Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Perfetti Van Melle

2026-05-31T18:38:20Z

ConnorQkw1159: put up a info

{{Short description|Italian–Dutch multinational company of confectionery and chewing gum}}
{{Expand Deutsch|Perfetti Van Melle|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Perfetti Van Melle Group BV
| trade_name =
| logo = Perfetti Van Melle logo.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2001
| logo_size = 250px
| type = Besloten vennootschap
| traded_as = Euronext Amsterdam: PVM BIT: PVM
| company_slogan =
| founded = {{start date and age|2001}} [[Italy]]/[[Netherlands]]
| founder =
| predecessors = Perfetti SpA (1946–2001) [[Perfetti Van Melle#History|Van Melle NV]] (1840–
2001)
| hq_location = {{unbulleted list
| [[Lainate]], Italy
| [[Breda]], Netherlands
}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| num_employees = 17,900<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perfettivanmelle.com/who-we-are/at-a-glance/|title=Perfetti Van Melle | Who we are | At a glance|website=Perfetti Van Melle}}</ref> (2019)
| industry = Confectionery
| market cap =
| products = Confectionery
| revenue = €2.65 billion<ref name="auto"/> (2019)
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| subsidiaries =
| website = {{URL|https://www.perfettivanmelle.com}}
}}

'''Perfetti Van Melle''' is an [[Italy|Italian]]–[[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[multinational company]] of [[confectionery]] and [[chewing gum|gum]]. It was formed in 2001 of the merger of the Italian-based company '''Perfetti SpA''' and the Dutch-based company '''Van Melle NV'''. Perfetti Van Melle is owned by the Italian Perfetti family and the Dutch Van Melle family, and also Perfetti Van Melle is headquartered in [[Lainate]], Italy, and [[Breda]], Netherlands.

Perfetti Van Melle is the sixth-largest confectionery manufacturer in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 13, 2013 |title=Billionaire Perfetti Brothers Add to Italy Candy Fortune |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-02-01/billionaire-perfetti-brothers-add-to-italy-candy-fortune |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> It employs 17,000 people via 30 subsidiary companies and distributes its products in over 159 countries.

==History==
===Van Melle NV (1840–2001)===
{{Infobox company
| name = Van Melle NV
| logo = Van Melle logo.svg
| type = Naamloze vennootschap
| fate = Merged with Perfetti SpA
| traded_as =
| company_slogan =
| successor = Perfetti Van Melle
| founded = {{Start date and age|1840|df=y}}
| founder = Izaak, Michael and Pierre Van Melle
| defunct = {{End date and age|2001|df=y}} (as company)
| hq_location = [[Breskens]], Netherlands
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = Confectionery
| products = Candy
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20010515000000*/vanmelle.com/ www.vanmelle.com] (2001 archive)
}}

'''Van Melle NV''' was a Dutch confectionery company based in [[Breskens, Netherlands]].

==Products==
Some of the brands are:
*[[Airheads (candy)|Airheads]]
*Alpenliebe
*Aprilla
*Big Babol
*Brooklyn
*[[Bubbaloo]]
*[[Bubblicious]]
*Cachou Lajaunie
*Center Fresh
*Center Fruit
*Center Shock
*[[Chiclets]]
*[[Chlormint]]
*Chocoliebe
*[[Chupa Chups]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2006 |title=Perfetti Van Melle agrees to buy Spain's Chupa Chups for undisclosed sum |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/07/03/afx2855088.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312230237/http://www.forbes.com/markets/feeds/afx/2006/07/03/afx2855088.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2008}}</ref>
*Daygum
*[[Dentyne]]
*Filly Folly
*[[Frisk (confectionery)|Frisk]]
*[[Fruit-tella]]
*Golia
*Happydent
*[[Hollywood Chewing Gum|Hollywood]]
*[[Klene]]
*La Vosgienne
*Look-O-Look
*Marbels
*Meller
*[[Mentos]]
*Morositas
*[[Smint]]
*[[Stimorol]]
*StopNot
*Sula
*[[Trident (gum)|Trident]]
*V6
*Vigorsol
*Vivident

[[Image:Mentossugarfree.jpg|thumb|right|Mentos sugar-free manufactured by Perfetti Van Melle]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Perfetti Van Melle}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Perfetti Van Melle| ]]
[[Category:Companies based in North Holland]]
[[Category:Dutch confectionery]]
[[Category:Confectionery companies of Italy]]
[[Category:Multinational food companies]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Italy]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Italian companies established in 2001]]
[[Category:Dutch companies established in 2001]]

{{Confection-stub}}

Lakshmi Nakshathra

2026-05-04T08:37:12Z

ConnorQkw1159: made basic stub with sources

{{short description|Indian television host}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lakshmi Nakshathra
| image =
| caption = Lakshmi Nakshathra in 2021
| birth_name = Lakshmi Unnikrishnan K
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1991|09|02}}
| birth_place = [[Koorkenchery]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| other names = Chinnu
| years_active = 2007 {{endash}} present
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]|Elijah Institute of Management Studies, Thrissur}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Television presenter|TV Host]]|[[Radio Jockey]]}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Rimshad|2017-22|end=div}}
}}

'''Lakshmi Unnikrishnan K''' (born 2 September 1991), better known by her stage name '''Lakshmi Nakshathra''', is an Indian [[television presenter]] and [[Radio personality|radio jockey]] who works in [[Malayalam]] television and stage shows. She is best known for hosting ''Star Magic'' on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]].

==Early life==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
Lakshmi was born in [[Koorkenchery]], [[Thrissur]], to Unnikrishnan and Bindu. She began learning classical music at the age of seven and has won prizes in acting, monoact, and music competitions at the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]]. She completed her schooling from [[St. Paul's Convent English Higher Secondary School, Kuriachira|St.Paul's Convent School, Kuriachira]] and I.E.S Public School, Thrissur. She completed [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[Functional English]] from [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]] and [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]] from ELIMS.

==Career==
She started her career as a [[Radio Jockey]] in [[Red FM (India)|Red FM]] in 2007. Lakshmi started her career as a [[Video Jockey|VJ]] from a cable channel in [[Thrissur]] and later selected to host programmes in [[Jeevan TV]] (2008) School time which was a programme for school children to showcase their talents and Its "Really Tasty" which was a cookery show specialised in south Indian cuisine. Lakshmi also hosted Onam special programme in [[Amrita TV]] which was named as "Campus Onakkalam", "Chit chat" in WE Channel where she interviewed leading actors and actresses of south India, "Dew drops (2009)" in WE channel, which was a popular Malayalam television, Live phone-in-programme which laid a milestone in her career as an anchor.
<ref>{{Cite news|title=Did you know Star Magic's Lakshmi Nakshathra is a good singer too? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/did-you-know-star-magics-lakshmi-nakshathra-is-a-good-singer-too/articleshow/78421411.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=The Times of India|date=October 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nair|first=Radhika|title=2018 made me the 'Chinnu Kutty' of Malayalam TV says Tamar Padaar anchor Lakshmi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/2018-made-me-the-chinnu-kutty-of-malayalam-tv-says-tamar-padaar-anchor-lakshmi/articleshow/67318534.cms|accessdate=29 August 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jayaram|first=Deepika|title=I am glad I am able to maintain the standard of the show: Lakshmi Menon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-am-glad-i-am-able-to-maintain-the-standard-of-the-show-lakshmi-menon/articleshow/63667848.cms|accessdate=29 August 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kochi Times Most Desirable Women on Television 2019 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/kochi-times-most-desirable-women-on-television-2019/articleshow/73611000.cms|access-date=2021-01-17|website=The Times of India|date=26 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=കറുപ്പിൽ സുന്ദരിയായി ലക്ഷ്മി നക്ഷത്ര; ചിത്രങ്ങൾ|url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/television/star-magic-anchor-lakshmi-nakshathra-latest-photos-in-black-salwar-462016/|access-date=2021-02-20|website=Indian Express Malayalam|language=ml}}</ref>{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}

==List of works==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Channel
! Notes
|-
|2008
|''School Time''
|Host
|[[Jeevan TV]]
|
|-
|2009-2012
|''Really Tasty''
|Host
|[[Jeevan TV]]
|Cookery show for [[South Indian cuisine]]
|-
|2009
|''Chit Chat''
|Host
|We Channel
|Celebrity talk show
|-
|2009
|''Dew Drops''
|Anchor
|We Channel
|Live [[phone-in]] program
|-
|2011
|''Campus Onakkalam''
|Host
|[[Amrita TV]]
|[[Onam]]-special program
|-
|2012
|''Tharolsavam''
|Host
|[[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
|2012
|''Patturumal – Music, Dance & Fusion''
|Host
|[[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
|2013
|''Kuttipatturumal''
|Host
|[[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
|2014
|''Mylanchi''
|Host
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Musical reality show
|-
|2016
|''Mylanchy Little Champion''
|Host
|[[Asianet Plus]]
|
|-
|2017
|''Asianet Super Voice''
|Host
|[[Asianet Plus]]
|Musical reality show
|-
|2017–2019
|''Tamaar Padaar''
|Host
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|Game show
|-
|2019–2022
|''Star Magic (Tamaar Padaar 2)''
|Host
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|Game show
|-
|2021-2022
|''Super power''
|Host
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|Game show
|-
|2022–2024
|''Star Comedy Magic (Star Magic 2)''
|Host
|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
|Game show
|-
|2024–present
|''Super Show''
|Host
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Game show
|}

===Stage events===
She has hosted stage shows in [[South India]], [[Abu Dhabi]], and [[Doha]].
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Event
! Role
! Venue
! Notes
|-
|2013
|X-mas Gala 2013
|Anchor
|[[Thiruvalla]]
|[[Kairali TV]]'s Christmas event
|-
|2014
|17th [[Asianet Film Awards]]
|Interviewer
|
|Interviewed [[South Indian]] celebrities
|-
|
|
|Host
|Angamaly Carnival
|Musical stage show with [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
|
|
|Anchor
|Coimbatore Carnival
|
|-
|
|Mega Show
|Anchor
|
|[[Kairali TV]] musical event
|-
|
|[[Vayalar Ramavarma]] Memorial Foundation Society Award Night
|Anchor
|
|
|-
|2016
|Asianet Television Awards
|Host
|
|
|-
|2016
|Red FM Malayalam Music Awards
|Host
|
|
|-
|2017
|Red FM Malayalam Music Awards
|Host
|
|
|-
|2017
|Yuva Awards
|Host
|
|
|-
|2018
|Red FM Malayalam Music Awards
|Host
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Instagram|lakshmi_nakshathra|Lakshmi Nakshathra}}
*{{Facebook|LakshmiOfficialPage|Lakshmi Nakshathra}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakshathra, Lakshmi}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian radio presenters]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Actresses from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Kerala]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]

Murder Mubarak

2026-05-02T09:47:41Z

ConnorQkw1159: made some data more to come

{{Short description|2024 Indian mystery thriller film}}
{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Murder Mubarak
| image = Murder Mubarak poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Homi Adajania]]
| writer = {{ubl | [[Gazal Dhaliwal]] | Tamojit Das |
Suprotim Sengupta}}
| based_on = ''Club You To Death'' by [[Anuja Chauhan]]
| producer = [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]]
* [[Karisma Kapoor]]
* [[Sara Ali Khan]]
* [[Vijay Varma]]
* [[Dimple Kapadia]]
* [[Tisca Chopra]]
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]]
}}
| cinematography = Linesh Desai
| editing = Akshara Prabhakar
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|03|15}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/murder-mubarak-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmdgx |title=''Murder Mubarak'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>
| music = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| studio = [[Maddock Films]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Murder Mubarak''''' ({{translation}} ''Congratulations on Murder'') is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] based on the novel ''Club You To Death'' written by [[Anuja Chauhan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder Mubarak New Posters: Karisma Kapoor, Sara Ali Khan, Vijay Varma In A Twisted Whodunit |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/murder-mubarak-new-posters-karisma-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-vijay-varma-in-a-twisted-whodunit-5150107/ |date=29 February 2024 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Murder Mubarak': Pankaj Tripathi suspects Vijay Varma, Sara Ali Khan of murder |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/murder-mubarak-pankaj-tripathi-vijay-varma-sara-ali-khan-karisma-kapoor-dimple-kapadia-2497738-2024-02-05 |date=5 March 2024 |work=India Today |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> The film is directed by [[Homi Adajania]] and produced by [[Dinesh Vijan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karisma Kapoor on Murder Mubarak being labelled as her comeback film: 'The word should be packed and parcelled away' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/karisma-kapoor-on-murder-mubarak-being-labelled-as-her-comeback-film-the-word-should-be-packed-and-parcelled-away-101678603620477.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=12 March 2023}}</ref> The film features an ensemble cast, including [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Vijay Varma]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Tisca Chopra]], [[Suhail Nayyar]] and [[Tara Alisha Berry]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vijay Varma wraps up the dubbing for 'Murder Mubarak' with a punch of 'mad energy' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vijay-varma-wraps-up-the-dubbing-for-murder-mubarak-with-a-punch-of-mad-energy/articleshow/105241512.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sara Ali Khan, Karisma Kapoor, Vijay Varma, Sanjay Kapoor wrap up Homi Adajania's 'Murder Mubarak' - Pics inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sara-ali-khan-karisma-kapoor-vijay-varma-sanjay-kapoor-wrap-up-homi-adajanias-murder-mubarak-pics-inside/articleshow/99609798.cms |website=The Times of India |date=19 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=Lolo To Make Her Bollywood Comeback With Murder Mubarak; Starring Sara Ali Khan, Pankaj Tripathi, Vijay Varma And Rohit Rajvansh |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/movies/karisma-kapoor-comeback-murder-mubarak-release-date-article-265548 |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on [[Netflix]] on 15 March 2024 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/murder-mubarak-karisma-kapoor-sara-ali-khan-pankaj-tripathi-vijay-varma-team-up-for-netflixs-new-murder-mystery-13689952.html |title='Murder Mubarak': Karisma Kapoor, Sara Ali Khan, Pankaj Tripathi, Vijay Varma team up for Netflix's new murder mystery |work=Firstpost |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>

==Plot==
The Royal Delhi Club is a place made for the upper class citizens of Delhi, who idolize the British rulers of India. The members of club include:

# Yash Batra: A drug addict who has returned from rehab, but still can’t overcome his addiction
# Maharaja Rannvijay Singh: A descendant of a Royal Family who likes to show off his wealth. He is competing for the post of President at club
# Roshni Batra: Yash's mother, who likes to talk nonsense and brag about everything
# The Dogras: A middle-aged couple whose son is in a relationship with a Bengali girl
# Aakash Dogra: The son of Dogras, who has just returned from Kolkata
# Shehnaaz Noorani: An actress, who is also vying for the post of President at the club.
# Bambi Todi: A young widow, Aakash's love interest
# Cookie Katoch: An alcoholic sculptor
# Bhatti: The current president of the club

And the servants and other working staff:

# Leo Matthews: A lecherous gym trainer, who has relationships with all women at the club
# Guppie Ram: A dementia ridden old servant
# Thinsuk: A gym trainer from Arunachal Pradesh
# Theju: A gym trainer from Karnataka
# Minu Dimri: Theju's girlfriend who is also having an affair with Leo
# Ganga: The beauty parlor lady

The film starts with Tambola night, where an introduction to every character is given. The next day gym trainer Leo Matthews dies from a heavy barbell falling on his windpipe and ACP Bhavani Singh is assigned the case with SI Padam Kumar. President Bhatti believes it to be an open and shut case, but Bhavani Singh believes it to be a murder due to party balloons covering the CCTV camera and a pet cat, Prince Harry alias Hariya, showing signs of sickness. Investigation undergoes with the first characters who saw the dead body: Roshni Batra, Cookie Katoch and Bambi Todi, when they visited the gym. They point towards Aakash Dogra, who claimed to be Leo's lawyer during a fight between Rannvijay Singh and Leo on Tambola Night.

On investigation with Aakash, he reveals that he helped Leo during a drug case. The ladies also claimed Shehnaz Noorani, the actress having an affair with Leo and Rannvijay Singh having an affair with Ganga, the beauty parlor lady. During investigation, Rannvijay Singh becomes defensive about Ganga further strengthening Bhavani's doubts about Rannvijay being the murderer.

Leo's forensic reports reveal presence of a drug named Pinko Haathini in his body in absurd amounts, that makes a human unable to lift even lightest items, let alone a barbell. Bambi overhears this. Interrogation with Guppie Ram, Thinsuk, Theju and Minu all lead to nothing.

A love story between Bambi and Aakash re-ignites and it is revealed Yash Batra, a drug addict and Aakash are best friends. Bambi reveals to Aakash, that after the death of her husband, Anshul, she became kleptomaniac again and Leo knew this, so he was blackmailing her. They report this to ACP Bhavani Singh and it leads them to an orphanage: Shepherd's Orphanage where Bambi had made the donations. The orphanage's donation list contains names of multiple people from the club, which renews interest in them.

Roshni, Rannvijay and Shehnaaz discard the allegations of Leo blackmailing them, whereas flashbacks show something else. The orphanage's limp warden Rakesh sings praises for Leo for bringing in so many donations. Bambi reveals the involvement of the drug Pinko in Leo's death and so Bambi and Aakash go to a club to find dealers who are selling the drug. A dealer reveals that Ganga's husband, Ajay Kumar was involved in dealing drugs to members of the Royal Delhi Club. They also catch Yash buying drugs from the same dealer and so decide to break into his home. Bambi finds packets of the drug in his drawer, of which she captures photos.

At Leo's funeral, Shehnaaz reveals that she gave birth to her daughter during Mumbai Riots. Guppie Ram did not attend the funeral. On questioning Guppie Ram on why he did not attend the funeral, he says that Leo had committed many sins and so his time had come, just like the person before. Bhavani asks which person he was mentioning, but Guppie's dementia kicks in and he does not answer.

On the day of Elections for president of club, Cookie gifts her sculpts of Shehnaaz and Rannvijay. There is a fight between Yash and Aakash over some unknown topic. Guppie Ram cannot find his cat, Hariya, and later finds Hariya burnt inside the kitchen oven. Overridden by guilt, Guppie Ram commits suicide using Rannvijay's flare gun. After their fight, Aakash gives the evidence against Yash to Bhavani Singh, but Bhavani Singh finds nothing at Yash's house. He also mentions an absconded Ajay Kumar, which leads to questioning with Ganga, who says that the only person who knew about Ajay Kumar being violent with her was Rannvijay Singh.

On investigating Rannvijay, it is revealed that he is a poor heir of a declining royal descent and cannot even afford to eat meals twice a day, which he packs from Royal Delhi Club. It is also revealed that he is gay and in a relationship with gym trainer Thinsuk, which Leo knew. Rannvijay Singh is also against excavating the kitchen garden site, named after his late wife. On suspicion, where Bhavani Singh knows that Guppie Ram was pouring acid on kitchen garden, he gets the site excavated. It reveals a human skeleton. They assume it to be of Ajay Kumar, Ganga's absconding husband and send it for forensics. Rannvijay Singh is to be arrested.

The revelation of human skeleton kicks things into action, as Bambi finds footage of Aakash returning to her first anniversary party, the day after which Ajay Kumar is absconding. She also finds footage of Rannvijay Singh beating up Ajay with Ganga by Rannvijay's side. She saves the footage on her phone and deletes it. Leo's tablet is procured by warden Rakesh of Shepherd Orphanage and he calls Aakash to the orphanage.

There are shards of blue crystal found in the left eye socket of the skeleton which are revealed to be rare crystals. Bhavani Singh knows that only one person of club uses such rare crystals and that is Cookie Katoch who sculpts. Cookie reveals she gifted two busts of Mother Teresa to Rannvijay Singh and the Dogras respectively. The bust is found intact at Rannvijay's house, whereas the bust at Dogra's house is missing. Bhavani Singh also gets to know that Aakash returned to the first anniversary party on the day Ajay Kumar went missing.

Bhavani Singh starts suspecting Aakash behind the murders. Aakash and Bambi share an intimate moment, but Aakash finds the earrings he gifted to Bambi in possessions of Leo, which drives a rift between them. Bhavani Singh gets to know of the intimate moments that Bambi shared with Leo and asks her to stay away from the case as she is also a suspect. Meanwhile, Yash tries to commit suicide by overdosing himself and drowning in a bathtub and he leaves behind a letter that says that he loved Bambi so much that he could not bear Bambi getting close to Aakash again.

In a shocking turn of events, Ajay Kumar is captured alive and he says that Aakash wanted him behind bars, that was the reason he was absconding. Bhavani Singh gathers everyone at the club and reveals that the skeleton found in Kitchen garden was not of Ajay Kumar, but of Anshul, Bambi's dead husband, who was supposed to be dead in an accident on way to Uttarakhand. He also reveals that the warden of Shepherd Orphanage, Rakesh was Shehnaz's son, whom she gave birth during Mumbai Riots. Bhavani Singh first claims that Yash killed Anshul because he loved Bambi and he could not bear Bambi marrying Anshul. Guppie Ram was Yash's associate. Roshni, Yash's mother becomes defendant of her son saying that he will never commit such a heinous act. Bhavani Singh puts forward another theory that Aakash killed Anshul on the day of Anshul and Bambi's first anniversary. There is missing evidence due to footage being deleted and the bust missing from Dogras, which was the weapon. He also claims Aakash killed Leo because Leo knew about this and was blackmailing Aakash and Bambi. Aakash is defiant of claims but gives in and accepts prison sentence.

Looking at the love of her life getting prison sentence, Bambi makes confessions. She confesses that Anshul was having an affair with Ganga and wanted to divorce Bambi and marry Ganga. Bambi wanted to keep the image of their perfect marriage in front of the club and asked Anshul not to divorce her, but Anshul did not budge. In anger, she used the bust, gifted to her by Aakash's grandmother as a weapon and it killed Anshul. She told Guppie Ram that Anshul had raped Ganga and so Guppie Ram helped Bambi hide his body in the kitchen garden and that was why he was pouring acid on the kitchen garden. One night, Leo made Guppie drunk and Guppie revealed the secret of Bambi. Leo started blackmailing Bambi and so Bambi decided to kill Leo with the drug Pinko. She tried to frame Yash for the murder but Yash cleaned up the planted drugs before police could reach there. She kept Hariya in the oven and sent Guppie on a guilt trip which killed him. She also tried to kill Yash by overdosing him and drowning him in the bathtub, but Yash was saved. Bambi is incarcerated and Aakash walks out free as Bambi's lawyer.

At the end of the movie, Bhavani Singh advises Aakash to stay out of Bambi's case. It is also revealed that Aakash has no girlfriend in Kolkata.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Bhavani Singh
* [[Karisma Kapoor]] as Shehnaz Noorani
* [[Sara Ali Khan]] as Bambi Todi
* [[Vijay Varma]] as Kaashi / Aakash Dogra
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Cookie Katoch
* [[Tisca Chopra]] as Roshni Batra
* [[Sanjay Kapoor]] as Rannvijay Singh
* [[Suhail Nayyar]] as Yash Batra
* [[Tara Alisha Berry]] as Ganga
* [[Aashim Gulati]] as Leo Mathews
* [[Deven Bhojani]] as Devendra Bhatti
* Rohit Rajvansh as Movie Director
* Ashok Chhabra as Shaan Thakur
* Alok Panwar as Ajay Kumar
* [[Brijendra Kala]] as Guppie Ram
* [[Nikhil Khurana]] as Warden Ashok
* Rajat Malhotra as Chef
* Purnendu Bhattacharya as Brigadier Balbir Dogra
* Grusha Kapoor as Mrs. Dogra - Mala
* Trilochan Kalra as Anshul's father
* Beila Gupta as Anshul's mother
* Varun Mitra as Anshul
* Priyank Tiwary as PK, [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Padam Kumar
* Kiara Sadh as Little Girl
* Hardeep Gupta as Bambi's Mother
* Hitesh Sejpal as Bambi's Father
* Hardika Sharma as Young Bambi
* Abeer Jain as Young Kaashi
* Bobby Singh as Minister Gagan Ruia
* Balakrishnan Natarajan as Police Chief Commissioner Samir Faruqui
}}

== Production ==
=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced in February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2023 |title=Sara Ali Khan kick-starts prep for Murder Mubarak with director Homi Adajania! Check it out! |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sara-ali-khan-kick-starts-prep-murder-mubarak-director-homi-adajania-check/ |work=Bollywood Hunagama |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref> and [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Sara Ali Khan wraps Homi Adajania's Murder Mubarak; to resume Ae Watan Mere Watan shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sara-ali-khan-wraps-homi-adajanias-murder-mubarak-resume-ae-watan-mere-watan-shoot/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=2 January 2024}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released on [[Netflix]] on 15 March 2024, while the satellite rights were sold to [[Zee Network]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 March 2024 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/showtime-murder-mubarak-to-merry-christmas-movies-and-web-series-releasing-on-ott-in-march-2024-1283919? |title=Showtime, Murder Mubarak to Merry Christmas: 9 movies and web series releasing on OTT in March 2024 |website=Pink Villa |date=6 March 2024}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Murder Mubarak
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| released = 22 March 2024<ref name="jiosaavn">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Murder Mubarak – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/murder-mubarak/,h2BhhjFkk0_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=22 March 2024}}</ref>
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022
| length = 12:36
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Farrey]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2024
| next_title = [[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|bwXmWbUcAKM|Murder Mubarak - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music is composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]]. The lyrics are written by [[Priya Saraiya]].<ref name="jiosaavn"/>

The first song of the film "Yaad Aave" was released on 8 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 March 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/murder-mubarak-song-yaad-aave-teaser/videoshow/108317998.cms |title=Murder Mubarak — Song - Yaad Aave (Teaser) |website=The Times of India |date=8 March 2024}}</ref> The second song "Bhola Bhala Baby" was released on 12 March 2024.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer (S)
| total_length = 12:36
| title1 = Yaad Aave
| extra1 = Sachin-Jigar, Simran Choudhary, Varun Jain, The Rish
| length1 = 3:40
| title2 = Killer Killer
| extra2 = [[Raghav]], Sachin-Jigar, [[Asees Kaur]]
| length2 = 2:42
| title3 = Bhola Bhala Baby
| extra3 = [[Shilpa Rao]]
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Murder Mubarak - Title Track
| extra4 = [[Yashraj]], [[Prakriti Kakar]], Sachin-Jigar
| length4 = 2:21
}}

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=63|count=16|average=5.4|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=19 March 2024}}

[[NDTV]]'s [[Saibal Chatterjee]] rated the film 3/5, and opined: "The film does not rely on action for effect. And the script ensures that talk isn't dull. The editing keeps pace with the speed at which the investigation unfolds and the directorial flourishes ensure that the film is never less than riveting."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murder Mubarak Review: Watchable All The Way |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/murder-mubarak-review-watchable-all-the-way-3-star-5248519 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=15 March 2024}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of five stars, and wrote: "Despite a slow narrative ''Murder Mubarak'' rests on the performances and unpredictable climax."<ref>{{cite web |title=Murder Mubarak Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/murder-mubarak/critic-review/murder-mubarak-movie-review/murder-mubarak-rests-on-the-performances-and-unpredictable-climax/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 March 2024}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of five stars, and stated: "This is the closest any film has come to re-creating Anuja Chauhan’s universe, very few can do the insider-outsider divide with such acuteness, both sharp and warm."<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2024 |title=Murder Mubarak review: Sara Ali Khan stars in a delightful whodunit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/murder-mubarak-review-sara-ali-khan-stars-in-a-delightful-whodunit-9215799/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 2/5 stars and felt that "Despite director Homi Adajania’s ease around quirky ensembles and macabre touches, ''Murder Mubarak'' fails to draw the viewer into its shallow world of the vain and wealthy".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murder Mubarak Review: Poor Man's Agatha Christie |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/murder-mubarak-review/20240315.htm |date=15 March 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|27028399|Murder Mubarak}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes | murder_mubarak }}

{{Homi Adajania}}

[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Netflix original films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:Maddock Films films]]

Rajkot Municipal Corporation

2026-04-28T13:56:22Z

ConnorQkw1159: small changes

{{Short description|Administrative body of Rajkot, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Rajkot Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic = RMC Emblem.png
| coa_caption = Emblem of the Rajkot Municipal Corporation
| motto =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1973}}
| house_type = Municipal corporation
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = TBA
| party1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy mayor|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = TBA
| party2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = Tushar D. Sumera ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top cops, officials transferred after Gujarat HC flays govt over Rajkot tragedy|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/top-cops-officials-transferred-after-gujarat-hc-flays-govt-over-rajkot-tragedy-101716821744394.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=27 May 2024|access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref>
| seats = 72
| structure1 = India Gujarat Rajkot Municipal Corporation Election 2026.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
'''Government (65)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (65)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/gujarat/gujarat-local-body-election-results-2026-live-vote-counting-updates-municipal-corporation-panchayat-taluka-local-body-poll-results-bjp-congress-aap-1039122|title=Gujarat Local Body Election Results 2026|work=India TV|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref>
'''Opposition (7)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (7)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2026 Gujarat local elections|26 April 2026]]
| next_election1 = February 2031
| website = {{URL|https://www.rmc.gov.in}}
| meeting_place = [[Rajkot]], [[Gujarat]]
| term_length = 5 years
}}

'''Rajkot Municipal Corporation''' (RMC) is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of [[Rajkot]] in [[Gujarat]] state of India. Established on 19 November 1973, this civic administrative body administers an area of 104.86 km2. RMC is headed by the Mayor of Rajkot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RMC Statistics|url=http://www.rmc.gov.in/statictic.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017231412/http://rmc.gov.in/statictic.php|date=17 October 2007|archive-date=17 October 2007|access-date=25 December 2007}}</ref>

The governing structure of RMC consists of political and administrative wings. The political wing is an elected body of councilors headed by a mayor. The [[Municipal commissioner (India)|municipal commissioner]] from the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre heads the administrative wing and is responsible for strategic and operational planning and management of the corporation. The commissioner takes decisions on behalf of the board or the standing committee formed from the elected councilors to perform the duties of the corporation.

== Services ==
The RMC is responsible for administering and providing basic infrastructure to the city.<ref>[http://www.rmc.gov.in/rti.php Departments of Services] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117214633/http://www.rmc.gov.in/rti.php |date=17 January 2008 }}, Retrieved on 25 December 2007</ref>

* City bus service - [[BRTS]] & RMTS
* Water Purification and Supply
* Sewage treatment and Disposal
* [[Garbage disposal]] and Street Cleanliness
* Solid Waste Management
* Disaster Management
* Building and Maintenance of Roads, Streets and Flyovers.
* Street Lighting
* Maintenance of Parks, Gardens and Open Plots (Spaces)
* Cemeteries and Crematoriums
* Registering of Births and Deaths
* Conservation of Heritage Sites
* Disease control, including Immunization
* Maintaining (Public) Municipal managed schools.

=== City Civic Center ===
Rajkot Municipal Corporation has started City Civic Center in different areas of city to get maximum advantage of the technology and give transparency in the day-to-day administration. RMC has five City Civic Centers, operational in different areas of Rajkot Municipal Corporation for benefits of citizens of Rajkot. Now any citizen can access municipal corporation's services within 3 km from his/her residence. All city civic centers are connected with one other by online networking facility. City civic center provides facilities like: Property Tax Assessment and Collection, Water Charges Assessment and Collection, New water connection, Complaint Redressal, Shop and Establishment, Birth's and Death's certificates, Building plans' permissions and various tax collection.<ref>[http://www.rmc.gov.in/egov/ Rajkot City Civic Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017231004/http://rmc.gov.in/egov/ |date=17 October 2007 }}, Retrieved on 26 January 2008</ref>

* Amin Marg City Civic Center
* Krishna Nagar City Civic Center
* East Zone City Civic Center
* Central Office City Civic Center
* West Zone City Civic Center
* Kothariya Road City Civic Center

Administrative purposes the city is divided into 3 zones - Central, East and West. The city is further divided in 18 wards.<ref>"[http://www.rmc.gov.in/ward.php Wards Information] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017231501/http://rmc.gov.in/ward.php |date=17 October 2007 }}", Retrieved on 25 December 2007</ref>

The corporation is headed by a Municipal Commissioner, an IAS officer appointed by the government of Gujarat. He wields the executive power of the house. Each ward is represented by 4 corporators. An election is held to elect corporators to power. The mayor heads the party with the largest number of corporators elected. The mayor is responsible for the day-to-day running of the city services.

== Initiatives ==

=== Environment Safety Initiative ===
* In 2018, RMC banned plastic pouches in Rajkot in order to save the environment.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajkot Municipal Corporation issues ban on plastic pouches in Gujarat from tomorrow|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india-rajkot-municipal-corporation-bans-plastic-pouches-in-gujarat-from-june-5-445487|date=4 June 2018|access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>

=== Rajkot Marathon 2017 ===
Rajkot Municipal Corporation had organized Marathon on 5 February 2017 (Sunday). There were six different routes offered to the runners:
* Full Marathon (42.195 km)
* Half Marathon (21.097 km)
* Dream Run (10.00 km)
* Rangeela Rajkot Run (5.00 km)
* Senior Citizen Run (2.50 km)
* Special Run - For differently-abled people (1.00 km)

[[Cheteshwar Pujara]], Indian Cricketer was the brand ambassador of that marathon. The objective of the marathon was to spread awareness about [[smart city]] under the slogan of '''"Run for Smart Rajkot"''' 
There were '''63595''' runners participated in various offered marathon routes. It became the second largest marathon of the world and the largest marathon of Asia with such huge participation.

== Reception ==

=== Awards and recognition ===
* In 2015, Quality Council of India, New Delhi felicitated Rajkot Municipal Corporation with Effective Management of Malnutrition in Slum Children Award
* In 2015, Nation Accreditation Board For Hospitals & Healthcare Providers (Constituent Board of Quality Council of India.) felicitated Rajkot Municipal Corporation with Nabh Accreditation Award (Nabh Accreditation To Nana Mawa Health Center 1st Urban Health Center of India To Get Such Accreditation.)
* In 2015, Government Of Gujarat felicitated Rajkot Municipal Corporation with '[[Kayakalp Award]]' For Best Practice In Healthcare Felicitated By Hon. Chief Minister Shri Anandiben Patel
* In 2016, Quality Council of India, New Delhi felicitated Rajkot Municipal Corporation with National Award For Implementation of Food Safety Act-2016

=== Guinness World Records ===
* In 2017, Rajkot Municipal Corporation has become the Guinness World Record holder for "Largest House Cleaning Lesson" in which there were 1890 people from the various areas of Rajkot participated in performed the same as demonstrated by the trainer. This lesson lasted for more than 50 minutes. The participants were taught and trained about cleaning kitchen, bedroom, bathroom, living room and floor along with tips for segregation of waste at source. Further, every participant was gifted the kit containing two dustbins, a mop, a broom and a duster. This record attempt was made on 28 May 2017 at Rajkot. [http://guinnessworldrecords.com/account/applications/693053 Official Link of Guinness World Records page.]

== See also ==
Other municipal corporation in [[gujarat]]

*[[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|AMC]]
*[[Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation|BMC]]
*[[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation|GMC]]
*[[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation|JMC]]
*[[Junagadh Municipal Corporation|JMC]]
*[[Surat Municipal Corporation|SMC]]
*[[Vadodara Municipal Corporation|VMC]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.rmc.gov.in Official website]

{{Rajkot topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajkot]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Gujarat]]

Port Blair Municipal Council

2026-04-27T17:45:45Z

ConnorQkw1159: Adding a info...

{{Short description|Governing body in Port Blair, India}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Port Blair Municipal Council
| native_name = Sri Vijaya Puram Municipal Council
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic = Sri Vijaya Puram Municipal Council Emblem.png
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal council]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2 October 1957}}
| leader1_type = Chairperson
| leader1 = S. Shahul Hameed
| party1 = [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
| election1 = 25 April 2025<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sanjib |date=25 April 2024 |title=Sudeep Rai Sharma elected as Chairperson of PBMC for the Third Year Term |url=https://www.andamansheekha.com/127207/ |work=Andaman Sheekha |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>
| leader2_type = Senior Vice Chairperson
| leader2 = D. Radhika
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 25 April 2025
| leader3_type = Junior Vice Chairperson
| leader3 = Rajesh Ram
| party3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 25 April 2025
| leader4_type = Secretary
| leader4 = Smitha R, IAS
| seats = '''24'''
| structure1 = India Port Blair, A&N Islands Municipal Council Election 2022.svg
| structure1_res = 275px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (14)''' 
*{{color box|#FF9933}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (14)
**{{color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (11)
**{{color box|#FFED00}} [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] (2)
**{{color box|#B2B2B2}} [[Independent (politician)|IND]] (1)
'''Opposition (11)''' 
*{{color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (11)
**{{color box|#00BFFF}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (10)
**{{color box|#FF0D0D}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (1)
| last_election1 = 2022
| next_election1 = 2027
| session_room =
| meeting_place = Indira Bhavan
| website = {{URL|https://pbmc.gov.in/}}
| motto =
}}

'''Port Blair Municipal Council''', officially '''Sri Vijaya Puram Municipal Council''', is the civic body that governs the city of [[Port Blair]], the capital of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. The council came into existence on 2 October 1957 as per the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Municipal Board's) Regulation enacted on 11 March 1957. It covers an area of {{cvt|44.22|km2}} and had a population of 140,572 as per the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]].<ref name="pbmc">{{cite web|title=Port Blair City|url=https://testpbmc.andaman.gov.in/about|access-date=23 November 2020|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617030734/http://testpbmc.andaman.gov.in/about|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Council ==
[[File:Seal of the Port Blair Municipal Council.svg|thumb|150px|Former logo of the Port Blair Municipal Council]]
Port Blair Municipal Council comprises 24 wards after the expansion of the municipal limits in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Port Blair City Limit to be Expanded |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2011/oct/14/port-blair-city-limit-to-be-expanded-300361.html |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=16 May 2012 }}</ref> The councilors are directly elected for a term of five years, and the council is led by a chairperson.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2015 |title=Port Blair city all set for expansion; PBMC to have 24 wards |url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/29724/ |access-date=17 March 2023 |work=Andaman Sheeka}}</ref> The recent elections for the council were held in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Panchayat, Municipal Polls In Andaman and Nicobar Islands On Sunday |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/panchayat-municipal-polls-in-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-on-sunday-2805859 |access-date=10 November 2022|date=10 November 2022 |work=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Panchayat and Municipal Elections-2022 BJP & Congress win 10 seats each, TDP bags 2, DMK & Independent Candidate won 1 seat each in Municipal Election |work=The Daily Telegram |url=https://dt.andaman.gov.in/DetailNews.aspx?newsid=kZb11nImcP2KNB3BIchPEXK5WDQxexcYPtDCsryK8u0= |access-date=10 November 2022 |date=10 November 2022}}</ref>

=== Electoral history ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
! [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2015
|11
|6
|2
|1
|1
|3
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Results of Panchayat & Municipal Elections 2015 Declared |url=https://www.andamanchronicle.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7415:results-of-panchayat-municipal-elections-2015-declared&catid=37&Itemid=142 |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=Andaman Chronicle}}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2022
|10
|10
|2
|1
|0
|1
|<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=BJP councillor elected new chairperson of Port Blair Municipal Council |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-councillor-elected-new-chairperson-of-port-blair-municipal-council/877387/ |access-date=17 December 2022 |work=[[The Print]] }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Members ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Ward
! Councillor
! colspan="2" | Party
! Notes
|-
| 1 || S. Shahul Hameed || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
| Chairman<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Vijaya Puram Municipal Council|url=https://pbmc.gov.in/#gsc.tab=0 |work=Port Blair Municipal Council |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || R. Someshwara Rao || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 3 || Ramzan Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 4 || Abdul Islam
|
|-
| 5 || S. Selvi || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|
|-
| 6 || Azizur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
| 7 || Amar Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
| 8 || Lakshmi Ganeshan
|
|-
| 9 || V. Ravi Chandran || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|
|-
| 10 || T. Mangayarkarasi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 11 || Sanjeev Reddy
|
|-
| 12 || Vasantha
|
|-
| 13 || Sudeep Rai Sharma
|
|-
| 14 || Y. Joga Rao
|
|-
| 15 || B. Padmanabham || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|
|-
| 16 || C. Karunanidhi
|
|-
| 17 || Dharmendra Narayan
|
|-
| 18 || Rajesh Pal Govind
|
|-
| 19 || V. Vetrivelu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
| 20 || Pandi Selvi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|
|-
| 21 || A. Selva Rani
|
|-
| 22 || Rajesh Ram
|
|-
| 23 || D. Radhika
| Elected as Independent, joined BJP in May 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nicobartimes.com/local-news/independent-councillor-radhika-dheeraj-joins-bjp-boosts-party-strength-in-svpmc/|title=Independent Councillor Radhika Dheeraj Joins BJP, Boosts Party Strength in SVPMC|work=Nicobar Times|accessdate=7 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 24 || U. Kavitha
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]

List of birds of Delhi

2026-04-24T12:29:35Z

ConnorQkw1159: made new info needs work

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}

The union territory of [[Delhi]], [[India]], has 472 bird species within its boundaries.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vyas |first=Sudhir |title=The birds of the Delhi area |date=2023 |publisher=Juggernaut Books |isbn=978-93-5345-164-6 |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Making sure you're not a bot! |url=https://ebird.org/region/IN-DL/bird-list |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=ebird.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi bird checklist - Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INnwdl |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org}}</ref>

The official state bird of Delhi is the [[house sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-08-15 |title=House sparrow declared “State Bird of Delhi” |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/house-sparrow-declared-state-bird-of-delhi/article3775082.ece |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

This list's [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of the IOC World Bird List, version 11.2. This list also uses British English throughout. Any bird names or other wording follows that convention.

The following tag has been used to highlight accidental species:

* (V) [[Vagrancy (biology)|Vagrant]] - Also known as a rarity, it refers to a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Delhi: typically less than ten confirmed records.

==Ducks, geese, and swans==
[[File:Bar-headed Goose - St James's Park, London - Nov 2006.jpg|thumbnail|Bar-headed goose]]
[[File:Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata) RWD2.jpg|thumbnail|[[Northern shoveller]]]]
Order: [[Anseriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anatidae]]

Anatidae includes the [[duck]]s and most duck-like waterfowl, such as [[Goose|geese]] and [[swan]]s. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Lesser whistling duck]], ''Dendrocygna javanica''
*[[Bar-headed goose]], ''Anser indicus''
*[[Greylag goose]], ''Anser anser''
*[[Greater white-fronted goose]], ''Anser albifrons''
*[[Lesser white-fronted goose]], ''Anser erythropus'' (V)
*[[Knob-billed duck]], ''Sarkidiornis melanotos''
*[[Ruddy shelduck]], ''Tadorna ferruginea''
*[[Common shelduck]],''Tadorna tadorna''
*[[Cotton pygmy goose]], ''Nettapus coromandelianus''
*[[Baikal teal]], ''Sibirionetta formosa'' (V)
*[[Garganey]], ''Spatula querquedula''
*[[Northern shoveler]], ''Spatula clypeata''
*[[Gadwall]], ''Mareca strepera''
*[[Falcated duck]], ''Mareca falcata''
*[[Eurasian wigeon]], ''Mareca penelope''
*[[Indian spot-billed duck]], ''Anas poecilorhyncha''
*[[Mallard]], ''Anas platyrhynchos''
*[[Northern pintail]], ''Anas acuta''
*[[Eurasian teal]], ''Anas crecca''
*[[Marbled duck]], ''Marmaronetta angustirostris''
*[[Red-crested pochard]], ''Netta rufina''
*[[Common pochard]], ''Aythya ferina''
*[[Ferruginous duck]], ''Aythya nyroca''
*[[Baer's pochard]], ''Aythya baeri'' (V)
*[[Tufted duck]], ''Aythya fuligula''
*[[Greater scaup]], ''Aythya marila''
*[[Smew]], ''Mergellus albellus'' (V)
*[[Red-breasted merganser]], ''Mergus serrator'' (V)
{{colend}}

==Pheasants and allies==
[[File:Grey francolin.jpg|thumbnail|Grey francolin]]

Order: [[Galliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phasianidae]]

The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of [[quail]]s, [[partridge]]s, [[snowcock]]s, [[francolin]]s, [[Galloperdix|spurfowl]]s, [[tragopan]]s, [[monal]]s, [[pheasant]]s, [[peafowl]]s and [[jungle fowl]]s. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings.

*[[Black francolin]], ''Francolinus francolinus''
*[[Grey francolin]], ''Francolinus pondicerianus''
*[[Common quail]], ''Coturnix coturnix''
*[[Rain quail]], ''Coturnix coromandelica''
*[[Jungle bush quail]], ''Perdicula asiatica''
*[[Rock bush quail]], ''Perdicula argoondah''
*[[Indian peafowl]], ''Pavo cristatus''

==Nightjars==
[[File:Common Indian Nightjar joby.JPG|thumbnail|[[Indian nightjar]]]]
Order: [[Caprimulgiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Caprimulgidae]]

[[Nightjar]]s are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves.

*[[Jungle nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus indicus''
*[[Sykes's nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus mahrattensis''
*[[Large-tailed nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus macrurus''
*[[Indian nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus asiaticus''
*[[Savanna nightjar]], ''Caprimulgus affinis''

==Treeswifts==
[[File:Crested Treeswift (Hemiprocne coronata) in Kawal WS, AP W IMG 2134.jpg|thumbnail|[[Crested treeswift]]]]
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hemiprocnidae]]

The treeswifts, also called crested swifts, are closely related to the [[Swift (bird)|true swifts]]. They differ from the other swifts in that they have crests, long forked tails and softer plumage.

*[[Crested treeswift]], ''Hemiprocne coronata''

==Swifts==
Order: [[Apodiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Apodidae]]

[[Swift (bird)|Swift]]s are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.

*[[Asian palm swift]], ''Cypsiurus balasiensis''
*[[Alpine swift]], ''Tachymarptis melba''
*[[Blyth's swift]], ''Apus leuconyx''
*[[Little swift]], ''Apus affinis''

==Bustards==
Order: [[Otidiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Otididae]]

Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays.

*[[Lesser florican]], ''Sypheotides indicus''

==Cuckoos==
[[File:Pied Cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) in AP W IMG 3978.jpg|thumbnail|[[Jacobin cuckoo]]]]
[[File:Greater Coucal I IMG 7775.jpg|thumbnail|[[Greater coucal]]]]
Order: [[Cuculiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cuculidae]]

The family Cuculidae includes [[cuckoo]]s, [[Geococcyx|roadrunner]]s and [[Ani (bird)|anis]]. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. Many are [[brood parasite]]s.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Greater coucal]], ''Centropus sinensis''
*[[Sirkeer malkoha]], ''Taccocua leschenaultii''
*[[Jacobin cuckoo]], ''Clamator jacobinus''
*[[Asian koel]], ''Eudynamys scolopaceus''
*[[Grey-bellied cuckoo]], ''Cacomantis passerinus''
*[[Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo]], ''Surniculus dicruroides'' (V)
*[[Common hawk-cuckoo]], ''Hierococcyx varius''
*[[Indian cuckoo]], ''Cuculus micropterus''
*[[Common cuckoo]], ''Cuculus canorus''
{{colend}}

==Sandgrouse==
Order: [[Pterocliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pteroclidae]]

Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.

*[[Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles exustus''
*[[Painted sandgrouse]], ''Pterocles indicus''

==Pigeons and doves==
[[File:Stigmatopelia senegalensis -Gaborone Game Reserve, Botswana-8.jpg|thumbnail|[[Laughing dove]]]]
[[File:Pterocles indicus 1921.jpg|thumbnail|[[Painted sandgrouse]]]]
Order: [[Columbiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Columbidae]]

[[Pigeon]]s and [[dove]]s are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy [[cere]].

*[[Rock dove]], ''Columba livia''
*[[Oriental turtle dove]], ''Streptopelia orientalis''
*[[Eurasian collared dove]], ''Streptopelia decaocto''
*[[Red collared dove]], ''Streptopelia tranquebarica''
*[[Spotted dove]], ''Spilopelia chinensis''
*[[Laughing dove]], ''Spilopelia senegalensis''
*[[Ashy-headed green pigeon]], ''Treron phayrei'' (V)
*[[Yellow-footed green pigeon]], ''Treron phoenicopterus''

==Rails, crakes, and coots==
[[File:White breasted Waterhen I4-Bhopal IMG 0515.jpg|thumbnail|[[White-breasted waterhen]]]]
Order: [[Gruiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rallidae]]

Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the [[Rail (bird)|rails]], [[crake]]s, [[coot]]s and [[Rallidae|gallinule]]s. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.

*[[Water rail]], ''Rallus aquaticus''
*[[Spotted crake]], ''Porzana porzana''
*[[Common moorhen]], ''Gallinula chloropus''
*[[Eurasian coot]], ''Fulica atra''
*[[Grey-headed swamphen]], ''Porphyrio poliocephalus''
*[[Ruddy-breasted crake]], ''Zapornia fusca''
*[[Brown crake]], ''Zapornia akool''
*[[Baillon's crake]], ''Zapornia pusilla''
*[[Watercock]], ''Gallicrex cinerea''
*[[White-breasted waterhen]], ''Amaurornis phoenicurus''

==Cranes==
[[File:Anthropoides virgo -Cape May Zoo, New Jersey, USA -head-8a (2).jpg|thumbnail|Demoiselle crane]]
Order: [[Gruiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Gruidae]]

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".

*[[Demoiselle crane]], ''Grus virgo''
*[[Common crane]], ''Grus grus''
*[[Sarus crane]], ''Antigone antigone''

==Grebes==
[[File:Tachybaptus ruficollis - Bueng Boraphet.jpg|thumbnail|[[Little grebe]]]]
Order: [[Podicipediformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Podicipedidae]]

[[Grebe]]s are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land.

*[[Little grebe]], ''Tachybaptus ruficollis''
*[[Horned grebe]], ''Podiceps auritus'' (V)
*[[Great crested grebe]], ''Podiceps cristatus''
*[[Black-necked grebe]],''Podiceps nigricollis''

==Flamingos==
[[File:Greater flamingo.jpg|thumbnail|Greater flamingo]]
Order: [[Phoenicopteriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phoenicopteridae]]

[[Flamingo]]s are gregarious wading birds, usually {{convert|1|to|1.5|m|ft|0}} tall, found in both the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.

*[[Greater flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus roseus''
*[[Lesser flamingo]], ''Phoenicopterus minor''(V)

==Buttonquail==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turnicidae]]

The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young.

*[[Common buttonquail]], ''Turnix sylvaticus''
*[[Yellow-legged buttonquail]], ''Turnix tanki''
*[[Barred buttonquail]], ''Turnix suscitator''

==Stone-curlews and thick-knees==
[[File:Thimindu 2009 09 27 Yala Great Stone Curlew 2.JPG|thumbnail|[[Great stone-curlew]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Burhinidae]]

The stone-curlews are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats.

