high incidences of gender-based violence, including sexual harassment, sexual assault and domestic violence. NGOs such as [http://www.jagori.org Jagori] have worked in this settlement raising awareness about Violence Against Women (VAW) since 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jagori.org/16-days-campaign-against-vaw-madanpur-khadar-december-2014|title=16 days Campaign against VAW at Madanpur Khadar, December 2014|website=www.jagori.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are close to 40 [[anganwadi]]s (crèches) in the JJ colony. While most of them are run by the government, some of them were sub-contracted to NGO's briefly. The further operational status of these remains undetermined.<br />
<br />
There are many NGO's currently working in Madanpur Khadar, such as EFRAH India, <br />
[[World vision India|World Vision India]], [[Jagori]], Agragrami India, [[Etasha Society]], Prayatan, Casp Delhi. They work on issues such as health, education, women's empowerment, craft making, vocational training, and placements. Most of these organizations focus on women's and children's rights.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
{{Neighborhoods of Delhi}}<br />
{{Delhi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:South Delhi district]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_early_Chola_kings&diff=513062List of legendary early Chola kings2026-03-14T08:24:07Z<p>ConradQ41114: starting basic info v1...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|History of early Chola rulers}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Chola history}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Karikala Cholan.JPG|250px|thumb|Modern statue devoted to [[Karikala|<br />
Great Karikala Chola]]]]<br />
<br />
The '''legendary early Chola kings''' are [[recorded history]] of [[early Chola]] rulers of [[Sangam period]] in [[Tamil literature]] and [[Sangam literature]]. The other source of early Chola history is found in the [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions|inscriptions]] left by [[later Chola]] kings.<br />
<br />
== Sources of early Chola history ==<br />
{{see also|Tamil literature|Sangam literature}}<br />
<br />
The genealogy of the Chola kings as found in Tamil literature and in the many inscriptions left by the later Chola kings. It contain records of kings for whom no verifiable historic evidence survives. Many versions of this lineage exist. The main source is the Sangam literature – particularly, religious literature such as ''[[Periya Puranam|Periyapuranam]]'', semi-biographical poems of the later Chola period such as the temple and cave inscriptions and left by medieval Cholas.<br />
<br />
Irrespective of the source, no list of the kings has a strong evidentiary basis and, while they generally are similar to each other, no two lists are identical. Some historians consider these lists as comprehensive conglomerations of various Hindu deities and Puranic characters attributed to local chieftains and invented ancestry of dynasty attempting to re-establish their legitimacy and supremacy in a land they were trying to conquer.<br />
<br />
=== Origin of Cholas and Literary sources ===<br />
{{see also|Agastya|Tamil copper-plate inscriptions}}<br />
<br />
Typical hero and [[Demigod|demi-gods]] found their place in the ancestry claimed by the later Cholas in the genealogies incorporated into the copper-plate charters and stone inscription of the tenth and eleventh centuries. The earliest version of this is found in the [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions|Kilbil Plates]] which give fifteen names before Chola including the genuinely historical ones of [[Karikala]], [[Perunarkilli]] and [[Kocengannan]]. The [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions|Thiruvalangadu Plates]] swells this list to forty-four, and the [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions|Kanya Plates]] lists fifty-two.<br />
<br />
The Cholas were looked upon as descended from the [[Solar dynasty]]. The [[Puranas]] speak of a Chola king, a supposed contemporary of the sage [[Agastya]], whose devotion brought the river [[Kaveri|Kavery]] into existence.<br />
<br />
The story of king [[Manu Needhi Cholan]] tells of how he sentenced his son to death for having accidentally killed a [[Calf (animal)|calf]]. He was called thus because he followed the rules of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]; his real name is not mentioned and is thought to be "Ellalan" according to [[Mahāvaṃsa|Maha vamsam]] who was attributed with a similar story. [[Shibi (king)|King Shibi]] rescued a [[dove]] from a hunter by giving his own flesh to the hungry and poor hunter and was also part of the legends. King Shivi was also called '''''Sembiyan''''', a popular title assumed by a number of Chola kings.<br />
<br />
== Sangam period Chola rulers ==<br />
<br />
The Chola kings of the [[Sangam period]] and the life of [[ancient Tamil country|people]] contributed much to Tamil cultural wealth. The Sangam literature is full of legends about Chola kings. However, no evidentiary basis supports this list of Kings either by way of inscriptions or by way of literary evidence (even in Sangam literature). The dates of accession are approximate interpolation of the [[Chronological standpoints in Tamil history]].<br />
<br />
;List of Sangam Chola rulers till 250s CE–<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ List of early (Sangam Period) Chola rulers<br />
!Ruler<br />
!Reign<br />
|-<br />
|Eri Oliyan Vaendhi <br />
|c. 3020 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maandhuvaazhi<br />
|c. 2980 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|El Mei Nannan<br />
|c. 2945 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Keezhai Kinjuvan<br />
|c. 2995 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vazhisai Nannan<br />
|c. 2865 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Mei Kiyagusi Aerru<br />
|c. 2820 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Aai Kuzhi Agusi Aerru<br />
|c. 2810 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Thizhagan Maandhi<br />
|c. 2800 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maandhi Vaelan<br />
|c. 2770 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Aai Adumban<br />
|c. 2725 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Aai Nedun Jaet Chozha Thagaiyan<br />
|c. 2710 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|El Mei Agguvan "a.k.a" Keezh Nedu Mannan<br />
|c. 2680 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Mudiko Mei Kaalaiyam Thagaiyan<br />
|c. 2650 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ilangok Keezh Kaalaiyan Thagaiyan "a.k.a." Ilangeezh Nannan — Kadamba lineage started by his brother Aai Keezh Nannan<br />
|c. 2645 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaalaiyan Gudingyan<br />
|c. 2630 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedun Gaalayan Dhagayan<br />
|c. 2615 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vaengai Nedu Vael Varaiyan<br />
|c. 2614 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vaet Kaal Kudingyan<br />
|c. 2600 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maei Ila Vael Varaiyan<br />
|c. 2590 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Sibi Vendhi<br />
|c. 2580 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Paru Bonji Chaamazhingyan <br />
|c. 2535 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vaeqratrtri Chembiya Chozhan <br />
|c. 2525 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Saamazhi Chozhiya Vaelaan <br />
|c. 2515 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Uthi Ven Gaalai Thagan <br />
|c. 2495 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nannan That Kaalai Thagan <br />
|c. 2475 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vel Vaen Mindi<br />
|c. 2445 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedun Jembiyan<br />
|c. 2415 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedu Nonji Vendhi<br />
|c. 2375 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maei Vael Paqratrtri<br />
|c. 2330 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Aai Perun Thoan Nonji<br />
|c. 2315 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kudiko Pungi<br />
|c. 275 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perun Goep Poguvan<br />
|c. 2250 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Koeth Thatrtri<br />
|c. 2195 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vadi Sembiyan<br />
|c. 2160 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Aalam Poguvan<br />
|c. 2110 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedun Jembiyan<br />
|c. 2085 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perum Paeyar Poguvan<br />
|c. 2056 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kadun Jembiyan<br />
|c. 2033 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedun Kathan<br />
|c. 2015 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Paru Nakkan<br />
|c. 1960 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vani Sembiyan<br />
|c. 1927 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Udha Chira Mondhuvan<br />
|c. 1902 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perun Kaththan<br />
|c. 1875 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kadun Kandhalan<br />
|c. 1860 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nakka Monjuvan<br />
|c. 1799 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maarko Vael Maandhuvan Aaththikko<br />
|c. 1786 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Musukunthan Vaendhi<br />
|c. 1753 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Peru nakkan Thatrtri<br />
|c. 1723 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vaer Kaththan<br />
|c. 1703 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ambalaththu Irumundruvan<br />
|c. 1682 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaari Mondhuvan<br />
|c. 1640 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vennakkan Thatrtri<br />
|c. 1615 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maarko Chunthuvan<br />
|c. 1565 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vaer Parunthoan Mundruvan<br />
|c. 1520 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Udhan Kaththan<br />
|c. 1455 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaariko Sunthuvan<br />
|c. 1440 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vendri Nungunan<br />
|c. 1396 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Mondhuvan Vendhi<br />
|c. 1376 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaandhaman<br />
|c. 1359 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Mundruvan Vendhi<br />
|c. 1337 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaandhaman<br />
|c. 1297 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Monjuvan Vendhi<br />
|c. 1276 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ani Sembiyan<br />
|c. 1259 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nungunan Vendhi<br />
|c. 1245 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maarkop Perum Cenni<br />
|c. 1229 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Monjuvan Nanvendhi<br />
|c. 1180 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kopperunar chenni<br />
|c. 1170 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Monthuvan Jembiyan<br />
|c. 1145 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Narchenni<br />
|c. 1105 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Caet Chembiyan<br />
|c. 1095 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nakkar Chenni<br />
|c. 1060 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Parun Jembiyan<br />
|c. 1045 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Venjenni<br />
|c. 998 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Musugunthan<br />
|c. 989 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maarkop Perun Jembiyan<br />
|c. 960 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedunjenni<br />
|c. 935 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Thatchembiyan<br />
|c. 915 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ambalaththu Iruvaer Chembiyan<br />
|c. 895 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaariko Chenni<br />
|c. 865 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Venvaer Chenni<br />
|c. 830 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaandhaman<br />
|c. 788 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kaandhalan<br />
|c. 721 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Caetchenni<br />
|c. 698 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Vani Nungunan<br />
|c. 680 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Mudhu Sembiyan Vendhi<br />
|c. 640 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Peelan Jembiyach Chozhiyan <br />
|c. 615 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Maeyan Gadungo<br />
|c. 590 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Thiththan<br />
|c. 570 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perunar Killi Porvaiko<br />
|c. 515 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kadu Mundruvan<br />
|c. 496 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kopperunjozhan<br />
|c. 495 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Narkilli Mudiththalai<br />
|c. 480 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Thevvango Chozhan<br />
|c. 465 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Naran Jembiyan<br />
|c. 455 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nakkam Peela Valavan<br />
|c. 440 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Iniyan Rhevvan Jenni<br />
|c. 410 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Varcembiyan<br />
|c. 395 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedun Jembiyan<br />
|c. 386 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nakkan Aran Jozhan<br />
|c. 345 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ambalathu Irungoch Chenni<br />
|c. 330 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perunar Killi<br />
|c. 316 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kochaet Cenni<br />
|c. 286 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Cerupazhi Erinda Ilanjaetcenni<br />
|c. 275 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedungop Perunkilli<br />
|c. 220 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Cenni Ellagan<br />
|c. 205 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perun Gilli<br />
|c. 165 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Kopperun Jozhiyav Ilanjaetcenni<br />
|c. 140 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perunar Killi Mudiththalaiko<br />
|c. 120 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perumpoot Cenni<br />
|c. 100 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ilam Perunjenni<br />
|c. 100 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Perungilli Vendhi "aka" Karikaalan I<br />
|c. 70 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Nedumudi Killi<br />
|c. 35 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Ilavanthigaipalli Thunjiya Maei Nalangilli Caet Cenni<br />
|c. 20 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Aai Vaenalangilli<br />
|c. 15 BCE<br />
|-<br />
|Uruvapakraer Ilanjaetcenni<br />
|c. 10 - 16 CE<br />
|-<br />
|''Kingdom ruled by a series of Uraiyur chieftains''<br />
|c. 16 – 30 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Karikaalan II Peruvalaththaan<br />
|c. 31 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Vaer Paqradakkai Perunar Killi<br />
|c. 99 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Perun Thiru Mavalavan "aka" Turaapalli Thunjiya<br />
|c. 99 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Nalangilli<br />
|c. 111 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Perunarkilli "aka" Kula Mutrtraththu Thunjiya<br />
|c. 120 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Perunarkilli "aka" Irasasuya Vaetta<br />
|c. 143 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Vael Kadunkilli<br />
|c. 192 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Kochenganaan<br />
|c. 220 CE<br />
|-<br />
|Nalluruththiran<br />
|c. 245 CE<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Genealogy from Chola inscriptions ==<br />
{{see also|Early Cholas}}<br />
<br />
The genealogy of the Chola family conveyed by the [[Tamil copper-plate inscriptions|Thiruvalangadu copperplate grant]] consists of names that corroborate the historic authenticity of legends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/south_indian_inscriptions/volume_3/no_205_aditya_ii_karikala.html|title=South Indian Inscriptions Volume_3 - Rajendra-Chola I Inscriptions @ whatisindia.com|website=www.whatisindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]<br />
* [[Ikshvaku]]<br />
* Vikukshi<br />
* Puranjaya<br />
* [[Kakutstha]]<br />
* [[Kakshivat]]<br />
* [[Aryaman]]<br />
* Analapratapa<br />
* Vena<br />
* [[Prithu]]<br />
* Dhundhumara<br />
* Yuvanasva<br />
* [[King Mandhata|Mandhata]]<br />
* [[Muchukunda]]<br />
* [[Vallabha|Valabha]]<br />
* Prithulaksha<br />
* Parthivachudamani<br />
* Dirghabahu<br />
* Chandrajit<br />
* [[Sankriti]]<br />
* Panchapa<br />
* [[Satyavrata]]<br />
* Rudrajit<br />
* Sibi<br />
* Marutta<br />
* [[Dushyanta]]<br />
* Bharata<br />
* Cholavarman<br />
* Rajakesarivarman<br />
* Parakesarin<br />
* Chitraratha<br />
* Chitrasva<br />
* Chitradhanvan<br />
* Suraguru (Mrityujit)<br />
* Chitraratha<br />
* Vyaghraketu<br />
* Narendrapati<br />
* [[Vasu]] (Uparichara)<br />
* [[Vishvamitra|Visvajit]]<br />
* [[Perunarkilli|Perunatkilli]]<br />
* [[Karikala]]<br />
* [[Kochchenganan|Kochchengannan]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Tamilakam]]<br />
* [[Chola Empire]]<br />
* [[History of India]]<br />
* [[List of Tamil monarchs]]<br />
* [[History of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
* [[History of South India]]<br />
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]<br />
* [[Chronology of Tamil history]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chola Kings, Legendary Early}}<br />
[[Category:Lists of Indian monarchs|Chola]]<br />
[[Category:Chola kings|Legendary]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81r%C5%9Bvan%C4%81tha&diff=527547Pārśvanātha2026-03-08T20:57:18Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|23rd Tirthankara in Jainism}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox deity<br />
| type = Jain<br />
| deity_of = 23rd [[Tirthankara]]<br />
| image = Shankheshwar Parshvanath 1.jpg<br />
| caption = The ancient idol of Parshvanatha at [[Shankheshwar]], Gujarat<br />
| alt = Statue of Parshvanatha seated in the lotus posture<br />
| other_names = Pārśva, Pārasanātha<br />
| venerated_in = [[Jainism]]<br />
| symbol = [[Snake]]{{sfn|Tandon|2002|p=45}}<br />
| color = [[Green]]<br />
| birth_date = c. 872 BCE (traditional){{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}<br />
| moksha_date = c. 772 BCE (traditional){{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}<br />
| father = Aśvasena<br />
| mother = Vāmādevī<br />
| tree = Ashok<br />
| height = 9 cubits (13.5 feet) (traditional){{sfn|Sarasvati|1970|p=444}}<br />
| age = 100 years (traditional){{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=128}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Neminatha]]<br />
| successor = [[Mahavira]]<br />
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kingdom of Kashi]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], India)<br />
| moksha_place = [[Shikharji|Sammed Shikhar]]<br />
| spouse = Prabhāvatī, daughter of Kuśasthala’s Prasenajit ([[Śvētāmbara|Shvetambara]]) <br> Unmarried ([[Digambara]])<br />
| dynasty = [[Solar dynasty|Ugravaṁśa—Ikṣvākuvaṁśa]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Pārśvanātha''''' ({{langx|sa|पार्श्वनाथः}}), or '''{{IAST|Pārśva}}''' and '''''Pārasanātha''''', was the 23rd of 24 ''[[Tirthankara|tīrthaṅkara]]s'' ("Ford-Maker" or supreme preacher of [[Dharma (Jainism)|Dharma]]) of [[Jainism]]. Pārśvanātha is the earliest Jaina ''tīrthaṅkara'' who is acknowledged as probably a historical figure, with some teachings attributed to him that may be accurately recorded,{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}} and a possible historical nucleus within the legendary accounts of his life from traditional hagiographies.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=16}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33, 39-40}}{{sfn|Rapson|1935|pp=154}} Historians consider that he may have lived between {{circa}} 8th to 6th century BCE,{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Long|2009|p=212}}{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|pp=3-4}} founding a proto-Jaina [[Śramaṇa|ascetic]] community{{refn|group=note|name="historical_context"}} which subsequently got revived and reformed by [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] (6th or 5th century BCE).{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}<br />
<br />
According to traditional Jaina narratives, he was born to King Aśvasena and Queen Vāmādevī of the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]] in the Indian city of [[Benaras |Varanasi]], 273 years before [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]], which places him between the 9th and 8th centuries BCE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/rude-travel-down-the-sages/story-SYVGGDouZrOTgJogiul6IN.html|title=Rude Travel: Down The Sages Vir Sanghavi|date=13 September 2013 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}} Renouncing worldly life, he founded an ascetic community. He was the spiritual successor of the 22nd Tirthankar [[Neminath]]a. He is popularly seen as a supreme propagator and reviver of Jainism. Pārśvanātha is said to have attained ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' on Mount [[Parasnath|Sammeda]] ([[Madhuban]], [[Jharkhand]]) popular as Parasnath hill in the [[Ganges]] basin, an important Jaina pilgrimage site. His iconography is notable for the serpent hood over his head, and his worship often includes [[Dharaṇendra]] and [[Padmāvatī]] (Jainism's serpent Devtā and Devī).<br />
<br />
Texts of the two major [[Jain sects|Jaina sects]] differ on the teachings of Pārśvanath and Mahāvīra. The [[Digambara]]s believe that there was no difference between the teachings of Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra. According to the [[Śvētāmbara]]s, Mahāvīra expanded Pārśvanātha's first four restraints with his ideas on ''[[ahimsa]]'' ({{lit|non-violence}}) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy). Pārśvanātha did not require celibacy and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments.<br />
<br />
==Historical Pārśvanātha==<br />
<br />
===Historicity===<br />
[[File:Patan Parshvanatha.jpg|thumb|A 10th-century CE idol of Pārśvanātha from Patan, Gujarat]]<br />
<br />
Pārśvanātha is the earliest Jaina ''tīrthaṅkara'' who is acknowledged as probably a historical figure.{{sfn|Heehs|2002|p=90}}{{sfn|Jaini|2001|p=62}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=182–183, 220}} Historians consider that he may have lived between {{circa}} 8th to 6th century BCE,{{sfn|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}{{sfn|Long|2009|p=212}}{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|pp=3-4}} founding a proto-Jaina [[Śramaṇa|ascetic]] community{{refn|group=note|name="historical_context"}} which subsequently got revived and reformed by [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] (6th or 5th century BCE).{{sfn|Basham|1951|p=108}}<br />
<br />
According to some scholars, Jainism's origin as a distinctive system can be traced to him, although possibly drawing upon earlier existing doctrines.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=24}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=103}} According to [[Paul Dundas]], [[Jain text|Jaina text]]s such as section 31 of ''Isibhasiyam'' (a description of his teachings, which may be historical) provide circumstantial evidence that he lived in ancient India.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} Historians such as [[Hermann Jacobi]] have accepted him as a historical figure because his ''Caturyāma Dharma'' (Four Vows) are mentioned in [[Buddhist texts]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=11}} In the ''Manorathapurani,'' a Buddhist commentary on the [[Anguttara Nikaya]], Vappa, the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s uncle, was a follower of Pārśvanātha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgNHE-48jNcC&q=Vappa+%28Manorathapurani%29&pg=PA163 |title=Encyclopaedia of Oriental Philosophy |publisher=Global Vision Pub House |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-8220-113-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
There may be a "historical nucleus"{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=16}} within the traditional accounts of his life, although these [[hagiography|hagiographic]] writings are otherwise considered later, legendary, and not historically reliable.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33, 39-40}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1969|p=220}}{{sfn|Thomas|1949|p=231-232}}{{sfn|Gough|2020}}{{refn|group=note|Having compiled the traditional accounts about Pārśvanātha, states [[Helmuth von Glasenapp|Glasenapp]], it is the historian's approach "to try to obtain an approximate idea of his life and his teachings from the scanty material which stands the test of a critical examination", but there remain many uncertainties.{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=24}}<br>[[Heinrich Zimmer|Zimmer]] considers him to be a historical figure, but "in the biography of Pārśva the element of legend is so strong that one can scarcely sense an actually living, breathing human being," in contrast to better documented era of Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Zimmer|1969|p=220}}<br>Comparing Jaina legends of Pārśva to similar "parallel stories" in Buddhist legends, [[Edward Joseph Thomas|Thomas]] concludes, "It appears as if the legends grew side by side and mutually influenced the rival hagiographers" of Jainism and Buddhism.{{sfn|Thomas|1949|p=231-232}}<br>According to Glasenapp, it cannot be known for certain how much the "colourful circle of legends [...] correspond to the historical facts": he accepts "the main tenets of Pārśva's doctrine", and that the "holy legend" probably does "conceal a historical nucleus",{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=16}} with an essential "correctness of tradition" that Pārśva had been "of noble birth", a "young man from a wealthy family" who renounced the worldly life and riches to become a wandering ascetic, dedicated "completely to the attainment and proclamation of philosophical knowledge"—although many details of his life were "excessively embellished by his followers later".{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|p=24}}}} The earliest biographical description of his life is from a chapter of the [[Kalpa Sūtra]] (traditionally ascribed to sage [[Bhadrabahu|Bhadrabāhu]] during 4th-3rd century BCE, but most likely dating from 2nd-1st century BCE{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=23}}): it is "extremely short in extent and probably modelled on that of Mahāvīra",{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}} so as it is of a [[wikt:formulaic|formulaic]] and hagiographic nature, "its value as a historical document is somewhat doubtful".{{sfn|Rapson|1935|pp=154}}<br />
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However, some other scholars are more skeptical in their considerations. According to Gough, "the historicity of Pārśva is not, however, firmly established".{{sfn|Gough|2020|loc=note 24|ps=: citing to the argument by historian Bansidhar Bhatt, who has argued that Pārśva "must be a mythological figure" and only later came to be dated to the 9th century BCE.<br>Bhatt, Bansidhar. 2009. "Is Pārśva the Twenty-Third Jina a Legendary Figure? A Critical Survey of Early Jain Sources" (Abstract). ''Jaina Studies: Newsletter of the Centre of Jaina Studies'' 6: 6.}} Gough additionally notes that the stories about Pārśva are rather reflective of the much later historical context when they were written: according to Gough, "since early Jaina biographical accounts of the tīrthaṅkaras were composed in north India around the turn of the first millennium", "there is no evidence that he lived in Varanasi", which more likely reflects the city's status as "an important commercial center of north India in the early centuries of the Common Era", i.e., "the time periods when monks composed and developed these stories."{{sfn|Gough|2020}}<br />
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Doubts about Pārśvanātha's historicity are also supported by the oldest Jaina texts, which present Mahāvīra with sporadic mentions of ancient ascetics and teachers without specific names (such as sections 1.4.1 and 1.6.3 of the ''Acaranga Sutra'').{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=39}} The earliest layer of Jaina literature on cosmology and universal history pivots around two ''[[Arihant (Jainism)|jinas]]'': the Adinatha ([[Rishabhanatha]]) and Mahāvīra. Stories of Pārśvanātha and [[Neminatha]] appear in later Jaina texts, with the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' the first known text. However, these texts present the tīrthaṅkaras with unusual, non-human physical dimensions; the characters lack individuality or depth, and the brief descriptions of the ''tīrthaṅkaras'' are largely modelled on Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=39–40}} The ''Kalpa Sūtra'' is the most ancient known Jaina text with the 24 ''tirthankar'', but it lists 20; three, including Pārśvanātha, have brief descriptions compared with Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=83–84}}<br />
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===Archaeology and inscriptions===<br />
Early archaeological finds, such as the statues and reliefs near [[Mathura]], lack [[iconography]] such as lions and serpents.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=82–85, Quote: "Thus the list of twenty-four Tirthankaras was either already evolved or was in the process of being evolved in the age of the Mathura sculptures in the first three centuries of the Christian era."}} Two of the early bronze images of Pārśvanātha can be found on [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya]] and [[Patna Museum]] dating back to the second century BCE to the first century CE.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}} A first century BCE [[Ayagapata]] is in [[State Museum Lucknow]] containing the image of Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}} A seventh century CE statue was found in the [[Asthal Bohar]] village of [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]].{{sfn|Vyas|1995|pp=67–68}} [[Kankali tila]] image of headless Parsvanatha is dated from 100 BCE to 75 BCE.{{sfn|Cort|2010|p=25}}<br />
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===Relation with Mahāvīra===<br />
Pārśvanātha's biography with Jaina texts says that he preceded Mahāvīra by 273 years and that he lived 100 years.{{sfn|Britannica|2009}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=128}} Mahāvīra is dated to {{circa|599|527 BCE}} in the Jaina tradition, and Pārśvanātha is dated to {{circa|872|772 BCE|lk=no}}.{{sfn|Britannica|2009}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=183}}{{sfn|Martin|Runzo|2001|pp=200–201}} According to Dundas, historians outside the Jaina tradition date Mahāvīra as contemporaneous with the [[Buddha]] in the 5th century BCE which, based on the 273-year gap, would date Pārśvanātha to the 8th or 7th century BCE.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–31}} <br />
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Section 2.15 of the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] says that Mahāvīra's parents ([[Triśalā]] and [[Siddhartha of Kundagrama|Siddhārtha]]) were lay devotees of Pārśvanātha,{{sfn|Heehs|2002|pp=90–91}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=32}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} which "has led to the widespread scholarly conclusion that Mahāvīra must have renounced within Pārśva's ascetic lineage."{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}} Despite the generally accepted historicity of Pārśva, some historical claims such as the link between him and Mahāvīra, whether Mahāvīra renounced in the ascetic tradition of Pārśvanātha, and other biographical details have led to different scholarly conclusions.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–33}} Dundas further states, "It is impossible to be certain about the relationship between Mahāvīra and Pārśva and in actuality the chronological distance between the two teachers may have been much less than two and a half centuries."{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=32}}<br />
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Long points out "some scholars have suggested that Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra were actually closer in time than the tradition claims",{{sfn|Long|2009|p=212}} referring to studies by [[Madhusudan Dhaky]]—who has identified certain Jaina texts containing wording which implies that not so many years had elapsed between the two, leading Dhaky to suggest "Pārśva could not have started his ascetic career before the beginning of the sixth century BC" and "may have passed away only a few decades before Vardhamāna [i.e., Mahāvīra] had started his preaching career".{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|pp=3-4}} In Jaina tradition, Pārśva is said to have visited some cities which, according to archaeological and historical evidence, first came to prominence during India's [[Second Urbanisation]] period, in the 7th–6th century BCE.{{sfn|Dhaky|1997|pp=3-4}}<br />
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== {{anchor|Biography in Jain tradition}}Jaina biography ==<br />
[[File:View of Ghats across the Ganges, Varanasi.jpg|thumb|alt=Small boats on the Ganges, seen from above|upright=0.85|Pārśvanātha was born in Varanasi, a historic city on the Ganges.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=271}}]]<br />
Pārśvanātha was the 23rd of 24 ''tīrthaṅkaras'' in Jaina tradition.{{sfn|Fisher|1997|p=115}}<br />
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===Life before renunciation===<br />
He was born on the tenth day of the dark half of the Hindu month of [[Pausha]] to King Ashwasena and Queen Vamadevi of [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]].{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=184}}{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}} He is said to have been born 84,000 years after his predecessor, [[Neminatha]].{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His height is mentioned as 9 ''hastas''.{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} Pārśvanātha belonged to the [[Ikshvaku dynasty]].{{sfn|Ghatage|1951|p=411}}{{sfn|Deo|1954|p=60}} Before his birth, Jaina texts state that he ruled as the god [[Indra]] in the 13th heaven of Jaina cosmology.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=183–184}} While Pārśvanātha was in his mother's womb, gods performed the ''garbha-kalyana'' (enlivened the fetus). His mother dreamt 14 auspicious dreams, an indicator in Jaina tradition that a ''tirthankar'' was about to be born.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=194–196}} According to the Jaina texts, the thrones of the Indras shook when he was born and the Indras came down to earth to celebrate his ''janma-kalyanaka'' (his auspicious birth).{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=196}}<br />
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Pārśvanātha was born with blue-black skin. A strong, handsome boy, he played with the gods of water, hills and trees. At the age of eight, Pārśvanātha began practising the twelve basic duties of the adult Jaina householder.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=196}}{{refn|group=note|According to Zimmer, the ''Tattvarthadhigama Sutra'' state the twelve householder vows to be: (1) do not kill any being, (2) do not lie, (3) do not use another's property without permission, (4) be chaste, (5) limit your possessions, (6) take a perpetual and daily vow to go only certain distances and take only certain directions, (7) avoid useless talk and action, (8) do not think sinful acts, (9) limit diet and enjoyments, (10) worship at fixed times in the morning, noon and evening, (11) fast on some days and (12) give charity by donating knowledge, money and such every day.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=196 with footnote 14}}}} He lived as a prince and soldier in Varanasi.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=208}} <br />
The [[Bhelupur Jain temple|temples in Bhelupur]] were built to commemorate place for [[Panch Kalyanaka|three kalyanaka]] of Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=179}}<ref name=juk>{{cite web|title=kalyanak-bhumi|url=http://www.jainuniversity.org/kalyanak-bhumi.aspx|publisher=jainuniversity.org|access-date=10 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022161637/http://www.jainuniversity.org/kalyanak-bhumi.aspx|archive-date=22 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{sfn|Singh|2009|p=32}}<br />
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According to the [[Digambara]] school, Pārśvanātha never married; [[Śvētāmbara]] texts say that he married Prabhavati, the daughter of [[Prasenajit]] (king of Kusasthala).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=12}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=171}} [[Heinrich Zimmer]] translated a Jaina text that sixteen-year-old Pārśvanātha refused to marry when his father told him to do so; he began meditating instead because the "soul is its only friend".{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=199–200}}<br />
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===Renunciation===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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|footer=Parshvanatha achieved ''moksha'' (liberation of the soul) at Shikharji on Parasnath, the highest mountain in Jharkhand. A temple tonk is built at the place.<br />
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|alt2=Tonk temple of Parshwanatha on Shikharji}}<br />
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At age 30, on the 11th day of the moon's waxing in the month of [[Pausha]] (December–January), Pārśvanātha renounced the world to become a monk after seeing the image of his predecessor, Neminatha.{{sfn|Shah|2004|p=26}}{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=24–28}}{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=201}} He removed his clothes and hair and began fasting strictly.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=325}} Pārśvanātha meditated for 84 days before he attained [[Kevala Jnana|omniscience]] under a [[dhaataki]] tree near Benares.{{sfn|Danielou|1971|p=376}} His meditation period included asceticism and strict vows. Pārśvanātha's practices included careful movement, measured speech, guarded desires, mental restraint and physical activity, essential in Jaina tradition to renounce the ego.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=325}} According to the Jaina texts, lions and fawns played around him during his asceticism.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=201}}{{refn|group=note|Jain mythology describes a heavenly being attempting to distract (or harm) Parshvanatha, but the serpent god Dharanendra and the goddess Padmavati guard his journey to omniscience.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=201–203}}}}<br />
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[[Ahichchhatra]] is believed to be the place where Pārśvanātha attained [[Kevala Jnana]] (omniscience). According to [[Vividha Tirtha Kalpa]], Kamath in an attempt to obstruct Pārśvanātha from achieving ''Kevala Jnana'' caused continuous rain. Pārśvanātha was immersed in water up to his neck and to protect him the serpent god [[Dharanendra]] held a canopy of thousand hoods over his head and the goddess [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] coiled herself around his body. [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples|Ahichchhatra Jaina temples]] are built to commemorate Pārśvanātha attaining [[Panch Kalyanaka|Kēvalajñāna kalyāṇaka]].{{sfn|UP tourism|p=2}}{{sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=17}} On the 14th day of the moon's waning cycle in the month of [[Chaitra]] (March–April), Pārśvanātha attained omniscience.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=202–203}} Heavenly beings built him a [[samavasarana]] (preaching hall), so he could share his knowledge with his followers.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=203–204}}<br />
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After preaching for 70 years, Pārśvanath attained [[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]] at [[Shikharji]] on [[Parasnath]] hill{{refn|group=note|Some texts call the place Mount Sammeta.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=275}} It is revered in Jainism because 20 of its 24 ''tirthankars'' are believed to have attained moksha there.{{Sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130–133}}}}{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=148}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=221}} at the age of 100 on Shravana Shukla Saptami according to Lunar Calendar.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=30}}{{sfn|Finegan|1952|p=190}} His ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|moksha]]'' (liberation from the cycle of birth and death) in Jaina tradition{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=104}} is celebrated as Moksha Saptami. This day is celebrated on large scale at Parasnath tonk of the mountain, in northern [[Jharkhand]], part of the Parasnath Range{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=13}} by offering Nirvana [[Laddu]] (Sugar balls) and reciting of [[Nirvana Kanda]]. Pārśvanātha has been called ''{{IAST|purisādāṇīya|italic=yes}}'' (beloved of the people) by Jains.{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=271 with footnote 1}}{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Schubring|1964|p=220}}<br />
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==={{anchor|Previous births}}Previous lives===<br />
[[File:Pārśvanātha-Kalugumalai.JPG|thumb|alt=Stone relief of Parshvanatha, his companion, and other figures|Pārśvanātha and his ''[[yaksha]]'', [[Dharanendra]], in the 8th-century [[Tamil Nadu]] [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds|Kalugumalai Jaina Beds]]]]<br />
Jaina mythology contains legends about Pārśvanātha's human and animal rebirths and the maturing of his soul towards inner harmony like legends found in other Indian religions.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=187–188}}{{refn|group=note|The [[Jataka tales]], for example, describe the Buddha's previous lives.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jataka Jataka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425123034/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jataka |date=25 April 2017 }}, Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010)</ref>}} His rebirths include:{{sfn|Clines|2017|pp=867–872}}<br />
* Marubhuti – Vishwabhuti, King Aravinda's prime minister, had two sons; the elder one was Kamath and the younger one was Marubhuti (Pārśvanātha). Kamath committed adultery with Marubhuti's wife. The king learned about the adultery, and asked Marubhuti how his brother should be punished; Marubhuti suggested forgiveness. Kamath went into a forest, became an ascetic, and acquired demonic powers to take revenge. Marubhuti went to the forest to invite his brother back home, but Kamath killed Marubhuti by crushing him with a stone. Marubhuti was one of Pārśvanātha's earlier rebirths.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=186–187}}<br />
* Vajraghosha (Thunder), an elephant – He was then reborn as an elephant because of the "violence of the death and distressing thoughts he harbored at the time of his previous death".{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=189}} Vajraghosha lived in the forests of [[Vindhya Range|Vindyachal]]. Kamath was reborn as a serpent.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=189–190}}<br />
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King Aravinda, after the death of his minister's son, renounced his throne and led an ascetic life. When an angry Vajraghosha approached Aravinda, the ascetic saw that the elephant was the reborn Marubhuti. Aravinda asked the elephant to give up "sinful acts, remove his demerits from the past, realize that injuring other beings is the greatest sin, and begin practicing the vows". The elephant realized his error, became calm, and bowed at Aravinda's feet. When Vajraghosha went to a river one day to drink, the serpent Kamath bit him. He died peacefully this time, however, without distressing thoughts.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=189–190}}<br />
* Sasiprabha – Vajraghosha was reborn as Sashiprabha (Lord of the Moon){{refn|group=note|Also known as ''Chandraprabha'',{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=107, Quote: In Paimacariyam, Candraprabha is called Sasiprabha"}} he also appears in Buddhist and Hindu mythology{{sfn|Paul Williams|2005|pp=127–130}} and is the eighth of twenty-four entities in Jain cosmology.{{sfn|Coulter|2013|p=121}}}} in the twelfth heaven, surrounded by abundant pleasures. Sashiprabha, however, did not let the pleasures distract him and continued his ascetic life.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=190}}<br />