*[[Indian stone-curlew]], ''Burhinus indicus''
*[[Great stone-curlew]], ''Esacus recurvirostris''

==Stilts and avocets==
[[File:Himantopus himantopus - Pak Thale.jpg|thumbnail|[[Black-winged stilt]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Recurvirostridae]]

Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the [[avocet]]s and [[stilt]]s. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills.

*[[Black-winged stilt]], ''Himantopus himantopus''
*[[Pied avocet]], ''Recurvirostra avosetta''

==Plovers==
[[File:Red wattled lapwing.jpg|thumbnail|[[Red-wattled lapwing]]]]
[[File:Yellow-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus malabaricus). Jamnagar, Gujarat. .DPP 0066.jpg|thumbnail|[[Yellow-wattled lapwing]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Charadriidae]]

The family Charadriidae includes the [[plover]]s, [[dotterel]]s and [[lapwing]]s. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.

*[[River lapwing]], ''Vanellus duvaucelii''
*[[Yellow-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus malabaricus''
*[[Grey-headed lapwing]], ''Vanellus cinereus''
*[[Northern lapwing]], ''Vanellus vanellus''
*[[Red-wattled lapwing]], ''Vanellus indicus''
*[[Sociable lapwing]], ''Vanellus gregarius''
*[[White-tailed lapwing]], ''Vanellus leucurus''
*[[Pacific golden plover]], ''Pluvialis fulva''
*[[Grey plover]], ''Pluvialis squatarola''
*[[Caspian plover]], ''Charadrius asiaticus'' (V)
*[[Common ringed plover]], ''Charadrius hiaticula''(V)
*[[Little ringed plover]], ''Charadrius dubius''
*[[Kentish plover]], ''Charadrius alexandrinus''
*[[Lesser sand plover]], ''Charadrius mongolus''
*[[Greater sand plover]], ''Charadrius leschenaultii'' (V)

==Painted-snipes==
[[File:Rostratula benghalensis - Ram Dayal Vaishnav - 441621502.jpeg|thumb|[[Greater painted-snipe]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rostratulidae]]

Painted-snipes are short-legged, long-billed birds similar in shape to the true snipes, but more brightly coloured.

*[[Greater painted-snipe]], ''Rostratula benghalensis''

==Jacanas==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Jacanidae]]

The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat.

*[[Pheasant-tailed jacana]], ''Hydrophasianus chirurgus''
*[[Bronze-winged jacana]], ''Metopidius indicus''

==Sandpipers and snipes==
[[File:Actitis hypoleucos - Laem Pak Bia.jpg|thumbnail|Common sandpiper]]
[[File:Gallinago gallinago a1.JPG|thumbnail|[[Common snipe]]]]
[[File:Ruff female RWD.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Scolopacidae]]

Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the [[sandpiper]]s, [[curlew]]s, [[godwit]]s, [[Tringa|shanks]], [[tattler (bird)|tattler]]s, [[woodcock]]s, [[snipe]]s, [[dowitcher]]s and [[phalarope]]s. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Eurasian whimbrel]], ''Numenius phaeopus''
*[[Eurasian curlew]], ''Numenius arquata''
*[[Bar-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa lapponica'' (V)
*[[Black-tailed godwit]], ''Limosa limosa''
*[[Ruddy turnstone]], ''Arenaria interpres'' (V)
*[[Ruff (bird)|Ruff]], ''Calidris pugnax''
*[[Curlew sandpiper]], ''Calidris ferruginea''
*[[Broad-billed sandpiper]], ''Calidris falcinellus''(V)
*[[Sharp-tailed sandpiper]], ''Calidris acuminata'' (V)
*[[Temminck's stint]], ''Calidris temminckii''
*[[Dunlin]], ''Calidris alpina''
*[[Little stint]], ''Calidris minuta''
*[[Asian dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus semipalmatus'' (V)
*[[Long-billed dowitcher]], ''Limnodromus scolopaceus''(V)
*[[Jack snipe]], ''Lymnocryptes minimus''
*[[Pin-tailed snipe]], ''Gallinago stenura''
*[[Common snipe]], ''Gallinago gallinago''
*[[Terek sandpiper]], ''Xenus cinereus'' (V)
*[[Red-necked phalarope]], ''Phalaropus lobatus'' (V)
*[[Common sandpiper]], ''Actitis hypoleucos''
*[[Green sandpiper]], ''Tringa ochropus''
*[[Common redshank]], ''Tringa totanus''
*[[Marsh sandpiper]], ''Tringa stagnatilis''
*[[Wood sandpiper]], ''Tringa glareola''
*[[Spotted redshank]], ''Tringa erythropus''
*[[Common greenshank]], ''Tringa nebularia''
{{colend}}

==Coursers and pratincoles==
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Glareolidae]]

Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the [[pratincole]]s, which have short legs, long, pointed wings and long, forked tails, and the [[courser]]s, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards.

*[[Indian courser]], ''Cursorius coromandelicus''
*[[Cream-coloured courser]], ''Cursorius cursor'' (V)
*[[Oriental pratincole]], ''Glareola maldivarum''
*[[Small pratincole]], ''Glareola lactea''

==Gulls, terns, and skimmers==
[[File:Brown-headed Gull. in breeding plumage.jpg|thumbnail|[[Brown-headed gull]]]]
[[File:River tern.jpg|thumbnail|[[River tern (bird)|River tern]]]]
[[File:Sternula albifrons 2 - Little Swanport.jpg|thumbnail| [[Little tern]]]]
Order: [[Charadriiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laridae]]

Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the [[gull]]s, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. [[Tern]]s are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Indian skimmer]], ''Rynchops albicollis''
*[[Slender-billed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus genei'' (V)
*[[Brown-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus''
*[[Black-headed gull]], ''Chroicocephalus ridibundus''
*[[Little gull]], ''Hydrocoloeus minutus'' (V)
*[[Pallas's gull]], ''Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus''
*[[Common gull]], ''Larus canus'' (V)
*[[Caspian gull]], ''Larus cachinnans''
*[[Lesser black-backed gull]], ''Larus fuscus''
*[[Gull-billed tern]], ''Gelochelidon nilotica''
*[[Caspian tern]], ''Hydroprogne caspia'' (V)
*[[Little tern]], ''Sternula albifrons''
*[[Black tern]], ''Chlidonias niger'' (V)
*[[River tern (bird)|River tern]], ''Sterna aurantia''
*[[Common tern]], ''Sterna hirundo'' (V)
*[[Black-bellied tern]], ''Sterna acuticauda''
*[[Whiskered tern]], ''Chlidonias hybrida''
*[[White-winged tern]], ''Chlidonias leucopterus''
{{colend}}

==Storks==
[[File:Mycteria leucocephala - Pak Thale.jpg|thumbnail|Painted stork]]
Order: [[Ciconiiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ciconiidae]]

Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory.

*[[Painted stork]], ''Mycteria leucocephala''
*[[Asian openbill]], ''Anastomus oscitans''
*[[Black stork]], ''Ciconia nigra''
*[[Woolly-necked stork]], ''Ciconia episcopus''
*[[White stork]], ''Ciconia ciconia''
*[[Black-necked stork]], ''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus''
*[[Greater adjutant]], ''Leptoptilos dubius''

==Anhingas and darters==
[[File:Oriental darter (Anhinga melanogaster) 21-Mar-2007 6-10-09 AM.JPG|thumbnail|[[Oriental darter]]]]
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Anhingidae]]

Anhingas and darters are often called "snake-birds" because of their long thin neck, which gives a snake-like appearance when they swim with their bodies submerged. The males have black and dark-brown plumage, an erectile crest on the nape and a larger bill than the female. The females have much paler plumage especially on the neck and underparts. The darters have completely webbed feet and their legs are short and set far back on the body. Their plumage is somewhat permeable, like that of cormorants, and they spread their wings to dry after diving.

*[[Oriental darter]], ''Anhinga melanogaster''

==Cormorants and shags==
[[File:Little Cormorant-Drying its wings I IMG 8090.jpg|thumbnail|[[Little cormorant]]]]
Order: [[Suliformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phalacrocoracidae]]

Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful.

*[[Little cormorant]], ''Microcarbo niger''
*[[Indian cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax fuscicollis''
*[[Great cormorant]], ''Phalacrocorax carbo''

==Ibises and spoonbills==
[[File:Black headed ibis.jpg|thumbnail|[[Black-headed ibis]]]]
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Threskiornithidae]]

Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the [[ibis]]es and [[spoonbill]]s. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers.

*[[Black-headed ibis]], ''Threskiornis melanocephalus''
*[[Red-naped ibis]], ''Pseudibis papillosa''
*[[Glossy ibis]], ''Plegadis falcinellus''
*[[Eurasian spoonbill]], ''Platalea leucorodia''

==Herons and bitterns==
[[File:Bihoreau Gris.jpg|thumbnail|[[Black-crowned night heron]]]]
[[File:Indian Pond Heron I2 IMG 1142.jpg|thumbnail|[[Indian pond heron]]]]
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ardeidae]]

The family Ardeidae contains the [[bittern]]s, [[heron]]s and [[egret]]s. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter-necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Eurasian bittern]], ''Botaurus stellaris''
*[[Little bittern]], ''Ixobrychus minutus''
*[[Yellow bittern]], ''Ixobrychus sinensis''
*[[Cinnamon bittern]], ''Ixobrychus cinnamomeus''
*[[Black bittern]], ''Ixobrychus flavicollis''
*[[Black-crowned night heron]], ''Nycticorax nycticorax''
*[[Striated heron]], ''Butorides striata''
*[[Indian pond heron]], ''Ardeola grayii''
*[[Eastern cattle egret]], ''Bubulcus coromandus''
*[[Grey heron]], ''Ardea cinerea''
*[[Purple heron]], ''Ardea purpurea''
*[[Great egret]], ''Ardea alba''
*[[Intermediate egret]], ''Ardea intermedia''
*[[Little egret]], ''Egretta garzetta''
*[[Western reef heron]], ''Egretta gularis'' (V)
{{colend}}

==Pelicans==
Order: [[Pelecaniformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pelecanidae]]

[[Pelican]]s are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes.

*[[Great white pelican]], ''Pelecanus onocrotalus''
*[[Dalmatian pelican]], ''Pelecanus crispus''

==Osprey==
[[File:2010-kabini-osprey.jpg|thumbnail|Western osprey]]
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pandionidae]]

The family Pandionidae contains usually only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large [[bird of prey|raptor]] which is a specialist fish-eater.

*[[Osprey]], ''Pandion haliaetus''

==Kites, hawks, and eagles==
[[File:Black-shouldered Kite (Elanus caeruleus) in Hyderabad W IMG 4418.jpg|thumbnail|Black-winged kite]]
[[File:Brahminy kite.jpg|thumbnail|Brahminy kite]]
[[File:Blac Kite I4- Kolkata IMG 1159.jpg|thumbnail|Black kite]]
Order: [[Accipitriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Accipitridae]]

Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s, [[Kite (bird)|kites]], [[Harrier (bird)|harriers]] and [[Old World vulture]]s. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Black-winged kite]], ''Elanus caeruleus''
*[[Egyptian vulture]], ''Neophron percnopterus''
*[[Crested honey buzzard]], ''Pernis ptilorhynchus''
*[[White-rumped vulture]], ''Gyps bengalensis''
*[[Indian vulture]], ''Gyps indicus''
*[[Himalayan griffon]], ''Gyps himalayensis''
*[[Griffon vulture]], ''Gyps fulvus''
*[[Red-headed vulture]], ''Sarcogyps calvus''
*[[Crested serpent eagle]], ''Spilornis cheela''
*[[Short-toed snake eagle]], ''Circaetus gallicus''
*[[Black eagle]], ''Ictinaetus malayensis''
*[[Indian spotted eagle]], ''Clanga hastata''
*[[Greater spotted eagle]], ''Clanga clanga''
*[[Booted eagle]], ''Hieraaetus pennatus''
*[[Tawny eagle]], ''Aquila rapax''
*[[Steppe eagle]], ''Aquila nipalensis''
*[[Eastern imperial eagle]], ''Aquila heliaca''
*[[Bonelli's eagle]], ''Aquila fasciata''
*[[Shikra]], ''Tachyspiza badia''
*[[Besra]], ''Tachyspiza virgata''
*[[Eurasian sparrowhawk]], ''Accipiter nisus''
*[[Eurasian goshawk]], ''Astur gentilis'' (V)
*[[Western marsh harrier]], ''Circus aeruginosus''
*[[Hen harrier]], ''Circus cyaneus''
*[[Pallid harrier]], ''Circus macrourus''
*[[Pied harrier]], ''Circus melanoleucos'' (V)
*[[Montagu's harrier]], ''Circus pygargus''
*[[Black kite]], ''Milvus migrans''
*[[Brahminy kite]], ''Haliastur indus''
*[[Grey-headed fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus ichthyaetus''
*[[White-tailed eagle]], ''Haliaeetus albicilla''
*[[Pallas's fish eagle]], ''Haliaeetus leucoryphus''
*[[Lesser fish eagle]], ''Icthyophaga humilis''
*[[White-eyed buzzard]], ''Butastur teesa''
*[[Long-legged buzzard]], ''Buteo rufinus''
*[[Common buzzard]], ''Buteo buteo''
{{colend}}

==Barn owls==
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tytonidae]]

[[Barn-owl|Barn owl]]s are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons.

*[[Eastern barn owl]], ''Tyto javanica''

==Owls==
[[File:Spotted Owlet (Athene brama) at Kolkata I IMG 2200.jpg|thumbnail|[[Spotted owlet]]]]
[[File:Puchacz indyjski.jpg|thumbnail|[[Indian eagle-owl]]]]
Order: [[Strigiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Strigidae]]

The [[typical owl]]s are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk.

*[[Indian scops owl]], ''Otus bakkamoena''
*[[Pallid scops owl]], ''Otus brucei''
*[[Oriental scops owl]], ''Otus sunia''
*[[Indian eagle-owl]], ''Bubo bengalensis''
*[[Dusky eagle-owl]], ''Ketupa coromandra''
*[[Brown fish owl]], ''Ketupa zeylonensis''
*[[Spotted owlet]], ''Athene brama''
*[[Brown boobook]], ''Ninox scutulata''
*[[Short-eared owl]], ''Asio flammeus''
*[[Long-eared owl]], ''Asio otus'' (V)

==Hoopoes==
[[File:Common Hoopoe (Upapa epops) at Hodal I IMG 9225.jpg|thumbnail|[[Eurasian hoopoe]]]]
Order: [[Bucerotiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Upupidae]]

Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head.

*[[Eurasian hoopoe]], ''Upupa epops''

==Hornbills==
[[File:Indian Grey Hornbill I2 IMG 9029.jpg|thumbnail|[[Indian grey hornbill]]]]
Order: [[Bucerotiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Bucerotidae]]

Hornbills are a group of birds whose bill is shaped like a cow's horn, but without a twist, sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible. Frequently, the bill is brightly coloured.

*[[Oriental pied hornbill]], ''Anthracoceros albirostris''
*[[Indian grey hornbill]], ''Ocyceros birostris''

==Rollers==
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Coraciidae]]

Rollers resemble [[crow]]s in size and build, but are more closely related to the [[kingfisher]]s and [[bee-eater]]s. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not.

*[[Indian roller]], ''Coracias benghalensis''
*[[European roller]], ''Coracias garrulus''

==Kingfishers==
[[File:Ceryle rudis -Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, Karnataka, India -pair-8-2c.jpg|thumbnail|[[Pied kingfisher]]s]]
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alcedinidae]]

Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails.

*[[White-throated kingfisher]], ''Halcyon smyrnensis''
*[[Common kingfisher]], ''Alcedo atthis''
*[[Pied kingfisher]], ''Ceryle rudis''

==Bee-eaters==
[[File:Green Bee-eater (Merops orientalis) with a dragonfly W IMG 2547.jpg|thumbnail|[[Asian green bee-eater]]]]
Order: [[Coraciiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Meropidae]]

The bee-eaters are a group of [[near passerine]] birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly coloured plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar.

*[[Blue-cheeked bee-eater]], ''Merops persicus''
*[[Asian green bee-eater]], ''Merops orientalis''
*[[Blue-tailed bee-eater]], ''Merops philippinus''
*[[Chestnut-headed bee-eater]], ''Merops leschenaulti'' (V)
*[[European bee-eater]], ''Merops apiaster'' (V)

==Asian barbets==
Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Megalaimidae]]

The barbets are plump birds, with short necks and large heads. They get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills. Most species are brightly coloured.

*[[Brown-headed barbet]], ''Psilopogon zeylanicus''
*[[Coppersmith barbet]], ''Psilopogon haemacephalus''

==Woodpeckers==
Order: [[Piciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Picidae]]

Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.

*[[Eurasian wryneck]], ''Jynx torquilla''
*[[Brown-capped pygmy woodpecker]], ''Yungipicus nanus''
*[[Yellow-crowned woodpecker]], ''Leiopicus mahrattensis''
*[[Black-rumped flameback]], ''Dinopium benghalense''
*[[White-naped woodpecker]], ''Chrysocolaptes festivus'' (V)

==Caracaras and falcons==
Order: [[Falconiformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Falconidae]]

Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles, and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.

*[[Lesser kestrel]], ''Falco naumanni'' (V)
*[[Common kestrel]], ''Falco tinnunculus''
*[[Red-necked falcon]], ''Falco chiquera''
*[[Merlin (bird)|Merlin]], ''Falco columbarius''
*[[Eurasian hobby]], ''Falco subbuteo''
*[[Laggar falcon]], ''Falco jugger''
*[[Peregrine falcon]], ''Falco peregrinus''

==Old World parrots==
[[File:Plum-headed Parakeet (Psittacula cyanocephala) feeding on Ficus benghalensis W IMG 4308.jpg|thumbnail|[[Plum-headed parakeet]]]]
Order: [[Psittaciformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Psittaculidae]]

Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed [[zygodactyl]] feet. Many parrots are vividly coloured, and some are multi-coloured. In size they range from {{convert|8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} to {{convert|1|m|ft|1|abbr=on}} in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand.

*[[Plum-headed parakeet]], ''Psittacula cyanocephala''
*[[Alexandrine parakeet]], ''Psittacula eupatria''
*[[Rose-ringed parakeet]], ''Psittacula krameri''

==Pittas==
[[File:Pitta brachyura.jpg|thumbnail|[[Indian pitta]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pittidae]]

Pittas are medium-sized by passerine standards and are stocky, with fairly long, strong legs, short tails and stout bills. Many are brightly coloured. They spend the majority of their time on wet forest floors, eating snails, insects and similar invertebrates.

*[[Indian pitta]], ''Pitta brachyura''
*[[Western hooded pitta]], ''Pitta sordida'' (V)

==Vangas, helmetshrikes, woodshrikes, and shrike-flycatchers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Vangidae]]

The woodshrikes are similar in build to the shrikes.

*[[Common woodshrike]], ''Tephrodornis pondicerianus''

==Ioras==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Aegithinidae]]

The ioras are [[bulbul]]-like birds of open forest or thorn scrub, but whereas that group tends to be drab in colouration, ioras are sexually dimorphic, with the males being brightly plumaged in yellows and greens.

*[[Marshall's iora]], ''Aegithina nigrolutea''

==Cuckooshrikes==
[[File:Small Minivet (Pericrocotus cinnamomeus) near Hyderabad W IMG 7666.jpg|thumbnail|[[Small minivet]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Campephagidae]]

The cuckooshrikes are small to medium-sized passerine birds. They are predominantly greyish with white and black, although some species are brightly coloured.

*[[White-bellied minivet]], ''Pericrocotus erythropygius''
*[[Small minivet]], ''Pericrocotus cinnamomeus''
*[[Long-tailed minivet]], ''Pericrocotus ethologus''
*[[Large cuckooshrike]], ''Coracina macei''
*[[Black-winged cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melaschistos'' (V)
*[[Black-headed cuckooshrike]], ''Lalage melanoptera''

==Shrikes==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Laniidae]]
Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A typical shrike's beak is hooked, like a bird of prey.

*[[Brown shrike]], ''Lanius cristatus''
*[[Isabelline shrike]], ''Lanius isabellinus''
*[[Bay-backed shrike]], ''Lanius vittatus''
*[[Long-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius schach''
*[[Red-tailed shrike]], ''Lanius phoenicuroides''
*[[Great grey shrike]], ''Lanius excubitor''

==Figbirds, orioles, and turnagra==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Oriolidae]]

The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles.

*[[Black-hooded oriole]], ''Oriolus xanthornus''
*[[Indian golden oriole]], ''Oriolus kundoo''

==Drongos==
[[File:Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus) IMG 7702 (1)..JPG|thumbnail|[[Black drongo]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dicruridae]]

The drongos are mostly black or dark grey in colour, sometimes with metallic tints. They have long forked tails, and some Asian species have elaborate tail decorations. They have short legs and sit very upright when perched, like a shrike. They flycatch or take prey from the ground.

*[[Greater racket-tailed drongo]], ''Dicrurus paradiseus'' (V)
*[[Hair-crested drongo]], ''Dicrurus hottentottus'' (V)
*[[Ashy drongo]], ''Dicrurus leucophaeus''
*[[White-bellied drongo]], ''Dicrurus caerulescens''
*[[Black drongo]], ''Dicrurus macrocercus''

==Fantails and silktails==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Rhipiduridae]]

The fantails are small insectivorous birds which are specialist aerial feeders.

*[[White-browed fantail]], ''Rhipidura aureola''

==Monarchs==
[[File:Terpsiphone paradisi -near Amaya Lake, Dambulla, Sri Lanka-8.jpg|thumbnail|[[Indian paradise flycatcher]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Monarchidae]]

The monarch flycatchers are small to medium-sized insectivorous passerines which hunt by flycatching.

*[[Black-naped monarch]], ''Hypothymis azurea''
*[[Indian paradise flycatcher]], ''Terpsiphone paradisi''

==Crows and jays==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Corvidae]]

The family Corvidae includes [[crow]]s, [[raven]]s, [[jay]]s, [[chough]]s, [[magpie]]s, [[treepie]]s, [[nutcracker (bird)|nutcracker]]s and [[ground jay]]s. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.

*[[Rufous treepie]], ''Dendrocitta vagabunda''
*[[Common raven]], ''Corvus corax'' (V)
*[[House crow]], ''Corvus splendens''
*[[Indian jungle crow]], ''Corvus culminatus''

==Fairy flycatchers==
[[File:Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis from nilgiris DSC 1436.jpg|thumb|Grey-headed canary-flycatcher]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Stenostiridae]]

Most of the species of this small family are found in Africa, though a few inhabit tropical Asia. They are not closely related to other birds called "flycatchers".

*[[Grey-headed canary-flycatcher]], ''Culicicapa ceylonensis''

==Tits and chickadees==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paridae]]

The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects.

*[[Cinereous tit]], ''Parus cinereus''
*[[White-naped tit]], ''Machlolophus nuchalis''
*[[Fire-capped tit]], ''Cephalopyrus flammiceps''

==Penduline tits==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Remizidae]]

The penduline tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores.

*[[White-crowned penduline-tit]], ''Remiz coronatus''

==Larks==
[[File:Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark (Male) I IMG 8244.jpg|thumbnail|[[Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Alaudidae]]

Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.

*[[Rufous-tailed lark]], ''Ammomanes phoenicura''
*[[Ashy-crowned sparrow-lark]], ''Eremopterix griseus''
*[[Singing bush lark]], ''Mirafra cantillans''
*[[Bengal bushlark]], ''Plocealauda assamica''
*[[Indian bush lark]], ''Mirafra erythroptera''
*[[Oriental skylark]], ''Alauda gulgula''
*[[Eurasian skylark]], ''Alauda arvensis''
*[[Crested lark]], ''Galerida cristata''
*[[Greater short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella brachydactyla''
*[[Mongolian short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella dukhunensis''
*[[Hume's short-toed lark]], ''Calandrella acutirostris''
*[[Bimaculated lark]], ''Melanocorypha bimaculata''
*[[Turkestan short-toed lark]], ''Alaudala heinei'' (V)
*[[Sand lark]], ''Alaudala raytal''
*[[Horned lark]], ''Eremophila alpestris'' (V)

==Bulbuls==
[[File:Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) in Tirunelveli, India.jpg|thumbnail|[[Red-vented bulbul]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Pycnonotidae]]

Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests.

*[[White-eared bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus leucotis''
*[[Himalayan bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus leucogenys'' (V)
*[[Red-whiskered bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus jocosus''
*[[Red-vented bulbul]], ''Pycnonotus cafer''

==Swallows and martins==
[[File:Landsvale.jpg|thumbnail|[[Barn swallow]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Hirundinidae]]

The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.

*[[Grey-throated martin]], ''Riparia chinensis''
*[[Sand martin]], ''Riparia riparia'' (V)
*[[Pale martin]], ''Riparia diluta''
*[[Barn swallow]], ''Hirundo rustica''
*[[Wire-tailed swallow]], ''Hirundo smithii''
*[[Dusky crag martin]], ''Ptyonoprogne concolor''
*[[Common house martin]], ''Delichon urbicum'' (V)
*[[Eastern red-rumped swallow]], ''Cecropis daurica''
*[[Streak-throated swallow]], ''Petrochelidon fluvicola''

==Leaf warblers and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Phylloscopidae]]

Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colours.

*[[Hume's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus humei''
*[[Brooks's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus subvirdis''
*[[Tytler's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus tytleri''
*[[Lemon-rumped warbler]], ''Phylloscopus chloronotus'' (V)
*[[Sulphur-bellied warbler]], ''Phylloscopus griseolus''
*[[Tickell's leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus affinis''
*[[Smoky warbler]], ''Phylloscopus fuligiventer''
*[[Mountain chiffchaff]], ''Phylloscopus sindianus'' (V)
*[[Common chiffchaff]], ''Phylloscopus collybita''
*[[Green-crowned warbler]], ''Phylloscopus burkii''(V)
*[[Whistler's warbler]], ''Phylloscopus whistleri'' (V)
*[[Green warbler]], ''Phylloscopus nitidus''
*[[Greenish warbler]], ''Phylloscopus trochiloides''
*[[Large-billed leaf warbler]], ''Phylloscopus magnirostris''
*[[Western crowned warbler]], ''Phylloscopus occipitalis''
*[[Grey-hooded warbler]], ''Phylloscopus xanthoschistos'' (V)

==Reed warblers, Grauer's warbler, and allies==
[[File:Blyth's Reed Warbler I2 IMG 9417.jpg|thumbnail|[[Blyth's reed warbler]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Acrocephalidae]]

The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.

*[[Clamorous reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus stentoreus''
*[[Paddyfield warbler]], ''Acrocephalus agricola''
*[[Blyth's reed warbler]], ''Acrocephalus dumetorum''
*[[Moustached warbler]], ''Acrocephalus melanopogon''
*[[Booted warbler]], ''Iduna caligata''
*[[Sykes's warbler]], ''Iduna rama''

==Grassbirds and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Locustellidae]]

Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over.

*[[Striated grassbird]], ''Megalurus palustris''
*[[Common grasshopper warbler]], ''Locustella naevia''
*[[Bristled grassbird]], ''Schoenicola striatus''

==Cisticolas and allies==
[[File:Plain Prinia I IMG 7615.jpg|thumbnail|[[Plain prinia]]]]
[[File:Orthotomus sutorius.jpg|thumbnail|[[Common tailorbird]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cisticolidae]]

The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub.

*[[Zitting cisticola]], ''Cisticola juncidis''
*[[Rufous-fronted prinia]], ''Prinia buchanani''
*[[Delicate prinia]], ''Prinia lepida''
*[[Grey-breasted prinia]], ''Prinia hodgsonii''
*[[Jungle prinia]], ''Prinia sylvatica''
*[[Ashy prinia]], ''Prinia socialis''
*[[Plain prinia]], ''Prinia inornata''
*[[Yellow-bellied prinia]], ''Prinia flaviventris''
*[[Common tailorbird]], ''Orthotomus sutorius''

==Cettia bush warblers and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Cettiidae]]

Cettiidae is a family of small insectivorous songbirds. It contains the typical bush warblers (Cettia) and their relatives. Its members occur mainly in Asia and Africa, ranging into Oceania and Europe.

*[[Cetti's warbler]], ''Cettia cetti''

==Sylviid babblers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sylviidae]]

The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.

*[[Lesser whitethroat]], ''Curruca curruca''
*[[Common whitethroat]], ''Curruca communis'' (V)
*[[Eastern Orphean warbler]], ''Curruca crassirostris''
*[[Asian desert warbler]], ''Curruca nana'' (V)

==Parrotbills and allies==
[[File:Chrysomma sinense.jpg|thumb|Yellow-eyed babbler]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Paradoxornithidae]]

The parrotbills are a group of peculiar birds native to East and Southeast Asia, though feral populations exist elsewhere. They are generally small, long-tailed birds which inhabit reedbeds and similar habitat. They feed mainly on seeds, e.g. of grasses, to which their bill, as the name implies, is well-adapted.

*[[Yellow-eyed babbler]], ''Chrysomma sinense''

==White-eyes==
[[File:Oriental White-eye - Zosterops palpebrosus.JPG|thumbnail|[[Indian white-eye]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Zosteropidae]]

The white-eyes are small and mostly undistinguished, their plumage above being generally some dull colour like greenish-olive, but some species have a white or bright yellow throat, breast or lower parts, and several have buff flanks. As their name suggests, many species have a white ring around each eye.

*[[Indian white-eye]], ''Zosterops palpebrosus''

==Laughingthrushes and allies==
[[File:Common Babbler (Turdoides caudatus) in Hodal, Haryana W IMG 6317.jpg|thumbnail|[[Common babbler]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Leiothrichidae]]

The members of this family are diverse in size and colouration, though those of genus ''Turdoides'' tend to be brown or greyish. The family is found in Africa, India, and southeast Asia.

*[[Large grey babbler]], ''Argya malcolmi''
*[[Jungle babbler]], ''Argya striata''
*[[Yellow-billed babbler]], ''Argya affinis''
*[[Common babbler]], ''Argya caudata''

==Nuthatches==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sittidae]]

Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet.

*[[Indian nuthatch]], ''Sitta castanea''

==Wallcreeper==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Tichodromidae]]
[[File:Tichodroma muraria02 cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Wallcreeper]]]]
The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the [[nuthatch]] family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage.

*[[Wallcreeper]], ''Tichodroma muraria''

==Treecreepers==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Certhiidae]]

Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees.

*[[Indian spotted creeper]], ''Salpornis spilonota''

==Starlings and rhabdornis==
[[File:Brahminy Starling (Sturnus pagodarum) at Hodal I Picture 0123.jpg|thumbnail|[[Brahminy starling]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Sturnidae]]

Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen.

*[[Jungle myna]], ''Acridotheres fuscus''
*[[Bank myna]], ''Acridotheres ginginianus''
*[[Common myna]], ''Acridotheres tristis''
*[[Indian pied myna]], ''Gracupica contra''
*[[Chestnut-tailed starling]], ''Sturnia malabarica''
*[[Brahminy starling]], ''Sturnia pagodarum''
*[[Rosy starling]], ''Pastor roseus''
*[[Common starling]], ''Sturnus vulgaris''

==Thrushes and allies==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Turdidae]]

The [[Thrush (bird)|thrushes]] are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs.

*[[Orange-headed thrush]], ''Geokichla citrina''
*[[Tickell's thrush]], ''Turdus unicolor''
*[[Grey-winged blackbird]], ''Turdus boulboul''
*[[Black-throated thrush]], ''Turdus atrogularis''
*[[Mistle thrush]], ''Turdus viscivorus'' (V)
*[[Song thrush]], ''Turdus philomelos'' (V)
*[[Scaly thrush]], ''Zoothera dauma''

==Old World flycatchers==
[[File:Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata)- cambaiensis race at Hodal I IMG 5835.jpg|thumbnail|[[Indian robin]]]]
[[File:Asian Brown Flycatcher - Muscicapa dauurica.jpg|thumbnail|[[Asian brown flycatcher]]]]
[[File:Pied Bushchat (Male) I IMG 8856.jpg|thumbnail|[[Pied bushchat]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Muscicapidae]]

Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Indian robin]], ''Copsychus fulicatus''
*[[Oriental magpie-robin]], ''Copsychus saularis''
*[[Asian brown flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa dauurica''
*[[Brown-breasted flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa muttui'' (V)
*[[Spotted flycatcher]], ''Muscicapa striata'' (V)
*[[Rufous-tailed scrub robin]], ''Cercotrichas galactotes'' (V)
*[[Tickell's blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis tickelliae''
*[[Blue-throated blue flycatcher]], ''Cyornis rubeculoides'' (V)
*[[Verditer flycatcher]], ''Eumyias thalassinus''
*[[Himalayan bluetail]], ''Tarsiger rufilatus'' (V)
*[[Indian blue robin]], ''Larvivora brunnea'' (V)
*[[Bluethroat]], ''Luscinia svecica''
*[[Siberian rubythroat]], ''Calliope calliope'' (V)
*[[Malabar whistling thrush]], ''Myophonus caeruleus'' (V)
*[[Ultramarine flycatcher]], ''Ficedula superciliaris''
*[[Rusty-tailed flycatcher]], ''Ficedula ruficauda''
*[[Taiga flycatcher]], ''Ficedula albicilla''
*[[Red-breasted flycatcher]], ''Ficedula parva''
*[[Kashmir flycatcher]], ''Ficedula subrubra'' (V)
*[[Black redstart]], ''Phoenicurus ochruros''
*[[Plumbeous water redstart]], ''Phoenicurus fuliginosus'' (V)
*[[White-capped redstart]], ''Phoenicurus leucocephalus'' (V)
*[[Blue-capped redstart]], ''Phoenicurus coeruleocephala'' (V)
*[[Blue rock thrush]], ''Monticola solitarius''
*[[Blue-capped rock thrush]], ''Monticola cinclorhyncha''
*[[Common rock thrush]], ''Monticola saxatilis'' (V)
*[[Siberian stonechat]], ''Saxicola maurus''
*[[White-tailed stonechat]], ''Saxicola leucurus''
*[[Pied bush chat]], ''Saxicola caprata''
*[[White-browed bush chat]], ''Saxicola macrorhynchus''
*[[Grey bush chat]], ''Saxicola ferreus''
*[[Isabelline wheatear]], ''Oenanthe isabellina''
*[[Desert wheatear]], ''Oenanthe deserti''
*[[Brown rock chat]], ''Oenanthe fusca''
*[[Variable wheatear]], ''Oenanthe picata''
*[[Red-tailed wheatear]], ''Oenanthe chrysopygia''
{{colend}}

==Flowerpeckers==
[[File:Thick-billed Flowerpecker (Dicaeum agile) on Helicteres isora W2 IMG 1379.jpg|thumb|Thick-billed flowerpecker]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Dicaeidae]]
The flowerpeckers are very small, stout, often brightly coloured birds, with short tails, short thick curved bills and tubular tongues.

*[[Thick-billed flowerpecker]], ''Dicaeum agile''

==Sunbirds==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Nectariniidae]]

The sunbirds and spiderhunters are very small passerine birds which feed largely on nectar, although they will also take insects, especially when feeding young. Flight is fast and direct on their short wings. Most species can take nectar by hovering like a hummingbird, but usually perch to feed.

*[[Purple sunbird]], ''Cinnyris asiaticus''

==Old World sparrows and snowfinches==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Passeridae]]

[[Old World sparrow|Sparrow]]s are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects.

*[[House sparrow]], ''Passer domesticus''
*[[Spanish sparrow]], ''Passer hispaniolensis''
*[[Sind sparrow]], ''Passer pyrrhonotus''
*[[Yellow-throated sparrow]], ''Gymnoris xanthocollis''

==Weavers and widowbirds==
[[File:Baya Weaver 001.jpg|thumbnail|[[Baya weaver]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Ploceidae]]

The weavers are small passerine birds related to the [[finch]]es. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season.

*[[Black-breasted weaver]], ''Ploceus benghalensis''
*[[Streaked weaver]], ''Ploceus manyar''
*[[Baya weaver]], ''Ploceus philippinus''
*[[Finn's weaver]], ''Ploceus megarhynchus'' (V)

==Waxbills, munias, and allies==
[[File:Amandava amandava (VijayCavale).jpg|thumbnail|[[Red avadavat]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Estrildidae]]

The [[estrildid finch]]es are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and [[Australasia]]. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns.

*[[Indian silverbill]], ''Euodice malabarica''
*[[Scaly-breasted munia]], ''Lonchura punctulata''
*[[Chestnut munia]], ''Lonchura atricapilla'' (V)
*[[Tricoloured munia]], ''Lonchura malacca''
*[[Green avadavat]], ''Green avadavat''(V)
*[[Red avadavat]], ''Amandava amandava''

==Wagtails and pipits==
[[File:Motacilla maderaspatensis -Pashan Lake, Pune, Maharashtra, India-8.jpg|thumbnail|[[White-browed wagtail]]]]
[[File:Paddyfield Pipit I4-Kolkata IMG 2109.jpg|thumbnail|[[Paddyfield pipit]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Motacillidae]]

Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.

{{colbegin}}
*[[Forest wagtail]], ''Dendronanthus indicus'' (V)
*[[Western yellow wagtail]], ''Motacilla flava''
*[[Citrine wagtail]], ''Motacilla citreola''
*[[Grey wagtail]], ''Motacilla cinerea''
*[[White wagtail]], ''Motacilla alba''
*[[White-browed wagtail]], ''Motacilla maderaspatensis''
*[[Richard's pipit]], ''Anthus richardi''
*[[Paddyfield pipit]], ''Anthus rufulus''
*[[Blyth's pipit]], ''Anthus godlewskii''
*[[Tawny pipit]], ''Anthus campestris''
*[[Long-billed pipit]], ''Anthus similis''
*[[Tree pipit]], ''Anthus trivialis''
*[[Olive-backed pipit]], ''Anthus hodgsoni''
*[[Red-throated pipit]], ''Anthus cervinus'' (V)
*[[Rosy pipit]], ''Anthus roseatus''
*[[Water pipit]], ''Anthus spinoletta''
{{colend}}

==Finches and euphonias==
[[File:Carpodacus erythrinus 20060623.jpg|thumbnail|[[Common rosefinch]]]]
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Fringillidae]]

[[Finch]]es are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.

*[[Common rosefinch]], ''Carpodacus erythrinus''
*[[Brambling]], ''Fringilla montifringilla'' (V)

==Buntings==
Order: [[Passeriformes]]{{nbsp|3}}Family: [[Emberizidae]]

The emberizids are a large family of passerine birds. They are seed-eating birds with distinctively shaped bills. In Europe, most species are called buntings. In North America, most of the species in this family are known as sparrows, but these birds are not closely related to the Old World sparrows which are in the family Passeridae. Many emberizid species have distinctive head patterns.

*[[Crested bunting]], ''Emberiza lathami''
*[[Grey-necked bunting]], ''Emberiza buchanani''
*[[Black-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza melanocephala''
*[[Red-headed bunting]], ''Emberiza bruniceps''
*[[Chestnut-eared bunting]], ''Emberiza fucata'' (V)
*[[Rock bunting]], ''Emberiza cia'' (V)
*[[White-capped bunting]], ''Emberiza stewarti''
*[[Ortolan bunting]], ''Emberiza hortulana'' (V)
*[[Striolated bunting]], ''Emberiza striolata'' (V)
*[[Common reed bunting]], ''Emberiza schoeniclus'' (V)

==See also==
* [[Lists of birds by region]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of birds of Asia|Delhi]]
[[Category:Lists of birds of India|Delhi]]
[[Category:Lists of fauna of India|birds]]

Richard Vanlalhmangaiha

2026-04-24T09:30:47Z

ConnorQkw1159: Adding new info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Richard Vanlalhmangaiha
| image = Richard Vanlalhmangaiha.jpeg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|8|3}}
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2024|06|04|df=yes}}
| constituency = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| predecessor = [[C. Lalrosanga]]
| successor =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]]
| spouse = C Lalhmingmawii
| children = 4
| parents = Lalzawma, Zorengpuii
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5600?from=members
}}

'''Richard Vanlalhmangaiha''' is an Indian politician from [[Mizoram]]. He is a member of the [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] [[Lok Sabha]] representing the [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]] constituency in the state of the same name and the [[Zoram People's Movement]] (ZPM).

== Political career ==
In the [[2024 Indian general election in Mizoram|2024 general election]], Vanlalhmangaiha ran for the [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram constituency]] as a member of the ZPM. He won that seat and was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]], having defeated five other candidates.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/06/04/zpms-richard-vanlalhmangaiha-wins-from-lone-lok-sabha-seat-in-mizoram/|title=ZPM's Richard Vanlalhmangaiha Wins From Lone Lok Sabha Seat In Mizoram|publisher=Northeast Today|date=4 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/mizoram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917019.html|title=Mizoram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Richard Vanlalhmangaiha of ZPM Wins|publisher=[[News18]]|date=4 June 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vanlalhmangaiha, Richard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mizoram]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Mizoram]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-24T02:50:55Z

ConnorQkw1159: made a details from scratch

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Machilipatnam
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Machilipatnam.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency
| state =[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| UnionTerritory =
| established =1952
| assembly_cons = [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]] [[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]] [[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]] [[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]] [[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]] [[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]] [[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru]]

| electors =13,69,311
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| reservation = None
| SuccessfulParty =
| mp =
[[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janasena Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| preceded_by = [[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
}}

'''Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the twenty-five [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Andhra Pradesh (25)|lok sabha constituencies]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It comprises seven assembly segments it belongs to [[Krishna district]] and [[NTR district]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |website=The Election Commission of India |access-date=24 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2018 |url-status=dead |page=31 |format=PDF |date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="loksabha">{{cite web|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=31}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan=2 |Leading {{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|71
|[[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency|Gannavaram]]
|[[Krishna district|Krishna]]/[[NTR district|NTR]]
|[[Yarlagadda Venkata Rao]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=4}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party|rowspan=7}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|72
|[[Gudivada Assembly constituency|Gudivada]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Krishna district|Krishna]]
|[[Venigandla Ramu]]
|-
|74
|[[Pedana Assembly constituency|Pedana]]
|[[Kagitha Krishna Prasad]]
|-
|75
|[[Machilipatnam Assembly constituency|Machilipatnam]]
|[[Kollu Ravindra]]
|-
|76
|[[Avanigadda Assembly constituency|Avanigadda]]
|[[Mandali Buddha Prasad]]
|{{Party color cell|Janasena Party}}
|[[Janasena Party|JSP]]
|-
|77
|[[Pamarru Assembly constituency|Pamarru]](SC)
|[[Varla Kumar Raja]]
|{{Party color cell|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|-
|78
|[[Penamaluru Assembly constituency|Penamaluru]]
|[[Bode Prasad]]
|}

'''''Source''': Assembly segments of Parliamentary constituencies''<ref name="loksabha" />

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan =2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Sanaka Buchhikotaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Mandali Venkata Krishna Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Mandala Venkata Swamy Naidu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Y. Ankineedu Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Nageswararao Meduri]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Maganti Ankineedu]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Kolusu Peda Reddaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan=2| [[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]
|{{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janasena Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1989]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| votes = 354,533
| percentage = 52.06
| change = +2.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Bopanna Gangadhara Chaudury]]
| votes = 311,044
| percentage = 45.67
| change = -2.50
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 43,489
| percentage = 6.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 680,994
| percentage = 76.99
| change = +1.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1991]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Kolusu Peda Reddaiah Yadav]]
| votes = 298,348
| percentage = 49.02
| change = +3.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| votes = 271,026
| percentage = 44.53
| change = -7.53
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 27,322
| percentage = 4.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 608,592
| percentage = 76.99
| change = -7.99
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1996]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]|votes=275,713|percentage=39.57|change=-9.45}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kolusu Peda Reddaiah Yadav]]|votes=194,206|percentage=27.87|change=-16.66}}
{{Election box majority|votes=81,507|percentage=11.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=696,785|percentage=69.50|change=+2.54}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]|votes=355,030|percentage=51.28|change=+23.41}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]|votes=273,938|percentage=39.57|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=81,092|percentage=11.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=692,370|percentage=69.69|change=+0.19}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]
| votes = 387,533
| percentage = 54.44
| change = +14.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Kavuri Samba Siva Rao]]
| votes = 304,537
| percentage = 42.78
| change = -8.50
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 82,096
| percentage = 11.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 711,867
| percentage = 70.73
| change = +1.04
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Badiga Ramakrishna]]|votes=387,127|percentage=51.25|change=+8.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ambati Brahmanaiah]]|votes=336,786|percentage=44.59|change=-9.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Subrahmanyeswara Yenduri Rao (Mani)|votes=18,477|percentage=2.45|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Pyramid Party of India|candidate=Adapala Sivannarayana|votes=6,201|percentage=0.82|change=-0.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Dodda Kameswara Rao|votes=4,297|percentage=0.57|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telangana Rashtra Samithi|candidate=B S Rao|votes=2,426|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=50,341|percentage=6.66|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=755,314|percentage=76.06|change=+5.33}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election, 2009]]: Machilipatnam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Telugu Desam Party
| candidate = [[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]
| votes = 409,936
| percentage = 39.19
| change = -5.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Badiga Ramakrishna]]
| votes = 397,480
| percentage = 38.00
| change = -13.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Rajyam Party
| candidate = [[C. Ramachandraiah]]
| votes = 186,921
| percentage = 17.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,456
| percentage = 1.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,045,905
| percentage = 83.60
| change = +7.54
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Machilipatnam<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]|votes=587,280|percentage=51.47|change=+12.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Kolusu Parthasarathy]]|votes=506,223|percentage=44.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Sistla Ramesh|votes=14,111|percentage=1.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=8,171|percentage=0.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jai Samaikyandhra Party|candidate=Kammili Srinivas|votes=7,692|percentage=0.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=81,057|percentage=7.11|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,141,065|percentage=83.33|change=-0.27}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Telugu Desam Party
| loser =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Machilipatnam]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]|votes=571,436|percentage=46.02|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Konakalla Narayana Rao]]|votes=511,295|percentage=41.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Bandreddy Ramu|votes=113,292|percentage=9.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=14,077|percentage=1.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gollu Krishna|votes=12,284|percentage=0.99|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=60,141|percentage=4.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,245,552|percentage=84.54|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,473,347
|ref= }}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = YSR Congress Party
| loser = Telugu Desam Party
| swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General Election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Machilipatnam]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Janasena Party|candidate=[[Vallabhaneni Balashowry]]|votes=724,439|percentage=55.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=Simhadri Chandra Sekhar Rao|votes=5,01,260|percentage=38.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gollu Krishna|votes=31,825|percentage=2.43|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=12,126|percentage=0.92|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=2,23,179|percentage=17.01|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=13,15,489|percentage=85.42|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Janasena Party
| loser = YSR Congress Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190407031516/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/andhra_pradesh/machilipatnam/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Machilipatnam lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|16.2|81.1|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Machilipatnam Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Krishna district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies established in 1952]]

Uttari Ganpat Jangde

2026-04-22T01:39:35Z

ConnorQkw1159: created some post first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Uttari Ganpat Jangde
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]]
| predecessor = Kera Bai Manhar
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 30 June 1985
| spouse =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Uttari Ganpat Jangde''' (born 30 June 1985) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. She won as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Sarangarh Assembly constituency]] in [[Sarangarh-Bilaigarh district|Sarangarh Bilaigarh District]] in the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SARANGARH (SC)(RAIGARH) - UTTARI JANGADE (Winner) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/chhattisgarh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=1964|access-date=18 October 2024|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.news18.com/elections/sarangarh-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8687997.html| title= Sarangarh Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: Uttari Jangde of INC Wins| publisher=News18| date = 3 December 2023|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =https://resultuniversity.com/election/sarangarh-chhattisgarh-assembly-constituency| title = Sarangarh Assembly Constituency Election Result| publisher =Result University|access-date = 18 October 2024}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Jangde is from [[Sarangarh]], Sarangarh Bilaigarh District, Chhattisgarh. She is the daughter of Ganpat Jangre. She passed Class 12 from Chhattisgarh State Open School, Raipur in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UTTARI JANGDE (Winner) SARANGARH (SC) (SARANGARH BILAIGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=528|access-date=2024-10-19 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Jangde won from [[Sarangarh Assembly constituency]] in the then [[Raigarh district|Rajgarh district]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]. She polled 101,834 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Kera Bai Manahar of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 52,389 votes.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Raigarh district]]

West Pendam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:36Z

ConnorQkw1159: created initial data basic info.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no = 18
| name = West Pendam
| mla = [[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Pakyong district|Pakyong]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = SC
| electors = {{formatnum:14984}}<ref name="ceosikkim">{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
| type = SLA
}}

'''West Pendam''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]], a north east state of [[India]]. This constituency falls under [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/west-pendam.html West Pendam Assembly Constituency Elections]</ref><ref>[http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/09_Delimitation%20act%2C%202002.pdf THE DELIMITATION ACT, 2002]</ref> and lies in [[Pakyong district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/06/21/3-sub-divisions-of-east-sikkim-to-form-sikkims-newest-district-pakyong/ |title=3 sub-divisions of East Sikkim to form Sikkim's newest district Pakyong |date=21 June 2021 |author=Pankaj Dhungel |access-date= 20 September 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Neeru Sewa || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Gopal Baraily || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Lall Bahadur Das]]
|-
|[[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: West Pendam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lall Bahadur Das]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,237 |percentage=48.28% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anup Thatal |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,285 |percentage=33.17% |change={{decrease}}8.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupal Baraily |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=959 |percentage=7.42% |change={{increase}}2.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Cintury |party=Independent politician |votes=731 |percentage=5.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Kumar Shiva Shanker |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=580 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=126 |percentage=0.98% |change={{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,952 |percentage=15.11% |change= {{increase}}7.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,918 |percentage=81.35% |change= {{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,880 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: West Pendam<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lall Bahadur Das]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,799 |percentage=49.64% |change={{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Baraily |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,901 |percentage=41.95% |change={{decrease}}1.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Birendra Pourali |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=597 |percentage=5.11% |change={{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Darjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=101 |percentage=0.86% |change={{increase}}0.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=83 |percentage=0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Bardewa |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Kr Suji |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=60 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=898 |percentage=7.69% |change= {{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,683 |percentage=77.97% |change= {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,984 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}2.81 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: West Pendam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Baraily |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,382 |percentage=52.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. K. Thatal |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,462 |percentage=43.49% |change={{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Lohar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=157 |percentage=1.53% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=113 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Gazmer |party=Indian National Congress |votes=74 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}39.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lall Thatal(Darjee) |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=73 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=920 |percentage=8.97% |change= {{decrease}}4.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,261 |percentage=82.63% |change= {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,418 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: West Pendam<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neeru Sewa |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,151 |percentage=53.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Cintury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,088 |percentage=39.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Bardewa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=212 |percentage=2.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tika Ghatani |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=116 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tek Bahadur Thatal |party=Sikkim Himali Rajya Parishad |votes=73 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nandalal Darjee |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jit Man Darjee |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=44 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,063 |percentage=13.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,755 |percentage=82.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,350 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Gangtok]]
* [[Pakyong district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coords|27.22|88.51|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Gangtok]]
[[Category:Pakyong district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Panvel Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:18Z

ConnorQkw1159: Adding details...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Panvel
| constituency_no = 188
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 188-Panvel.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency|Maval]]
| district = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established = 1955
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Prashant Thakur]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =652,291
}}
'''Panvel Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].