* Agnivega – Sashiprabha died, and was reborn as Prince Agnivega ("strength of fire"). After he became king, he met a sage who told him about the impermanence of all things and the significance of a spiritual life. Agnivega realized the importance of religious pursuits, and his worldly life lost its charms. He renounced it to lead an ascetic life, joining the sage's monastic community. Agnivega meditated in the [[Himalayas]], reducing his attachment to the outside world. He was bitten by a snake (the reborn Kamath), but the poison did not disturb his inner peace and he calmly accepted his death.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|pp=190–191}}<br />
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Agnivega was reborn as a god with a life of "twenty-two oceans of years", and the serpent went to the sixth hell.{{sfn|Zimmer|1953|p=191}} The soul of Marubhuti-Vajraghosa-Sasiprabha-Agnivega was reborn as Pārśvanātha. He saved serpents from torture and death during that life; the serpent god [[Dharanendra]] and the goddess [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]] protected him, and are part of Pārśvanath's iconography. {{sfn|Britannica|2009}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=26, 134, 186}}<br />
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===Disciples===<br />
[[File:Thirakoil-Parsava nathar.JPG|thumb|left|alt=Outdoor stone relief of Parshvanatha, carved into a boulder|8th-century stone relief of Pārśvanātha at [[Thirakoil]]]]<br />
According to the ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' (a [[Śvētāmbara]] text), Pārśvanātha had 164,000 [[śrāvaka (Jainism)|śrāvaka]]s (male lay followers), 327,000 śrāvikās (female lay followers), 16,000 ''[[Jain monasticism|sādhus]]'' (monks) and 38,000 ''Sadhvis or [[aryika]]s'' (nuns).{{sfn|Clines|2017|pp=867–872}}{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=274}}{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=47}} According to Śvētāmbara tradition, he had eight [[ganadhara]]s (chief monks): Śubhadatta, Āryaghoṣa, Vasiṣṭha, Brahmacāri, Soma, Śrīdhara, Vīrabhadra and Yaśas.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1991|p=13}} After his death, the Śvētāmbara believe that Śubhadatta became head of the monastic order and was succeeded by Haridatta, Āryasamudra and [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśī]].{{sfn|von Glasenapp|1999|pp=24–28}}<br />
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According to [[Digambara]] tradition (including the ''Avasyaka niryukti''), Pārśvanātha had 10 ganadhars and Svayambhu was their leader. Śvētāmbara texts such as the ''[[Samavayanga Sutra|Samavayanga]]'' and ''Kalpa Sūtras'' cite Pushpakula as the chief ''aryika'' of his female followers,{{sfn|Jacobi|1964|p=274}} but the Digambara ''Tiloyapannati'' text identifies her as Suloka or Sulocana.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=171}} Pārśvanātha's ''[[Digambara monk|nirgrantha]]'' (without bonds) monastic tradition was influential in ancient India, with Mahāvīra's parents part of it as lay householders who supported the ascetics.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=220}}<br />
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=== Upkeśa Gaccha ===<br />
The time period between Pārśvanātha and [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] was only 250 years, which is relatively short when compared to the periods between any two consecutive [[tirthankara|tīrthaṅkara]]s. According to ancient [[Śvetāmbara]] texts such as [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], owing to this short period of time between both the [[tirthankara|tīrthaṅkara]]s, monks of Pārśvanātha's lineage existed during Mahāvīra's time period. [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]], a monk of Parhsvanatha's lineage, is also said to have met [[Gautama Swami]], the prime disciple of Mahāvīra.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Third Lecture. Kêsi and Gautama |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4525.htm |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> Pārśvanātha's monastic lineage is said to have begun with his prime disciple Arya Śubhadatta. Later, this lineage came to be known as the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] of the Śvetāmbara tradition.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December}}</ref><br />
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[[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśī's]] (the 4th head of the monastic order in Pārśvanātha's monastic lineage) disciple [[Swayamprabhasuri|Swayamprabha]]<nowiki/>sūriwent on to create the [[Porwal]] and [[Bhinmal|Srimali]] castes by preaching [[Jainism]] and strongly opposing [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] in [[Bhinmal]] and Padmavati region of present-day [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Cort |first=John E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E88RC8Eox2YC&q=ratnaprabha |title=Open Boundaries: Jain Communities and Cultures in Indian History |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3785-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Chagganlal |title=Jaino Ka Itihas Darshan Vyavahar Evam Vaignanik Adhar |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002322/66 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> Later, Swayamprabhasuri's disciple [[Ratnaprabhasuri|Ratnaprabha]]<nowiki/>sūripreached Jainism in [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] and created the [[Oswal]] caste.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dodhia |first=Rati |title=Rise and Glory History of Halari Visa Oshwals |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007575/45 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Baya |first=D S |title=Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/250235/2 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangve |first=Vilas |title=Jaina Community, a Social Survey |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007019/110 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m-J50FHmGcC&dq=upkesh%20gachh%20-wikipedia&pg=PA94 |title=History of Oswals |publisher=Panchshil Publications |isbn=978-81-923730-2-7 |language=en}}</ref> The monastic lineage of [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] is particularly important as it narrates the [[history of Jainism]] before [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] and describes the creation of three of the most prominent castes of Jaina followers. It also suggests the antiquity of the Śvetāmbara tradition and that white-clad ascetics were the original followers of Jainism and of Pārśvanātha, who preceded naked ascetics of the [[Digambara]] sect.<ref name=":02"/><ref name=":122"/><br />
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=== Avakinnayo Karakandu ===<br />
Karakandu was a great devotee of the 23rd Jaina tīrthaṅkaras [[Parshvanatha|Pārśvanātha]] who preached Jainism in Kaliṅgaaround 850&nbsp;BCE.<br />
Also Jaina tradition mentions that King Avakinnayo Karakandu is responsible for the spread of Jainism in southern and western India. Due to this Jainism become the prominent religion of Kalinga and Dravida country during 8th century BCE even before the birth of the 24th Jaina tīrthaṅkaras [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Mohanty |first=Indrajeet |author-link=<!-- "Indrajeet Mohanty is a Reader in History in the R.D. Women's Autonomous College, Bhubaneswar, Orissa." --> |date=September–October 2008 |title=Jain Heritage of Orissa |url=http://odisha.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/78-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006091417/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/78-80.pdf <!-- linked from https://web.archive.org/web/20230505182535/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/Sept-Octoreview.htm --> |archive-date=2021-10-06 |magazine=Orissa Review |pages=78–80 |volume=LXV |issue=2–3 <!-- from second-to-last page of https://web.archive.org/web/20211006091244/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2008/Sept-Octo-2008/engpdf/s-o-or-2008.pdf -->}}</ref> <br />
According to Kanakmara, Karakanda had very strong faith in the teachings of the 23rd Jaina tīrthaṅkaras [[Parshvanatha|Pārśvanātha]] of his era. He strictly followed the Anuvratas and Gunavratas principles of Jainism, which are applicable for both monks and household people according to Jainism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/94856/9/09_chapter%204.pdf|title=Doctrine of Vratas}}</ref><br />
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=={{anchor|Teachings: similarities and differences with Mahavira}}Teachings==<br />
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Texts of the two major Jaina sects (Digambara and Śvētāmbara) have different views of Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra's teachings, which underlie disputes between the sects.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=211}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=5}}{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=31–33}}{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=27–28}} Digambaras maintain that no difference exists between the teachings of Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=5}} According to the Śvētāmbaras, Mahāvīra expanded the scope of Pārśvanātha's first four restraints with his ideas on ''[[ahimsa]]'' (non-violence) and added the fifth monastic vow (celibacy) to the practice of asceticism.{{sfn|Chapple|2011|pp=263–267}} Pārśvanātha did not require celibacy,{{sfn|Kenoyer|Heuston|2005|pp=96–98}} and allowed monks to wear simple outer garments.{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=211}}{{Sfn|Hoiberg|2000|p=158}} Śvētāmbara texts such as section 2.15 of the [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra]] say that Mahāvīra's parents were followers of Pārśvanātha,{{sfn|Heehs|2002|pp=90–91}} linking Mahāvīra to a preexisting theology as a reformer of Jaina mendicant tradition.<br />
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According to the Śvētāmbara tradition, Pārśvanātha and the ascetic community he founded exercised a fourfold restraint; Mahāvīra stipulated five great vows for his ascetic initiation.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=30–32}}{{sfn|Price|2010|p=90}} This difference and its reason have often been discussed in Śvētāmbara texts.{{sfn|Jaini|1998|pp=13–18}}<br />
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The ''Uttardhyayana Sutra''{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=14}}{{sfn|Jaini|2000|p=17}} (a Śvētāmbara text) describes [[Keśin Dālbhya]] as a follower of Pārśvanātha and [[Indrabhuti Gautama]] as a disciple of Mahāvīra and discusses which doctrine is true: the fourfold restraint or the five great vows. Gautama says that there are outward differences, and these differences are "because the moral and intellectual capabilities of the followers of the ford-makers have differed".{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=31–32}}<br />
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According to [[Wendy Doniger]], Pārśvanātha allowed monks to wear clothes; Mahāvīra recommended nude asceticism, a practice which has been a significant difference between the Digambara and Śvētāmbara traditions.{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=843}}{{sfn|Long|2009|pp=62–67}}<br />
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According to the Śvētāmbara texts, Pārśvanātha's four restraints were ''ahimsa'', ''[[aparigraha]]'' (non-possession), ''[[asteya]]'' (non-stealing) and ''[[satya]]'' (non-lying).{{sfn|Britannica|2009}} Ancient Buddhist texts (such as the [[Samaññaphala Sutta]]) which mention Jaina ideas and Mahāvīra cite the four restraints, rather than the five vows of later Jaina texts. This has led scholars such as Hermann Jacobi to say that when Mahāvīra and the Buddha met, the Buddhists knew only about the four restraints of the Pārśvanātha tradition.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=27–28}} Further scholarship suggests a more complex situation, because some of the earliest Jaina literature (such as section 1.8.1 of the Ācārāṅga Sūtra) connects Mahāvīra with three restraints: non-violence, non-lying, and non-possession. {{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=283 with note 30}}<br />
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The "less than five vows" view of Śvētāmbara texts is not accepted by the Digambaras, a tradition whose canonical texts have been lost and who do not accept Śvētāmbara texts as canonical.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=27–28}} Digambaras have a sizable literature, however, which explains their disagreement with Śvētāmbara interpretations.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=27–28}} Prafulla Modi rejects the theory of differences between Pārśvanātha's and Mahāvīra's teachings.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=5}} [[Champat Rai Jain|Champat Rai]] Jaina writes that Śvētāmbara texts insist on celibacy for their monks (the fifth vow in Mahāvīra's teachings), and there must not have been a difference between the teachings of Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Champat Rai Jain|1939|p=102–103}}<br />
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[[Padmanabh Jaini]] writes that the Digambaras interpret "fourfold" as referring "not to four specific vows", but to "four modalities" (which were adapted by Mahāvīra into five vows).{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=28–29}} Western and some Indian scholarship "has been essentially Śvētāmbara scholarship", and has largely ignored Digambara literature related to the controversy about Pārśvanātha's and Mahāvīra's teachings.{{sfn|Jaini|2000|pp=28–29}} [[Paul Dundas]] writes that medieval Jaina literature, such as that by the 9th-century Silanka, suggests that the practices of "not using another's property without their explicit permission" and celibacy were interpreted as part of non-possession.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=283 with note 30}}<br />
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=={{anchor|In Literature}}In literature==<br />
[[File:Parsva and Dharnendra.jpg|thumb|Parsva, [[Kalpa Sūtra]] (c.&nbsp;1472)]]<br />
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The ''[[Kalpa Sūtra]]'' contains biographies of the ''tīrthaṅkaras'' Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Jacobi|1884}} [[Vyākhyāprajñapti]] sūtra is one of the earliest texts mentioning Pārśvanātha as Arhat.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.424121 |title=Arhat Parsva and Dharanendra Nexus (1997) Ac 7105}}</ref> [[Uvasagharam Stotra]] is an ode to Pārśvanātha which was written by sage [[Bhadrabahu]].{{sfn|Kothary|2015|p=88}} [[Jinasena]]'s ''[[Mahapurana (Jainism)|Mahapurāṇa]]'' includes "[[Ādi purāṇa]]" and ''[[Uttarapurana|Uttarapurāṇa]]''. It was completed by Jinasena's 8th-century disciple, Gunabhadra. "Ādi purāṇa" describes the lives of [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Bahubali]] and [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]].{{sfn|Upadhye|2000|p=46}} ''Pārśvabhyudaya'' by Jinsena is a narration of the life of Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Sangave|2001|p=201}} ''Bhayahara Stotra'' composed by [[Acharya Manatunga]], 7th century, is an adoration of Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=754}} ''Sankhesvara Stotram'' is hymn to Pārśvanātha compiled by [[Mahopadhyaya Yashovijaya]].{{Sfn|Suriji|2013|p=5}} ''Shankheshwar Pārśvanath Stavan'', hymn dedicated to Shankheshwar Pārśvanath, is one of the most performed Jaina prayer.{{sfn|Kelting|2007|p=130}}<br />
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''Pasanaha-chairu'' is a hagiography of Pārśvanātha composed by Shridhara in 1132 AD.{{sfn|Dehejia|2009|p=8}} ''Pārśvanath bhavaantar'' is a [[kirtan]] (devotion song), compiled by Gangadas in 1690 AD, which narrates life of previous nine births.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1781}} The medieval forty-four verse hymn ''Kalyanamandira stotra'', composed by Digambar kumudachandra, is a praise to Pārśvanātha is popular among both Digambar and Śvētāmbara.{{sfn|Orsini|Schofield|2015|p=79}} ''Pārśvanātha charite'' is a poem composed by Shantikirt Muni in 1730 AD, this poem narrates the seven siddhis of Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Reddy|2022|p=232}}<br />
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[[Guru Gobind Singh]] wrote a biography of Pārśvanātha in the 17th-century [[Paranath Avtar]], part of the ''[[Dasam Granth]]''.{{Sfn|Bhattacharya|2011|p=270}}{{Sfn|Mansukhani|1993|p=6}}<br />
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==Iconography==<br />
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[[File:23rd Tirthankara Parshva Parsvanath Parshvanatha Jainism India.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|alt=Black statue of a seated Parshvanatha, adorned with flowers|Pārśvanātha iconography is identified by a [[sesha]] hood above his head and a [[cobra]] stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a [[shrivatsa]], which identifies Jaina statues. This is the Digambara iconography]]<br />
[[File:Parsvanatha Lodhruva.jpg|thumb|upright=0.85|alt=Black statue of a seated Parshvanatha, adorned with flowers|Pārśvanātha iconography is identified by a [[sesha]] hood above his head and a [[cobra]] stamped (or carved) beneath his feet. At the center of his chest is a [[shrivatsa]], which identifies Jaina statues. This is the Svetambara iconography.]]<br />
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Pārśvanātha is a popular ''tirthankar'' who is worshiped (''[[bhakti]]'') with Rishabhanatha, [[Shantinatha]], [[Neminatha]] and Mahāvīra.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=86, 95–98, 132–133}} He is believed to have the power to remove obstacles and save devotees.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|pp=33, 40}} In Shvetambara tradition, there are 108 prominent idols of Pārśvanath idols these idols derive their name from a geographical region, such as [[Shankheshwar Jain Temple|Shankheshwar Pārśvanath]] and [[Panchasara Parshvanath Temple|Panchasara Pārśvanath]].{{sfn|Cort|2001|p=234}}<br />
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Pārśvanātha is usually depicted in a [[Lotus position|lotus]] or [[kayotsarga]] posture. Statues and paintings show his head shielded by a multi-headed serpent, fanned out like an umbrella. Pārśvanātha's snake emblem is carved (or stamped) beneath his legs as an icon identifier. His [[iconography]] is usually accompanied by Dharnendra and Padmavati, Jainism's snake god and goddess.{{sfn|Britannica|2009}}{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=26, 134, 186}}<br />
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Serpent-hood iconography is not unique to Pārśvanātha; it is also found above the icons of [[Suparshvanatha|SuPārśvanātha]], the seventh of the 24 ''tīrthaṅkaras'', but with a small difference.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=278–279}} SuPārśvanātha's serpent hood has five heads, and a seven (or more)-headed serpent is found in Pārśvanātha icons.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=19}} Statues of both ''tīrthaṅkaras'' with serpent hoods have been found in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, dating to the 5th to 10th centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/337768|title=From the Harvard Art Museums' collections Tirthankara Suparsvanatha in Kayotsarga, or Standing Meditation, Posture and Protected by a Five-Headed Naga|last=Harvard|website=www.harvardartmuseums.org|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324211403/http://www.harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/337768|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Pal|Huyler|Cort|2016|p=204}} Earliest images of Pārśvanātha having seven snakes over his head date back to first century BCE.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=19}}<br />
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Archeological sites and medieval Pārśvanātha iconography found in temples and caves include scenes and ''[[yaksha]]''. Digambara and Śvētāmbara iconography differs; Śvētāmbara art shows Pārśvanātha with a serpent hood and a [[Ganesha]]-like ''yaksha'', and Digambara art depicts him with serpent hood and Dhranendra.{{sfn|Brown|1991|pp=105–106}}{{sfn|Pal|1995|p=87}} According to Umakant Premanand Shah, Hindu gods (such as Ganesha) as ''yaksha'' and Indra as serving Pārśvanātha, assigned them to a subordinate position.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|pp=220–221}}<br />
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The ''[[Parsvanatha ayagapata]]'', a circa 15&nbsp;CE [[ayagapata]] excavated from [[Kankali Tila]], is a tablet of homage dedicated to Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=201}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2007|p=406}} The table represents Pārśvanātha in the center surrounded by a bunches of lotus.{{sfn|Smith|1901|p=17}} Pārśvanātha is depicted in [[Mudra#Dhyāna Mudrā|dhyāna mudrā]] with ankle crossed in lotus position seated on a pedestal with a seven-hooded sesha hood above his head and [[shrivatsa]] on the chest.{{sfn|Vyas|1995|p=16}}{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=171}}{{sfn|Quintanilla|2000|p=106}}<br />
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The ''[[Kahaum pillar]]'', erected in 460&nbsp;CE during the reign of [[Skandagupta]], [[Gupta Empire]],{{sfn|The Asiatic Society|1892|p=62}}{{sfn|Vajpeyi|1983|p=73}} bears an inscription that is adoration to [[Arihant (Jainism)|Arihant]] and features a carving of Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Bhandarkar|1981|p=306}}{{sfn|Deo|1954|p=103}}{{sfn|Bhattacharya|1974|p=15}}<br />
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<gallery perrow="8"><br />
File:Jina Parsvanatha ayagapata, Mathura circa 15 CE.jpg|[[Parsvanatha ayagapata]], [[Mathura art]], {{circa|15 CE}}<br />
File:Mathura (Uttar pradesh), tirthankara parshvanatha, II sec.JPG|alt=Stone relief|[[Uttar Pradesh]], 2nd century ([[Museum of Oriental Art (Turin)|Museum of Oriental Art]])<br />
File:Parshvanatha - 2CE - CSMVS (2).jpg|alt=Bronze idol|Eastern India, 2nd century CE ([[CSMVS]])<br />
File:Kakandi.jpg|Pārśvanath relief of [[Kahaum pillar]], 5th century<br />
File:Parshvanatha 5 AD.jpg|alt=Lotus position|5th century ([[Satna]], [[Madhya Pradesh]])<br />
File:6th century Parshvanatha red sandstone statue Jainism Uttar Pradesh India.jpg|alt=Lotus position|6th century, [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
File:Tirthankara, India, Akota, Gujarat, 7th century, bronze, HAA.JPG|alt=Lotus position|7th-century [[Akota Bronzes|Akota Bronze]] ([[Honolulu Museum of Art]])<br />
File:India Uttar Pradesh or Bihar 4th - 5th C - Jina in bronze IMG 9561 Museum of Asian Civilisation.jpg|6th–7th century bronze statue in [[Asian Civilisations Museum]]<br />
File:Central India, 9th century - Parshva - 1961.419 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|9th century - [[Cleveland Museum of Art]]<br />
File:WLA lacma Jain Altarpiece with Parshvanatha Mahavira and Neminatha.jpg|alt=Lotus position|10th-century copper, inlaid with silver and gemstones ([[LACMA]])<br />
File:Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum Dhubela Exhibit Item (2).JPG|alt=Lotus position|11th century, [[Maharaja Chhatrasal Museum]]<br />
File:Amizara Parshwanatha.jpg|Ancient Idol of Amizara Parshwanath in a Cave Temple at [[Girnar]] Hill<br />
File:Karnataka, jaina tirthankara parshavanatha col cappuccio di serpenti seduto in meditazione (dhyanamudra), xii secolo.jpg|alt=Lotus position|[[Karnataka]], 12th century ([[Art Institute of Chicago]])<br />
File:Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha Jaina Temple.jpg|Pañcāsara Pārśvanātha at [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan (Gujarat)]]<br />
</gallery><br />
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=={{anchor|Colossal Statues}}Colossal statues==<br />
# The [[Navagraha Jain Temple|Navagraha Jaina Temple]] has the tallest statue of Pārśvanātha: 61 feet (18.6&nbsp;m), on a 48-foot (14.6-m) pedestal. The statue, in the kayotsarga position, weighs about 185 tons.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hubli-gets-magnificent-jinalaya/article368643.ece Hubli gets magnificent 'jinalaya'.] The Hindu, 6 January 2009.{{Dead link|date=March 2026}}</ref><br />
# The [[Gopachal rock cut Jain monuments|Gopachal rock cut Jaina monuments]] were built between 1398 and 1536. The largest cross-legged statue of Pārśvanātha – {{convert|47|ft}} tall and {{convert|30|ft}} wide – is in one of the caves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gwalior.nic.in/Tourism.html|title=Welcome to official website of District Administration Gwalior (M.P.) India|website=gwalior.nic.in|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207111541/http://gwalior.nic.in/Tourism.html|archive-date=7 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
# An 11th-century [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Pārśvanātha basadi]] in [[Shravanabelagola]] enshrines an {{convert|18|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} statue of Pārśvanātha in a [[kayotsarga]] position.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anandbharat.com/2016/10/22/shravanabelagola-a-unique-destination/|title=Shravanabelagola- A Unique Destination|date=22 October 2016|website=Anand Bharat|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007224703/http://anandbharat.com/2016/10/22/shravanabelagola-a-unique-destination/|archive-date=7 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
# [[Jain temples, Halebidu|Pārśvanātha basadi, Halebidu]], built by Boppadeva in 1133 AD during the reign of King [[Vishnuvardhana]], contains an {{convert|18|ft|adj=on}} black granite kayotsarga statue of Pārśvanātha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid|title=Parsvanatha Basti, Halebid|website=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-date=18 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118222232/http://asibengalurucircle.in/parsvanatha-basti-halebid|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
# A {{convert|31|ft|adj=on}} kayotsarga statue was installed in 2011 at the Vahelna Jaina Temple.{{Sfn|Vahelna|Government of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
# [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation|VMC]] has approved construction of 100 foot tall statue in Sama pond in [[Vadodara]].{{Sfn|Times of India|2019}}<br />
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<gallery><br />
File:Jain-navagraha-temple (cropped).jpg|{{convert|61|ft}} colossal at [[Navagraha Jain Temple|Navagraha Jaina Temple]]<br />
File:Gopachal - Parshvanatha.jpg|{{convert|47|ft}} Pārśvanātha statue in lotus position, [[Gopachal]]<br />
File:Bhagwan Parshvanath (cropped).jpg|alt=Outdoor standing statue|{{convert|31|ft}} statue at [[Vahelna Jain temple|Vahelna Jaina temple]]<br />
File:Statue in the inner sanctum in the Parsvanatha Basadi at Shravanabelgola.jpg|alt=Standing statue in niche|{{convert|18|ft}} statue at [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Pārśvanātha basadi, Shravanabelgola]]<br />
File:Eighteen feet tall sculpture of Parshvanatha in the Parshvanatha basadi at Halebidu.JPG|alt=Standing statue|{{convert|18|ft}} statue at [[Jain temples, Halebidu|Pārśvanātha temple]] in [[Halebidu (town)|Halebidu]]<br />
File:Ellora Jain temple (2).jpg|{{convert|16|ft}} rock-carved image inside [[Ellora Caves#Rock carved image of Lord Parshvanath|Ellora Jaina temple]], 1234&nbsp;CE<br />
</gallery><br />
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==Temples==<br />
[[File:Sikharji jalmandir.jpg|thumb|Jal Mandir, [[Shikharji]], [[Parasnath]] ]]<br />
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Pārśvanātha is one of the five most devotionally revered tīrthaṅkaras, along with Mahāvīra, Rishabhanatha, Neminatha and Shantinatha.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=40}} Various Jaina temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount [[Parasnath]] of [[Jharkhand]], for example, which is believed to have been a place where 20 out of 24 tīrthaṅkaras achieved [[Moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]], along with Pārśvanātha.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=130–133}} [[Shankheshwar Parshvanath|Shankheshwar Pārśvanath]]{{sfn|Clines|2017|pp=867–872}} in northern [[Gujarat]], along with Mount [[Shatrunjaya]] is considered the holiest shrine among [[Śvētāmbara]] murtipujaka.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=143–144}} The replicas of Pārśvanath temples are popular among Śvētāmbara murtipujaka, for example, [[Godiji]] is located in [[Sindh]] has a replica in [[Mumbai]]. According to Jaina belief, worshipping these local replication idols allow them to directly worship to the original idol.{{sfn|Cort|2010|pp=186}} Pārśvanath is prayed to obtain various desires, especially [[Tantra|tantric rites]], is therefore also known as Chintamani (wish fulfilling gem) and a tantric diagram called 'Chintamani [[yantra]]' is also worship.{{sfn|Umakant P. Shah|1987|p=187}}<br />
<br />
Important Pārśvanātha temple complexes include: [[Shikharji]] (Sammet Sikhar) in Jharkhand, [[Mirpur Jain Temple|Mirpur Jaina Temple]], [[Kanakagiri Jain tirth|Kanakagiri Jaina tirth]], [[Panchasara Jain temple|Panchasara Jaina temple]], [[Humcha Jain temples|Humcha Jaina temples]], [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples|Ahi Kshetra]], [[Kallil Temple]], [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math|Mel Sithamur Jaina Math]], [[Pateriaji]], [[Nainagiri]], [[Kundadri]], [[Bijoliaji]], [[Jirawala]], [[Gajpanth]], [[Andeshwar Parshwanath|Andeshwar]], [[Bada Gaon]], [[Akkana Basadi]], and [[Guru Basadi]].<br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Pārśvanātha temple, Khajuraho]], UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]<br />
File:Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal.JPG|[[Pattadakal#Jain Narayana Temple|Pattadakal Jaina Temple]], UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
File:Jain temples, Jaisalmer Fort - panoramio.jpg|[[Parshavanth temple, Jaisalmer Fort]], UNESCO World Heritage Site as part of [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]]<br />
File:Profile of the Parshvanatha basadi (1133 AD) at Halebidu.JPG|[[Parshvanatha Basadi, Halebidu|Pārśvanātha basadi]] at [[Halebidu]], a UNESCO World Heritage Site<br />
File:Calcutta Jain Temple-Sheetalnath Mandir-P1080642.jpg|[[Calcutta Jain Temple|Calcutta Jaina Temple]]<br />
File:Nana Poshina Parshwanath Jain Temple Sabli Poshina 11.jpg|Nana Poshina Parshwanath Śvetāmbara Jaina Temple<br />
File:Templejaindanvers.jpg|[[Antwerp Jain Temple|Antwerp Jaina Temple]], [[Belgium]]<br />
File:Kalpesh,Nakoda Tirath 2007.JPG|[[Shri Nakodaji]]<br />
File:Samovsaran Mandir, Palitana.jpg|Samovsaran Mandir, [[Palitana]]<br />
File:Lodurva Temples.jpg|[[Lodhurva Jain temple|Lodhurva Jaina temple]]<br />
File:Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg|[[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir|Lal Mandir]]<br />
File:Kere Basadi - Varanga.jpg|[[Kere Basadi]]<br />
File:Gori Mandar.jpg|alt=Godiji Parshwanath (Gori) Temple at Tharparkar - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage|[[Godiji]] [[Gori Temple, Nagarparkar|(Gori) Temple]] in [[Tharparkar]] - tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Naminath]]<br />
* [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=<br />
<!-- H --><br />
<!-- "historical_context" --><br />
{{refn|group=note|name="historical_context"|The traditional Jaina perspective regards Jainism as eternal [[dharma]] without a founder, whereas history of religion scholars seek to consider Jainism in historical context as a [[Śramaṇa]] movement emerging and gradually evolving during the late [[Vedic Period]] and during the [[Second Urbanisation]] of the [[Mahajanapada]] period ({{harvnb|Dundas|2002|pp=12-13}}, {{harvnb|Long|2009|p=30}}).<br><br />
Founder of Jainism:<br />
* {{harvtxt|Dundas|2002|pp=30-31}}: "Pārśva [...] founded a community of ascetics and lay people".<br />
* {{harvtxt|Kuiper|2010|p=144}}: "Parshvanatha [...] founded a community based upon the abandonment of worldly concerns".<br />
* {{harvtxt|von Glasenapp|1999|p=24}}: "Nothing [...] comes in the way of the supposition that Jainism was established by Pārśva"<br />
Proto-Jaina tradition:<br />
* {{harvtxt|Basham|1951|p=108-109}}: "Jainism [...] was but a development of the older proto-Jainism of Pārśva", with "a looser group of ascetics", "clothed proto-Jainas".<br />
* {{harvtxt|Long|2020|p=206}}: "Jainism [...] is traced, in its current form, to Mahāvīra [...], although [...] there is some evidence that Mahāvīra's teaching is a continuation of an earlier, proto-Jain tradition".<br />
*{{harvtxt|Moore|1977|p=137}}: "[Mahavira's] predecessor Parshvanatha may have been an historical proto-Jain leader about 200 years earlier".<br />
* {{harvtxt|Dundas|2002|p=32}}: "It is impossible to be certain about the relationship between Mahāvīra and Pārśva and in actuality the chronological distance between the two teachers. [...] [E]arly Jainism coalesced out of an interaction between the cosmological ideas of Pārśva and a more rigorous form of [[wikt:orthopraxy|orthopraxy]] advocated by Mahāvīra"}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|23em}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
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* {{cite book |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=2009 |orig-year=1949 |volume=38 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8 }}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-last=Williams |editor-first=Paul |title=Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies |url={{Google books|pgrZnmKUKtgC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-33226-2 |ref={{sfnref|Paul Williams|2005}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1953 |orig-year=April 1952 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Routledge]] & Kegan Paul Ltd |location=[[London]] |url={{Google books|U-m9nVvcjCcC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-81-208-0739-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zimmer |first=Heinrich |author-link=Heinrich Zimmer |title=Philosophies Of India |date=1969 |orig-year=1951 |editor-first=Joseph |editor-last=Campbell |editor-link=Joseph Campbell |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=[[Princeton, New Jersey]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRQ5fpTmwoAC }}<br />
* {{cite book |url={{Google books|PpRBAgAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Sankhesvara Stotram |first=Acharya Kalyanbodhi |last=Suriji |publisher=Multy Graphics |date=2013 }}<br />
<br />
===More books===<br />
* {{citation |last=Clines |first=Gregory M. |title=Buddhism and Jainism |publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] |location=[[Netherlands]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-94-024-0851-5 |editor-last=Sarao |editor-first=K. T. S. |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Religions |language=en |chapter=Pārśvanātha (Jainism) |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/34492961 |editor-last2=Long |editor-first2=Jeffery D. }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Deo | first=S. B. | title=The History of Jaina Monachism from Inscriptions and Literature | journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute | publisher=[[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]] | volume=16 | issue=1/4 | year=1954 | pages=1–608 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42929542 | jstor=42929542 | oclc=555200984 | access-date=8 July 2022 }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Gough | first=Ellen | title=Situating Pārśva’s Biography in Varanasi | journal=Religions | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=11 | issue=3 | date=2020-03-09 | issn=2077-1444 | doi=10.3390/rel11030117 | doi-access=free | page=117}}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Kelting | first=M. Whitney | author-link=Mary Whitney Kelting | title=Candanbala's Tears: Recovering the Emotional Life of Jainism | journal=[[Numen (journal)|Numen]] | volume=54 | issue=2 | year=2007 | pages=109–37 | doi=10.1163/156852707X184989 | jstor=27643255 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/27643255 | access-date=25 January 2023 | url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Quintanilla | first=Sonya Rhie | title=Āyāgapaṭas: Characteristics, Symbolism, and Chronology | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249941 | journal=[[Artibus Asiae]] | volume=60 | issue=1 | year=2000 | pages=79–137 | doi=10.2307/3249941 | jstor=3249941 | access-date=20 April 2022 | url-access=subscription }}<br />
* {{cite journal | last=Vajpeyi | first=Raghavendra | title=Skandagupta's Bhitari Grant To Visnu-sarngin And Bhitari Excavations | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress | publisher=[[Indian History Congress]] | volume=44 | year=1983 | pages=70–78 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/44139823 | jstor=44139823 }}<br />
* {{citation |title=Parshvanatha: Jaina Saint, in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica'' |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Parshvanatha |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |year=2009 |ref={{sfnref|Britannica|2009}} }}<br />
* {{Cite web | url=https://muzaffarnagar.nic.in/tourist-place/vehlna/ | title=Vahelna – Jain temple | publisher=[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] | ref={{SfnRef|Vahelna|Government of Uttar Pradesh}} }}<br />
* {{cite web | author=Uttar Pradesh Tourism | url=https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf | title=Ahicchatra | publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]] | access-date=21 April 2022 | archive-date=25 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525220525/https://uptourism.gov.in/pdf/E-Brochure/ahicchatra_high.pdf | url-status=dead }}<br />
* {{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/standing-committee-nod-for-100-foot-tall-parshwanath-statue-in-sama-pond/articleshow/70403100.cms|title=100-feet Parshwanath idol gets Vadodara civic body nod|date=27 July 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|ref={{SfnRef|Times of India|2019}}}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{commons-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Jain Gods}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parsva}}<br />
[[Category:Parshvanatha| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tirthankaras]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century BC births]]<br />
[[Category:770s BC deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century BC Indian Jains]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century BC Jain monks]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century BC Indian monks]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century BC Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:8th-century BC clergy]]<br />
[[Category:9th-century BC clergy]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Kāsī Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Deified Indian men]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaalee_(2001_film)&diff=543198Vaalee (2001 film)2026-03-04T07:33:10Z<p>ConradQ41114: Creating First Article More To Come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2001 film directed by S. Mahendar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Vaalee (2001 film).jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| director = [[S. Mahendar]]<br />
| producer = Ramesh Yadav<br />
| story = [[S. J. Suryah]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' (Tamil)<br />
| writer = R. Rajashekhar (Dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = S. Mahendar<br />
| starring = [[Sudeep]]<br />Poonam Singar<br />
| music = [[Rajesh Ramanath]] Sourced from Deva<br />
| cinematography = [[Sundarnath Suvarna]]<br />
| editing = P. R. Soundar Raj<br />
| studio = Royal Pictures<br />
| distributor = Ramu Enterprises<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|10|19}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| runtime = 159 minutes<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Vaalee''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[psychological thriller]] film directed by [[S. Mahendar]] starring [[Sudeep]] in a dual role and Poonam Singar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-sudeep-five-times-the-kannada-star-stunned-in-negative-roles/story-yeKNGTHqd3byNncop5GBQK.html | title=Happy birthday Sudeep: Five times the Kannada star stunned in negative roles | date=2 September 2020 | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | access-date=26 July 2022 | archive-date=26 July 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726221618/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/happy-birthday-sudeep-five-times-the-kannada-star-stunned-in-negative-roles/story-yeKNGTHqd3byNncop5GBQK.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film features background score and soundtrack composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]] Original Compositions by Deva and lyrics by [[K. Kalyan]]. It is a remake of the 1999 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film [[Vaalee (1999 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 April 2018 |title=19 years of Ajith's Vaali -Things you din't know about the blockbuster |url=http://www.suryanfm.in/news/entertainment/19-years-ajith-simran-vaali-movie-facts/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031905/http://www.suryanfm.in/news/entertainment/19-years-ajith-simran-vaali-movie-facts/ |archive-date=16 December 2018 |access-date=14 December 2018 |website=[[Suryan FM]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/may/05/revisitingvaali-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-ajiths-impressivedouble-role-debut---20-lesser-known-fa-1015--20.html|title=Revisiting Vaali: A nostalgic look back at Ajith's impressive double-role debut - 20 lesser-known facts|date=5 May 2020|work=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]|page=20|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170444/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2020/may/05/revisitingvaali-a-nostalgic-look-back-at-ajiths-impressivedouble-role-debut---20-lesser-known-fa-1015--20.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released on 19 October 2001 and had a above average box office run.<ref>{{cite web |date=2001-12-28 |title=2001 Year Round Up |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319190708/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/2898-2001-year-round-up.html |archive-date=19 March 2022 |accessdate=2022-08-23 |website=[[Chitraloka.com]] |publisher=}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Deva and Shiva are twin brothers. Deva, the elder one is deaf and mute, but he is a genius, an expert at lip-reading and the head of a successful advertising company. Shiva loves and trusts his brother. Priya wants to only marry someone who is an ex-smoker, an ex-drunkard and ditched by a girl but still pining for her. Learning this, Shiva invents an old romance between him and Sona and finds his way into Priya's heart.<br />
<br />
Deva meanwhile chances upon Priya and becomes obsessed with attaining her. His obsession continues even after his younger brother marries the girl of his dreams and he devises various means of getting close to Priya while keeping Shiva and her separated. Some of the methods Deva uses to woo Priya are masochistic (wounding his hand by a running car engine to stop the couple’s first night) and psychotic (trying to kill his brother in so many ways).<br />
<br />
While Shiva is away, Priya has to take care of Deva. Priya realises the not-so-honourable intentions Deva has towards her but Shiva refuses to believe her and has full faith in his brother. He even goes so far as to take Priya to a psychiatrist. To get away from it all, Shiva and Priya go on a long-delayed honeymoon. But Deva shows up there too. Shiva watches Deva kissing the photo of Priya and realises Priya was right all along. Deva beats Shiva mercilessly, packs the unconscious Shiva in a gunny bag and throws him in a lorry.<br />
<br />
Deva disguises himself as Shiva and goes near Priya. Priya realises he is Deva and escapes from him before shooting him with her revolver. Deva falls into a pool and dies. Deva's soul talks about his inability to express his feelings as he was mute. Shiva arrives and she narrates the whole incident to him. They hug tearfully.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
*[[Sudeep]] in a [[dual role]] as Shiva and Deva<br />
*Poonam Singar as Priya<br />
*Divyashree as Sona / Meena<br />
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as Vicky<br />
*[[Bank Janardhan]] as roadside shop owner<br />
*K S Sridhar as Sridhar<br />
*[[Michael Madhu]] as Arogyadas<br />
*[[Mimicry Rajagopal]] as roadside shop customer <br />
*[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] as Bhootaraya <br />
*Shanthammma as Shiva's and Deva's grandmother<br />
*[[Hema Bellur]] as Sheela<br />
*[[Gurukiran]] in a guest appearance as Ravi<br />
;Uncredited<br />
*Ashok Rao as Lakshman, Priya's father<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaalee/cast-and-crew|title=Vaalee &#124; Cast and Crew &#124; Rotten Tomatoes|date=2001|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=30 April 2025}}</ref><br />
*[[Mandeep Roy]] as detective <br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was launched on 27 July 2001 at Kanteerava Studios.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020619161344/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/four_muhu.html|website=Chitraloka|access-date=3 October 2024|archive-date=19 June 2002|title=Rain of remakes|date=30 July 2001|last=CNB|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/action_cut/four_muhu.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The negative role of Sudeep marked a contrast to his then lover boy image.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/video/sandalwood/sudeep-bithday-celebration-in-bengaluru-nbn-s0edd5|title=‘ಚಂದು’ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ‘ಕಿಚ್ಚ’ನ ‘ತುಂಟಾಟ’..! ಕರುನಾಡಿನ ಪಾಲಿಗೆ ‘ಪಾರ್ಥ’ನೆ ‘ಸ್ವಾತಿಮುತ್ತು’..!|work=[[Asianet Suvarna News]]|language=kn|access-date=14 October 2023|archive-date=4 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904093721/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/video/sandalwood/sudeep-bithday-celebration-in-bengaluru-nbn-s0edd5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/854387/as-long-as-im-here-i-want-to-entertain-an-interview-with-kannada-star-sudeep|title='As long as I'm here, I want to entertain': An interview with Kannada star Sudeep|last=Nathan|first=Archana|date=21 October 2017|work=[[Scroll.in]]|access-date=17 September 2022|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125220618/https://scroll.in/reel/854387/as-long-as-im-here-i-want-to-entertain-an-interview-with-kannada-star-sudeep|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Vaalee<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Rajesh Ramanath]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = August 19 2001<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 28:23<br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer = [[Rajesh Ramanath]] (Original tunes reused)<br />
| prev_title = [[Huchcha]] <br />
| prev_year = 2001<br />
| next_title = [[Ninne Preethisuve]]<br />
| next_year = 2002<br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|b-1SqqIgTKI|Official Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Rajesh Ramanath]], reusing all the tunes from the original Tamil version, which was originally composed by [[Deva (music director)|Deva]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaalee (Kannada) |url=http://bsnl.hungama.com/fls_details.php?pid=22842 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107200453/http://bsnl.hungama.com/fls_details.php?pid=22842 |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=2014-01-07 |website=[[Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|Hungama]] |publisher=}}</ref> Sudeep sang two songs for this film, marking his debut as a playback singer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/581965/like-no-other.html|title=Like no other|last=Rao|first=Bindu Gopal|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=20 November 2016|access-date=22 May 2023|archive-date=22 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522100545/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/581965/like-no-other.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The song "O Sona O Sona" is based on "[[Suzanne (VOF de Kunst song)|Susanna]]" by [[VOF de Kunst]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2018 |title=Superhit Tamil songs that were inspired from other songs |url=https://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/superhit-tamilsongs-inspired-from-other-songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081550/http://www.suryanfm.in/suryan-stories/superhit-tamilsongs-inspired-from-other-songs/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2021 |website=[[Suryan FM]]}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| total_length = <br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = O Sona O Sona<br />
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and [[Sudeep]]<br />
| length1 = <br />
| title2 = Vasantha Maasadalli<br />
| lyrics2 = K. Kalyan<br />
| extra2 = Sudeep, [[P. Unni Krishnan|Unni Krishnan]] and [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br />
| length2 = <br />
| title3 = Dil Meri Dil<br />
| extra3 = [[Gurukiran]] and Ganga<br />
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan<br />
| length3 = <br />
| title4 = Mele Chandrana<br />
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Sriram]] and [[Rajesh Krishnan]]<br />
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan<br />
| length4 = <br />
| title5 = Chandirana Hididu<br />
| extra5 = [[P. Unni Krishnan]] and [[Anuradha Sriram]]<br />
| lyrics5 = K. Kalyan<br />
| length5 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<ref name="49th FFASN">{{cite web |title=The 49th Annual Filmfare Awards - South Nominees |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/kann_nom.html#bf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125129/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/south2001/kann_nom.html#bf |archive-date=16 January 2014 |access-date=16 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
*Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Kannada|Best Film]]<br />
*Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada|Best Director]] - S. Mahendar<br />
*Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Kannada|Best Music Director]] - [[Rajesh Ramanath]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|2957730}}<br />
<br />
{{S. Mahendar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2001 psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by S. Mahendar]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Ramanath]]<br />
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]<br />
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharti_Kahe_Pukar_Ke_(1969_film)&diff=450012Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke (1969 film)2026-03-04T03:52:32Z<p>ConradQ41114: Improved article clarity and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke<br />
| image = Dharti Kahe Pukarke.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Dulal Guha]]<br />
| producer = Deenanath Shastri<br />
| writer = [[B.R. Ishara]] {{small|(dialogues)}}<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| narrator = [[Dharmendra]]<br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]]<br>[[Sanjeev Kumar]]<br>[[Jeetendra]]<br />
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = M. Rajaram<br />
| editing = [[G. G. Mayekar]]<br />
| studio = Vaishali Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969|1|21|}}<br />
| runtime = 165 mins<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Dharti Kahe Pukarke''''' ({{translation|''Call of the Earth''}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Deenanath Shastri under the Vaishali Films banner and directed by [[Dulal Guha]]. Starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|title=Dharti Kahe Pukarke (Remarks)|work=Bollywoodhungama|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208071644/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539177/Dillagi|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was remade as [[Sautela Bhai]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Gangaram, a farmer, is an elder stepbrother of Moti and Shivram. He and his wife, Parvati raise them both as their own sons. Moti is sent to Calcutta city for studies, and there he becomes a lawyer. Back in the village, Shivram helps Gangaram in cultivating the piece of land they own. To support Moti's education, Gangaram has mortgaged this land to the village moneylender, thinking that Moti will close the debt once he starts earning. The moneylender wishes to marry his daughter, Radha, to Moti and offers to return the land papers without any payment if this is accepted by Gangaram. But, Moti secretly married Rekha in Calcutta and become a [[Gharjamai]] to a rich lawyer. Radha is in love with Shivram since their childhood days and desires to marry him. Upon hearing that her father will marry her to Moti, she confesses her secret love to Shivram. The situation becomes perplexed for everyone. Shivram and Moti both come clean to Gangaram of these secret developments and Gangaram reaches a moneylender to request that Shivram marry Radha to Shivram because marrying Moti is not an option now. But the moneylender makes this rejection as his prestige issue and asks Gangaram to return borrowed money within a fortnight or else his land will be confiscated.<br />
<br />
Moti had to return to his city life immediately, unaware of these new issues. Shivram is sent back after Moti to fetch some money from him for a loan. But, there Rekha ill-treats Shivram and he immediately returns to the village whining about it. Radha, desperate to marry Shivram, steals her own money, kept safe in her father's locker, and hands it over to Shivram to get rid of the loan. However, this becomes known to the moneylender and he gets Shivram arrested for stealing. Gangaram thus feels lost and cheated by his brothers and starts drinking. A social worker reaches out for the truth and Shivram is released from jail. The moneylender promises Shivram that if he goes out of the village and returns with borrowed money amount in one year, he will stop troubling them and also would be able to marry his daughter somewhere else peacefully. So Shiv moves to the city and starts earning his living as a cab driver.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Moti had been living away from Rekha due to differences in opinions. Once, by God's grace, Shivram happens to be in the right place at the right time, and saves Rekha from a rape attempt on her. She apologizes to Shivram for her past bad behavior. Things between her and Moti also sort out. But, the moneylender once again strikes back with his evil plans, and Gangaram is sent to jail this time based on forged land documents. Now Moti & Shivram fight his court case with all their strength and wits, and in the end, wins the case. Then the movie ends with pleasant happy endings for all.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br />
*[[Jeetendra]] as Shiv<br />
*[[Nanda (actress)|Nanda]] as Radha<br />
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Moti<br />
*[[Libi Rana]] (credited as Nivedita) as Rekha<br />
*[[Kanhaiyalal (actor)|Kanhaiyalal]] as Gangaram<br />
*[[Durga Khote]] as Parbatiya and Gangaram's wife<br />
*[[Tarun Bose]] as Mahendra Babu - Rekha's father<br />
*[[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Master Mahesh<br />
*[[Ramayan Tiwari]] as Hari and Radha's father<br />
*[[Leela Mishra]] as Radha's nani<br />
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Sukhiya<br />
*[[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Daroga<br />
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Sunderlal<br />
*[[Sujit Kumar]] as Taxi Driver, Special Appearance<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]] and the lyrics were written by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]] <br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke"<br />
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]<br />
| 4:35<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Diye Jalaye Pyar Ke Chalo"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| 3:30<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Ja Ra Kare Badra"<br />
| Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| 4:35<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
| "Je Hum Tum Chori Se"<br />
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]]<br />
| 3:30<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
| " Khushi Ki Woh Raat Aa Gayi"<br />
| Mukesh<br />
| 5:35<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0215713}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:1969 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Dulal Guha]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Story_of_Sodabuddi&diff=540524The Great Story of Sodabuddi2026-03-03T21:35:41Z<p>ConradQ41114: Creating The Pg W/ Sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = The Great Story of Sodabuddi.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --><br />
| director = Jothirao Mohit<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --><br />
| producer = U. B. Udaya<br /> Vekatraj Bhat<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|*Uthpal Gowda <br />
*Anusha Ranganath<br />
*[[Kushee Ravi]] <br />
}}<br />
| narrator = <br />
| cinematography = Harish Nayak<br />
| editing = <br />
| music = <small>'''Songs'''</small><br />Mithun M. S.<br /><small>'''Score:'''</small><br />Ruthvik Murlidhar<br />
| studio = UG Perfect Pictures<br />
| distributor = Imagination World<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|4|15}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''The Great Story of Sodabuddi'''''{{Efn|Sodabuddi is used to refer to someone with thick glasses.}} is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Jothirao Mohit and starring newcomers Uthpal Gowda, Anusha Ranganath and [[Kushee Ravi]]. The film was released to negative reviews.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
*Uthpal Gowda as Sodabuddi<br />
*Anusha Ranganath as Bhagya<br />
*[[Kushee Ravi]] as Anusya<br />
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]<br />
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]<br />
*Master Hemanth<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The songs were composed by Mithun M. S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-great-story-of-sodabuddi-original-motion/1510044291|title=The Great Story Of Sodabuddi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=2015|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=2024-02-14|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214054314/https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-great-story-of-sodabuddi-original-motion/1510044291|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 15:37<br />
| title1 = Kaddil Keredare<br />
| lyrics1 = Vijay<br />
| extra1 = [[Kailash Kher]], Kishore<br />
| length1 = 3:40<br />
| title2 = Aa Ninna Parichaya<br />
| lyrics2 = Vijay<br />
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br />
| length2 = 4:28<br />
| title3 = Yeno Nannali <br />
| lyrics3 = Vijay<br />
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]<br />
| length3 = 3:38<br />
| title4 = Haalada Vayasali <br />
| lyrics4 = Jothirao Mohit<br />
| extra4 = Usha Prakash<br />
| length4 = 3:51<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "If you're game for a long watch, which gets only a tad interesting after the interval, then go for this film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/the-great-story-of-sodabuddi/movie-review/51851860.cms|title=THE GREAT STORY OF SODABUDDI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Sunayana|first=Suresh|date=15 April 2016|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105223448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/the-great-story-of-sodabuddi/movie-review/51851860.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from the ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Deliberate or otherwise, whatever story there is, it is and confusing. The story in the mind of the director which was then put on paper and what was shot finally seem to be three different things. The end product is a bad buy for the audience".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-the-great-story-of-sodabuddi/articleshow/51845023.cms|title=Movie Review: The Great Story of Sodabuddi|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=15 April 2016|first=Shyam Prasad|last=S.|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213213031/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-the-great-story-of-sodabuddi/articleshow/51845023.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "Without doubt, the movie does achieve to do what most filmmakers dread -- irritate the viewers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/Apr/16/the-great-story-soda-buddi-is-nowhere-close-to-great-924951.html|title=The Great Story Soda Buddi Is Nowhere Close to Great|date=16 April 2016|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213213047/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2016/Apr/16/the-great-story-soda-buddi-is-nowhere-close-to-great-924951.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "The director in an attempt to say everything in one movie, says nothing".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/the-great-story-of-sodabuddi-movie-review/moviereview/51848084.cms|title=ದಿ ಗ್ರೇಟ್ ಸ್ಟೋರಿ ಆಫ್ ಸೋಡಾ ಬುಡ್ಡಿ: ಸೋಡಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಉಪ್ಪೂ ಇಲ್ಲ, ಹುಳಿಯೂ ಇಲ್ಲ|date=23 April 2016|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]]|language=kn|first=Savitri|last=Av|access-date=14 February 2024|archive-date=13 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213213031/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/the-great-story-of-sodabuddi-movie-review/moviereview/51848084.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "Helmed by an aspiring debutant and played by an ambitious star, ''The Great Story of Soda Buddi'' belies facile description. A collage of art house and commercial elements, Soda Buddi turns a bit tedious".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2016 |title=A raw, rowdy romance |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-raw-rowdy-romance-2059844 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726015653/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-raw-rowdy-romance-2059844 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=23 February 2024 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Noteslist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|5652478}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Story Of Sodabuddi}}<br />
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soojidaara&diff=536714Soojidaara2026-03-03T21:34:55Z<p>ConradQ41114: Creating Some Pg V1!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2019 Kannada drama film}}<br />
{{No plot|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date = May 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Soojidaara<br />
| image = Soojidara poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Mounish Badiger<br />
| producer = Sachindran Athnayak <br> Abhijith Kotegar<br />
| writer = Mounish Badiger<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Hariprriya]] <br /> Yashwanth Shetty<br />
| music = Bhinna Shadja<br />
| cinematography = Asok V. Raman<br />
| editing = Mohan L. Rangakhale<br />
| studio = Cine Sneha Talkies<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|05|10}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No faceless blogs.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must be attributed to reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No faceless blogs.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Soojidaara''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada language]] [[drama film]] written and directed by Mounish Badiger, making his debut into Sandalwood. It is produced by Sachidran Aathnayak and Abijith Kotegar under the Cine Sneha Talkies banner. It features [[Haripriya]] and Yashwanth Shetty in the lead roles; Yashwanth is making his debut as a lead actor with the film. The supporting cast includes [[Achyuth Kumar]], [[Suchendra Prasad]], and Chaitra Kootoor. The films [[Film score|background score]] was composed by S. Pradeep Varman, the soundtrack by Bhinna Shadja; cinematography was handled by Ashok V. Raman and editing by Mohan L. Rangakhale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriya-goes-de-glam-for-sooji-dhaara/articleshow/60231151.cms|title=Hariprriya goes de-glam for Sooji Dhaara - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212052635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/hariprriya-goes-de-glam-for-sooji-dhaara/articleshow/60231151.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/kannada-actress-hariprriya-lead-trailer-sujidara-released-and-created-trends/articleshow/69096195.cms|title=Hariprriya: ಬೆಲ್ ಬಾಟಂ ಜೊತೆಗೆ 'ಸೂಜಿದಾರ'ಕ್ಕೂ ಕೈ ಹಾಕಿದ ಹರಿಪ್ರಿಯಾ! - actress hariprriya lead trailer sujidara released and created new trends|website=Vijaya Karnataka|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508112525/https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/kannada-actress-hariprriya-lead-trailer-sujidara-released-and-created-trends/articleshow/69096195.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/haripriya-next-it-is-sooji-daara-kannada_amp-news-192944|title=Haripriya next, it is Sooji Daara-Kannada News|website=IndiaGlitz|language=en|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508105513/https://www.indiaglitz.com/haripriya-next-it-is-sooji-daara-kannada_amp-news-192944|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chitraloka.com/news/15367-harirpriya-s-new-film-is-soojidaara.html|title=Harirpriya's New Film Is Soojidaara - chitraloka.com {{!}} Kannada Movie News, Reviews {{!}} Image|website=www.chitraloka.com|access-date=2019-05-08|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508105513/https://www.chitraloka.com/news/15367-harirpriya-s-new-film-is-soojidaara.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* [[Haripriya|Hariprriya]] as Padmashree<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/haripriya-has-seven-movies-lined-up-for-release-this-year/articleshow/68797117.cms|title=Haripriya has seven movies lined up for release this year - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-05-03|archive-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212052626/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/haripriya-has-seven-movies-lined-up-for-release-this-year/articleshow/68797117.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Yashwanth Shetty<br />
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]<br />
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]<br />
* Chaitra Kootoor<br />
* [[Shreya Anchan]]<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Soojidara<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = Bhinna Shadja<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = <br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| language = [[Kannada]]<br />
| label = [[Anand Audio]]<br />
| producer = Sachindranath Aathnayak, Aabhijith Kotegar<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film's background score was composed by S. Pradeep Varman and the soundtrack was composed by Bhinna Sadja. The music rights were acquired by Ananda Audio.<br />
<br />
{{tracklist|headline=Tracklist|extra_column=Singer(s)|total_length=20:28|all_lyrics=|title1=Jaaruthiruve|lyrics1=Vikram Hatwar|extra1=Mithun Eshwar|length1=4:24|title2=Hunnime Raathriyali|lyrics2=Chaitra Kotoor|extra2=Sparsha R K|length2=4:08|title3=Soojiye|lyrics3=Santha Sishunala Sharif|extra3=Tejaswi Haridas|length3=4:20|title4=Ee Sparsha Ekaantha|lyrics4=Mounish Badiger|extra4=Nagendranath Nayak|length4=3:30|title5=Jaaruthiruve-Female|lyrics5=Mounish Badiger, Vikram Hatwar|extra5=Sandhya Pathki|length5=4:40|all_writing=|title7=|length7=|title8=|length8=|title9=|length9=|title10=|length10=|title11=|length11=|title12=|length12=|title13=|length13=|title14=|length14=|title15=|length15=|title16=|length16=|title17=|length17=|title18=|length18=|title19=|length19=|title20=|length20=|title6=|length6=}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film is scheduled to be released on 10 May 2019 all over [[Karnataka]] in around 180 theatres.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb title|7569812}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2019 films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=IQ_(2023_film)&diff=503574IQ (2023 film)2026-03-03T09:18:37Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
|name=IQ<ref>{{cite news |title=Shooting begins for 'IQ' movie in Anantapur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/shooting-begins-for-iq-movie-in-anantapur/article65640565.ece |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605170821/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/shooting-begins-for-iq-movie-in-anantapur/article65640565.ece |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|image=IQ 2023 film poster.jpg<br />
|caption= Release poster<br />
|director=GLB Srinivas<ref>{{cite news |title='IQ' trailer: Nandamuri Balakrishna unveils the trailer of the GLB Srinivas's directional |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/iq-trailer-nandamuri-balakrishna-unveils-the-trailer-of-this-glb-srinivass-directorial/articleshow/100621634.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605170821/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/iq-trailer-nandamuri-balakrishna-unveils-the-trailer-of-this-glb-srinivass-directorial/articleshow/100621634.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|writer=<br />
|producer=Kayagurala Lakshmipathi<br />
|starring={{ubl|Sai Charan|Pallavi|Trancy}}<br />
|cinematography=T. Surendra Reddy<br />
|editing=<br />
|music= Polur Ghatika Chalam<br />
|studio=K.L.P Movies <br />
|distributor=<br />
|released={{Film date|2023|06|02|df=y}}{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}<br />
|runtime=122 minutes<br />
|country=India<br />
|language=Telugu<br />
|budget=<br />
|gross=<br />
}}<br />
'''''IQ ''''' is a 2023 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by GLB Srinivas and produced by Kayagurala Lakshmipathi under K.L.P Movies. The main lead cast is Sai Charan, Pallavi and Trancy. Sameer Datta played as an Antagonist and the Supporting characters are played by [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], K. Lakshmipathi, [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]], [[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]], Surya, [[Geetha Singh]], Shaking Seshu, Abba TV Hari Prasad and Sathipandu. The movie was released theatrically on 2 June 2023.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*Sai Charan as Vivek<br />
*Pallavi as Bhumika<br />
*Trancy<br />
*Sameer Datta as Ajay<br />
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Prakash Goud<br />
*K.Lakshmipathi<br />
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]<br />
*[[Satya Prakash (actor)|Satya Prakash]]<br />
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Doctor<br />
* Palle Raghunath Reddy as District Collector<br />
*[[Geetha Singh]] as Nurse<br />
* Shaking Seshu as Constable<br />
*Abba TV Hari Prasad<br />
*Sathipandu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = IQ<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist =Polur Ghatika Chalam<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2023<br />
| recorded = 2022–2023<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = <br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = Tips Telugu<br />
| producer = Polur Ghatika Chalam<br />
<br />
}}<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_music = Polur Ghatika Chalam<br />
| collapsed = <br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Kottandi Ro<br />
| note1 = <br />
| length1 = 4:21<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]], Varikuppala Yadagiri<br />
| title2 = Dandalayya<br />
| note2 = <br />
| length2 = 5:31<br />
| lyrics2 = P. Nagendra Prasad<br />
| extra2 = Suresh<br />
| title3 = Kokkaro Ko Kokkaro Ko <br />
| note3 = <br />
| length3 = 4:14<br />
| lyrics3 =[[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]<br />
| total_length = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' wrote that "A good movie with a good message has been made without compromises. 'IQ (Power of Students)' is laced with thrills and entertainment".<ref>{{cite news |title=IQ (Power of Students) Movie Review |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/iq-power-students-movie-review-195604 |access-date=5 June 2023 |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605170823/https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/iq-power-students-movie-review-195604 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=IQ Movie review in Telugu |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/iq-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1643154 |access-date=6 June 2023 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |date=2 June 2023 |language=te |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606050406/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/iq-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1643154 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Luck_(2000_film)&diff=451779Good Luck (2000 film)2026-03-03T04:32:38Z<p>ConradQ41114: Refined content and updated sections</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Good Luck<br />
| image = Good Luck (2000).jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| writer = Manoj Bhatnaghar,<br />B. Nithyanandham (dialogues)<br />
| starring = [[Prashanth]]<br />[[Riya Sen]]<br />[[Raghuvaran]]<br />[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]<br />[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]<br />[[Vaiyapuri]]<br />[[Ilavarasi]]<br />
| director = [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Bhatnaghar]]<br />
| producer = Manoj Bhatnaghar<br />
| editing = B. S. Vasu <br /> Saleem<br />
| cinematography = K. S. Shiva<br />
| studio = Sameera Films<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2000|2|4}}<br />
| runtime = 142 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| music = Manoj Bhatnaghar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Good Luck''''' is a 2000 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]] written, directed and produced by [[Manoj–Gyan|Manoj Bhatnaghar]]. The movie stars [[Prashanth]], [[Riya Sen]] and [[Raghuvaran]] in main roles. The film was released on 4 February 2000.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Surya is a carefree Tamil youth living in Malaysia with his brother Chandramohan and sister-in-law Devi. Chandramohan and Devi are childless because of a problem with Chandramohan. Surya falls in love with dancer Priya and manages to steal her heart too. Just when things seem happy, a bombshell is dropped by a Sister Mary who tells Surya that he is the father of a small girl Pooja. Pooja must undergo an operation to save her life but insists on seeing her dad before agreeing to the operation. Surya agrees to pose as her dad and is forced to do so on a more permanent basis even after the operation is done. He is driven out of the house and loses Priya, who agrees to wed an earlier suitor, Shyam. The person who happens to be the dad of Pooja's mother wants to kill Surya for cheating his daughter but ends up being arrested by the police. The second half shifts to Cruise ship, where Chandramohan finds out that Pooja is actually his daughter. The film ends with Surya and Priya reuniting.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Prashanth]] as Surya<br />
*[[Riya Sen]] as Priya<br />
*[[Raghuvaran]] as Chandra Mohan<br />
*[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Devi<br />
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] <br />
*[[Vaiyapuri]]<br />
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Surya's uncle<br />
*[[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] as Sangeetha Rajan<br />
*Sanjay Asrani as Shyam<br />
*Diyana<br />
*Pooja Sundharesh as Pooja<br />
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]<br />
*[[Sabitha Anand]] as Sister Mary<br />
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was initially set to feature [[Mayuri Kango]] as the lead heroine, but she was later replaced by [[Riya Sen]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malani |first=Sandeep |author-link=Sundeep Malani |date=26 November 1999 |title=Better luck next time! |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/3E7D580CF43FD67965256940004C8AA1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405020528/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/3E7D580CF43FD67965256940004C8AA1 |archive-date=5 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 September 2011 }}</ref> The entire film was shot in Thailand and Malaysia, while significant portions were shot on a cruise ship sponsored by [[Star Cruises]].<ref name="newstrait" /><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
The soundtrack were composed by director Manoj Bhatnagar himself and the lyrics were written by [[Vairamuthu]]. The audio launch was held in December 1999, with [[Keyaar]] and [[K. T. Kunjumon]] attending as chief guests.<ref>{{cite web |last=Prabhuram |first=R. |title=HMV's "Goodluck" movie audio released |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/eevents/1999/goodluck.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611065047/http://www.chennaionline.com/eevents/1999/goodluck.asp |archive-date=11 June 2004 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Kadhal Seiyum" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || 05:16<br />
|-<br />
| "Itho Intha Nenjodu" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]] || 04:42<br />
|-<br />
| "July Pathinaaru Vanthaal" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Sujatha, Chithra || 04:25<br />
|-<br />
| "Kadikkum Jokku " ||[[S. N. Surendar]], K. Prabhakaran, Subha, Bhuvana, Chorus || 04:54<br />
|-<br />
| "Idhayam Thudikkirathe" || K. Prabhakaran, Chithra, Baby Deepika || 05:04<br />
|-<br />
| "Naane Nee Nee" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]], Sujatha || 04:40<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "There are a couple of loose ends and the director must have concentrated more on the screenplay and less on the grandeur and glamour aspects of the film."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/02/11/stories/09110225.htm|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Film Review: Goodluck|date=2000-02-11|access-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041130233031/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/11/stories/09110225.htm|archive-date=30 November 2004}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote "Manoj has concentrated on giving a visual delight".<ref name="newstrait">{{cite web |last=Vijiyan |first=K. N. |date=19 February 2000 |title=Look out for the local scenes |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8FRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lRQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4757%2C5755084 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624125136/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8FRIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lRQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4757%2C5755084 |archive-date=24 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=48 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "The screenplay is weekly etched with many lose ends and unanswered questions. At times the continuity in shots and scenes is missing. A part of the time and energy spent on the luxury liner could have been spent in working out a better screenplay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov27.asp|title=GOODLUCK|website=Chennai Online|access-date=18 January 2025|first=Malini|last=Mannath|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030131222432/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov27.asp|archive-date=31 January 2003|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the relative failure of the film, Manoj Bhatnagar announced his next film soon after, a collaboration with actor [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], which then failed to take off.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rajitha |date=June 30, 2000 |title=Bhatnagar rallies |url=http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/30spice.htm |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508172140/http://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/jun/30spice.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt8954964}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2000 films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set on cruise ships]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyumori_Mehta_Ghosh&diff=527542Pyumori Mehta Ghosh2026-03-01T13:30:20Z<p>ConradQ41114: info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film and television actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pyumori Mehta Ghosh<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Pyumori Mehta<br />
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1976|11|23|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = Pyumori Mehta<br />
| occupation = Actress in Indian Film & Television Industry<br />
| years_active = 2002–present<br />
| spouse = Saptrishi Ghosh<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pyumori Mehta Ghosh''' is an Indian film and television actress.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 August 2012 |title= Pyumori Mehta & Bhuvan Chopra in Sony TV's next |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pyumori-Mehta-Bhuvan-Chopra-in-Sony-TVs-next/articleshow/15392179.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref> She has appeared in various Indian television serials and full-length Hindi feature films. In 2016, she appeared in the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] [[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|''Sanam Teri Kasam'']]. She has also appeared in various television serials, including ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)]]'', [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]], ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' and [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]] She regularly features in ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' and [[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol'']].<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''Urban Ladder''<br />
|<br />
| Short film<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2015 |title= The Homecoming: UrbanLadder's Attempt to Hit the Right Chord During Diwali |url=http://www.adageindia.in/marketing/cmo-strategy/the-homecoming-urbanladdersattempt-to-hit-the-right-chord-during-diwalithe-homecoming-urbanladdersattempt-to-hit-the-right-chord-during-diwali/articleshow/49646249.cms |work=adageindia.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2015 |title= Urban Ladder aims to touch emotional chords with ad film |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/brands/urban-ladder-aims-to-touch-emotional-chords-with-ad-film-151102 |work=indiantelevision.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016<br />
| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2016 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''<br />
| Arundhati Parthasaarthy<br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{cite news |date=5 February 2016 |title= Sanam Teri Kasam |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/sanam-teri-kasam-2/ |work=boxofficeindia.co.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Yaariyan 2]]''<br />
| Mrs. Cariappa, Raajlaxmi's mother<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col"|Years <br />
!scope="col"|Title<br />
!scope="col"|Role<br />
!scope="col"|Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2002 <br />
|''[[Kittie Party]]'' <br />
| Unknown <br />
|Acting Debut <br />
|-<br />
|2008–2009<br />
| ''[[Grihasti]]'' <br />
| Unknown <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2010–2011<br />
| ''[[Tere Liye (TV series)|Tere Liye]]'' <br />
| Unknown <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kitani Mohabbat Hai (season 2)|Kitni Mohabbat Hai 2]]'' <br />
|Amrit Ahluwalia <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2011–2012<br />
| ''[[Ek Nayi Chhoti Si Zindagi]]''<br />
|Arjun's mother <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''[[Looteri Dulhan]]''<br />
|Unknown <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'' <br />
|Garima Gupta <ref>{{cite news |date=29 August 2012 |title= Will Khushi & Arnav part ways in Iss Pyaar Ko…? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Will-Khushi-Arnav-part-ways-in-Iss-Pyaar-Ko/articleshow/15936055.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2013 |title= Pyumori Mehta in Raakesh Paswan's next! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pyumori-Mehta-in-Raakesh-Paswans-next/articleshow/18272773.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 February 2013 |title= Cast of Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon join together for a play to be premiered in Dubai |url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/cast-of-iss-pyaar-ko-kya-naam-doon-join-together-play-be-premiered-dubai |work=tellychakkar.com}}</ref> <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013–2014<br />
|''[[Ek Ghar Banaunga]]'' <br />
|Vandana Nath<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Uttaran]]'' <br />
| Divya Jogi Thakur <br />
|<ref>{{cite news |date=23 December 2013 |title= Pyumori Mehta replaces Pragati Mehra in Uttaran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pyumori-Mehta-replaces-Pragati-Mehra-in-Uttaran/articleshow/27777655.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2015<br />
|''[[Hello Pratibha]]'' <br />
|Unknown <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Reporters (Indian TV series)|Reporters]]''<br />
|Mrs. Kashyap <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014–2015<br />
| ''[[Tum Aise Hi Rehna]]'' <br />
|Unknown <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| ''[[Savdhaan India]]'' <br />
|Guest <br />
|One Episode <br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| ''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' <br />
|Guest<br />
|One Episode <br />
|- (Rajesh S Wife Sejal's Miraculous Escape From Death - 19 August 2011 Episode, Principal Sexually Assaults a Teacher - 8 June 2012 Episode, What you See in The Mirror - 26 September 2014 Episode, Bharat Thakor's Mysterious Death - 12 November 2011 Episode, 12 and 13 March 2016 episode - named 'Manzil')<br />
|-<br />
|2016–2017<br />
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 2]]'' <br />
| Nidhi Manav Nikunj <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|'' [[Kundali Bhagya]]'' <br />
| Kareena Luthra <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
| ''[[Naati Pinky Ki Lambi Love Story]]'' <br />
| Nalini Ram Kashyap <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
|rowspan="2"|2020–2021<br />
|''[[Shaurya Aur Anokhi Ki Kahani]]'' <br />
| Rama Ramesh Bhalla <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nath – Zewar Ya Zanjeer]]'' <br />
| Janki Avtaar Singh Thakur <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023 <br />
|''[[Sapnon Ki Chhalaang]]'' <br />
| Vrinda Saxena <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2023–2025<br />
|'' [[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' <br />
| Harleen Malhotra <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Bade Achhe Lagte Hain 4]]''<br />
|Padma Iyer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025–present<br />
|''[[Itti Si Khushi]]''<br />
|Urvashi Verma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2025–2026<br />
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]'' <br />
| Shalini<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Facebook|pyumorimehtaghosh|Pyumori Mehta Ghosh}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta Ghosh, Pyumori}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:1976 births]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:People from Solapur]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerala_Vikas_Congress&diff=463194Kerala Vikas Congress2026-03-01T10:33:45Z<p>ConradQ41114: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Notability|Organizations|date=April 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|party_name = Kerala Vikas Congress <br />
|party_logo = <br />
|colorcode = Orange<br />
|leader = Jose Chemperi <br />
|chairperson = [[Prakash Kuriakose]]<br />
|rajyasabha_leader = <br />
|foundation = 25 October 2014<br />
|headquarters = Chemperi, Kannur(India)<br />
|loksabha_seats = <br />
|rajyasabha_seats = <br />
|symbol = Car<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kerala Vikas Congress (KVC)''' is a political party led by Jose Chemperi that was found on 25 October 2014 in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20160428/2847547] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Alliance and break-up==<br />
Kerala Vikas Congress (KVC) had an alliance with BJP in kerala and it also supported the NDA in the centre since 2014 until 2016 when Jose Chemperi] decided to break the alliance and go alone in the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/india/20160428/2847547.ece] {{dead link|date=April 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Splinter groups==<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
!Sl.No:!!Name of the Party Group!!Party Party Leader !!Alliances<br />
|-<br />
||1<br />
||Kerala Vikas Congress (Jose Chemperi)||Jose Chemperi||[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]. Merged with [[Kerala Congress (B)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/kannur/malayalam-news/kannur-1.1038724|title=കേരള വികാസ് കോണ്ഗ്രസ് എല്.ഡി.എഫിലേയ്ക്ക്്&#124; Kannur &#124; Mathrubhumi Online|website=Mathrubhumi.com|access-date=10 September 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910182021/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/kannur/malayalam-news/kannur-1.1038724|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
||2||Kerala Vikas Congress (Prakash Kuriakose)||Prakash Kuriakose||[[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.janmabhumidaily.com/news412984|title=എന്ഡിഎയുടെ വിജയത്തിനായി കേരള വികാസ് കോണ്ഗ്രസ്|website=Janmabhumidaily.com|date=9 May 2016|accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Merger move of Kerala Congress factions within NDA==<br />