==Overview==
[[Panvel]] constituency is one of the seven [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies located in [[Raigad district]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=11 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> and comprises a part of Panvel [[tehsil]] of the district.

Panvel is part of [[Maval Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely [[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]] and [[Uran Assembly constituency|Uran]] in [[Raigad district]] and [[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]], [[Chinchwad Assembly constituency|Chinchwad]] and [[Pimpri Assembly constituency|Pimpri]] in [[Pune district]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || rowspan=4 | [[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=11}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Dattatraya Narayan Patil
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Dattatraya Narayan Patil
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | [[Vivek Patil|Vivek Shankar Patil]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=4 | [[Prashant Thakur| Prashant Ramesh Thakur]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Panvel">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Panvel |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13188.htm |access-date=31 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231170939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13188.htm |archive-date=31 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Thakur| Prashant Ramesh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 183,931 |percentage = 48.40% |change={{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaram Dattatreya Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 132,840 |percentage = 34.95% |change={{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Leena Arjun Garad |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 43,989 |percentage = 11.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yogesh Janardan Chile |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 10,231 |percentage = 2.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,905 |percentage = 1.03% |change={{decrease}}3.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kantilal Harishchandra Kadu |party=Lokmudra Janhit Party |votes = 2,429 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 51,091 |percentage = 13.44% |change= {{decrease}}18.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 383,964 |percentage = 58.86% |change= {{increase}}6.23 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 380,059}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 652,291|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.00 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Thakur| Prashant Ramesh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 179,109 |percentage = 61.74% |change={{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haresh Manohar Keni |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 86,379 |percentage = 29.78% |change={{decrease}}10.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 12,399 |percentage = 4.27% |change={{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haresh S. Keni |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,797 |percentage = 3.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Fulchand Mangal Kitke |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,827 |percentage = 2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Ram Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,544 |percentage = 1.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kantilal Harishchandra Kadu |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,123 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Subhash Patil |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,987 |percentage = 0.68% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 92,730 |percentage = 31.97% |change= {{increase}}27.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 302,706 |percentage = 54.30% |change= {{decrease}}14.22 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 290,082}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 557,513|ref = |change= {{increase}}31.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Thakur| Prashant Ramesh Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 125,142 |percentage = 44.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaram Dattusheth Patil (Balusheth) |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 111,927 |percentage = 39.87% |change={{decrease}}1.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gharat Vasudev Krushna |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 17,953 |percentage = 6.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. C. Gharat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,269 |percentage = 3.30% |change={{decrease}}45.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kesarinath Vinayak Patil |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 6,568 |percentage = 2.34% |change={{decrease}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sunil Narayan Gharat |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,732 |percentage = 0.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,666 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pravin Subhash Patil |party=Bahujan Mukti Party |votes = 1,793 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,215 |percentage = 4.71% |change= {{decrease}}3.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 283,377 |percentage = 66.88% |change= {{increase}}4.62 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 280,706}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 423,716|ref = |change= {{increase}}58.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}4.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prashant Thakur| Prashant Ramesh Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 80,671 |percentage = 49.11% |change={{increase}}11.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaram Dattatreya Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 67,710 |percentage = 41.22% |change={{decrease}}6.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Kesarinath Vinayak |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 8,818 |percentage = 5.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramsheth Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,294 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindra Kashinath Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,258 |percentage = 0.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Thakur Prashant Tukaram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,167 |percentage = 0.71% |change={{decrease}}0.78 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,961 |percentage = 7.89% |change= {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 164,299 |percentage = 61.64% |change= {{decrease}}3.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,258}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,533|ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Patil|Vivek Shankar Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 93,559 |percentage = 47.51% |change={{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shyam Mhatre |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 73,836 |percentage = 37.49% |change={{increase}}2.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Patil |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,963 |percentage = 9.12% |change={{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kantibhai Gangar |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,629 |percentage = 1.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv.Nagdeve Anil Ramdas |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,944 |percentage = 1.49% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr.Manisha Kondiba Palaskar |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,874 |percentage = 1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,723 |percentage = 10.02% |change= {{decrease}}1.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 197,003 |percentage = 65.21% |change= {{increase}}9.84 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 196,931}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 302,088|ref = |change= {{increase}}24.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}1.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Patil|Vivek Shankar Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 62,237 |percentage = 46.23% |change={{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. C. Gharat |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,741 |percentage = 34.72% |change={{increase}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. K. Thakur |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,725 |percentage = 13.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Madan Ganpat Gowari |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes = 5,594 |percentage = 4.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gharat Dilip Ramdas |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,372 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gawali Vishnu Babaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 951 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,496 |percentage = 11.51% |change= {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,843 |percentage = 60.78% |change= {{decrease}}15.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 134,620}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 243,231|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}7.29 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vivek Patil|Vivek Shankar Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 62,485 |percentage = 38.95% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganapat Ragho Patil Alias G. R. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,619 |percentage = 30.93% |change={{decrease}}5.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Baban Kamalu |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 42,102 |percentage = 26.24% |change={{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Kamble |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,590 |percentage = 0.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Dasharath Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,866 |percentage = 8.02% |change= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,335 |percentage = 72.60% |change= {{increase}}8.09 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 160,442}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,728|ref = |change= {{increase}}21.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Narayan Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 45,693 |percentage = 39.06% |change={{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganapat Ragho Patil Alias G. R. Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 43,007 |percentage = 36.76% |change={{increase}}15.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Baban Kamalu Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 25,782 |percentage = 22.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anant Dattatraya Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadhav Dattaji Amrutrao |party=Akhil Bhartiya Maratha Mahasangh |votes = 1,073 |percentage = 0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,686 |percentage = 2.30% |change= {{decrease}}31.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,809 |percentage = 63.86% |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,992}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,606|ref = |change= {{increase}}45.21 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}15.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Narayan Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 37,740 |percentage = 55.02% |change={{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Narayan Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 14,663 |percentage = 21.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpat Ragho Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,982 |percentage = 14.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sudhakar Narayan Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,540 |percentage = 5.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vahulkar Shrirang Devrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,145 |percentage = 1.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balaram Goma Bhopi |party=Independent politician |votes = 865 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,077 |percentage = 33.64% |change= {{increase}}30.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,779 |percentage = 54.78% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,592}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,195|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.49 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}4.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,819 |percentage = 50.83% |change={{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaidas Sina Patil |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,802 |percentage = 47.39% |change={{increase}}30.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Kathari Mhatre |party=Independent politician |votes = 485 |percentage = 0.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,017 |percentage = 3.44% |change= {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,662 |percentage = 53.76% |change= {{decrease}}10.53 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,661}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,845|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Narayan Patil |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 21,229 |percentage = 32.92% |change={{decrease}}23.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Narayan Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 15,637 |percentage = 24.25% |change={{decrease}}19.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Suresh Thakur |party=Janata Party |votes = 12,628 |percentage = 19.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jaidas Sina Patil |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,944 |percentage = 16.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Parsharam Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,859 |percentage = 4.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jadahav Dattaraya Amrutrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 935 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,592 |percentage = 8.67% |change= {{decrease}}4.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,417 |percentage = 65.35% |change= {{decrease}}1.93 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,487}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,164|ref = |change= {{increase}}14.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}23.71 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 32,980 |percentage = 56.63% |change={{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Govind Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,255 |percentage = 43.37% |change={{increase}}7.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,725 |percentage = 13.27% |change= {{decrease}}11.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,392 |percentage = 67.93% |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,375|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,546 |percentage = 60.19% |change={{increase}}12.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gajanan Narayan Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 17,375 |percentage = 35.39% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=G. P. Chavan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,170 |percentage = 4.42% |change={{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,171 |percentage = 24.79% |change= {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,658 |percentage = 66.12% |change= {{increase}}7.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,091}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,637|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.16 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}12.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,856 |percentage = 47.79% |change={{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratapsinha Vishwasrao Chavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 13,772 |percentage = 34.91% |change={{increase}}6.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Keshav Hari Gokhale |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,701 |percentage = 11.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramchandra Gopal Patwardhan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,125 |percentage = 5.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,084 |percentage = 12.89% |change= {{decrease}}30.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,954 |percentage = 58.88% |change= {{decrease}}4.66 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,454}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,957|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.92 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}23.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Panvel<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dinkar Patil|Dinkar Balu Patil]] |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,829 |percentage = 71.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Panhale Sadashiv Sakharam |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 10,208 |percentage = 28.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,621 |percentage = 43.35% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,037 |percentage = 58.74% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,037}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,350|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{coord|18.9891006|73.0319548}}
{{Raigad district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Panvel]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

The Namesake (novel)

2026-04-15T18:08:35Z

ConnorQkw1159: created the post first draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{For|the children's novel of the same name|C. Walter Hodges}}
{{short description|2003 novel by Jhumpa Lahiri}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Namesake
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = The Namesake.gif
| caption = First edition cover
| author = [[Jhumpa Lahiri]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Philippe Lardy]]
| country = India United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Fiction
| published = September 2003 [[Houghton Mifflin]]
| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback) and [[Compact disc|audio-CD]]
| pages = 291 (hardback edition)
| isbn = 0-395-92721-8
| isbn_note = (hardback edition)
| dewey= 813/.54 21
| congress= PS3562.A316 N36 2003
| oclc= 51728729
| preceded_by = [[Interpreter of Maladies]]
| followed_by = [[Unaccustomed Earth]]
}}

'''''The Namesake ''''' (2003) is the [[debut novel]] by British-American author [[Jhumpa Lahiri]]. It was originally published in ''[[The New Yorker]]'' and was later expanded to a full-length novel. It explores many of the same emotional and cultural themes as Lahiri's [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning short story collection ''[[Interpreter of Maladies]]''. The novel moves between events in [[Kolkata]], [[Boston]], and [[New York City]], and examines the nuances being caught between two conflicting cultures with distinct religious, social, and ideological differences.

==Plot==

The story begins as Ashoke and Ashima Ganguli, a young [[Bengali people|Bengali]] couple, leave Kolkata, [[India]], and settle in [[Central Square, Cambridge|Central Square]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. Ashoke is an engineering student at the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). Ashima struggles through language and cultural barriers as well as her own fears as she delivers her first child alone. Had the delivery taken place in Kolkata, she would have had the baby at home, surrounded by family. The delivery is successful, but the new parents learn they cannot leave the hospital before giving their son a legal name.

The traditional naming process in their families is to have an elder who will give the new baby a name, and the parents wait for the letter from Ashima's grandmother. The letter never arrives, and soon after, the grandmother dies. Bengali culture calls for a child to have two names, a pet name to be called by family, and a good name to be used in public. Ashoke suggests the name of Gogol, in honor of the famous Russian author [[Nikolai Gogol]], to be the baby's pet name, and they use this name on the birth certificate. As a young man, Ashoke survived a train derailment with many fatalities. He had been reading a short story collection by Gogol just before the accident, and lying in the rubble of the accident he clutched a single page of the story "[[The Overcoat]]" in his hand. With many broken bones and no strength to move or call out, dropping the crumpled page is the only thing Ashoke can do to get the attention of medics looking for survivors. This motivated him to move far away from home and start anew. Though the pet name has deep significance for the baby's parents, it is never intended to be used by anyone other than family. They decide on Nikhil to be his good name.

Gogol grows up perplexed by his pet name. Entering kindergarten, the Gangulis inform their son that he will be known as Nikhil at school. The five-year-old objects, and school administrators send him home with a note pinned to his shirt stating that he would be called Gogol at school, as was his preference. As Gogol progresses through school, he resents his name more and more for its oddness and the strange genius for whom he was named. Ashoke senses that Gogol is not old enough to understand its significance. When he informs his parents that he wishes to change his name, his father reluctantly agrees. Shortly before leaving for college, Gogol legally changes his name to Nikhil Ganguli.

This change in name and Gogol's going to [[Yale University|Yale]], rather than following his father's footsteps to MIT, sets up the barriers between Gogol and his family. The distance, both geographically and emotionally, between Gogol and his parents continues to increase. He wants to be American, not Bengali. He goes home less frequently, dates American girls, and becomes angry when anyone calls him Gogol. During his college years, he smokes cigarettes and marijuana, goes to many parties, and loses his virginity to a girl he cannot remember.

As he is going home for the summer, Gogol's train is suddenly stopped when a man jumped in front of the train. Ashoke, waiting at the train station for Gogol, becomes concerned and upon arriving home, finally explains the true significance of Gogol's name. Gogol is deeply troubled by this.

After graduating from [[Columbia University]], Gogol obtains a very small apartment in New York City, where he lands a job in an established architectural office. He is stiff, perpetually angry or else always on the lookout for someone to make a stereotypical comment about his background.

At a party, Gogol meets an outgoing girl named Maxine, with whom he begins a relationship. Maxine's parents are financially well off and live in a four-story house in New York City, with one floor occupied entirely by Maxine. Gogol moves in with them, and becomes an accepted member of her family. When Maxine's parents visit her grandparents in the mountains of [[New Hampshire]] for the summer, they invite Maxine and Gogol to join them.

Gogol introduces Maxine to his parents. Ashima dismisses Maxine as something that Gogol will eventually get over. Shortly after, Ashoke dies of a heart attack while teaching in [[Ohio]]. Gogol travels to Ohio to gather his father's belongings and his father's ashes. Gogol gradually withdraws from Maxine, eventually breaking up with her. He begins to spend more time with his mother and sister, Sonia.

Later, Ashima suggests that Gogol contact Moushumi, the daughter of one of her friends, whom Gogol knew when they were children, and who broke up with her fiancé Graham shortly before their wedding. Gogol is reluctant to meet with Moushumi because she is Bengali, but does so anyway to please his mother.

Moushumi and Gogol are attracted to one another and eventually are married. However, by the end of their first year of marriage, Moushumi becomes restless. She feels tied down by marriage and begins to regret it. Gogol also feels like a poor substitute for Moushumi's ex-fiancée, Graham. He feels betrayed when she casually reveals his old name at a party with her friends. Eventually, Moushumi has an affair with Dimitri, an old acquaintance, the revelation of which leads to the end of their marriage. With Sonia preparing to marry her fiancé, a [[Chinese Americans|Chinese-American]] man named Ben, Gogol is once again alone. As Ashima prepares to return to India, Gogol picks up a collection of the Russian author's stories that his father had given him as a birthday present many years ago.

==Characters==
===Major characters===
*'''Nikhil "Gogol" Ganguli''', the protagonist, was born to Ashoke and Ashima Ganguli in Boston. He is nicknamed "Gogol" after the Russian author [[Nikolai Gogol]], whose book saved his father's life in a horrific train crash. Although his parents try to have him called "Nikhil" at school, young Gogol will not respond to anything but his nickname. As he ages, however, he is increasingly embarrassed by the oddness of the name and legally changes it to Nikhil before he goes off to college at Yale. This change signals a significant shift in his identity as he distances himself from his Bengali heritage and embraces American culture fully. He continues to study architecture, encouraged by his grandfather's artistic legacy and a defining visit to the [[Taj Mahal]], and then earns a master's degree at Columbia University and works in New York. Gogol has three significant romantic relationships throughout the novel—with Ruth in college, Maxine in New York, and Moushumi, another Bengali American, whom he goes on to marry. His relationship with Maxine reflects his desire to assimilate, but his father's sudden death causes him to reconcile with his family and heritage, and that romance is over. His marriage to Moushumi ends in divorce when she has an affair. In the last chapters, Gogol returns to his family home before it is sold and discovers an old, neglected volume of The Short Stories of Nikolai Gogol, a gift from his now late father. This is where he slowly reconciles with his name, his legacy, and the conflicting dimensions of his identity.

*'''Ashima Ganguli''' ({{nee|Bhaduri}}), wife of Ashoke and the mother of Gogol and Sonia, was born and raised in Calcutta and is known as "Monu" in India among her family. She was a college student studying English literature when her parents arranged her marriage to Ashoke Ganguli. Later that year, she moved with him to Cambridge, Massachusetts, and later settled in a Boston suburb, where she raised their two children, Gogol and Sonia. Initially bewildered by loneliness and homesickness, Ashima struggles to settle in America, mourning the loss of her father from abroad and getting used to unfamiliar customs and surroundings. She is slowly transformed, though, into a loving matriarch, making a house full of Bengali customs. She creates a tight-knit family of fellow Bengali immigrants by hosting elaborate parties and adapting Indian recipes with Boston add-ins. As her children get older and her husband temporarily moves to Ohio for his nine-month research appointment, Ashima remains alone in Boston, becoming more direct and independent. After Ashoke's untimely death, she continues her unobtrusive progress, employed part-time at a library and later to spend half the year in Calcutta and the other half in the United States. At the conclusion of the novel, Ashima's life goes back to its roots as she is going to celebrate her final Christmas party.

*'''Ashoke Ganguli''', husband of Ashima and father of Gogol and Sonia, is raised in Calcutta and is called by his pet name "Mithu". Ashoke is an introspective, book-loving boy whose life is altered when he survives a horrific train accident while reading a story by the Russian author Nikolai Gogol. The accident, which nearly claimed his life, turns out to be a wake-up call that provides him with the determination to explore the world, as advised by a fellow passenger he had befriended before the accident. Not only does this event decide his decision to travel to the United States to pursue a Ph.D. in fibre optics at M.I.T., but it also prompts him to name his son "Gogol", in silent thanks for the story that saved his life. After an arranged marriage, Ashima joins him in Cambridge, and the two settle down together in America, eventually ending up in the suburbs of Boston, where Ashoke is a professor at a university. A quiet man, Ashoke is a tender and loving figure nonetheless, grounded in a deep sense of duty and love for his family. He hopes his son will appreciate the meaningful origin of his name, but Gogol dismisses it initially, unaware of its significance. Ashoke finally discloses the truth about the accident to Gogol in his college years, after Gogol has already legally changed his name to "Nikhil". Gogol only late in life, after Ashoke's sudden death from a heart attack on a nine-month research appointment in Ohio.

*'''Moushumi Mazoomdar''', Gogol's wife briefly, is a Bengali-American woman whose cosmopolitan upbringing and intellectual interests shape her complex identity and tormented marriage. The daughter of Bengali parents, Moushumi grew up in London until just before her thirteenth birthday, then moved to Massachusetts with a British accent and a love of literature that distinguishes her from other Bengali children at community events. When her family relocates to New Jersey, she attends college at [[Brown University]] as a chemistry and French major before she rashly leaves for Paris, where she gets engaged to a banker named Graham. However, the engagement is called off, and Moushumi begins a Ph.D. in French literature at NYU. After a year of isolation in New York, her parents and Ashima Ganguli arrange for her to be with Gogol. Even though they really love each other and get married, Moushumi will not let go of her last name. The marriage deteriorates with time because Moushumi is intellectually and emotionally suffocated by their shared Bengali-American identity and drawn to the more open universe of her academic and arts-focused friends. She feels suffocated by the marriage and begins an affair with an old friend named Dimitri. After Gogol finds out about her infidelity, their marriage ends in divorce, and Moushumi returns to Paris.

*'''Sonali "Sonia" Ganguli''', Gogol's young sister, Ashima's and Ashoke's daughter, was born five years and nine months after Gogol. Unlike Gogol, Sonia's name was well planned by her parents and avoided giving her a pet name. She is well adapted to American culture and doesn't feel that complex about her identity, as was predicted in her [[Annaprashana]] that she is "the true American". She is very close to her family. When she gets older, she moves to San Francisco to study law. When Ashoke dies, Sonia moves back in with Ashima and works in Boston as a paralegal while applying to law schools. Eventually, Sonia becomes engaged to Ben, planning a wedding in Calcutta.

===Minor characters===
*'''Maxine Ratliff''', Gogol's second serious girlfriend during the months before Ashoke's death. With an education in art history, she works as an editor for an art book publisher. She lives with her rich parents in a five-story house in New York, which Gogol visits on their first date. Maxine is outgoing, brave, and adventurous. Gogol met Maxine at a party, and the two started dating. Soon, Gogol is living with the Ratliffs in their mansion, and Maxine is quick to welcome Gogol into her life. Maxine knows Gogol only as "Nikhil." She is the person whom Gogol is reluctant to share about his Bengali culture or introduce to her parents. The latter happened only once before Gogol went to stay with the Ratliffs in New Hampshire. Gogol’s family is naturally distrustful of Maxine. As Maxine does not have any knowledge about Bengali culture, Gogol prevents her from their trip to India for his mourning process. Maine feels the lack of care as Gogol's familial obligations increase after Ashoke's death, leading to a breakup, and within a year, Maxine is engaged to someone else.

*'''Gerald and Lydia Ratliff''', Maxine's parents, are the juxtaposing characters of Ashoke and Ashima. Lydia is a textiles curator at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], and her husband is a successful lawyer, making them a rich couple. They host dinner parties with intelligent and witty guests. They welcome Gogol into their home despite not knowing his past. They have a lake house in New Hampshire where they spend in summer. To Gogol, they are an escape from his Bengali culture. It is through them that he knows about Maxine's engagement.

*'''Ruth''', Gogol's first serious bookish girlfriend, is a white fellow Yale student. Gogol meets Ruth when he takes the seat next to her on the train. They start a conversation and begin dating. Ruth leaves for Oxford for a semester and a summer, and when she returns, they no longer get along and break up.

*'''Dimitri Desjardins''', a chubby, unemployed academic man with whom Moushumi has an affair while she is married to Gogol. Moushumi meets Dimitri when she's a teenager and he's twenty-seven. Moushumi and her friends have joined some Princeton undergraduates on the way down to a protest in Washington, D.C., when Moushumi ends up sitting next to Dimitri. They keep in touch occasionally over the years. Dimitri is seen as Gogol's opposite. Moushumi likes Dimitri's name, a mix of Russian and French. Dimitri is the person who makes Moushumi live in Paris. Dimitri is called on his phone by Moushumi when she is a married graduate student at NYU and comes across his phone number, and they begin an affair. Their affair leads to the divorce of Moushumi and Gogol.

*'''Graham''', Moushumi’s ex-fiancé, is a rich investment banker. Moushumi meets Graham in Paris through her friends Astrid and Donald. Moushumi moved back to New York to be with Graham, as he is the love of Moushumi's life, but he complains about her relatives in India and her Bengali culture, leading them to break off their engagement.

*'''Astrid and Donald''', friends of Moushumi who live in New York and initially introduced Moushumi to Graham, as they went to school with him. Astrid is Moushumi's friend from Brown University. She is married to Donald, an artist. They are a sophisticated, artsy, cultured couple. Moushumi envies their artful and cultural lifestyle. Astrid tells Moushumi that she can't see her with an Indian guy, as if marrying an Indian man were somehow degrading. Donald tells Gogol indirectly that Moushumi and Graham loved each other in a way that Moushumi does not love Gogol.

*'''Ghosh''', A Bengali businessman whom Ashoke meets on a train in India just before the train accident in 1961. Ghosh has just returned to India after two years in England, as his wife could not stand living there, and he is miserable with that decision. He advises Ashoke to see as much of the world as he can. Ghosh dies in the train accident. His advice inspires Ashoke to move to America for graduate school.

*'''The Mazoomdars''', consisting of Shubir, Moushumi's father, whom Gogol calls "Mesho" (Uncle in Bengali), and Rina, her mother, whom Gogol calls "Mashi" and Samrat, her brother.

*'''Ben''', Sonia's fiancé, is a half-Jewish and half-Chinese magazine editor. Ben and Sonia are planning to get married in Calcutta

*'''Alice''', a NYU secretary whose death causes Moushumi to discover Dmitri’s contact number.

*'''Bridget''', a married woman who has a short affair with Gogol.

*'''Dr. Ashley''', the obstetrician who attends to Ashima during Gogol’s birth

*'''Patty''', the nurse who attends to Ashima during Gogol’s birth.

*'''Mr. Wilcox''', the compiler of hospital birth certificates who explains to the Gangulis that Gogol must be given a legal name.

*'''Alan and Judy Montgomery''', the Gangulis’ landlords in Boston, who live on the two floors above the Gangulis’ apartment, along with their daughters, Amber and Clover

*'''Rana Bhaduri''', Ashima’s younger brother, who lives in Calcutta, calls to tell Ashima when her father dies, but can’t bring himself to give the news directly to her and tells Ashoke instead.

*'''Candace Lapidus''', the elementary school principal who decides that Gogol will be called “Gogol” instead of "Nikhil" at school.

*'''Mr. Lawson''', Gogol’s eleventh-grade English teacher, who spends a day teaching the class about Nikolai Gogol

*'''Kim''', a college student who kisses Gogol at a party when he is a senior in high school. She is the first person to hear Gogol's good name.

*'''Brandon and Jonathan''', Gogol’s roommates during his freshman year at Yale. Brandon is a tall, thin and blond man who grew up in [[Andover, Massachusetts]]. Jonathan is Korean and plays the cello. He comes from Los Angeles. Both of them had been notified by e-mail over the summer about their roommate's name, Gogol. Brandon was curious about whether "Gogol" is Gogol's first or last name, to which Gogol replies that it is his middle name.

*'''Mr. Davenport''', the man at the Cleveland hospital who takes Gogol to identify Ashoke’s body.

*'''Maya and Dilip Nandi and Dr. Gupta,''' three friends who are among the Gangulis' first close friends in Cambridge. These three visit the Gangulis in the hospital in Cambridge after Gogol is born.

*'''Ashima’s father,''' An illustrator in Calcutta. Ashima’s father dies as the family is preparing to return to India to visit. His death is very difficult for Ashima, who feels distant from her family.

*'''Ashima’s grandmother''', is given the ceremonial job of naming Gogol. Ashima’s grandmother suffers a stroke early, in Calcutta, and though she mails a letter with Gogol’s real name in it, the letter never arrives. She dies soon after.

==Development==
Lahiri, then aged about 20, went to [[Calcutta]] for a long leave to visit her family relatives. She was aware that her younger cousin had a friend named Gogol.<ref name= "usa">Minzesheimer, Bob. [https://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-08-19-lahiri-books_x.htm "For Pulitzer winner Lahiri, a novel approach"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704190435/http://www.usatoday.com/life/books/news/2003-08-19-lahiri-books_x.htm |date=July 4, 2012 }}, ''[[USA Today]]'', August 19, 2003. Retrieved on 2008-04-13.</ref><ref name="charlierose">{{Cite web |type=video |title=Jhumpa Lahiri: Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jhumpa Lahiri gives insight into her creative process writing the novel "The Namesake." |publisher=[[Charlie Rose (talk show)|Charlie Rose]] |url=https://charlierose.com/videos/12939 |access-date=August 12, 2025 |date=October 29, 2003}}</ref> She had never seen or known anything else about the boy. The name "struck" her, and she wrote down in her notebook just his name.<ref name="charlierose" /> She said that in [[India]], the name Gogol "wasn't strange, just a playful pet name in honor of the writer. No one would think it odd the way they would here."<ref name= "usa" /> It took her time to accept the name for her character.<ref name="charlierose" />

Almost a decade later, she added the name Gogol to her list of ideas that help her conceptualize stories.<ref name= "usa" /> In the early drafts, Lahiri modelled Gogol "more like [her] parents", being born and raised in Calcutta, but later changed and made him closer to her experiences.<ref name= "usa" /> She knew the ending of the novel but it took her years to develop the other parts of the novel such as the beginning and the structure.<ref name="charlierose" /> The story is mostly imagined as "invention was part of the game", while the core is based on her experiences: having Bengali parents, growing up in a small, academic town in New England, and finding conflict with her real name (she was called Jhumpa, her pet name, most of her life by others rather than her actual name, Nilanjana).<ref name= "usa" /><ref name="charlierose" />

When asked why she wrote in the male voice, she stated that because of the name Gogol and was determined to use the name. She further stated that writing in both male and female voices is difficult, but she liked the "challenge" of writing it from someone else's perspective.<ref name="charlierose" /> Lahiri said that the immigrant experience is more concentrated in this book than in her previous book, ''[[Interpreter of Maladies]]''.<ref name="charlierose" />

==Reception==
[[Michiko Kakutani]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' wrote, "Jhumpa Lahiri's quietly dazzling new novel, ''The Namesake'', is that rare thing: an intimate, closely observed family portrait that effortlessly and discreetly unfolds to disclose a capacious social vision."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kakutani |first=Michiko |date=September 2, 2003 |title=BOOKS OF THE TIMES; From Calcutta to Suburbia: A Family's Perplexing Journey |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/02/books/books-of-the-times-from-calcutta-to-suburbia-a-family-s-perplexing-journey.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 23, 2025}}</ref> Julie Myerson of ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote, "She has a talent - magical, sly, cumulative - that most writers would kill for. Peer closely at any single sentence, and nothing about it stands out. But step back and look at the whole and you're knocked out."<ref>{{cite news |last=Myerson |first=Julie |date=January 17, 2004 |title=Review: What's in a name? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/jan/17/featuresreviews.guardianreview23 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=August 23, 2025}}</ref> [[Kirkus Reviews]] said of the novel is "a disappointingly bland follow-up to a stellar story collection."<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2003 |title=The Namesake |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/jhumpa-lahiri/the-namesake/ |access-date=August 23, 2025 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]}}</ref>

==Film adaptation==
A [[The Namesake (film)|film adaptation]] of the novel was released in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and India in March 2006. It was directed by [[Mira Nair]] and featured a screenplay written by [[Sooni Taraporevala]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pawar |first1=Dr. Sadashiv |title=Literary Text into Film: A Study of the Namesake |url=https://www.academia.edu/.../Literary_Text_into_Film_A_Study_of_The_Namesake_ |accessdate=10 May 2019}}</ref>

==Bengali version==
''The Namesake'' was published in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] by [[Ananda Publishers]] on 2005 under the title ''Samanamiie (''বাংলা:''সমনামী)'' translated by [[Paulami Sengupta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life lessons to learn from The Namesake by Jhumpa Lahiri{{!}} Kaitholil.com |url=https://kaitholil.com/blog/life-lessons-to-learn-from-the-namesake-by-Jhumpa-Lahiri |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=kaitholil.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
* [[Nikolai Gogol]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.powells.com/biblio/1-0618485228-3 Powell's review]

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Namesake}}
[[Category:2003 debut novels]]
[[Category:2003 British novels]]
[[Category:2003 American novels]]
[[Category:2003 Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Novels set in Boston]]
[[Category:Novels set in New York City]]
[[Category:Fiction about Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian-American culture]]
[[Category:Novels about immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Works originally published in The New Yorker]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:American novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by Jhumpa Lahiri]]
[[Category:Houghton Mifflin books]]

Thiruvananthapuram North–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express

2026-04-07T16:00:16Z

ConnorQkw1159: created some details basic info

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 008000
| name = Thiruvananthapuram North - Yesvantpur Junction ''Garib Rath Express''
| image = Kochuveli - Yesvantpur Garibrath Express.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Garib Rath Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2009|02|24}}
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur]] (YPR)
| stops = 17
| end = [[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] (TVCN)
| distance = {{convert|801|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 16 hours 15 minutes
| frequency = 3 days a week.
| class = AC 3 tier Economy
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack = YES
| catering = E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]] (from 18/6/2024)
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 12257 / 12258
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = {{Thiruvananthapuram North–Yesvantpur GR Express Route}}
}}
The 12257 / 12258 '''Thiruvananthapuram North–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express''' is a Superfast [[Garib Rath Express|Garib Rath]] [[Express trains in India|Express]]. The service was introduced in 2005 by Indian railway minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]. It is an [[air conditioned]] [[Express trains in India|Express]] train that can run at the same speed as [[Rajdhani Express]] or [[Shatabdi Express]]. The Express also offers inexpensive ticket fares compared to other premium trains. It is also faster than other express trains.

[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]] is the satellite terminal station of the Express in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], capital city of [[Kerala]] and [[Yeshvantapur railway station|Yeshvantpur]] is a satellite terminal located in an industrial-cum-residential area in the north western part of [[Bangalore]] City, capital of [[Karnataka]]. It is operated by the South Western Railway Zone. It runs on a single line from Baiyappanahalli (Bangalore) to Salem, and on a double line from Salem to Thiruvananthapuram North.

==About Garib Rath Express==

The Garib Rath (literally: "Poor Man's Chariot") is a no-frills air-conditioned train started by the Indian Railways in 2005 to provide cheaper air-conditioned travels to passengers who cannot afford normal fares of air conditioned class in normal trains. As the fares are less than two-thirds of the fares for air conditioned classes in other trains, the distance between each seat or berth is less, the seats and berths are narrower and each coach has more seats and berths than in air-conditioned coaches in other trains. Only seating and three-tier (83 seats) accommodation is provided in Garib Rath. The passengers are not provided free bedding or food. The maximum speed of Garib Rath trains is around 130 kmph, nearly the same as Rajdhani's top speed.

==Engine used==

before electrified route stretch, this train used to run with [[WDP-4D]] and [[WDM-3A]] during ICF rake still active.Since the route is completely electrified, it is hauled by a [[Diesel & Electric Loco Shed, Krishnarajapuram|Krishnarajapuram(KJM)]] shed [[WAP-7]].

==Coaches==

The Thiruvananthapuram North–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express runs using an LHB rake (earlier was ICF rake) and has 16 AC 3 tier economy coaches. It does not have AC Chair Car coaches like some Garib Rath trains. The number of coaches on the train is increased / decreased as per demand. There is no pantry car but catering is arranged on board the train. Since ICF Garib Rath rake was cancelled run now they upgraded with LHB coaches

==Coach position==
Coach position for 12257 Yesvantpur - Thiruvananthapuram North Garib Rath Express
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||G16||G15||G14||G13||G12||G11||G10||G9||G8||G7||G6||G5||G4||G3||G2||G1||EOG
|}
Coach position for 12258 Thiruvananthapuram North - Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 19
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||G1||G2||G3||G4||G5||G6||G7||G8||G9||G10||G11||B12||G13||G14||G15||G16||EOG
|}

==Schedule==
{| class="wikitable"

|+'''Train Number - (12258) YESVANTPUR GR ( Thiruvananthapuram North to YESVANTPUR ) runs on Monday, Wednesday & Friday'''
!SNo
!Station Code
!Station Name
!Arrival Time
!Departure Time
!Halt Time(In minutes)
!Distance
!Day
|-
|1
|KCVL
|[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
|17:00
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|0
|1
|-
|2
|QLN
|[[Kollam Junction railway station|KOLLAM JN]]
|17:50
|17:55
|05:00
|59
|1
|-
|3
|KYJ
|[[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|KAYAMKULAM JN]]
|18:40
|18:42
|02:00
|100
|1
|-
|4
|MVLK
|[[Mavelikara railway station|MAVELIKARA]]
|18:52
|18:53
|01:00
|107
|1
|-
|5
|CNGR
|[[Chengannur railway station|CHENGANNUR]]
|19:04
|19:05
|01:00
|120
|1
|-
|6
|TRVL
|[[Tiruvalla railway station|THIRUVALLA]]
|19:15
|19:16
|01:00
|127
|1
|-
|7
|CGY
|[[Changanacherry railway station|CHANGANASERI]]
|19:26
|19:27
|01:00
|137
|1
|-
|8
|KTYM
|[[Kottayam railway station|KOTTAYAM]]
|19:57
|20:00
|03:00
|155
|1
|-
|9
|ERN
|[[Ernakulam Town railway station|ERNAKULAM TOWN]]
|21:20
|21:25
|05:00
|217
|1
|-
|10
|AWY
|[[Aluva railway station|ALUVA]]
|21:48
|21:50
|02:00
|234
|1
|-
|11
|TCR
|[[Thrissur railway station|THRISSUR]]
|22:40
|22:43
|03:00
|288
|1
|-
|12
|PGT
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|PALAKKAD JN]]
|00:10
|00:15
|05:00
|365
|2
|-
|13
|CBE
|[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|COIMBATORE JN]]
|01:37
|01:40
|03:00
|420
|2
|-
|14
|ED
|[[Erode Junction railway station|ERODE JN]]
|03:10
|03:15
|05:00
|520
|2
|-
|15
|SA
|[[Salem Junction railway station|SALEM JN]]
|04:12
|04:15
|03:00
|583
|2
|-
|16
|DPJ
|[[Dharmapuri railway station|DHARMAPURI]]
|05:58
|06:00
|02:00
|649
|2
|-
|17
|HSRA
|[[Hosur railway station|HOSUR]]
|07:28
|07:30
|02:00
|741
|2
|-
|18
|BAND
|[[Banaswadi railway station|BANASWADI]]
|08:28
|08:30
|02:00
|793
|2
|-
|19
|YPR
|[[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|YESVANTPUR JN]]
|09:45
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|808
|2
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Train Number - (12257) Thiruvananthapuram North GR (YESVANTPUR JN to Thiruvananthapuram North ) runs on Tuesday, Thursday & Sunday'''
!SNo
!Station Code
!Station Name
!Arrival Time
!Departure Time
!Halt Time(In minutes)
!Distance
!Day
|-
|1
|YPR
|[[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|YESVANTPUR JN]]
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|20:45
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|0
|1
|-
|2
|BAND
|[[Banaswadi railway station|BANASWADI]]
|21:32
|21:33
|02:00
|15
|1
|-
|3
|HSRA
|[[Hosur railway station|HOSUR]]
|22:15
|22:16
|02:00
|67
|1
|-
|4
|DPJ
|[[Dharmapuri railway station|DHARMAPURI]]
|23:33
|23:35
|02:00
|159
|1
|-
|5
|SA
|[[Salem Junction railway station|SALEM JN]]
|01:18
|01:20
|02:00
|225
|2
|-
|6
|ED
|[[Erode Junction railway station|ERODE JN]]
|02:17
|02:20
|03:00
|288
|2
|-
|7
|CBE
|[[Coimbatore Junction railway station|COIMBATORE JN]]
|03:57
|04:00
|03:00
|388
|2
|-
|8
|PGT
|[[Palakkad Junction railway station|PALAKKAD JN]]
|05:05
|05:10
|05:00
|443
|2
|-
|9
|TCR
|[[Thrissur railway station|THRISSUR]]
|06:35
|06:37
|03:00
|520
|2
|-
|10
|AWY
|[[Aluva railway station|ALUVA]]
|07:48
|07:50
|02:00
|574
|2
|-
|11
|ERN
|[[Ernakulam Town railway station|ERNAKULAM TOWN]]
|08:27
|08:30
|03:00
|591
|2
|-
|12
|KTYM
|[[Kottayam railway station|KOTTAYAM]]
|09:40
|09:42
|02:00
|647
|2
|-
|13
|CGY
|[[Changanacherry railway station|CHANGANASERI]]
|10:02
|10:03
|01:00
|665
|2
|-
|14
|TRVL
|[[Tiruvalla railway station|THIRUVALLA]]
|10:12
|10:13
|01:00
|673
|2
|-
|15
|CNGR
|[[Chengannur railway station|CHENGANNUR]]
|10:24
|10:25
|01:00
|688
|2
|-
|16
|MVLK
|[[Mavelikara railway station|MAVELIKARA]]
|10:35
|10:36
|01:00
|701
|2
|-
|17
|KYJ
|[[Kayamkulam Junction railway station|KAYAMKULAM JN]]
|10:50
|10:52
|02:00
|708
|2
|-
|18
|QLN
|[[Kollam Junction railway station|KOLLAM JN]]
|11:20
|11:25
|05:00
|749
|2
|-
|19
|KCVL
|[[Thiruvananthapuram North railway station|Thiruvananthapuram North]]
|13:20
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|<nowiki>--</nowiki>
|808
|2
|}

==See also==

* [[Mysuru–Kochuveli Express]]
* [[Kochuveli-SMVT Bengaluru Humsafar Express]]
* [[Yesvantpur–Kochuveli AC Express]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Garib Rath Express}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochuveli-Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express}}
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Transport in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Malayalam films of 2022

2026-04-06T02:35:45Z

ConnorQkw1159: made first post added tags

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}

This is a list of [[Malayalam film]]s that released in [[2022 in film|2022]].
{{Malayalam films}}

== January–March ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
!Director
!Cast
!Production company / Studio
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="21" style="text-align:center; background:#C19A6B; textcolor:#000;" |'''J A N U A R Y'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''1'''
| ''Baby Sam''
| Jeevan Bose
| [[Mithun Ramesh]], [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]], [[Naseer Sankranthi]], Master Ayush, Rithu P Rajan
|Wings Entertainments and Cinema
|
|-
| ''RJ Madona''
| Anand Krishna Raj
| Amalendu K Raj, Anil Anto, Shersha Sherif, Jijo Jacob, Nileen Sandra, Jai Vishnu
| Hitchcock Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=RJ Madonna review: A survival thriller of Amalendu K Raj that leaves you puzzled |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rj-madonna-review-a-survival-thriller-of-amalendu-k-raj-that-leaves-you-puzzled/17c796b6b7187 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''2'''
|''Nisabdham''
|Raghunath N B
|[[Krishna Praba]], Raghu Gopi
| Avishkara Digital
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-02 |title=കലാസൃഷ്ടി നേരിട്ട് പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക്, ആൻഡ്രോയ്ഡ് ആപ്പിലൂടെ റിലീസ് ചെയ്ത് 'നിശ്ശബ്ദം' |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/tv-ott/nisshabdam-movie-nb-raghunath-krishnaprabha-actress-malayalam-new-movie-release-1.6323503 |access-date=2025-02-27 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''7'''
| ''Station 5''
| Prashanth Kanathur
| [[Indrans]], Dayana Hameed, [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Rajesh Sharma, [[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Priyamvada Krishnan]]
| Map Film Factory
|
|-
|''Levya 20:10''
| Nandan Menon
| Nincy Xavier, Sooryalal, Akhil S Kumar, Aneesh Anand
| Live INC, N 4 Film Factory
|
|-
| ''[[Randu (film)|Randu]]''
| Sujith Lal
| [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Anna Rajan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Tini Tom]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]], [[Musthafa]], [[Irshad (actor)|Irshad]]
|Heavenly Movies Private Ltd.
|
|-
| ''[[Super Sharanya]]''
| [[Girish A.D]]
| [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Antony Varghese]], [[Naslen K. Gafoor]]
|Shebin Backer Productions, Stuckcows
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''13'''
| ''Audi Plus''
| Master Manaf Adinadu
| G K Vinod Kumar, Nujoob, Benhar, Sajeev, Manzeer, Ajith, Jibin, Sandra, Indhulekha
| DK Movie
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''14'''
|''[[Meppadiyan]]''
| Vishnu Mohan
| [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Anju Kurian]], [[Arya (actress)|Arya]]
|Unni Mukundan Films
|
|-
|''Sathyam Mathrame Bodhipikkoo''
| Sagar
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Sreejith Ravi]], [[Sudheesh]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Johny Antony]]
|Smruthi Cinemas
|
|-
|''Swami Saranam''
| Vijayakumar
| [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Neena Kurup]], [[Geetha Vijayan]], Jefry Shidharaj, Bhama, K G Vijayakumar
| Siddhi Vinayak Films, Vyajayanthi Creations
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''18'''
| ''Arangu Thalam Akkarakke''
| Kavilraj
| Kavilraj, Kalamandalam Nandakumar, Jacob Simon, Kalamandalam Parameswaran, Unnikrishnan, Deepthi Mayannoor, Anusree Ajayakumar
| Cini Friends Creations
|
|-
| ''Vishnukavyam''
| Alex Sharon Babu
| Sruthy, Alex, Pratheesh, Aby
| Rayce Entertainment
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''20'''
|''Nerippodu''
| Hari Narayanan, Prajith Cherukodu
|Bibin Benny, Anand Bodh, Surendran Kaliyath, Vishnu Balakrishnan, Neerada, Geethu, Basker Aravind
| Matuag Productions, Malayalam Box Office
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''21'''
| ''B.Abu''
| Zubair Madayi
| Anwar Babu, Ashique Mahe, Bindu K Menon, Jilna Sumesh, Tazim Zubair
| One 2 One Media
|
|-
|''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''
| Rahul Sadasivan
| [[Shane Nigam]], [[Revathy]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Athira Patel
| Plan T Films, Shane Nigam Films
|
|-
| ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
| [[Pranav Mohanlal]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Arun Kurian]]
| [[Merryland Studio|Merryland Cinemas]]
|
|-
|''Kannadi''
| A G Rajan
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Mamukoya]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Rachana Narayanankutty]], Margret Antony
| Naduvattam Productions
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''26'''
| ''[[Bro Daddy]]''
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Meena]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Kaniha]][[Lalu Alex]], [[Soubin Shahir]]
| [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#F5DEB3;" |'''27'''
|''[[Thirimali]]''
| Rajiv Shetty
| [[Bibin George]], [[Swastima Khadka]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Anna Rajan]], [[Naseer Sankranthi]], [[Hareesh Kanaran]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]
| Angel Maria Cinemas
|
|-
|''Mirchi Masala''
| Rajesh Kannankara
| [[Jayan Cherthala]], Sajna, Sreelakshmi, Akhilesh, Bismi, Lekshmi
| Aishani Films
|
|-
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;" |'''F E B R U A R Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''4'''
|''[[Karnan Napoleon Bhagath Singh]]''
| Sarath G Mohan
| Dheeraj Denny, Aadhya Prasad, [[Indrans]], [[Joy Mathew]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]], Vijaya Kumar, Rony David Raj, Eldho Mathew, Althaf Salim, Aneesh Gopal
|First Page Entertainment
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''10'''
|''Thullal Prapanjam''
| Balaji Nagalassery
| Kalasree Kala Vasudevan Master, Sreela Nalledam
| Theertham Production
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''11'''
|''[[Archana 31 Not Out]]''
| Akhil Anilkumar
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Indrans]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]]
| Chavara Films, Newspaper Boy
|
|-
|''[[Freedom Fight (film)|Freedom Fight]]''
|[[Jeo Baby]], Akhil Anilkumar, Kunjila Mascillamani, Jithin Issac Thomas, Francies Louis
|[[Joju George]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Srindaa]], [[Sidhartha Siva]], Unni Lalu, [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|Symmetry Cinemas, Mankind Cinemas
|
|-
| ''[[Kallan D’Souza]]''
| Jithu K Jayan
| [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], [[Hareesh Kanaran]]
| Ramshi Ahmed Productions, Ruby Films, World Wide Films
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''18'''
| ''[[Aaraattu (2021 film)|Aaraattu]]''
| [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| [[Mohanlal]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Shraddha Srinath]], [[Saikumar (actor)|Saikumar]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Neha Saxena (film actress)|Neha Saxena]], [[Malavika Menon]]
| [[B. Unnikrishnan|RD Illuminations]], Hippo Prime Motion Pictures, Movie Pay Media's, [[Zee Studios]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''25'''
|''[[Member Rameshan 9aam Ward]]''
|Aby Treesa Paul, Anto Jose Periera
|[[Arjun Ashokan]], Gayathri Ashok, [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Indrans]], Mareena Michael Kurishinkal
|Boban and Moly Entertainments
|
|-
|''Team D''
| Ambady Dinil
| Ananthu Bharathan, Sruthy, Shaju Machad, Jomon
| Dhanush Films
|
|-
|''[[Upacharapoorvam Gunda Jayan]]''
| Arun Vaiga
| [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Shabareesh Varma]], [[Siju Wilson]]
| Wayfarer Films
|
|-
| ''[[Veyil (Malayalam film)|Veyil]]''
| Sarath
| [[Shane Nigam]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], Sona Olickal, Sreerekhaa
| Goodwill Entertainments
|
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center; background:#ffa07a; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A R C H'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''3'''
| ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''
| [[Amal Neerad]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Farhaan Faasil]], [[Nadhiya Moidu]]
| [[Amal Neerad Productions]]
|
|-
|''[[Naaradan]]''
| [[Aashiq Abu]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Anna Ben]], [[Sharaf U Dheen|Sharafudheen]], [[Indrans]]
| OPM
|
|-
|''Geetha''
|Cocktales Entertainments
|Neeraja S Pillai, Rahul Pallath, Harikrishnan Sharu
|Anon Trendz
|
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''11'''
| ''[[Night Drive (film)|Night Drive]]''
| [[Vysakh]]
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Anna Ben]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Muthumani]], [[Ranji Panicker]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]]
| Aan Mega Media
|
|-
| ''[[Pada (film)|Pada]]''
| Kamal K.M.
| [[Kunchako Boban]], [[Joju George]], [[Vinayakan]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Unnimaya Prasad]]
| [[AVA Productions]], E4 Entertainment
|
|-
|''Alli''
|Rajkumar S
|Saji Venjaramoodu, [[Biju Sopanam]], Aparna Mohan, [[Neena Kurup]]
|High Five Films
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''17'''
|''Devika: Neither Virgin Nor Goddess''
|Jibin George James
|Maanav, Athira Madhav, Gayathri Suresh
|Focus Film Studio
|
|-
|''[[Salute (2022 Indian film)|Salute]]''
|[[Rosshan Andrrews]]
|[[Dulquer Salmaan]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Diana Penty]], [[Saniya Iyappan]]
|[[Wayfarer Films Production|Wayfarer Films]]
|
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''18'''
|''Anandakalyanam''
|P C Sudheer
|Ashkar Soudaan, Archana, [[Bijukuttan]], [[Neena Kurup]], [[Kottayam Pradeep]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Leela
|Zebra Media
|
|-
|''God Bless You''
| Vijeesh Vasudev
| Harisree Yousuf, [[Neena Kurup]], [[Kottayam Pradeep]]
|Full Team Cinemas, Areswaram Cinemas
|
|-
|''Lal Jose''
|Kabeer Puzhambram
|Shariq, Ann Andrea, [[Bhagath Manuel]], [[Devi Ajith]]
|666 Productions
|
|-
|''[[Lalitham Sundaram]]''
|[[Madhu Warrier]]
|[[Manju Warrier]], [[Biju Menon]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Sudheesh]], [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]]
|Manju Warrier Productions
|
|-
|''[[Oruthee]]''
|[[V. K. Prakash]]
|[[Navya Nair]], Drishya Dinesh, [[Vinayakan]], [[Saiju Kurup]]
|Benzy Productions
|
|-
|''[[Pathrosinte Padappukal]]''
|Afzal Abdul Latheef
|[[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Naslen K. Gafoor]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], [[Ranjitha Menon]], Dinoy Paulose
|Marikar Entertainments
|
|-
|''Screenplay''
|Mehamood KS
|Prasanth Kanjiramattom, Pragaya, Ranjith Kalabhavan, Aleena, Razak Paradise Ismail, Rafeeq Chokli, Radhika
|Century Vision
|
|-
|''[[Twenty One Gms]]''
|Bibin Krishna
|[[Anoop Menon]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Leona Lishoy]], [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], [[Manasa Radhakrishnan]], [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
| The Front Row Productions
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''25'''
| ''Escape''
| Sarshick Roshan
| [[Gayathri Suresh]], Sreevidya Mullachery, [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Anugraha, Shaju Sreedhar, Disney James, [[Anu Joseph]]
| SR Big Screen Entertainment
|
|-
| ''Thirayozhiyathe''
| Manoj Krishna Ambalathara
| Hashim, Shana Sunil, [[Kozhikode Narayanan Nair]], Kozhikode Jayaraj, Jayachandran Kottakochi, Athira Baburaj
| Rudhra Annapoorna
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''30'''
| ''Generations''
| Tijo Thadathil
| Athulya Ullas
| P&B Media Creations
|
|}