There is a move for grand-merger of Kerala Congress factions within NDA - [[Kerala Congress Democratic|Kerala Congress(D)]] of Ranjith Abraham Thomas, [[Kerala Congress (Nationalist)|Kerala Congress(N)]] of Kuruvila Mathews, [[Kerala Congress (Secular)|Kerala Congress(S)]] of Kallada Das, Kerala Vikas Congress (KVC) of Prof. Prakash Kuriakose along with [[National Progressive Party (Kerala)|National Progressive Party]] of V. V. Augustine along with some individual former Kerala Congress leaders like [[George J. Mathew]], [[V. Surendran Pillai]], Mathew Stephen, M. V. Mani, George Sebastian, Jerry Easow Oommen, etc.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 2014]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-party-stub}}</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharad_Malhotra&diff=464262Sharad Malhotra2026-02-27T14:28:35Z<p>ConradQ41114: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian film and television actor (born 1983)}}<br />
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sharad Malhotra<br />
| image = Sharad_Malhotra_(cropped).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Malhotra in 2015<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|1|9|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/happy-birthday-sharad-malhotra-the-king-of-television-is-now-a-star-on-social-media-5017060/|title=Happy Birthday Sharad Malhotra: The king of television is now a star on social media|date=9 January 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|first=Sana|last=Farzeen|access-date=10 September 2019}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_names = Ssharad Malhotra<br />
| alma mater = St. Xavier's College<br />
| yearsactive = 2004–present<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Ripci Bhatia|2019}}<br />
| known for = [[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]<br />[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]<br />[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]<br />[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Sharad Malhotra''' (born 9 January 1983) is an Indian actor, who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.bollywoodbindass.com/sharad-malhotra/|title= Sharad Malhotra Biography|work= bollywoodbindass.com|access-date= 22 September 2016|archive-date= 23 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160923050203/http://www.bollywoodbindass.com/sharad-malhotra/|url-status= dead}}</ref> He made his acting debut in 2004 with the role of Prince Goldy in ''[[Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag]]''. His first major role was the lead role of Sagarpratap Singh in ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''.<br />
<br />
Sharad had his breakthrough with the role of Maharana Pratap Singh in ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' and is noted for his portrayal of Rishi Singh Bedi in ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]'' and Veeranshu Singhania in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]''.<br />
<br />
He made his film debut in 2012 with ''[[From Sydney with Love]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sharad Malhotra was born on 9 January 1983 in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] and was brought up in [[Kolkata]], he did his [[B.Com]] from St. Xavier's College. In 2003, he won ''Face Of The Year'' in Kolkata from where his journey started.<ref>{{cite news|url =https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/now-that-i-am-getting-married-i-had-to-be-in-kolkata-ssharad-malhotra/articleshow/68344759.cms|title= Sharad Malhotra: Now i am getting married had to be in Kolkata}}</ref><br />
<br />
Besides modeling and acting, Sharad is also enthusiastic about kickboxing, horse riding, and swimming.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He dated actress [[Divyanka Tripathi]] for seven years before they broke up in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/revealed-why-did-divyanka-tripathi-and-ssharad-malhotra-break-up/article_18ad3b40-c1fd-11e4-8876-57f3edbb57c1.html|title=Revealed: Why Did Divyanka Tripathi and Ssharad Malhotra Break Up?|work=India West|access-date=3 March 2015|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603091530/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/television/revealed-why-did-divyanka-tripathi-and-ssharad-malhotra-break-up/article_18ad3b40-c1fd-11e4-8876-57f3edbb57c1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
He then dated actress Pooja Bisht, for almost two years but they broke up in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shocking-break-ups-of-tv-actors-here-the-list/ssharad-malhotra-and-girlfriend-pooja-bisht/photostory/64310163.cms<br />
|title=Sharad Malhotra and girlfriend Pooja breaks up}}</ref><br />
<br />
He married Ripci Bhatia on 20 April 2019.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 April 2019|title=Ssharad Malhotra ties the knot with Ripci Bhatia. See inside pics and videos|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/ssharad-malhotra-ties-the-knot-with-ripci-bhatia-see-inside-pics-and-videos-1506203-2019-04-20|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
===2004–2013: Debut and early career===<br />
Malhotra attending acting workshop and did modelling after he came to Mumbai. He was the first male model to do a jewellery campaign. Malhotra started his career with ''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]'' as a Contestant in 2004. He then made his acting debut in the same year as Prince Goldy in ''[[Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag]]'' and had a cameo in ''[[Kabhie To Nazar Milao]]''.<br />
<br />
He had his first major role in 2006 with ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhan]]'' where he played the lead role of Sagar opposite [[Divyanka Tripathi]] and was later seen as Amar Upadhyay also. The show was successful.<ref name= "2007 Telly Award">{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards winners|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=22 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722173647/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/winners-list.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|title=Telly awards 2007 Popular Awards nominees|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911073650/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k7/popular07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The show ended in mid-2009.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 May 2009|title=Dulhann gets an extension on Zee TV|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/dulhann-gets-an-extension-on-zee-tv/story-yyGmPHTeiPc2IO5RTWXJHN.html|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In 2008, he was also a part of a dance reality show named Yeh hai Jalwa, which had various popular television celebrities, including [[Ronit Roy]], [[Shweta Tiwari]] and [[Rakhi Sawant]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sharad-malhotra-evicted-jalwa|date=2008|title=Sharad Malhotra evicted from Jalwa}}</ref><br />
<br />
Post Banu main Teri Dulhan, he took a break from his TV career and went on to attend [[New York Film Academy]] in the year 2009.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nyfa.edu/nyfa-news/alumni/sharad-malhotra.html | title=NYFA Academy Blog }}</ref> In 2010, he appeared as a contestant on ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''. In 2012, He made his film debut with the role of Rohit Khurana in ''[[From Sydney with Love]]''.<br />
<br />
===2014–2020: Breakthrough and success===<br />
[[File:Maharana Pratap sets.jpg|thumbnail|Sharad with fans on Maharana Pratap set]]<br />
Sharad returned to acting in 2014 and had his breakthrough with the role of [[Maharana Pratap]] in [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]'s ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' opposite [[Rachana Parulkar]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 October 2014|title=Never thought I'd get to play Maharana Pratap: Ssharad Malhotra|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/never-thought-id-get-to-play-maharana-pratap-ssharad-malhotra/|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The show ended in 2015, it was successful and received praises, also winning awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bharat-ka-veer-putra-maharana-pratap-bags-best-historical-show-award/articleshow/42188843.cms|title=Bharat Ka Veer Putra Maharana Pratap bags best historical show award|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 2014}}</ref> He later participated in ''Box Cricket League'' and was the Captain of ''Kolkata Baabu Moshayes'' in season 2.<ref>{{cite web|date=29 November 2015|title=Check out the pictures of last day shoot of 'Maharana Pratap'|url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-historical-drama-maharana-pratap-to-go-off-air-ssharad-malhotra-gets-emo-5180954-PHO.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424154852/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-TV-in-pics-historical-drama-maharana-pratap-to-go-off-air-ssharad-malhotra-gets-emo-5180954-PHO.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2019|website=Daily Bhaskar}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2016, Malhotra played the lead role of Rishi in the show ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/colors-kasam-tere-pyaar-ki-completes-2-years-200730%3famp|title=Colors popular show Kasam completes two years|date=July 2020}}</ref> He also played the role of Ranbir Kapoor on the same show. It was also broadcast in the UK due to its popularity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/ssharad-malhotra-ecstatic-kasam-tere-pyaar-ki-will-air-colors-uk-tv-200727%3famp|title=Ssharad Malhotra ecstatic as Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki will air on colors UK tv|date=27 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Malhotra also appeared in two Hindi films in 2016, ''[[My Father Godfather]]'' playing Prakash and ''[[Ek Tera Saath]]'' playing Kuwar Aditya Pratap Singh. In 2017, he appeared in his first music video ''Paas Baitho Na''.<br />
<br />
He also appeared as a guest on ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''. He next portrayed Raunak Singh in [[Star Bharat]]'s ''[[Muskaan (TV series)|Muskaan]]'' from 2018 to 2020.<br />
<br />
===2021–present: Acclaim and further career===<br />
[[File:Sharad_Malhotra_at_Holi_Invasion_party.jpg|thumbnail|Sharad at a Holi party]]<br />
In August 2020, he joined the cast of ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]'', portraying the prince of shape-shifting {{lang|hi|cheels}} named Veeranshu Singhania.Malhotra played the role as the Grey Shaded hero.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/naagin-5-sharad-malhotra-mohit-sehgal-join-cast-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-6551490/lite/|title= Naagin 5: Sharad Malhotra and Mohit Sehgal join Surbhi ...|website=The Indian Express|date= 12 August 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2021, his music video ''Bepanah Pyar'' with Vyrl Originals was released, followed by ''Beypanah Ishq'' in August 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bepanah-ishq-music-video-out-surbhi-chandna-sharad-malhotra-song-have-an-unhappy-ending-1844663-2021-08-24.html|title=Surbhi Chandna and Sharad Malhotra song has an unhappy ending|date=24 August 2021 }}</ref> In the same year he appeared with [[Helly Shah]] in a peppy song ''Halo Re Halo'' and with [[Adaa Khan]] in a romantic song ''Door Ho Gaya''.<br />
<ref>{{cite web|title=Sharad Malhotra and Helly Shah in a peppy song Halo Re Halo|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/payal-dev-i-suggested-we-shoot-halo-re-halo-with-sharad-malhotra-and-helly-shah-23196050.html|website=Mid-Day|date=10 October 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In October 2021, he started portraying the role of [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]] in [[StarPlus]]'s historical drama ''[[Vidrohi]]''. It was his second historic character. The show went off-air after 5 month in March 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sharad-malhotra-to-return-on-tv-in-the-role-of-freedom-fighter-buxi-jagabandhu-with-vidrohi-watch-promo/articleshow/86424980.cms|title=Sharad Malhotra to return on TV in the role of freedom fighter Buxi Jagabandhu with Vidrohi; watch promo|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=September 22, 2021|access-date=September 24, 2021}}</ref> In February 2022, he appeared in a short film ''Not Out'' along with [[Karan Wahi]], where they both played the role of two best friends.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-02-11 |title=TTT launches Butterflies 3 with Hershey's Kisses |work=APN News |url=https://www.apnnews.com/ttt-launches-butterflies-3-with-hersheys-kisses/}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In the media==<br />
In 2021, he won the Iwmbuzz Award for Trendsetter of the Year.<br />
<br />
He was also ranked number 7 in <br />
[[The Times of India|The Times Most Desirable Men on TV 2020]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet The Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meet-the-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/83403113.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, he was awarded the Best Foreign Actor at the Blue star Awards, Vietnam for Naagin 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-07 |title=Dàn sao Việt hào hứng nhận cúp Ngôi Sao Xanh |url=https://doanhnhantrevietnam.vn/dan-sao-viet-hao-hung-nhan-cup-ngoi-sao-xanh-d18311.html |access-date= |website=doanhnhantrevietnam.vn |language=vi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title <br />
! Role <br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2004 <br />
| ''[[India's Best Cinestars Ki Khoj]]'' <br />
| Contestant <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Princess Dollie Aur Uska Magic Bag]]'' <br />
| Prince Goldy <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kabhie To Nazar Milao]]'' <br />
| Unnamed <br />
|Cameo<br />
|-<br />
| 2006–2009 <br />
| ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]'' <br />
| Sagar Pratap Singh/Amar Upadhyay <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2010<br />
| ''[[Nachle Ve with Saroj Khan]]''<br />
| Contestant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2014–2015 <br />
| ''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap]]'' <br />
| [[Maharana Pratap]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Box Cricket League 1'' <br />
| rowspan="2" | Contestant<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''Box Cricket League 2'' <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2018 <br />
| ''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''<br />
| Rishi Singh Bedi/Ranbir Kapoor <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2017 <br />
| ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]'' <br />
| Himself <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018–2020 <br />
| ''[[Muskaan (TV series)|Muskaan]]'' <br />
| Raunak Singh <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2020–2021 <br />
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 5]]'' <br />
| rowspan="2" | Veeranshu Singhania <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''<br />
| Guest<br />
|-<br />
| 2021–2022<br />
| ''[[Vidrohi (TV series)|Vidrohi]]''<br />
| [[Bakshi Jagabandhu]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes <br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[From Sydney with Love]]'' || Rohit Khurana ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[My Father Godfather]]'' || Prakash ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Ek Tera Saath]]'' || Kuwar Aditya Pratap Singh ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Short film===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2018<br />
|''She's D One''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Prem, Gajra Aur Chilli Chicken''<br />
|<br />
|As director<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Pasta''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Butterflies: Not Out''<br />
|<br />
|Season 3; Episode 5<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|''Thanks Mom''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Web series===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Title<br />
! Role<br />
! class="unsortable" |Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" |Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| '' Honey Trap Squad ''<br />
| Mirage <br />
| Season 1<br />
|style="text-align:center;" |<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music videos===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Singer(s)<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''Paas Baitho Na''|| Ram CV<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sharad Malhotra shoots an intimate song with newbie Zoya Chatterjee - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/sharad-malhotra-shoots-song-with-zoya/articleshow/58869015.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4|2021 || ''Bepanah Pyaar''|| rowspan="2" |[[Yasser Desai|Yaseer Desai]], [[Payal Dev]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bepanah Pyaar Song: सुरभि चंदना- शरद मल्होत्रा के 'रोमांस' ने लगाई 'आग', रिलीज होते ही छाया गाना|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bepanah-pyaar-song-out-now-surbhi-chandna-and-sharad-malhotra-intense-love-hate-chemistry-loved-by-fans/articleshow/81667151.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Bepanah Ishq''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Bepanah Ishq music video out. Surbhi Chandna, Sharad Malhotra song have an unhappy ending|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/bepanah-ishq-music-video-out-surbhi-chandna-sharad-malhotra-song-have-an-unhappy-ending-1844663-2021-08-24|access-date=2021-09-06|website=India Today|date=24 August 2021|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Halo Re Halo''<br />
|[[Mika Singh]], [[Payal Dev]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Door Ho Gaya''<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sharad Malhotra and Adaa Khan song teaser out|url=https://www.glamsham.com/music/music-news/sharad-malhotra-adaa-khan-door-ho-gaya-teaser-out-now/amp|date=October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2023<br />
|''Tauba Meri Tauba''<br />
|[[Mamta Sharma]]<br />
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/feb/07/urvashi-rautela-and-sharad-malhotra-teamup-for-new-music-video-taubaa-meri-taubaa-47076.amp | title=Urvashi Rautela and Sharad Malhotra team up for new music video Taubaa Meri Taubaa | date=7 February 2023 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Baarishon''<br />
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Payal Dev]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Dil Nisaar Hua''<br />
|[[Javed Ali]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Ghafil''<br />
|Altamash Faridi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''Teri Aadat Ab Nahi''<br />
|Altamash Faridi <br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Show !! Role !! Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2007<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br />
|Best Onscreen Couple (with [[Divyanka Tripathi]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Banoo Main Teri Dulhann]]''<br />
| rowspan="4" | Sagar Pratap Singh/Amar Upadhay<br />
|rowspan="4" {{won}} <br />
|-<br />
|Best Actor Male (Critics)<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gold Awards]]<br />
|Best Debut (Male)<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br />
|Best Actor Male (Popular)<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|[[Indian Telly Awards]]<br />
|Best Actor in a Lead Role<br />
|''[[Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap]]''<br />
|[[Maharana Pratap]]<br />
|{{Nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|[[Gold Awards]]<br />
|Best Onscreen Couple (With [[Kratika Sengar]])<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kasam Tere Pyaar Ki]]''<br />
| rowspan="4" | Rishi Singh Bedi/Ranbir Kapoor <br />
|{{won}} <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/colors-golden-petal-awards-2017-complete-winners-list-and-award-pictures|title=Colors Golden Petal Awards 2017: Complete winners list and award pictures|website=Free Press Journal|date=13 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/zee-gold-awards-2017-divyanka-tripathi-mouni-roy-nakuul-mehta-surbhi-chandna-win-big-1020814/|title=Zee Gold Awards 2017: Divyanka Tripathi, Mouni Roy, Nakuul Mehta, Surbhi Chandna win BIG|date=16 July 2017|website=Bollywood Life}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tellydhamaal.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223232157/http://www.tellydhamaal.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=23 February 2015|title=Telly Dhamaal|website=tellydhamaal.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" |2018<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]<br />
|Best Actor<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Onscreen Jodi (With [[Kratika Sengar]])<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]<br />
|Male Actor Of The Year<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|[[Gold Glam and Style Awards]]<br />
|Best Dressed Actor (Male) TV<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{n/a}}<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
*{{IMDb name|5090026}}<br />
*{{Instagram|sharadmalhotra009}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title = Awards for Sharad Malhotra<br />
| list =<br />
{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actor}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Sharad}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malhar_Kalambe&diff=515432Malhar Kalambe2026-02-24T15:47:49Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Environmentalist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Malhar Kaalambe<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[K. P. B. Hinduja College of Commerce]] (CA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=Beach Please - Malhar Kaalambe Cleanned 360 Tonnes Of Beach Garbage |url=https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/beach-please-malhar-kalambe-mumbaikars-cleanup-300-tonnes-of-dadar-beach-garbage/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Life Beyond Numbers |language=en}}</ref><br />
| occupation = {{Hlist|Environmentalist|social media influencer}}<br />
| years_active = 2017–present<br />
| organization = Beach Please<br />
| awards = [[National Creators Award]] (2024)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Malhar Kaalambe''' (formerly known as Malhar Kalambe) is an Indian environmentalist, social media influencer from [[Mumbai|Mumbai, Maharashtra]]. He is the founder of the [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] Beach Please India, which has cleaned and disposed of over 8.3 million kilograms of garbage since 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malhar Kalambe Creator Stats, Biography {{!}} About Malhar Kalambe - Forbes India Digital Stars 2024 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2024-digital-stars/profile/malhar-kalambe/92 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, he was featured in India's Top 100 Digital Stars by [[Forbes India|Forbes]] magazine.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Kaalambe's activism was sparked in 2017 during a trip to [[Bali|Bali, Indonesia]], where he contrasted the pristine beaches abroad with Mumbai's polluted shores upon his return. Frustrated by post-festival litter, particularly single-use plastics, he launched "Beach Please" on 10 September 2017 as a weekly clean-up initiative starting at Dadar Beach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-09 |title=Beach Please! This Mumbai Youth Has Cleaned Dadar Beach With His Friends & Got UN Award |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/beach-please-this-mumbai-youth-has-cleaned-dadar-beach-with-his-friends-got-un-award-366919.html |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beach Please has removed over 8.5 million kilograms of waste from Mumbai’s beaches over 371 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=Mumbai's Malhar Kalambe, 27, Leads 371-Week 'Beach' Cleanup, Removes 8.5 Million Kgs of Waste |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/mumbais-malhar-kalambe-27-leads-371-week-beach-cleanup-removes-8-5-million-kgs-of-waste/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The Logical Indian |language=en}}</ref> Events like school reunions have drawn 4.5 lakh participants, fostering a network of young activists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=TOI Ecopreneur Honours 2025: Youth-led movements and digital platforms drive environmental action |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/toi-ecopreneur-honours-2025-youth-led-movements-and-digital-platforms-drive-environmental-action/articleshow/123099288.cms |access-date=2025-10-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition and awards ==<br />
*'''2019''': [[United Nations Volunteers]] India V-Award for "Volunteer for Change."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-07 |title=City's youngster gets UN accolades for making Dadar beach waste-free |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-citys-youngster-gets-united-nation-accolades-for-making-dadar-beach-waste-free-404158 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-13 |title=Meet Malhar Kalambe, founder of Beach please, behind the Dadar Beach Clean Up Initiative for cleaning Mumbai beaches |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-malhar-kalambe-21-year-old-founder-of-beach-please-cleaned-1000-tons-trash-mumbai-beaches-dadar-beach-clean-up-initiative |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
*'''2022''': Ranked 28th in Forbes India's Top 100 Digital Stars for leveraging social media in conservation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Malhar Kalambe: Beach Please, make way for the clean up guy {{!}} India's Top 100 Digital Stars Rank 28 |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2022-india039s-top-digital-stars/malhar-kalambe-beach-please-make-way-for-the-clean-up-guy/78387/1 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Creators Award a great initiative to make the Bharatiya youth agents of Bharat's civilizational resurgence |url=https://hindupost.in/society-culture/national-creators-award-a-great-initiative-to-make-the-bharatiya-youth-agents-of-bharats-civilizational-resurgence/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Hindupost}}</ref><br />
*'''2024''': [[National Creators Award]] from the [[Government of India]] for "Sustainable Creator of the Year," presented by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-08 |title=Photos: National Creators Awards 2024 |url=https://www.siasat.com/photos-national-creators-awards-2024-2989108/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref><br />
*'''2024''': Featured in Forbes India's Digital Stars list (Rank 92) as a changemaker, with a Goat Score of 6.69 for engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Digital Influencers Of India In 2024 Who Outshine This Year: Forbes |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/trending/top-100-digital-influencers-of-india-in-2024-who-outshine-this-year-forbes-10208516 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=The Daily Jagran |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Top Digital Stars: The making of the list |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/2022-india039s-top-digital-stars/indias-top-digital-stars-the-making-of-the-list/78183/1 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-22 |title=Forbes India's Top 100 Digital Stars Of 2024-2025: A New Era Of Content Creation {{!}} Corporate Connect Global |url=https://corporateconnectglobal.com/indias-top-100-digital-stars/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Corporate Connect |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*'''2025''': Ambassador for [[Swachh Bharat Mission|Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]]; speaker at Viksit Bharat Young Leaders Dialogue on sustainability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=Environmentalist Malhar Kalambe bags National Creators Award 2024 |url=https://www.passionateinmarketing.com/environmentalist-malhar-kalambe-bags-national-creators-award-2024/ |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Passionate In Marketing |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social workers]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi people]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakshay_Sheoran&diff=445782Lakshay Sheoran2026-02-22T10:16:21Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian sport shooter}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| headercolor =<br />
| name = Lakshay Sheoran<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = <!-- name.jpg --><br />
| image_size = <!--Only for images narrower than 220 pixels.--><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| fullname = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| nationality = [[India]]n<br />
| residence = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|11|04|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jind]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| height = <br />
| weight =<br />
| spouse = <br />
| life_partner = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|www.example.com}} --><br />
| country = India<br />
| sport = [[Shooting sport|Shooting]]<br />
| disability = <br />
| disability_class = <br />
| rank = <br />
| event = Trap Shooting<br />
| collegeteam = <br />
| universityteam = <br />
| club = <br />
| team = <br />
| turnedpro = <br />
| partner = <br />
| former_partner = <br />
| coach = <br />
| retired = <br />
| coaching = <br />
| worlds = <br />
| regionals = <br />
| nationals = <br />
| olympics = <br />
| paralympics = <br />
| highestranking = <br />
| pb = <br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Shooting sport|shooting]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver| [[2018 Asian Games|2018 Palembang]] | [[Shooting at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's trap|Trap]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 Asian Shotgun Championships|2024 Kuwait City]]|Trap}}<br />
| show-medals = <br />
| updated = 20 August 2018<br />
}}<br />
'''Lakshay Sheoran''' (born 4 November 1998) is an Indian [[shooting sports|sport shooter]]. He won silver medal in [[trap shooting]] at the [[2018 Asian Games]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sheoran was born in [[Jind]], [[Haryana]], on 4 November 1998. He is the son of a former wrestling national champion, Somveer pehalwan. He spent his early days in [[Kolaras]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Sheoran started training for shooting in 2014. He initially started air pistol shooting but later switched to shotgun shooting after visiting [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]].<ref name="Scroll">{{cite news |title=Asian Games 2018: Lakshay Sheoran, a promising young shooter who makes his mark on the big stage |url=https://scroll.in/field/891162/asian-games-2018-lakshay-sheoran-a-promising-young-shooter-who-makes-his-mark-on-the-big-stage |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=20 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820195332/https://scroll.in/field/891162/asian-games-2018-lakshay-sheoran-a-promising-young-shooter-who-makes-his-mark-on-the-big-stage |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Masand">{{cite news |last1=Masand |first1=Ajai |title=Asian Games 2018: Drowned myself in music and thought I am the best, says Lakshay |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/asian-games-2018/asian-games-2018-drowned-myself-in-music-thought-i-am-the-best-says-lakshay/story-4WibhMn23laWk62A1dVigO.html |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=20 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820200306/https://www.hindustantimes.com/asian-games-2018/asian-games-2018-drowned-myself-in-music-thought-i-am-the-best-says-lakshay/story-4WibhMn23laWk62A1dVigO.html |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Representing Haryana state, he became national junior champion in the 2016 National Shooting Championships after defeating Manavaditya Singh Rathore of Rajasthan in the men's trap event.<ref name="2016 JNC">{{cite news |title=Manavjit Singh Sandhu bags gold in National Shooting Championship trap event |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/manavjit-singh-sandhu-bags-gold-in-national-shooting-championship-trap-event-3115056.html |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=[[Firstpost]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI) |date=20 November 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820190610/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/manavjit-singh-sandhu-bags-gold-in-national-shooting-championship-trap-event-3115056.html |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He won his second junior national title in 2017 after defeating Rajasthan's Vivaan Kapoor by 41-39.<ref name="2017 JNC">{{cite news |title=Manavjit Singh Sandhu another trap gold in National Shotgun Championship |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/manavjit-singh-sandhu-another-trap-gold-in-national-shotgun-championship/story-6xc2xHjm6d4DzbQ823MkhM.html |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |agency=PTI |date=18 November 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820192210/https://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/manavjit-singh-sandhu-another-trap-gold-in-national-shotgun-championship/story-6xc2xHjm6d4DzbQ823MkhM.html |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He missed the Olympic quota berth at the Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament in Kuwait City on 15 January, despite winning a bronze as there were only two berths. After leading the field, he missed the berth at the fag end.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-15 |title=Trap shooter Lakshay misses Paris Olympic quota by whisker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/trap-shooter-lakshay-misses-paris-olympic-quota-by-whisker-101705331302413.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== International ===<br />
At the [[2017 ISSF Junior World Cup]] in Italy, Sheoran was paired with Manisha Keer for the mixed team event. The pair scored 84 out of 100 to qualify for the final round. In the final, they won bronze medal after defeating Sevin Edward Layer and Emma Lee Williams of United States by 34–33.<ref name="2017 JWC">{{cite news |title=Manisha Keer, Lakshay Sheoran win mixed team trap bronze at Junior Shotgun World Cup |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/manisha-keer-lakshay-sheoran-win-mixed-team-trap-bronze-at-junior-shotgun-world-cup/articleshow/60146138.cms |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] (TOI) |agency=PTI |date=20 August 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820181539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/manisha-keer-lakshay-sheoran-win-mixed-team-trap-bronze-at-junior-shotgun-world-cup/articleshow/60146138.cms |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Paired with Vivaan Kapoor and Ali Aman Elahi for the men's trap team event at the [[2018 ISSF Junior World Cup]], he won bronze medal after the trio scored 328. The gold and silver medallist teams of China and Australia scored 335 and 331 respectively.<ref name="2018 JWC">{{cite news |title=ISSF Junior World Cup: Vivaan Kapoor helps India win two bronze medals |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/issf-junior-world-cup-vivaan-kapoor-helps-india-win-two-bronze-medals/articleshow/63428183.cms |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=TOI |date=23 March 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820185405/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/issf-junior-world-cup-vivaan-kapoor-helps-india-win-two-bronze-medals/articleshow/63428183.cms |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> He achieved country's apex ranking in trap shooting after defeating [[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]] and [[Kynan Chenai]] in the trials for [[2018 Asian Games]].<ref name="Scroll" /><br />
<br />
At his maiden appearance in the Asian Games in 2018, he won silver medal (with a score of 43) after losing to Chinese Taipei's [[Yang Kun-pi]]'s world record-equalling score of 48 in the final. He is one of the three Asian Games silver medallists in the men's trap event from India. The other two were [[Karni Singh]] (in [[Shooting at the 1974 Asian Games|1974]]) and [[Manavjit Singh Sandhu]] (in [[Shooting at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's trap|2006]]).<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web |title=Lakshay, Deepak impress with elusive trap, 10m air rifle silvers |url=http://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/24421060/lakshay-sheoran-deepak-kumar-impress-elusive-trap-10m-air-rifle-silver-asian-games |website=[[Sony ESPN]] |accessdate=20 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20180820205159/http://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/24421060/lakshay-sheoran-deepak-kumar-impress-elusive-trap-10m-air-rifle-silver-asian-games |archivedate=20 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Masand" /> In 2024, Lakshay Sheoran wins gold medal in Manav Rachna Open Trap Shooting Championship defeating Ahvar Rizvi and Bakhtiyar Malik.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-09-03 |title=Asian Games silver-medallist Lakshay Sheoran wins gold in Manav Rachna Open Trap Shooting Championship |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/asian-games-silver-medallist-lakshay-sheoran-wins-gold-in-manav-rachna-open-trap-shooting-championship-3175225 |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheoran, Lakshay}}<br />
[[Category:1998 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jind]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]<br />
[[Category:Sport shooters from Haryana]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games shooters for India]]<br />
[[Category:Shooters at the 2018 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in shooting]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taraknath_Palit&diff=539683Taraknath Palit2026-02-12T03:12:39Z<p>ConradQ41114: Creating Basic Bio Added Tags!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian lawyer and philanthropist}}<br />
{{use Indian English|date=June 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Taraknath Palit<br />
| image = Taraknath_Palit.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Taraknath Palit, {{circa|1912}}<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 1831 <br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]],<br />
[[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1914|10|3|1831|}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Lawyer<br />
| known_for = Philanthropist, social worker<br />
}}<br />
[[Sir]] '''Taraknath Palit''' (1831&ndash;1914) was an Indian lawyer from the [[Bengal Presidency]] and a philanthropist.<ref name="Teachers oppose plan to hive off CU law wing">{{cite news|title=Teachers oppose plan to hive off CU law wing|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130402/jsp/calcutta/story_16707467.jsp#.UbQi89jT_Z8|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615233021/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130402/jsp/calcutta/story_16707467.jsp%23.UbQi89jT_Z8|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=9 June 2013|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata}}</ref> He was associated with the [[Swadeshi Movement]] during the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] and was one of the key figures behind the establishment of Ballygunge Science College of the [[Calcutta University]] and [[Jadavpur University]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Taraknath was born in 1831 in [[Kolkata]], the only son of millionaire, Kalisankar Palit. He was brought up in Amarpur in [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Hindu school">{{cite web|title=Sir Taraknath Palit (1831–1914)|url=http://www.hindu-school.com/brightestmore3.htm|publisher=[[Hindu School]]|access-date=9 June 2013|archive-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218104337/http://www.hindu-school.com/brightestmore3.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Taraknath graduated from college at the [[Hindu School, Kolkata]] and then he studied law in England.<ref name="Hindu school" /> During his stay in England, he came in contact with the first [[Assam]]ese graduate and [[Indian Civil Service|civilian]] [[Anundoram Borooah]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Publication|first=Cosmo|title=Eminent Orientalists: Indian, European and American|year=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002|isbn=9788177550276|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IN2Ev-ZYtD0C&pg=221|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 1871, Taraknath returned to India and established a legal practice.<ref name="Hindu school" /><br />
<br />
==Philanthropy==<br />
Taraknath Palit was instrumental in the founding of the [[Jadavpur University#National Council of Education, Bengal|National Council of Education]] (NCE) of India, "a stout supporter of nationalism and national development and attempted to nationalize education."<ref name="Hindu school" /> He was one of the main figures behind the foundation of [[Jadavpur University|Bengal Technical Institute]] at the height of [[Swadeshi Movement]], along with [[Maharaja Manindra Chandra Nandy]],<ref name="Hindu school" /> [[Bhupendra Nath Bose]], [[Nilratan Sircar]] and [[Rashbihari Ghosh]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sen|first=S. N.|title=History Modern India|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|isbn=8122417744|page=147|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=147|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> It was established on 25 July 1906<ref>{{cite book|last=Krishna Dutta, Andrew Robinson|title=Selected Letters of Rabindranath Tagore|year=1997|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9780521590181|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v08xxlHuWtUC&pg=66|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> and was the direct predecessor of [[Jadavpur University]].<br />
<br />
In June and October 1912, he executed two trust [[deed]]s for [[Calcutta University]], donating [[rupee|Rs]] 1.5&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Deepak|title=Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700–1947|year=1991|publisher=Anamika Pub & Distributors|isbn=9788185150192|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AUo1IYADckC&pg=135}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The law department building is now on the land donated by Taraknath Palit.<ref name="Teachers oppose plan to hive off CU law wing" />|group="nb"}}<!--- realize this is close paraphrasing, but this may be one of those examples where there's not a great alternative – it's basic facts---> His donations helped fund the 27 March 1914 creation of the University College of Science and Technology.<ref name="CalUniv" />{{#tag:ref|Along with Sir [[Rashbihari Ghosh]], their cumulitive donation of nearly thirty seven and half lakhs of rupees formed the corpus for the creation of [[Rajabazar Science College|University College of Science and Technology]] also known as the [[Rajabazar Science College]] campus of Calcutta University. It is presently located at "Rashbehari Siksha Prangan" at 92, [[AJC Bose Road & APC Road|Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road]], Kolkata and "Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan" at 35, [[Ballygunge Circular Road]], Kolkata.<ref name="CalUniv">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.caluniv-ucsta.net/|publisher=[[Calcutta University]]|access-date=9 June 2013}}</ref> <br />
|group="nb"}}<br />
<br />
He was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]] by the [[British Government]] on 1 January 1913.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28690/pages/1147 The London Gazette, 14 February 1913]</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
He died on 3 October 1914.<ref name="Hindu school" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Parvez |first=Md Masud |year=2012 |chapter=Palit, Sir Tarakanath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Palit,_Sir_Tarakanath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Palit, Taraknath}}<br />
[[Category:1831 births]]<br />
[[Category:1914 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu School, Kolkata alumni]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from British India]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali knights]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaibhav_Singh_Yadav&diff=543318Vaibhav Singh Yadav2026-02-06T05:15:18Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Professional boxer from India known as Ahir Boxe}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox boxer|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1995|03|08}}|birth_place=New Delhi, India|weight_class=[[Welterweight]]|height={{height|m=1.80}}|weight={{convert|66.7|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}|nationality=[[India]]n|total=12|wins=10|losses=2|KO=7|draws=0|boxrec=https://boxrec.com/en/proboxer/841516|stance=[[Southpaw stance|Southpaw]]|name=Vaibhav Singh Yadav||image=Vaibhav Singh Yadav.jpg|caption=Vaibhav Singh Yadav at Pattaya in 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''Vaibhav Singh Yadav''' (also known as '''Ahir Boxer''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=lockerroom.in@gmail.com |title=Ahir Boxer: Vaibhav Singh Yadav opens up about his boxing career, future and more |url=https://lockerroom.in/blog/view/Vaibhav-Singh-Yadav-Ahir-Boxer-Boxing-India |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=lockerroom.in |language=en-US}}</ref>) is an Indian boxer from [[New Delhi]]. He became [[World Boxing Council]] (WBC) Asia silver [[welterweight]] champion after defeating [[Thailand]]'s Fahpetch Singmanassak in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/indian-pro-boxer-vaibhav-yadav-wins-wbc-asia-title/articleshow/70023566.cms|title=Indian pro boxer Vaibhav Yadav wins WBC Asia title|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=PTI|date=1 July 2019|accessdate=8 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/sports/other-sports/indian-pro-boxer-vaibhav-yadav-wins-wbc-asia-title|title=मुक्केबाज वैभव ने जीता डब्ल्यूबीसी एशिया खिताब|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Yadav is the first Indian unified titles champion holder. He won this title after defeating [[Thailand]]'s boxer Phongsathon Sompol by a 3rd-round knockout.<br />
<br />
He won his American debut against William Parra Smith. He trains out of the Nonantum Boxing Club in Newton, MA and resides in Delhi, India. <ref>{{Cite news |last=Sports |first=IBT |title=Vaibhav Singh Yadav a.k.a Ahir Boxer has carved his niche in professional boxing |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vaibhav-singh-yadav-k-ahir-boxer-has-carved-his-niche-professional-boxing-821821 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20210713174710/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/vaibhav-singh-yadav-k-ahir-boxer-has-carved-his-niche-professional-boxing-821821 |archive-date=2021-07-13 |access-date=2026-02-06 |work=IBTimes India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Performance in Pro Boxing===<br />
<br />
* [[World Boxing Council]] (WBC) Asia silver title holder 2019<br />
* ABF title holder 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |last=The |first=Bridge |date=2026-01-17 |title=Vaibhav Singh Yadav finds footing in pro-boxing with 2 titles in a year while raring for more |url=https://thebridge.in/boxing/vaibhav-singh-yadav-finds-footing-pro-boxing-with-2-titles-year-raring-more/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[World Boxing Council]] (WBC) Asia silver title holder 2020<br />
* ABF titles holder 2020<br />
<br />
===Total Numbers of Pro Fights===<br />
<br />
* Won -10<br />
* Loss -2<br />
* Knockouts -7<br />
* Draw -0<br />
In 2022 Vaibhav Singh Yadav was signed by LFG Boxing Management in Boston, Massachusetts. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Vaibhav Singh Yadav recently signed by LFG Boxing Management in Boston, Massachusetts |url=https://www.apnnews.com/vaibhav-singh-yadav-recently-signed-by-lfg-boxing-management-in-boston-massachusetts/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=APN News {{!}} Authentic Press Network News |language=en-US}}</ref> On 18th February 2023 he made his United States debut in a 6-round match on the “Turf War 4” card against William Parra Smith (4-13-1, 3 KOs), of Alaska and own the match. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=India's Vaibhav Singh Yadev makes US debut on Feb 18 |url=https://www.worldboxingnews.com/indias-vaibhav-singh-yadev-makes-us-debut-on-feb-18/ |access-date=2026-02-06 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Boxrec|id=841516}}<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210713174712/https://boxranking.com/boxer/view/370343 BoxRanking]}}<br />
* [https://www.twitter.com/ahirboxer/ Vaibhav Singh Yadav] at [[Twitter]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Yadav, Vaibhav}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male boxers]]<br />
[[Category:Boxers from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Welterweight boxers]]<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathunny_Mathews&diff=516814Mathunny Mathews2026-02-05T02:59:01Z<p>ConradQ41114: starting a info v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Volunteer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Mathunny Mathews<br />
(Toyota Sunny)<br />
|image = M.Mathews.jpg<br />
|birth_date = c. 1936<br />
|birth_place = [[Kerala, India]]<br />
|death_date = 20 May {{Death year and age|2017|1936}}<br />
|death_place = [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]]<br />
|known_for = Playing a key role in evacuation 170,000 Indians from [[Kuwait]] during [[Invasion of Kuwait]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mathunny Mathews''' (1936-2017),<ref>{{cite news |title=Mathunny Mathews, the Real-life Hero of 'Airlift', Dies in Kuwait |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/mathunny-mathews-the-real-life-hero-of-airlift-dies-in-kuwait-1407625.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |work=News18 |date=21 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref> also known as '''Toyota Sunny''', was a Kuwait-based Indian businessman from the state of Kerala, <br />
who was one of the people credited with the safe airlift evacuation of about 170,000 Indians from Kuwait during the [[Invasion of Kuwait|1990 Invasion of Kuwait]], which is hailed as the world's largest air civilian evacuation in history.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Airlift-Akshay-Kumars-next-a-thriller-of-the-biggest-human-evacuation/articleshow/40364005.cms|title=Airlift: Akshay Kumar's next a thriller of the biggest human evacuation - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|accessdate=2016-01-26|last1=Gupta |first1=Priya }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Matthews was born in 1936. He hails from Kerala ([[Eraviperoor]]), [[Kumbanad]], [[India]] and was popularly known as Toyota Sunny, owing to his work in Kuwait with the [[Toyota]] agency owned by the Al-Sayer Group. He retired in 1989 as its MD. During the early phase of industrialization in Kuwait, Matthews had reached Kuwait by ship in 1956 as a prospective immigrant for employment. He was also the chairman of the Jabriya Indian School in Kuwait and one of the founding members of the Indian Art’s Circle, a widely recognized cultural association of all Indian expatriates in Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite news|title = Airlifted from Kuwait|url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/airlifted-from-kuwait/article8158419.ece|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 2016-01-27|access-date = 2016-02-01|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Indian Airlift Evacuation ==<br />
{{Main|1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait}}<br />
<br />
With the help of Mathunny Mathews, [[1990 airlift of Indians from Kuwait|the airlift of Indians]] was carried out from 13 August to 11 October 1990 after the [[Invasion of Kuwait]]. [[Air India]] holds the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] for the most people evacuated by a civil airliner as a result of this effort. The operation was carried out during the [[Persian Gulf War]] in 1990 to evacuate Indian expatriates from [[Kuwait]] and [[Iraq]]. It is believed to be the largest civilian evacuation in history.<ref name="scoll">{{cite web | author=Rohan Venkataramakrishnan | title= The Berlin airlift was remarkable, but the largest civilian evacuation in history is by India The Berlin airlift was remarkable, but the largest civilian evacuation in history is by India| website=Scroll.in | date= 2 July 2014| url=http://scroll.in/article/668866/the-berlin-airlift-during-ww-ii-was-remarkable-but-the-largest-civilian-airlift-was-by-india | accessdate=2016-01-27}}</ref><ref>Singh, K.Gajendra (24 February 2003). {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120308063748/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/papers7/paper615.html PROPAGANDA WARS: The decline and fall of western media]}}. South Asia Analysis Group.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/15179/heres-need-know-largest-air-evacuation-history-india/ |title=Did You Know That The Largest Air Evacuation In History Was Done By India? |publisher=The Better India |date= 18 February 2015|accessdate=2016-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Airlift-Akshay-Kumars-next-a-thriller-of-the-biggest-human-evacuation/articleshow/40364005.cms |title=Airlift: Akshay Kumar's next a thriller of the biggest human evacuation |work=The Times of India |accessdate=2016-01-27|last1=Gupta |first1=Priya }}</ref> The Indians based in Kuwait also helped in the evacuation efforts.<ref name="indiansinkuwait2">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiansinkuwait.com/ShowArticle.aspx?ID=38603&SECTION=0.|title=IndiansinKuwait.com - Akshay Kumar's 'Airlift' recounts the real hero 'Toyota Sunny' in Kuwait|publisher=indiansinkuwait.com|accessdate=2016-01-26}}</ref> Leading daily ''Times of India'' reported that Kuwait-based Malayali entrepreneur Mathunny Mathews (also known as Toyota Sunny) duly supported by [[Harbajan Singh Vedi|Harbhajan Singh Vedi]], played a stellar role in co-ordinating the evacuation operation by meeting Indian ambassador in Baghdad and overseeing the transport of thousands of Indians to Amman via Baghdad by bus after striking a deal with Iraqi transporters, Indian authorities and UN.<ref>[https://archive.today/20160915174610/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Gallery.aspx?id=02_02_2016_013_058_002&type=P&artUrl=REAL-STORY-KUWAIT-AIRLIFT-1990-02022016013058&eid=31806 Article title]</ref> On 22 January 2016, [[Airlift (2016 film)|Airlift]], a Hindi film playing [[Akshay Kumar]] as Ranjit Katyal, a fictional character somewhat merged character based on Mathunny Mathews and [[Harbajan Singh Vedi|Harbhajan Singh Vedi]] was released.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathews, Mathunny}}<br />
[[Category:1990 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Evacuations of Indians]]<br />
[[Category:Airlifts]]<br />
[[Category:Gulf War]]<br />
[[Category:India–Kuwait relations]]<br />
[[Category:Air India]]<br />
[[Category:1990 in aviation]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:2017 deaths]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chairperson_of_the_Central_Board_of_Indirect_Taxes_and_Customs&diff=493113Chairperson of the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs2026-01-29T09:20:10Z<p>ConradQ41114: put up some details initial version...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian government officer}}<br />
{{Infobox official post<br />
| post = [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs|Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs]]<br />
| native_name = केंद्रीय अप्रत्यक्ष कर एवं सीमा शुल्क बोर्ड<br />
| nativenamea = <br />
| nativenamer = <br />
| body = <br />
| insignia = <br />
| insigniasize = 150px<br />
| image = <br />
| insigniacaption = Logo of CBIC<br />
| seat = North Block, [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi]]<br />
| appointer = [[Finance Minister of India]]<br />
| appointer_qualified = {{raise|0.3em|The CBIC Chairperson is usually the senior most [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes)|IRS (C&IT)]] officer of the senior most batch. The appointee for the office is approved by [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] headed by Prime Minister}}<br />
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|No fixed tenure is imposed on the office but term can be extended}}<br />
| inaugural = B.N. Banerji<br />
| incumbent = Vivek Chaturvedi, [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] (C&CE:90)<br />
| incumbentsince = 1 December 2025<br />
| formation = 1964<br />
| salary = {{INRConvert|225|k}}<br />
| website = {{Official website|https://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/home_links/chairman-desk}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chairperson, [[Central Board of Excise and Customs|Central Board of Indirect taxes and Customs]]''' or '''Chairperson, CBIC''' is the senior most [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes)|IRS (C&IT) officer]] in the [[Government of India]]. The Chairperson is the ''[[ex officio]]'' Secretary to the Government of India and also cadre controlling authority of the [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes)|Indian Revenue Service (Customs & Indirect Taxes)]]. Vivek Chaturvedi, IRS (C&CE:90) is the present [[Chairman]] of Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs.<br />
<br />
The Chairperson is equivalent to Secretary to Government of India and comes at position number 23 in [[Indian order of precedence|Order of precedence of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cenpenindia.blogspot.com/2014/12/indian-revenue-service-indian-revenue.html|title=Cenpen India}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
The CBIC Chairperson is ex-officio secretary. The Chairman of Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) is appointed by Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) which is headed by the Prime Minister of India.<br />
<br />
As the head of federal indirect tax administration, which touches the life of every Indian, the CBIC Chairperson plays a vital role in management of Indian economy and execution of economic policies of the government.<br />
<br />
== Emolument, accommodation and perquisites ==<br />
As the Chairperson, CBIC is of the rank of Secretary to Government of India, his/her salary is equivalent<ref name="Army Pay Rules">{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.nic.in/sites/default/files/ArmyPayRules.pdf|title=Army Pay Rules, 2017|date=May 3, 2017|work=[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]], [[Government of India]]|url-status=live|accessdate=September 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622060157/http://www.mod.nic.in:80/sites/default/files/ArmyPayRules.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-22 }}</ref> to [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretaries]] of State Governments and to Vice Chief of Army Staff/Commanders, in the rank of [[Lieutenant General]] and equivalent ranks in [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name="Army Pay Rules" /><br />
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin: 1ex 0 1ex 1ex; "<br />
|+'''Chairperson, CBIC monthly pay and allowances'''<br />
!Base Salary as per [[7th Central Pay Commission (CPC) and Defence Forces|7th Pay Commission]] (Per month)<br />
!Pay Matrix Level<br />
!Sources<br />
|-<br />
|{{INRConvert|225000}}<br />
|Pay Level 17<br />
|<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|url-status=dead|accessdate=August 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=November 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dor.gov.in/sites/default/files/Chairman%2C%20CBIC.pdf|title = }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
==List of CBIC Chairpersons==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Chairpersons of Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/home_links/chairman-desk-past|title = Chairman's Desk}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! S.No. !! Name !! From !! To<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|Vivek Chaturvedi<br />
|01.12.2025<br />
|Incumbent<br />
|-<br />
| 43 || Sanjay Agarwal || 01.08.2023 || 30.11.2025<br />
|-<br />
| 42 || Vivek Johri || 01.12.2021 || 31.07.2023<br />
|-<br />
| 41 || M. Ajit Kumar || 03.02.2020 || 30.11.2021<br />
|-<br />
| 40 || John Joseph (I/C) || 01.01.2020 || 02.02.2020<br />
|-<br />
| 39 || Pranab K. Das || 01.01.2019 || 1.12.2019<br />
|-<br />
| 38 || S. Ramesh || 01.07.2018 || 31.12.2018<br />
|-<br />
| 37 || Vanaja N. Sarana || 01.04.2017 || 30.06.2018<br />
|-<br />
| 36 || Najib Shah || 01.07.2015 || 31.03.2017<br />
|-<br />
| 35 || Kaushal Srivastava || 03.11.2014 || 30.06.2015<br />
|-<br />
| 34 || J.M. Shanti Sundram || 01.02.2014 || 31.10.2014<br />
|-<br />
| 33 || Praveen Mahajan || 01.08.2012 || 31.01.2014<br />
|-<br />
| 32 || S.K. Goel || 31.10.2011 || 31.07.2012<br />
|-<br />
| 31 || Sumit Dutt Majumder || 01.12.2010 || 31.10.2011<br />
|-<br />
| 30 || V. Sridhar || 31.07.2009 || 30.11.2010<br />
|-<br />
| 29 || P.C. Jha || 01.04.2008 || 31.07.2009<br />
|-<br />
| 28 || S.K. Shingal || 31.05.2007 || 31.03.2008<br />
|-<br />
| 27 || V.P. Singh || 01.06.2006 || 31.05.2007<br />
|-<br />
| 26 || M. Jayaraman || 08.07.2005 || 31.05.2006<br />
|-<br />
| 25 || A. K. Singh || 02.06.2003 || 08.07.2005<br />
|-<br />
| 24 || M.K. Zutshi || 21.06.2002 || 31.05.2003<br />
|-<br />
| 23 || K.L. Verma || 31.10.2001 || 31.05.2002<br />
|-<br />
| 22 || Sukumar Shankar || 31.03.2001 || 31.10.2001<br />
|-<br />
| 21 || B.P. Verma || 01.06.2000 || 31.03.2001<br />
|-<br />
| 20 || S.D. Mohile || 17.08.1998 || 31.05.2000<br />
|-<br />
| 19 || D.S. Solanki || 01.04.1998 || 17.08.1998<br />
|-<br />
| 18 || R. Gopalnathan || 04.07.1997 || 31.03.1998<br />
|-<br />
| 17 || S.D. Mohile || 28.02.1997 || 03.07.1997<br />
|-<br />
| 16 || B.C. Rastogi || 01.08.1996 || 28.02.1997<br />
|-<br />
| 15 || Tarun Roy || 26.06.1995 || 31.07.1996<br />
|-<br />
| 14 || S.A. Govindraj || 08.04.1993 || 30.04.1995<br />
|-<br />
| 13 || K.K. Dwivedi || 01.07.1991 || 31.03.1993<br />
|-<br />
| 12 || B.R. Reddy || 01.02.1991 || 30.06.1991<br />
|-<br />
| 11 || K.L. Rekhi || 01.02.1989 || 31.01.1991<br />
|-<br />
| 10 || M.V.N. Rao || 21.12.1987 || 31.01.1989<br />
|-<br />
| 9 || J. Datta || 30.05.1985 || 21.12.1987<br />
|-<br />
| 8 || R.C. Mishra || 12.10.1983 || 30.05.1985<br />
|-<br />
| 7 || G.S. Sawhney || 01.10.1982 || 11.10.1983<br />
|-<br />
| 6 || S. Venkatesan || 01.02.1979 || 30.09.1982<br />
|-<br />
| 5 || Jasjit Singh || 10.12.1977 || 31.01.1979<br />
|-<br />
| 4 || M.G. Abrol || 23.09.1976 || 09.12.1977<br />
|-<br />
| 3 || Jasjit Singh || 28.01.1972 || 22.09.1976<br />
|-<br />
| 2 || D.P. Anand || 14.03.1967 || 27.01.1972<br />
|-<br />
| 1 || B.N. Banerji || 01.01.1964 || 13.03.1967<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ministry of Finance (India)#Department of Revenue]]<br />
* [[Indian Revenue Service]]<br />
* [[Indian Revenue Service (Custom & Indirect Taxes)]]<br />
* [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]]<br />
* [[Taxation in India]]<br />
* [[Goods and Services Tax (India)]]<br />
* [[Taxation in India#Custom duty]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110417031235/http://www.india.gov.in/ Official Portal of the Indian Government]<br />
* [http://upsc.gov.in/ Union Public Service Commission]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120511043909/http://dor.gov.in/sites/upload_files/revenue/files/cbecnew.pdf Organizational Chart of Central Board of Excise & Customs (CBEC)] (archived in 2012 at [[Wayback Machine]])<br />
* [https://www.nacenkanpur.gov.in/download3.inc.php?rid=65 Organisational setup of CBEC After Cadre Restructuring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904233000/http://www.nacenkanpur.gov.in/download3.inc.php?rid=65 |date=2017-09-04 }}, [[NACEN]], RTI, Kanpur, 19.02.2015<br />
<br />
{{Taxation in India}}<br />
{{Civil service}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chairperson Central Board of Excise and Customs}}<br />
[[Category:Custom and excise duties in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Customs Service officers]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleem_Khan_Falaki&diff=485469Aleem Khan Falaki2026-01-27T00:45:55Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian social activist}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|caption=Dr.Aleem Khan Falaki<br />
|image=<br />
|name=Aleem Khan Falaki<br />
| birth_name = Mohammed Aleemullah Khan<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|7|15}}<br />
|birth_place=[[Hyderabad]], India<br />
| education = [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[Social Work]]<br>[[PhD]] in [[Social Work]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]]<br />
|movement=Anti-Dowry Crusade<br />
|organization = Socio-Reform-Society<br />
|awards = India Fraternity Forum (IFF)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aleem Khan''' (born 1956) is an Indian [[social activist]] fighting to eradicate [[Dowry]] from the Indian subcontinent hailing from [[Hyderabad]] in the Indian state of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-indian-activist-launches-anti-dowry-matrimonial-service-1950245|title=Indian activist launches anti-dowry matrimonial service|date=13 January 2014|website=Dnaindia.com|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2012jan14/aleem_khan_relentless_fighter_against_dowry.html|title=Aleem Khan: A relentless fighter against dowry - TwoCircles.net|website=twocircles.net|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> He is also known for his [[Urdu]] poetry which he frequently recites at Mushairas. He is the founder of Socio-Reform-Society and the author of numerous books on [[dowry]] written in Urdu and English.<ref name="li.aleemkhanfalaki.com">{{cite web|url=http://li.aleemkhanfalaki.com/aboutauthor/|title=About Author « Life Insurance and the Muslims|website=li.aleemkhanfalaki.com|accessdate=29 July 2017|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907040819/http://li.aleemkhanfalaki.com/aboutauthor/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/crusader-against-jehez-on-mission-impossible/article3863280.ece|title=Crusader against 'jehez' on mission impossible?|website=The Hindu|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Mohammed Aleemullah Khan alias Aleem Khan Falaki was born in Hyderabad, India in 1956 to Mohammad Khaleelullah Khan who was also a scholar and often cites him as his inspiration.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/> He graduated from Osmania University, Hyderabad and did MA, M.Phil and completed his PhD from [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] on the topic "Marginalization of woman in Muslim society". He also has a diploma in marriage counseling from Leicester, UK. He ran his own company in [[Jeddah]], [[Saudi Arabia]] for more than 3 decades and has now dedicated his full-time to Social-Work.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==Anti-dowry campaign==<br />
Aleem Khan calls the anti-dowry campaign as the [[Jihad]] of this era. According to him, dowry is the root of all evils, and people can get rid of hundreds of other social evils and poverty over time if they give up the dowry system.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==Socio-Reforms Society==<br />
Socio-Reforms-Society was formed in 1992 with the sole purpose to eradicate Dowry. The organization has expanded to recruit a number of other social workers as members. They often give Lectures, Talks in various colleges of the India on the flagitiousness of dowry, with the aim of targeting the youth, along with conducting meetings with various Lawmakers and religious clerics.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
Major books authored:<br />
* ''Mard bhi bikte hain....jahez ke liye'' (Men too are sold for dowry)<br />
* ''Life insurance and Muslims''<br />
* ''Ek koshish aur......''<br />
* ''Baat hai zamane ki ''(Urdu humour)<ref name="li.aleemkhanfalaki.com"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|http://www.socioreforms.com}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Falaki, Aleem}}<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleph_Book_Company&diff=485477Aleph Book Company2026-01-22T13:34:43Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started a pg!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Publishing company}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox publisher<br />
| name = Aleph Book Company<br />
| image = Aleph Book Company logomark.jpg<br />
| parent = <br />
| status = <br />
| founded = May 2011<br />
| founder = <br />
| successor = <br />
| country = <br />
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India<br />
| distribution = South Asia<br />
| keypeople = {{ublist|[[David Davidar]]|R. K.Mehra|[[Kapish Mehra]]}}<br />
| publications = Books<br />
| topics = <br />
| genre = <br />
| imprints = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| numemployees = <br />
| url = {{URL|alephbookcompany.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aleph Book Company''' is an Indian publishing company. It was founded in May 2011 by [[David Davidar]], a novelist, publisher and former president of [[Random House of Canada|Penguin Books Canada]], in association with R. K. Mehra and [[Kapish Mehra]] of [[Rupa Publications]]. The headquarters of the company is situated in [[New Delhi]].<br />
<br />
== Genesis ==<br />
On his return to India from Canada where he served as the president of [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] Canada, [[David Davidar]] partnered [[Rupa Publications]] to found Aleph Book Company in May 2011.<ref name="Ex-Penguin Canada President David Davidar Launches Aleph Book Co. in India">{{Cite news |url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2011/05/ex-penguin-canada-president-david-davidar-launches-aleph-book-co-in-india/ |title=Ex-Penguin Canada President David Davidar Launches Aleph Book Co. in India |date=16 May 2011 |work=Publishing Perspectives |access-date=23 January 2018 }}</ref> The key people at the time of inception were R. K. Mehra and Kapish Mehra of Rupa Publications, besides Davidar. The headquarters of the company is at New Delhi and the logo was designed by Rymn Massand, an inspiration from [[Aleph]], the first letter of many of the [[semitic abjads]].<ref name="David Davidar, Rupa launch Aleph">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/David-Davidar-Rupa-launch-Aleph/articleshow/8362973.cms |title=David Davidar, Rupa launch Aleph |date=16 May 2011 |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Business profile ==<br />
The company publishes both fiction and non-fiction and has an author profile ranging from lesser known writers to established ones such as [[Romila Thapar]], [[Shashi Tharoor]], [[Khushwant Singh]], [[Cyrus Mistry]], [[Ruskin Bond]], [[Rajmohan Gandhi]] and [[Vikram Seth]], among others.<ref name="Aleph Book Company on ISSUU">{{Cite web |url=https://issuu.com/alephbookcompany |title=Aleph Book Company on ISSUU |date=23 January 2018 |website=issuu |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234731/https://issuu.com/alephbookcompany |url-status=dead }}</ref> With a focus on Indian and other South Asian countries, the company publishes books in various genres including fiction, history, biography, autobiography, current events, reportage, travel, popular science, art, music, nature studies, the environment, business, translations, philosophy, sociology, psychology and popular culture.<ref name="About">{{Cite web |url=http://www.alephbookcompany.com/about/ |title=About |date=29 August 2015 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Some of its publications have received various literary awards such as [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]],<ref name="Longlist Announced For The DSC Prize For South Asian Literature 2017">{{Cite web |url=http://dscprize.com/2017/08/10/longlist-announced-dsc-prize-south-asian-literature-2017/ |title=Longlist Announced for the DSC Prize For South Asian Literature 2017 |date=10 August 2017 |website=The DSC Prize for South Asian Literature |access-date=23 January 2018 |archive-date=21 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321003226/http://dscprize.com/2017/08/10/longlist-announced-dsc-prize-south-asian-literature-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref name="Mamang Dai, Ramesh Kuntal win Sahitya Akademi award">{{Cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mamang-dai-ramesh-kuntal-win-sahitya-akademi-award-117122100719_1.html |title=Mamang Dai, Ramesh Kuntal win Sahitya Akademi award |date=21 December 2017 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> and Ramnath Goenka Award.<ref name="Ramnath Goenka Awards: Ravish Kumar and Ellen Barry among 26 journalists honoured for outstanding contributions in 2016">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/20/ramnath-goenka-awards-ravish-kumar-and-ellen-barry-among-26-journalists-honoured-for-outstanding-co-1732779.html |title=Ramnath Goenka Awards: Ravish Kumar and Ellen Barry among 26 journalists honoured for outstanding contributions in 2016 |date=20 December 2017 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It regularly publishes its catalog under the title, ''The Book of Aleph''.<ref name="Three publishing veterans push English fiction in India">{{Cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/bookworm-s-trail/three-publishing-veterans-push-english-fiction-in-india_2269.htm |title=Three publishing veterans push English fiction in India |date=12 April 2012 |work=Zee News |access-date=23 January 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected publications ==<br />
* {{Cite book |title=The Book of Chocolate Saints |last=Jeet |first=Thayil |date=2018 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=9780571336104 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=991683350}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Unhurried Tales: My Favourite Novellas |last=Ruskin |first=Bond |date=2017 |publisher=Aleph Book Company |isbn=9789386021885 |location=[S.l.] |oclc=1019588593}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Saint Teresa of Calcutta: A Celebration of Her Life & Legacy |last=Rai |first=Raghu |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-9382277613}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Extraordinary Indians |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2017 |isbn=978-9383064731}}<br />
* {{cite book|author=Ruskin Bond|title=Small Towns, Big Stories: New & Selected Fiction|year=2017|publisher=Aleph|isbn=978-93-82277-54-5}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Abolishing the Death Penalty: Why India Should Say No to Capital Punishment |last=Gandhi |first=Gopalkrishna |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2016 |isbn=978-9382277781}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Being the Other: The Muslim in India |last=Naqvi |first=Naqvi |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2016 |isbn=978-9384067229}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=India Shastra: Reflections on the Nation in our Time |last=Tharoor |first=Shashi |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2015 |isbn=978-9384067281}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=This Unquiet Land: Stories from India's Fault Lines |last=Dutt |first=Barkha |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2015 |isbn=978-9384067595}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Passion Flower: Seven Stories of Derangement |last=Mistry |first=Cyrus |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-9382277170}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=The Black Hill |last=Dai |first=Mamang |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2014 |isbn=978-9382277231}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Summer Requiem: A Book of Poems |last=Seth |first=Vikram |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2012 |isbn=978-0297608745}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=[[Wild Himalaya|''Wild Himalaya: A Natural History of the Greatest Mountain Range on Earth'']] |last=Alter |first=Stephen |publisher=Aleph Book Company |year=2019 |isbn=978-9388292771}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|alephbookcompany.com}}<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/AlephBookCompany?feature=mhee |title=Aleph Book Company on YouTube |date=23 January 2018 |via=YouTube |access-date=23 January 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|Companies|Books|Children and Young Adult Literature}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Book publishing company imprints]]<br />
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Book publishing companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaisalmer_district&diff=469112Jaisalmer district2026-01-19T22:49:29Z<p>ConradQ41114: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Jaisalmer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Jaisalmer district<br />
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Rajasthan|District]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
|size = 250<br />
|photo1a = Jaisalmer 06-vom Fort-2018-gje.jpg<br />
|photo1b = Jaisalmer-6.jpg<br />
|photo2a = Jain Temple Ludvara.JPG<br />
|photo2b = Pokhran-7-Watchtower-20131009.jpg<br />
|photo3a = Sam sand dunes.jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = <div style="background:#fee8ab;"> '''From top, left to right:<br />'''<br />
[[Jaisalmer]] city from [[Jaisalmer Fort]], [[Bada Bagh]], [[Lodhruva]] Jain Temple, Watchtower in [[Pokhran]] Fort, Sand dunes in the Thar Desert</div><br />
| image_map = Jaisalmer in Rajasthan (India).svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Jaisalmer district in Rajasthan<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = <br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = Division<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Jaisalmer]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 38401<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Area"/><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 669,919<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=districtcensus/><br />
| population_urban = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = <br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = <br />
| District Collector = <br />
| Shrimati Tina Dabi,IAS = <br />
| leader_title1 = <br />
| leader_name1 = <br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <br />
| website = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jaisalmer district''' is the largest district in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]], and the third largest district in [[India]]. Located in [[Marwar]] [[Jodhpur division|(Jodhpur Division)]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Basic about Jaisalmer district|url=https://www.rajasthandirect.com/districts}}</ref> the city of [[Jaisalmer]] is the administrative headquarters of the district. It is around {{cvt|289|km}} from the city of [[Jodhpur]], and around {{cvt|559|km}} from [[Jaipur]], the capital of Rajasthan. As of the 2011 population census, it is the least populous district out of all [[List of districts of Rajasthan|50 districts]] in Rajasthan. Jaisalmer district is located in western part of the state.<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Jaisalmer|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1074/download/3310/DH_2011_0816_PART_A_DCHB_JAISALMER.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{More citations needed section|date=March 2021}}<br />
[[File:Désert-du-Thar.jpg|thumb|left|[[Thar Desert]]]]<br />
[[File:Camel rides in Jaisalmer, Thar Desert 15.jpg|left|thumb|Camel rides in Jaisalmer]]<br />
<br />
With an area of {{convert|38,401|sqkm|sqmi|disp=or}},<ref name="Area">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook - Jaisalmer |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0816_PART_B_DCHB_JAISALMER.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=13 April 2021|quote=See page 24}}</ref> Jaisalmer is the largest district in Rajasthan, and the third-largest in the country by area.<br />
<br />
The Jaisalmer district lies in the [[Thar Desert]], which straddles the border of India and [[Pakistan]]. It is bound in the northeast by [[Bikaner District]], in the east by [[Jodhpur District]], in the south by [[Barmer District]], and in the west and north by [[Pakistan]].<br />
<br />
The district is located within a rectangle lying between 26°.4’ –28°.23' north parallel and 69°.20'-72°.42' east meridians.<br />
<br />
The international border adjacent to the district is around {{cvt|464|km}} long.<br />
<br />
Jaisalmer is almost entirely a sandy landscape, forming a part of the great Indian desert. The general aspect of the area is that of an interminable sea of sandhills, of all shapes and sizes, some rising to a height of almost {{cvt|150|ft}}. The hills in the west are covered with log bushes, while those in the east feature tufts of long grass. Water is scarce, and generally [[brackish]]; the average depth of the wells is said to be about {{cvt|250|ft}}. There are no perennial streams, and only one small river, the Kakni, which, after flowing a distance of {{cvt|28|m}}, spreads over a large surface of flat ground and forms a lake called the Bhuj-Jhil. The climate is hot and dry. Throughout Jaisalmer crops such as [[Pearl millet|bajra]], [[jowar]], motif, and [[Sesame|til]], are grown; spring crops of wheat and [[barley]] are very rare. Owing to the scant rainfall, [[irrigation]] is almost unknown except for small areas irrigated by lift canals of [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] Project.<br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
The climate is [[hot arid climate|hot arid]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BWh'').<br />
<br />
{{Weather box<br />
|width = auto<br />
|metric first=y<br />
|single line=y <br />
|location = Jaisalmer <br />
|Jan high C = 23.7<br />
|Feb high C = 27.2<br />
|Mar high C = 32.8<br />
|Apr high C = 38.4<br />
|May high C = 48.0<br />
|Jun high C = 48.0<br />
|Jul high C = 42.8<br />
|Aug high C = 36.0<br />
|Sep high C = 36.5<br />
|Oct high C = 36.1<br />
|Nov high C = 31.1<br />
|Dec high C = 25.4<br />
|year high C = <br />
|Jan low C = 7.9<br />
|Feb low C = 10.9<br />
|Mar low C = 16.8<br />
|Apr low C = 22.2<br />
|May low C = 25.7<br />
|Jun low C = 27.1<br />
|Jul low C = 26.5<br />
|Aug low C = 25.4<br />
|Sep low C = 24.3<br />
|Oct low C = 20.5<br />
|Nov low C = 13.8<br />
|Dec low C = 8.9<br />
|year low C = <br />
|Jan rain mm = 1.3<br />
|Feb rain mm = 4.0<br />
|Mar rain mm = 3.2<br />
|Apr rain mm = 18.1<br />
|May rain mm = 9.2<br />
|Jun rain mm = 36.1<br />
|Jul rain mm = 86.1<br />
|Aug rain mm = 109.0<br />
|Sep rain mm = 36.2<br />
|Oct rain mm = 12.5<br />
|Nov rain mm = 1.3<br />
|Dec rain mm = 2.5<br />
|rain colour = green<br />
|unit rain days = 0.1 mm<br />
|Jan rain days = 0.6<br />
|Feb rain days = 1.0<br />
|Mar rain days = 0.9<br />
|Apr rain days = 0.4<br />
|May rain days = 0.8<br />
|Jun rain days = 2.1<br />
|Jul rain days = 4.9<br />
|Aug rain days = 5.9<br />
|Sep rain days = 3.1<br />
|Oct rain days = 0.4<br />
|Nov rain days = 1.1<br />
|Dec rain days = 0.5<br />
|source 1 = [http://worldweather.wmo.int/066/c01593.htm WMO]<br />
|date=September 2011}}<br />
<br />
==Paleontology==<br />
In 2021, a Middle [[Jurassic]] [[hybodont]] ''[[Strophodus|Strophodus jaisalmerensis]]'' was named in a reference to this district and the [[Jaisalmer Formation|geologic formation of the same name]] where its [[holotype]] was found.<ref>{{cite journal|year=2021|author=Krishna Kumara, Sunil Bajpaib, Pragya Pandeya, Triparna Ghosha, Debasish Bhattacharya|title=Hybodont sharks from the Jurassic of Jaisalmer, western India|journal=Historical Biology|volume=34|issue=6|pages=953–963|doi=10.1080/08912963.2021.1954920}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
In 2006, the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Jaisalmer one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the twelve districts in Rajasthan currently receiving funds from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund|Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme]] (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=75,551|13=1911|14=87,162|15=1921|16=69,224|17=1931|18=78,646|19=1941|20=96,958|21=1951|22=1,09,658|23=1961|24=1,41,242|25=1971|26=1,67,824|27=1981|28=2,43,082|29=1991|30=3,44,517|31=2001|32=5,08,247|33=2011|34=6,69,919|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=center}}<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Jaisalmer district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|74.19}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|25.10}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.71}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Jaisalmer district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 669,919,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Equatorial Guinea]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote = Equatorial Guinea 668,225 July 2011 est.<br />
}}</ref> or the US state of [[North Dakota]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php <br />
|title=2010 Resident Population Data <br />
|publisher=U. S. Census Bureau <br />
|access-date=2011-09-30 <br />
|quote=North Dakota 672,591 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php <br />
|archive-date=2013-10-19 <br />
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 508th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 17 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 32.22%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Jaisalmer has a [[sex ratio]] of 849 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 58.04%. 13.29% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14.80% and 6.33% of the population respectively.<ref name=districtcensus/><br />
<br />
=== Languages ===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages in Jaisalmer district (2011)<ref name="language"/><br />
|label1 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] |value1 = 14 |color1 = firebrick<br />
|label2 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value2 = 45 |color2 = maroon<br />
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 3<br />
|color3 = orange<br />
|label4 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value4 = 30 |color4 = limegreen<br />
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 1 |color5 = green<br />
|label6 = Others |value6 = 2 |color6 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the 2011 census, 51.07% of the population spoke [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], 40.95% [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 2.80% [[Hindi]], 2.56% [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] and 1.02% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10220/download/13332/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Rajasthan|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> Marwari is the local language, while [[Dhatki language|Dhatki]] and Sindhi is spoken in border areas and by Hindu refugees from nearby Thar regions of Sindh.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
<br />
IAS Pratap Singh Nathawat is the [[District Collector]] of [[Jaisalmer District]]. Jaisalmer district has four sub-divisions: Jaisalmer, [[Pokhran|Pokaran]], [[Bhaniyana]], and Fatehgarh. Jaisalmer and Pokaran are the ''nagar palikas'', while 744 villages come under 140 ''gram panchayats''. District developmental activities are being looked after by three ''panchayat samities'', that is, Jaisalmer, Sam, and Sankra.<br />
<br />
==Tourism==<br />
Jaisalmer is one of the largest tourism district in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaisalmer Opts for Community-Managed Tourism Revival|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71174/jaisalmer-opts-for-a-community-managed-tourism-revival|access-date=2021-03-12|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|language=en}}</ref> About 276,887 tourists visit the district every year, out of which about 100,000 tourists are foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=Jan 2, 2018|title=2 lakh tourists celebrated New Year in Jaisalmer {{!}} Jodhpur News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jodhpur/2-lakh-tourists-celebrated-new-year-in-jaisalmer/articleshow/62330467.cms|access-date=2021-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Some of the tourist attractions in Jaisalmer are:<br />
* [[Jaisalmer Fort]] <br />
* Patwa Haveli<br />
* Salim Singh's Haveli<br />
* Nathmal's Haveli<br />
*Mehra Haveli<br />
* Mandir Palace <br />
* [[Gadisar Lake|Gadsisar Lake]]<br />
* Government Museum<br />
*[[Tanot Mata|Tanot Mandir]]<br />
*[[Longewala]]<br />
*[[Pokhran|Pokharan]]<br />
*[[Thar desert]]<br />
*[[Bada Bagh]]<br />
*[[Lodhruva]]<br />
*[[Akal Wood Fossil Park]]<br />
*[[Ramdevra]]<br />
*Maru Udyan<br />
*Mohangarh<br />
<br />
Every year, Maru Mahotsav is celebrated for the tourists. [[Ramdevra]] is also a big attraction for the [[Baba Ramdevji]]'s pilgrims.<ref name="Trivedi 2019">{{cite web | last=Trivedi | first=Santosh Kumar | title=Ramdevra Mela 2019: तैयारियां पूरी, रविवार से शुरू होगा रामदेवरा का मेला - Ramdevra Mela 2019: How to go on Ramdevra | website=Patrika News | date=31 August 2019 | url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/ramdevra-mela-2019-how-to-go-on-ramdevra-5034787/ | language=hi | access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Rajkumari Ratnavati Girls School]], a school in the rural thar desert of Jaisalmer with unique architecture<br />
* [[Thar Desert]]<br />
* [[Tharparkar]]<br />
* [[Moolchand Prol, Jhinjhinyali]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [http://jaisalmer.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/jaisalmer/en/home.html Official Website of Jaisalmer District]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = Jaisalmer district<br />
|North = <br />
|Northeast = [[Bikaner district]]<br />
|East = [[Jodhpur district]]<br />
|Southeast = <br />
|South = [[Barmer district]]<br />
|Southwest = <br />
|West = <br />
|Northwest = ''[[Pakistan]]''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Jaisalmer district}}<br />
{{Districts of Rajasthan}}<br />
{{Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|26|54|48|N|70|54|50|E|region:IN-RJ_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaisalmer District}}<br />
[[Category:Jaisalmer district| ]]<br />
[[Category:Districts of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Districts in Jodhpur division]]<br />