== April–June ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
!Director
!Cast
!Production company / Studio
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="16" style="text-align:center;background:#7BB661; textcolor:#000;" |'''A P R I L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''7'''
| ''[[Aviyal (2022 film)|Aviyal]]''
| Shanil
| [[Joju George]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Alexander Prasanth]], [[Dain Davis]], Ketaki Narayan, Sinil Sainudheen
| Pocket SQ Productions
|
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''8'''
| ''[[Gramavrikshathile Kuyil]]''
| K P Kumaran
| Srevalsan J Menon, Pramod Raman, Gargi Ananthan, Rahul Rajagopal
| Far Sight Media
|
|-
|''Ente Mazha''
|Sunil Subramaniam
|[[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], Yami Sona
|Anmay Creations
|
|-
|''Kaypakka''
|K K Menon
|[[Rahul Ravi]], [[Nithya Ram]] [[Vinaya Prasad]], [[Sonia Agarwal]], [[Sajitha Betti]]
|Porus Cinemas
|
|-
|''Moori ''
|Anitta Augustine
|Sajith Thoppil, [[Seema G. Nair]]
|Mekkunnel Films
|
|-
|''Origami''
|Binoy Pattimattom
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], James Parakkal, Beena Kaveri
|Pushkas Entertainments
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''9'''
|''[[Aquarium (film)|Aquarium]]''
|T Deepesh
|[[Sunny Wayne]], [[Honey Rose]], [[V. K. Prakash]]
|Kannambeth Productions
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''14'''
| ''Myself Clement''
| SS Jishnu Dev
| Gautham S Kumar, Jinu Celine, Manasaprabhu, Sasikanthan, Sunil Kumar, Jalatha Bhaskaran, Jainendrakumar
| Varaaha Films
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''15'''
| ''Avasthantharangal''
| Shaji Thejus
| Shaji Thejus
| Thejus Creations
|
|-
| ''Premarogi''
| Pradeep Eloor
| Pradeep Eloor, Pradeesh Cherthala, Mahesh Aravindan, Sumesh Thacchandan, Amal Mohan, Rithu, Diya, Midha, Neeraja
| Lucky Films
|
|-
| ''Swargavathil Pakshikal''
| Shibu Attingal
| Rakesh M Roshan, Mubeer Khan, Diana, Jayanthi Singh, Nimisha Nair, Anil R Thampi
| Serene Arts Films
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''22'''
|''Anthakshari''
| Vipin Das
|[[Saiju Kurup]], [[Priyanka Nair]], [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]], [[Shabareesh Varma]], Binu Pappu
|Sulthan Brothers Entertainments
|
|-
| ''No Way Out''
| Nithin Devidas
| [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Dharmajan Bolgatty]], [[Basil Joseph]], Raveena Nair
| Remo Entertainmentz
|
|-
|''Thee Mazha Then Mazha''
|Kunjumon Thaha
|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]], Rajesh Cobra, Soorja Sajan, Lakshmi Priya
|Seven Birds Films
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''28'''
| ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]''
| [[Dijo Jose Antony]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Dhruvan]]
| Magic Frames
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''29'''
| ''[[Makal]]''
| [[Sathyan Anthikkad]]
| [[Jayaram]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Meera Jasmine]], [[Naslen K. Gafoor]], Devika Sanjay, Sree Dhanya
| Central Pictures
|
|-
| rowspan="24" style="text-align:center;background:#aa00ff; textcolor:#000;" |'''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''1'''
| ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]''
| [[K. Madhu]]
| [[Mammootty]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Kaniha]], [[Asha Sharath]], [[Malavika Menon]], [[Ansiba Hassan]]
|[[Swargachitra Appachan|Swargachithra Films]]
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''2'''
|''Third World Boys''
|Ayyappa Swaroop
|[[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
|Little Big Films
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''3'''
| ''Ikkakka''
| Sainu Chavakkadan
| Pradeep Babu, [[Saju Navodaya]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Ashwathi, Heera Thulasi, Gopu Krishna, Kalabhavan Nandana
|High Hopes Film Factory
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''6'''
|''[[Kshanikam]]''
|Rajeev Rajendran
|[[Jewel Mary]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandu]]
|R-Productions Filmy
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''12'''
| ''[[Puzhu]]''
| Ratheena PT
| [[Mammootty]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Indrans]], [[Malavika Menon]]
| Cyn-Cyl Celluloid
|
|-

| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''13'''
| ''[[Jo and Jo]]''
| [[Arun D. Jose]]
| [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Naslen K. Gafoor]]
| Imagine Cinemas, Signature Studios
|
|-
| ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
| [[Prajesh Sen]]
| [[Jayasurya]], [[Manju Warrier]], [[Sshivada]], [[Johny Antony]]
| Universal Cinemas
|
|-
| ''[[Pathaam Valavu]]''
| [[M. Padmakumar]]
| [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Swasika]], [[Ajmal Ameer]]
| UGM Productions, Mumbai Movie Studios
|
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''20'''
|''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]''
|[[Jeethu Joseph]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Anusree]], [[Anu Sithara]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Priyanka Nair]], [[Leona Lishoy]], [[Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)|Anu Mohan]], Chandhunadh, [[Sshivada]],
|[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|
|-
|''Ammakanal''
|Rajesh Vadacode
|Sabu Joseph, Kaladi Omana
|Krishna Productions
|
|-
|''Four''
|Sunil Hanif
|Amal Shah, [[Mamitha Baiju]], [[Minon]]
|Bloom International
|
|-
|''[[Jack N' Jill]]''
|[[Santhosh Shivan]]
|[[Manju Warrier]], [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Kalidas Jayaram]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|Sree Gokulam Movies, Sevas Pictures
|
|-
|''[[Keedam]]''
|[[Rahul Riji Nair]]
|[[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Sreenivasan]], [[Vijay Babu (actor, born 1976)|Vijay Babu]]
|First Print Studios, Fairy Frames
|
|-
| ''Trojan''
| Dr.Jiss Thomas
| [[Krishna Shankar]], [[Sheelu Abraham]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Shabareesh Varma]], Athira Madhav
| Silver Blise Movie House
|
|-
| ''[[Udal (film)|Udal]]''
|Ratheesh Raghunandan
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Indrans]], [[Durga Krishna]]
| Sree Gokulam Movies
|
|-
| ''Varayan''
| Jijo Joseph
| [[Siju Wilson]], [[Leona Lishoy]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]]
| Sathyam Cinemas
|
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''27'''
|''Bachelors''
|A P Syam Lenin
|Levin Simon Joseph, Sadikha Venugopal, Saikumar Sudevan
|Think Beyond Production
|
|-
|''Elmer''
|Gopi Kuttikol
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Master Dev Rajeshwar
|Raj Govind Production
|
|-
|''[[John Luther (film)|John Luther]]''
|Abhijith Joseph
|[[Jayasurya]], [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Tanvi Ram]], [[Aditi Ravi]]
|Alonsa Films
|
|-
|''Kalachekon''
| K S Hariharan
|[[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], [[Bheeman Raghu]]
|Santhi Matha Creation
|
|-
|''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (2021 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]''
|[[Rajeev Ravi]]
|[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Srindaa]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
|Film Roll Productions
|
|-
|''Maahi''
|Suresh Kuttiadi
|Aneesh Menon, [[Gayathri Suresh]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
|VSDS Entertainments
|
|-
|''Son of Alibaba Nalapathonaman'' <ref>{{Cite news |title=Son Of Alibaba NalpathonnamanU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/son-of-alibaba-nalpathonnaman/movieshow/91743396.cms |access-date=2023-04-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|Najeeb Ali
|[[Rahul Madhav]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Bineesh Bastin, [[Lishoy]]
|Filim Fort Media Lab
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d580ff;" |'''28'''
|''[[The Proposal (2022 film)|The Proposal]]''
|Joe Joseph
|Joe Joseph, Amara Raja, Clair Sara Martin, Anumodu Paul, Suhas Pattathil, Karthika Menon Thomas, Sana Subedi
|Silver Cloud Pictures
|
|-
| rowspan="18" style="text-align:center;background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U N E'''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" |'''3'''
|''Onnu''
|Anupama Menon
|Jojan Kanjani, Rathi Kumar, Sajeev Madhav
|Kerala Visual Sign, KSFDC
|
|-
| ''Thattukada Muthal Cemetery Vare''
| Siraj Fantasy
| [[Jagadish Kumar|Jagadish]], Shreya Ramesh, V.K. Baiju, [[Sunil Sukhada]]
|Online Movies
|
|-
|''Welcome to Pandimala''
|Mubeen Rauf
|Suraj Sundar, Kripa Shekar
|Harichanda Creations
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" |'''9'''
| ''[[Innale Vare]]''
| [[Jis Joy]]
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], Reba John, [[Antony Varghese]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]]
|Central Advertising Agency
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''10'''
|''Chekkan''
|Shafi Eppikkad
|[[Vinod Kovoor]], [[Thesni Khan]], Vishnu Purushan, [[Nanjiyamma]]
|One 2 One Media
|
|-
| ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]''
| [[Vineeth Kumar]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Darshana Rajendran]], Arjun Lal, Arjun Radhakrishnan, [[Basil Joseph]], [[Sanchana Natarajan]]
|Happy Hours Entertainments, Aashiq Usman Productions
|
|-
|''[[Kochaal]]''
|Shyam Mohan
|[[Murali Gopy]], [[Indrans]], [[Krishna Shankar]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
|Sierra Talkies
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" | '''11'''
|''[[Vazhiye]]''
|[[Nirmal Baby Varghese]]
|Jefin Joseph, Aswathi Anil Kumar, Varun Ravindran
|[[Casablanca Film Factory]]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" |'''17'''
|''Heaven''
|Unni Govindraj
|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Sudev Nair]], [[Reshmi Boban]], [[Sudheesh]], Devi Menon, [[Joy Mathew]]
|Cut 2 Create Pictures
|
|-
|''Kidnap''
|Pramod Mohan
|Arun Sagara, Firozkhan, Dhanusha
|Kolaikal Movies
|
|-
|''[[Prakashan Parakkatte]]''
|Shahad Nilambur
|[[Mathew Thomas]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Nisha Sarang]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|Funtastic Films
|
|-
|''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]''
|Vishnu G Raghav
|[[Tovino Thomas]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], Kottayam Ramesh, [[Baiju Santhosh]]
|[[Revathy Kalamandhir]], Urvasi Theatre
|
|-
|''Viddikalude Mashu''
|Anish V A
|Dilip Menon, [[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Shari (actress)|Shari]], [[Manobala]]
|Headz Presents
|
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#d9e4f1;" |'''24'''
|''Bheethi''
| Vinod
| [[Krishna Prabha]], Krishnan, Nasif Appu, Dr. Bashith Nakulan, Unni Raj Cheruvathoor
| Studio Mojo
|
|-
| ''[[Panthrand]]''
| Leo Thaddeus
| [[Vinayakan]], [[Dev Mohan]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Srindaa]], Veena Nair, [[Sreelatha Namboothiri]]
|Skypass Entertainment
|
|-
|''Porkkalam''
| Chotta Vipin
| [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Kiran, Varsha
| Alleppey Films
|
|-
|''[[Priyan Ottathilanu]]''
| Antony Sony
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Aparna Das]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Mammootty]]
| Wow Cinemas
|
|-
|''Sudokku`N''
|CR Ajayakumar
|[[Ranji Panickar]], [[Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Narayanankutty]], Shankaran
|Sangeetha 4 Creations
|
|}

== July–September ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
!Director
!Cast
!Production company / Studio
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="22" style="text-align:center;background:#eef003; textcolor:#000;" |'''J U L Y'''
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Adithattu]]''
| [[Jijo Antony]]
| [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Alexander Prasanth]], Jayapalan, Joseph Yesudas
|Middle March Studios, Kanayil Films
|
|-
| ''[[A Violent Tale]]''
| Arun Lal
| Jithin PG, Shyamprasad S, Abhilash S, Teena Joseph, Midhun Haridas
|Empty Company Productions
|
|-
|''EMI''
|Jobi John
|[[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Jayan Cherthala]], Yami Sona, [[Manju Pathrose]], [[Rony David]]
|Joji Films
|
|-
|''Santacruz''
|Johnson John Fernandez
|Aniish RRehhman, [[Noorin Shereef]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Rahul Madhav]], [[Indrans]], [[Major Ravi]], Vidyalakshmi
|Chitteth Film House
|
|-
| ''[[Ullasam (2022 film)|Ullasam]]''
| Jeevan Jojo
| [[Shane Nigam]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], Pavithra Lakshmi, [[Sarayu (actress)|Sarayu]], [[Deepak Parambol]]
|Kaithamattom Brothers
|
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''6'''
|[[Paka (River of Blood)|''Paka: The River of Blood'']]
| Nithin Lukose
| Basil Paulose, [[Vinitha Koshy]], Athul John, Jeph Stephan Johnson
| Studio 99 Films
|
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''7'''
|''[[Kaduva]]''
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Vivek Oberoi]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Samyuktha Menon]]
| Prithviraj Productions, [[Listin Stephen|Magic Frames]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''8'''
| ''In''
| [[Rajesh Nair]]
| [[Deepti Sati]], [[Arya (actress)|Arya]], [[Madhupal]], KK Menon
|Vaya Films, Senn Production
|
|-
|''Madappally United''
|Ajay Govind
|[[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Savithri Sreedharan]], Srikant Murali, Renji Kankol
|Caroline Pictures
|
|-
| ''[[Pyali]]''
| Babitha, Rinn
| [[Sreenivasan]], [[Appani Sarath]], [[Mamukkoya]], Barbiee Sharma
|NF Varghese Pictures, [[Dulquer Salmaan|Wayfarer Films]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''10'''
|''Breakup Party''
|A R Amal Kannan
|Viswa Mohan, Sangeetha Padhma
|All Is Well Cinemas
|
|-
|''Turning Point''
| Shaiju N
| [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], P.J. Unnikrishnan, [[Vijayakumari]], Deepa Rakhi George, Vanitha Shoba
| Creative Kollam
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''15'''
|''[[Ela Veezha Poonchira]]''
| Shahi Kabir
| [[Soubin Shahir]], [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[Jude Anthany Joseph]], Vincent Vadakkan, Vishnu Venu
| Kadhaas Untold
|
|-
|''Padma''
|[[Anoop Menon]]
|[[Anoop Menon]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], [[Shruthi Rajanikanth]]
|Anoop Menon Storyz
|
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''21'''
| ''[[Mahaveeryar]]''
| [[Abrid Shine]]
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Shanvi Srivastava]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]], [[Lalu Alex]] [[Mallika Sukumaran]]
|Pauly Jr. Pictures, Indian Movie Makers
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''22'''
|''Kuri''
|K R Praveen
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], Vishnu Govindhan, [[Aditi Ravi]], Sagar Surya
|Kokers Media Entertainments
|
|-
|''[[Malayankunju]]''
|Sajimon Prabhakaran
|[[Fahadh Faasil]], [[Rajisha Vijayan]], [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Indrans]], [[Jaffar Idukki]]
|Fahadh Faasil & Friends
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''28'''
|''Kadal Paranja Kadha''
|Sainu Chavakkadan
|Sunil Aravind, Ankit George, Anagha S, Aparna Nair, Sreelakshmi Iyyer
|Jet Media Production House
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#FFFF99;" |'''29'''
|''[[19(1)(a)]]''
|Indhu V.S.
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Nithya Menen]], Atulya Ashadam, [[Deepak Parambol]], [[Arya Salim]]
|[[Anto Joseph|Anto Joseph Film Company]]
|
|-
|''Headmaster''
|[[Rajeevnath]]
|[[Babu Antony]], Devi, [[Sanju Sivram]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]
|Channel 5
|
|-
|''[[Paappan]]''
|[[Joshiy]]
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Gokul Suresh]], [[Neeta Pillai]], [[Nyla Usha]], [[Asha Sharath]], [[Kaniha]], [[Ajmal Ameer]]
|David Kachappilly Productions, Iffaar Media
|
|-
|''Thaniye-Alone''
|Shyju John
|Minu Mohan, Baby Ananya Pradeep, Master Adwaith P Nair
|Fly Wings Media
|
|-
| rowspan="28" style="text-align:center;background:#CD7F32; textcolor:#000;" |'''A U G U S T'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''1'''
|''Chalachithram''
|Gafoor Elliyas
|Sudarshan Alleppey, Moses Sunday Oyelere, Oluwatosin Folayan Oyelere
|Chalachithram Production
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''4'''
|''[[Aavasavyuham]]''
| [[Krishand RK|Krishand R.K]]
|Nileen Sandra, Sreenath Babu, Zhinz Shan, Sanup Padaveedan, Geethi Sangeetha, Nikhil Prabhakar, Manu Bhadran
| 1830 Crew Films
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''5'''
|''Pothum Thala''
| Anil Karakkulam
| [[Saju Navodaya]], [[Neena Kurup]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Sunil Sukhada]]
| Valappan Creations
|
|-
|''Sabash Chandra Bose''
|[[V C Abhilash]]
|[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], Sneha, Ramya Suresh
|Jollywood Movies
|
|-
|''[[Sayanna Varthakal]]''
|Arun Chandu
|[[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Gokul Suresh]], [[Aju Varghese]], Sharanya Sharma, [[Makarand Deshpande]]
|D14 Entertainments
|
|-
|''Two Men''
|K Satheesh
|[[M. A. Nishad]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Anumol]], [[Arya (actress)|Arya]], [[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad Ali]]
|D Group
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''11'''
| ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
| Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Gayathrie]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Rajesh Madhavan]]
|Moonshot Entertainment
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''12'''
| ''College Cuties''
| A. K. B. Kumar
| [[Kulappulli Leela]], [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]], Nimisha Nair, [[Narayanankutty]], Anay Sathyan
| AKB Movie International
|
|-
| ''[[Holy Wound]]''
| Ashok. R. Nath
| Janaki Sudheer, Amrita Vinod, Sabu Praudeen
|Sahasrara Cinemas
|
|-
| ''[[Thallumaala]]''
| [[Khalid Rahman]]
| [[Tovino Thomas]], [[Kalyani Priyadarshan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]]
|Aashiq Usman Productions, Plan B Entertainments
|
|-
|''Uthami''
|S P Suresh Kumar
|[[Gayathri Suresh]], Raji Menon
|Ashtag Films
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''13'''
|''Apsara''
|Syam Krishnan
|Alan Chiramel, Akhila Rajan
|100 Stories Pictures
|
|-
|rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''18'''
|''February 29''
|Devan Nagalassery
|[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Salman Kkm, Dhanya Kannur
|Sensation Films
|
|-
| ''[[Solamante Theneechakal]]''
| [[Lal Jose]]
| [[Joju George]], [[Vincy Aloshious]], Darshana Sudarshan Nair
| LJ Films
|
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''19'''
|''Mathukuttiyude Vazhikal''
|Biju M Raaj
|[[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Naiha Nihar
|Cheruvelickal Films
|
|-
|''[[Mike (2022 film)|Mike]]''
|Vishnu Sivaprasad
|[[Anaswara Rajan]], Ranjith Sanjeev, [[Abhiram Radhakrishnan]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Jinu Joseph]]
|[[John Abraham|JA Entertainment]]
|
|-
|''Simon Daniel''
|Sajan Antony
|[[Vineeth Kumar]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[V. K. Sreeraman]]
|Migress Productions
|
|-
|''Thee''
|Anil V Nagendran
|[[Muhammed Muhsin]], [[Indrans]], [[Ramesh Pisharody]], [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]]
|UV Creations, Visard Creations
|
|-
|''Ulkkanal''
|Yateendradas
|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Sai Kumar]], [[Ambika Mohan]], [[Nanjiyamma]]
|Devi Tripurambika
|
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''25'''
|''Kudukku 2025''
|Bilahari
|[[Krishna Sankar]], [[Rammohan Ravindran]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Swasika]], [[Durga Krishna]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
|Bilahari Experiments, S.V. Krishnasankar Productions, Ram De Studios
|
|-
|''[[Theerppu]]''
| [[Rathish Ambat]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Isha Talwar]], [[Hanna Reji Koshy]]
|[[Friday Film House]]
|
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''26'''
|''Attention Please''
|Jithin Isaac
|Anand Manmadhan, Athira Kallingal, Vishnu Govindan
|Stone Bench Films, Mangoes N' Coconuts
|
|-
|''Beyond the 7 Seas''
|Pratheesh Uthaman, Smily Thomas
|Prashant Nair
|ASDM
|
|-
|''Kottakkulam Payyans''
|Sudhi Kadalundi Nagaram
|[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]], [[Shobi Thilakan]], Vijayan Karanthur, Anilbaby, Devaraj
|Calicut Kalakshetra Productions
|
|-
|''Neepa''
|Benny Asamsa
|[[Salim Kumar]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Johny Antony]]
|Himuchri Creations
|
|-
|''[[Peace (2022 film)|Peace]]''
| [[Sanfeer K]]
|[[Joju George]], [[Asha Sarath]], [[Ramya Nambeesan]], [[Anil Nedumangad]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|Script Doctor Pictures
|
|-
|''[[Sreedhanya Catering Service]]''
|[[Jeo Baby]]
|Gilu Joseph, Phantom Praveen, Anna Fathima, Vyshnavi Kalyani
| Mankind cinemas
|
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#E9967A;" |'''31'''
|''Bonamy''
|Tony Sukumar
|Sidhartha, Anjali, Vakkanadu Suresh, Shailaja Ambu, Shajahan Sukumaran, Prasanth Wagamon
|Koyas Productions
|
|-
| rowspan="23" style="text-align:center; background:#808080; textcolor:#000;" |'''S E P T E M B E R'''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''2'''
|''Avengers''
|Mehamood KS
|Salim Bava, Nimisha Bijo, Aleena Binson
|Century Vision
|
|-
|''[[Palthu Janwar]]''
|Sangeeth P Rajan
|[[Basil Joseph]], [[Indrans]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Shammi Thilakan]], Jaya Kurup, Athira Harikumar
|[[Working Class Hero (film production company)|Working Class Hero]], Bhavana Studios
|
|-
|''Run Kalyani''
|Geetha J
|Garggi Ananthan, Meera Nair, Manoj Menon
|AkamPuram Production
|
|-
|''[[Sundari Gardens]]''
|Charlie Davis
|[[Neeraj Madhav]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Vijayaraghavan]]
|Allens Media
|
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;"|'''4'''
|''WFH (Work From Home)''
|K P Nambiathiri
|[[Riyaz Khan]], [[Rajeev Pillai]], [[Shivani Bhai]], Bose Venkat
|First Shows
|
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;"|'''8'''
|''[[Oru Thekkan Thallu Case]]''
|Sreejith
|[[Biju Menon]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman]]
|E4 Entertainment, New Surya Films
|
|-
|''[[Ottu (film)|Ottu]]''
|Felini T.P
|[[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Aravind Swamy]], [[Jackie Shroff]], Eesha Rebba
|August Cinema
|
|-
|''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
|[[Vinayan]]
|[[Siju Wilson]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Madhuri Braganza]], [[Anoop Menon]], [[Senthil Krishna]], [[Renu Soundar]]
|Sree Gokulam Movies
|
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;"|'''16'''
|''King Fish''
|[[Anoop Menon]]
|[[Anoop Menon]], [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]], Durga Krishna
|Texas Film Factory
|
|-
|''Ulkazhcha''
|Bijoy Bahuleyan
|[[Anjali Nair (actress, born 1988)|Anjali Nair]], [[Ambika Mohan]], [[Krishna Praba]]
|Saraswathy Films
|
|-
|''[[Kotthu]]''
|[[Sibi Malayil]]
|[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Nikhila Vimal]], [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
|Gold Coin Motion Picture
|
|-
|''Vishuda Mejo''
|Kiran Antony
|Dinoy Paulose, [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Lijomol Jose]]
|Plan J Studios
|
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''23'''
|''Chattambi''
|Abhilash S Kumar
|[[Sreenath Bhasi]], [[Chemban Vinod Jose]], [[Grace Antony]]
|Art Beat Studios
|
|-
|''Karmasagaram Visuddha Chavarayachan''
|Aji K Jose
|Maqbool Salman, Poojitha Menon, Kottayam Ramesh
|
|
|-
|''Koshichayante Parambu''
|Saajir Sadaf
|[[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Salim Kumar]], [[Reena Basheer]], Geethi Sangeethika
|Sandra Performs
|
|-
|''[[Ormakalil]]''
|M Vishwapratap
|[[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], Deepa Kartha, Poojitha Menon
|Premier Cinemas
|
|-
|''Vellarikkapattanam''
|Maneesh Kurup
|Tony Sigimon, Janvi Byju, [[Jayan Cherthala]], [[M. R. Gopakumar]]
|Mangalasseril Movies
|
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#C0C0C0;" |'''30'''
|''Joshua Mosayude Pingami''
| Sudheesh Mohan
| Akhilesh Easwar, Midhun Abraham, Anjana Sara, Amrutha Vijai
|Cahiers Du Cinemas
|
|-
|''[[Mei Hoom Moosa]]''
|[[Jibu Jacob]]
|[[Suresh Gopi]], [[Poonam Bajwa]], [[Srinda]]
|Confident Group, Thomas Thiruvalla Films
|
|-
|''Muri''
|Aryakrishnan R K
|Manu Murali, Venus Paul
|Mathew production, Soulmate Production
|
|-
|''Ninam''
|Amardeep
|Suryakrishna, Nandan Kalabhavan, Sarath Harisree
|Movie Today Creations
|
|}

==October–December==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" class="unsortable" |Opening
! style="width:20%;" |Title
!Director
!Cast
!Production company / Studio
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="19" style="text-align:center;background:#f40b0b; textcolor:#000;" |'''O C T O B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''4'''
| ''[[Eesho (film)|Eesho]]''
|[[Nadirshah]]
|[[Jayasurya]], [[Namitha Pramod]]
|Arun Narayan Productions
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actor-jayasurya-movie-eesho-worldwide-premiere-exclusively-on-sonyliv-october-5-ri7ep8|title=ജയസൂര്യ ഇനി 'ഈശോ'; നാദിർഷ ചിത്രം ഡയറക്ട് ഒടിടി റിലീസിന്, തിയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |date=14 September 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=Asianet News}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''7'''
|''[[Ini Utharam]]''
|Sudheesh Ramachandran
|[[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Jaffar Idukki]], [[Siddharth Menon (singer)|Siddharth Menon]]
|A&V Entertainments
|
|-
|''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]''
|Nisam Basheer
|[[Mammootty]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Kottayam Nazeer]], [[Jagadish Kumar|Jagadish]], [[Sanju Sivram]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Bindu Panicker]], [[Babu Annur]]
|Mammootty Kampany, Wayfarer Films
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Oct/01/mammoottys-rorschach-release-date-announced-2503936.html|title=Mammootty's 'Rorschach' release date announced |date=1 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''Siddy''
|Pious Raj
|Aji John, [[I. M. Vijayan]], [[Rajesh Sharma (Malayalam actor)|Rajesh Sharma]], Akshaya Udayakumar, Divya Gopinath, Haritha Haridas
|Surya Film Productions
|
|-
|rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''14'''
| ''My Name is Azhakan''
| B C Naufal
| Binu Thrikkakkara, Sharanya Ramchandran, [[Sudhi Koppa]], [[Tini Tom]]
|Truth Films
|
|-
| ''Oru Pakka Nadan Premam''
| Vinod Nettathani
| [[Vinu Mohan]], [[Vidhya Mohan]], [[Kulappulli Leela]], [[Madhupal]]
| Ans Productions
|
|-
| ''PK Rosy''
| Sasi Nadukkadu
| [[Jayan Cherthala]], [[V. Suresh Thampanoor|Aristo Suresh]], [[Bheeman Raghu]]
| GS Films
|
|-
| ''Shubhadhinam''
| Shivaram Mony
| [[Indrans]], Gireesh Neyyar, [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]], [[Hareesh Kanaran]]
|Neyyar Films
|
|-
| ''[[Varaal (film)|Varaal]]''
| [[Kannan Thamarakulam]]
| [[Anoop Menon]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Priyanka Nair]]
|Time Ads Entertainment
|
|-
| ''[[Vichithram]]''
| Achu Vijayan
| [[Balu Varghese]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
|Joy Movie Productions
|
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''20'''
|''Samroha''
|Nithin Narayan
|[[Riyaz Khan]], Renjith Kumar, Ajikumar, Salim Punalur
|Ranar Arts
|<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-01-06 |title=നിതിന്‍ നാരായണന്‍ ചിത്രം 'സംരോഹ' പൂര്‍ത്തിയായി |url=https://www.aagolavartha.com/nithin-narayanans-samroha-is-complete/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Aagolavartha.Com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''21'''
|''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]''
|[[Vysakh]]
|[[Mohanlal]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Johny Antony]], [[Sudev Nair]]
|[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal's Monster to release in theatres on October 21. Details inside|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mohanlals-monster-to-release-in-theatres-on-october-21-2285397-2022-10-14|access-date=25 October 2022|work=The India Today|date=14 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Padavettu]]''
|Liju Krishna
|[[Nivin Pauly]], [[Aditi Balan]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]]
|Yoodlee Film, Sunny wayne Production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/nivin-pauly-aditi-balan-shine-tom-chacko-starrer-padavettu-official-teaser/articleshow/93955053.cms|title = ഇതെന്‍റെ മണ്ണാണ്, ഞാനിവിടെ കിടക്കും വേണ്ടി വന്നാൽ കിളയ്ക്കും'! തീ പാറും പ്രകടനവുമായി നിവിൻ പോളി; 'പടവെട്ട്' ടീസർ|date = 2 September 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''27'''
|''Adiyaan''
|Nithin Noble
|Prasanth Murali, Zaira Backer
|Interstellar Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Adiyaan Trailer : പ്രശാന്ത് മുരളി ചിത്രം അടിയാന്റെ ട്രെയ്‌ലർ എത്തി; ചിത്രം ഉടനെത്തും |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/adiyaan-movie-trailer-out-now-prashanth-murali-starrer-to-hit-theaters-this-october-27-110747 |access-date=2022-10-27 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;background:#f9827c;"|'''28'''
|''5il Oral Thaskaran''
|Soman Ambat
|[[Indrans]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], [[Renji Panicker]], Shravana RS
|Jayashree Cinema
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/5il-oral-thaskaran/ET00341080|title=5il Oral Thaskaran |access-date=28 October 2022 |website=BookMyShow |date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Appan (film)|Appan]]''
|Maju
|[[Sunny Wayne]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Ananya (actress)|Ananya]], [[Alancier Ley Lopez]], [[Pauly Valsan]]
|Sunny Wayne Productions, Tiny Hands Productions
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2022/Oct/20/sunny-wayne-starrer-appan-to-premiere-on-sonyliv-on-oct-28-2509880.html|title=Sunny Wayne-starrer 'Appan' to premiere on SonyLIV |access-date=25 October 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=20 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Autorickshawkarante Bharya]]''
|Harikumar
|[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Ann Augustine]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], [[Swasika]]
|Benzy Productions
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/promising-trailer-of-suraj-ann-augustine-starrer-autorickshawkarante-bharya-grabs-attention-1.7987247|title=Promising trailer of Suraj, Ann Augustine starrer 'Autorickshawkarante Bharya' grabs attention|access-date=28 October 2022 |website=english. mathrubhumi.com |date=25 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey (film)|Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|[[Vipin Das]]
|[[Darshana Rajendran]], [[Basil Joseph]], [[Manju Pillai]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Azees Nedumangad]]
|Scooper Dooper Films, Cheers Entertainment
|
|-
| ''[[Kumari (2022 film)|Kumari]]''
| [[Nirmal Sahadev]]
| [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
|Prithviraj Productions, [[Magic Frames]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2022/oct/28/kumari-movie-review-an-impressively-mounted-creature-feature-36054.html|title=Kumari Movie Review: An impressively mounted creature feature|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=28 October 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="27" style="text-align:center;background:orange; textcolor:#000;" |'''N O V E M B E R'''
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''4'''
| ''[[Chathuram]]''
| [[Sidharth Bharathan]]
| [[Roshan Mathew]], [[Swasika]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[Santhy Balachandran]]
| Greenwitch Entertainments, Yellow Bird Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/roshan-mathew-swasika-vijays-chathuram-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/95159451.cms#:~:text=Roshan%20Mathew%2DSwasika%20Vijay%27s%20%27Chathuram%27%20gets%20a%20release%20date!,-By%20%2D&text=Sidharth%20Bharathan%27s%20directorial%20%27Chathuram%27%20featuring,have%20also%20launched%20the%20trailer.|date=29 October 2022|title=Roshan Mathew-Swasika Vijay's 'Chathuram' gets a release date!|website=Times Of India|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Ellaam Settanu''
|Vinu Sridhar
|[[Bipin Jose]], Sumesh Chandran, Rajeev Rajan, Sneha Bhagyesh
|Amsterdam Movie International
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ellam-settanu/ET00343184|date=28 October 2022|title=Ellaam Settanu|website=BookMyShow|access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kooman (film)|Kooman]]''
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Renji Panicker]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Pauly Valsan]]
|[[Magic Frames]], Ananya Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/kooman/ET00322179|date=28 October 2022|title=Kooman|website=BookMyShow|access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night (2022 film)|Saturday Night]]''
| [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Siju Wilson]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Aju Varghese]]
|Ajith Vinayaka Films
|
|-
|rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''11'''
| ''Etham''
| Praveen Chandran
| Sravana TN, Siddharth Rajan, [[Prakash Bare]]
|Screen Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/etham/ET00344303|title=Etham in BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mukundan Unni Associates]] ''
| [[Abhinav Sunder Nayak]]
| [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]], [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Jagadish]], [[Aarsha Chandini Baiju]], [[Tanvi Ram]], [[Sudhi Koppa]]
|Joy Movie Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/advocate-mukundan-unni-associates-vineeth-sreenivasan-abhinav-sunder-1.8011045|date=2 November 2022|title=എനിക്കിത്തിരി നന്മ കൂടുതലാണെന്ന ആക്ഷേപം ഇതോടെ മാറിക്കിട്ടും- വിനീത് ശ്രീനിവാസൻ......|website=www.mathrubhumi.com|access-date=3 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nishiddho]]''
| Tara Ramanujan
| [[Kani Kusruti]], Tanmay Dhanania
|[[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/nishiddho/ET00344220|date=9 November 2022|title=Nishiddho in BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=28 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thattassery Koottam|Thattaassery Koottam]]''
| Anoop Padmanabhan
| [[Arjun Ashokan]], [[Ganapathi S. Poduval]], [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Aneesh Gopal]]
|Graand Production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/thattassery-koottam/ET00320970|title=Thattaassery Koottam in BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow|access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''12'''
|''The Dark Secret''
|Jomon George & Sabu Mani
|[[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Tony O'Sullivan
|Magic Triangle Films
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filming of an Indian movie progressing in Ireland |url=https://irishsamachar.com/filming-of-an-indian-movie-progressing-in-ireland/ |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Irish Samachar |date=10 August 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''18'''
|''[[1744 White Alto]]''
| [[Senna Hegde]]
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Vincy Aloshious]], [[Rajesh Madhavan]], [[Arun Kurian]], Sminu Sijo
| Kabinii Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/1744-white-alto/ET00343473|date=3 November 2022|title=1744 White Alto in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=4 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Adrishyam''
| Zac Harris
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Joju George]], [[Narain (actor)|Narain]], [[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]], [[Athmiya Rajan]]
| AAAR Productions, Film House UAN
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/adrishyam/ET00344333|date=18 November 2022|title=Adrishyam in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Akashathinu Thazhe''
| Lijeesh Mullezhathu
| Kalabhavan Prajod, Siji Pradeep
| Amma Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/akashathinu-thazhe/movie-showtimes/thrissur/275/95583885|date=18 November 2022|title=Akashathinu Thazhe|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Paykappal''
| Mohammed Rafi
| [[Indrans]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]], [[Meera Vasudevan]], [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]
| Eranadu Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/paykappal/movieshow/95582785.cms|date=18 November 2022|title=Paykappal|website=www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Perfume - Her Fragrance''
| Haridas
| [[Tini Tom]], [[Kaniha]], [[Pratap Pothen]], [[Praveena]]
| Moti Jacob Production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/perfume-her-fragrance/ET00344925|date=18 November 2022|title=Perfume - Her Fragrance in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sholai]]''
| Siju Mon Kamar
| Ayan Adhi, Deppthi Rajesh, Sneha Vijeesh, Aneesh Khan
| Manna Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/sholai/ET00342215|date=18 November 2022|title=Sholai in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Signature''
| Manoj Palodan
| [[Tini Tom]], Karthik Ramakrishnan, Alphy Panjikkaran, [[Chembil Ashokan]], Shaju Sreedhar
| Sanjose Creations, Deluxe Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/signature/ET00344935|date=18 November 2022|title=Signature in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Vivaaha Aavahanam''
| Sabu Alumoottil
| [[Aju Varghese]], [[Alexander Prasanth]], [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]], Nitaarah Nadin, [[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
| Karmic Studio, Chand Studio
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/vivaha-aavahanam/ET00344554|date=18 November 2022|title=Vivaaha Aavahanam in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''19'''
| ''Aghora''
| Prabhan Chand
| [[Vinod Kovoor]], Glovin Issac, Ramadevi
| Aafreen Cinemas
|{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''20'''
| ''Devil's Bark''
| Soman Kallikkattu
| Aju Irapuram, Bibin Omegha, Vidhu Kallikkattu, Dean Arvin
| YARAS Family Entertainment
|{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''24'''
| ''Padachone Ingalu Katholi''
| Bijith Bala
| [[Sreenath Bhasi]], Ann Seethal, [[Hareesh Kanaran]], [[Grace Antony]], [[Johny Antony]]
| Tiny Hand Production
|
|-
|rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#ffc04c;"|'''25'''
| ''[[4 Years (film)|4 Years]]''
| [[Ranjith Sankar]]
| [[Sarjano Khalid]], [[Priya Prakash Varrier]]
| Dreams N Beyond
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/4-years/ET00344120/multimedia|date=24 November 2022|title=4 years in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aanaparambile World Cup|Aanaparambile World cup]]''
| Nikhil Premraj
| [[Antony Varghese]], [[Balu Varghese]], [[Jumana Abdu Rahman]], Archana Vasudev, [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[I. M. Vijayan]], Sreeja Das
| Achappu Movie Magic, Mass Media Production
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/aanaparambile-world-cup/ET00345252|date=24 November 2022|title=Aanaparambile Worldcup in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gila Island''
| Manu G Krishna
| [[Indrans]], [[Kailash (actor)|Kailash]], Anagha Maria Varghese
| Root Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/gila-island/ET00343190|date=24 November 2022|title=Gila Island in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Haasyam''
| [[Jayaraj]]
| [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Sabitha Jayaraj]], Ullas Pandalam
| Epoch Films
|
|-
| ''Haya''
| Vasudev Sanal
| K R Bharath, Chaithania Prakash, Akshaya Udayakumar, [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Johny Antony]]
|Six Silver Souls Studio
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/haya/ET00345248|date=24 November 2022|title=Haya in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Louis''
| Shabu Usman
| [[Indrans]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Joy Mathew]]
| Koottupallil Movies Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/louis/ET00345220|date=24 November 2022|title=Louis in BookMyShow|website=www.bookmyshow.com|access-date=24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shefeekkinte Santhosham]]''
| Prabhan Chand
| [[Unni Mukundan]], [[Manoj K. Jayan]], [[Divya Pillai]], [[Bala (actor)|Bala]], [[Athmiya Rajan]], [[Shaheen Siddique]]
| Unni Mukundan Films
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/11/21/bala-viral-dialogues-shafeekkinte-santhosham-trailer.html|date=21 November 2022|title=Bala mouths this viral dialogue in 'Shafeekkinte Santhosham' trailer. See video...|website=www.onmanorama.com|access-date=21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="31" style="text-align:center;background:#DA1884; textcolor:#000;" |'''D E C E M B E R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''1'''
| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]''
| [[Alphonse Puthren]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Deepti Sati]], [[Nayanthara]], [[Ajmal Ameer]]
|Prithviraj Productions, [[Magic Frames]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/prithviraj-nayanthara-gold-gets-a-release-date-8285201/|title = Prithviraj-Nayanthara's Gold gets a release date, finally|date = 23 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''2'''
| ''Khedda - The Trap''
| Manoj Kana
| [[Asha Sharath]], Uthara Sharath, [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Sudev Nair]]
|Benzy Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/11/28/watch-khedda-official-trailer.html|title = ആശാ ശരത്തിനൊപ്പം മകൾ ഉത്തര; ഖെദ്ദ ട്രെയിലർ...|date = 28 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Maadan''
| R Sreenivasan
| Kottarakkara Radhakrishnan, Harshitha Nair, Milan, Anamika
|Sreejith Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/maadan/ET00346062|title = Maadan in BookMyShow|date = 2 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oru Jaathi Manushyan''
| K Shameer
| Sharook Shameer, Sneha Das S, Fairuz Kamarudheen, Anjana Pallath, [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]], Niyas Backer
|Way To Cinema Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/oru-jaathi-manushayan/ET00345794|title = Oru Jaathi Manushyan in BookMyShow|date = 2 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Poriveyil''
|Farook Abdul Rahman
|[[Indrans]], [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
|Movie Connoisseurs Society
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pori Veyil (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in trivandrum - BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/trivandrum/movies/pori-veyil/ET00346001 |access-date=2022-12-05 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Prathi Niraparadhiyaano''
| Sunil Pottammal
| [[Indrans]], Nalanda Pradeep, [[Sunil Sukhada]], Abha Shajith, [[Hareesh Peradi]]
|Volcano Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/prathi-niraparadhiyaano/ET00345124|title = Prathi Niraparadhiyaano in BookMyShow|date = 2 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saudi Vellakka|Saudi Vellakka - CC225/2009]]''
| Tharun Moorthy
| [[Binu Pappu]], [[Lukman Avaran]], Devi Varma, [[Vincy Aloshious]], [[Sujith Shankar]]
|Urvashi Theaters
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tharun-moorthys-saudi-vellakka-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/95731944.cms|title = Tharun Moorthy's 'Saudi Vellakka' gets a release date| website=[[The Times of India]] |date = 24 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[The Teacher (2022 film)|''The Teacher'']]
| Vivek
| [[Amala Paul]], Hakkim Shah, [[Manju Pillai]], [[I. M. Vijayan]]
|Nutmeg Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-teacher-trailer-amala-paul-promises-a-hard-hitting-film-8281470/|title = The Teacher trailer: Amala Paul promises a hard-hitting film|date = 21 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''9'''
| ''Bharatha Circus''
| [[Sohan Seenulal]]
| [[Binu Pappu]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[M. A. Nishad]], [[Sunil Sukhada]]
|Bestway Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/bharatha-circus/movieshow/96005999.cms|title =Bharatha Circus|website =[[The Times of India]]|date = 7 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''I Am A Father''
| Raju Chandra
| VP Anupama, K Maheen
|Vayakodan Movie Studio, Plan Studios Pvt Ltd.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kayamkulam/movies/i-am-a-father/ET00346685|title =I Am A Father in BookMyShow|date = 9 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/i-am-a-father/movieshow/96008902.cms|title =I Am A Father|website =[[The Times of India]]|date = 9 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Madhuram Ee Jeevitham''
|Anil Philip
|Prakash Bare, Bhagyalakshmi
|Chavara Media House
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Neestream |url=https://www.facebook.com/neestream |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moviekoop |title=Madhuram Ee Jeevitham Movie {{!}} Cast, Release Date, Trailer, Posters, Reviews, News, Photos and Videos |url=https://moviekoop.com/Movie/Details/Madhuram-Ee-Jeevitham/34956 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Moviekoop |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Red Shadow''
| Jollymas
| Baby Akshaya, Remesh Kumar, Manu Mohan, Deepa Surendran
|Film Art Media House
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/trivandrum/movies/red-shadow/ET00346548|title =Red Shadow in BookMyShow|date = 9 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Roy''
| [[Sunil Ibrahim]]
| [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Sija Rose]], [[Rony David]]
|[[Sony Liv]], Coconut Bunch Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pricebaba.com/blog/roy-malayalam-ott-release-date-sonyliv-december-9|title =Roy OTT Release Date: Malayalam film Roy to stream on SonyLiv from December 9|date = 7 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''State Bus''
| Chandran Narikkode
| [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], Siby Thomas, [[Vijilesh Karayad]]
|Studio C Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/rajarampalli/movies/state-bus/ET00346680|title =State Bus in BookMyShow|date = 9 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Veekam''
| Sagar Hari
| [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Muthumani]], [[Sheelu Abraham]], [[Jagadish Kumar|Jagadish]]
|Abaam Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/veekam-movie-release-date-announce-dhyan-sreenivasan-starrer-to-hit-theaters-on-december-9-113962|title = Veekam Movie : ധ്യാൻ ശ്രീനിവാസൻ ചിത്രം വീകത്തിന്റെ പുതുക്കിയ റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|date = 14 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''16'''
| ''[[Ariyippu]]''
| [[Mahesh Narayanan]]
| [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Divya Prabha]], [[Danish Husain]], Loveleen Mishra
|Shebin Backer Productions, Kunchacko Boban Productions, Moving Narratives
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahesh-narayanans-ariyippu-to-premiere-december-16-on-netflix/article66234776.ece#:~:text=The%20film%20is%20directed%20by,Netflix%20from%2016th%20December%202022.|title = Mahesh Narayanan's 'Ariyippu' to premiere December 16 on Netflix| website=[[The Hindu]] |date = 7 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Choran''
| Santo Anthikkad
| Praveen Rana, Sanjjanaa Galrani, Remya Panicker, Vineeth Thattil
|Rana's Film Factory
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/thrissur/movies/choran/ET00347109|title = Choran in BookMyShow|date =16 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sanghaporul''
| Amal Rubinson
| Irena Mihalkovich, Hameed Khan, Susmith Anand, Mridula Menon
|Ruby
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-details/sanghaporul/movieshow/96240059.cms|title = Sanghaporul| website=[[The Times of India]] |date =16 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vamanan''
| A B Binil
| [[Indrans]], [[Baiju Santhosh]], [[Seema G. Nair]], Dilshana Dilshad
|Movie Gaang
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/ottapalam/movies/vamanan/ET00347206|title = Vamanan in BookMyShow|date =16 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''22'''
|''[[Kaapa]]''
| [[Shaji Kailas]]
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Anna Ben]]
|FEFKA Writers Union, Theatre of Dreams, [[Saregama|Saregama India Ltd.]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/prithviraj-s-kappa-teaser-promises-another-action-thriller-1.7963251|title=Kappa', another action thriller from Prithviraj-Shaji Kailas to hit theatres in December|website=english mathrubhumi.com|date=16 October 2022|access-date=17 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''23'''
| ''[[Aanandam Paramanandam]]''
| [[Shafi (director)|Shafi]]
| [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Indrans]], Anagha Narayanan, [[Aju Varghese]]
|Sapthatharang
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/aanandam-paramanandam/ET00347647|title = Aanandam Paramanandam on BookMyShow|date = 23 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''Better Half''
|Sooraj Tom
|Jomon K John, Megha Thomas, [[Rony David]]
|India Evangelical Team
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='ബെറ്റര്‍ ഹാഫ്' വെബ് മൂവി പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/cinema/news-national-31-12-2022/1064649 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=കുടുംബ ബന്ധങ്ങളുടെ കഥ പറയുന്ന 'ബെറ്റര്‍ ഹാഫ്' പ്രേക്ഷകരിലേക്ക് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/sooraj-tom-web-movie-better-half-released/articleshow/96621443.cms |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nalam Mura''
| Deepu Anthikkad
| [[Biju Menon]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Divya Pillai]]
|Celebrands, Lakshmikanth Creations
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/naalaam-mura/ET00345694|title = 'Nalam Mura' on BookMyShow|date = 23 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Oh Meri Laila''
| Abhishek KS
| [[Antony Varghese]], Sona Olickal, Anuraj OB, Nandana Rajan
|Dr. Paul's Entertainment
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/oh-meri-laila/ET00347656|title = Oh Meri Laila on BookMyShow|date = 23 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''25'''
|''Route Map''
|Sooraj Sukumar Nair
|Shaju Sreedhar, Sinseer, Anand Manmadhan, Sruthi Roshan, [[Maqbool Salmaan]], [[Sunil Sukhada]], [[Noby Marcose]]
|Padmasree Media & Infotainments
|
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;background:#FF91AF;" |'''30'''
|''Avalkkoppam''
|A U Sreejith Krishna
|Brunda Krishna, [[Aristo Suresh]]
|Kripanidhi Cinemas
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/amp/attingal/movies/avalkkoppam/ET00348818|title = Avalkkoppam in BookMyShow|date =30 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''B for Apple A for Darwin''
|Shafi SS Hussain
|[[Rajith Kumar]], Ravi Padena, Amrutha Mohan
|Shehana Movies
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/amp/kanhangad/movies/b-4-apple-a-4-darwin/ET00348804|title = B 4 Apple A 4 Darwin in BookMyShow|date =30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-13 |title='ബി ഫോർ ആപ്പിൾ എ ഫോർ ഡാർവിൻ' പ്രദർശനത്തിന് തയ്യാറായി കഴിഞ്ഞു - Read Article ⭐️ |url=https://boolokam.com/b-for-apple-a-for-darwin-malayalam-movie/ |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=boolokam.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''Kakkipada''
|Shebi Chawghath
|[[Appani Sarath]], [[Niranj Maniyanpilla Raju]], [[Manikandan R. Achari]],
|SV Productions
|
|-
| ''[[Malikappuram]]''
| Vishnu Sasi Shankar
|[[Unni Mukundan]], [[Saiju Kurup]], Devanandha, Sreepath, [[Indrans]], [[Manoj K Jayan]]
|Unni Mukundan Pictures
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/unni-mukundan-announces-release-date-of-his-next-malayalam-film-malikappuram-6687307.html|title = Unni Mukundan Announces Release Date Of His Next Malayalam Film Malikappuram|date =24 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nalla Samayam]]''
| [[Omar Lulu]]
|[[Irshad Ali (actor)|Irshad]], Vijeesh, Gayathri, Nandana, Neena, Norah, Suvaibathul Aslamiya
|Kalandoor Entertainments
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/nalla-samayam-movie-new-release-date-announced-omar-lulu-set-to-be-hit-theaters-on-december-30-117177|title = Nalla Samayam : ഒമർ ലുലുവിന്റെ 'നല്ല സമയം' ഈ വർഷവസാനം മുതൽ; ചിത്രത്തിന്റെ പുതിയ റിലീസ് തീയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു|date =5 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''Sanjay on Call''
| [[Jayan Naduvathazhath]]
| Besu M George, Jewel Baby, Nisha, Sree Thampi, Swaminathan S
| Orchid Films International, Benz Vasu Productions
|<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.ottplay.com/movie/sanjay-on-call-2022/f34eff96ad899|title = Sanjay on call on Saina Play|date =30 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സഞ്ജയ്‌ ഓൺ കോൾ; ഒടിടി റിലീസ് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/01/02/sanjay-on-call-saina-play-ott-release.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/upcoming-movies/upcoming-malayalam-movies Malayalam Upcoming Releases]

{{Malayalam films|horiz}}
{{2022 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Films of 2022}}
[[Category:Lists of Malayalam films by year|2022]]
[[Category:Lists of 2022 films by language]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films| 2022]]

Secunderabad–Manmad line

2026-04-01T01:37:36Z

ConnorQkw1159: created the entry from scratch.