[[Category:Thar Desert]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zareen_Khan&diff=445786Zareen Khan2026-01-14T08:01:07Z<p>ConradQ41114: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1987)}}<br />
{{pp-pc}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Zareen Khan<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = Zareen Khan grace the Lokmat Most Stylish Awards 2023.jpg<br />
| caption = Khan in 2023<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|05|14}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br />
| other_names = Zarine Khan<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|}}<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| relatives = <!-- {{unbulleted list<br />
| <br />
}} --><br />
| awards = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Zareen Khan''' (born 14 May 1987) is an Indian actress who works primarily in the [[Hindi film industry|Hindi]]–language films.<ref name=interview>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Zarine-Khan-Veer-ki-Heer/articleshow/5488492.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105234606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-23/news-interviews/28118292_1_zarine-khan-filmi-duniya-debut-film |url-status=live |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Zarine Khan: Veer ki Heer! |date=23 January 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rohatgi-compares-Kat-Zarine-to-Sunny-Leone/articleshow/10803572.cms |title=Payal Rohatgi compares Kat, Zarine to Sunny Leone |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She made her acting debut in 2010 with the action film ''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]'' for which she received a nomination at the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]] and subsequently appeared in the popular [[item number]] of the 2011 action comedy film ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'' and as glamorous model in the 2012 comedy ''[[Housefull 2]]'', that ranks her highest-grossing release. Following a 2014 Punjabi film ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'', she returned to hindi film with a starring role in the 2015 [[erotic thriller]] ''[[Hate Story 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/which-is-the-raunchiest-hate-story-vote/20151207.htm |title=Which is the raunchiest Hate Story? VOTE! |website=Rediff}}</ref> In 2019, Khan debuted into [[Telugu cinema]] with the action thriller [[Chanakya (2019 film)|''Chanakya'']].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/zareen-khan-says-allu-arjun-is-her-favourite-dancer-in-tollywood-1546506-2019-06-11 |title=Zareen Khan says Allu Arjun is her favourite dancer in Tollywood |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=3 April 2020 |last3=Ist |first3=2019 13:34}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Zareen Khan was born on 14 May 1987 in [[Mumbai]], India, into a [[Pashtun]] family.<ref name=Muslim>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/celeb-interviews/i-am-muslim-i-know-my-islam-zareen-khan/ |title="I Am Muslim, I Know My Islam": Zareen Khan |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name=Pathan>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/when-men-were-men/564691/0 |title=When Men Were Men |author=Mangal Dalal |date=8 January 2010 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=6 May 2014 |quote=Asked about whether it was a risk casting Zarine Khan, the debutant from the UK, Khan says: "She's a Pathan girl who speaks Hindi and Urdu well and was spectacular in the screen test. It was pure luck".}}</ref><ref name=Pathan2>{{cite web |title='Veer' also has a social message behind it: Salman Khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314234215/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Veer-also-has-a-social-message-behind-it-Salman-Khan/564962/ |archive-date=14 March 2012 |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/Veer-also-has-a-social-message-behind-it-Salman-Khan/564962/ |publisher=Express India |access-date=6 May 2014 |author=Mangal Dalal |date=8 January 2010 |quote=Asked about whether it was a risk casting Zarine Khan, the debutant from the UK, Khan says: "She's a Pathan girl who speaks Hindi and Urdu well and was spectacular in the screen test.}}</ref> She completed her intermediate at [[List of colleges in Mumbai|Rizvi College of Science]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="midday">{{cite news |title=No bikini for me: Zarine Khan |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/jan/270110-zarine-khan-no-bikini.htm |work=Mid-Day |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=22 November 2010 |date=27 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Zarine Khan is living a dream as the heroine in 'Veer' |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/zarine-khan-is-living-a-dream-as-the-heroine-in-veer/566067/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=22 November 2010 |author=Natasha Sahgal |date=11 January 2010}}</ref> Zarine Khan started her career working at a [[call centre]], followed by her stint at a corporate [[front desk]] located at the Bombay Convention & Exhibition Centre (BCEC). She also engaged in promotional work for various brands and served as an in-house model for them.<ref name="MM">{{cite news |last=Coutinho |first=Natasha |date=6 November 2017 |title=Zarine Khan talks about her days at the call centre |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/zareen-at-the-call-centre/articleshow/61523379.cms |newspaper=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
=== Debut and breakthrough (2010–2013) ===<br />
[[File:Zarine Khan still9.jpg|upright|thumb|Khan in 2010]]<br />
Khan's acting career began while visiting the set of ''[[Yuvvraaj]]''<ref name="tough">{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_zarine-khan-is-a-tough-cookie_1338854 |title=Zarine Khan is a tough cookie |author=Soumyadipta Banerjee |date=24 January 2010 |work=Daily News & Analysis |access-date=27 January 2010}}</ref> at [[Subhash Ghai]]'s film school [[Whistling Woods International Institute for Films, Media, Animation and Media Arts|Whistling Woods]]. [[Salman Khan]] noticed her and decided to cast her for his friend [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]'s film ''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]'' because, he said, "She looks the character – the sweet princess she is playing in ''Veer''".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/no-candlelight-dinners-for-me.../387753/ |title=No candlelight dinners for me... |author=Deepa Karmalkar |date=21 November 2008 |work=Screen |access-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311172752/http://www.screenindia.com/news/no-candlelight-dinners-for-me.../387753 |archive-date=11 March 2010}}</ref> After a screen test, Khan was given the lead role of Princess Yashodhara. She gained eight kilograms in order to be more convincing as a 19th-century princess.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}} The film revolves around the 1825 [[Pindari]] movement of [[Rajasthan]], when India was ruled by the [[British Raj|British]]. ''Veer'' did not do well at the [[box office]]; however, her performance received mixed reviews from both critics and audiences. [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' observed that "Zarine resembles [[Katrina Kaif]], but wears one expression all through".<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Veer is a colossal disappointment! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/review-veer-is-a-colossal-disappointment-review-bollywood-14928427.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204024327/http://www.sify.com/movies/review-veer-is-a-colossal-disappointment-review-bollywood-14928427.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2013 |author=Taran Adarsh |work=Sify Movies |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> [[Nikhat Kazmi]] of [[Times of India]] concluded that "Zarine is unimpressive".<ref>{{cite web |title=Veer movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-review/Veer/movie-review/5488067.cms |author=Nikhat Kazmi |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 January 2010 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> [[Rediff.com]] mentions that "Zarine is average". Critic Subhash K. Jha called her performance a "Zarine's charm adds to her adorable screen presence." Khan was nominated for the [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]] for her performance in the film.<ref name=shah>{{cite news |last=Shah |first=Kumal |title=Sonakshi isn't my best friend: Zarine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Sonakshi-isnt-my-best-friend-Zarine/articleshow/8166817.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915015010/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-05/news-interviews/29512445_1_zarine-khan-sonakshi-salman |url-status=live |archive-date=15 September 2012 |access-date=7 May 2011 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=5 May 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, Khan did the [[item number]] "Character Dheela" with [[Salman Khan]] in [[Anees Bazmee]]'s ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]'', parodying characters from ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', ''[[Sholay]]'' and ''[[Shree 420|Shri 420]]'' and it was the [[List of Hindi films of 2015|second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2011]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bollywood-illuminati.weebly.com/salman--zarine-khan---character-dheela.html |title=Salman & Zarine Khan – Character Dheela |website=bollywood-illuminati.weebly.com}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110426004509/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/3820.html Kat look-alike Zarine Khan sizzles in 'Character Dheela'|Movies News Photos-IBNLive]</ref><br />
<br />
Khan walked the ramp as showstopper for jewellery brand YS18 at India International Jewellery Week (IIJW), 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1554469 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825012914/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/photos/view/stills/parties-and-events/id/1554469 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2012 |title=Zeenat Aman & Zarine walk the ramp for YS 18 at IIJW 2012 Day – 3 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/fashion/indian-shows/iijw12-ys-18/articleshow/15597613.cms |title=Bollywood actress Zarine Khan walks the ramp to showcase jewellery creations by designer group YS 18 during the third season of India International Jewellery Week (IIJW) in Mumbai on August 21, 2012 |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref><br />
Khan's second release was [[Sajid Khan (director)|Sajid Khan]]'s [[comedy film]] ''[[Housefull 2]]'', a sequel of ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' and Hindi remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]''. The film revolves around two cousins Henna and Bobby, the two daughters of the Kapoor family who hate each other very much, a model JLo, love interest of Jolly, the son of Jagga Daku and four Best friends Sunny, Max, Jolly, and Jai who fall in love with her. Khan played the role of JLo, a model who is in love with Jolly, played by [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] and featured her alongside an ensemble cast including [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Asin]], [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]. Khan earned praise for her performance, with Taran Adarsh stating, "Zarine act more as eye candy. She appears typical sultry and enticing selves; and is befitting in her own space."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542290 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226042320/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542290 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 February 2012 |title=Housefull 2 |author=Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=6 April 2012 |access-date=1 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.koimoi.com/box-office/housefull-2-makes-rs-100-crore-in-17-days/ |title=Housefull 2 Crossed Rs. 100 crore Mark At Box-Office In 17 Days |publisher=Koimoi.com |date=23 April 2012 |access-date=21 June 2012}}</ref> ''Housefull 2'' ranked among the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood films of 2012]].<br />
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[[File:Zarine Khan at Agent Vinod screening.jpg|thumb|left|Khan at an event for ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'' screening in 2012]]<br />
<br />
In 2013, Khan made her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut in [[Vetrimaaran]]'s ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'', in which she did an [[item number]] in the song "Malgove" alongside [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul Jaidev]]. She was appreciated for the song. Taran Adarsh commented, "Zarine Khan's song is high on energy."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/b-town-actresses-turn-item-girls-for-kwood/photostory/33081497.cms |title=B-town actresses turn item girls for K'wood |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Hate Story 3'', hiatus and decline (2014–present) ===<br />
<br />
Khan's first release of 2014 was [[Rohit Jugraj]]'s Punjabi film ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'', her first role outside Bollywood.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140502201829/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/jatt-james-bond-collects-rs-7-crore-in-first-four-days/468909-8-66.html 'Jatt James Bond' collects Rs 7 crore in first four days – IBNLive<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> She featured in the role of a Lalli, an innocent [[Punjabis|Punjabi woman]] alongside [[Gippy Grewal]]. The film received positive reviews from critics, and her performance was particularly praised.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-salman-khan-s-protege-zarine-khan-makes-her-debut-in-punjabi-cinema-with-jatt-james-bond-1944306 |title=Salman Khan's protege Zarine Khan makes her debut in Punjabi cinema with 'Jatt James Bond' |first=Aditi |last=Shome-Ray |date=2 January 2014 |website=DNA India}}</ref> Film critic [[Komal Nahta]] wrote "Zarine Khan delivers an award-winning performance. She is extraordinary and lives the role of Lalli, making every scene in which she appears immensely watchable for her brilliance!"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.boldsky.com/insync/life/2014/beautiful-zarine-khan-jaat-james-bond-promotion-039479-pg1.html |title=Beautiful Zarine Khan At The Jaat James Bond Promotions |date=18 April 2014 |website=boldsky.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vindu-dara-singh-elated-with-jatt-james-bond-success/story-grt1fk8e0SpoucRltpYm2I.html |title=Vindu Dara Singh elated with Jatt James Bond success |date=2 May 2014 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
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[[File:70453900Zarine Khan at the premiere of 'Jobs'.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Zarine Khan looks down at the camera|Khan at the premiere of ''[[Jobs (film)|Jobs]]'' in 2014]]<br />
<br />
In 2015, Khan appeared in erotic thriller film ''[[Hate Story 3]]'', in which she played Siya. The film was a commercial success and got Khan further recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/hate-story-3-box-office-collection-sharman-joshi-karam-singh-grover-daisy-shah-zareen-khan-zarine-khan-set-fire-to-box-office-hate-story-3-release-review-money-earning-275819-2015-12-05 |title=Hate Story 3 collection: Sharman, Zareen, Karan and Daisy set fire to the box office |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=3 April 2020 |last3=Ist |first3=2015 18:14}}</ref> She then appeared in a music video "Pyaar Manga Hai" with [[Ali Fazal]]. The song was sung by [[Armaan Malik]] and [[Neeti Mohan]]. In 2016, Khan did an item number in the film [[Veerappan (2016 film)|''Veerappan'']]. The same year, she also appeared in another item song named "Mahi Ve" in the film ''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Zareen-Khan-turns-pole-dancer-for-Maahi-Ve-in-Wajah-Tum-Ho/articleshow/55436744.cms |title=Zareen Khan turns pole dancer for 'Maahi Ve' in 'Wajah Tum Ho' – Times of India ► |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, Khan appeared in ''[[Aksar 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zareen-khan-begins-aksar-2-shoot-2899408/ |title=Zareen Khan begins 'Aksar 2' shoot |date=7 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/S-Sreesanth-to-star-in-Aksar-2/articleshow/53128158.cms |title=S Sreesanth to star in 'Aksar 2' – Times of India ► |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Featured Bollywood Movie News {{!}} Featured Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/ |access-date=26 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/zareen-khan-item-number-gautam-rode-aksar-2-movies-1921-bollywood-news/18535152 |title=Zareen Khan sheds clothes in 'Aksar 2' and '1921' |date=27 August 2017 |website=mid-day}}</ref> In the film, she was seen romancing with [[Gautam Rode]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aksar-2-trailer-gautam-rode-abhinav-shukla-and-zareen-khans-love-triangle-is-intriguing/articleshow/60260866.cms |title='Aksar 2' trailer: Gautam Rode, Abhinav Shukla and Zareen Khan's love triangle is intriguing – Times of India ► |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the first poster of the film was released on 4 August 2017 on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/gautam-rode-romance-zareen-khan-aksar-2/ |title=Gautam Rode to Romance Zareen Khan in 'Aksar 2' |access-date=5 August 2017 |archive-date=5 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805101612/https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/gautam-rode-romance-zareen-khan-aksar-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] disliked Khan<nowiki>'s performance and wrote, ''Zareen Khan is strictly okay and though she is sizzling, it'</nowiki>s done just for the heck of it. She tries to be the female [[Emraan Hashmi]] but it doesn't work for her. Performance-wise, she doesn't give her best shot.<nowiki>''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/aksar-2/critic-review/aksar-2-movie-review/ |title=Aksar 2 Review – Bollywood Hungama |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en-US |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> The film did not perform well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/box-office-tumhari-sulu-is-average-aksar-2-is-poor/20171120.htm |title=Box Office: Tumhari Sulu is average, Aksar 2 is poor |website=Rediff |language=en |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Khan starred in [[Vikram Bhatt]]'s horror film [[1921 (2018 film)|''1921'']], the fourth installment in [[1920 (film series)|''1920'' film series]]. Although the film received mixed reviews, it managed to recover its cost and became an <nowiki>''average grosser.''</nowiki><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/1921-box-office-collection-week-1-zareen-khan-karan-kundrra-film-mints-rs-11-crore/articleshow/62571113.cms |title='1921' box-office collection week 1: Zareen Khan-Karan Kundrra film mints Rs 11 crore |work=The Times of India |access-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> In January 2018, Khan signed Ashok Nanda's action film ''[[One Day: Justice Delivered]]'', in which she was set to portray the role of a police officer.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/zareen-khan-one-day-1921-5023161/ |title=Zareen Khan: I have always been a tomboy |date=13 January 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=27 March 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref> She was eventually replaced by [[Esha Gupta]].{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br />
In 2019, she made her [[Telugu language|Telugu]] debut with action-thriller film [[Chanakya (2019 film)|''Chanakya'']], which received mixed reviews from critics and performed poorly at the box office.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.masala.com/gopichands-chanakya-spy-thriller-film-faces-a-tough-time-at-the-box-office-298072.html |title=Gopichand's Chanakya: Spy Thriller Film Faces a Tough Time at the Box Office |website=Masala.com |language=en |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> The same year, she appeared in Punjabi film ''[[Daaka]]'' alongside [[Gippy Grewal]], which also received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/top-5-reasons-to-watch-gippy-grewals-daaka/photostory/71843741.cms |title=Top 5 reasons to watch Gippy Grewal's 'Daaka' |date=1 November 2019 |website=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Khan starred in the film ''[[Hum Bhi Akele Tum Bhi Akele]]'' with [[Anshuman Jha]], which revolves around a unique love story about two homosexuals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/army-jawan-held-for-sexually-harassing-11-year-old-in-navyug-express/articleshow/68964565.cms |title=Hauz Khas fun for Zareen Khan, Anshuman Jha |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/harish-vyas-zareen-khan-and-anshuman-jhas-chemistry-will-entertain-the-audience/21161164 |title=Harish Vyas: Zareen Khan and Anshuman Jha's chemistry will entertain the audience |date=17 June 2019 |website=mid-day}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2025, Zareen Khan diversified her career by becoming an entrepreneur, launching her own skincare and haircare brand, Happy Hippie.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Hippie by Zareen Khan |url=https://behappyhippie.com/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Happy Hippie |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
In 2021, Khan revealed that she is dating model and businessman Shivashish Mishra.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-17 |title=Zareen Khan opens up about dating 'Bigg Boss' fame Shivashish Mishra, says they are in a beautiful phase |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zareen-khan-opens-up-about-dating-bigg-boss-fame-shivashish-mishra-says-they-are-in-a-beautiful-phase/articleshow/88334559.cms |access-date=2023-11-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They broke up in early 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title=Zareen Khan and Shivashish Mishra split - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zareen-khan-and-shivashish-mishra-breakup-news/articleshow/112966226.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Zareen Khan and Shivashish Mishra broke up in March, 2024 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/why-zareen-khan-and-shivashish-mishra-broke-up-23386408 |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
===Films===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
* ''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="text-align:center;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Title <br />
! Role<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 <br />
| ''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]'' <br />
| Princess Yashodhara <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/heres-how-zareen-khan-bagged-her-debut-opposite-salman-khan-in-veer/|title=Here's how Zareen Khan bagged her debut opposite Salman Khan in Veer|website=bollywoodhungama|access-date= 6 November 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2011 <br />
| ''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''<br />
| Khushi Pathak <br />
| Special appearance in song "Character Dheela"<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-character-dheela-item-girl-zarine-khan-dreams-of-turning-restaurateur-1566814/amp|title=''Character Dheela'' item girl Zarine Khan dreams of turning restaurateur|website=DNAindia|access-date= 18 July 2011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2012 <br />
| ''[[Housefull 2]]'' <br />
| Jaina Malik<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zarine-khan-signed-for-housefull-2/|title=Zarine Khan signed for Housefull 2|website=bollywoodhungama|access-date= 18 March 2011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2013 <br />
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' <br />
| Malgove <br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil film]] Special appearance in song "Malgove"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2014 <br />
| ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'' <br />
| Lalli <br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi film]] <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[DOA: Death of Amar]]'' <br />
| Journalist <br />
| <br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2015 <br />
| ''[[Hate Story 3]]'' <br />
| Siya Diwan<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/daisy-shah-and-zareen-khan-on-sets--hate-story-3--16415158|title=Daisy Shah and Zareen Khan on sets of 'Hate Story 3'|website=Mid-day|access-date= 31 July 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016 <br />
| ''[[Veerappan (2016 film)|Veerappan]]'' <br />
| rowspan="2"|Herself <br />
| Special appearance in song "Khallas"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]'' <br />
| Special appearance in song "Maahi Ve"<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/check-zareen-khan-pole-dance-wajah-tum-ho/|title=Check out: Zareen Khan does a pole dance in Wajah Tum Ho|website=bollywoodhungama|access-date= 16 November 2016}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 2017 <br />
| ''[[Aksar 2]]'' <br />
| Sheena Roy<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/zareen-khan-begins--aksar-2--shoot-17410190|title=Zareen Khan begins 'Aksar 2' shoot|website=Mid-day|access-date= 7 July 2016}}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| 2018 <br />
| ''[[1921 (2018 film)|1921]]''<br />
| Rose <br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/revealed-zareen-khan-sports-victorian-era-outfit-1921-heres-look/|title=REVEALED: Zareen Khan sports Victorian Era outfit for 1921 and here's a look|website=bollywoodhungama|access-date= 13 June 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2019 <br />
| ''[[Chanakya (2019 film)|Chanakya]]'' <br />
| Agent Zubeda <br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu film]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood hates wasting time: Zareen Khan on Telugu debut in Chanakya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/aug/01/tollywood-hates-wasting-time-zareen-khan-on-telugu-debut-in-chanakya-2012202.html |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daaka]]'' <br />
| Lalli <br />
| [[Punjabi Language|Punjabi film]]<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
| 2021 <br />
| ''[[Hum Bhi Akele Tum Bhi Akele]]'' <br />
| Mansi Dubey <br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-zareen-khan-and-anshuman-jha-s-film-hum-bhi-akele-tum-bhi-akele-resumes-after-a-legal-battle-2787575 |title=Zareen Khan and Anshuman Jha's film 'Hum Bhi Akele Tum Bhi Akele' resumes after a legal battle |date=5 September 2019 |website=DNA India}}</ref> <br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|| 2018 <br />
| rowspan="2" | ''MTV Troll Police''<br />
| Host<br />
| <br />
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zareen-khan-to-host-troll-police/articleshow/63371340.cms |title=Zareen Khan to host 'Troll Police' |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Music video appearances===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Year <br />
! Album<br />
! Song <br />
! Singer(s) <br />
! Notes<br />
|- <br />
| 2016<br />
| ''Pyaar Manga Hai'' <br />
| "Pyaar Manga Hai"<br />
| [[Armaan Malik]], [[Neeti Mohan]] <br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Do Vaari Jatt''<br />
|"Do Vaari Jatt"<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Jordan Sandhu]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''Chann Chann''<br />
|"Chann Chann"<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''Eid Ho Jayegi''<br />
|"Eid Ho Jayegi"<br />
|Javed Ali, Raghav Sachar<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Year<br />
! Award<br />
! Category<br />
! Film<br />
! Result<br />
! Ref<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan="2"|2011 <br />
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|''[[Veer (2010 film)|Veer]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2021 |title=Happy Birthday Zareen Khan: Her 5 Must Watch Films |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-zareen-khan-her-5-must-watch-films-3736988.html |access-date=4 February 2022 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Stardust Awards]]<br />
| [[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow - Female]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-of-stardust-awards-2011/|title=Nominations for the Stardust Awards 2011|website=bollywoodhungama|access-date= 22 January 2011}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015 <br />
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]<br />
| ''[[Jatt James Bond]]''<br />
| {{won}} <br />
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/02/ptc-punjabi-film-awards.html |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards |publisher=CinePunjab.com |access-date=30 August 2013 |archive-date=28 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828133403/http://www.cinepunjab.com/2013/02/ptc-punjabi-film-awards.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Indian film actresses]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Zareen Khan}}<br />
* {{FaceBook |ZareenKhanOfficial}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=3768934|name=Zarine Khan}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Zarine}}<br />
[[Category:1987 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Architecture_of_the_Deccan_sultanates&diff=467178Architecture of the Deccan sultanates2026-01-11T08:37:22Z<p>ConradQ41114: slightly cleanup formatting for clarity and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Islamic architecture of the Deccan Plateau, India}}<br />
{{distinguish|The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate}}<br />
<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}<br />
[[File:Murud Janjira Fort.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Murud-Janjira Fort built by Ahmadnagar Sultanate]]<br />
<br />
The Deccan sultanates were five [[Medieval India#Early modern period|early modern]] kingdoms ([[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], [[Sultanate of Golconda|Golkonda]], [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmadnagar]], [[Bidar Sultanate|Bidar]], and [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]]) which ruled on the [[Deccan Plateau]] beginning in the late 15th century and lasting through the 17th century. The architecture the sultanates produced was a regional variant of [[Indo-Islamic architecture]], influenced by the styles of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and later [[Mughal architecture]]. [[Persia|Persian]] and [[Central Asia|Central Asian]] design features also feature in some structures. The sultanate styles differ greatly from those employed in [[Hindu temple architecture]] in the same areas.<br />
<br />
The rulers of the five Deccan sultanates established numerous contributions in the arts, music, literature and architecture. The [[Bidar fort|Bidar]] and [[Golconda]] forts demonstrate how architecture factored into the military planning of the sultanates. Apart from forts, these regimes also constructed many tombs, [[mosque]]s, and [[madrasa]]s. [[Gol Gumbaz]] (the tomb of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]]) was once the second largest dome in the world.{{when|date=April 2024}}<br />
<br />
In 2014, [[UNESCO]] designated a group of buildings as tentative [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]] under the name "Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate" (despite there being multiple sultanates), which included<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5887/ UNESCO "tentative list"]</ref> the Bahmani and Barid Shahi Monuments at [[Bidar]] (Karnataka), the Adil Shahi Monuments at [[Bijapur]] (Karnataka), and Qutb Shahi Monuments at [[Hyderabad]] (Telangana).<br />
<br />
==Ahmadnagar Sultanate==<br />
[[File:Faria Bagh Palace of second Nizam.JPG|300px|thumb|Ruins of Faria Bagh, the Palace of Nizam Shahi rulers]]<br />
During the Ahmadnagar rule, multiple palaces were constructed, and their ruins lie in and around Ahmadnagar city in the present day. The Ahmadnagar also built tombs of nobles such as Salabat Khan and Changiz Khan, and saints such as Shah Sharif and Bava Bangali.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sohoni |first1=Pushkar |title=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India |title-link=The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate |date=2018 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |location=London |isbn=9780755606795}}</ref><br />
<br />
Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the [[Murud-Janjira|Janjira Fort]] in the Murud Area of present-day [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sohoni|first=Pushkar |chapter=The Fort of Janjira |title=African Rulers and Generals in India |publisher=University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center|year=2020|location=Greensboro, North Carolina; Ahmedabad|pages=167–183}}</ref> After its construction in 1567 CE, the fort was essential to the Sidis' withstanding various invasion attempts by the Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kainthla|first=Anita|date=Aug 2011|title=The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira|journal=India Currents|volume=25|issue=5|pages=56–57|id={{ProQuest|<!-- add ProQuest data here -->}}}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Farah Bagh palace (also called Faria Bagh) is situated in [[Ahmednagar]], [[Maharashtra]]. It was built by Nizam Shahi rulers in Ahmednagar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/how-16th-century-ahmednagar-palace-in-maharashtra-stayed-cool-in-summer/story-qAKzMj36SLpmGDxcIB5lwL.html|title=How 16th-century Ahmednagar palace in Maharashtra stayed cool in summer|date=2019-05-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-10-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aHcfv6zkJgQC&dq=Farah+bagh++Ahmednagar&pg=PA11 | title=The New Cambridge History of India: 1. The Portuguese in India | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=George Michell | year=1987 | isbn=0521563216 |accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=M.|last2=Kumar|first2=S Vinodh|date=2019-05-08|title=Architechtural features and characterization of 16th century Indian Monument Farah Bagh, Ahmed Nagar, India|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332935786|journal=International Journal of Architectural Heritage|volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=1398–1411 |doi=10.1080/15583058.2019.1610524|s2cid=164648431 }}</ref><br />
Farah Bagh was the centrepiece of a palatial complex completed in 1583 CE. It belonged to the royal household and Murtaza [[Nizam]] Shah often retired here to play chess with a Delhi singer he called Fateh Shah. He also built the singer a separate palace called Lakad Mahal in the garden.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}<br />
<!-- is this a quote? ''This Palace served as the inspiration for the of the Taj Mahal and its architecture.'' --><br />
<br />
==Bijapur Sultanate==<br />
[[File:Gagan Mahal Bijapura.jpg|300px|thumb|Ruins of Gagan Mahal]]<br />
<br />
Prominent monuments in [[Bijapur]] include the Gagan Mahal, [[Gol Gumbaz]], [[Bijapur Fort]], and [[Ibrahim Rauza]]. Gol Gumbaz is the tomb of [[Mohammed Adil Shah, Sultan of Bijapur|Mohammed Adil Shah]] and it contains the second-largest dome in the world constructed before the modern age. The external diameter of the hemispherical dome is 44 m. Ibrahim Rouza is the tomb of [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] and it is said to be one of the most beautiful monuments in Bijapur.<br />
<br />
The [[Jama Masjid, Bijapur|Jami Masjid]] is one of the largest mosques in India having a courtyard of 11,000 square feet. Other architectural works from this period in Bijapur are the [[Chini Mahal]], [[Sat Manzil]], [[Gagan Mahal]], [[Anand Mahal]], and the [[Asar Mahal]] (built in 1646 CE).<ref name="michell_86">{{harvnb|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=41–47, 86–98}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Golconda Sultanate==<br />
{{Further|Qutb Shahi architecture}}<br />
[[Golkonda|Golkonda fort]], built by the Qutb Shahi dynasty, has a reputation as one of the most impregnable forts in India, but it is also known for its acoustic features and water management systems.<br />
<br />
The Jami Masjid, built by [[Quli Qutb Mulk]] in 1518 CE, is a notable mosque in Golkonda. The [[Golkonda#Qutub Shahi tombs|tombs of Qutb Shahis]] are a mausoleum complex, a royal necropolis composed of 30 tombs of the royal family, erected between the years of 1543 and 1672 CE.<br />
<br />
[[Charminar|Char Minar]], in central [[Hyderabad]], was completed in 1591 CE, having four minarets with heights of 56 m. The construction of the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] was started in 1617 CE during the reign of [[Muhammad Qutb Shah]], the building was finally completed in 1693.<ref>{{harvnb|Michell|Zebrowski|1999|pp=47–53, 101–106}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{cite book| last1 = Michell | first1 = George | first2 = Mark | last2 = Zebrowski | title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7) | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 1999 | location = Cambridge | isbn = 0-521-56321-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279710/page/n1 |title=Bidar, Its History and Monuments |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1947 |location=London |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2820/stories/20111007282006200.htm Monuments of Deccan Sultanates and other Islamic Monuments of India] – [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bijapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bidar district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bidar district]]<br />
[[Category:Architecture in India]]<br />
[[Category:Deccan sultanates]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santosh_Kumar_Mitra&diff=467626Santosh Kumar Mitra2025-12-17T09:05:01Z<p>ConradQ41114: added structure after review and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1900–1931)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Santosh Kumar Mitra<br />
| image = Freedom fighter Santosh Kumar Mitra.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth-date|15 August 1900}}<br />
| birth_place = Central Calcutta, [[British India]]<br />(now in [[Kolkata]])<br />
| death_date = {{dda|16 September 1931|15 August 1900}}<br />
| death_place = [[Hijli Detention Camp]], [[British India]]<br />(now in India)<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| organization =[[Jugantar]]<br />
| known_for = Role in Indian freedom struggle<br />
| mother = <br />
| father = Durga Charan Mitra<br />
| spouse = Jyotsna Mitra<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Santosh Kumar Mitra''' (Bengali: সন্তোষ কুমার মিত্র) or Santosh Mitra (15 August 1900 – 16 September 1931) was an activist of the [[Indian independence movement]] and a martyr.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Mitra was born on 15 August 1900 in [[Kolkata]], in a middle class [[Bengali Kayastha]] family. He passed matriculation from [[Hindu School, Kolkata]] in 1915 and became graduate from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1919. During the period 1921–22, he completed his M.A and LL.B.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7jaaDQAAQBAJ&q=santosh+mitra+hijli&pg=PT234|title=Indias Struggle Quarter of Century 1921 to 1946|last=Part I|first=Arun Chandra Guha|isbn=9788123022741|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012055723/https://books.google.com/books?id=7jaaDQAAQBAJ&q=santosh+mitra+hijli&pg=PT234|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Revolutionary activities==<br />
Mitra joined the [[Indian National Congress]]. He founded the Swaraj Sevak Sangha and was attached with Hooghly Vidya Mandir which was headed by Bhupati Majumder, one of the [[Jugantar]] Leaders in 1922. He organised a Socialist conference in Kolkata in the presidency of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. After the suspension of [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] Mitra shifted to the extremist movement in the struggle for Independence. He was charged with Shankharitola Murder Case and arrested in 1923.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Vol - I|first=Subodh S. Sengupta & Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2002|isbn=|location=Kolkata|pages=559}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
On 16 September 1931, police shot and killed Mitra and another inmate [[Tarakeswar Sengupta]] in [[Hijli Detention Camp]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/iit-kharagpur-remembers-its-hijli-jail-days/130948/|title=IIT-Kharagpur remembers its Hijli Jail days|website=financialexpress.com|date=April 2007 |access-date=22 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042302/http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/iit-kharagpur-remembers-its-hijli-jail-days/130948/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1020911/asp/bengal/story_1188458.asp|title=IIT revival pill for historic Hijli Jail|first=Naresh|last=Jana|date=11 September 2002|access-date=10 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142312/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1020911/asp/bengal/story_1188458.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
[[File:Santosh_kumar_mitra_martyr_02.jpg|thumb|Santosh Kumar Mitra bust]]<br />
[[File:Santosh_kumar_mitra_martyr_01.jpg|thumb|Santosh Kumar Mitra]]<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
[[Santosh Mitra Square]], the famous park in Kolkata is named after him. The location is also well-known as the venue of a high-profile [[Durga Puja]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mitra, Santosh}}<br />
[[Category:1900 births]]<br />
[[Category:1931 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-British establishment revolutionaries from East Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMIS_Cornwallis&diff=501744HMIS Cornwallis2025-12-13T15:25:01Z<p>ConradQ41114: Adding new details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox ship<br />
|section1={{Infobox ship/image<br />
|image=<br />
|image_caption=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section2={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|country=United Kingdom<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}<br />
|name=''Lychnis''<br />
|ordered=December 1916<br />
|awarded=<br />
|builder=[[William Hamilton and Company]]<br />
|laid_down=<br />
|launched=21 August 1917<br />
|christened=<br />
|acquired=<br />
|commissioned=1917<br />
|recommissioned=<br />
|decommissioned=<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=1921<br />
|renamed=<br />
|reclassified=<br />
|refit=<br />
|captured=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|fate=Transferred to the Royal Indian Marine<br />
|homeport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section3={{Infobox ship/career<br />
|hide_header=title<br />
|country=British India<br />
|flag={{shipboxflag|British India|naval}}<br />
|name=''Cornwallis''<br />
|ordered=<br />
|awarded=<br />
|builder=<br />
|laid_down=<br />
|launched=<br />
|christened=<br />
|acquired=1921 (transferred from the Royal Navy)<br />
|commissioned=<br />
|recommissioned=<br />
|decommissioned=<br />
|in_service=<br />
|out_of_service=1946<br />
|renamed=<br />
|reclassified=<br />
|refit=<br />
|captured=<br />
|struck=<br />
|reinstated=<br />
|fate=Scrapped 1946<br />
|homeport=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br />
|hide_header=<br />
|header_caption=<br />
|class={{sclass|Aubrietia|sloop|1}}<br />
|displacement= 1,250 tons<br />
|length=*{{convert|255|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}} [[p/p]]<br />
*{{convert|267|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} [[o/a]]<br />
|beam= {{convert|33|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}<br />
|height=<br />
|draught= {{convert|12|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}<br />
|propulsion=*1 × 4-cylinder triple expansion engine<br />
*2 × cylindrical boilers<br />
*1 screw<br />
|speed=Designed for {{convert|17.5|kn|km/h}} at {{convert|2500|ihp|abbr=on}}, but actually made 15-16.5 knots with this power. Required {{convert|3000|ihp|abbr=on}} for {{convert|17.5|kn|km/h}}.<br />
|range= 205 tons of coal<br />
|endurance=<br />
|boats=<br />
|complement=80 men<br />
|armament=Designed to mount 3 × [[12-pounder gun]]s and 2 × [[3-pounder gun|3-pounder AA]], but had 2 × 4 inch gun, 1 × 3-pounder AA and [[depth charge]] throwers<br />
|armour=<br />
|notes=<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''HMIS ''Cornwallis'' (L09)''' was an {{sclass|Aubrietia|sloop|0}} [[Sloop-of-war|sloop]], originally built during [[World War I]] and commissioned as '''HMS ''Lychnis''''' in the [[Royal Navy]] (RN) in 1917. She was transferred to the [[Royal Indian Marine]] (RIM) and commissioned as ''Cornwallis'' in 1921.<ref name=ub-cornwallis>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3873.html|title=HMIS Cornwallis (L 09 / U 09) of the Royal Indian Navy - Indian Sloop of the Cornwallis class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net}}</ref><br />
<br />
She served during [[World War II]] in the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN), the successor to the RIM. Her [[pennant number]] was changed to '''U09''' in 1940. Although originally built as a minesweeper, she was primarily used as a convoy escort during the war. She was scrapped soon after the end of the war.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
HMS ''Lychnis'' was ordered in December 1916 as a part of the Emergency War Programme of World War I from [[William Hamilton and Company]], [[Port Glasgow]] and was launched on 21 August 1917.<ref name="Ditt p95">Dittmar and Colledge 1972, p. 95.</ref> She commissioned in 1917. She is credited with sinking the German submarine {{SMU|U-64}} by depth charging and shelling on 17 June 1918 in the Mediterranean Sea.<ref>{{cite Uboat.net<br />
|name=U 64<br />
|id=64<br />
|type=1sub<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following the end of the war, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Marine and commissioned as HMIS ''Cornwallis''. In 1934, RIM was renamed Royal Indian Navy. During World War II, she was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]]. She escorted numerous convoys in the [[Indian Ocean]] 1942-45.<ref name=nh-1942>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1942.htm|title=East Indies Fleet, Admiralty Diary Jan-March 1942}}</ref><ref name=nh-1943a>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm|title = Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943}}</ref><br />
<br />
She was decommissioned and scrapped in 1946, soon after the end of the war.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book|last=Collins|first=J.T.E.|title=The Royal Indian Navy, 1939–1945|series=Official History of the Indian Armed Forces In the Second World War|year=1964|publisher=Combined Inter-Services Historical Section (India & Pakistan)|location=New Delhi|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/India/RIN/index.html}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Dittmar|first1=F.J.|last2=Colledge|first2=J.J.|title=British Warships 1914–1919|year=1972|publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton, UK|isbn=0-7110-0380-7}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Paul|title=U-Boats Destroyed: German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |year=1997 |publisher=Arms & Armour Press |location=London |isbn=1-85409-321-5}}<br />
<br />
{{Frigates of the Indian Navy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornwallis (L09)}}<br />
[[Category:World War I sloops of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Aubrietia-class sloops]]<br />
[[Category:Aubrietia-class sloops of the Royal Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:1917 ships]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Zoological_Park_Delhi&diff=474115National Zoological Park Delhi2025-11-25T05:59:05Z<p>ConradQ41114: refined lead and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|National Zoo at Delhi}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox zoo<br />
|zoo_name=<br />
|logo =<br />
|logo_caption =<br />
|image = NZP Delhi.jpg<br />
|image_caption = White Tiger at National Zoological Park, Delhi<br />
|location = [[Delhi]], India<br />
|date_opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1959|11|1}}<ref name="kuchbhi"/><br />
|date_closed =<br />
|coordinates = {{Coord|28.6044359|77.2461981|type:landmark_scale:5000|display=it}}<br />
|area = {{Convert|176|acre|abbr=on}}<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><br />
|num_species = 127 (2008)<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><br />
|num_animals = 1347 (2008)<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><br />
|largest_tank_vol =<br />
|total_tank_vol =<br />
|annual_visitors =<br />
|members = [[Central Zoo Authority of India|CZA]]<ref name="cza_list"/><br />
|exhibits =<br />
|website = {{URL|http://www.nzpnewdelhi.gov.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''National Zoological Park''' (originally '''Delhi Zoo''') is a {{Convert|176|acre|adj=on}} [[zoo]] in [[New Delhi]], India. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Mughal-era Kos Minar in the Delhi National Zoo.jpg|thumb|left|175px|[[Mughal period]] [[Kos Minar]] in the zoo]]<br />
The Delhi zoo was established decades after [[New Delhi]] was built. Although the idea to have a zoo in the national capital was proposed in 1951, the park was inaugurated in November 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Times ePaper, English News Paper, Today Newspaper, Online News Epaper |url=https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/epaper%5b%5d |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=epaper.hindustantimes.com |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812173348/https://epaper.hindustantimes.com/epaper%5B%5D |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1952, the Indian Board for Wildlife created a committee to look into creating a zoo for Delhi. The government of India was to develop the zoo and then turn it over to Delhi as a working enterprise. In 1953 the committee approved the location of the zoo, and in October 1955 it assigned N. D. Bachkheti of the Indian Forest Service to oversee the creation of the zoo.<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><br />
<br />
Initially Major [[Aubrey Weinman]] of the Ceylon Zoological Garden (now the [[National Zoological Gardens of Sri Lanka]]) was asked to help draw the plans for the zoo, but because he was not available for the long term, [[Carl Hagenbeck]] of the [[Zoological Garden of Hamburg]] was hired. In March 1956, Hagenbeck presented a preliminary plan, which included the recommendation to use moated enclosures for the new zoo. The plan was modified as needed to account for local conditions, and approved by the Indian government in December 1956.<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><br />
<br />
By the end of 1959, the Northern part of the zoo was complete, and animals which had been arriving for some time and which had been housed in temporary pens were moved into their permanent homes. The park was opened on 1 November 1959 as the Delhi Zoo. In 1982 it was officially renamed to National Zoological Park, with hopes that it could become a model for other zoos in the country.<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-04-10 |title=Recent Indian Headlines |url=http://trbaalu.nic.in/minister/news/2001/oct01/08-10-2001-news1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410080407/http://trbaalu.nic.in/minister/news/2001/oct01/08-10-2001-news1.html |archive-date=2009-04-10 |access-date=2022-08-12 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Maqsood incident===<br />
On 23 September 2014, a man named Maqsood, fell in white tiger's moat accidentally. The children around started throwing stones at the tiger. The man was then carried away and mauled by the enraged tiger after some minutes. The man later succumbed to his injuries.<ref>http://www.rg.ru/2014/09/23/tigr-site-anons.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006125956/http://www.rg.ru/2014/09/23/tigr-site-anons.html |date=6 October 2014 }} Белый тигр убил человека, который залез в клетку в индийском зоопарке 23.09.2014</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006121044/http://news.xinhuanet.com/photo/2014-09/24/c_127024929.htm] 印度动物园老虎咬死一人 2014年09月24日</ref><ref>http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0924/c157278-25723143-2.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150816/http://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0924/c157278-25723143-2.html |date=6 October 2014 }} 印度学生跳入动物园老虎场地被咬死 生前求饶【2】 2014年09月24日</ref><ref>http://news.qq.com/a/20140924/019997.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006180207/http://news.qq.com/a/20140924/019997.htm |date=6 October 2014 }} 印度男子误入老虎圈 被当场咬死 2014-09-24</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-09-23 |title=White tiger mauls visitor inside New Delhi Zoo |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-24/white-tiger-kills-boy-at-new-delhi-zoo/5764420 |access-date=2022-08-12 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812173448/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-24/white-tiger-kills-boy-at-new-delhi-zoo/5764420 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barry |first1=Ellen |last2=Najar |first2=Nida |date=2014-09-23 |title=White Tiger Kills Visitor at Zoo in India |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/world/asia/white-tiger-kills-visitor-to-new-delhi-zoo.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=22 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122214442/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/world/asia/white-tiger-kills-visitor-to-new-delhi-zoo.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
The incident, which took place between 12.30 pm and 1 pm, created a sensation and word soon spread through the metropolis, with pictures and video of the tiger - one of the zoo's star attractions - dragging the man going viral.<br />
<br />
==Exhibits==<br />
[[File:Delhi Zoo.jpg|thumbnail|right|Zoo entrance depicts the exhibits.]]<br />
The zoo is home to about 1350 animals representing almost 130 species of animals and birds from around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Animals Inventory |url=https://nzpnewdelhi.gov.in/en/page/animals_inventory |website=nzpnewdelhi.gov.in |language=en |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812092228/https://nzpnewdelhi.gov.in/en/page/animals_inventory |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Mammals===<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*[[African bush elephant]]<br />
*[[Asian palm civet]]<br />
*[[Asiatic lion]]<br />
*[[Barasingha]]<br />
*[[Bengal fox]]<br />
*[[Bengal tiger]]<br />
*[[Blackbuck]]<br />
*[[Bonnet macaque]]<br />
*[[Four-horned antelope]]<br />
*[[Gaur]]<br />
*[[Golden jackal]]<br />
*[[Northern plains gray langur|Hanuman langur]]<br />
*[[Himalayan black bear]]<br />
*[[Indian hog deer|Hog deer]]<br />
*[[Indian crested porcupine]]<br />
*[[Indian elephant]]<br />
*[[Indian leopard]]<br />
*[[Indian rhinoceros|Greater one-horned rhinoceros]]<br />
*[[Indian wolf]]<br />
*[[Jaguar]]<br />
*[[Jungle cat]]<br />
*[[Lion-tailed macaque]]<br />
*[[Nilgai]]<br />
*[[Pygmy slow loris]]<br />
*[[Rhesus macaque]]<br />
*[[Sambar deer]]<br />
*[[Sangai]]<br />
*[[Sika deer]]<br />
*[[Sloth bear]]<br />
*[[Small Indian civet]]<br />
*[[Striped hyena]]}}<br />
<br />
===Birds===<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*[[African grey parrot]]<br />
*[[Alexandrine parakeet]]<br />
*[[Black swan]]<br />
*[[Blue-and-yellow macaw]]<br />
*[[Brahminy kite]]<br />
*[[Budgerigar]]<br />
*[[Cockatiel]]<br />
*[[Common ostrich]]<br />
*[[Edwards's pheasant]]<br />
*[[Egyptian vulture]]<br />
*[[Emu]]<br />
*[[Eurasian spoonbill]]<br />
*[[Golden pheasant]]<br />
*[[Great hornbill]]<br />
*[[Great horned owl]]<br />
*[[Greater rhea]]<br />
*[[Grey francolin]]<br />
*[[Indian grey hornbill]]<br />
*[[Indian peafowl]]<br />
*[[Illiger's macaw]]<br />
*[[Kalij pheasant]]<br />
*[[Lady Amherst's pheasant]]<br />
*[[Little corella]]<br />
*[[Painted stork]]<br />
*[[Red junglefowl]]<br />
*[[Red-and-green macaw]]<br />
*[[Great white pelican|Rosy pelican]]<br />
*[[Silver pheasant]]<br />
*[[Sun parakeet]]<br />
*[[Zebra finch]]}}<br />
<br />
===Reptiles===<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*[[Bengal monitor]]<br />
*[[Checkered keelback]]<br />
*[[Ptyas mucosa|Dhaman]]<br />
*[[Spalerosophis diadema|Diadem snake]]<br />
*[[Gharial]]<br />
*[[Indian cobra]]<br />
*[[Indian python]]<br />
*[[Indian star tortoise]]<br />
*[[Mugger crocodile]]<br />
*[[Red-eared slider]]<br />
*[[Siamese crocodile]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:White peacock at National zoological park delhi.jpg|thumb|Albino peacock]]<br />
[[File:Hippo in delhi zoological park.jpg|thumb|Hippopotamus]]<br />
<br />
==Conservation breeding==<br />
The zoo is part of conservation breeding programmes of the [[Central Zoo Authority]] for the royal Bengal tiger, Indian rhinoceros, swamp deer, Asiatic lion, brow antlered deer, and red junglefowl.<ref name="zoo_statistics"/><br />
<br />
The breeding program for the brow-antlered deer has been successful, starting with a pair of these deer in 1962, that individuals from the herd have been distributed to zoos in Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Hyderabad, Junagarh, and Mysore, and have acclimated well to all of these locations.<ref name="delhilive"/><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery mode="packed" heights="100"><br />
File:National Zoological Park Delhi 091.jpg| Blackbuck<br />
File:NZP Delhi1.jpg|Leopard<br />
File:Royal Bengal Tiger at New Delhi.jpg|Royal Bengal tiger<br />
Image:Indian Rhinoceros in National Zoological Park Delhi.jpg|Indian rhinoceros<br />
File:Gaur in New Delhi Zoo.jpg|Gaur<br />
File:Hippo in new delhi zoo.jpg|Hippopotamus<br />
File:Water-birds in National Zoological Park, Delhi.jpg|Waterbirds around Lake<br />
File:Black Bear in National Zoological Park, Delhi.jpg|Asian black bear<br />
File:CSC 0385.jpg|Jaguar<br />
File:National Zoological Park Birds.jpg|Birds<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|Animals}}<br />
* [[Najafgarh drain bird sanctuary]], Delhi<br />
* [[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]], Delhi<br />
* [[Sultanpur National Park]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Gurgaon District]], [[Haryana]]<br />
* [[Okhla Sanctuary]], bordering Delhi in adjoining [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist |refs=<br />
<br />
<ref name="zoo_statistics">{{Cite web<br />
|url=http://nzpnewdelhi.gov.in/statistics.htm<br />
|title=Statistics<br />
|work=nzpnewdelhi.gov.in<br />
|publisher=National Zoological Park<br />
|access-date=24 July 2011<br />
|archive-date=8 February 2019<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190208001330/http://www.nzpnewdelhi.gov.in/statistics.htm<br />
|url-status=live<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="cza_list"><br />
{{ZooOrg|cza|zoos|accessdate=4 July 2011}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
<ref name="kuchbhi"><br />
{{Cite web<br />
|url = http://www.kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html<br />
|title = List of Zoos in India, from 1800 until now<br />
|publisher = Kuchbhi<br />
|access-date = 4 July 2011<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111021205725/http://kuchbhi.com/india/61-articles/258-list-of-zoos-in-india-from-1800-until-now.html<br />
|archive-date = 21 October 2011<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- <ref name="bharatonline">{{Cite web<br />
|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/delhi/tourist-attractions/zoological-park.html<br />
|title=Delhi Zoo<br />
|work=bharatonline.com<br />
|publisher=Bharat Online<br />
|access-date=24 July 2011<br />
|archive-date=26 July 2011<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082357/http://www.bharatonline.com/delhi/tourist-attractions/zoological-park.html<br />
|url-status=live<br />
}}</ref> --><br />
<br />
<ref name="delhilive"><br />
{{Cite web<br />
|url = http://www.delhilive.com/delhi-zoo-0<br />
|title = Delhi Zoo<br />
|publisher = Delhi Live<br />
|access-date = 24 July 2011<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111002193401/http://www.delhilive.com/delhi-zoo-0<br />
|archive-date = 2 October 2011<br />
|df = dmy-all<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.nzpnewdelhi.gov.in/}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091128084509/http://www.cza.nic.in/index.html Official website of: "Central Zoo Authority of India" (CZA), Government of India]<br />
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{{Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (India)}}<br />
{{Zoos of India}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:Parks in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Zoos in India]]<br />
[[Category:1959 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Zoos established in 1959]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beta_II&diff=490550Beta II2025-10-15T06:19:23Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started new data!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Kakatiya ruler from 1076 to 1108}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Beta<br />
| title = Tribhuvana-Malla, Maha-Mandaleshvara, Vikrama-Chakrin, <br />
| succession = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] ruler<br />
| reign = c. 1076-1108 CE<br />
| predecessor = [[Prola I]]<br />
| successor = [[Durgaraja|Durga-raja]] or [[Prola II]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]]<br />
| father = [[Prola I]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Beta II''' (r. c. 1076-1108 CE) alias '''Tribhuvana-Malla''' was a member of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] of southern India. As a [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] vassal, he obtained control of the Sabbi-1000 province centred around [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulavada]]. He commissioned a [[Shaivite]] shrine, and also donated land for a [[Jainism|Jaina]] temple.<br />
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== Career ==<br />
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Beta II was a son of the Kakatiya chief [[Prola I]]. His earliest extant inscription is the 1079 CE [[Hanamkonda|Anumakonda]] inscription, which calls him ''Shriman Vikrama-chakri Shri Beta-mandalikottamah''. His overlord, the Kalyani Chalukya king [[Vikramaditya VI]], appears to have conferred the title ''Vikrama-chakrin'' upon him. His reign probably started around the time when Vikramaditya VI ascended the throne in 1076 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47}} The 1082 CE Banajipet inscription describes him as ''Maha-mandaleshvara'' Betarasa ("king Beta"), the lord of Anmakonda-pura (city of Anumakonda).{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}} The Kakatiya inscriptions generally refer to him as ''Tribhuvana-malla'';{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=200}} this title probably signifies his submission to Vikramaditya, who held the same title.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=580-581}}<br />
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Beta appears to have been involved in a dispute with other Chalukya vassals over the control of the historical Sabbi-nadu region centered around [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulavada]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}} The 1053 CE Sanigaram inscription of Prola I states that the Chalukya king rewarded him with the territory of Sabbi-nadu.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=46}} The Kakatiya inscriptions found at Sanigaram (including the 1107 CE Sanigaram inscription of Beta II) in this region suggest that the Kakatiyas controlled this region. However, various inscriptions found at Vemulavada, the most important town of Sabbi-nadu, suggest that this region was controlled by other Chalukya governors including Rajaditya (1083 CE), the Chalukya prince [[Someshvara II|Someshvara]] (1106 CE), and the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] prince [[Jagadeva|Jagaddeva]] (1108 CE). It is possible that the Kakatiyas controlled only a part of Sabbi-nadu, which included Sanigaram but excluded Vemulavada.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}} The [[Padmakshi Temple]] inscription suggests that Beta approached the Chalukya king with the help of his minister (''dandadhipa'') Vaija, and obtained the entire Sabbi-nadu region comprising a thousand villages ("Sabbi-1000").{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48-49}}{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=200}}<br />
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Beta II's son Durga-raja was actively involved in his father's administration, as suggested by the 1098 CE Kazipet inscription, which records a donation made by a minister of Durga-raja.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=49}}<br />
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The 1120 CE Matedu inscription issued by the Kakatiya vassal Vembola Boddama Mallenayaka of the Pulinda family states that his father Reva collected tributes on behalf of Beta II and suppressed revolts.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=76}}{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=200}}<br />
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The last inscription from Beta's reign is the 1107 CE Sanigaram inscription, which suggests that his reign ended around 1108 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47}} He was succeeded by his sons, first [[Durgaraja|Durga-raja]] and then [[Prola II]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=36}}<br />
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== Cultural activities ==<br />
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The 1082 CE Banajipet inscription states that Beta II gifted land and a house site to a Jaina temple established by Medarasa, another vassal of the Chalukya king Vikramaditya alias ''Tribhuvana-malla''. Medarasa came from the Ugravadiya family of Vengomtakula, and like Beta, bore the title ''Maha-mandaleshvara''.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=48}}<br />
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The 1098 CE Kazipet inscription records the construction of locality called Shiva-pura in Anumakonda, and of a shrine called Beteshvara ("Lord of Beta") named after Beta. It appears that Beta commissioned the village and the temple, and his son Durga-raja granted Shiva-pura to the Shaivite ascetic Rameshvara Pandita on 24 November 1090, on the occasion of a solar eclipse. Rameshvara belonged to the [[Kalamukha]] sect, and was the ''acharya'' of Mallikarjuna-Shila matha of [[Srisailam|Shriparvata]]. Another part of the Kazipet inscription states that a minister of Durga-raja established a ''Kirti-stambha'' in 1098 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47-49}}<br />
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== Inscriptions ==<br />
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Following inscriptions from Beta II's reign have been discovered.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=47}}<br />
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* 1079 CE [[Anumakonda]] inscription<br />
* 1082 CE Banajipet inscription<br />
* 1098 CE [[Kazipet]] dargah inscription, issued by his son Durga-raja<br />
* 1107 CE Sanigaram inscription<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{ref begin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=P.V.P. Sastry|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=M. Somasekhara Sarma |chapter=The Kakatiyas of Warangal |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts VII - XI |volume=IX: The Kākatīyas of Warangal |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0D5RAAACAAJ |oclc=59001459 |isbn=9788170691259 |ref={{harvid|Ghulam Yazdani|1960}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=P.V.P. Sastry |chapter=The Kākatīyas |editor=R.S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |edition=1987 reprint |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |ref={{harvid|R.S. Sharma|1957}} }}<br />
{{ref end}}<br />
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{{Kakatiya dynasty}}<br />
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[[Category:Kakatiya dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:12th-century Indian people]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohan_Bhosale&diff=466615Rohan Bhosale2025-07-28T13:20:51Z<p>ConradQ41114: cleanup</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1988)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Rohan Bhosale<br />
| image = <br />
| country = <br />
| fullname = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|9|30|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| batting = <br />
| bowling = <br />
| role = <br />
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| club1 = <br />
| year1 = <br />
| clubnumber1 = <br />
| club2 = <br />
| year2 = <br />
| clubnumber2 =<br />
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| date = 1 November 2015<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376113.html Cricinfo<br />
}}<br />
'''Rohan Bhosale''' (born 30 September 1988) is an Indian [[first-class cricket]]er who plays for [[Railways cricket team|Railways]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/376113.html |title=Rohan Bhosale |accessdate=1 November 2015 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/376113.html}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhosale, Rohan}}<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Railways cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Mumbai]]<br />
{{India-cricket-bio-1988-stub}}</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aradhana_Seth&diff=487216Aradhana Seth2025-07-16T13:46:20Z<p>ConradQ41114: Started data</p>
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<div>{{short description|Indian art director}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|image =<br />
|imagesize =<br />
| name = Aradhana Seth<br />
| other_names = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = [[Art director]], production designers, filmmaker<br />
| yearsactive = 1995-present<br />
| spouse = <br />
| relatives = [[Vikram Seth]] (brother)<br>[[Leila Seth]] (mother)<br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aradhana Seth''' is an Indian [[art director]], artist, [[production designer]] and filmmaker who has worked in the [[Hindi film industry]] as well as for [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] productions like Wes Anderson's ''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'', ''[[London Has Fallen]]'' and ''[[The Bourne Supremacy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elle.in/elle-old-site/article/aradhana-seth-incredible-home-goa/|title=Film-maker and scenographer Aradhana Seth takes us through her incredible home in Goa|website=Elle India|access-date=2022-12-30|archive-date=2022-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230094528/https://elle.in/elle-old-site/article/aradhana-seth-incredible-home-goa/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/master-of-many-arts-aradhana-seth/story-cDaLIfsHjPO2E7GtEhxYlO.html|title=Master of many arts: Aradhana Seth|date=November 5, 2011|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> As an artist, Seth has exhibited her works at [[Chemould Prescott Road]] Gallery, [[Grosvenor Gallery]], [[KHOJ (arts organization)|KHOJ New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/homing-in/870395/|title=Homing In - Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Seth also produced the 2020 [[A Suitable Boy (TV series)|BBC adaptation]] of her brother, [[Vikram Seth]]'s novel ''[[A Suitable Boy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/asia/a-suitable-boy-bbc-netflix-1234708044/|title=BBC’s ‘A Suitable Boy’ Vikram Seth Adaptation Heads to Netflix|first1=Patrick|last1=Frater|date=July 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/07/arts/television/suitable-boy-mira-nair.html|title=‘A Suitable Boy’ Finally Finds Its Perfect Match: Mira Nair|first=Bilal|last=Qureshi|date=December 7, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> She is based in [[Goa]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/story/inside-aradhana-seths-goa-home-where-magic-and-susegad-collide/|title=Inside Aradhana Seth's Goa home where magic and susegad collide|date=November 9, 2021|website=Architectural Digest India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elle.in/article/aradhana-seth-incredible-home-goa/|title=Film-maker and scenographer Aradhana Seth takes us through her incredible home in Goa - Elle India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=In Delhi, artists from two countries tie up for exhibition of hand-painted signs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-delhi-artists-from-two-countries-tie-up-for-exhibition-of-hand-painted-signs-8546303/ |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Seth's mother was the Indian Chief Justice [[Leila Seth]], and her brothers are the novelist [[Vikram Seth]] and the Buddhist teacher Shantum Seth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/obituary/a-class-apart/article9711263.ece|title=A class apart|date=May 24, 2017|website=frontline.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/a-suitable-couple-justice-leila-seth-and-her-husband-had-together-pledged-to-donate-organs-297133|title=‘A suitable couple’: Justice Leila Seth and her husband had together pledged to donate organs|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><br />
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Seth graduated with a master’s degree from the Mass Communications Research Centre at the Jamia Millia Islamia University in New Delhi. Following graduation she first worked as an assistant director for the film ''[[In Which Annie Gives It Those Ones|In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones]]'' written by [[Arundhati Roy]]. She also worked as the designer for the film. In 1992, she met the director Deepa Mehta on the set of ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' which led her to design the sets for Mehta's films ''Fire'' in 1996 and ''Earth'' in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=House of Enquiry |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/house-of-enquiry-1618818-2019-11-14 |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Selected filmography==<br />
Seth has been involved in art direction or production design for:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb187af68|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106113332/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2bb187af68|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 6, 2018|title=Aradhana Seth|website=BFI}}</ref><br />
*''[[The Bourne Supremacy]]'' (2004) - art department (India unit)<br />
*''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don: The Chase Begins Again]]'' (2006) - production designer<br />
*''[[The Darjeeling Limited]]'' (2007) - art director<br />
*''[[London Has Fallen]]'' (2016) - art director<br />
*''[[The Sky Is Pink]]'' (2018) - production design<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=0786006|name=Aradhana Seth}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Aradhana}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian art directors]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian production designers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salman_Mansoorpuri&diff=532160Salman Mansoorpuri2025-07-05T11:36:49Z<p>ConradQ41114: Creating The Stub Initial Version</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian mufti and writer (b. 1967)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Muhammad Sulaiman Salman Mansoorpuri}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Maulana]], [[Mufti]]<br />
| name = Muhammad Salman Mansoorpuri<br />
| native_name = محمد سلمان منصورپوری<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1967|2|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Deoband]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| occupation = Islamic scholar, jurist, writer, educator<br />
| era = Contemporary<br />
| known_for = Fiqh, Islamic ethics, Urdu writings<br />
| father = [[Usman Mansoorpuri]]<br />
| influences = [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Taqi Usmani]]<br />
| teachers = {{ubl|[[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]]|[[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]|[[Abdul Haq Azmi]]|[[Qamaruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]]|[[Nematullah Azmi]]|[[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]]|[[Arshad Madani]]|[[Abdul Khaliq Madrasi]]}}<br />
| religion = [[Islam]]<br />
| denomination = Sunni<br />
| jurisprudence = Hanafi<br />
| creed = Maturidi<br />
| movement = [[Deobandi]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br />
| office1 = Na'ib Amir al-Hind, [[Imarat-e-Shariah#Challenges from the Establishment of Imarat-e-Shariah Hind (1986)|Imarat-e-Shariah Hind]]<br />
| term_start1 = July 2021<br />
| office2 = Editor of the Urdu monthly ''Nida-e-Shahi''<br />
| term_start2 = 1990<br />
}}<br />
'''Muhammad Salman Mansoorpuri''' ([[Urdu]]: محمد سلمان منصورپوری; born 11 February 1967) is an Indian Islamic scholar, jurist, and writer affiliated with the Deobandi school of thought. He currently serves as a teacher at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and has been associated with [[Madrasa Shahi|Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]], Moradabad, where he previously served as deputy mufti. He is the editor of the Urdu monthly ''Nida-e-Shahi'' and has authored several books on Islamic law, ethics, history, and social reform. In 2021, he was appointed as Na'ib Amir al-Hind (Deputy Amir of India) under the [[Imarat-e-Shariah#Challenges from the Establishment of Imarat-e-Shariah Hind (1986)|Imarat-e-Shariah Hind]] system.<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Muhammad Salman Mansoorpuri was born on 11 February 1967<ref name="FDKFS">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Aaftab Ghazi|last2=Qasmi|first2=Abdul Hasib|title=Fuzala-e-Deoband Ki Fiqhi Khidmāt|trans-title=Jurisprudential services of Darul Uloom Deoband's alumni|url=https://archive.org/details/fuzal-e-deoband-ki-fiqhi-khidmaat|date=February 2011|publisher=Naeemia Book Depot|location=[[Deoband]]|page=429|language=ur}}</ref> in [[Deoband]].<ref>{{cite web |title=نواسہ شیخ الاسلام مفتی سلمان منصورپوری کی شہر نظام آباد آمد۔۔۔۔۔ تعارف علمی خدمات اور مناصب |trans-title=Grandson of Sheikh al-Islam, Mufti Salman Mansoorpuri visits Nizamabad – Biography, Scholarly Contributions, and Positions |last=al-Qasimi|first=Abdul Qayyum Shakir|date=29 May 2023 |website=Urdu Leaks |url=https://urduleaks.com/186621/ |language=ur |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> His ancestral home is Mansoorpur, a locality in [[Muzaffarnagar district]], Uttar Pradesh, India.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=429}} He is the eldest son of [[Usman Mansoorpuri|Muhammad Usman Mansoorpuri]], former deputy vice-chancellor of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and president of [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind (M)]]. He is also the maternal grandson of [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]].<ref name="Shabbir">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Shabbir Ahmad |url= |title=Fatawa Qāsmia |publisher=Ashrafi Book Depot |year=2015 |edition=1st |location=Deoband |page=358 |language=ur |chapter=Mufti Muhammad Salman Sahib Mansoorpuri ka taqarrur |trans-chapter=The appointment of Mufti Muhammad Salman Mansoorpuri |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/Fatawa-Qasmia/Fatawa-Qasmia-Vol-01/page/n357/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name="Asānīd">{{cite book |last1=Muzaffarnagari|first1=Muhammad Taslim Aarifi|last2=Saharanpuri|first2=Abdullah Sher Khan|title=Asātizat-u-Dar al-Uloom Wa Asānīduhum Fi al-Hadith|trans-title=Asanīd of Hadith teachers of Darul Uloom|url=https://archive.org/details/20240305_20240305_1203 |publisher=Maktaba al-Haramain|location= [[Deoband]]|date=2023|edition=2nd|page=136|language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
He began his formal education at Jamia Qasmiya, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], Bihar, where his father was posted as a teacher. In 1970 (1390 AH), he moved to [[Amroha]] and continued his studies there until 1981 (1401 AH). During this period, he completed the memorization of the Qur'an and studied foundational Arabic texts under his father's supervision, while formally enrolled at Jamia Islamia, Jama Masjid, Amroha, up to the fourth year.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=136}}<br />
<br />
In late 1982 (1402 AH), he joined the spiritual and academic environment of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] for higher Islamic studies, entering directly into the fourth year of the [[Dars-i Nizami|Dars-e-Nizami]] curriculum. He graduated in 1987 (1407 AH) with distinction in ''Dawrah Hadith'' (the final year of hadith studies). He then pursued specialization in Islamic jurisprudence (''Takhassus fi al-Fiqh'') in 1988, followed by ''Ifta'' training in 1989 and pedagogical training (''Tadrib fi al-Tadris'') in 1990. He also performed Hajj in 1988 (1408 AH) during this period of study.{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=136}}<ref name="YZS">{{cite book|last=Abbasi|first= Ibn al-Hasan|title= Yādgār-e-Zamāna Shakhsiyāt kā Aḥwāl wa Muṭālaʿa|trans-title=Study life of memorable personalities|url=https://archive.org/details/yaadgar-e-zamana-shakhsiyyat-ka-ahwaal-e-mutalaa|publisher=Majlis Turāth al-Islam|location=[[Karachi]]|edition=1st|date=October 2020|pages=445–449|language=ur}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=290}}<br />
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Mansoorpuri studied ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' with [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]] (Part I) and [[Abdul Haq Azmi]] (Part II); ''[[Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'' with [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]] (Part I) and [[Arshad Madani]] (Part II); ''Sharh Ma'ani al-Athar'' also with Palanpuri; ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'' and ''Muwatta Imam Muhammad'' with [[Nematullah Azmi]]; ''Muslim'' (Part II) with [[Qamaruddin Ahmad Gorakhpuri]]; ''[[Sunan Abi Dawud]]'' and ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]'' with Muhammad Husain Bihari; ''[[Sunan ibn Majah]]'' with Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori; ''[[Sunan an-Nasa'i]]'' with Zubair Ahmad Deobandi and [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]; and ''[[Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya]]'' with [[Abdul Khaliq Madrasi]].{{Sfn|Muzaffarnagari|Saharanpuri|2023|p=137}}{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=429}}<br />
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== Career ==<br />
After completing his studies, Mansoorpuri began teaching at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] as part of his pedagogical training (''Tadrib fi al-Tadris'') in 1990,{{Sfn|Hasan|2013|p=290}} before joining [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]] in Moradabad as a full-time faculty member. There, he taught texts such as ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', ''[[Sunan al-Tirmidhi|Jami' al-Tirmidhi]]'', ''[[Al-Muwatta|Muwatta Imam Malik]]'', ''[[Shama'il al-Muhammadiyya|Shamā'il al-Tirmidhi]]'', and ''[[Al-Hidayah|Hidayah Akhirain]]'', among others. In the Ifta department, he also taught ''Sharh Uqood Rasm al-Mufti'' and ''Al-Ashbah wa al-Nazair''.{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=429}}<br />
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In addition to teaching, he served as the deputy mufti of the institution, issuing legal verdicts and responding to public queries, as well as mentoring students training in ifta. From 1990 until his appointment at Darul Uloom Deoband, he served as the editor of the Urdu monthly journal ''Nida-e-Shahi'', published by Madrasa Shahi.<ref name="YZS"/> He now holds the position of honorary editor.<br />
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As of 2017, he served as the General Secretary of the Religious Educational Board of [[Jamiat Ulama-i-Hind]] (M).<ref name="MG2017">{{cite news |title=Jamiat's Mahmood Madani group meets Narendra Modi, breaks Muslim ranks |date=9 May 2017 |work=The Milli Gazette |url=https://www.milligazette.com/news/2-focus/15599-jamiat-s-mahmood-madani-group-meets-narendra-modi-breaks-muslim-ranks/ |language=en |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><br />
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In July 2021, he was appointed as Na'ib Amir al-Hind (Deputy Amir of India), a religious title within the [[Imarat-e-Shariah#Challenges from the Establishment of Imarat-e-Shariah Hind (1986)|Imarat-e-Shariah Hind]].<ref name="QaumiAwaz">{{cite news |title=مولانا سید ارشد مدنی امیر الہند خامس منتخب |trans-title=Maulana Syed Arshad Madani elected as the fifth Amir al-Hind |date=3 July 2021 |url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/maulana-syed-arshad-madani-president-of-jamiat-ulema-i-hind-elected-amir-ul-hind-khamis |publisher=[[Qaumi Awaz]] |language=ur |access-date=14 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=جمعیۃ علمائے ہند کے صدر مولاناسید ارشد مدنی امیر الہند خامس اور مفتی محمد سلمان منصورپوری نائب امیر الہند منتخب، اسلام میں امارت کا اہم مقام۔ مولانا سید ارشد مدنی |trans-title=Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind President Maulana Syed Arshad Madani elected fifth Amir al-Hind, and Mufti Muhammad Salman Mansoorpuri appointed Deputy Amir al-Hind |date=3 July 2021 |website=Etemaad Urdu Daily |url=https://www.etemaaddaily.com/religious-news/maulana-syed-arshad-madani-:73576 |publisher=[[Etemaad Daily]] |language=ur |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=مولانا سید ارشد مدنی امیرالہند منتخب |trans-title=Maulana Syed Arshad Madani elected Amir al-Hind |date=3 July 2021 |website=[[ETV Bharat News]] |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/urdu/national/bharat/meeting-of-imarat-e-shariya-held-in-delhi-maulana-arshad-madani-elected-amir-ul-hind/na20210703172401653 |language=ur |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=مولانا محمود مدنی کی جمعیت نے اتفاق رائے سے مولانا ارشد مدنی کو امیر الہند منتخب کیا، مولانا سلمان منصورپوری نائب امیر |trans-title=Mahmood Madani's Jamiat unanimously elected Arshad Madani as Amir al-Hind, Salman Mansoorpuri as Deputy Amir |last=Siddiqui|first=Zafar|date=3 July 2021 |website=[[Millat Times]] |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/72050 |language=ur |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><br />
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In March 2022, he was appointed to the faculty at Darul Uloom Deoband by the institution's governing body (Majlis-e-Shura).<ref>{{cite news |title=مولانا مفتی سید سلمان منصورپوری کی ہوئی دارالعلوم میں بطور استاد تقرری |trans-title=Maulana Mufti Syed Salman Mansoorpuri appointed as a teacher at Darul Uloom|last=Farīdi|first=Mansūruddīn |date=15 March 2022|url=https://www.urdu.awazthevoice.in/education-news/maulana-mufti-syed-salman-mansoorpuri-appointment-as-teacher-in-darul-uloom-deoband-13164.html |work=Awaz The Voice |language=ur |access-date=15 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=16 March 2022 |title=मौलाना सलमान मंसूरपुरी होंगे दारुल उलूम के नए उस्ताद |trans-title=Maulana Salman Mansoorpuri will be the new teacher at Darul Uloom |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/muzaffarnagar/maulana-salman-mansoorpuri-will-be-the-new-master-of-darul-uloom-devband-news-mrt5806524142 |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=Amar Ujala |publisher=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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== Approach to jurisprudence ==<br />
Mansoorpuri emphasizes the importance of grounding Islamic legal rulings in classical Hanafi texts like ''[[Radd al-Muhtar|Fatawa Shami]]'', ''[[Bada'i' al-Sana'i'|Bada'i al-Sana'i]]'', ''Fath al-Qadir'' of [[Al-Kamal ibn al-Humam|Ibn al-Humam]], and A''l-Bahr al-Ra'iq'' of Ibn Nujaim. He also refers to the Encyclopedia of Islamic Jurisprudence but advises scholars to cross-reference its content with primary legal sources.<ref name="YZS"/><br />
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== Views on Islamic seminaries ==<br />
In a 2002 article published in [[The Milli Gazette]], Mansoorpuri defended Darul Uloom Deoband against accusations linking Islamic madrasas with extremism. He argued that such claims were unfounded and politically motivated. Emphasizing the historical and national service of Deobandi madrasas, he wrote that these institutions have consistently promoted moral values, tolerance, and peaceful coexistence, and that their curriculum does not contain any teachings that incite hatred or violence. He also pointed out that these madrasas are registered under the Societies Act, regularly audited, and operate under governmental oversight.<ref name="MilliGazette2002">{{cite web |title=Why this character assassination of Darul Uloom Deoband? |first=Mohammad Salman|last=Mansoorpuri |website=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=1 October 2002 |url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/01102002/0110200291.htm |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><br />
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In 2003, amid public remarks by [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|VHP]] leader [[Pravin Togadia|Praveen Togadia]] targeting Islamic seminaries including Darul Uloom Deoband, Mansoorpuri publicly defended the institution. He stated that Darul Uloom's 150-year history was "an open book," emphasizing that the seminary had consistently produced men of learning and character, and had never engaged in any anti-national activity. He also asserted that its curriculum did not include any content that incited hatred or intolerance towards followers of other religions.<ref name="Telegraph2003">{{cite news |title=Curb on Togadia tour |first=Yogesh|last=Vajpeyi |date=23 March 2003 |website=The Telegraph India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/curb-on-togadia-tour/cid/833172 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref><br />
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== Views on jihad and extremism ==<br />