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Secunderabad–Manmad Line
| color = 800000
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Ajanta Express.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Ajanta Express, daily train between Secunderabad–Manmad
| type =
| event1label = Electrification
| event1 = Yes
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}}
| end = [[Manmad railway station|Manmad Junction]]
| stations = 85 (approx)
| routes =
| open = {{start date and age|1905||}}<ref name=tourism>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dig-AwAAQBAJ&q=Secunderabad+to+Manmad+1905&pg=PA125| via=Google Books| title=Tourism in India| page=123| editor1-first=K. Vijaya| editor1-last=Babu| editor2-first=Jayaprakashnarayana| editor2-last=Gade| publisher=Zenon Academic Publishing| year=2014| isbn=978-81-926819-7-9}}</ref>
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|621|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}

| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = up to {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation =
| website =
| map = [[File:Ajanta Express Route map.jpg|250px]]{{Secunderabad–Manmad line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Secunderabad–Manmad''' is an important railway line connecting the states of [[Telangana]] and [[Maharashtra]]. It is administered by [[South Central Railway]] and was formerly known as ''Hyderabad–Manmad railway line'' (built by [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway|NGSR]]) and ''Godavari Valley railway'' for some period.<ref name="line">{{cite news|title=Kacheguda station scripts 100 years of history|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-06-03/Kacheguda-station-scripts-100-years-of-history/232405|access-date=29 October 2016|work=The Hans India|date=3 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Hyderabad Division System Map|url=http://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,291,355|website=South Central Railway zone|access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> {{As of|2016|lc=y}}, this line is single broad gauged, and electrification is under progress.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Manmad-Express-to-have-Addl-Coach/2013/12/15/article1946507.ece| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216093706/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Manmad-Express-to-have-Addl-Coach/2013/12/15/article1946507.ece| url-status=dead| archive-date=16 December 2013| title=Manmad Express to have Addl Coach| website=The New Indian Express| date=15 December 2013| agency=Express News service}}</ref> In March 2023, South Central Railway announced the electrification of an additional 75 km on the line (Nizamabad-Kamareddy and Jankampet-Basar)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-75-km-route-electrified-by-scr-788395 | title=Hyderabad: 75 km route electrified by SCR | date=18 March 2023 }}</ref>

The line starts at {{stnlnk|Secunderabad Junction}} and ends at {{stnlnk|Manmad Junction}} and has around 85 railway stations between them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/search/secunderabad-sc-to-manmad-mmr/835/0/152|title=SC / Secunderabad to MMR / Manmad – 12 Trains – India Rail Info – A Busy Junction for Travellers & Rail Enthusiasts|work=India Rail Info}}</ref> The major stations on the route are Secunderabad, [[Kamareddy]], [[Nizamabad railway station|Nizamabad]], [[Basar, Telangana|Basar]], [[Mudkhed]], [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]], [[Purna]], [[Parbhani]], [[Sailu|Selu]], [[Partur]], [[Jalna railway station|Jalna]], [[Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar railway station|Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar]], [[Nagarsol]] and Manmad.

== History ==
The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] ruled over the [[Deccan]] region from the 18th century and under his reign, the railway line between [[Secunderabad]] and [[Manmad]] was constructed in 1905 by the [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]].<ref name=tourism /> The Secunderabad-Mudkhed portion of the line was approved for doubling in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/telangana/2023/Aug/17/mudkhed-dhone-line-doubling-to-open-a-world-of-possibilities-2605977.html | title=Mudkhed-Dhone line doubling to open a world of possibilities - the New Indian Express }}</ref>

== Operations ==
The maximum and average operational speed of an express train from Secunderabad Jn. to Manmad Jn.<ref name=details>{{cite web| url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1449292856966-WEB%20DETAILS%20-NOV-15.pdf| title=Division Details| date=November 2015| website=South Central Railways}}</ref><ref name=operating>{{cite web| url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1415077861429-Optg.pdf| title=Operating Details| website=South Central Railways}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | From
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | To
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Distance in km
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Avg speed km/h
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Max speed km/h
|-
| valign="top" |Secunderabad
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |161
| valign="top" |70
| valign="top" |110<ref name=details />
|-
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |Parbhani Jn
| valign="top" |170
| valign="top" |70
| valign="top" |110
|-
| valign="top" |Parbhani Jn
| valign="top" |Manmad
| valign="top" |291
| valign="top" |60
| valign="top" |100<ref name=operating />
|}

== Intermediate branch lines ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Branch !! Length
|-
| [[Nizamabad–Peddapalli section|Nizamabad–Peddapalli]] || {{convert|177|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Jankampet Junction railway station|Jankampet]]–[[Bodhan]] || {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Mudkhed railway station|Mudkhed]]–[[Majri Junction railway station|Majri]] || {{convert|263|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Purna-Akola line|Purna-Akola]] || {{convert|208|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Parbhani-Parli Vaijnath line|Parbhani-Parli Vaijnath]] || {{convert|64|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
|-
|[[Kothapalli–Manoharabad line|Kothapalli-Manoharabad]]
|151 km (94 mi)
|}

== Passing trains ==
Some of the trains that pass from this line are
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train number
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Train name
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Origin
!! style="background-color:#FFD700" | Destination
|-
| valign="top" |17063/64
| valign="top" |[[Ajanta Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda]]
| valign="top" |[[Manmad railway station|Manmad]]
|-
| valign="top" |17205/06
| valign="top" |[[Sainagar Shirdi–Kakinada Port Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Kakinada Town railway station|Kakinada City]]
| valign="top" |[[Sainagar Shirdi railway station|Shirdi]]
|-
| valign="top" |17405/06
| valign="top" |[[Krishna Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Tirupati railway station|Tirupathi]]
| valign="top" |[[Adilabad]]
|-
| valign="top" |17617/18
| valign="top" |[[Tapovan Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Mumbai CST railway station|Mumbai CST]]
| valign="top" |[[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]

|-
| valign="top" |17057/58
| valign="top" |[[Devagiri Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Lingampalli railway station|Lingampalli]]
| valign="top" |[[Mumbai CST]]
|-
| valign="top" |17639/40
| valign="top" |Intercity Express
| valign="top" |Kachiguda
| valign="top" |[[Narkhed]]
|-
| valign="top" |17613/14
| valign="top" |[[Panvel-Hazur Sahib Nanded Express]] via Latur and Pune
| valign="top" |[[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]]
| valign="top" |[[Panvel railway station|Panvel]]
|-
| valign="top" |57689
| valign="top" |[[Nizamabad–Kacheguda DEMU]]
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |[[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda]]
|-
| valign="top" |51422/21
| valign="top" |Nizamabad–Pune Passenger
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |{{rws|Pune Junction||Pune}}

|-
| valign="top" |57557
| valign="top" |Nizamabad–Nanded Passenger
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |[[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]]
|-
| valign="top" |51433
| valign="top" |Nizamabad–Pandharpur Passenger
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |[[Pandharpur]]

|-
| valign="top" |57687
| valign="top" |Nizamabad–Kacheguda DEMU
| valign="top" |Nizamabad
| valign="top" |Kacheguda
|-

| valign="top" |12787/88
| valign="top" |Nagarsol–Narsapur Superfast Express
| valign="top" |[[Nagarsol railway station|Nagarsol]]
| valign="top" |[[Narsapur, Medak|Narsapur]] (via [[Warangal railway station|Warangal]])
|-
| valign="top" |57474
| valign="top" |Bodhan–Kacheguda Passenger
| valign="top" |Bodhan–NZB
| valign="top" |[[Kacheguda railway station]]

|-
| valign="top" |18510/09
| valign="top" |[[Visakhapatnam–Hazur Sahib Nanded Superfast Express]]
| valign="top" |Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]]
| valign="top" |[[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]]

|-
| valign="top" |18309/10
| valign="top" |[[Nagavali Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Sambalpur Junction railway station|Sambalpur]]
| valign="top" |[[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]]

|-
| valign="top" |12765/66
| valign="top" |[[Tirupati-Amravati Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Amravati railway station|Amravati]]
| valign="top" |[[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati]]

|-
| valign="top" |12729/30
| valign="top" |[[Pune-Hazur Sahib Nanded Superfast Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Pune Junction railway station|Pune]]
| valign="top" |[[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]]

|-
| valign="top" |19301/02
| valign="top" |[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar (Mhow)–Yesvantpur Weekly Express]]
| valign="top" |{{stnlnk|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar}}
| valign="top" |[[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yesvantpur]]

|-
| valign="top" |17232/31
| valign="top" |[[Narasapur-Nagarsol Express]]
| valign="top" |Nagarsol
| valign="top" |Narsapur (via Guntur)

|-
| valign="top" |16003/04
| valign="top" |[[Chennai–Nagarsol Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai]]
| valign="top" |[[Nagarsol]]

|-
| valign="top" |57561/62
| valign="top" |Kacheguda–Manmad Passenger
| valign="top" |Kacheguda
| valign="top" |Manmad

|-
| valign="top" |57594
| valign="top" |Nanded–Medchal Passenger
| valign="top" |Nanded
| valign="top" |[[Medchal]]

|-
| valign="top" |18504/03
| valign="top" |[[Sainagar Shirdi–Visakhapatnam Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Sainagar Shirdi railway station|Sainagar Shirdi]]
| valign="top" |[[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]]

|-
| valign="top" |11401/02
| valign="top" |[[Nandigram Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Balharshah railway station|Balharshah]]
| valign="top" |[[Mumbai CST railway station|Mumbai CST]]
|-
| valign="top" |12715/16
| valign="top" |[[Sachkhand Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Amritsar Junction railway station|Amritsar]]
| valign="top" |Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]]

|-
| valign="top" |12071/72
| valign="top" |[[Mumbai CSMT–Hingoli Deccan Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]]
| valign="top" |[[Hingoli Deccan railway station|Hingoli]]

|-
| valign="top" |17687/88
| valign="top" |[[Marathwada Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Dharmabad]]
| valign="top" |[[Manmad railway station|Manmad]]

|-
| valign="top" |20705/20706
| valign="top" |[[Jalna–Mumbai CSMT Vande Bharat Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Jalna railway station|Jalna]]
| valign="top" |[[Mumbai CSMT railway station]]

|-
| valign="top" |17605/17606
| valign="top" |[[Kacheguda–Bhagat Ki Kothi Express|Hyderabad Jodhpur Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda]]
| valign="top" |[[Bhagat Ki Kothi railway station|Jodhpur]]

|-
| valign="top" |12719/12720
| valign="top" |[[Hyderabad–Jaipur Meenakshi Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad]]
| valign="top" |[[Jaipur Junction railway station]]

|-
| valign="top" |17019/17020
| valign="top" |[[Hisar–Hyderabad Weekly Express]]
| valign="top" |[[Hisar Junction railway station]]
| valign="top" |[[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad]]

|-
| valign="top" |19714/19713
| valign="top" |Kurnool Jaipur express
| valign="top" |[[Kurnool City railway station]]
| valign="top" |[[Jaipur Junction railway station]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{South Central Railway zone}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secunderabad-Manmad line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:South Central Railway zone|*]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1905]]
[[Category:Secunderabad railway division| ]]
[[Category:Nanded railway division| ]]
[[Category:Hyderabad railway division| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Manmad]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Secunderabad]]

Nicholas Roerich

2026-03-25T19:57:22Z

ConnorQkw1159:

{{Short description|Russian painter, writer, archaeologist and philosopher (1874–1947)}}
{{expand Russian|topic=bio|date=October 2023}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2023}}
{{family name hatnote|Konstantinovich|Roerich|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Nicholas Roerich
|native_name = {{nobold|Николай Рерих}}
|image = N_Roerich.jpg
|caption = Roerich {{circa|1940–1947}}
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1874|10|9}}
|birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia
|death_date = {{death date and age|1947|12|13|1874|10|9}}
|death_place = [[Naggar]], India
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|education =
|employer =
|occupation = {{hlist|Painter|archaeologist|costume and set designer for ballets, operas, and dramas}}
|spouse = [[Helena Roerich]]
|partner =
|children = [[George de Roerich]], [[Svetoslav Roerich]]
|parents =
|relatives =
|signature =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh'''{{efn|Also spelled as '''Ryorikh''', from {{langx|ru|Рёрих}}}} ({{langx|ru|Николай Константинович Рерих}}), better known as '''Nicholas Roerich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɛr|ɪ|k}}; October 9, 1874 – December 13, 1947), was a Russian [[polymath]], painter, writer, [[archaeologist]], [[Theosophy|theosophist]], [[philosopher]], and [[public figure]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Roerich, Activist For a Transcendental Pursuit of Peace Through Art {{!}} Center for the Study of World Religions |url=https://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/news/2025/02/nicholas-roerich-activist-transcendental-pursuit-peace-through-art |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250214202800/https://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/news/2025/02/nicholas-roerich-activist-transcendental-pursuit-peace-through-art |archive-date=2025-02-14 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=cswr.hds.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> He is best known for his prolific body of artwork, which spans over 7,000 paintings, and his contributions to a wide array of cultural, political, intellectual, and artistic movements and causes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renita '14 |first=Ruxanda |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Mystical Journey |url=https://museum.oglethorpe.edu/exhibitions/nicholas-roerich-mystical-journey/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=OUMA |language=en-US}}</ref>

Born in [[Saint Petersburg]] to a [[Baltic German]] father and Russian mother,<ref>Andrei Znamenski, ''Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia'', Quest Books (2011), p. 157</ref> Roerich had a privileged upbringing that exposed him to many artists, intellectuals, and scientists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Roerich biographical outline |url=https://www.roerich.org/roerich-biography.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.roerich.org}}</ref> In his youth he displayed a natural curiosity and aptitude for various activities and subjects ranging from drawing to botany.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Roerich biographical outline |url=https://www.roerich.org/roerich-biography.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.roerich.org}}</ref> Trained as an artist and lawyer, his main interests were literature, philosophy, [[archaeology]], [[spiritual practice]], and [[Western esotericism|esotericism]]. An avid music enthusiast,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Roerich biographical outline |url=https://www.roerich.org/roerich-biography.php |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.roerich.org}}</ref> he also found success in [[Scenic design|set design]], most notably for [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s ''[[Ballets Russes]]'' and for the 1913 premiere of [[Igor Stravinsky]]’s early [[Modernism|Modernist]] ballet ''[[The Rite of Spring]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Roerich |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-Roerich |website=Britannica}}</ref>

Roerich was deeply influenced by [[Russian Symbolism]]—which promoted [[mysticism]], free expression, and the transformative power of art—and [[Russian cosmism|Russian Cosmism]], which sought to integrate science, religion, and [[metaphysics]] into a unified worldview.<ref>[http://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/ETD-UT-2009-08-358/KLIMENTIEVA-THESIS.pdf Nicholas Roerich: In Search of Shambala by Victoria Klimentieva], стр. 31</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-16 |title=What Was Russian Symbolism? |url=https://museumstudiesabroad.org/what-was-russian-symbolism/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> Drawing inspiration from prehistoric, Russian, Central Asian, and Eastern civilizations,<ref>[http://www.watkinsbooks.com/ushahidi/reports/view/266 Nicholas Roerich Museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071558/http://www.watkinsbooks.com/ushahidi/reports/view/266 |date=October 6, 2014 }}</ref> his paintings focus on grand natural landscapes—particularly the [[Himalayas]]—symbolic imagery, and mythical and religious themes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=The Legacy of the Nicholas Roerich Artist: Visionary and Innovator |url=https://auroraathena.com/journal/insights/nicholas-roerich-legacy/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=auroraathena.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Roerich's artwork has been noted for its ethereal and [[transcendental]] qualities, which reflect his belief that art could serve as a vehicle for [[spirituality]], personal transformation, and global harmony.<ref>Emmanuele Goulon, [https://cswr.hds.harvard.edu/news/2025/02/nicholas-roerich-activist-transcendental-pursuit-peace-through-art Nicholas Roerich, Activist For a Transcendental Pursuit of Peace Through Art | Center for the Study of World Religions] (Feb. 16, 2026)</ref>

Roerich lived in various places until his death in [[Naggar]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicholas Roerich - Russian set designer |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/506736/Nicholas-Roerich |access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> He organized and participated in expeditions across Central and East Asia and founded more than a dozen cultural and educational institutions and societies worldwide. Motivated by the idea of "Peace through Culture", Roerich advocated for the universal preservation of art and architecture; he launched and led the [[Banner of Peace]] movement that culminated in the so-called [[Roerich Pact]] for the protection of [[cultural objects]], which was ratified by the United States and most other nations of the [[Pan-American Union]] in April 1935. For these efforts he was nominated several times for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=7805 Nobel Prize] Nomination Database</ref>

With his wife [[Helena Roerich|Helena]] ([[Birth name#Maiden and married names|née]] Shaposhnikova), Roerich established the [[neo-theosophical]] doctrine of [[Agni Yoga]], which combines elements of Western and Eastern thought, religion, and philosophy. Also known as "the Living Ethics", this body of teachings—along with Roerich's spiritual and philosophical works and ideas—forms the basis of a [[Spirituality|spiritual]], [[Cultural movement|cultural]] and [[social movement]] known as [[Roerichism]].

== Biography ==

===Early life===
[[Image:Nicholas Roerich, Guests from Overseas.jpg|thumb|right|240px|''Guests from Overseas'', 1901 ([[Varangian]]s in Rus')]]
[[File:Church of Holy Spirit in Talashkino.JPG|thumb|right| [[Talashkino|Church of the Holy Spirit in Talashkino]]]]

Raised in late-19th-century St. Petersburg, Roerich enrolled simultaneously at [[St. Petersburg University]] and the [[Imperial Academy of Arts]] in 1893. He received the title of "artist" in 1897 and a degree in law the next year. He stayed in Florence in 1906,<ref>{{cite web |title=Roerich Pact and Psychiatry: the respect of culture |url=https://istitutodineuroscienze.it/en/blog/pact-roerich-and-psychiatry-respect-for-culture |website=Istituto di Neuroscienze |language=it}}</ref> and found early employment with the [[Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts]], whose school he directed from this year to 1917. Despite early tensions with the group, he became a member of [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s "[[Mir Iskusstva|World of Art]]" society and was its president from 1910 to 1916.

Artistically, Roerich became known as his generation's most talented painter of Russia's ancient past, a topic that was compatible with his lifelong interest in archeology. He also succeeded as a stage designer by achieving his greatest fame as one of the designers for Diaghilev's [[Ballets Russes]]. His best-known designs were for [[Alexander Borodin]]'s ''[[Prince Igor]]'' (1909 and later productions),<ref>{{cite book |last=McCannon |first=John |date=2022 |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Artist Who Would Be King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASZEAAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |page=107-12 |isbn=978-0822947417 }}</ref> and costumes and set for ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'' (1913),<ref name="NYT">Julie Besonen, [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/nyregion/visions-of-a-forgotten-utopian.html "Visions of a Forgotten Utopian"], ''[[New York Times]]'', April 6, 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCannon |first=John |date=2022 |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Artist Who Would Be King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASZEAAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |page=121-64 |isbn=978-0822947417 }}</ref> composed by [[Igor Stravinsky]].

Along with [[Mikhail Vrubel]] and [[Mikhail Nesterov]], Roerich is considered a major representative of [[Russian Symbolism]] in art.<ref name="symbolism">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k44-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22|title=Modernism and the Spiritual in Russian Art: New Perspectives|isbn=9781783743414|last1=Hardiman|first1=Louise|last2=Kozicharow|first2=Nicola|date=November 13, 2017|publisher=Open Book Publishers }}</ref> From an early period of his life, he was influenced by apocrypha and medieval sectarian writings such as the mysterious [[Dove Book]].<ref>Н. В. Сергеева. Древнерусская традиция в символизме Н.К. Рериха. М.: Международный Центр Рерихов, 2003. {{ISBN|5-86988-080-7}}. Page 87.</ref>

Another of Roerich's artistic subjects was architecture. His acclaimed publication "Architectural Studies" (1904–1905), consisting of dozens of paintings he made of fortresses, monasteries, churches, and other monuments during two long trips through Russia, inspired his decades-long career as an activist on behalf of artistic and architectural preservation. He also designed religious art for places of worship throughout Russia and [[Ukraine]], most notably the ''Queen of Heaven'' fresco for the Church of the Holy Spirit, which the patroness [[Princess Maria Tenisheva|Maria Tenisheva]] built near her [[Talashkino]] estate, and the stained glass windows for the [[Datsan Gunzechoinei]] in 1913–1915. His designs for the [[Talashkino]] church were so radical that the Orthodox church refused to consecrate the building.<ref name="symbolism" />

During the first decade of the 1900s and in the early 1910s, Roerich, largely by the influence of his wife, Helena, developed an interest in eastern religions, as well as alternative belief systems such as [[Theosophy (Boehmian)|Theosophy]]. Both Roerichs became avid readers of the Vedantist essays of [[Ramakrishna]] and [[Vivekananda]], the poetry of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.

The Roerichs' commitment to occult mysticism increased steadily. It was especially intense during [[World War I]] and the 1917 [[Russian Revolution]] to which the couple, like other many Russian intellectuals, accorded apocalyptic significance.<ref>John McCannon, "Apocalypse and Tranquility: The World War I Paintings of Nicholas Roerich,” Russian History/Histoire Russe 30 (Fall 2003): 301-21</ref> The influence of Theosophy, [[Vedanta]], [[Buddhism]], and other mystical topics can be detected not only in many of Roerich's paintings but also in the many short stories and poems that Roerich wrote before and after the 1917 revolutions, including the ''Flowers of [[Morya (Theosophy)|Morya]]'' cycle, which was begun in 1907 and completed in 1921.

===Revolution and emigration to United States===
[[File:N.Roerich by B.Kustodiev (1913).jpg|thumb|left|Nicholas Roerich by [[Kustodiev]]. 1913]]
{{further|Yoga in Russia}}

After the [[February Revolution of 1917]] and the end of the czarist regime, Roerich, a political moderate who valued Russia's cultural heritage more than ideology and party politics, had an active part in artistic politics. With [[Maxim Gorky]] and [[Aleksandr Benois]], he participated with the so-called "Gorky Commission" and its successor organization, the Arts Union (SDI). Both attempted to gain the attention of the [[Provisional Government]] and [[Petrograd Soviet]] on the need to form a coherent cultural policy and, most urgently, to protect art and architecture from destruction and vandalism.

Meanwhile, illness forced Roerich to leave the capital and reside in [[Karelia]], the district bordering Finland. He had already quit the presidency of the World of Art society, and he now quit the directorship of the School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. After the October Revolution and the acquisition of power of Lenin's [[Bolshevik Party]], Roerich became increasingly discouraged about Russia's political future. During early 1918, he, Helena, and their two sons [[George de Roerich|George]] and [[Svetoslav Roerich|Svetoslav]] immigrated to Finland.

Two unresolved historical debates are associated with Roerich's departure. First, it is often claimed that Roerich was a major candidate to direct a people's commissariat of culture (the Soviet equivalent of a ministry of culture), which the Bolsheviks considered establishing in 1917–1918, but he refused to accept the job. In fact, Benois was the most likely choice to direct any such commissariat. It seems that Roerich was a preferred choice to manage its department of artistic education; the topic is rendered moot by the fact that the Soviets elected not to establish such a commissariat.

Second, when Roerich later wished to reconcile with the Soviet Union, he maintained that he had not left Soviet Russia deliberately, but that he and his family, living in [[Karelia]], had been isolated from their homeland when the [[Finnish Civil War]] began. However, Roerich had an amply-documented extreme hostility to the Bolshevik regime, prompted not so much by a dislike of communism as by his revulsion at [[Lenin]]'s ruthlessness and his fear that Bolshevism would result in the destruction of Russia's artistic and architectural heritage. He illustrated [[Leonid Andreyev]]'s anticommunist polemic "S.O.S." and had a widely-published pamphlet, "Violators of Art" (1918–1919). Roerich believed that "the triumph of Russian culture would come about through a new appreciation of ancient myth and legend."<ref>{{cite book | last=Bowlt | first=John E. | title=Moscow and St. Petersburg 1900–1920: Art, Life and Culture | publisher=The Vendome Press | year=2008 | location=New York | page=69 | isbn =978-0-86565-191-3}}</ref>

After some months in [[Finland]] and [[Scandinavia]], the Roerichs relocated to London, arriving in mid-1919. Engrossed with Theosophical mysticism, they now had [[millenarianism|millenarian]] expectations that a new age was imminent, and they wished to travel to India as soon as possible. They joined the English-Welsh chapter of the Theosophical Society. It was in London, in March 1920, that the Roerichs founded their own school of mysticism, ''[[Agni Yoga]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highest-yoga.info/en/yoga/agni-yoga.html |title=Agni Yoga |publisher=highest-yoga.info |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023071905/http://www.highest-yoga.info/en/yoga/agni-yoga.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> which they described as "the system of living ethics." While in London, Roerich also contributed scenic designs for [[LAHDA]], a cooperative group of Russian theatrical artists led by [[Theodore Komisarjevsky]].<ref> ''The Stage'', 22 January, 1920.</ref>

To earn passage to India, Roerich worked as a stage designer for [[Thomas Beecham]]'s [[Covent Garden Theatre]], but the enterprise ended unsuccessfully in 1920, and the artist never received full payment for his work. Among the notable people Roerich befriended while in England were the famed British Buddhist [[Christmas Humphreys]], the philosopher-author [[H. G. Wells]], and the poet and Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (whose grand-niece [[Devika Rani]] would later marry Roerich's son [[Svetoslav Roerich|Svetoslav]]).

A successful exhibition in London resulted in an invitation from a director at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], offering to arrange for Roerich's art to tour the United States. In the autumn of 1920, the Roerichs traveled to America by sea.

[[File:NicholasRoerichcar.jpg|thumb|Car of Nicolas Roerich in his museum at Naggar]]

The Roerichs remained in the United States from October 1920 until May 1923. A large exhibition of Roerich's art, organized partly by the U.S. impresario Christian Brinton and partly by the [[Chicago Art Institute]], began in New York in December 1920 and toured the country, to San Francisco and back, in 1921 and early 1922. Roerich befriended acclaimed soprano [[Mary Garden]] of the [[Chicago Opera]] and received a commission to design a 1922 production of [[Rimsky-Korsakov]]'s ''[[The Snow Maiden]]'' for her. During the exhibition, the Roerichs spent significant amounts of time in Chicago, New Mexico, and California.

Politically, Roerich was at first anti-Bolshevik. He gave lectures and wrote articles to [[White movement|White Russian]] populations in which he criticized the [[Soviet Union]]. However, his aversion to [[communism]], "the impertinent monster that lies to humanity," changed in America.

Roerich claimed that his spiritual masters, the "Mahatmas" in the [[Himalayas]], were communicating telepathically with him through his wife, Helena, who was a mystic and a clairvoyant. The beings from an [[esoteric Buddhism|esoteric Buddhist]] community in India were said to have told Roerich that Russia was destined for a mission on Earth. That led him to formulate his "Great Plan," which envisaged the unification of millions of [[Asian peoples]] through a religious movement using the Future Buddha, or [[Maitreya]], into a "Second Union of the East." There, the King of [[Shambhala]] would, following the Maitreya prophecies, make his appearance to fight a great battle against all evil forces on Earth. Roerich understood that as "perfection towards Common Good." The new polity was to include southwestern [[Altai Krai|Altai]], [[Tuva]], [[Buryatia]], [[Outer Mongolia|Outer]] and [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Xinjiang]] and Tibet, with its capital in "Zvenigorod," the "City of Tolling Bells," which was to be built at the foot of [[Mount Belukha]], in Altai. According to Roerich, the same Mahatmas revealed to him in 1922 that he was an incarnation of the [[Fifth Dalai Lama]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Andreyev |first=Alexandre |date=2003 |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC |publisher=Brill |page=294 |isbn=9004129529 }}</ref>

Roerichs' collaboration with Bolshevik diplomats and aim to gather intelligence on the British, led several scholars to place Nicholas Roerich as a participant in the British-Russian colonial [[Great Game]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Andreyev |first=Alexandre |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TI6fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198 |title=The Myth of the Masters Revived: The Occult Lives of Nikolai and Elena Roerich |date=2014-05-08 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-27043-5 |pages=198–199 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Znamenski |first=Andrei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J6T2uz1KSoC |title=Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophecy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia |date=2011-07-01 |publisher=Quest Books |isbn=978-0-8356-0891-6 |pages=181–182 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-07 |title=Observer review: Tournament of Shadows by Karl Meyer and Shareen Brysac |url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jan/07/historybooks1 |access-date= |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=McCannon |first=John |date=2022 |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Artist Who Would Be King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASZEAAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |isbn=978-0822947417 }}</ref>

In 1923, Roerich, the "practical idealist," set out to the Himalayas with his wife and his son Yuri. Roerich initially settled in Darjeeling in the same house that the [[13th Dalai Lama]] had stayed during his exile in India. Roerich spent his time painting the Himalayas with visitors such as [[Frederick Marshman Bailey]], [[Lady Emily Lutyens|Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton]], and members of the [[1924 British Mount Everest expedition|1924 British Everest Expedition]], as well as [[Sonam Wangfel Laden La]], [[Kusho Doring]], and [[Tsarong|Tsarong Shape]], influential Tibetans. According to British intelligence, lamas from the Moru monastery recognized Roerich as the incarnation of the Fifth Dalai Lama due to a [[nevus|mole]] pattern on his right cheek. It was during his stay in the Himalayas that Roerich learned about the flight of the [[9th Panchen Lama]], which he interpreted as the fulfillment of the Matreiya prophecies and the bringing about of the Age of Shambhala.<ref>{{cite book |last=Andreyev |first=Alexandre |date=2003 |title=Soviet Russia and Tibet: The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MqXnOBX4dREC |publisher=Brill |page=295 |isbn=9004129529 }}</ref>

[[File:Mother of the World.jpg|thumb|right|''Mother of the World'' (1924); most likely a depiction of the [[Theotokos]] or [[Sophia (wisdom)|Sophia]]]]

In 1924, the Roerichs returned to the West. On his way to America, Roerich stopped at the Soviet embassy in Berlin, where he told the local [[plenipotentiary]] about a Central Asian expedition he wanted to take. He asked for Soviet protection on his way, and shared his impressions of politics in India and Tibet. Roerich commented on the "occupation of Tibet by the British" by claiming that they "infiltrate in small parties... conduct extensive anti-Soviet propaganda" by talking about "anti-religious activity of the Bolsheviks." The plenipotentiary later pointed out to one of Roerich's old university classmates, [[Georgy Chicherin]], that he had "absolutely pro-Soviet leanings, which looked somewhat Buddho-Communistic," and that his son, who spoke 28 Asian languages, helped him in gaining the favor with the Indians and the Tibetans.<ref>AVPRF, op. 04, op. 13, papka 87, d. 50117, 1. 13a. Krestinsky to Checherin, January 2, 1925</ref>

The Roerichs settled in New York City, which became the base of their many American operations. They founded several institutions during these years: ''Cor Ardens'' ("Flaming Heart") and ''Corona Mundi'' ("Crown of the World"), both of which were meant to unite artists around the globe in the cause of civic activism; the Master Institute of United Arts, an art school with a versatile curriculum, and the eventual home of the first [[Nicholas Roerich Museum]]; and an American Agni Yoga Society. They also joined various theosophical societies; their activities with these groups dominated their lives.

===Asian expedition (1925–1929)===
[[File:Family Roerich.JPG|thumb|left|{{center|Roerich's family (Kullu valley, India)}}]]

After leaving New York, the Roerichs, together with their son [[George de Roerich|George]] and six friends began the five-year Roerich Asian Expedition that in Roerich's own words "started from [[Sikkim]] through [[Punjab]], [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], the [[Karakoram]] Mountains, [[Hotan|Khotan]], [[Kashgar]], [[Karasahr|Qara Shar]], [[Ürümqi|Urumchi]], [[Irtysh]], the [[Altai Mountains]], the [[Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast|Oyrot]] region of Mongolia, the Central [[Gobi Desert|Gobi]], [[Gansu|Kansu]], [[Qaidam Basin|Tsaidam]], and [[Tibet]]" with a detour through Siberia to Moscow in 1926.

The Roerichs' Asian expedition attracted attention from the foreign services and intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In fact, prior to this expedition, Roerich had solicited the help of the Soviet government and Bolshevik secret police to assist him in his expedition by promising in return to monitor British activities in the area, but he received only a lukewarm response from [[Mikhail Trilisser]], the chief of the Soviet foreign intelligence.

The Bolsheviks assisted Roerich with logistics while he was traveling through Siberia and Mongolia. However, they did not commit themselves to his reckless project of the Sacred Union of the East, a spiritual utopia that boiled down to Roerich's ambitious attempts to stir the Buddhist masses of inner Asia to create a highly spiritual co-operative commonwealth under the patronage of Bolshevik Russia.

The official mission of his expedition, as Roerich put it, was to act as the embassy of [[Western Buddhism]] to Tibet. To the Western media, it was presented as an artistic and scientific enterprise.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxPIHCsXnuI|title = Andrei Znamenski, "Nicholas Roerich Shambhala Warrior"| website=[[YouTube]] | date=May 29, 2011 }}.</ref> Roerich reported seeing a metallic oval in the sky over the Tibet; decades later, UFO enthusiasts would claim the Roerich expedition witnessed a "[[flying saucer]]".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJPyVjs8jrsC&pg=PA56|title=The Flying Saucers Are Real|isbn=9781585092642|last1=Keyhoe|first1=Donald|date=June 30, 2006 |publisher=Book Tree }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3vckAQAAMAAJ|title = The Colorado Engineer|year = 1954}}</ref>

Between the summer of 1927 and June 1928, the expedition was thought to have been lost, as communication with them had ceased. They had, in fact, been attacked in Tibet. Roerich wrote that only the "superiority of our firearms prevented bloodshed.... In spite of our having Tibet passports, the expedition was forcibly stopped by Tibetan authorities." They were detained by the government for five months and were forced to live in tents in sub-zero conditions and to subsist on meagre rations. Five men of the expedition died during this time. In March 1928 they were allowed to leave Tibet, and they trekked south to settle in [[India]], where they founded a research center, the Himalayan Research Institute.

In 1929 Roerich was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] by the [[University of Paris]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Roerich Nominated for Peace Award |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0911F8385A127A93C1A91788D85F4D8285F9 |work=[[New York Times]] |date=March 3, 1929 |access-date=February 3, 2009 }}</ref> He received two more nominations in 1932 and 1935.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/nomination.php?string=Nicholas%20Roerich&action=simplesearch&submit.x=0&submit.y=0|title=Nomination Database - Peace|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref> [[File:Madonna Oriflamma.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Madonna (art)|Madonna]] [[Oriflamme|Oriflamma]]'' (1932), She is seen holding the [[Banner of Peace]]]]
His concern for peace resulted in his creation of the [[Pax Cultura]], the "[[Red Cross]]" of art and culture. His work for this cause also resulted in the United States and the 20 other nations of the [[Pan-American Union]] signing the [[Roerich Pact]], an early international instrument protecting cultural property, on April 15, 1935 at the White House.

===Manchurian expedition===
In 1934–1935, the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]], then headed by the Roerich admirer [[Henry A. Wallace]], sponsored an expedition conducted by Roerich, his wife [[Helena Roerich|Helena]], and its scientists H. G. MacMillan and James F. Stephens to [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Manchuria]], and [[mainland China]].<ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Boyd |author-first=James |date=January 2012 |title=In Search of Shambhala? Nicholas Roerich's 1934–5 Inner Mongolian Expedition |journal=Inner Asia |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=257–277 |doi=10.1163/22105018-90000004 |issn=2210-5018 |jstor=24572064}}</ref> The expedition's purpose was to collect seeds of plants which prevented [[soil erosion]] or which could withstand drought conditions.

The expedition consisted of two parts. In 1934, they explored the [[Greater Khingan]] mountains and Bargan plateau in western Manchuria. In 1935, they explored parts of Inner Mongolia: the [[Gobi Desert]], [[Ordos Desert]], and [[Helan Mountains]]. The expedition found almost 300 species of [[xerophyte]]s, collected herbs, conducted archeological studies, and found antique manuscripts of great scientific importance. Despite Roerich's peace activism, reports eventually reached Wallace that the party had been using American-supplied weapons to threaten locals in Mongolia and promising American support for an uprising.<ref>Boyd (2012), pp. 269-71.</ref>

=== Later life ===
[[File:Nehru Gandhi Roerich.jpg|thumb|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]], Nicholas Roerich, and [[Mohammad Yunus (diplomat)|Mohammad Yunus]]. (Roerich's estate, Kullu).]]
[[File:"Nicolas Roerich".ogv|thumb|Nicolas Roerich in [[Naggar|Naggar, Kullu, India]], 1947 (no audio)]]
Roerich was in India during World War II, where he painted Russian epic heroic and saintly themes, including ''Alexander Nevsky'', ''The Fight of Mstislav and Rededia,'' and ''Boris and Gleb''.<ref name="Leek2005">{{cite book |author=Peter Leek |title=Russian Painting |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePYhUnX4vgUC&pg=PA256 |access-date=June 23, 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Parkstone International |isbn=978-1-78042-975-5 |pages=256–}}</ref>

In 1942, Roerich received [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter, [[Indira Gandhi]], at his house in [[Kullu district|Kullu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/in-the-memory-of-nicholas-roerich-441805|title=In the memory of Nicholas Roerich: 30 years of International Roerich Memorial Trust|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|date=August 16, 2022|access-date=August 3, 2025}}</ref> Together they discussed the fate of the new world: "We spoke about Indian–Russian cultural association [...] it is time to think about useful and creative co-operation."<ref>N. Roerich. Diary Leaves. V. 3. – Moscow, International Centre of the Roerichs. – 1996. – p.39. {{ISBN|5-86988-056-4}}</ref>

Indira Gandhi would later recall several days spent together with Roerich's family: "That was a memorable visit to a surprising and gifted family where each member was a remarkable figure in himself, with a well-defined range of interests.... Roerich himself stays in my memory. He was a man with extensive knowledge and enormous experience, a man with a big heart, deeply influenced by all that he observed."

During the visit, "ideas and thoughts about closer co-operation between India and USSR were expressed. Now, after India wins independence, they have got its own real implementation{{clarify|phrase after the comma is totally unclear|date=June 2013}}. And as you know, there are friendly and mutually-understanding relationships today between both our countries."<ref name="Индира Ганди">[http://lib.roerich-museum.ru/node/769 Interview with Indira Gandhi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212022537/http://lib.roerich-museum.ru/node/769 |date=December 12, 2009 }} / Roerich's Empire. (Derzhava Rerikhov) (in Russian). / Collected Articles. – Moscow, International Centre of the Roerichs, Master-Bank. – 2004. – p.65. {{ISBN|5-86988-148-X}}</ref>

In 1942, the American–Russian cultural Association (ARCA) was created in New York. Its active participants were [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Rockwell Kent]], [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Emil Cooper]], [[Serge Koussevitzky]], and [[Valeriy Ivanovich Tereshchenko]]. Its activity was welcomed by scientists such as [[Robert Millikan]] and [[Arthur Compton]].<ref name="Drayer2005">{{cite book |author=Ruth Abrams Drayer |title=Nicholas and Helena Roerich: The Spiritual Journey of Two Great Artists and Peacemakers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIoY64HNGysC&pg=PA330 |access-date=June 23, 2013 |year=2005 |publisher=Quest Books |isbn=978-0-8356-0843-5 |pages=330– }}</ref>

Roerich had a lengthy correspondence with Henry Wallace, the 1948 Progressive Party candidate for US president.

==Death==
Roerich died in [[Kullu]] on December 13, 1947.<ref>{{cite web
|author = Madhukar, J.
|url = https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/remembering-roerich/articleshow/71668952.cms
|title = Remembering Roerich
|publisher = ‘The Bangalore Mirror’
|date = October 20, 2019
|access-date = January 29, 2020
}}</ref> His wife, philosopher
[[Helena Roerich]], wrote about this day: “The day of cremation was exceptionally beautiful. Not a single breath of wind and all surrounding mountains were clad in fresh snowy attire.”<ref>{{cite web |author=Kamalakaran, A. |url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/05/02/nicholas_roerichs_legacy_lives_on_in_himalayan_hamlet_15652 |title=Nicholas Roerich's legacy lives on in Himalayan Hamlet |date=2 May 2012 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621124431/https://www.rbth.com/articles/2012/05/02/nicholas_roerichs_legacy_lives_on_in_himalayan_hamlet_15652|archive-date=21 June 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cultural legacy==

[[Image:Altai. Peaks and passes named in honor of the family Roerich.jpeg|thumb|left|[[Altai Mountains|Altai]]. Peaks and passes named in honor of the Roerich family.]]

[[File:Minor planet 4426 Roerich.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The minor planet [[4426 Roerich]] in Solar System]]
[[File:Nicholas Roerich Museum, Moscow (2018-01-17) 50.jpg|thumb|Nicholas Roerich Museum in Moscow, 2018; there is also a [[Nicholas Roerich Museum|Roerich museum in New York City]]]]
[[File:Святопокровська церква Пархомівка 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Mosaics of Church of the Intercession, Parkhomivka]]
In the 21st century, the [[Nicholas Roerich Museum]] in New York City is a major institution for Roerich's artistic work. Numerous Roerich societies continue to promote his theosophical teachings worldwide. His paintings can be seen in several museums including the Roerich Department of the State Museum of Oriental Arts in Moscow; the Roerich Museum at the International Centre of the Roerichs in Moscow; the Russian State Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia; a collection in the [[Tretyakov Gallery]] in Moscow; a collection in the Art Museum in [[Novosibirsk]], Russia; an important collection in the [[National Gallery for Foreign Art]] in [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]]; a collection in the Art Museum in [[Nizhny Novgorod]] Russia; [[National Museum of Serbia]]; the Roerich Hall Estate in [[Naggar]], [[India]]; the [[Sree Chitra Art Gallery]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], India;<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/dust-throws-a-blanket-over-prized-paintings/article4639568.ece|title = Dust throws a blanket over prized paintings| website=[[The Hindu]] | date=April 21, 2013 }}.</ref> in various art museums in India; and a selection featuring several of his larger works in [[The Latvian National Museum of Art]]. A memorial plaque marks the house in Lahaul valley where Roerich lived during summers from 1929 to 1932.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roerich In Lahul |url=https://roerichinlahul.info/ |access-date=2022-11-08 |website=Roerich In Lahul |language=en}}</ref>

Roerich's biography and his controversial expeditions to Tibet and Manchuria have been examined recently by a number of authors, including two Russians, Vladimir Rosov and Alexandre Andreyev, two Americans (Andrei Znamenski and John McCannon), and the German Ernst von Waldenfels.<ref>Nicholas Roerich: the Messenger of Zvenigorod (vol. 1: The Great Plan, vol. 2: The New Country) (2002–2004) [summary of the books in English at {{cite web |title=Summary of Vladimir Rosovs books Nicholas Roerich. The Messenger of Zvenigorod. Website Living Ethics in the World |url=http://lebendige-ethik.net/engl/4-Rosovs_books.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110150834/http://lebendige-ethik.net/engl/4-Rosovs_books.html |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |access-date=August 9, 2012}}]; Alexandre Andreyev, Gimalaiski mif i ego tvotry [Himalayan Myth and its Makers] (St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg University Press, 2004) [in Russian]; Andrei Znamenski, Red Shambhala: Magic, Prophesy, and Geopolitics in the Heart of Asia (Quest Books, 2011); John McCannon, Nicholas Roerich: The Artist Who Would Be King (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2022) [https://books.google.com/books?id=eASZEAAAQBAJ]; John McCannon, "Searching for Shambhala: The Mystical Art and Epic Journeys of Nikolai Roerich," Russian Life (January–February 2001); John McCannon, "By the Shores of White Waters: The Altai and Its Place in the Spiritual Geopolitics of Nicholas Roerich,” Sibirica: Journal of Siberian Studies (October 2002) [http://www.roerichmongolia.org/files/sibirica%20full%20text%20article.pdf]; Ernst von Waldenfels, Nicholas Roerich: Kunst, Macht und Okkultismus (Osburg, 2011)</ref>

A series of his studies on the Himalayan Ranges-donated by the artist's son (36 works specifically) are even showcased in the Nicholas Roerich Gallery of the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath Museum based in Bangalore, India. The hypnotic, immersive nature of his works truly absorbs the onlooker, leaving one with a sense of peace and tranquility as one moves with the series through the gallery.

[[H. P. Lovecraft]] describes Roerich's paintings of Asian mountain landscapes as "strange and disturbing" numerous times in his Antarctic horror story ''[[At the Mountains of Madness]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCannon |first=John |date=2022 |title=Nicholas Roerich: The Artist Who Would Be King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eASZEAAAQBAJ |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |page=366-67 |isbn=978-0822947417 }}</ref>

Roerich was awarded [[Order of St. Sava]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Radulovic|first=Nemanja|title=Rerihov pokret u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji|url=https://www.academia.edu/30928970|journal=Godišnjak Katedre za srpsku književnost sa južnoslovenskim književnostima, XI, 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1669255&print=yes|title=Vreme - Kultura i politika: Selidba trajne pozajmice|website=www.vreme.com|date=February 27, 2019 |access-date=July 11, 2019}}</ref> The [[minor planet]] [[4426 Roerich]] in the [[Solar System]] was named in honor of Roerich. [[Roerich (crater)|A crater]] on [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], near the south pole, is also named for Roerich.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/15105 |title = Roerich |publisher = [[NASA]] |work = Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature |accessdate = 23 March 2020}}</ref>

In June 2013 during [[Russian Art Week]] in London, Roerich's ''Madonna Laboris'' sold at auction at [[Bonhams]] shop for £7,881,250, including the buyer's premium, making it the most valuable painting ever sold at a Russian art auction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/20841/lot/63/|title=Bonhams : Nikolai Konstantinovich Roerich (Russian, 1874-1947) Madonna Laboris|access-date=June 14, 2016}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="nolines" widths="185">
File:Roerich 01 Messenger.jpg|''Messenger'', 1897
File:Treasure of angels.jpg|''Treasure of angels,'' 1905
File:Roerich Rite of Spring.jpg|''Kiss to the Earth'', 1912, scenery for [[Sergei Diaghilev|Diaghilev]]’s ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'' ballet
File:Николай К. Рерих - Песнь Сольвейг (1912).jpg|''Solveig's Song'', 1912
File:Saint Olga by Nicholas Roerich - 1915.jpg|''[[Olga of Kiev|Saint Olga]]'', 1915
File:Николай К. Рерих - Пантелеймон-целитель (1916).jpg|''[[Saint Pantaleon]]'', 1916
File:N. Roerich - And We See. From the «Sancta» Series - Google Art Project.jpg|''And We See'', from the "Sancta" Series, 1922
File:N. Roerich - And We are Opening the Gates. From the «Sancta» Series - Google Art Project.jpg|''And We Are Opening the Gates'', from the "Sancta" Series, 1922
File:N. Roerich - Monhegan. Maine - Google Art Project.jpg|''[[Monhegan, Maine]]'', 1922
File:N. Roerich - The Messenger - Google Art Project.jpg|''The Messenger'', 1922
File:N. Roerich - And We are Trying. From the «Sancta» Series - Google Art Project.jpg|''And We Are Trying'', from the "Sancta" Series, 1922
File:Roerich Book.jpg|''The Pigeon Book'' (pigeon being used as an adjective), 1922
File:Yama no ue.jpg|''Yama no Ue'' (Japanese, {{Literally|Atop the Mountain}}), from the "His Country" series, 1924
File:On-the-way-to-shekar-dzong-1928.jpg!PinterestLarge.jpg|''On the Way to Shelkar Dzong'', 1928
File:Sunset-near-shekar-1928.jpg!PinterestLarge.jpg|''Sunset near Shelkar,'' 1928
File:Shekar zongu.jpg|[[Shelkar|''Shelkar Dzong'']], 1928
File:Madonna Protectoris.jpg|''[[Madonna (art)|Madonna Protectoris]]'', 1933
File:Shekar-dzong-1933.jpg!PinterestLarge.jpg|1933 ''Shelkar Dzong'' (fortress) and monastery
File:Sky power.jpg|''Sky power'', 1934
File:Kampa-dzong-pink-peak-1938.jpg!PinterestLarge.jpg|''[[Kampa Dzong]] Pink Peak,'' 1938
</gallery>
{{Listen
|filename = "About Shambala" N.Roerich.ogg
|title = N. K. Roerich. About Shambala
|description = Phonogram of 1929.
}}

== Major works ==

# Art and archaeology // Art and art industry. SPb., 1898. No. 3; 1899. No. 4-5.
# Some ancient Shelonsky fifths and Bezhetsky end. SPb., 31 pages, drawings of the author, 1899.
# Excursion of the Archaeological Institute in 1899 in connection with the question of the Finnish burials of St. Petersburg province. SPb., 14 p., 1900.
# Some ancient stains Derevsky and Bezhetsk. SPb., 30 p., 1903.
# In the old days, St. Petersburg., 1904,18 p., drawings of the author.
# Stone age on lake piros., SPb., ed. "Russian archaeological society", 1905.
# Collected works. kN. 1. M.: publishing house of I. D. Sytin, p. 335, 1914.
# Tales and parables. Pg.: Free art, 1916.
# Violators of Art. London, 1919.
# The Flowers Of Moria. . Berlin: Word, 128 p., Collection of poems. 1921.
# Adamant. New York: Corona Mundi, 1922
# Ways Of Blessing. New York, Paris, Riga, Harbin: Alatas, 1924
# Altai - Himalayas. (Thoughts on a horse and in a tent) 1923–1926. Ulan Bator Khoto, 1927.
# Heart of Asia. Southbury (St. Connecticut): Alatas, 1929.
# Flame in Chalice. Series X, Book 1. Songs and Sagas Series. New York: Roerich Museum Press, 1930.
# Shambhala. New York: F. A. Stokes Co., 1930
# Realm of Light. Series IX, Book II. Sayings of Eternity Series. New York: Roerich Museum Press, 1931.
# The Power Of Light. Southbury: Alatas, New York, 1931.
# Women. Address on the occasion of the opening of the Association of women, Riga, ed. About Roerich, 1931, 15 p., 1 reproduction.
# The Fiery Stronghold. Paris: World League Of Culture, 1932.
# Banner of peace. Harbin, Alatyr, 1934.
# Holy Watch. Harbin, Alatyr, 1934.
# A gateway to the Future. Riga: Uguns, 1936.
# Indestructible. Riga: Uguns, 1936.
# Roerich Essays: One hundred essays. В 2 т. India, 1937.
# Beautiful Unity. Bombey, 1946.
# Himavat: Diary Leaveves. Allahabad: Kitabistan, 1946.
# Himalayas — Adobe of Light. Bombey: Nalanda Publ, 1947.
# Diary sheets. Vol. 1 (1934-1935). M: ICR, 1995.
# Diary sheets. Vol. 2 (1936-1941). M: ICR, 1995.
# Diary sheets. Vol. 3 (1942-1947). M: ICR, 1996.
{{Clear}}

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Agni Yoga]]
* [[Banner of Peace]]
* [[List of peace activists]]
* [[Morya (Theosophy)]]
* [[Russian cosmism]]
* [[Roerichism]]
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|Nicholas Roerich}}
* [http://en.icr.su International Centre of the Roerichs]
* [http://irmtkullu.com International Roerich Memorial Trust (India)]
* [http://www.roerich.org Nicholas Roerich Museum (New York)]
* [http://www.roerich.ee/index.php Estonian Roerich Society]
* [http://www.yro.narod.ru/druzia.htm Roerich-movement on the Internet (in Russian)]
*[http://www.roerich.ee/galnew/index.php?l=eng Paintings Gallery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070446/https://www.roerich.ee/galnew/index.php?l=eng |date=August 16, 2022 }}
*[http://roerich-izvara.ru/eng/index.htm Nicholas Roerich Estate Museum in Izvara]
*[http://histclo.com/Art/ind/r/ro/roer/roer-fam.html Roerich Family] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312080403/http://histclo.com/art/ind/r/ro/roer/roer-fam.html |date=March 12, 2016 }}
*{{Find a Grave|105420902}}
*[http://uartlib.org/en/books/catalogue-of-nicholas-roerichs-works-from-the-collection-of-gorlovka-art-museum/ Catalogue of Nicholas Roerich`s works from the collection of Gorlovka Art Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416233441/http://uartlib.org/en/books/catalogue-of-nicholas-roerichs-works-from-the-collection-of-gorlovka-art-museum/ |date=April 16, 2015 }}
*[https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=00150 W.H. Crain Costume and Scene Design Collection] at the [[Harry Ransom Center]]
*[https://findingaids.uncc.edu/repositories/4/archival_objects/49541 Nicholas Roerich Papers], J Murrey Atkins Library, UNC Charlotte
*[https://www.wiki-shangri-la.org/mw19/index.php?title=Category:Nicholas_K._Roerich_Lexicon Nicholas Roerich Lexicon]
*[https://isfp.co.uk/russian_thinkers/nikolay_roerich.html Gallery of Russian Thinkers on Nicholas Roerich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030110912/https://isfp.co.uk/russian_thinkers/nikolay_roerich.html |date=October 30, 2017 }}, ISFP Gallery of Russian Thinkers
*[http://gallery.facets.ru/ Nikolay and Svyatoslav Roerich]

{{Nicholas Roerich|state=expanded}}
{{Theosophy series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roerich, Nicholas}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:Painters from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Russian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Writers from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:People from Saint Petersburg]]
[[Category:Roerich family|Nicholas]]
[[Category:Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:19th-century philosophers from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian philosophers]]
[[Category:Russian Symbolist painters]]
[[Category:New Age writers]]
[[Category:Ballet designers]]
[[Category:Opera designers]]
[[Category:Roerichism]]
[[Category:Writers from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Russian emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian painters]]
[[Category:Russian male painters]]
[[Category:Russian landscape painters]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of St. Sava]]
[[Category:Russian people of German descent]]
[[Category:People associated with Lahaul and Spiti district]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:Russian scientists]]
[[Category:Mir iskusstva artists]]
[[Category:Russian Theosophists]]

Mohit Sen

2026-03-24T08:59:02Z

ConnorQkw1159: rework intro as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
[[File:Mohit Sen.JPG|thumb|Mohit Sen]]
{{Indcom}}
'''Mohit Sen''' (born 24 March 1929, in [[Calcutta]], and died in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] on 3 May 2003) was a communist intellectual. He was general secretary of the [[United Communist Party of India]] at the time of his death.

==Early life and education==
Sen was born into a progressive and westernised [[Brahmo Samaj]] family. His father, [[Justice (title)|Justice]] Amarendra Nath Sen, was a judge of the [[Calcutta High Court]] and his mother, [[Mrinalini Sen]] (née Sinha), was an eminent dancer. His paternal grandfather was an Advocate General of Burma. His maternal grandfather was Major [[N.P. Sinha]], a member of the [[Indian Medical Service]] and his mother's elder uncle was Lord [[Satyendra Prasanno Sinha]],<ref name="banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad Ansar |year=2012 |chapter=Sinha, Lord Satyendra Prasanna |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sinha,_Lord_Satyendra_Prasanna |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> the first Indian Governor of [[Bihar]]. On his mother's side he came from the ''[[zamindari]]'' family of [[Raipur]] in [[Birbhum]], a district in present-day [[West Bengal]]. He had five other brothers, the eldest of whom was Sh. Pratap Chandra Sen, a student of history at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Calcutta, who rose to a high position in a mercantile firm in Calcutta in spite of remaining a closet communist. Mohit Sen had his early education at the [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he was a student of Professor [[Susobhan Sarkar]]. Later he studied at the [[University of Cambridge]], UK.

==In communist movement==
While in [[Cambridge]], in 1948, he joined the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI) as a 'candidate-member'.<ref>The CPI constitution stipulates that a member be admitted first as a candidate, and thereafter depending on whether his or her performance is satisfactory, full membership is given.</ref> Also in Cambridge he met and married [[Vanaja Iyengar]], who became an eminent mathematician later, in 1950. After marriage the couple moved to the [[People's Republic of China]].
Sen went to the [[China International Communist School]] in Beijing between 1950 and 1953. After his return to India, Mohit Sen worked in the CPI central office in New Delhi and also for its publishing house during 1953–62. Later he became party organiser and teacher in [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==Political life==
Mohit Sen arrived in India during a period when India had won her independence. The appraisal of the CPI at that time was that the country had not really got freedom, but was still a 'semi-colony' of Britain. The following words of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], who was then prime minister, to visiting Soviet leaders [[Nikolai Bulganin]] and [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in 1955, aptly summarises the CPI's position then:
<blockquote>Until this year (1955) the Communist Party was saying that Indian people were not independent; they even opposed our National Day celebrations.... They also said that when they were in doubt about the right line of action, they had to get directions from the [[Soviet Union]]. Early in 1951–52, some principal leaders of the Communist Party went to Moscow secretly, that is without passports. They came back and said that they had got directions from Mr. [[Joseph Stalin]]. At least this is what they said. The line then laid down was one of full opposition (to the Government) and, where possible, petty insurrections.<ref>Jawaharlal Nehru, ''Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru'', Second Series, Volume XXXI, edited by H.Y. Sharada Prasad and A.K. Damodaran, A Project of Jawaharlal Nehru Fund, distributed by [[Oxford University Press]], New Delhi.</ref></blockquote>
Mohit Sen stood for collaboration with [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] for fighting against [[imperialist]] forces. When the CPI split, and gave rise to a new party, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], Sen remained with the original CPI, under chairmanship of [[S.A. Dange]], which was following nationalist line. He became a national council member of CPI in 1966 and was elected to party central executive committee in 1971.
Sen parted ways with the CPI, following its anti-Congress stand, in 1978, following [[Indira Gandhi]]'s emergency and subsequent failure in the election.
After the [[United Communist Party of India]] was formed, Sen became its general secretary, a post he held for 15 years till his death. He was married to Vanaja Iyengar, a mathematician, [[Padma Shri]] awardee and founder vice chancellor of [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]]<ref name="Prof (Smt) Vanaja Iyengar –Founder AMSSOI">{{cite web | url=http://bispindia.com/content/vanaja-iyengar | title=Prof (Smt) Vanaja Iyengar –Founder AMSSOI | publisher=Bispindia | date=2015 | access-date=August 21, 2015}}</ref> and at the time of his death, Sen, 74, was a widower and had no children.<ref name="A man called Mohit Sen">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/05/18/stories/2003051800530600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117144418/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/05/18/stories/2003051800530600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 November 2003 | title=A man called Mohit Sen | date=18 May 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=August 20, 2015}}</ref>

== Writer==
Sen was a prolific writer; credited to him are following books:
* ''Revolution in India — Problems and Perspectives''
* ''Glimpses of the History of the Communist movement in India''
* ''Maoism and Chinese Revolution''
* ''Congress and socialism''
* ''Naxalites and the Communists'', and
* ''A Traveller And The Road: A Journey Of An Indian Communist''.
[[Image:Mohit sen.jpg|thumb|165px|left|Mohit Sen appearing on the cover of his autobiography]]

===''A Traveller and the Road: A Journey of an Indian Communist''===
He published his autobiography ''A Traveller and the Road: A Journey of an Indian Communist'' in March 2003, few months before his death. The book brought out Sen's evolution as an independent leftist thinker. [[Eric Hobsbawm]], the historian, had opined about the book that

:"… it is a most remarkable book, written with unremitting passion and love, with acute observation of those who gave their lives to the case, but with sceptical judgment. In my view no more illuminating first-hand book on the history of Indian Communism has been written, nor is likely to be written… India was lucky to enter independence with people as honest, as selfless, and as devoted to service of the people as he."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=22656 |title=Anand Kishore Sahay, in his review of ''Mohit Sen: An Autobiography'' |access-date=21 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081117050907/http://www.indiaclub.com/shop/SearchResults.asp?prodstock=22656 |archive-date=17 November 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
#[https://web.archive.org/web/20030704231544/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2003/05/18/stories/2003051800530600.htm Satchidanda Mohany: ''A Man called Mohit Sen''.] An obituary in The Hindu, Chennai.
#[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030706/spectrum/book5.htm Kanwalpreet: The memoirs of a Communist] A review of ''A Traveller and the Road: The Journey of an Indian Communist'' appearing in The Sunday Tribune, Chandigarh
#[http://mohitsen.blogspot.com Blog on Mohit Sen]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Mohit}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:United Communist Party of India politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

Anjaana Anjaani

2026-03-17T12:55:26Z

ConnorQkw1159:

{{short description|2010 film by Siddharth Anand}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anjaana Anjaani
| image = AnjaanaAnjaani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = Theatrical release poster depicts two people holding each other and looking towards one another. A snow filled park is in the background. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the title, tagline, production credits and release date.
| director = [[Siddharth Anand]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| writer = '''Screenplay:''' Siddharth Anand [[Advaita Kala]] '''Dialogues:''' Siddharth Anand
| screenplay =
| story = Mamta Anand
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ranbir Kapoor]]
*[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Songs:'''|[[Vishal–Shekhar]]|'''Score:'''|[[Salim–Sulaiman]]}}
| studio = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]]
| editing = [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]]
| released = {{Film date|2010|10|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 147 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani (2010) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anjaana-anjaani-2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418130103/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/anjaana-anjaani-2010 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}38 crore<ref name="budget">{{cite web |title='Anjaana Anjaani' economics: Eros to book good profits |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/anjaana-anjaani-economics-eros-to-book-good-profits/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710170647/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/anjaana-anjaani-economics-eros-to-book-good-profits/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}69.85 crore<ref name="bo">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/box-office/|title=Anjaana Anjaani Box Office
|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=October 2010
|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>
}}
'''''Anjaana Anjaani''''' ({{Translation|"Strangers"}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Dark humor|black comedy]] [[Romance film|romantic musical film]] directed by [[Siddharth Anand]] and produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]. The film stars [[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] as two suicidal strangers who meet and make a pact to commit suicide in 20 days on [[New Year's Eve]]. In the interim, the couple fulfils their personal wishes and eventually falls in love. The soundtrack of the film, composed by [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and lyrics by various artists including the duo themselves, received widespread critical acclaim and was a major commercial success. The film was promoted with the tag-line "All The Greatest Love Stories Are Between Strangers."

Wanting to make an unusual romance film, Anand struggled with several ideas to the initial effect of disappointment until his wife, Mamta, proposed an idea based on a scene which encouraged him to work on the idea with a different approach. Anand approached [[novelist]] [[Advaita Kala]] who developed the story into a feature-length script, and later co-wrote the screenplay with him. [[Principal photography]], handled by [[Ravi K. Chandran]], was conducted entirely in [[New York City]], [[Las Vegas]] and [[San Francisco]], with [[Rameshwar S. Bhagat]] serving as editor.

Made on a production and marketing budget of {{INR}}380 million, ''Anjaana Anjaani'' was released on 1 October 2010, grossing over {{INR}}698 million at the box office, thus emerging as a commercial success. The film received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, with praise for its novel concept, music, cinematography, humor, costumes and the leads' performances, but criticism for its screenplay and pacing. At the [[56th Filmfare Awards]], it received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] for Vishal-Shekhar.

''Anjaana Anjaani'' marks Anand's final romantic comedy drama film to date; he has since ventured into the action thriller genre, where he continues to be active. The film also marks his penultimate collaboration with [[Salim-Sulaiman]], as well as his first with lyricist [[Kumaar]], who would eventually become his and Vishal-Shekhar's regular collaborator on their future soundtracks together.

==Plot==
Akash lives in [[New York City]]; he has bankrupted his company and is in need of $12 million for paying the shareholders, but is unable to obtain a loan due to a [[stock market]] crash. He decides to jump off the [[George Washington Bridge]]. He meets Kiara, from [[San Francisco]], who is also suicidal after catching her fiancé Kunal cheating on her. Akash and Kiara attempt to kill themselves, but are prevented from doing so by the [[Coast guard|Coast Guard]]. Still suicidal, Akash deliberately allows himself to be hit by a car, and Kiara falls on the bridge and breaks her neck. They survive their suicide attempts, and end up in hospital together. When they are discharged, Kiara takes Akash to her apartment because his house has been seized by the bank.

The pair try to kill themselves five times, failing each time. Eventually, they make a pact to end their lives on 31 December 2009. With 20 days left before their deadline, they decide to fulfill their unrealised wishes and begin a journey together. Kiara helps Akash find a date and shares with him how Kunal cheated on her. The next day, Akash cleans Kiara's messy apartment. Though he cannot swim, Akash is forced to fulfil Kiara's wish to swim in the cold Atlantic Ocean. However, at sea Kiara falls overboard and Akash rescues her. Their yacht drifts away, stranding them. As the two slowly succumb to [[hypothermia]], Kiara continues telling her story to Akash. They are rescued again by the Coast Guard who intervened on the bridge.

After returning to land, Kiara's depression continues. She attempts to kill herself by drinking [[bleach]] and is rushed to hospital. After she is discharged, Akash realises his love for her, and tries everything to make her happy. The two venture to [[Las Vegas]], as Akash has never gone on a holiday, and they end up in bed together. Kiara tells Akash that she still loves Kunal. Akash insists that she move back in with her parents and give Kunal a second chance. He moves in with his friend and colleague Deven, and plans to return to India on the night of 31 December to start afresh.

Akash attends the bank settlement and reconciles with several friends with whom he had fallen out, including his best friend Gaurav, as well as with his estranged father. Meanwhile, Kiara cannot stop thinking about Akash, and on the 31st she realises that she has fallen for him. Kunal discovers this and drops Kiara off at the airport. She reaches the bridge, but finds herself alone, believing she will never see Akash again. Just then he arrives. The pair go out to sea to die. Akash throws a beer bottle with a note in it, which Kiara gets and reads before he proposes to her. Surprised, she accepts, and the couple share a kiss while the Coast Guard rescues them. As the credits roll, Akash and Kiara are shown 2 years later, married with their 2 year old son.

==Cast==
The cast is listed below:<ref name="cast&crew">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaan Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/cast/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=October 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518015542/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/cast/ |archive-date=18 May 2017}}</ref>
* [[Ranbir Kapoor]] as Akash Khanna
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as Kiara Kapoor
* [[Zayed Khan]] as Kunal Nanda
* [[Vishal Malhotra]] as Gaurav Bahl, Akash’s friend
* [[Joy Sengupta]] as Deven
* [[Pooja Kumar]] as Peshto
* [[Tanvi Azmi]] as the Doctor
* [[Kumar Pallana]] as the Coast Guard
* Nakul Kamte as Kiara's dad
* [[Sucheta Khanna]] as Sapna, Deven's wife
* [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Emmanuel

==Production==
===Development===
After having directed three back-to-back [[Romantic comedy|romantic comedies]], namely ''[[Salaam Namaste]]'' (2005), ''[[Ta Ra Rum Pum]]'' (2007) and ''[[Bachna Ae Haseeno]]'' (2008) (also starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]] in the lead), [[Siddharth Anand]] wanted his next film to be a romantic comedy-drama, yet different from the usual films which were being made at the time.<ref name="story">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani doesn't have trappings of commercial pot boiler" – Siddharth Anand |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anjaana-anjaani-doesnt-have-trappings-of-commercial-pot-boiler-siddharth-anand/ |author=Patel, Devansh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 August 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203800/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/anjaana-anjaani-doesnt-have-trappings-of-commercial-pot-boiler-siddharth-anand/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Anand felt he had run out of plot ideas, believing he was writing just "another story". His wife Mamta then came up with the core narrative concept about "two suicidal strangers meeting and falling in love", on the basis of the 2008 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Mon Mane Na (2008 film)|Mon Mane Na]]''.<ref name="story"/> Anand revealed that this changed his viewpoint, saying: "It was a scene that got me completely excited and we started writing immediately. It is a scene that dictates the story."<ref name="story"/>

[[File:Priyanka Chopra, Ranbir Kapoor at the launch of 'Barfi!' promo 05.jpg|thumb|250px|right|alt=A photograph of Ranbir Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra looking from the camera|[[Ranbir Kapoor]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]] were in talks to star together in another film by [[Siddharth Anand]] and [[Sajid Nadiadwala]], which did not happen.]]
Anand then approached [[novelist]] [[Advaita Kala]] to develop the story into a feature-length script. Although a bit hesitant, she accepted the offer. Intrigued by the premise of the story, Kala started sketching the characters over the next few days, and began writing the script, which she found very different from writing novels.<ref name="script">{{cite web |title=Advaita scripts a new chapter |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Advaita-scripts-a-new-chapter/article16049867.ece |author=Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203806/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/Advaita-scripts-a-new-chapter/article16049867.ece |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Anand helped her understand the process of writing screenplays and co-wrote with her.<ref name="script"/> Kala wrote the first draft, approaching it like writing a book, and sent it as chapters to Anand, saying: "Writing a screenplay can also be a lonely process like writing a novel, but along the way when others get involved, it becomes a fun, collaborative effort."<ref name="script"/>

In an interview with the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'', Anand talked about how the American [[sitcom]] ''[[Friends]]'' influenced the film's two characters revealing he wanted viewers to respond to the titular characters in a similar way.<ref name="characters">{{cite web |title='Anjaana Anjaani' inspired by 'Friends': Siddharth Anand |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/72256/content/216209/archives.php |author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=29 May 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710170945/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/72256/content/216209/archives.php |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> He said: "I remember when I watched ''Friends'' I wanted to meet and know every character. That's how I want audiences to feel about Kiara and Akash." He also wanted the two to resonate with the audience the way the characters in ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' (1995) did.<ref name="characters"/> In another interview discussing the film, Anand revealed that he wanted to make it different from his earlier films, aiming for it to be a "subdued romance", which is not sexy.<ref name="story"/> He said: "Everyone is going to be covered up in scarves and mufflers and trench coats and boots. This is a rare instance that you’ll see Indian actors dressed full up without skin show."(sic)<ref name="story"/> In September 2009, it was announced that [[Sajid Nadiadwala]] would produce the film as he was highly impressed by the script.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddharth Anand to direct YRF's fourth film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/siddharth-anand-to-direct-yrfs-fourth-film-55756-2009-09-02 |work=[[India Today]] |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203800/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Siddharth-Anand-to-direct-YRFs-fourth-film/1/59859.html |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]] were the original choices for the film and their casting was confirmed by Anand in August 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siddharth Anand's Ranbir-Priyanka starrer titled Anjaana Anjaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/siddharth-anands-ranbir-priyanka-starrer-titled-anjaana-anjaani-2/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=25 August 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203800/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/siddharth-anands-ranbir-priyanka-starrer-titled-anjaana-anjaani-2/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> After Chopra had starred earlier in Nadiadwala's ''[[Mujhse Shaadi Karogi]]'' (2004), both had wanted to work together again, but nothing had materialized. Much later, Nadiadwala reached out to her to discuss a film he was developing with Anand and Kapoor.<ref name="role">{{cite web |title=Strangers in love |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Strangers-in-love/article15766384.ece |author=Shah, Jigar |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2 October 2010 |access-date=9 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203833/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Strangers-in-love/article15766384.ece |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Chopra met Anand to discuss the script, but the project did not work out. Later when Nadiadwala approached her again with the script of ''Anjaana Anjaani'', Chopra accepted the role.<ref name="role"/> [[Manish Malhotra]] designed Chopra's clothes, while Mamta Anand designed Kapoor's.<ref name="cast&crew"/><ref name="filming">{{cite web |title=A snowy New York Christmas for Ranbir & Priyanka |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/a-snowy-new-york-christmas-for-ranbir-priyanka/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 December 2009 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203833/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/a-snowy-new-york-christmas-for-ranbir-priyanka/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> [[Salim–Sulaiman|Salim-Sulaiman]] composed the background score, while Rameshwar S. Bhagat edited the film.<ref name="cast&crew"/>

===Filming===
[[File:Golden gate2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|alt=A photograph of Golden Gate Bridge|The film's opening suicide attempt scene features the 2 characters at the [[Golden Gate Bridge]].]]
[[Principal photography]] began in [[New York City]] in late December 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka-Ranbir left for NY for the shoot of Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/priyanka-ranbir-left-for-ny-for-the-shoot-of-anjaana-anjaani/67746 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=28 December 2009 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417160030/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/priyanka-ranbir-left-for-ny-for-the-shoot-of-anjaana-anjaani/67746 |archive-date=17 April 2014}}</ref> The setting of the film required filming in winter during the festive season of Christmas leading up to New Year's Eve.<ref name="filming"/> [[Ravi K. Chandran]] handled the cinematography, while [[Sharmishta Roy]] handled the film's production design.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nadiadwala announces release date of his musical Anjaana Anjaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nadiadwala-announces-release-date-of-his-musical-anjaana-anjaani/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 May 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203833/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/nadiadwala-announces-release-date-of-his-musical-anjaana-anjaani/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Filming was done in various locations in New York City, [[Las Vegas]] and [[San Francisco]]. Anand wanted to capture the distinct flavor of each city.<ref name="characters"/><ref name="usa">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani brings varied flavours of USA |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anjaana-anjaani-brings-varied-flavours-of-usa/664256/0 |author=Sahgal, Geety |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203833/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anjaana-anjaani-brings-varied-flavours-of-usa/664256/0 |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

Anand selected the cities to augment the characters' backgrounds. San Francisco was chosen to depict Chopra's character, Kiara, as he thought it was "the right backdrop to highlight her life and character". He chose New York City for Kapoor's character, Akash.<ref name="usa"/> Anand described "Blush", the car driven by Chopra's character, as the film's third lead character as it is featured extensively.<ref name="blush">{{cite web |title=Why's Priyanka blushing? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Whys-Priyanka-blushing/articleshow/6546282.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170710210639/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Whys-Priyanka-blushing/articleshow/6546282.cms |archive-date=10 July 2017 |author=Iyer, Meena |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> After going through several car options, he chose a vintage red 1963 [[Ford Falcon (North America)|Ford Falcon Sprint]], which was later purchased especially for the film as Anand thought the car should represent all of Kiara's attributes.<ref name="blush"/> This allowed the art director to modify the car's interior with a lot of detailing to suit Kiara's character.<ref name="blush"/>

The ice-skating scenes were filmed at [[Wollman Rink]] in [[Central Park]], requiring the rink to close to the public for three consecutive days.<ref name="characters"/> Some scenes with the leads were also shot at Cafe Lalo, the same restaurant where ''[[When Harry Met Sally...]]'' (1989) was shot.<ref name="characters"/> The film was also shot at the [[Rockfeller Center]].<ref name="filming"/> The producers had earlier scouted for a public bridge in India that they could use for four days, but due to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] obtaining permission from the local government was difficult.<ref name="characters"/> The search ended in [[Kuala Lumpur]], where a scene of Kiara and Akash attempting suicide was shot.<ref name="characters"/> The opening suicide attempt sequence was filmed at the [[Golden Gate Bridge]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani on Golden Gate Bridge |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anjaana-anjaani-on-golden-gate-bridge/story-0F1XksXOM8ZY6YQqiGG6xN.html |author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 August 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710171157/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/anjaana-anjaani-on-golden-gate-bridge/story-0F1XksXOM8ZY6YQqiGG6xN.html |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Several scenes were shot in Las Vegas, Nevada.<ref name="usa"/> Additional filming was done in [[Malaysia]] and [[Thailand]].<ref name="characters"/><ref>{{cite web |title="Ranbir & Priyanka hardly knew one another before the shooting" – Sajid Nadiadwala |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-priyanka-hardly-knew-one-another-before-the-shooting-sajid-nadiadwala/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=7 December 2009 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-priyanka-hardly-knew-one-another-before-the-shooting-sajid-nadiadwala/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

[[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]] handled the song choreography of the film.<ref name="cast&crew"/> In June 2010, it was announced that a new song would be shot for the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir-Priyanka all set to shoot for added song in Anjaana Anjaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-priyanka-all-set-to-shoot-for-added-song-in-anjaana-anjaani/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710205732/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-priyanka-all-set-to-shoot-for-added-song-in-anjaana-anjaani/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Shooting ended in July 2010 after filming for the club track was completed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir hosts wrap up party of Anjaana Anjaani at his bungalow |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-hosts-wrap-up-party-of-anjaana-anjaani-at-his-bungalow/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 June 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709225416/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ranbir-hosts-wrap-up-party-of-anjaana-anjaani-at-his-bungalow/ |archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref> In September 2010, a promotional video for the remix ballad version of "Tujhe Bhula Diya" was shot in [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir-Priyanka starrer 'Anjaana Anjaani' gets a new love ballad |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-priyanka-starrer-anjaana-anjaani-gets-a-new-love-ballad_71603.html? |publisher=[[Zee News]] |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=9 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710205845/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/ranbir-priyanka-starrer-anjaana-anjaani-gets-a-new-love-ballad_71603.html |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Main|Anjaana Anjaani (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack was composed by the duo [[Vishal–Shekhar]] and consists of nine compositions – seven original, and a remix and an unplugged version of two original songs. The lyrics are written by: [[Neelesh Misra]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]], [[Anvita Dutt Guptan]], [[Kumaar]], [[Kausar Munir]] and [[Irshad Kamil]].<ref name="bh">{{cite web |title=Music review – Anjaana Anjaani |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/songs/music-critic-review/ |author=Tuteja, Joginder |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 August 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710210022/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/songs/music-critic-review/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> The vocals were performed by: [[Nikhil D'Souza]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Lucky Ali]], [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]], Shekhar Ravjiani, [[Caralisa Monteiro]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Shruti Pathak]], Vishal Dadlani, [[Shilpa Rao]] and Abhijit Vaghani.<ref name="bh"/> The album was released on 27 August 2010 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/anjaana-anjaani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1123355612 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203800/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/anjaana-anjaani-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/id1123355612 |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

==Release==
''Anjaana Anjaani'' was one of the most anticipated films of the year due to the debut pairing of the lead actors.<ref>{{cite web |title=First look: Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-anjaana-anjaani-imagegallery-0-bollywood-kihwDLafdbfsi.html |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709225416/http://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-anjaana-anjaani-imagegallery-0-bollywood-kihwDLafdbfsi.html |archive-date=9 July 2017}}</ref> Exclusive stills from the film were released to the media on 4 October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranbir and Priyanka get acquainted |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/ranbir-and-priyanka-get-acquainted/90371 |author=KBR, Upala |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=4 August 2010 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203806/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/ranbir-and-priyanka-get-acquainted/90371 |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> Chopra released a one-minute [[teaser trailer]] on 6 August 2010 on her [[Twitter]] account.<ref name="tie">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani first look, teaser out |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anjaana-anjaani-first-look-teaser-out/656876/0 |work=The Indian Express |date=6 August 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710210536/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anjaana-anjaani-first-look-teaser-out/656876/0 |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="ht">{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra tweets Anjaana Anjaani's teaser |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-tweets-anjaana-anjaani-s-teaser/story-QVcigm75xzvROWvaOZ4pBL.html |author=Babbar, Sonakshi |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 August 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710210640/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-tweets-anjaana-anjaani-s-teaser/story-QVcigm75xzvROWvaOZ4pBL.html |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> It received positive feedback from critics and audiences, many calling it "promising" and "intriguing". ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote: "In a single minute, it has pretty much managed to convey the fun mood of this Sajid Nadiadwala-production which appears to come with a good mix of a new storyline, fresh new pairing, catchy music, high production values and a distinct touch of director Siddharth Anand."<ref name="tie"/><ref name="ht"/> Following the teaser release, the first trailer appeared on 9 August 2010. The film's first song was released around the same time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani: Lovely Trailer, Lovely Song |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/the-film-stars-ranbir-kapoor-and-priyanka-chopra-345985.html |publisher=[[CNN News18]] |date=9 August 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710203800/http://www.news18.com/news/india/the-film-stars-ranbir-kapoor-and-priyanka-chopra-345985.html |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref>

''Anjaana Anjaani'' was initially slated to release on 24 September 2010. It was postponed by one week, just 4 days before the expected date because this would coincide with the controversial [[Ayodhya dispute]] verdict, which many anticipated would be disputed and cause chaos in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ayodhya verdict pushes Anjaana Anjaani release |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-pushes-anjaana-anjaani-release-432353 |author=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=21 September 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024134239/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-pushes-anjaana-anjaani-release-432353 |archive-date=24 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="postponed">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani postponed to October 1 due to Ayodhya verdict |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_anjaana-anjaani-postponed-to-october-1-due-to-ayodhya-verdict_1440711 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=20 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922205540/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_anjaana-anjaani-postponed-to-october-1-due-to-ayodhya-verdict_1440711 |archive-date=22 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref> Trade experts were against postponing the film, and questioned Nadiadwala's decision, as the government had already taken precautionary measures with the [[Commonwealth Games]] around the corner. They also felt that the postponement would send mixed signals and confuse viewers as the promotional campaign centered around the 25 September release.<ref name="postponed"/> Additionally, the film would lose the advantage of being the only new release. Changing the release date would mean ''Anjaana Anjaani'' would clash with the big-budget science fiction film ''[[Enthiran]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], which might affect the film's box-office performance. Despite this, the film was postponed to 1 October 2010.<ref name="postponed"/> Later, the Ayodhya verdict was itself postponed to 3 days before the film's new release date.<ref name="further">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani postponed further? |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anjaana-anjaani-postponed-further/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710170945/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/anjaana-anjaani-postponed-further/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='No change in Anjaana Anjaani release date |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/no-change-in-anjaana-anjaani-release-date-news-bollywood-kkguAnjdhdf.html |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204151157/http://sify.com/movies/no-change-in-anjaana-anjaani-release-date-news-bollywood-kkguAnjdhdf.html |archive-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> Industry insiders started speculating again about the film's release being postponed by another week, causing rumours to spread in the media. However, Sajid Nadiadwala confirmed that the news was false and the film was releasing on 1 October 2010.<ref name="further"/>

Made on a production and marketing budget of {{INR}}380 million, ''Anjaana Anjaani'' immediately recovered {{INR}}430 million, slightly more than its entire budget, before its release.<ref name="budget"/> This included {{INR}}220 million from satellite rights, {{INR}}80 million from music rights, and {{INR}}130 million from distribution sales in territories other than [[Mumbai]] and [[Delhi]], where the film was distributed directly by Eros.<ref name="budget"/> ''Bollywood Hungama'' noted that "the revenue generated from these territories, besides home video, will add to the profits of the film".<ref name="budget"/> The film's box office revenue on its opening day was {{INR}}80 million.<ref name="boc">{{cite web |title=Box Office: Anjaana Anjaani nets Rs 250 million in opening weekend |url=http://businessofcinema.com/boxoffice/box-office-anjaana-anjaani-nets-rs-250-million-in-opening-weekend/32069 |author=Hetal Adesara |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=5 October 2010 |access-date=30 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027200328/http://businessofcinema.com/boxoffice/box-office-anjaana-anjaani-nets-rs-250-million-in-opening-weekend/32069 |archive-date=27 October 2014}}</ref> The film made over {{INR}}257 million at the domestic box office and a further {{USD}}1.7 million from overseas, for a worldwide opening weekend of over {{INR}}382 million.<ref name="boi">{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=80 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222231553/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=80 |archive-date=22 December 2016 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="boc"/> During its theatrical run, the film grossed over {{INR}}544 million in India, and over {{USD}}3.1 million in the overseas market, for a total of {{INR}}685 million.<ref name="boi"/> The film was declared as a semi-hit by Box Office India.<ref name="boi"/>

Distributed by [[Eros International]], ''Anjaana Anjaani'' was released on [[DVD]] on 16 November 2010 in all regions on a single NTSC-format disc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://www.ebay.com/itm/Anjaana-Anjaani-Hindi-Movie-Bollywood-Film-Indian-Cinema-DVD-/222519931165 |publisher=[[eBay]] |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710210844/http://www.ebay.com/itm/Anjaana-Anjaani-Hindi-Movie-Bollywood-Film-Indian-Cinema-DVD-/222519931165 |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> The film's [[Video CD]] was released at the same time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani VCD (2010) |url=https://www.induna.com/1000017376-productdetails/ |publisher=[[Induna.com|Induna]] |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710210928/https://www.induna.com/1000017376-productdetails/ |archive-date=10 July 2017}}</ref> A 2-disc DVD edition was also released later, which included a poster autographed by Chopra and Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani |url=https://www.amazon.in/Anjaana-Anjaani-Ranbir-Kapoor/dp/B004AWPDZG |publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon]] |access-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007145452/http://www.amazon.in/Anjaana-Anjaani-Ranbir-Kapoor/dp/B004AWPDZG |archive-date=7 October 2016}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''Anjaana Anjaani'' received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its novel concept, music, cinematography, humor, costumes and the leads' performances and chemistry, but criticism for its screenplay and pacing.

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave ''Anjaana Anjaani'' a rating of 4 out of 5, calling it "a must-see for its interpretation of modern-day romance... ''Anjaana Anjaani'' is an unpretentious romantic saga that revels in the exuberance of newly-found love." He also highly praised the cinematography, styling and cast performances, writing: "The film bears a magnificent look all through and the panoramic and exotic locales of America only make every frame stand out."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/critic-review/anjaana-anjaani-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418140014/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anjaana-anjaani/critic-review/ |archive-date=18 April 2017 |author=Adarsh, Taran |author-link=Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=29 October 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5, saying that it stood apart from "other done-to-death rom-coms in Hindi cinema in the sheer exclusivity of its screenplay and the way the subject is developed ... Here, at last, is a romantic comedy-drama from Bollywood that actually does what rom-coms are supposed to do. ''Anjaana Anjaani'' tugs at your heartstrings while at the same time tickling your funny bone."<ref name="dna">{{cite web |title=Review: Anjaana Anjaani is a romcom with a difference |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-review-anjaana-anjaani-is-a-romcom-with-a-difference-1446051 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418141031/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-review-anjaana-anjaani-is-a-romcom-with-a-difference-1446051 |author=Rao, Renuka |archive-date=18 April 2017 |work=Daily News and Aanalysis |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> The review also praised Chopra's performance as "engagingly brilliant".<ref name="dna" />

{{multiple image
| footer = [[Priyanka Chopra]] and [[Ranbir Kapoor]] received critical acclaim for their performances in the film.
| footer_align = center
| image1 = Priyanka nikon camera.jpg
| width1 = 142
| alt1 = A picture of Priyanka Chopra looking towards the camera
| image2 = Ranbir Kapoor.jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 = A picture of Ranbir Kapoor looking away from the camera
}}

''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a score of 3 out of 5, praising the lead pair and their chemistry as "vibrant, spontaneous, and finely nuanced." However, it criticized the script and narrative for being trite, saying that "all it promises is some fun moments, a peppy music score by Vishal-Shekhar, [and] alluring performances by Chopra and Kapoor."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/anjaana-anjaani/movie-review/6657206.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170418144915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/anjaana-anjaani/movie-review/6657206.cms |archive-date=18 April 2017 |work=The Times of India |date=4 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha wrote another positive review, saying that the film "sets off a tender saucy engaging trip. It somewhere loses its way, but still gets to its targeted destination because of the lead players who appear to know all the signposts and U-turns." He particularly cited Chopra's performance as "redeeming the film's flaws", noting that she provided a strong match to Kapoor's talent.<ref name="speaks">{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-speaks-about-anjaana-anjaani/ |title=Subhash K. Jha speaks about Anjaana Anjaani |date=2 October 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418145652/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/subhash-k-jha-speaks-about-anjaana-anjaani/ |archive-date=18 April 2017 |author=Jha, Subhas K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Sarita Tanwar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave a rating of 3 out of 5, noting that although the film might not be "a complicated love story, it's still heartfelt and even heartbreaking at times ... A film of this kind is largely dependent on the screenplay and the chemistry between the lead pair. That's what makes [it] unique in its own way and rather different from what you've seen in the year so far."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani – Movie Review |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/anjaana-anjaani-movie-review/96828 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418140557/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/anjaana-anjaani-movie-review/96828 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |author=Tanwar, Sarita |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

Sonia Chopra from ''[[Sify]]'' also rated the film 3 out of 5, noting that the characters were "written with an over-the-top quirky edge which adds to the fun." She also praised the lead pair's performance writing that "Chopra maintains her cool, effortless acting style and her comic timing is a revelation. Kapoor is suitably restrained and, at times, in keeping with his reticent character, often overshadowed by Chopra's exuberance. Together, the pair is eminently watchable, balancing each other's dispositions nicely."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani review: From comedy to romance, it has it all |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?id=14957814&ctid=5&cid=2425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004005843/https://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/review.php?id=14957814&ctid=5&cid=2425 |archive-date=4 October 2010 |author=Chopra, Sonia |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''The Indian Express'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5, complimenting the lead performers who "play well together", but are forced to "boost a partly-limp story."<ref>{{cite web |title=Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anjaana-anjaani/691155/0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418142441/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/anjaana-anjaani/691155/0 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |author=Gupta, Shubhra |work=The Indian Express |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' also scored it 2.5 out of 5, calling it "a [[pastiche]] of a pastiche ... The comedy is restricted to usual [...] jokes that find their way into most Bollywood comedies."<ref>{{cite web |title=Film review: Anjaana Anjaani |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/film-review-anjaana-anjaani-83023-2010-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626014113/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/film-review-anjaana-anjaani/1/114756.html |archive-date=26 June 2012 |author=Bamzai, Kaveree |work=India Today |date=1 October 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[NDTV]]'', [[Anupama Chopra]] gave the film 2 out of 5, criticizing the slow screenplay and artificial characters who "are supposed to be unemployed, lonely, and desperately sad, but they always look like they've stepped out of the pages of a fashion magazine, which could have been overlooked if there was any depth in their angst, but these two seem like spoilt kids playing suicide-suicide."<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Anjaana Anjaani |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-anjaana-anjaani-552 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110094220/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/review-anjaana-anjaani-552 |archive-date=10 January 2014 |author=Chopra, Anupama |author-link=Anupama Chopra |publisher=NDTV |date=1 October 2010 |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[News18]]'' was also critical of the film, calling it "deathly boring [and] a challenge to sit through for two reasons in particular – the film has no script to speak of, and the characters are hard to sympathize with. It lacks in terms of interesting plot and consistent characterization."<ref>{{cite web |title=Masand: 'Anjaana Anjaani' is deathly boring |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004115817/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-anjaana-anjaani-is-deathly-boring/132159-47-84.html |archive-date=4 October 2010 |author=Masand, Rajeev |author-link=Rajeev Masand |website=News18 |date=1 October 2010 |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' in its review said "For a film that showed promise, at least in its promos, ''Anjaana Anjaani'' is unfortunately not about that beautiful romance between strangers."<ref>{{cite web |title=Stranger than fiction - Anjaana Anjaani|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Stranger-than-fiction-Anjaana-Anjaani/article11642818.ece |work=The Hindu |date=9 October 2010 |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Vishal–Shekhar]]
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 56th Filmfare Awards 2010 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7013/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 January 2011 |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110117104407/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/14/7013/index.html |archive-date=17 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite episode |title=Zee Cine Awards 2011 |series=Zee Cine Awards |network=[[Zee TV]] |date=30 January 2011}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Popular Choice)|Best Actress (Popular Choice)]]
| rowspan="2" | {{sort|Chopra|[[Priyanka Chopra]]}}
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite news |title=D-DAY nears |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dday-nears/730316/2 |work=The Indian Express |author=Unnikrishnan, Chaya |date=31 December 2010 |access-date=17 December 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011164918/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/dday-nears/730316/2 |archive-date=11 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Lions Gold Awards
| Favourite Popular Film Actor – Female
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Katrina, Akshay at Lions Gold Awards |work=NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/katrina-akshay-at-lions-gold-awards-8946/slide/5 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=16 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330131128/http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/katrina-akshay-at-lions-gold-awards-8946/slide/5 |archive-date=30 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Awards#Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
| {{sort|Khan|[[Ahmed Khan (choreographer)|Ahmed Khan]]}} (for "Anjaana Anjaani Ki Kahaani")
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=6th Apsara Awards – Nominees |url=http://apsaraawards.org:80/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |publisher=[[Producers Guild Film Awards]] |access-date=10 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305022353/http://apsaraawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html |archive-date=5 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| [[3rd Mirchi Music Awards]]
| Song representing Sufi tradition
| "Aas Pass Khuda"
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130070949/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2010/hindi/nominees.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 January 2011 |title=Nominees – Mirchi Music Award Hindi 2010 |date=30 January 2011|access-date=30 September 2018}}</ref>
|}

==Legacy==
Chopra's character, Kiara, inspired the change of name for actress [[Kiara Advani]], who was originally born Alia Advani, in order to distinguish herself from another contemporary actress, the more established [[Alia Bhatt]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1499201|Anjaana Anjaani}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|anjaana_anjaani}}
* {{Mojo title|anjaanaanjaani}}

{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}
{{Siddharth Anand}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about suicide]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films set in Kuala Lumpur]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films directed by Siddharth Anand]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal–Shekhar]]
[[Category:Films about depression]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films shot in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films set in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Films set in the Las Vegas Valley]]
[[Category:Films set in Nevada]]
[[Category:Films set in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:Films shot in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Nevada]]
[[Category:Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Malviya Nagar (Rajasthan)

2026-03-15T19:55:49Z

ConnorQkw1159: made first info w/ infobox

{{prose|date=February 2011}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}

'''Malviya Nagar''' is a region in south [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], and one of the constituencies of [[Jaipur District]]. It is close to Durgapura, Jawahar Nagar, Jagatpura and [[Sanganer]]. The region is named after the freedom fighter [[Madan Mohan Malviya]].
Malviya Nagar is one of the poshest and upmarket locations of Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-09 |title=Raja Park, Malviya Nagar preferred areas for Jaipur college aspirants |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Raja-Park-Malviya-Nagar-preferred-areas-for-Jaipur-college-aspirants/articleshow/52665881.cms |access-date=2026-03-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
Malviya Nagar has the city's best restaurants, malls and many attractions. The PIN code of Malviya Nagar is 302017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पिन कोड: MALVIYA NAGAR JAIPUR, JAIPUR, RAJASTHAN, भारत, Pincode.net.in |url=https://hi.pincode.net.in/RAJASTHAN/JAIPUR/M/MALVIYA_NAGAR_JAIPUR |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=hi.pincode.net.in}}</ref>

== Economy ==
* [[Genpact]] BPO
* [[World Trade Centre, Jaipur]] (baltared park)
* Malviya nagar riico

== Notable sites ==
* [[Jawahar Circle Garden|Jawahar Circle]]

== Hospitals ==
* Apex Hospital
* Calgary Eye Hospital
* [[Fortis Healthcare]]
* EHCC Hospital
* Shree Hospital

== Transport ==
Malviya Nagar is connected through the [[public transport]] system of [[minibus]], low floor bus and by [[rikshaw]].

== Education ==
=== Schools ===
* [[St. Anselm's Pink City Sr. Sec. School, Jaipur|St. Anselm's Pink City Sr. Sec. School]]
* [[Jaipuria Vidyalaya|Jaipuriya Vidyalaya]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]
* [[St. Edmund's School Malviya Nagar Jaipur|St Edmunds school Malviya Nagar Jaipur]]
*Government Girls school
* [[M.N.Morden public school]]
* Neerja Modi School

=== Colleges ===
[[File: Placement and Training Cell.jpg|thumb|[[Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur]]]]
Malviya Nagar is home to Malviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur [[MNIT]], an autonomous institution in western India of national importance. It is one of the 31 N.I.T.s in the country.

* [[Mnit|Malviya National Institute of Technology]]
* [[Birla Institute of Technology, Jaipur|BIT Mesra, Jaipur Campus]]
*[[Dr. B Lal institute of biotechnology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Areas of Jaipur]]
[[Category:Memorials to Madan Mohan Malaviya]]

Syed Qumrul Islam Saleh Uddin

2026-03-14T10:42:01Z

ConnorQkw1159: slightly fix citations for accuracy additionally and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (died 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Syed Kamrul Islam Mohammad Salehuddin
| native_name = সৈয়দ কামরুল ইসলাম মোহাম্মদ সালেহউদ্দিন
| native_name_lang = bn
| office = Member of the 1st [[Jatiya Sangsad]]
| term_start = 1973
| term_end = 1975
| predecessor = Position established
| successor = [[Sirajul Islam Mridha]]
| birth_date = 2 July 1937
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Tita, Gopalganj]], [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|5|24|1937|7|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[PG Hospital]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| party = [[Awami League]]
| alma_mater = [[Michael Madhusudan College]] (BA)
| relatives = [[Shah Ali Baghdadi]]
}}
'''Syed Kamrul Islam Mohammad Salehuddin''' ({{langx|bn|সৈয়দ কামরুল ইসলাম মোহাম্মদ সালেহউদ্দিন}}; 2 July 1937 – 24 May 1983), also known by his nickname '''Jangu''', was a Bangladeshi politician, language veteran, freedom fighter, parliamentarian, and social worker. He was elected a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan in 1970 from the Awami League for Faridpur-II. He also was a member of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh in 1972. He served as a member of parliament for [[Faridpur-3]] from 1973 to 1979.

==Early life and family==
Salehuddin was born on 2 July 1937 in his maternal home at Tita in [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Gopalganj]], then part of the [[Bengal Presidency]]'s [[Faridpur Division|Faridpur district]]. He belonged to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family of [[Syeds]] in the village of Banamalidia in [[Madhukhali Upazila|Madhukhali]]. The family was descended from Shah Syed Habibullah Maddan-e-Khoda, who was a nephew of [[Shah Ali Baghdadi]]. Habibullah and his father, Shah Husayn Tegh-Burhana, had migrated from [[Baghdad]] to Delhi in the 15th century, and eventually settled in [[Faridpur Sadar Upazila|Gerda, Faridpur]]. Habibullah moved from Gerda to Banamalidia, where he is buried in a [[mazar (mausoleum)]]. Salehuddin was the eldest child of Syed Mohammad Abdul Halim and Saleha Khatun. His father was a member of the civil service and recipient of the [[Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam]], whilst Khatun was the daughter of Ahmad Hossain Khan, a former [[zamindar]] of Tita.<ref name=hzr>হযরত শাহ আলী (রঃ) এবং তাঁর প্রভাব</ref>

==Personal life==
Salehuddin married Dil Afroze Begum (Dolly), the eldest daughter of civil servant Md. Sirajul Haq of [[Khulna]]. Their only son Dr.Syed Zaved Mohammad Salehuddin is the Founder of Bengal University , Gazipur and also an advocate at the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court]] and former teacher at [[Jahangirnagar University]]. They also have a daughter named Syeda Farzana Salehuddin (Dipa(.<ref name=hzr/>

==Education==
Salehuddin was due to matriculate from the [[Brojomohun College|Brojomohun Institute]] in 1952, but was arrested for participating in a [[Bengali language movement]] protest in [[Barisal]]. After being released from prison, he matriculated from Brojomohun Institute in 1953. In 1956, Salehuddin completed his [[Intermediate of Arts]] from the [[Government P.C. College, Bagerhat|Prafulla Chandra College]] in [[Bagerhat Sadar Upazila|Bagerhat]]. He then enrolled at the [[Michael Madhusudan College]] in [[Jessore]], where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1959 from jail.<ref name=hzr/>
Salehuddin was called to the bar from the Honourable Society of the Inner Temple in 1968.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Career ==
Salehuddin took part the language movement and was convicted for one year in 1952.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Salehuddin was a member of the communist party.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Salehuddin stood for the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] as an [[Awami League]] candidate in the [[1970 Pakistani general election]]. He was elected for Faridpur-II by a large margin over three opponents, including [[Pakistan Democratic Party]] candidate [[Abdus Salam Khan]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://fafen.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/Compendium-National-Assembly-Elections-1970-2008-Pakistan.pdf |title=National Assembly Elections in Pakistan - 1970-2008: A Compendium of Elections Related Facts and Statistics |date=August 2010 |location=Karachi |publisher=Church World Service Pakistan/Afghanistan, Free and Fair Elections Network |page=70 |isbn=978-969-8882-39-6}}</ref>

Salehuddin was a member of the Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh in 1972.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

Salehuddin was elected to the [[Bangladesh Parliament]] in 1973 from [[Faridpur-3]].<ref name="1973results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf |title=List of 1st Parliament Members |author= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

Salehuddin formed a political party named the Bangladesh Justice Party in 1981.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== Death ==
Salehuddin died on 24 May 1983 at PG Hospital in Dhaka. He is buried at [[Banani Graveyard]] in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A private technical college under the Bangladesh Technical Education Board named Barrister Syed Kamrul Islam Mohammad Salehuddin Technical College was established in 2019 at Bonomalidia, Madhukhali under Faridpur district.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Kamrul Islam |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-186995 |access-date=14 November 2019 |work=The Daily Star |date=24 May 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salehuddin, Syed Qumrul Islam}}
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:1st Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur District]]
[[Category:Politicians from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:Michael Madhusudan College alumni]]
[[Category:Brojomohun College alumni]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:Government Prafulla Chandra College alumni]]
[[Category:Brojo Mohon School alumni]]

{{Dhaka-AL-politician-stub}}

Basanta Bilap

2026-03-07T06:23:45Z

ConnorQkw1159: updated page

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Basanta Bilap
| image = File:Basanta_Bilap_DVD.jpg

| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[Dinen Gupta]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Shekhar Chatterjee]]
| story = [[Bimal Kar]]
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee ]] [[Aparna Sen]] [[Rabi Ghosh]] [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
| music = [[Sudhin Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = Dinen Gupta
| editing = Ramesh Joshi
| studio = Sonali Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1973|||India}}
| runtime = 117 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Basanta Bilap''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Romantic comedy|romantic]] [[comedy film]] directed by Dinen Gupta, based on a story by [[Bimal Kar]].<ref>{{Cite news|title = Aparna Sen's 7 most memorable Tollywood performances|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/aparna-sens-7-most-memorable-tollywood-performances/Basanta-Bilap/photostory/64871189.cms|newspaper = The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/basanta-bilap-33783 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608022737/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/basanta-bilap-33783 | url-status=live | archive-date=8 June 2020 | title=Basanta Bilap | publisher=Cinestaan | access-date=13 May 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story revolves around a group of girls (4 of them are focussed on mainly), all boarders of a working ladies' hostel Basanta Bilap, and a group of 4 boys from the neighborhood. A series of hilarious clashes between them eventually lead to their romance.