Mansoorpuri has also written and spoken extensively on controversial religious concepts such as [[Ghazwa-e-Hind]]. In a widely discussed note issued through Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi, he argued that militant interpretations of the term, particularly by Pakistan-based groups like [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|Jaish-e-Mohammad]], are based on weak hadith chains and are misused for political purposes. He outlined, according to his analysis, three interpretive possibilities: historical battles during early Islamic conquests (such as those led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]), symbolic references to other regions such as [[Basra]], or a future eschatological event linked with the return of [[Jesus in Islam|Isa]] (Jesus). Citing hadith science, he emphasized that these narrations lack reliable [[isnad]]s and should not be used to promote modern-day militancy.<ref name="GhazwaPrint">{{cite news |author=Kidwai |first=Rasheed |date=7 October 2019 |title=Everyone misinterprets Ghazwa-e-Hind, but a Jamiat scholar explains what it really means |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/everyone-misinterprets-ghazwa-e-hind-but-a-jamiat-scholar-explains-what-it-really-means/301686/ |access-date=14 April 2025 |website=[[ThePrint]] |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kabir |first=Kalim Ullah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZXrEAAAQBAJ&dq=salman+mansoorpuri&pg=PT175 |title=WHO ARE WE?: Volume 1 |date=2024-01-02 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-89233-512-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Intellectual influences ==<br />
Mansoorpuri's interest in religious reading and authorship developed early under the guidance of his parents. He was influenced by Islamic biographies and religious literature from a young age, and later developed admiration for scholars such as [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi|Muhammad Zakariyya Kandhlawi]], [[Muhammad Shafi|Muhammad Shafi Usmani]], [[Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi|Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi]], and [[Taqi Usmani]].<ref name="YZS"/><br />
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== Literary works ==<br />
Mansoorpuri is a prolific writer whose work spans multiple genres, including fiqh, ethics, and Islamic history. His notable works include ''Kitab al-Masail'' (5 volumes), ''Kitab al-Nawazil'' (19 volumes), ''Allah se Sharam Kijiye'' ({{translation|Be Ashamed Before Allah}}), and ''Allah Walon ki Maqbooliyat ka Raaz'' ({{translation|The Secret Behind the Acceptance of the Pious}}).<ref name="YZS"/><br />
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He has also authored ''Tahreek-e-Azadi-e-Hind mein Musalman Ulama aur Awam ka Kirdar'' ({{translation|The Role of Muslim Scholars and the Public in the Indian Freedom Movement}}), which offers a historical perspective on the role of Indian Muslims in the [[Indian independence movement|freedom movement]]. Another significant work is ''Zikr-e-Raftagaan'' ({{translation|Remembrance of the Departed}}), a multi-volume collection of obituaries and tributes to deceased scholars, compiled from articles originally published in ''Nida-e-Shahi''.<ref name="Sahafat">{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Nayab |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |trans-title=Journalistic scenario of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |publisher=Idara-e-Tahqīq-e-Islami |location=Deoband |edition=1st |year=2013 |pages=290–291|language=ur}}</ref> As of 2023, six volumes of the series have been released.<ref name="Qindeel">{{cite news |title=حضرت مولانا محمد جابر صاحب قاسمی بنجھار پوریؒ (1943–2020ء): مختصر سوانحی خاکہ |trans-title=Maulana Muhammad Jabir Qasmi of Banjharpuri (1943–2020): A Brief Biographical Sketch |last=Mayurbhanji|first=Muhammad Ruhul Amin|date=29 November 2023 |website=Qindeel Online |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-mohd-jabir-qasmi-by-mohd-ruhul-amain/ |language=ur |access-date=16 April 2025}}</ref><br />
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He compiled ''Da’wat-e-Fikr-o-Amal'' ({{translation|Call to Thought and Action}}) and ''Lamhaat-e-Fikriyyah'' ({{translation|Reflective Moments}}), which consist of editorials and reflective essays published between 1990–2005 in ''Nida-e-Shahi''. He is also known for preparing thematic issues of the journal, such as the ''Tarikh-e-Shahi Number'' ({{translation|Shahi History Issue}}), ''Hajj wa Ziyarat Number'' ({{translation|Hajj and Pilgrimage Issue}}), ''Naat al-Nabi Number'' ({{translation|Prophetic Praise Issue}}), and ''Fida-e-Millat Number'' ({{translation|Devotee of the Nation Issue}}).{{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=430}}<br />
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His other works include ''Tohfa-e-Ramadan'' ({{translation|Gift of Ramadan}}), ''Deeni Masail aur Unka Hal'' ({{translation|Religious Issues and Their Solutions}}), ''Fatwa-Nawisi ke Rehnuma Usool'' ({{translation|Guiding Principles of Fatwa Writing}}), ''Fatawa Sheikh al-Islam'' ({{translation|Legal Opinions of Sheikh al-Islam}}), ''Pekar-e-Azm wa Himmat: Ustad aur Shagird'' ({{translation|Embodiment of Resolve and Courage: Teacher and Student}}), ''Noor-e-Nubuwwat'' ({{translation|The Light of Prophethood}}), ''Islami Muasharat'' ({{translation|Islamic Social Life}}), ''Shamail-e-Rasool'' ({{translation|Prophetic Characteristics}}), ''Hajjaj Kiram ke liye Zaroori Hidayat'' ({{translation|Essential Guidance for Pilgrims}}), ''Dars Surah Fatihah'' ({{translation|Lessons from Surah al-Fatiha}}), ''Qadyani Mughallatay'' ({{translation|Qadiani Misconceptions}}), ''Radd-e-Mirzaiyyat ke Zarreen Usool'' ({{translation|Golden Principles in Refuting Mirzaiyat}}){{Sfn|Qasmi|Qasmi|2011|p=430}} and ''Ulama aur Talabah ke liye fikr-angez aur karguzar baatein'' ({{translation|Thought-Provoking and Beneficial Points for Scholars and Students}})<ref name="best">{{cite web |title=Books by Mufti Salman Mansoorpuri |url=https://besturdubooks.net/tag/mufti-salman-mansoorpuri-books/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Best Urdu Books |language=ur}}</ref><br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Deobandi movement]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandis]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Muftis]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howrah%E2%80%93Kanyakumari_Express&diff=464687Howrah–Kanyakumari Express2025-06-29T13:42:02Z<p>ConradQ41114: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|Chennai Egmore–Kanniyakumari Express}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| box_width = 27em<br />
| name = Howrah–Kanyakumari Express<br />
| logo =<br />
<br />
| logo_width =<br />
| image =<br />
| image_width =<br />
| caption =<br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] [[Passenger rail terminology#Express service|Express]]<br />
| status = Operating<br />
| locale = [[West Bengal]], [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| predecessor =<br />
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2000|07|01}}<br />
| last =<br />
| successor =<br />
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br />
| formeroperator =<br />
| ridership =<br />
| ridership2 =<br />
| website =<br />
| start = {{rws|Howrah}} '''(HWH)'''<br />
| stops = 29<br />
| end = {{rws|Kanyakumari}} '''(CAPE)'''<br />
| distance = {{convert|2431|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 42 hours, 35 minutes<br />
| frequency = Weekly<br />
| trainnumber = 12665/12666<br />
| line_used = [[Howrah-Chennai main line]] '''([[Howrah railway station|HWH]]{{snd}}[[Korukkupet railway station|KOK]])'''<br>Diamond Junction of Chennai '''([[Korukkupet railway station|KOK]]{{snd}}[[Washermanpet railway station|WST]])'''<br>[[Guntakal–Chennai Egmore section]] '''([[Washermanpet railway station|WST]]{{snd}}[[Chennai Egmore|MS]])'''<br>[[Chennai Egmore–Thanjavur line]] '''([[Chennai Egmore|MS]]{{snd}}[[Viluppuram Junction railway station|VM]])'''<br>[[Chord Line, Tamil Nadu|Chord line]] '''([[Viluppuram Junction railway station|VM]]{{snd}}[[Tiruchirappalli Junction|TPJ]])'''<br />
| class = 2A, 3A, SL, SLR, HCPV and UR/GS<br />
| access = {{Access icon|20px}}<br />
| seating = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, Unreserved. <br />
| catering = Pantry Car<br />
| speed = {{convert|56|km/h}}<br />
| owners = [[Southern Railway zone]]<br />
| routenumber = 29/21/29A/21A<ref>{{cite web|title=Trains at a Glance July 2013 - June 2014 |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,304,366,537 |work=[[Indian Railways]] |accessdate=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221065438/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0%2C1%2C304%2C366%2C537 |archivedate=21 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
| map = [[File:(Howrah - Kanyakumari) Express route map.jpg|250px]]<br />
| map_state = <br />
| maintenance = {{rws|Nagercoil Junction}}<br />
| sharing = *[[Mumbai CST - Nagercoil Balaji Express]]<br />
*[[Mumbai Nagercoil Express]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Howrah–Kanyakumari Express''' is a Superfast [[inter-city rail|inter-city]] [[Passenger rail terminology#Express service|express service]] connecting [[Howrah]] ([[Kolkata]]), [[West Bengal]] with [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. It runs with highly refurbished LHB coaches designed at ICF, Chennai.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
This express train was, numbered 6355/6356, introduced during the 1999–2000 Railway Budget as a new weekly train extending the [[Tiruchirappalli – Howrah Superfast Express]], thereby truncating the service of the latter from tri–weekly to bi–weekly.<ref>{{cite web|title=Over a dozen new trains to begin|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2000/rjun2000/r30062000.html|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref> The train connecting [[Howrah]]/[[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Kanyakumari]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] made its inaugural run on 1 July 2000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanyakumari, Howrah express flagged off |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/07/02/stories/0402223d.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140226180241/http://www.hindu.com/2000/07/02/stories/0402223d.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 July 2000|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref> This train was converted to Superfast category and re-numbered to 2665/2666 from 1 December 2006 onwards.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tiruchi-Howrah Express made superfast|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/42-trains-to-be-speeded-up/article3054717.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 November 2006|accessdate=25 February 2014|location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=19 express trains speeded up |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/02/stories/2006120205490400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108210005/http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/02/stories/2006120205490400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 December 2006|accessdate=25 February 2014|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]}}</ref> Later, the train number was changed to 12665/12666 from December 2010 onwards as a part of train management system over the entire Indian Railways network.<ref>{{cite web|title=Railways to Switch to 'Five' – Digit System for Numbering all its Passenger Carrying Trains from December 2010|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=65917|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=23 September 2010|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railways migrate to 5-digit number scheme to monitor trains|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Railways-migrate-to-5-digit-number-scheme-to-monitor-trains/articleshow/7132909.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 December 2010|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref><br />
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==Rakes==<br />
The train has 22 coaches comprising One AC 2-Tier, Three AC 3-tier, Eleven [[Couchette car|Sleeper class]], Three General compartments (Unreserved), Two Sleeper-cum-Luggage rake (SLR), One High-Capacity Parcel Van (HCPV) and one [[pantry car]].{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" style="background:brown;"| Loco<br />
! scope="col" style="background:skyblue;"| 1<br />
! scope="col" style="background:skyblue;"| 2<br />
! scope="col" style="background:skyblue;"| 3<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 4<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 5<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 6<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 7<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 8<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 9<br />
! scope="col" style="background:green;"| 10<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 11<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 12<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 13<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 14<br />
! scope="col" style="background:yellow;"| 15<br />
! scope="col" style="background:pink;"| 16<br />
! scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;"| 17<br />
! scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;"| 18<br />
! scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;"| 19<br />
! scope="col" style="background:skyblue;"| 20<br />
! scope="col" style="background:skyblue;"| 21<br />
! scope="col" style="background:skyblue;"| 22<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]|| HCPV||SLR||UR||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||PC||S7||S8||S9||S10||S11||A1||B1||B2||B3||UR||UR||SLR<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Schedule==<br />
The train numbered 12665 leaves {{rws|Howrah}} at 16:15 hours every Mondays<ref name="HWH-CAPE1 (Via. HWH-MAS main line)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for HWH-CAPE (Via. HWH-MAS main line) |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/29.pdf |work=[[Indian Railways]] |accessdate=25 February 2014 |page=2 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717130215/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/29.pdf |archivedate=17 July 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and arrives {{rws|Kanyakumari}} at 10:50 hours on Wednesdays.<ref name="HWH-CAPE2 (Via. Chord Line)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for HWH-CAPE (Via. Chord Line)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/21.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=25 February 2014|page=2|format=PDF}}</ref> On the return journey, the train leaves {{rws|Kanyakumari}} at 05:30 hours every Saturdays<ref name="CAPE-HWH1 (Via. Chord Line)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for CAPE-HWH (Via. Chord Line)|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/21A.pdf|work=[[Indian Railways]]|accessdate=25 February 2014|page=1|format=PDF}}</ref> and arrives {{rws|Howrah}} at 23:55 hours on Sundays.<ref name="CAPE-HWH2 (Via. HWH-MAS main line)">{{cite web|title=Train Time Table for CAPE-HWH (Via.HWH-MAS main line) |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/29A.pdf |work=[[Indian Railways]] |accessdate=25 February 2014 |page=2 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818103657/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/29A.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{efn|The timings are in [[Indian Standard Time]].}}<br />
Some of the prominent stoppages includes {{rws|Kharagpur}}, {{rws|Bhubaneswar}}, {{rws|Visakhapatnam}},{{rws|Rajahmundry}}, {{rws|Eluru}},{{rws|Vijayawada}}, {{rws|Ongole}}, {{rws|Chennai Egmore}}, {{rws|Viluppuram Junction}}, {{rws|Tiruchirappalli Junction}}, {{rws|Madurai Junction}}, {{rws|Tirunelveli Junction}} and {{rws|Nagercoil Junction}}.<br />
There is a heavy demand for this train for stoppage in Vallioor railway station.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tiruchirappalli – Howrah Superfast Express]]<br />
* [[Cholan Express]]<br />
* [[Pallavan Express]]<br />
* [[Vaigai express]]<br />
* [[Tiruchirappalli – Tirunelveli Intercity Express]]<br />
* [[IRCTC]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110315075343/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/ Southern Railway - Official Website]<br />
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{{Railways in Southern India}}<br />
{{Railway lines in Eastern India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Howrah - Kanyakumari Express}}<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbar_Padamsee&diff=475069Akbar Padamsee2025-03-17T03:45:59Z<p>ConradQ41114: brief adjust references as per guidelines and added references per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian artist (1928–2020)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Akbar Padamsee<br />
| image = Akbar Padamsee (artist).jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1928|04|12}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2020|1|6|1928|04|12}}<br />
| death_place = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sir J.J. School of Art]]<br />
| occupation = Painter<br />
| children = [[Raisa Padamsee]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://akbarpadamsee.net/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akbar Padamsee''' (12 April 1928 – 6 January 2020) was an Indian artist and painter, considered one of the pioneers in [[modern Indian painting]] along with [[S.H. Raza]], [[F.N. Souza]] and [[M.F. Husain]].<ref name=mint2012/> Over the years he also worked with various mediums from oil painting, plastic emulsion, water colour, sculpture, printmaking, to [[computer graphics]], and photography. In addition, he worked as a film maker, sculptor, photographer, engraver, and lithographer.<ref name=padam/> Today his paintings are among the most valued by modern Indian artists. His painting ''Reclining Nude'' was sold for US$1,426,500 at [[Sotheby's]] in New York on 25 March 2011.<ref name=mint2012/><ref>{{cite news |title=Art under arc light |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/214090/art-arc-light.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |year=2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He was awarded the [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]] (Lalit Kala Ratna) by the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], India's National Academy of Arts, in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akbar Padamsee |url=https://artiana.com/Akbar-Padamsee/go4de |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=artiana.com}}</ref> the [[Kalidas Samman]] from the [[Madhya Pradesh]] Government in 1997 for ''[[Plastic Arts]]'' and the [[Padma Bhushan]], India's third highest civilian honour in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (2010) |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwd2010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126141319/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwd2010.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and family==<br />
[[File:Akbar Padamsee in Paris 1950s.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Akbar Padamsee in Paris 1950s]]<br />
[[File:FN Souza with Raza and Padamsee in Paris in 1952. (Courtesy Bhanumati Padamsee).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[F. N. Souza]] with [[S. H. Raza]] and Akbar Padamsee in 1952]]<br />
Padamsee was born into a traditional [[Khoja|Khoja Muslim]] family hailing from the [[Kutch]] region of [[Gujarat]].<ref name=padam/> Their ancestors had belonged to the [[charan|Cāraṇa]] caste of court poets and historians. The family had been settled in the nearby [[Kathiawar]] region for some generations; Padamsee's grandfather, who had been the ''[[sarpanch]]'' (headman) of Vāghnagar, a village in [[Bhavnagar district]], had earned the honorific name "Padamsee" (a corruption of "Padmashree") after he distributed his entire granary to the village during a famine. His original family name was "Charanyas", due to their ancestors being [[Charan]]as or court poets.<ref name=mint2012>{{cite news |title=The last great moderns: Akbar Padamsee|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rQ0LVSi6WqIhyeIACI8v1J/The-last-great-moderns--Akbar-Padamsee.html |publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=13 January 2012 }}</ref><ref name=padam>{{cite web |url=http://akbarpadamsee.net/biography.html|title=Biography |publisher=Official website }}.</ref><br />
<br />
Padamsee's father, Hassan Padamsee, was an affluent businessman who owned 10 buildings and also ran a glassware and furniture business. His mother, Jenabhai Padamsee, was a home-maker. Akbar Padamsee was one of their eight children; one of his brothers is the actor [[Alyque Padamsee]]. Although rich, the family was not well-educated, and neither of his parents had received much education. Alyque and his brothers (but not his sisters) were the first to attend school and learn English there; the parents later picked up a smattering of the language from their sons.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Alyque Padamsee brand of life|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/The-Alyque-Padamsee-brand-of-life/articleshow/27787563.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=23 January 2015|quote=I was born into riches: Ours was a Kutchi business family. My father, Jafferseth, owned 10 buildings and also ran a glassware and furniture business. My mother, Kulsumbai Padamsee, was a housewife. Anything I wanted was there for the asking. We were eight children in all but I, being born after three daughters, was pampered most. Among Gujarati families, it was only the Padamsees and the royal house of Rajpipla. At school, I learnt to speak in English. Later, our parents learnt the language from us. All that I am today is because of what I learnt at school. Miss Murphy, who ran the school, was an inspirational figure for me.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Early in life, he started copying images from ''[[The Illustrated Weekly of India]]'' magazine in his father's accounts books at their store on Chakla Street, in [[South Mumbai]].<ref name=mint2012/> He studied at [[St. Xavier's High School, Fort]], and it was here that met his first mentor, his teacher Shirsat, a [[watercolourist]]. He first learned this medium, followed by classes on nudes at [[Charni Road]] in preparation for his studies at the [[Sir J.J. School of Art]]. As a result, he was allowed to join the course directly in its third year. He was still studying fine art at the school, when the [[Progressive Artists' Group]] (PAG) was formed in 1947 by [[Francis Newton Souza]], [[S. H. Raza]], and [[M. F. Husain]]. The group was to have a lasting impact on Indian art. By the time he received his diploma he was already associated with the group.<ref name=padam/><br />
<br />
Akbar married Solange Gounelle, in Paris in 1954. The couple had one daughter, [[Raisa Padamsee]].<br />
<br />
Akbar moved to India in 1968 and lived and worked in Mumbai with his wife Bhanumati Padamsee <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=akbar-padamsee-the-shastra-of-art&iid=30&articleid=842#sthash.8xx5tAK7.dpuf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225211624/http://www.artnewsnviews.com/view-article.php?article=akbar-padamsee-the-shastra-of-art&iid=30&articleid=842#sthash.8xx5tAK7.dpuf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 February 2012|title=Artnewsnviews.com|website=www.artnewsnviews.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
He had a number of siblings, but the most notable of them is [[Alyque Padamsee]], who was a celebrated theatre personality & advertising mogul who headed the [[Lintas|Lintas Bombay]] Ad agency.<br />
<br />
In the last years of his life, Padamsee and his wife Bhanu are reported to have moved into the [[Isha Foundation|Isha Yoga Center]], Coimbatore permanently, after having visited the centre a few times several years ago.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/padma-bhushan-artist-akbar-padamsee-no-more/article30502513.ece|title=Padma Bhushan artist Akbar Padamsee no more|last=VS|first=Palaniappan|work=[[:The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In late 1950, Raza was awarded a French government scholarship, and he invited Padamsee to accompany him to Paris. Padamsee left for Paris in 1951, where artist [[Krishna Reddy (artist)|Krishna Reddy]] introduced him to the [[surrealist]] [[Stanley Hayter]], who became his next mentor. Padmasee soon joined his studio, "[[Atelier 17]]". His first exhibition was held in Paris in 1952. The artists exhibited anonymously, thus he shared the prize awarded by the French magazine ''Journal d'Arte'' with the painter [[Jean Carzou]].<ref name=mint2012/><br />
<br />
His very first solo show was held at the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in 1954, and soon he became one of leading artists. He received the [[List of Lalit Kala Akademi fellows|Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship]] in 1962, a fellowship by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] in 1965 and was subsequently invited to be an [[artist-in-residence]] by the [[University of Wisconsin–Stout]]. He returned to India in 1967.<ref name=padam/><br />
<br />
As a member of many artistic committees, he took part in the development of the collections of the [[Bharat Bhawan]] museum of [[Bhopal]], and created the VIEW (Vision Exchange Workshop). He curated major cultural events and received many distinctions such as the Padma Shri in 2009.<br />
<br />
His work is introspective; his "Metascapes" or his "Mirror Images" are abstract images formed from the search for a formal logic. His topics include landscapes, nudes, heads and he has done portraits created in pencil and charcoal. The depth which emerges from his oil-based works, emanates from the coloured matter. This creates a pictorial technique juxtaposing emerging split forms.<br />
<br />
He has done, in addition to his painted work, black and white photographs which use light to create dimension. Padamsee always explored new plastic genres; he also explored computers in "Compugraphics".<br />
<br />
He lived in South Mumbai with his wife Bhanumati, and worked at his studio in [[Prabhadevi]]. He died on 6 January 2020 at the age of 91.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/legendary-artist-akbar-padamsee-passes-away-age-91-leaving-behind-his-indelible-imprint-on-indian-art-7868971.html|title=Legendary artist Akbar Padamsee passes away aged 91, leaving behind his indelible imprint on Indian art|date=6 January 2020|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmmaking==<br />
<br />
Between 1969 and 1970, Akbar Padamsee, one of the pioneers of Modern Indian painting, made a rare [[16mm film|16mm]] [[experimental film]] titled ''Syzygy''.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/akbar-padamsee-colossus-of-the-art-world/article30507813.ece|title=Akbar Padamsee: colossus of the art world|first=Gauri|last=Vij|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 January 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> This was a silent [[animation]] film made up solely of lines and dots and the connections between them. This film was made using a code or [[algorithm]] and can now be seen as an early example of [[generative art]]. The word [[syzygy (astronomy)|syzygy]] is often used to describe interesting configurations of astronomical objects in general. With its attempt at pure form, it is also a precursor to [[computer art]] or [[digital art]], despite being entirely hand-made.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
In 2015, filmmaker [[Ashim Ahluwalia]] discovered that Padamsee had made a second film that had fallen into obscurity. ''Titled Events In A Cloud Chamber'', was shot on a 16mm [[Bolex]] camera. The film ran for six minutes and featured a single image of a dreamlike terrain. Inspired by one of Padamsee's own oil paintings, he had experimented with a new technique of superimposing shapes formed with stencils and a [[carousel slide projector]]. The abstract electronic soundtrack was composed in 1969 by [[Gita Sarabhai|Geeta Sarabhai]], thereby qualifying her as the first female electronic musician in India.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9kb4p44jvLGsYK52x2ELpL/Revisiting-an-experiment.html|title=Revisiting an experiment|first=Dhamini|last=Ratnam|date=18 March 2016|website=mint}}</ref><br />
<br />
After just a handful of screenings in 1970, the film was shipped to an art expo in [[New Delhi]] where it was misplaced. The reversal print is now lost and no copies exist.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
Between 2015 and 2016, Ashim Ahluwalia worked with Padamsee, who was then almost 89 years old, to try and remake the lost film from memory. The filmmaker managed to track down the original tapes of Sarabhai’s score but they had been demagnetized. Ahluwalia’s 2016 film, also called ''Events In A Cloud Chamber'' as a result of their collaboration and premiered at the [[Venice Film Festival]] followed by screenings at [[The Museum of Modern Art]] and other venues, renewing interest in Padamsee’s neglected film work.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
Syzygy has recently had a revival screening at the [[Camden Arts Centre]] in an exhibition titled “Zigzag Afterlives: film experiments from the 1960s and 1970s in India” by curator [[Nancy Adajania]]. It was included in the exhibition “Mud Muses” at the [[Moderna Museet]] in [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://camdenartcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ZigZag-Afterlife-Programme-Essay.pdf|access-date=16 April 2023|website=camdenartcentre.org|title=Zigzag Afterlives: film experiments from the 1960s and 1970s in India|date=November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Publications==<br />
*Padamsee, Padamsee, Text by Shamlal, Published by Pundole Art Gallery`, 2004<br />
*Padamsee, Works on Paper-Critical Boundaries, Text by Shamlal, Published by Vakils & Sons, 1964<br />
*Padamsee, Work in language, Marg/Pundole gallery, 372 p, 348 ill; Mumbai 2009,<br />
*Padamsee, Works and Words, film by Laurent Brégeat, 55mn, Lalit Kala Akademi, 2010<ref>{{cite news |title=Akbar Padamsee's world of colour|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-18/people/28117194_1_colour-metaphor-kalidas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911035401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-18/people/28117194_1_colour-metaphor-kalidas |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 September 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected solo exhibitions==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}<br />
*2010 'Body Parts', The Loft, Mumbai<br />
*2010 Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2008 'Sensitive Surfaces', Galerie Helene Lamarque, Paris<br />
*2007 'Metascape to Humanscape', Aicon Gallery, Palo Alto<br />
*2006 Metascape to Humanscape', Aicon Gallery, New York<br />
*2006 Photographs (2004–06), Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2005 Gallery Threshold and the French Embassy in India, New Delhi<br />
*2004 Retrospective of Watercolors, Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2003 'Critical Boundaries', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2002 'Drawing Show', Gallery Chemould, Mumbai<br />
*2002 'Tertiaries', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1999 'Compugraphics', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai and Art Heritage, New Delhi<br />
*1997 'Imaging Gandhi', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1996 'Female Nudes', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1994 'Mirror Images', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1993 Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1993 'Heads', Sakshi Gallery, Bangalore<br />
*1992 Art Heritage, New Delhi<br />
*1992 Sanskriti Art Gallery, Kolkata<br />
*1988 Art Heritage, New Delhi and Cymroza Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1986 Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1980 Retrospective of works organised by Art Heritage, New Delhi and Mumbai<br />
*1981 Urja Gallery, Baroda<br />
*1975 Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1974 'Metascapes', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1972 'Metascapes', Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1967 Museum of Contemporary Art, Montreal<br />
*1963 Gallery '63, New York<br />
*1962 Kunika Chemould Art Centre, New Delhi<br />
*1960 Painting in Grey, Gallery '59, Mumbai<br />
*1957 Galerie de Ventadour, France<br />
*1954 Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1953 Gallery Raymond Creure, Paris<br />
*1952 Galerie Saint Placide, Paris<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Selected group exhibitions==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=35em}}<br />
*2010 'The Progressives & Associates', [[Grosvenor Gallery]], London<br />
*2010 'Masters of Maharashtra', collection from Lalit Kala Akademi, New Delhi at Piramal Gallery, National Centre for the Performing Arts ([[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]]), Mumbai<br />
*2010 'Master's Corner', organised by Indian Contemporary Art Journal at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]], Mumbai; India International Art Fair, New Delhi<br />
*2010 'Manifestations IV', Delhi Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2010 'From Miniature to Modern: Traditions in Transition', Rob Dean Art, London in association with Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2010 'Figure/Landscape&nbsp;– Part One', Aicon Gallery, New York<br />
*2010 'Contemporary Printmaking In India', presented by Priyasri Art Gallery, Mumbai at Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai; Priyasri Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2010 'Black is Beautiful', India Fine Art, Mumbai<br />
*2010 'Black and White', Galerie Mirchandani + Steinruecke, Mumbai<br />
*2010 'Art Celebrates 2010', represented by Gallery Threshold at [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi to coincide with the hosting of the Commonwealth Games<br />
*2009 'Think Small', Art Alive Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2009 'Sacred and Secular', India Fine Art, Mumbai<br />
*2009 'Progressive to Altermodern: 62 Years of Indian Modern Art', Grosvenor Gallery, London<br />
*2009 'Miniature Format Show 2009&nbsp;– IInd Part', Sans Tache Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2009 'Indian Art After Independence: Selected Works from the Collections of Virginia & Ravi Akhoury and Shelley & Donald Rubin', Emile Lowe Gallery, Hempstead<br />
*2009 'Bharat Ratna! Jewels of Modern Indian Art', [[Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]]<br />
*2008–09 'Expanding Horizons: Contemporary Indian Art’, Traveling Exhibition presented by Bodhi Art at Ravinder Natya Mandir, P.L. Despande Kala Academy Art Gallery, Mumbai; Sant Dyaneshwar Natya Sankul Art Gallery, Amravati; Platinum Jubilee Hall, Nagpur; Tapadia Natya Mandir Sports Hall, Aurangabad; Hirachand Nemchand Vachanalay's, Solapur; Acharya Vidyanand Sanskrutik Bhavan, Kolhapur; PGSR Sabhagriha, SNDT, Pune; Sarvajanik Vachanalaya Hall, Nasik<br />
*2008 'Harvest 2008', organised by Arushi Arts at The Stainless Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2008 'Faces', Tao Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2008 ‘The Miniature Format Show&nbsp;– Part I’, Sans Tache, Mumbai<br />
*2008 ‘Freedom 2008&nbsp;– Sixty Years of Indian Independence’, Centre for International Modern Art (CIMA), Kolkata<br />
*2007–08 ‘India Art Now: Between Continuity and Transformation’, Province of Milan, Milan, Italy<br />
*2007 ‘Winter Show’, Aicon Gallery, Palo Alto<br />
*2006 'Drawing Show an Act of Art II', Priyasri Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2006 Centre for International Modern Art (CIMA) Gallery, Kolkata<br />
*2006 ‘Shadow Lines’, Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2005 Gallery Threshold, New Delhi<br />
*2005 Contemporary Indian Art, Nehru Center, London<br />
*2005 ‘Visions of Landscape’, Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2004 Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2004 ‘Concept and Form’, Vadehra Art Gallery, New Delhi<br />
*2004 ‘Anticipations’, Fine Arts Resource, Mumbai<br />
*2002 'Words and Images', Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2002 Saffronart and Pundole Gallery, New York<br />
*2001 Saffronart and Pundole Gallery, New York<br />
*2001 'Engendering Images of a Woman', Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*2000 'Rare Collection' Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1999 'Creative Process', Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1998 'Drawings', Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1997 Guild Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1997 ’50 Years of Indian Art’, Mohile Parikh Centre for Visual Arts (MPCVA), Mumbai<br />
*1996 ‘Modern & Contemporary Paintings: One Hundred Years’, London<br />
*1995 Indian Contemporary Paintings, London<br />
*1994 ‘Mirror-Image Series’, Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1993 Sakshi Gallery, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai<br />
*1993 Reflections & Images, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1992 Sanskrit Art Gallery, Kolkata<br />
*1992 Group Show with Laxman Shreshtha & Jogen Chowdhury, Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1991 ‘State of the Art’ First Computer Art Show in Mumbai, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1991 ‘National Exhibition of Contemporary Art’, National Gallery of Modern Art ([[National Gallery of Modern Art|NGMA]]), New Delhi<br />
*1990 Cymroza Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1989 'Timeless Art', Mumbai<br />
*1988 Cymroza Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1987 Festival of India in USS.R, Moscow<br />
*1985 Indian Artists in France<br />
*1985 'Artistes Indiens en France' Foundation Nationale des Arts Graphiques et Plastiques, Paris<br />
*1984 Contemporary Indian Painters, Raj Bhavan, Mumbai. Organized by Pundole Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1982 'Contemporary Indian Art', Festival of India, Royal Academy of Art, London<br />
*1981 Indian Painting Today, Jehangir Art Gallery, Mumbai<br />
*1981 'India: Myth & Reality&nbsp;– Aspects of Modern Indian Art’ Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), Oxford<br />
*1979 ‘Focus’, Gallery Chemould, Mumbai<br />
*1968 Indian Triennale, New Delhi<br />
*1963 Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy<br />
*1963 Gallery '63, New York<br />
*1963 3rd Paris Biennale, Paris<br />
*1961 2nd Paris Biennale, Paris<br />
*1959 Tokyo Biennale, Japan<br />
*1959 São Paulo Biennale, Brazil<br />
*1958 ‘Seven Indian Painters’, Gallery One, London<br />
*1955 Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy<br />
*1953 Venice Biennale, Venice, Italy<br />
*1953 Galerie Raymond Creuse, Paris<br />
*1952 Galerie Saint&nbsp;– Placide, Paris Participations<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==Honours and awards==<br />
*2004 - Lalit Kala Ratna, [[Lalit Kala Akademi]], New Delhi<br />
*1997–98 - [[Kalidas Samman]] by the Madhya Pradesh Government<br />
*1969 - [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref><br />
*1967 - Artist in Residence, Stout State University, Wisconsin<br />
*1965 - J.D. Rockefeller IIIrd Fund, Fellowship<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* ''Akbar Padamsee: Work in Language'', by Bhanumati Padamsee, Annapurna Garimella. Marg Publications, 2010. {{ISBN|81-85026-91-2}}.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Akbar Padamsee}}{{Div col|colwidth=33em}}<br />
*[http://www.saffronart.com/artists/a-padamsee "Akbar Padamsee Profile, Interview and Artworks"]<br />
*[http://akbarpadamsee.net/ Akbar Padamsee, website]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071011071254/http://www.lalitkala.gov.in/golden_jubilee/arties/A2.asp Painting at the Lalit Kala Akademi website]<br />
*[http://www.artnet.com/artist/700331/akbar-padamsee.html Some Padamsee Paintings]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070630111051/http://www.cimaartindia.com/NewCima/Artists/AkbarPadamsee.htm Artist profile, some sketches]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080928195534/http://tevasia.com/emissions/portrait/akbar-padamsee Padamsee on Tevasia] {{in lang|fr}}<br />
* [http://www.pundoleartgallery.in/aboutus/default.asp Pandole Art Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020063421/http://www.pundoleartgallery.in/aboutus/default.asp |date=20 October 2019 }}<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
{{Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi}}<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Padamsee, Akbar}}<br />
[[Category:Indian contemporary painters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male painters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Ismailis]]<br />
[[Category:1928 births]]<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian modern painters]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Lalit Kala Akademi]]<br />
[[Category:Rockefeller Fellows]]<br />
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:Painters from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati people]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetti_Palguna&diff=493911Chetti Palguna2025-03-14T18:56:39Z<p>ConradQ41114: put up some article first draft...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
'''Chetti Palguna''' (born 26 January 1963) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]] ticket from [[Araku Valley|Araku]] Assembly constituency in [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district]]. He defeated Donnu Dora Siyyari, an independent candidate by a margin of 25,441 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Patnaik |first=Santosh |date=2019-05-23 |title=TDP wand fails to do the trick in Visakha Agency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tdp-wand-fails-to-do-the-trick-in-visakha-agency/article27228779.ece |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Araku Valley Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Chetti. Palguna of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/araku-valley-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2153473.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Early life and education ==<br />
Palguna was born in Seekari village, Araku mandal of the erstwhile [[Visakhapatnam district]]. His father is Pakeeru. He completed his post graduation in Political Science from [[Andhra University]], Visakhapatnam. Before joining politics, he was a bank employee.<ref name=":0" /> He is working on setting up an industrial park in his constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-06-07 |title=APIIC urged to set up industrial park in Araku |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/apiic-urged-to-set-up-industrial-park-in-araku/article27589044.ece |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Palguna joined YSR Congress party in 2014 and contested the general election from Araku Parliamentary constituency representing YSRCP but lost the MP seat to [[Kothapalli Geetha]] of [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]. In 2019, he was elected as MLA from the Araku constituency on YSRCP ticket.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-26 |title=Vizag: Tribals turn scenic village into tourism destination |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/tribals-turn-scenic-village-into-tourism-destination/articleshow/79415941.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was denied a ticket to contest the 2024 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sudhir |first=S. N. V. |title=Andhra CM Jagan Mohan Reddy could face bumpy road after dropping MLAs from polls list |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/andhra-pradesh/andhra-cm-jagan-mohan-reddy-could-face-bumpy-road-after-dropping-mlas-from-polls-list-2838354 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-04 |title=Jagan drops 10 more MLAs ahead of upcoming elections |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/jagan-drops-10-more-mlas-ahead-of-upcoming-elections-101704308454238.html |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> But his daughter in law Gumma Thanuja Rani was nominated by YSR Congress party to contest from the Araku Parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=YSRC changes Araku MP candidate for second time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/ysrc-changes-araku-mp-candidate-for-second-time-885511 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=G. Janardhana |date=2024-03-18 |title=Andhra CM Jagan's YSRC withholds Anakapalle candidate, shuffles Araku nominee in strategic election move |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Mar/18/andhra-cm-jagans-ysrc-withholds-anakapalle-candidate-shuffles-araku-nominee-in-strategic-election-move |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Palguna, Chetti}}<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Visakhapatnam district]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]</div>ConradQ41114https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhota_Bheem_and_Ganesh_in_the_Amazing_Odyssey&diff=494031Chhota Bheem and Ganesh in the Amazing Odyssey2024-12-20T01:02:14Z<p>ConradQ41114: Made redirect</p>
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