==Cast==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Shyam Sundar Ghose aka Shyam, leader of the boys
* [[Aparna Sen]] as Anuradha Singha aka Radha, leader of the girls
* [[Rabi Ghosh]] as Gupto
* [[Kajal Gupta]] as Parbati aka Paro
* [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] as Lalit aka Lalu
* [[Sumitra Mukherjee]] as Nabanita aka Nita
* [[Chinmoy Roy]] as Siddheswar Bandapadhyay aka Sidhu
* Sibani Bose as Aalo Ray
* [[Amarnath Mukherjee]] as Ajay, Lalu's elder brother
* Kanika Majumdar as Ajay's wife, and a mediator between the two groups
* [[Tarun Kumar Chatterjee]] as Dr. Girija Sapui, a homeopathy doctor
* [[Gita Dey]] as Sidhu's Aunty(Kakima)
* Haridhan Mukhopadhyay as the tenant/landlord of Basanta Bilap

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Basanta Bilap
| type = Soundtrack
| artist =
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
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All music is composed by [[Sudhin Dasgupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Gaana: Basanta Bilap songs|url = https://gaana.com/album/basanta-bilap}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Playback
| title1 = Ami Miss Calcutta
| extra1 = [[Arati Mukhopadhyay]]
| title2 = Agun Legeche Legeche
| extra2 = [[Manna De]], [[Rabi Ghosh]], [[Chinmoy Roy]]
| title3 = O Shayam Jakhan Takhan
| extra3 = [[Arati Mukhopadhyay]], Sujata Mukherjee
| title4 = Ek Charatei Thanda
| extra4 = [[Arati Mukhopadhyay]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0215549}}

[[Category:1973 comedy films]]
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:1973 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bimal Kar]]

Ibrahim Ismail (general)

2026-03-04T04:33:32Z

ConnorQkw1159: improved article

{{short description|5th Chief of the Malaysian Defence Forces}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{other people||Ibrahim Ismail (disambiguation){{!}}Ibrahim Ismail}}
{{Malay name|note=on|Ibrahim|Ismail}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Amat Berbahagia]] [[General]] [[Mandatory retirement|(Rtd)]] [[Malay styles and titles#Tun|Tun]] [[Dato']]
| name = Sir Ibrahim Ismail
| native_name = {{lang|ms|{{Script|Arab|إبراهيم إسماعيل}}}}
| native_name_lang =
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|SSM|SPMJ|SPMK (Kelantan)|SPDK|KBE|PMN|PNBS|DIMP|PIS|MBE}}
| image = Tun Ibrahim Ismail.jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| smallimage = 
| alt =
| caption =
| order = 5th
| office = Chief of Defence Forces (Malaysia){{!}}Chief of Defence Forces
| term_start = 1 July 1970
| term_end = 30 November 1977
| 1blankname = [[Minister of Defence (Malaysia)|Minister of Defence]]
| predecessor = [[Abdul Hamid Bidin]]
| successor = [[Mohd Sany Abdul Ghaffar]]
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Ibrahim bin Ismail
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1922|10|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Johor Bahru]], [[Johor]], [[British Malaya]] (now Malaysia)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2010|12|23|1922|10|19|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
| death_cause =
| resting_place = [[Makam Pahlawan]], [[National Mosque of Malaysia|Masjid Negara]], Kuala Lumpur
| resting_place_coordinates =
| nationality = [[Malaysians|Malaysian]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Zakiah Ahmad|1949}}
| relations =
| children = 4
| mother = 
| father = 
| relatives =
| residence =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted list
|[[English College Johore Bahru]]
|[[Indian Military Academy]]
}}
| occupation = Senior military officer, [[spy|secret agent]], businessman
| profession =
| known_for =
| awards = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia#Grand Commander|Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]] (SSM)
|[[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Commander|Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (PMN)
}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = 
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{Unbulleted list
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
}}
| branch = {{Unbulleted list
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Armed Forces of Johor.svg}} [[Royal Johor Military Force|Johor Military Force]]
|{{flagicon image|British Raj Red Ensign.svg}} [[British Indian Army]]
|[[Special Operations Executive]]
|{{Army|Malaysia}}
}}
| serviceyears = 1941–1977
| rank = [[File:Malaysia-army-OF-9.svg|30px]]
[[General]]
| unit = {{Unbulleted list
|Johor Volunteer Forces
|[[19th Hyderabad Regiment]]
|[[Force 136]]
}}
| commands = {{Unbulleted list
|6th Bn, Royal Malay Regiment
|5th Infantry Brigade
|1st Infantry Division
}}
| battles = {{Unbulleted list|
|[[World War II]]
|[[Malayan Emergency]]
|[[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]]
|[[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)|2nd Malayan Emergency]]
}}
| mawards = {{Unbulleted list
|[[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] (KBE)
|[[Order of the British Empire|Member of the Order of the British Empire]] (MBE)
}}
| military_blank1 =
| military_data1 =
| military_blank2 =
| military_data2 =
| military_blank3 =
| military_data3 =
| military_blank4 =
| military_data4 =
| military_blank5 =
| military_data5 = 
| module =
| module2 =
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| module5 =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Ibrahim bin Ismail'''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ibrahim bin Ismail, Tun, 1922–2010|title=Ibrahim pahlawan Melayu|date=2008|publisher=[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka]]|isbn=978-983-62-9764-8|edition=1st|location=Kuala Lumpur|language=ms|oclc=265580520}}</ref> ({{langx|ms-Arab|إبراهيم بن إسماعيل|label=[[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]}}; 19 October 1922 – 23 December 2010) was a [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] soldier who served in the British [[Special Operations Executive]] (SOE) during World War II, subsequently rising to the post of Chief of the [[Malaysian Armed Forces|Malaysian Defence Forces]] from 1970 until 1977.<ref name=telg>{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/special-forces-obituaries/8284728/Tun-Ibrahim-Ismail.html |title=Tun Ibrahim Ismail |last= |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=26 January 2011 |location=London |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> He was the first Chief of the Defence Forces to be granted the honorific title "Tun".<ref>{{Cite news|date=4 March 2011|title=General Tun Ibrahim bin Ismail|work=[[The Times]]|location=London|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/china/general-tun-ibrahim-bin-ismail-rwm389v37sm|access-date=26 January 2021|issn=0140-0460}}</ref>

==Biography==
Ibrahim was born in [[Johor Bahru]], at the southern tip of the [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malayan Peninsula]]. He graduated from the [[Indian Military Academy]] at [[Dehradun]] and was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] following the [[Japanese invasion of Malaya]].

He was recruited into "Force 136", the cover name for the SOE in the Far East. In October 1944 he and two colleagues were parachuted onto the western coast of [[Terengganu]] as part of "Operation Oatmeal". Their location was betrayed and they were soon captured by the Japanese – along with their codebook. After a month's interrogation, they agreed to turn [[double agent]], but managed to inform SOE of their situation, effectively becoming [[triple agent]]s.<ref name=telg/>

Their [[disinformation]] led the Japanese to believe the land assault on Malaya – [[Operation Zipper]] – would occur on the [[Kra Isthmus]], {{convert|650|miles}} to the north of its actual location. Japan surrendered before the landings, and Ibrahim informed his captors that [[Suicide in Islam|his religion would not permit]] him to commit [[Seppuku|hara-kiri]] with them.<ref name=telg/> For his actions Captain Ibrahim was made a Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) in November 1946.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37780 |date=5 November 1946 |page=5465 |supp=y }}</ref>

Post-war, Ibrahim joined the [[Johor Sultanate|Sultan of Johore]]'s [[Royal Johor Military Force]] (JMF), transferring to the [[Royal Malay Regiment|Malay Regiment]] in 1951. He commanded the 6th Battalion, Royal Malay Regiment from 1958, and was promoted to Brigadier in 1962. He served as Director of Administration in the [[Federation of Malaya|Federation Army]], and then commanded the 5th Infantry Brigade, and was [[General Officer Commanding|GOC]] of the 1st Infantry Division from 1966.<ref name=telg/>

He was involved in the suppression of the [[13 May Incident|May 1969 riots]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Malaysia/Story/A1Story20101223-254449.html |title=Malaysia's former military chief and WWII spy dies |last= |publisher=asiaone.com |date=23 December 2010 |access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref> and was a member of the ruling [[National Operations Council]] between 1969 and 1971. With the rank of General he then served as Chief of the Defence Forces until his retirement in 1977. In 1984 he published his wartime memoirs ''Have You Met Mariam?''

In 2000 Ibrahim was appointed a Grand Commander of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]], and received the honorific title "[[Malay titles#Tun|Tun]]".<ref name=telg/>

Tun Ibrahim died at Tuanku Mizan Armed Forces Hospital, [[Kuala Lumpur]] on 23 December 2010. His body was laid to rest at [[Makam Pahlawan]] near [[Masjid Negara]], Kuala Lumpur. He was the first military person laid to rest there.

==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg|50px]] Companion of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (JMN) (1964)<ref>{{cite web|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1964.|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1964.pdf}}</ref>
**[[File:MY_Darjah_Yang_Mulia_Pangkuan_Negara_(Defender_of_the_Realm)-_PMN.svg|50px]] Commander of the [[Order of the Defender of the Realm#Commander|Order of the Defender of the Realm]] (PMN) – '''Tan Sri''' (1970)<ref>{{cite web|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1970.|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/1970.pdf}}</ref>
**[[File:Order_of_Loyalty_to_the_Crown_of_Malaysia_-_SSM.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]] (SSM) – '''Tun''' (2000)<ref>{{cite web|title=Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 2000.|url=https://www.istiadat.gov.my/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Tahun_2000.pdf}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Johor}}
** [[File:Sultan Ibrahim Coronation Medal ribbon.gif|50px]] [[List of post-nominal letters (Johor)|Sultan Ibrahim Medal]] (PIS) (1949)
** [[File:Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]] (DPMJ) – '''Dato'''' (1964)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19641029-1.2.45|title=The Tengku Makhota heads Sultan's list of honours|work=The Straits Times|date=29 October 1964|page=6}}</ref>
** [[File:Order of the Crown of Johor ribbon bar.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Crown of Johor]] (SPMJ) – '''Dato'''' (1972)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CN0qAAAAIBAJ&dq=hussein+onn+SPMJ&pg=PA30&article_id=4007,2285198|title=Ministers head Sultan's awards list|publisher=[[New Straits Times]]|date=16 November 1972}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Pahang}}
** [[File:MY-PAH Order of the Crown of Pahang - Knight Companion - DIMP.svg|50px]] Knight Companion of the [[Order of the Crown of Pahang]] (DIMP) – '''Dato'''' (1971)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar (English College) : Sejarah dan Biografi 100 Tokoh Melakar Kegemilangan|publisher=Percetakan Bumi Restu Sdn Bhd|others=Kamdi Kamil|year=2014|isbn=978-983-42249-8-1|edition=1st|location=Johor Bahru|pages=94|oclc=892514524}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Kelantan}}
** [[File:MY-KEL Order of the Crown of Kelantan - Star of Muhammad.svg|50px]] Knight Grand Commander of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Kelantan|Order of the Crown of Kelantan]] (SPMK) – '''Dato''''
* {{Flag|Sabah}}
** [[File:MY-SAB Order of Kinabalu - SPDK.svg|50px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of Kinabalu]] (SPDK) – '''Datuk Seri Panglima''' (1965)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19650901-1.2.108|title=Service chief and Speaker made datos|work=The Straits Times|date=1 September 1965|pages=18}}</ref>
* {{Flag|Sarawak}}
** [[File:MY-SAR Order of the Star of Sarawak - ribbon PNBS -JBS-PBS-ABS-BBS (1973-1988).png|50px]] Knight Commander of the [[Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak|Order of the Star of Sarawak]] (PNBS) – formerly '''Dato'''', now '''Dato Sri'''

===Foreign Honours===
* {{Flag|United Kingdom}}
** [[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|50px]] Member of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (MBE) (1946)
** [[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg|50px]] Honorary Knight Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (KBE) - '''Sir'''
* {{Flag|Indonesia}}
** [[File:Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama rib.svg|50px]] [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Indonesia|Grand Meritorious Military Order Star]], 1 Class (1971)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1970 |title=Tanda Kehormatan-Penutupan : Tanda kehormatan upacar penyematan Bintang Yudha Dharma I kepada Ketua Turus Angkatan Tentara (KTAT) Malaysia Jend. Tan Sri Ibrahim oleh Wapangab Jend. M. Panggabean di Dep. Hankam Jakarta, 11 Desember 1971 |url=https://onesearch.id/Record/IOS1.INLIS000000000290263 |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=onesearch.id}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Grand Commander of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ibrahim Ismail}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Malay descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Muslims]]
[[Category:British Malaya military personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]
[[Category:Malaysian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor]]
[[Category:Grand Commanders of the Order of Kinabalu]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of Sarawak]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Defender of the Realm]]

Vaimaye Vellum

2026-03-03T04:48:24Z

ConnorQkw1159: created a data more to come.

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vaimaye Vellum.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| producer = S. R. Balajee
| starring = {{ubl|[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]]|[[Rachna Banerjee]]}}
| cinematography = Raveendar
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = S. B. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|02|14}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Vaimaye Vellum''''' (spelt in the title credits as '''''Voimaye Vellom'''''; {{translation|[[Satyameva Jayate|Truth alone triumphs]]}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Puzhakkal |first=Dheeshma |date=28 September 2020 |title=Fact Check: Madras high court did not 'change' its logo to Hindi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/madras-high-court-logo-hindi-fact-check-1726222-2020-09-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114111806/https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/madras-high-court-logo-hindi-fact-check-1726222-2020-09-28 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] and [[Rachna Banerjee]]. It was released on 14 February 1997.<ref>{{cite web |title=vaimaye vellum ( 1997 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vaimaye%20vellum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029131014/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=vaimaye%20vellum |archive-date=29 October 2006 |access-date=21 June 2013 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Maari is a notorious gangster and industrialist who terrorises the city through kidnapping, extortion, and murder. He lures impoverished young men into their employ, only to brutally eliminate them after exploiting their labour, through his henchman Kaasi. This pattern has resulted in the gruesome deaths of 22 innocent youths. In response to the escalating violence, the [[Director general of police|DGP]] assembles a special force comprising officers from various police stations along the [[East Coast Road]]. Perumal, a corrupt police inspector with a tainted past, is transferred to the same area in Northern ECR after 20 years. Perumal's first wife died during childbirth, leading him to believe that his newborn son brought him an ill fortune. He names the boy Yama Dharman, after the [[Yama|God of Death]]. Despite being an intelligent student, Dharman faces his father's disdain. However, his stepmother, Saraswathi showers him with affection, and affectionately addresses him as "Raja."

Yama Dharman "Raja", grew up in a juvenile prison after being falsely accused by his father, Perumal. Raja now works as a rickshaw driver and occasionally takes on jobs as a paid goon. He cannot tolerate injustice and frequently finds himself in jail. Raja's life takes a turn when he confronts his father and vows to get him dismissed from service. Currently, Raja resides in the home of Iyer, a temple priest while the jewels of the temple deity where Iyer is working are under the care of wealthy industrialist Sivaraman. Meanwhile, Mohan Ram, a victim of Maari and Kaasi's extortion racket, shares his story with a journalist who publishes a detailed exposé in his magazine, Senior News. Maari, disguising himself as Alex, hires Perumal to attack the journalist. However, the journalist learns of the planned attack through [[Constable]] Kannaiya and hires Raja to protect his daughter, Meena. Raja successfully safeguards Meena. The next day, Meena attends an interview, but Kaasi and Perumal frame her for prostitution, leading to her arrest. Raja bails her out, following his mother Saraswathi's instructions.

Meena's father returns from Madurai and is murdered by Kaasi, who makes it appear as a suicide due to his daughter's alleged prostitution. Devastated, Meena attempts to take her own life, but Raja rescues her and proposes marriage to avenge his father's wrongdoing. Raja and Meena get married and move into Perumal's house, but he rejects them. Kaasi publicly humiliates Kannaiya, prompting Raja to intervene and beat Kaasi. Perumal seizes this opportunity to arrest both Raja and Kaasi. However, [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Rajendran, who had previously bailed out a young Raja 20 years ago, intervenes and secures Raja's release once again. Meena recognises Kaasi and informs Raja, suspecting a connection between Kaasi and the 22 murders, as well as her father's death. Before Kaasi can turn approver in court, Maari silences him permanently and escapes. Perumal gets suspended from his job for allowing an approver to be killed while in custody. Perumal, still blaming Raja for his misfortunes, publicly assaults him. Raja confronts his father, asserting that Perumal's abusive behaviour has ruined their family. Meena takes Raja to Iyer's house, where Iyer encourages Raja to solve the case that led to Perumal's suspension.

Raja vows not only to reinstate his father but also to reform him into a righteous person. Rajendran advises Perumal to reform and solve the case, promising to help him regain his job. Meanwhile, Raja spots Maari in a temple procession and later confronts him when Maari attacks Raja while he's taking Meena to the hospital. Raja subdues Maari, but he escapes, only to be killed mysteriously shortly after. Raja confiscates Maari's mobile phone and, with Iyer's assistance, discovers Sivaraman's connection and learns about the next planned abduction. Raja informs Perumal about the impending abduction of a rich businessman's son. Perumal leads a police team to rescue the victim. Raja confronts Sivaraman, while a shootout ensues between the police and the kidnappers. Ultimately, the businessman's son is rescued, and Sivaraman is arrested. Iyer reveals to Perumal that Raja was the one who tipped him off about the kidnapping. As a result of his bravery, Perumal is rewarded, and the reformed Perumal accepts the award from his son Raja.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Yama Dharman "Raja"
*[[Rachna Banerjee]] as Meena
*[[Rajan P. Dev]] as Perumal, Raja's father
*[[Visu]] as Iyer, a temple Priest
*[[Janagaraj]] as Michael, Raja's friend
*[[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]] as Saraswathi
*Jojan as Maari
*Majid as Kaasi
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Meena's father
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as [[Constable]] Kannaiya
*[[Mohan V. Ram]] as Mohan Ram
*[[Hemanth Ravan]] as Sivaram, temple chief
*[[Prathapachandran]] as the [[Director General of Police|DGP]]
*[[Kullamani]] as masseuse's assistant
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Mayilsamy
*[[Chelladurai]] as a Constable
*[[Sachu]] as Sivakami, Iyer's wife
*[[Jyothi Lakshmi]] as masseuse's mother
*[[Jyothi Meena]] as masseuse
*T. K. Rajeswari
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]] as Young Raja (uncredited)
*[[Radha Ravi]] in a special appearance as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Rajendran
}}

==Production==
Some scenes were shot at [[Rajaji Hall]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Serena Josephine |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Flight of stairs at Chennai’s Rajaji Hall where intense scenes in Tamil cinema unfold |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/flight-of-stairs-at-chennai-rajaji-hall-where-intense-scenes-in-tamil-cinema-unfold/article69940506.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/flight-of-stairs-at-chennai-rajaji-hall-where-intense-scenes-in-tamil-cinema-unfold/article69940506.ece/amp |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaimaiye Vellum |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vaimaiye-vellum/qPpU3JsrFdA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114073309/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vaimaiye-vellum/qPpU3JsrFdA_ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Aasai Thambi – Vaimaye Vellum Audio CDs from lakshmi music shop |url=https://www.lakshmimusicshop.com/item/shop/2291-aasai-thambi-vaimaye-vellum-index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114073318/https://www.lakshmimusicshop.com/item/shop/2291-aasai-thambi-vaimaye-vellum-index.html |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=lakshmimusicshop.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "Amma" || [[P. Unni Krishnan]] || 4:44
|-
| "Bagalu Bagalu" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], [[Malgudi Subha]] || 4:55
|-
| "Bagalu Bagalu" || Shahul Hameed, Malgudi Subha || 4:55
|-
| "Dhinamthorum" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], Deva || 5:01
|-
| "Kuiyil Pattu" || Krishnaraj, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:57
|-
| "Maaman Parkiran" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]] || 5:08
|}

== Reception ==
The film opened to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continues... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424003725/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-5.htm |archive-date=24 April 2013 |access-date=28 May 2012 |work=Indolink}}</ref> K. N. Vijiyan from ''[[New Straits Times]]'' named it the fifth best Tamil film of 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=2 January 1998 |title=Dispute affects production |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5522%2C620572 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610065321/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-BQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5522%2C620572 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=Arts 3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INR}}5 lakh subsidy by the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] along with ten other films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Subsidy for low budget films distributed |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427180556/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Choo Mandhirakaali

2026-03-03T02:35:13Z

ConnorQkw1159: created first bio from scratch!

{{Short description|2021 Tamil film by Eswar Kotravai}}

{{EngvarB|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Choo Mandhirakaali
| image = Choo Mandhirakaali poster.jpg
| caption = Promotion poster
| director = Eswar Kotravai
| writer = Eswar Kotravai
| producer = Annakkili Velu
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Karthikeyan Velu|Sanjana Burli}}
| cinematography = Mohammed Farhan
| editing = Gokul G
| music = Satish Raghunathan
| studio = Annam Medias
| distributor = Annam Medias
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|09|24}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Choo Mandhirakaali''''' is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language [[magical realism]] [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by newcomer Eswar Kotravai, former associate of director [[A. Sarkunam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2021 |title=sarkunam presents new movie |url=https://thangamtv.com/choomandhirakaali-movie-news |language=Tamil}}</ref>
It stars debutant Karthikeyan Velu<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2021 |title=The Hindu tamil |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/716679-eswar-kottravai-1.html |language=Tamil}}</ref> and debutante Sanjana Burli,<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2021 |title=சூ மந்திரகாளி |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/preview/2021/09/14165425/3016004/Tamil-cinema-Choo-manthirakali-movie-preview.vpf |work=Maalaimalar |language=Tamil}}</ref> with Kishore Dev,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Times Of India tamil |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/when-a-lightman-kidnapped-actor-kishore-dev/articleshow/86220375.cms |language=Tamil}}</ref> Muhil, Govinth Mayon, and V. Sridhar in supporting roles. The film was made in one shot schedule and released on 24 September 2021 and became one of the top-rated Tamil movies of 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Tamil Movies of 2021 | Top Rated Tamil Films of 2021 | Top 30 Best Tamil Movies of 2021 | Etimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/top-rated-movies/tamil/best-movies/2021/2742916 |work=The Times of India |language=English}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=April 2023}}
Pangaaliyur is a village in Salem district. Everyone in this village is related as cousins (''Pangaali'' in English is "cousin"; i.e., cousin brother / cousin sister). The villagers are jealous of each other, and the cousins end up spoiling each other. Most of the time, the villagers resort to black magic which is the only thing the villagers fear.

Murugan, a villager, decides to improve his fellow citizens' attitude. He then hears of an all-black magic performing village named Singapore in Kolli Hills. The people of this village sleep during the day and do black magic all night for the people coming from distant villages. There is a tree called "Musical Tree" in Singapore which stopped playing its music since a couple killed themselves inside the village. So, Singapore people do not allow outsiders to stay, except for married couples who are shunned by their families. So, Murugan takes his brother-in-law Saamy (disguised as a female) and moves into Singapore as a married couple. Saamy, being a street play actor, is very much used to playing female roles, thus fitting the bill perfectly.

In Singapore, to Murugan’s amusement, he finds wizards with special abilities such as floating in mid-air, buried in land, powerful in telekinesis, a wizard dead before a hundred years advising the people of the village only with his voice from the sky. After all these wizards, Murugan finally meets Sundhara Valli, who is the most powerful wizard of the village. Murugan falls in love at first sight with Valli. He thinks about marrying her and taking her to Pangaaliyur to change his people's jealousy. While Murugan tries to impress Valli, a intellectually disabled priest wrongly informs Valli that Murugan is actually Lord Murugan disguised as a normal human. Also, he has come here disguised in order to marry her. Friends of Valli persuade her in believing this, which eventually leads her to fall in love with Murugan.

People of Pangaaliyur learn of all this through Saamy. They cannot digest the fact that Murugan is in love with a wizard who is very beautiful and has 20 acres of land and 100 pounds of gold jewellery. In order to prevent their marriage, the people of Pangaaliyur kidnap Murugan and set him up to marry one of his in-laws. To prevent Murugan from escaping the marriage, they start a ceremonial Goddess Amman festival and tie holy rope on everyone's hand (a traditional rope, once tied on the hand the person with the rope should not leave the village until the festival ends). Everyone gets the rope tied, but Murugan escapes before his cousins tie the holy rope on his hand. Since everyone in the village is tied with the holy rope, they can never leave the village until the festival ends or is cancelled. Traditionally for a festival to be cancelled, a person from the village must die. In order to spoil the plan of Murugan, an elder from the village decides to let his life, saying that if a cousin is getting a better life, then the villager will give up his life to spoil it. As the old villager dies, everyone in the village is inspired and happy. They start from Pangaaliyur to spoil Murugan's plan with their newfound energy. Eventually, the musical tree plays its music once Murugan touches Valli, and the Singapore people accept their love. Murugan and Valli return to Pangaaliyur and eliminate the villagers' jealousy.

== Cast ==
* Karthikeyan Velu as Murugan
* Sanjana Burli as Sundhara Valli
* Kishore Dev as Saamy / Devasena
* Muhil as Karuna
* V.Sridhar
* Govinth Mayon
* Singaravelan
* Mettur Sekar
* Venkatesh babu
* Mu.Ka.Chinnannan
* Maragatham
* Sivaprakasam
* Niranjana
* Dhananya
* Mythili

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Choo Mandhirakaali Album
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Satish Raghunathan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2021
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The film's songs were composed by Satish Raghunathan<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Choo Mandhira Kaali - Anand Aravindakshan, Keerthana Vaidyanathan - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/choo-mandhira-kaali/bmez0FiIy7g_ |via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Choo Mandhira Kaali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) Songs: Choo Mandhira Kaali (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) MP3 Tamil Songs by Satish Raghunathan Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/choo-mandhira-kaali-original-motion-picture-soundtrack |via=gaana.com}}</ref> and Background scoring was composed by Navip Murugan. The album consists of two lyrical tracks featuring lyrics penned by Gugai.Ma.Pugazhendhi.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:35%;"
!Song title
!Singers
|-
|"Kodaali Kannaala"
|[[Anand Aravindakshan]]
|-
|"Dracula Chellakkutty"
|[[Sean Roldan]], [[M. M. Manasi|Manasi Mahadevan]]
|}

== Release ==

=== Critical reception ===
''Choo Mandhirakaali'' generally opened to positive reviews. M Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 and calling it "a Quirky plot."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Choo Mandhira Kaali Mini Review: Quirky plot rescues Choo Mandhirakaali despite its amateurish filmmaking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/choo-mandhira-kaali/movie-review/86483231.cms |work=The Times of India |language=English}}</ref> ''[[Dinamalar]]'' rated the movie 2.5 out of 5 and stated that "Choo Mandhirakaali is complete entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூ மந்திரக்காளி - விமர்சனம் {2.5/5} : சூ...மந்திரக்காளி - கெட்ட எண்ணங்களை அழிக்க... - Choo Mandhirakaali |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3037/Choo-Mandhirakaali/ |website=Dinamalar |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''[[Nakkheeran]]'' stated that "Despite being a comedy film, there is an essential message to the community"<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2021 |title=பேய் படமா? காமெடி படமா? 'சூ மந்திரகாளி' விமர்சனம் |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/review/chu-manthira-kaali-review |website=Nakkheeran |language=Tamil}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=15392264}}

[[Category:2021 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Magical realism films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways

2026-02-27T01:39:34Z

ConnorQkw1159: content update

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{For|list of ministers|Minister of Road Transport and Highways}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
| native_name =
| native_name_a =
| type = Ministry
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.svg
| logo_width = 250px
| logo_caption =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1942|07|df=yes}}
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| superseding1 =
| superseding2 = 
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = Transport Bhawan, 1, Parliament Street, [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|37|9.58|N|77|12|37.29|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = {{INRConvert|309000|c}} (2026-27 est.)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/budget_files/Union%20Budget%20Analysis%20-%202020-21.pdf |title=Union Budget 2020-21 Analysis |date=2020 |website=prsindia.org |access-date=22 February 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226124436/https://prsindia.org/sites/default/files/budget_files/Union%20Budget%20Analysis%20-%202020-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Nitin Gadkari]]
| minister1_pfo = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = [[Ajay Tamta]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways#Ministers of State|Minister of State]]
| deputyminister2_name = [[Harsh Malhotra]]
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways#Ministers of State|Minister of State]]
| chief1_name = V Umashankar, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary to Government of India|Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| chief3_name =
| chief3_position =
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| child1_agency = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| child2_agency = [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited|NHIDCL]]
| keydocument1 = 
| website = {{URL|http://morth.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| embed =
}}

The '''Ministry of Road Transport and Highways''' ('''MoRTH''') is a [[ministry (government department)|ministry]] of the [[Government of India]], that is the apex body for formulation and administration of the rules, regulations and laws relating to road transport, transport research and in also to increase the mobility and efficiency of the road transport system in [[India]]. Through its officers of Central Engineering Services (Roads) cadre it is responsible for the development of National Highways of the country.

Road transport is a critical infrastructure for economic development of the country. It influences the pace, structure and pattern of development. In India, roads are used to transport over 60 percent of the total goods and 85 percent of the passenger traffic. Hence, development of this sector is of paramount importance for India and accounts for a significant part in the budget.

== History ==
=== Creation ===
The Department of War Transport was formed in July, 1942, by the bifurcation of the then Department of Communications into two Departments:<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://shipping.nic.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=42&lid=52|title = Organisational History|access-date = 5 October 2014|publisher = Ministry of Shipping, Government of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140721040611/http://shipping.nic.in/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=42&lid=52|archive-date = 21 July 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

* Department of Posts
* Department of War Transport.
* Department of war [https://www.organicsun.in/2022/10/parivahan-sewa-vehicle-details.html READ MORE]
The functions allocated to the Department of war Transport include Major Ports, Railways Priorities, utilization of road and water transport, Petrol rationing and Producer Gas. Broadly speaking, the functions of the War Transport Department were to coordinate the demands for transport in war time, Coastal Shipping and the administration and development of major ports. Later, the planning of export was undertaken as a corollary to the Departments control of transport priorities also.

=== Changes made over years ===
* 1957: Department of War Transport was renamed as Ministry of Transport & Communications and Department of transport was placed under it.
* 1966: On 25 January, under President's order the Department of Transport, Shipping & Tourism was placed under Ministry of Transport and Aviation.
* 1967: On 13 March, the Ministry of Transport and Aviation was bifurcated into Ministry of Shipping and Transport and the Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation.
* 1985: On 25 September, during reorganisation the Ministry of Transport and Shipping became the Department of Surface Transport under the Ministry of Transport.
* 1986: On 22 October, the Department of Surface Transport under Ministry of Transport was renamed as Ministry of Surface Transport .
* 1999: On 15 October, Ministry of Surface Transport was subsequently re-organized into departments, namely Department of Shipping and Department of Road Transport and Highways.
* 2000: On 17 November, the Ministry of Surface Transport was bifurcated into two Ministries namely Ministry of Road Transport and Highways and Ministry of Shipping.
* 2004: On 2 October, Ministry of Shipping and Ministry of Road Transport has again been merged and renamed as Ministry of Shipping and Road Transport and Highways
* 2009: The Ministry of Shipping was again formed by bifurcating the Ministry Of Shipping, Road Transport, and Highways

== Organisational structure ==
* The Ministry of Road Transport Highways is structurally divided into the following wings:
1. Road wing
2. Road Transport Wing
3. Transport Research Wing
4. Highways Wing
5. Finance Wing
6. Administration Wing
7. International Cooperation Wing
8. Toll & Coordination Wing
9. Land Acquisition Wing
10. Parliament Wing

Apart from these there is the Planning and Monitoring zone.
* The Secretary (Road Transport & Highways) is assisted by Director General (Road Development) & Special Secretary, Joint Secretary (Road Transport), Financial Advisor, Advisor (Transport Research).<ref name="fin">{{Cite web|url = http://finmin.nic.in/reports/9thReportEMC.pdf|title = Ninth Report of ERC|access-date = 5 October 2014|publisher = Ministry of Finance, Government of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130531235017/http://finmin.nic.in/reports/9thReportEMC.pdf|archive-date = 31 May 2013|url-status = dead}}</ref>
*Director General (Road Development) is responsible for Development & Maintenance of National Highways.
* Joint Secretary looks after transport administration, public grievances, vigilance road safety and coordination & public relations<ref name=fin />
* Accounts Wing is headed by the Chief Controller of Accounts who is responsible for accounts budget, work and study.<ref name=fin />
* Advisor (Transport Research Wing) renders necessary data support to various wings of the Ministry for policy planning, transport coordination, economic and statistical analysis on various modes of transport with which the ministry is concerned.<ref name=fin />

=== Regional Offices ===
Following are the regional offices, each headed by a Regional Officer (RO):
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!City
!State / Union Territory
|-
|[[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]
|[[Karnataka|State of Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Tamil Nadu|State of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Maharashtra|State of Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[West Bengal|State of West Bengal]]
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|[[Chandigarh|Union Territory of Chandigarh]]
|-
|[[Jaipur]]
|[[Rajasthan|State of Rajasthan]]
|-
|[[Patna]]
|[[Bihar|State of Bihar]]
|-
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam|State of Assam]]
|-
|[[Hyderabad]]
|[[Telangana|State of Telangana]]
|-
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|[[Gujarat|State of Gujarat]]
|-
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Odisha|State of Odisha]]
|-
|[[Bhopal]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh|State of Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Kerala|State of Kerala]]
|-
|[[Lucknow]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh|State of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh|State of Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Raipur]]
|[[Chhattisgarh|State of Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|[[Dehradun]]
|[[Uttarakhand|State of Uttarakhand]]
|-
|[[Shimla]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh|State of Himachal Pradesh]]
|-
|[[Surat]]
|[[Gujarat|State of Gujarat]]
|}

The ministry has following wings functioning under it:

=== Roads Wing ===
The road wing of the MoRTH is the backbone of the country's road network development programme. It is staffed by officers of the Central Engineering Services (Roads). It is headed by Director General (Road Development) and Special Secretary to the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kavita |first1=Mrrali |title=Know about Parivahan Sarathi & its services - |url=https://revexpo.com/review/about-parivahan-sarathi-its-services/#National_Permit |website=Get true reviews for the products here |access-date=27 April 2020}}</ref>

The Road wing of MoRTH is further divided into five Project Zones. Each Project zone is generally vested with responsibility of four to five states for National highway development and development of road network. These five project Zones are headed by five Additional Director Generals (ADG) of Central Engineering Services (Roads) cadre who are assisted by Zonal Chief Engineer of Headquarter and Regional Officers. Regional officers are posted on ground in their respective states for development and maintenance of National Highways through State PWDs.

Main responsibilities of the roads wing are:<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://morth.nic.in/index1.asp?lang=1&linkid=10&lid=144|title = Wings under Ministry|access-date = 5 October 2014|website = MORTH|publisher = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India}}</ref>

* Planning, development and maintenance of National Highways
* Extends technical and financial support to the state government for development of state roads and roads of inter-state connectivity and national importance.
* Setting standards for building and maintenance of roads and bridges.
* Archiving important technical knowledge generated through projects and R&D.
*Sanctioning of works related to construction, maintenance and operation of National Highways.
*Sanctioning the estimates for various centrally sponsored schemes including CRF (Central Road Fund), Roads of Interstate Connectivity.
*Dealing the matters related to road safety.
* Administration of NH act 1956, The Highway Administration Rules 2005

=== Transport Wing ===
Main responsibilities of the transport wing are:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
* Motor Vehicle Legislation
* Taxation of motor vehicles
* Compulsory insurance for vehicles
* Promotion of Transport cooperatives in the field of motor transport.
* Setting National road safety standards
* Compiling data on road accidents and evolving a road safety culture among the people in the country
* Providing grants to NGOs in accordance with laid down guidelines.

=== Planning and Monitoring Zone ===
This zones are headed by two separate Chief Engineers of Central Engineering Services (Roads). Main responsibilities of this zone are:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

* Preparation of budgets and scheme wise allocation of funds maintaining records of expenditure.
* Identification of stretches that may form probable network of National Highways.
* Notification and de-notification of National Highways.
* The Monitoring Zone deals with the monitoring and reviewing progress of ongoing NH works dealt by various executing Agencies of NH development.

=== Standards and Research (S&R) Zone ===
This zones is headed by a Chief Engineers of Central Engineering Services (Roads). Main responsibilities of this zone is Preparation of standards/ rules / guidelines for NH development program and related activities.

== Agencies ==
===Autonomous bodies===
Following are the autonomous agencies under the MoRTH.<ref name=fin />

* [[Central Road Research Institute]] (CRRI), Mathura Road, [[Delhi]]
* [[National Highways Authority of India]] (NHAI), Sector-10, [[Dwarka, Delhi]]
* Registered Vehicle Scrapping Facility
* [[Association of State Road Transport Undertakings]], New Delhi

===Public Sector Undertakings===
* [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL), [[New Delhi]]
* [[National Highways Logistics Management Limited]], a 100% owned company of NHAI
* Indian Highways Management Company Limited

===Academy===
* [[Central Institute of Road Transport]] (CIRT), [[Pune]]
* Indian Academy of Highway Engineers (IAHE), Sector 62, [[Noida]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IAHE - Contact Us |url=http://www.iahe.org.in/contactus.htm |website=www.iahe.org.in}}</ref>

== Acts ==
Over years the ministry has passed several acts to maintain law and order in Road Transport in the country
* Road Transport Corporations Act, 1950
* National Highways Act, 1956
* [[Motor Vehicles Act, 1988]]
* [[National Highways Authority of India|National Highways Authority of India Act, 1988]]

== Statistics ==
India has one of the largest road networks of over 4.885 million km consisting of :<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/AR%20Eng%20Part%20A-2874692826.pdf|title = Annual Report 2013–2014|access-date = 5 October 2014|publisher = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Road Length Distribution
! Roads!!Length
|-
| National Highways/Expressways || 1,32,500 km
|-
| State Highways || 1,56,694 km
|-
| Other Roads || 56,08,477 km
|-
| '''Total''' || '''58,97,671 km'''
|}
The total road length of India had grown more than 11 times in 60 years from 1951 to 2011; also the length of the surfaced roads had increased about 16 times over the same period. The connectivity in India has tremendously improved due to formation of new surface roads.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/basic%20road%20statistics%20of%20india.pdf|title = Basic Road Statistics|access-date = 5 October 2014|publisher = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|archive-date = 15 December 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171215093952/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/basic%20road%20statistics%20of%20india.pdf|url-status = dead}}</ref>
{{ #invoke:Chart | bar chart
| group 1 = 3.99:9.15:33.74:46.90
| group 2 = 1.57:3.98:15.98:25.25
| tooltip 2 = tooltip 1 : tooltip 2 : tooltip 3 : tooltip 4
| colors = green : yellow
| group names = Total length of roads (in lakh km):Total length of surfaced roads (in lakh km)
| x legends = 1950-51:1970-71:2000-01:2010-11
}}

For development of roads in the country the government has made an allocation of ₹19,423.88 crores under the Central Road Fund for 2013–2014 with the following breakup:<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/linkimages/AR%20Eng%20Part%20A-2874692826.pdf|title = CRF 2013–2014 allooction|access-date = 5 October 2014|publisher = Ministry of Road Transport and Highways}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Type!!Grants
|-
| Grants to State Governments and UTs for State Roads || ₹2,659.91 crores
|-
| Grants to SGs and UTs for inte-state connectivity and roads of national importance || ₹262.22 crores
|-
| National Highways || ₹9,881.95 crores
|-
| Rural Roads || ₹5,827.20 crores
|-
| Railways || ₹1092.60 crores
|-
| '''Total''' || '''₹19,423.88 crores'''
|}

== Government Initiatives ==
The government has provided various incentives for private and foreign investments in the roads sector. 100% FDI is allowed in the sectors of land transport to promote building of highway bridges, toll roads, and vehicular tunnels; services incidental to transport such as cargo handling is incidental to land transport; construction and maintenance of roads, bridges; and construction and maintenance of roads and highways offered on build-operate-transfer (BOT) basis, including collection of toll.

A 10-year tax exemption under Section 80 IA has been granted to the highway building projects to attract private investors. The ministry has also framed a ‘Special Accelerated Road Development Programme in North Eastern Region' for improving road connectivity to remote places in this region. The estimated cost of the proposal is US$2.53 billion. The Union Budget 2012–13 proposed an increase of allocation of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways by 14% to {{INRConvert|25360|c}}.

The World Bank has approved a US$975 million loan for developing the first phase of the eastern arm of the US$17.21 billion Dedicated Freight Corridor Project in India. The Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India Ltd. has tied up with the Japanese Bank of Industrial Cooperation for US$14.56 billion funding as loan for the first phase and it is likely to be commissioned in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.investindia.gov.in/roads-and-highways-sector/|title = Policy and Promotion|access-date = 5 October 2014|publisher = Invest India, GOI|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140922091405/http://www.investindia.gov.in/roads-and-highways-sector/|archive-date = 22 September 2014|url-status = dead}}</ref>

The [[Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana|Prime Minister Gram Sadak Yojana]] (PMGSY) is a scheme for development of rural roads in India. The Construction of Rural Roads Project (CRRP) is another initiative focused on rural development.

=== National Green Highways Program ===
Ministry of Transport and NHAI has launched the green highways programme in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Shri Nitin Gadkari launches initial plantation drive on 1,500 km of National Highways under Green Highways Project | url=http://www.nitingadkari.org/pages/PR-pdf/plantation_drive.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820180229/http://www.nitingadkari.org:80/pages/PR-pdf/plantation_drive.pdf | archive-date=2018-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iasexamportal.com/courses/environment/national-green-highway-mission|title=National Green Highway Mission : Environment for UPSC Exams | IAS EXAM PORTAL - India's Largest Community for UPSC Exam Aspirants.|website=iasexamportal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/415319/green-highways-plantation-maintenance-policy-2015/|title=Green Highways (Plantation & Maintenance) Policy-2015 - India Environment Portal | News, reports, documents, blogs, data, analysis on environment & development | India, South Asia|website=www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/finance-ministry-rejects-rs-5000-crore-green-fund-project-road-ministry-nhai|title=Finance ministry rejects Rs 5,000 crore green fund project by road ministry, NHAI|date=17 August 2016|website=Governance Now}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Minister of Road Transport and Highways]]
* [[National Highways Authority of India]]
* [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]]
* [[FASTag]]
* [[Ministry of Surface Transport (India)]]
* [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]]
* [[Ministry of Railways (India)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
15. https://sarathi.parivahan.gov.in/SarathiReport/sarathiHomePublic.do

== External links ==
*[http://www.morth.nic.in/index1.asp?linkid=135&langid=2 Ministry website]

{{Transport in India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{India topics}}
{{Asia topic|Government of|title=Governments of Asia|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Road Transport and Highways| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Road Transport and Highways]]
[[Category:Road transport in India]]

Mashoor Shereef

2026-02-26T10:11:26Z

ConnorQkw1159:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mashoor Shereef
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Mashoor Shereef Thangalakath
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|1|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram, Kerala]], India
| height = {{height|m=1.81}}
| currentclub = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| clubnumber = 12
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre-back]]
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2017–2020
| clubs1 = [[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
| caps1 = 31
| goals1 = 3
| years2 = 2020–2023
| clubs2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| caps2 = 34
| goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2023–2024
| clubs3 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| caps3 = 3
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2024–2026
| clubs4 = [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
| caps4 = 20
| goals4 = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2021
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 19:22, 30 March 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 25 March 2021
}}

'''Mashoor Shereef Thangalakath''' (born 5 January 1993) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|defender]] for [[I-League]] club [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]].

==Club career==

=== Chennai City ===
He made his professional debut for the [[Chennai City F.C.|Chennai City]] against [[Indian Arrows]] on 29 November 2017. He was brought in the 26th minute as Chennai City lost 3–0.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Arrows 3-0 Chennai City|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/29/india/i-league/aiff-xi/chennai-city/2683965/|work=Soccerway}}</ref>

=== NorthEast United ===
In 2020, Mashoor joined [[Indian Super League]] club [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]. He made 11 appearances in [[2020–21 Indian Super League]]. He scored his first goal for [[NorthEast United]] on 21 December 2021 against [[ATK Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title=NorthEast United lost 2–3 against ATK Mohun Bagan|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/43136-northeast-united-fc-vs-atk-mohun-bagan|access-date=16 January 2022|website=Indian Super League}}</ref>

==International career==
On 2 March 2021, Shereef got selected for the 35-man-squad national camp ahead of [[India national football team|India national team]]'s friendlies against [[Oman national football team|Oman]] and [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/988334/india-football-stimac-names-10-new-players-in-35-man-probables-list-for-oman-uae-friendlies |title=Bipin Singh, Ishan Pandita in 35-man probables list for Oman, UAE friendlies|website=thescroll.in|date=2 March 2021}}</ref> On 29 March 2021, Shereef made his international debut for [[India national football team|India]] against [[United Arab Emirates national football team|UAE]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/football/india-vs-uae-football-live-blog-commentary-score-result-updates-reaction-20418?infinitescroll=1|title=India vs UAE Football LIVE - Live Blog, Commentary, Score, Result, Updates and Reactions|website=thebridge.in|access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|12 February 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|mashoor-shereef-thangalakath/525015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Chennai City FC|Chennai City]]
|[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League]]
|5||1||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||1
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League|2018–19]]
|11||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||11||0
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]
|15||2||2{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||2||2{{efn|name=statsAFCCL|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League]]}}{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||19||4
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!31!!3!!3!!2!!2!!0!!36!!5
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2020–21 NorthEast United FC season|2020–21]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|11||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||11||0
|-
|[[2021–22 NorthEast United FC season|2021–22]]
|15||1|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||15||1
|-
|[[2022–23 NorthEast United FC season|2022–23]]
|8||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||11||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!34!!1!!3!!0!!0!!0!!37!!1
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="1" |Indian Super League
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
| rowspan="3" |I-League
|3||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||3||0
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|12||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||12||0
|-
|[[2025–26 I-League|2025–26]]
|0||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!83!!3!!6!!2!!2!!0!!91!!5
|}
{{notelist}}

=== International ===
{{updated|25 February 2021}}<ref>{{soccerway|mashoor-shereef-thangalakath/525015}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team
!Year
!Apps
!Goals
|-
|[[India national football team|India]]
|2021
|2
|0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!2
!0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Punjab FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shereef, Mashoor}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram]]
[[Category:Chennai City FC players]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]
[[Category:Punjab FC players]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Mallavaram

2026-02-24T00:07:33Z

ConnorQkw1159: made a entry first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{confused|A. Mallavaram|P. Mallavaram}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mallavaram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|15.4760942|N|79.3756755|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type =
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1306
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/(S(2vb0kv2etjdvlk2eua0ofbiz))/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629949 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=10 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111061757/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%2831yeds4505pv4s55dlmibgz0%29%29/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=629949 |archivedate=11 November 2014 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Mallavaram''' is a village in [[Podili]] [[mandal]], located in [[Markapuram district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Prakasam.pdf |website=Revenue Department - AP Land |publisher=National Informatics Center |accessdate=10 November 2014 |page=3 |format=pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209181026/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Prakasam.pdf |archivedate=9 December 2014 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Markapuram district]]

{{Markapuram-geo-stub}}

Global Indian International School, Pune

2026-02-21T09:56:46Z

ConnorQkw1159: created some entry added tags!

{{Short description|International school in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Global Indian International School, Pune
| image =
| image_caption =
| slogan = Nurturing Future Citizens
| established = 2011
| location = [[Pune]]
| schooltype = Private
| country = [[India]]
| principal =
| accreditation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Montessori|Global Montessori]],
| language = [[English language|English]]
| classes_offered = Grades K-10 Year 2
| avg_class_size = 30
| enrollment = 5000
| website = {{URL|https://pune.globalindianschool.org/}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.51126|73.94531|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Global Indian International School (GIIS), Pune''', is a [[Maharastra]]-based international school established in 2011.

== History ==

In 2011, the school was founded in [[Chinchwad]]. Subsequently, it relocated to two separate campuses, namely [[Hadapsar]] in central Pune and [[Balewadi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-04 |title=GIIS Balewadi achieves 100% pass percentage in CBSE Class X result |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/global-indian-international-school-balewadi-cbse-class-10-result-7437432/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The previous campus is currently recognized as [[Elpro International School]]. During 2019, GIIS Pune commenced the implementation of SMART Campus facilities across its two campuses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-17 |title=Singapore's GIIS to launch India's first smart school campus in Pune |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/jobs-career/education-singapores-giis-to-launch-indias-first-smart-school-campus-in-pune-1647210/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Apoorva |date=2021-10-10 |title=Pune: GII School sets up helpline for students |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-gii-school-helpline-students-7563934/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
In 2018, the parents were compelled by the school management to purchase the Engineering for Kids (EFK) program, priced at ₹2,000, or else they would be denied textbooks altogether. As a result, parents staged a protest, and the mayor of Pimpri-Chinchwad had to intervene in the matter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Punemirror |date=2018-04-09 |title=Mayor intervenes as school continues to make parents buy kits |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/civic/mayor-intervenes-as-school-continues-to-make-parents-buy/cid5135830.htm |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref>

Earlier in the same year, the school faced another instance of protest when it made arbitrary decisions concerning fee payments. Parents were asked to pay an extra amount of ₹200 per day, including Sundays and holidays. Allegedly, the enrollment fee had been raised from 25 percent to 50 percent within a two-year period, as claimed by the parents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rs 200 per day: Parents protest against Pune school's late fee instructions |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2018/04/10/rs-200-per-day-parents-protest-against-pune-school-late-fee-instructions.html |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

In August 2019, as a result of a shift in management, the school underwent a name change from GIIS Pune to Elpro International School. This decision sparked demonstrations by a group of 100 parents at the school gates, seeking clarification regarding the unexpected removal of the school's brand identity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandge |first=Sukhada |date=2019-07-23 |title=Parents in uproar as Global Indian International School Chinchwad loses its prestigious affiliation |url=https://punemirror.com/pune/cover-story/parents-in-uproar-as-giis-chinchwad-loses-its-global/cid5089408.htm |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=punemirror.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-23 |title=New management at GIIS, change in name irks parents |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/new-management-at-giis-change-in-name-irks-parents/articleshow/70336717.cms |access-date=2023-12-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During that period, the Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation administration sought clarification by issuing an official notice to the GIIS management, and they also requested documentation regarding the change of name.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2019-08-02 |title=PCMC issues notice to Global Indian International School (GIIS), Chinchwad |url=https://www.punekarnews.in/pcmc-issues-notice-to-global-indian-international-school-giis-chinchwad/ |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=Punekar News |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Global Indian International School, Singapore]]
* [[Global Indian International School, Tokyo Campus]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:International schools in India]]
[[Category:Schools in Pune]]

Chitoi pitha

2026-02-13T21:20:54Z

ConnorQkw1159: created initial data and citations

{{Short description|Common rice cakes in Bangladesh and West Bengal, India}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Chitoi pitha
| image = চিতই পিঠা, ভর্তা ও ঝাল চাপটি.jpg
| caption = Chitoi pitha served with varieties of [[bhorta]]
| alternate_name = Ashke pithe
| country = [[Bangladesh]], [[India]]
| region = [[Varendra]], [[South Asia]]
| creator =
| course =
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = Half-boiled rice powder and mustard oil
| variations = Dim chitoi, pithe, chikui pithe and sora pithe
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Chitoi pitha''' ({{langx|bn|চিতই পিঠা}}) or '''ashke pithe''' ({{langx|bn|আস্‌কে পিঠে or আস্কে পিঠে}}) is one of the most common rice cakes in [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]] of [[India]].<ref name=c>{{cite news|url=https://www.jugantor.com/lifestyle/362328/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE|title=শীতের রেসিপি: দুধ চিতই পিঠা|lang=bn|first=Sheuli|last=Akter|date=7 November 2020|newspaper=[[Jugantor]]}}</ref> It is also known as Dhaka pithe, chikui pithe and sora pithe.<ref name=A>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Pranab|script-title=bn:বাংলার খাবার|date=July 1987|publisher=Sahityaloke |language= bn |location=Kolkata|page=68}}</ref> Perhaps, the current spelling for 'Axse', has come in the form of ashke or aske because of local use.{{clarification needed|date=November 2025}}<ref name="blk">{{cite encyclopedia |last=মুখোপাধ্যায়|first=শিখা|script-title=bn:আস্‌কে পিঠে|encyclopedia=বঙ্গীয় লোকসংস্কৃতি কোষ|editor-last=চক্রবর্তী|editor-first=ডঃ বরুণকুমার|year=2007|publisher=অপর্ণা বুক ডিস্ট্রবিউটার্স (প্রকাশন বিভাগ) |location=Kolkata |language=bn |isbn=978-81-86036-13-6|pages=43}}</ref> At the time of [[Makar Sankranti|Paush Sankranti]], the ashke pithe is prepared.{{clarification needed|date=November 2025}} The ashke pithe is usually eaten with [[molasses]], but it is eaten with lentils, peas, fish curry of [[koi fish]] and meat curry. Historian Tapan Roychoudhury compared the ashke pithe to the [[beefsteak]].<ref name="ABP25012015">{{cite web|last1=বসু|first1=ঋজু|title='পিঠে' খেলে শহর সয়, এটাই শীতের সত্যি|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/calcutta/%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A0-%E0%A6%96-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AF-1.108567# |work=The Daily Anandabazar |publisher=A B P Group | language=bn |date=January 25, 2015| access-date=November 26, 2017}}</ref>

==History==
The customs of making this rice cake in the house of [[Bengalis|Bengali]] in various religious festivals has come from the [[Middle Ages]].<ref name=B>{{cite book|last1=Roy|first1=Pranab|script-title=bn:বাংলার খাবার|date=July 1987|publisher=Sahityaloke |language=bn |location=Kolkata|page=66}}</ref>

[[File:Chitoi Pitha.jpg|thumb|Egg chitoi pitha, Bangladesh]]

== Preparation ==
[[File:পিঠে করার সরা.jpg|thumb|Sora, using for preparing Chitoi Pitha]]
The main ingredient for the Ashke pithe is half seasoned rice powder. Other ingredients are water, salt, and some amounts of corn oil. In the preparation for Ashke Pitha, it is usually used a special type of [[soil]] [[lid]] and to cover it from the upper side, a slightly smaller soil lid also used. At present days, the use of [[brass]] lid, and lower parts of the [[aluminum]] [[Pottery|pot]] has begun to be used.

At first the rice powder is mixed with slightly hot water. A little salt is given in the mixture.<ref name="blk"/> Then the mixture of rice powder and water mixture is poured in the first lid using oil on its surface. The mixture is half of diameter of the second lid. After that, the second lid is covered with a mixture and the two lids are placed on the cooker. The lids are removed from the cooker after two and half minutes to two minutes later. At the time of making the Pitha, water is spread from the above.<ref name="blk"/> As oil is used below the lids, it can easily be removed with a knife. In this way, only one Ashke Pithe is prepared at a time.
It is tasted fine to eat Ashke Pithe with molasses, or can be eaten after boiling by keeping it in the milk molasses.<ref name="A"/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Dim Citoi pitha.webm|Making of Egg Chitoi pitha
File:Chitoi pitha is being made in a Bangladeshi road side shop.jpg|Chitoi pitha is being made in a Bangladeshi road side shop
File:Terracotta molds for making Chitoi Pitha.jpg|Terracotta molds for making Chitoi Pitha, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
File:Egg Chitoi Pitha from Bangladesh.jpg|Egg Chitoi Pitha served with different spices in Bangladesh

</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengali Pithas}}
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K. K. Menon

2026-02-11T23:32:39Z

ConnorQkw1159: added post...

{{Infobox person
| name = Kizhakkepat Kutty Krishna Menon (K. K. Menon)
| image = K. K. Menon Portrait.jpg
| birth_date = 14 April 1925
| birth_place = Palakkad, Kerala, India
| death_date = 14 October 1999 (aged 74)
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay
| alma_mater = Central School of Art and Design, London
| occupation = Artist
}}

'''Kizhakkepat Kutty Krishna Menon (K.K. Menon)''' (1925-1999) was an Indian artist from [[Kerala]], India. Menon was one of the first students to be sponsored by the Indian Army to pursue an academic degree in art. Menon studied Commercial Arts at the [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], Bombay, where he became the youngest person to receive the prestigious ''Dolly Cursetji Award''. Menon later studied at the [[Central School of Art and Design]] in London and pursued a career in arts in the [[Indian Army|Indian army]]. His work included sketches, paintings, frescos, and murals that depicted the human body, rural living, and still life. Menon's style was versatile, and included portraiture, impressionism, cubism, abstractionism, and Indian modern art.

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
[[File:Kikzhakkepat House.jpg|alt=Photograph of the artist K. K. Menon's ancestral house|thumb|220x220px|Menon's ancestral Nair ''[[tharavad]]'', Thanikunnu Kizhakkepat]]
K.K. Menon was born in 1925 to an aristocratic Nair family in the Thanikkunnu village of the [[Valluvanadu|Valluvanad]] region in the present-day [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] district (in the erstwhile [[Malabar District|Malabar]]), Kerala. Menon's mother Kizhakkepat Ammuni Amma was the great-grandniece of Shri. Kizhakkepat Palat Krishna Menon, the sub-judge of Calicut of British India. His father, Paramel Pattathil Kuttan Nair was the first panchayat president of the [[:ml:പൂക്കോട്ടുകാവ്_ഗ്രാമപഞ്ചായത്ത്|Pookkottukavu Grama Panchayath]]. Menon was the eldest of five brothers and five sisters. He graduated with distinction at the age of sixteen from the [[Chunangad]] school. As a child, he was a prodigious artist and craftsman. At the age of ten, he created a subscription based hand-written monthly magazine featuring illustrations, named ''Chithraveli'', which attracted the attention of his teachers and classmates and announced his affinity for the fine arts. After completing his schooling, Menon could not pursue further academic qualifications due to financial constraints. At the age of eighteen in 1943, he enlisted himself in the [[Indian Army]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |author= |date=30 October 1952 |title=Army Artist |url=https://archive.org/details/the-evening-news-of-india-october-30-1952 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=The Evening News of India |publication-place=Bombay, India |publication-date=30 October 1952}}</ref>'''.'''

=== Army career and further education ===
Menon's passion for art persisted during his time in the army and in 1949 he presented a collection of his paintings and sketches in a military exhibition at the Jodhpur Army Camp, Rajasthan. The Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army and first field Marshal of Independent India, [[K. M. Cariappa|General Cariappa]] attended the exhibition and was impressed by Menon's art. Menon surprised the General by asking him to autograph a pencil drawn portrait of the General which the young artist had produced. In 1951, when Menon exhibited his works in an army exhibition at Delhi, General Cariappa personally met him and appreciated his work.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Desai |first=R. G |date=11 February 1956 |title=Kutty Menon |url=https://archive.org/details/the-free-press-bulletin-bombay-februrary-11-1956 |access-date=8 April 2025 |work=The Free Press Bulletin |publication-place=Bombay, India |publication-date=11 February 1956}}</ref>

[[File:Artist K. K. Menon Youth.jpg|thumb|26 year old Menon in 1951 as a student of the Sir J. J. School of Art]]
Menon's father wrote to General Cariappa with an appeal to permit his son to pursue higher education in his cherished field, with a hiatus from his army duties. General Cariappa responded with a request for Menon's portfolio to assess eligibility for the Bachelor of Fine Arts at the Sir J.J. School of Art, Bombay.<ref name=":4">{{cite letter|last=Cariappa|first=Major|recipient=Shri Kuttan Nair|date=23 December 1950|subject=Letter recommending Havildar K. K. Menon Letter to study at the Sir J. J. School of Art|url=https://archive.org/details/letter-from-general-cariappa-to-k.-k.-menons-father-recommending-menon-for-educa|access-date=8 April 2025|language=English|ref=}}</ref> Upon a successful admission supported by the General's recommendation, Menon was posted to Bombay from Jodhpur on a Government of India sanctioned scholarship. Although the scholarship was initially sanctioned for a year, Menon's academic achievements secured him another three years of funded study.<ref name=":5" />

[[J. D. Gondhalekar|J.D. Gondhalekar]], then dean of the Sir J. J. School of Art, recommended Menon to the Army Headquarters and India's Ministry of Education for higher education as a candidate for further education in the arts. In 1959, Menon was interviewed by [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|General Kodendera Subayya Thimayya]] and with a successful admission, was sent on the General's orders to London for three years of full-time study. Menon initially aimed to study at the [[Slade School of Fine Art]] under the mentorship of artist George Charlton, but because Charlton had limited intake of students that year, he personally referred Menon to the [[Central School of Art and Design]], London.<ref>{{cite letter|last=Charlton|first=George|recipient=Daniels, Central School of Art and Design|date=1 December 1959|subject=Letter from artist George Charlton. Slade School, to the Central School of Art and Design recommending artist K. K. Menon's admission|url=https://archive.org/details/letter-of-recommendation-to-central-school-of-art-and-design-from-slade-school|access-date=9 April 2025|language=English|ref=}}</ref> Menon proceeded to obtain a National Diploma in Design with a specialization in illustration at the Central School of Art and Design.

=== Awards and Achievements ===
[[File:Five Year Plan K. K. Menon.jpg|thumb|Artist K. K. Menon painting his Five-Year-Plan of India for the Sir J. J. School of Art, Bombay]]
While at the Sir J.J School of Art, Menon specialized in both fine arts and commercial arts simultaneously. As a result of his completion of these two five-year courses in a single five-year period of leave granted by the Indian Army, Menon was presented the “Award of Bombay Government Scholar”.<ref name=":2">{{cite letter|last=Cariappa|first=General|recipient=Kizhekkepat Kutty Krishna Menon (K. K. Menon)|date=3 August 1956|subject=Letter from General Cariappa to artist K. K. Menon, regarding writing to India's Ministry of Education to send Menon to London. 3 August 1956|url=https://archive.org/details/letter-2-to-artist-k.-k.-menon-from-general-cariappa-1956|access-date=9 April 2025|language=English|ref=}}</ref> This award and a fellowship supported his pursuit of a post-graduate program in Mural Decorations in 1953, where he excelled in [[mural]] art with first rank.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=14 May 1953 |title=Government Art Examination Notification No. 951 And No. 952. The Bombay Government Gazette, Part II, 1953 |url=https://archive.org/details/government-art-examination-notification-no.-951-and-no.-952.-the-bombay-governme_202504 |access-date=9 April 2025 |work=The Bombay Government Gazette, Part II |publication-place=Bombay}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> During his time at the Sir J. J. School of Art, Menon was the recipient of multiple other awards, such as the Dean's Prize for Best Student.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Achan |first=P. C |date=12 August 1956 |title=ചിത്രകലയുടെ ആത്മാവിനെ ആവിഷ്കരിച്ച പട്ടാളക്കാരൻ |trans-title=The Soldier Who Embodied The Spirit of Painting |language=Malayalam |location=Kerala, India |url=https://archive.org/details/mathrubhumi-weekly-12-august-1956-article-on-k.-k.-menon-artist |work=Mathrubhumi Weekly}}</ref> Menon became the first student in India to achieve the first-rank in all terminal examinations at the Sir J.J. School of Art for two consecutive years (1952-1954).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 1954 |title=Government Art Examination Notification No. 259 E. Intermediate Examination In Drawing And Painting, 1954. |url=https://archive.org/details/government-art-examination-notification-no.-259-e.-intermediate-examination-in-d |work=The Bombay Government Gazette, Part II}}</ref><ref name=":5" /> In 1954, he became the youngest person to be awarded the prestigious ''Dolly Cursetji'' award, which was otherwise only awarded to post-graduate students.<ref name=":1" />

Menon presented his work at numerous exhibitions, including at army exhibitions<ref name=":4" /> and the IVth National Exhibition of Art at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Academy]] National Academy of Art, New Delhi in 1958.<ref>Lalit Kala Akademi (16 December 1968). [[iarchive:lalit-kala-akademi-sale-receipt-for-artist-k.-k.-menons-painting-december-16-1968|"Sale Receipt sent to Artist K. K. Menon's for sale of his painting titled "Remembrance", exhibited at the IVth National Exhibition of Art"]], Letter and receipt sent to artist K. K. Menon, Bombay. Retrieved 9 April 2025.</ref> His paintings, titled “The Workers”, “Landscape” and “Untitled” were exhibited at the Bombay Area Arts and Crafts (second) Exhibition at the [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] in 1959.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bombay Area Arts And Crafts Second Exhibition At The Jehangir Art Gallery Army Exhibition Booklet 1958 |date=16 September 1959 |publisher=Bombay Area Arts and Crafts (Indian Army Art Exhibition of Soldier Art and Craft) |location=New Delhi |pages=2-6 |language=English |url=https://archive.org/details/bombay-area-arts-and-crafts-second-exhibition-at-the-jehangir-art-gallery-army-e/page/113/mode/2up?q=menon}}</ref> During his time at the Sir J. J. School of Art, Menon frequently wrote for the department of fine arts and also acted as a member of the managing committees for multiple books and magazines. His art, articles, and research appear in publications such as the Roop-Bheda,<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sketch Club |first=Department of Fine Arts |title=Roop Bheda 1956, Print Of The Sketch Club Of Sir J. J. School Of Art Bombay |date=1956 |publisher=Sir J. J. School Of Art Bombay |location=Bombay, India. |pages=31 |language=English |url=https://archive.org/details/roop-bheda-1956-print-of-the-sketch-club-of-j.-j.-school-of-arts-bombay/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref> and Shilpanjali.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Shilpanjali Magazine 1953-54 |date=1954 |publisher=Sir J. J. School Of Arts |location=Bombay, India |url=https://archive.org/details/shilpanjali-magazine-sir-j.-j.-school-of-arts-1954/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Shilpanjali Magazine 1954-55 |date=1955 |publisher=Sir J. J. School Of Arts |location=Bombay, India |url=https://archive.org/details/shilpanjali-magazine-sir-j.-j.-school-of-arts-1955/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref>

A letter correspondence between Menon and [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|General Kodendera Subayya Thimayya]] indicates that in 1959, Menon's painting of Nawab Salabat Khan's tomb was sent to the General via the Commandant of the Armoured Corps Centre and School, [[Ahmednagar]]. General Thimayya presented the painting to be permanently installed in the 4th Battalion of the [[Kumaon Regiment]], which was raised by Nawab Salabat Khan in the 18th century.<ref name=":7">Kodendera Subayya Thimayya, General (17 June 1959). [[iarchive:letter-from-general-thimmaya-to-artist-k.-k.-menon|"Letter correspondence from General Thimayya to Artist K. K. Menon regarding painting of Nawab Salabat Khan's tomb, presented at 4th Battalion in Kumaon Regiment, 17 June 1959"]]. Letter to K. K. Menon (Kizhakkepat Kutty Krishna Menon. Retrieved 9 April 2025.</ref>

<gallery widths="195" heights="195" style="text-align:left">
File:Artist K. K. Menon with General Cariappa.jpg|Menon shows General Cariappa and army officials his artwork at an exhibition (1951)
File:K. K. Draws General Cariappa.jpg|Sketch of General Cariappa that Menon drew and presented to the General (1951)
File:K. K Menon and Cariappa in News.jpg|A photograph of Menon with the sketch of General Cariappa that started his career, published in The ''Evening News of India'' newspaper (October 30, 1952)<ref name=":0" />
File:K. K. Menon artist meeting former defense minister of India V. K. Krishna Menon.jpg|Menon talking with former Indian minister of defense [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], who attended the exhibition to view Menon's art (1951)
</gallery>

=== Career as an artist and produced works ===
[[File:K K Menon art Rhoop Bheda.png|thumb|Menon's art and writing was frequently featured in magazines, such as the ''Roop Bheda'' ]]
[[File:KK Menon.jpg|left|thumb|197x197px|Menon in front of his art studio]]
Upon completing his studies in London in 1963, Menon was posted to the ASC School in [[Bareilly]], Uttar Pradesh. He served as the Art Director of the Journal of the [[Indian Army Service Corps|Army Service Corps]] between 1966 and 1970.<ref>AK Gupta, Major (17 September 1971). [[iarchive:letter-from-editor-ak-gupta-major-commending-k.-k.-menon-as-director-of-art-for-|"Letter From Editor AK Gupta Major Commending K. K. Menon's As Director Of Art For The Journal Of The Army Service Corps. The Army Service Corps School, Bareilly ( Uttar Pradesh), India. Dated 71 September"]]. Letter to K. K. Menon (Kizhakkepat Kutty Krishna Menon. Retrieved 9 April 2025.</ref> Several of Menon's paintings are held by private collectors and galleries, and many were published in Indian magazines and newspapers, including [[Mathrubhumi]],<ref name=":5" /> PATMA, Roop-Beeda,<ref name=":6" /> and [[Sainik Samachar]]. He wrote and painted frequently for the Shilpanjali magazine, the 1955 cover-edition of which featured Menon's “Five-Year-Plan for India" project done for the Sir J. J. School of Art. Menon also served as an artist to produce commissioned portraits of army officers, occasions, and army events. Some of his paintings, especially murals, are on display in Indian army offices and their various extensions throughout India.<ref name=":7" /> His art was also commissioned by temples.

=== Personal life ===
K.K. Menon married Vadakepat Saraswathy Amma, sister of Col. Vadakepat Narayanakutty Nair (VNK Nair) AVSM, in 1956. They had two children. Saraswathy Amma was a teacher in Thrissur, Kerala. She later joined Menon in Bombay and England. While in Kerala, Menon lived in the Thozupadam Vadakepat tharavad with his family. He died on October 14, 1999.

== Works ==
<gallery widths="195" heights="195" style="text-align:left">
File:K._K._Menon_Landscape_art_2.jpg| ''Thiruvathirakali'', 1956. Watercolour. Menon enjoyed painting festivities. This painting depicts the ''[[Thiruvathirakkali|thiruvathirakali]]'' performance of Kerala.
File:K._K._Menon_landscape_art_1.jpg| ''Indian Rurality'', 1950. Oil on canvas.
File:K_K_Menon_Portrait_of_face.jpg| ''Portrait'' (ഒരു സാധന), 1955. Oil on canvas.
File:K K Menon Portrait of Lady.jpg| ''Portrait of a lady'', 1955. Pencil on paper.
File:KK menon bathing buffalo painting.png| ''Bathing a Buffalo'' (എരുമയെ കുളിപ്പിക്കൽ), date unknown. Watercolour.<ref name=":5" />
File:KK menon ladies painting.png| ''Life's Struggle'' (ജീവിത സമരം), date unknown. Oil on canvas.<ref name=":5" />
File:KKmenonpaintinglady.png| ''Effort'' (പ്രയത്‌നം), date unknown. Watercolour.<ref name=":5" />
File:Kkmenonmarichanpainting.png| ''Death of [[Maricha]]'' (മാരീചന്റെ മരണം), date unknown. Watercolour.<ref name=":5" />
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:K K, Menon}}
{{Painters from Kerala}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:Mythological painters]]
[[Category:Indian religious painters]]
[[category:20th-century religious painters]]
[[Category:Artists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Central School of Art and Design]]
[[Category:Alumni of Central Saint Martins]]

Prankenstein

2026-02-05T18:13:10Z

ConnorQkw1159: Adding a details

{{Short description|Indian Bengali language web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Prankenstein(Potrait).jpg
| caption =
| director = Sagnik Chatterjee
| producer = Milky Way Films
| writer =
| story = Sagnik Chatterjee
| genre = [[Psychological thriller]]
| screenplay = Sagnik Chatterjee
| starring = [[Kaushik Ganguly]] Dip Dey Sritama Dey Remoo Ipsita Kundu
| music = Rajdeep Ganguly
| cinematography = Arindam Bhattacharjee
| studio =
| released = {{Start date|2022|04|22|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 4
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network = [[Klikk]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Prankenstein''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language]] [[Psychological thriller]] [[web series]] directed by Sagnik Chatterjee and produced by Milky Way Films.<ref name="abp">{{cite web |last1=ananda |title=এবার ওয়েব সিরিজে কৌশিক গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়, শ্যুটিং শুরু হবে 'প্র্যাঙ্কেনস্টাইন'-এর |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/upcoming-bengali-web-series-klikk-ott-to-start-shooting-for-prankenstein-starring-kaushik-ganguly-863130 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn |date=28 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bangla |first1=TV9 |title=Kamaleshwar Mukhopadhyay: আমার মনে হয় এই সময় দাঁড়িয়ে রাজনৈতিক ওয়েব সিরিজ় করা দরকার: কমলেশ্বর মুখোপাধ্যায় |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/ott/kamaleshwar-mukherjee-directs-web-series-based-on-political-scenerio-named-raktapalash-541051.html |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn |date=7 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Aajtak">{{cite web |title=Kaushik Ganguly In Web Series: একহাতে বাজারের থলি-আরেক হাতে পিস্তল! কৌশিকের নয়া ওয়েব সিরিজ |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/ott/story/kaushik-ganguly-national-award-winning-director-and-actor-play-lead-character-upcoming-thriller-web-series-prankenstein-soc-337473-2022-01-26 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref> The series starring [[Kaushik Ganguly]], Dip Dey, Sritama Dey, Remoo and Ipsita Kundu are in the lead roles.<ref name="HT">{{cite web |title=Prankenstein: শ্যুটিং শেষ কৌশিক অভিনীত 'প্র্যাঙ্কেনস্টাইন'-এর, মুক্তি এপ্রিলে |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kaushik-ganguly-s-acted-web-series-prankenstein-all-set-to-release-on-this-april-31648010876566.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327035416/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/kaushik-ganguly-s-acted-web-series-prankenstein-all-set-to-release-on-this-april-31648010876566.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2022 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |date=23 March 2022}}</ref> The music for the film is scored by Rajdeep Ganguly and cinematography is done by Arindam Bhattacharjee.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |title=Koushik Ganguly to feature in an OTT project - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/koushik-ganguly-to-feature-in-an-ott-project/articleshow/89133893.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Prankenstein |url=https://www.ottplay.com/show/web-series-prankenstein-2022/9f2ab076e042 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The music for the film is scored by Rajdeep Ganguly and cinematography is done by Arindam Bhattacharjee.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

==Plot==
A renowned prankster group ‘Prankenstein’ has been invited to the YouTube Fan Fest in Mumbai this year. To celebrate the occasion, they go to party overnight in an old Palace on the city outskirts. However, some strange incidents alter their course of life. After reaching the palace, the boys (Ruben and Vicky) go ahead to buy some beers while the girls (Shireen and Aru) stay in their party-room. When the boys return, they are astonished to witness what they see in the room. A middle-aged man is holding the girls at gunpoint, while they clutched on to each other, trembling heavily with fear. The kidnapper claims that he is a diehard follower of their YouTube channel, and he always wanted this opportunity to meet them in person. He too, had a prank channel on YouTube previously, but could not make it big. He resented them initially, but later realized that this group had something in them, that he lacked. Therefore, as a diehard follower, he wanted to make them do a prank of his own choice.<ref name="abp"/>

However, they have no option but to agree to his demands. He hands them his first suggestion of a prank, which they must finish as a task. The prank seems like an easy one and an effortless task for the pranksters as they had done much bigger and better pranks than this one. But when they pursue the trail, things take a nasty turn, and they end up killing an innocent person, involved in their prank. In paranoia, fear, and haste, they rush back to the palace to find their kidnapper, watching pictures of their killing on his laptop. Since they did could not complete the prank successfully, they are told to do a second task.<ref name="Aajtak"/>

Unfortunately, this time another person gets killed accidentally by them. Panic-stricken for having committed two murders in one night, the group rushes back to the palace to confront their handler. They get perplexed to see that their handler has these entire proceedings on tape, too, and fear that any retaliation from their end may see them behind bars.<ref name="HT"/>

==Season 1 (2022)==
The first season of Prankenstein started streaming in April 2022 on [[Klikk]] Ott platform.

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Knock Knock!! Who's there?
|DirectedBy = Sagnik Chatterjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|22}}
|ShortSummary = A renowned prankster group ‘Prankenstein’ has been invited to the YouTube Fan Fest in Mumbai this year. To celebrate the occasion, they go to party overnight in an old palace on the city outskirts, where a mysterious old man breaks in and makes them hostage at gunpoint. The man has come with his long-awaited dream to get associated with the famous Prankenstein on a prank. So, he forces them to do a prank of his choice.

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Game is on!
|DirectedBy = Sagnik Chatterjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|22}}
|ShortSummary = The given prank seems to be an easy one and an effortless task for the pranksters as they had done much bigger pranks than this one. They were asked to stage a taxi-hijack prank, but when they pursue the trail, things take a nasty turn, and they end up killing an innocent person, involved in their prank. Since they could not complete the prank successfully, the old man assigns them a second task.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The night is still young.
|DirectedBy = Sagnik Chatterjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|22}}
|ShortSummary = This time, they were supposed to break in a house and stage a simple robbery-prank with a family. Unfortunately, this time another person gets killed accidentally by them. Panic-stricken for having committed two murders in one night, the group rushes back to the palace to confront their handler. Since the old man's conditions were not met again, they had to do a prank right there in the room, which became a game of death for the four pranksters.

|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Redemption
|DirectedBy = Sagnik Chatterjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|04|22}}
|ShortSummary = The final showdown revolves around the game of death which the pranksters have to face. Will they survive? Or it will be an end for the famous ‘Prankenstein’ ? To unravel the riveting narrative, one will have to watch till the end.

|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Soundtrack==
'''1. Prankenstein (Original Score from the series)'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || Phire Jao || [[Rupankar Bagchi]] || 4:05
|-
| || || Total Length || 4:05
|}

'''2. Prankenstein (Music from the Series)'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-
| 1 || Aji Jhoro jhoro Mukhoro || Bidisha Biswas & Atanu Mitra || 2:13
|-
| 2 || Purano Shei Diner Kotha || Rajdeep Ganguly || 2:17
|-
| || || Total Length: || 4:30
|}

== Cast ==
*[[Kaushik Ganguly]]
*Dip Dey as Ruben
*Sritama Dey as Shireen
*Ipsita Kundu as Aaru
*Remoo as Vicky
*Rohini Chatterjee as Gauri
*Bhaskar Dutta as Taxi Driver
*Somnath Bhattacharjee as Mr. Goswami
*Priyadarshini Dasgupta as Mrs. Goswami
*Ayantika Paul as Daughter

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt19818692}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Klikk original programming]]

List of international cricket centuries by Brian Lara

2026-01-31T18:16:48Z

ConnorQkw1159: fixed issues

{{Short description|none}}
[[File:BrianLaraUkexpatCropped.jpg|thumb|Brian Lara, who made the highest individual score and the only quadruple century in Test cricket|alt=A man wearing white cricket clothes and maroon helmet plays a shot. He is standing on a cricket pitch, and the seating area of the ground is visible.]]
{{Brian Lara series}}
[[Brian Lara]] is a former cricketer and captain of the [[West Indies cricket team]]. He was a skilled [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]], and was known for his ability to bat for long and high-scoring [[Innings (cricket)|innings]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/serialisations/article3694486.ece|title=Genius of Brian Lara hailed by Wisden|last=Atherton|first=Mike|date=7 April 2008|work=The Times|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517172926/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/serialisations/article3694486.ece|archive-date=17 May 2008}}</ref> From his debut in [[International structure of cricket|international cricket]] in 1990 to his retirement in 2007, Lara scored 11,953 runs in [[Test cricket|Tests]] and 10,405 in [[One Day Internationals]] (ODI), accumulating a total of 53 [[Century (cricket)|centuries]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/brian-lara-i-never-thought-i-was-special-i-just-put-in-the-work-452654.html|title=Brian Lara: "I never thought I was special. I just put in the work"|last=Fraser|first=Angus |date=11 June 2007|work=The Independent|access-date=13 February 2010}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> His accomplishments with the bat saw him chosen as the [[BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year]] in 1994,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/brian-lara-my-favourite-things-452384.html|title=Brian Lara: My favourite things|date=9 June 2007|work=The Independent|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105163912/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/brian-lara-my-favourite-things-452384.html|archive-date=5 November 2009}}</ref> as well as one of the [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]] in 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154742.html|title=Cricketer of the Year 1995: Brian Lara|work=Wisden|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207185528/http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154742.html|archive-date=7 December 2009}}</ref>

<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ |title=A Concise History of Modern India |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |date=2012-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-53705-6 |language=en}}</ref> Lara scored a Test century for the first time in his fifth Test match in 1993 against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=1;template=results;type=allround;view=match|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716050313/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=1;template=results;type=allround;view=match|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2012|title=Brian Lara – Test matches|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> His score of 277 in that match is the fourth-highest maiden century in Test history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/230132.html|title=Test matches: Batting records – Highest maiden hundred|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302125028/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/230132.html|archive-date=2 March 2010}}</ref> The 375 he made against [[England cricket team|England]] in 1994 was the highest individual Test score for nine years, until [[Matthew Hayden]] surpassed it in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/3179152.stm|title=Hayden smashes Test record|date=10 October 2003|work=BBC Sport|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120140029/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3179152.stm|archive-date=20 January 2009}}</ref> Lara regained the world record in 2004 when he made an unbeaten 400, once again against England.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/3620145.stm|title=Lara sets Test record|date=12 April 2004|work=BBC Sport|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208201518/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/3620145.stm|archive-date=8 February 2010}}</ref> It is also the only quadruple century in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/208504.html|title=Batting records: Test matches – Most runs in an innings|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305135707/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/208504.html|archive-date=5 March 2010}}</ref> The unbeaten 153 he scored against Australia in 1999 was rated as the second-best Test innings of all time by the [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/101983.html|title=Laxman, Kumble in Wisden's top ten list|date=26 January 2001|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/28/stories/07280281.htm |title=Wisden 100 hails Laxman, ignores Tendulkar |date=27 July 2001 |work=The Hindu |access-date=13 February 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125130652/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/2001/07/28/stories/07280281.htm |archive-date=25 January 2010 }}</ref> He has scored more than 200 runs on nine occasions, the highest after [[Donald Bradman]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Gede |first1=Roshan |url=https://wisden.com/stories/the-big-five-who-defined-the-era-of-batsmanship-brian-lara|title=The Big Five Who Defined The Era Of Batsmanship: Brian Lara|date=September 13, 2020|website=Wisden}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/230344.html|title=Test matches: Batting records – Most double hundreds in a career|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213230834/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/230344.html|archive-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> and [[Kumar Sangakkara]] Alongside Sir Donald Bradman, [[Virender Sehwag]] and Chris Gayle, he is one of four batsmen who have scored triple centuries on two occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282944.html|title=Test matches: Batting records – Most triple hundreds in a career|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225142528/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282944.html|archive-date=25 February 2010}}</ref> Lara scored 34 centuries during his Test career, the highest number by a West Indian player. He is ranked sixth for the highest number of centuries in a career along with Mahela Jayawardene, [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and Younis Khan, behind [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Jacques Kallis]], [[Ricky Ponting]], Kumar Sangakkara and Rahul Dravid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/227046.html|title=Test matches: Batting records – Most hundreds in a career|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219172714/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/227046.html|archive-date=19 February 2010}}</ref>

Lara's first ODI century came more than two years after his debut match, when he scored 128 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717222019/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=2;template=results;type=allround;view=match|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2012|title=Brian Lara – One Day International matches|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> His career best is 169 runs made against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in 1995. It is also the third highest individual score by a West Indian batsman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;team=4;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715072808/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=batted_score;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;team=4;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2012|title=West Indian batsmen by runs scored in ODIs|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref> The 117 he made against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] in 1999 is the fifth fastest century in ODI cricket. It was made in 45 balls at a [[strike rate]] of 188.70, reaching the boundary on eighteen occasions and clearing it on four.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/211608.html|title=One Day Internationals: Batting records – Fastest hundreds|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116163858/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/211608.html|archive-date=16 January 2010}}</ref> During his career, he scored more than 150 runs on three occasions. By the time of his retirement, he had scored 19 centuries in ODI matches.<ref name="retirement">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042104712100.htm|title=Brian Lara announces retirement|last=Mahesh|first=S. Ram|date=21 April 2007|access-date=13 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316025239/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042104712100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=16 March 2010}}</ref> This is the second highest number of centuries scored by a single batsman for the West Indies, a record that [[Chris Gayle]] surpassed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=runs;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;team=4;template=results;type=batting|title=West Indian batsmen by number of ODI centuries|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=13 February 2010}}</ref>

== Key ==
* '''*''' {{en dash}} Remained [[not out]]
* '''{{double-dagger}}''' {{en dash}} [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]] in that match
* '''{{dagger}}''' {{en dash}} [[Player of the match]]
* (D/L) {{en dash}} Result was determined by the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]

==Test cricket centuries==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Score !! Against !!Pos.!!Inn.!! Test !! Venue !! H/A !! Date !! Result
|-
|| 1 || {{ntsh|2770}} 277{{dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 2 || 1/5
|| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|January|2}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63592.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (1992/93) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302165942/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63592.html|archivedate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 2 || {{ntsh|1670}} 167{{dagger}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 3
|| 2 || 2/5
|| [[Bourda]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|March|17}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63638.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (1993/94) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117070140/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63638.html|archivedate=17 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 3 || {{ntsh|3750}} 375{{dagger}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 3
|| 1 || 5/5
|| [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|April|16}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63641.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (1993/94) – Scorecard of 5th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217173249/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63641.html|archivedate=17 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 4 || {{ntsh|1470}} 147 || {{cr|NZ}} || 3
|| 1 || 2/2
|| [[Basin Reserve]], [[Wellington, New Zealand|Wellington]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|February|10}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63676.html|title=West Indies in New Zealand Test Series (1994/95) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219165703/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63676.html|archivedate=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 5 || {{ntsh|1450}} 145 || {{cr|ENG}} || 3
|| 3 || 4/6
|| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|July|27}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63687.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (1995) – Scorecard of 4th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303160858/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63687.html|archivedate=3 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 6 || {{ntsh|1520}} 152 || {{cr|ENG}} || 3
|| 2 || 5/6
|| [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|August|10}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63688.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (1995) – Scorecard of 5th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219003626/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63688.html|archivedate=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 7 || {{ntsh|1790}} 179{{dagger}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 4
|| 2 || 6/6
|| [[The Oval]], [[London]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|August|25}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63689.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (1995) – Scorecard of 6th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227015149/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63689.html|archivedate=27 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 8 || {{ntsh|1320}} 132 || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 2 || 5/5
|| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|February|1}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63733.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (1996/97) – Scorecard of 5th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227051207/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63733.html|archivedate=27 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 9 || {{ntsh|1030}} 103{{dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || 4
|| 1 || 4/5
|| [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|April|4}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63748.html|title=India in West Indies Test Series (1996/97) – Scorecard of 4th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226085320/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63748.html|archivedate=26 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 10 || {{ntsh|1151}} 115 || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 3
|| 3 || 2/2
|| [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|June|20}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63761.html|title=Sri Lanka in West Indies Test Series (1997) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211140342/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63761.html|archivedate=11 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 11 || {{ntsh|2130}} 213{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 2 || 2/4
|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|March|13}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63838.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (1998/99) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218083219/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63838.html|archivedate=18 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 12 || {{ntsh|1531}} 153*{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 5
|| 4 || 3/4
|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|March|26}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63839.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (1998/99) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724034524/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63839.html|archivedate=24 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 13 || {{ntsh|1000}} 100{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 2 || 4/4
|| [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|April|3}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63840.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (1998/99) – Scorecard of 4th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100226131747/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63840.html|archivedate=26 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 14 || {{ntsh|1120}} 112 || {{cr|ENG}} || 4
|| 3 || 3/5
|| [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|August|3}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63890.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (2000) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130142143/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63890.html|archivedate=30 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 15 || {{ntsh|1820}} 182 || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 1 || 3/5
|| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2000|December|15}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63909.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (2000/01) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214164306/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63909.html|archivedate=14 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 16 || {{ntsh|1780}} 178 || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 4
|| 1 || 1/3
|| [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|November|13}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63958.html|title=West Indies in Sri Lanka Test Series (2001/02) – Scorecard of 1st Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302202123/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63958.html|archivedate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 17 || {{ntsh|2210}} 221{{dagger}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 4
|| 1 || 3/3
|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|November|29}} || Lost<ref name="sl2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63958.html|title=West Indies in Sri Lanka Test Series (2001/02) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302202123/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63958.html|archivedate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 18 || {{ntsh|1301}} 130{{dagger}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 4
|| 3 || 3/3
|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|November|29}} || Lost<ref name="sl2001" />
|-
|| 19 || {{ntsh|1100}} 110{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 3 || 1/4
|| [[Bourda]], [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|April|10}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64024.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (2002/03) – Scorecard of 1st Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010035443/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64024.html|archivedate=10 October 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 20 || {{ntsh|1221}} 122{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 4 || 2/4
|| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|April|19}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64025.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (2002/03) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721220540/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64025.html|archivedate=21 July 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 21 || {{ntsh|2090}} 209{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 4
|| 2 || 1/2
|| [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|June|20}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64034.html|title=Sri Lanka in West Indies Test Series (2003) – Scorecard of 1st Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127094834/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64034.html|archivedate=27 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 22 || {{ntsh|1910}} 191{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 4
|| 1 || 2/2
|| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|November|12}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64055.html|title=Clive Lloyd Trophy (2003/04) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124190928/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64055.html|archivedate=24 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 23 || {{ntsh|2020}} 202{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || 4
|| 2 || 1/4
|| [[Wanderers Stadium]], [[Johannesburg]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|December|12}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64063.html|title=Sir Vivian Richards Trophy (2003/04) – Scorecard of 1st Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219190205/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64063.html|archivedate=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 24 || {{ntsh|1150}} 115{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || 4
|| 2 || 3/4
|| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|January|2}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64065.html|title=Sir Vivian Richards Trophy (2003/04) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129101636/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64065.html|archivedate=29 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 25 || {{ntsh|4001}} 400*{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 3
|| 1 || 4/4
|| [[Antigua Recreation Ground]], [[St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|St. John's]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|April|10}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64080.html|title=The Wisden Trophy (2003/04) – Scorecard of 4th Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302184253/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64080.html|archivedate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 26 || {{ntsh|1201}} 120{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 4
|| 2 || 2/2
|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|June|4}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64090.html|title=Bangladesh in West Indies Test Series (2004) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206063750/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64090.html|archivedate=6 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 27 || {{ntsh|1960}} 196 || {{cr|ZAF}} || 4
|| 1 || 2/4
|| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|April|8}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64132.html|title=Sir Vivian Richards Trophy (2004/05) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127155013/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64132.html|archivedate=27 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 28 || {{ntsh|1760}} 176 || {{cr|ZAF}} || 4
|| 1 || 3/4
|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|April|21}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/207334.html|title=Sir Vivian Richards Trophy (2004/05) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125011533/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/207334.html|archivedate=25 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 29 || {{ntsh|1300}} 130 || {{cr|PAK}} || 4
|| 1 || 1/2
|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|May|26}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/209930.html|title=Pakistan in West Indies Test Series (2005) – Scorecard of 1st Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305200520/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/209930.html|archivedate=5 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 30 || {{ntsh|1530}} 153 || {{cr|PAK}} || 4
|| 2 || 2/2
|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|June|3}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/210368.html|title=Pakistan in West Indies Test Series (2005) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311234529/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/210368.html|archivedate=11 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 31 || {{ntsh|2260}} 226{{dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 1 || 3/3
|| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|November|25}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226348.html|title=The Frank Worrell Trophy (2005/06) – Scorecard of 3rd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207124320/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/226348.html|archivedate=7 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 32 || {{ntsh|1200}} 120{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|IND}} || 3
|| 3 || 2/4
|| [[Beausejour Stadium]], [[Gros Islet]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|June|10}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/239921.html|title=India in West Indies Test Series (2006) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203121453/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/239921.html|archivedate=3 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 33 || {{ntsh|1220}} 122{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 4
|| 3 || 1/3
|| [[Gaddafi Stadium]], [[Lahore]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|November|11}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257765.html|title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series (2006/07) – Scorecard of 1st Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302113318/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257765.html|archivedate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 34 || {{ntsh|2160}} 216{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 3
|| 2 || 2/3
|| [[Multan Cricket Stadium]], [[Multan]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|November|19}} || Drawn<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257766.html|title=West Indies in Pakistan Test Series (2006/07) – Scorecard of 2nd Test|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206031020/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/257766.html|archivedate=6 February 2010}}</ref>
|}

==ODI centuries==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Score !! Against !!Pos.!!Inn.!! S.R.!! Venue !! H/A/N !! Date !! Result
|-
|| 1 || {{ntsh|1280}} 128* || {{cr|PAK}} || 2
|| 1 || 102.40
|| [[Kingsmead Cricket Ground|Sahara Stadium Kingsmead]], [[Durban]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|February|19}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66007.html|title=Total International Series (1992/93) – Scorecard of 6th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219003701/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66007.html|archivedate=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 2 || {{ntsh|1112}} 111*{{dagger}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || 2
|| 2 || 79.28
|| [[Mangaung Oval|Springbok Park]], [[Bloemfontein]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|February|23}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65958.html|title=Total International Series (1992/93) – Scorecard of 8th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100110021601/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65958.html|archivedate=10 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 3 || {{ntsh|1140}} 114{{dagger}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 1
|| 2 || 98.27
|| [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|March|23}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64424.html|title=Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series (1992/93) – Scorecard of 1st match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304092027/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64424.html|archivedate=4 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 4 || {{ntsh|1530}} 153{{dagger}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 2
|| 2 || 106.99
|| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1993|November|5}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65858.html|title=Pepsi Champions Trophy (1993/94) – Scorecard of final match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302095643/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65858.html|archivedate=2 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 5 || {{ntsh|1390}} 139{{dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 3
|| 1 || 113.00
|| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|March|12}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64491.html|title=Australia in West Indies ODI Series (1994/95) – Scorecard of 3rd match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406204102/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64491.html|archivedate=6 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 6 || {{ntsh|1690}} 169{{dagger}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 3
|| 1 || 131.00
|| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1995|October|16}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65863.html|title=Singer Champions Trophy (1995/96) – Scorecard of 5th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219031221/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65863.html|archivedate=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 7 || {{ntsh|1111}} 111{{dagger}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || 3
|| 1 || 118.08
|| [[National Stadium, Karachi|National Stadium]], [[Karachi]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|March|11}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65188.html|title=Wills World Cup (1995/96) – Scorecard of 3rd quarter final match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100227015206/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65188.html|archivedate=27 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 8 || {{ntsh|1461}} 146*{{dagger}} || {{cr|NZ}} || 3
|| 2 || 108.95
|| [[Queen's Park Oval]], [[Port of Spain]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|March|30}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64523.html|title=New Zealand in West Indies ODI Series (1995/96) – Scorecard of 3rd match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817223156/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64523.html|archivedate=17 August 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 9 || {{ntsh|1040}} 104 || {{cr|NZ}} || 3
|| 2 || 100.97
|| [[Arnos Vale Stadium]], [[Kingstown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1996|April|6}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64525.html|title=New Zealand in West Indies ODI Series (1995/96) – Scorecard of 5th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109201143/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64525.html|archivedate=9 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 10 || {{ntsh|1020}} 102 || {{cr|AUS}} || 3
|| 2 || 89.47
|| [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|January|5}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65547.html|title=Carlton & United Series (1996/97) – Scorecard of 7th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109201153/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65547.html|archivedate=9 January 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 11 || {{ntsh|1031}} 103*{{dagger}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 3
|| 2 || 88.79
|| [[WACA Ground]], [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|1997|January|10}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65549.html|title=Carlton & United Series (1996/97) – Scorecard of 9th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212085018/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65549.html|archivedate=12 December 2009}}</ref>
|-
|| 12 || {{ntsh|1100}} 110{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|ENG}} || 3
|| 2 || 103.77
|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|1998|March|29}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64584.html|title=England in West Indies ODI Series (1997/98) – Scorecard of 1st match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304143110/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64584.html|archivedate=4 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 13 || {{ntsh|1170}} 117{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|BAN}} || 2
|| 1 || 188.70
|| [[National Stadium, Dhaka|Bangabandhu National Stadium]], [[Dhaka]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|1999|October|9}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64626.html|title=West Indies in Bangladesh ODI Series (1999/00) – Scorecard of 2nd match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214141034/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64626.html|archivedate=14 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 14 || {{ntsh|1162}} 116*{{dagger}} || {{cr|AUS}} || 4
|| 2 || 109.43
|| [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2001|January|17}} || Lost (D/L)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65604.html|title=Carlton Series (2000/01) – Scorecard of 4th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 15 || {{ntsh|1110}} 111{{dagger}} || {{cr|KEN}} || 3
|| 1 || 92.50
|| [[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|Sinhalese Sports Club Ground]], [[Colombo]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2002|September|17}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66185.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy (2002/03) – Scorecard of 6th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404174551/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66185.html|archivedate=4 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 16 || {{ntsh|1160}} 116{{dagger}} || {{cr|ZAF}} || 3
|| 1 || 86.56
|| [[Newlands Cricket Ground]], [[Cape Town]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|February|9}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65235.html|title=ICC World Cup (2002/03) – Scorecard of Pool B 1st match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100219192120/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65235.html|archivedate=19 February 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 17 || {{ntsh|1161}} 116{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|Sri Lanka}} || 3
|| 1 || 109.43
|| [[Kensington Oval]], [[Bridgetown]] || Home || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|June|8}} || Lost<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64828.html|title=Sri Lanka in West Indies ODI Series (2003) – Scorecard of 2nd match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303143118/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64828.html|archivedate=3 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 18 || {{ntsh|1130}} 113{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || 3
|| 1 || 137.80
|| [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]] || Away || {{dts|format=dmy|2003|November|22}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64847.html|title=West Indies in Zimbabwe ODI Series (2003/04) – Scorecard of 1st match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100311180340/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64847.html|archivedate=11 March 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| 19 || {{ntsh|1560}} 156{{dagger}}{{double-dagger}} || {{cr|PAK}} || 4
|| 1 || 113.04
|| [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]] || Neutral || {{dts|format=dmy|2005|January|28}} || Won<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65663.html|title=VB Series (2004/05) – Scorecard of 7th match|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225174729/http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65663.html|archivedate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|}

==References==
;General
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120045910/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2013|title=BC Lara – Centuries in Test matches|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010}}
*{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130120023253/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/52337.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 January 2013|title=BC Lara – Centuries in One Day Internationals|publisher=Cricinfo|accessdate=13 February 2010}}
{{refend}}

;Specific
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/52337.html Player profile of Lara at Cricinfo]

{{International cricket centuries}}

{{featured list}}
[[Category:West Indies cricket-related lists|Lara]]
[[Category:Brian Lara]]
[[Category:Lists of international cricket centuries by player|Lara, Brian]]

William Tudball

2026-01-29T19:32:48Z

ConnorQkw1159: created first details w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = William Tudball
| image = William Tudball.png
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1866|03|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1939|04|21|1866|03|15|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Jurist
| spouse = {{Marriage|Katie Sheen|1889}}
| children = 1
| relatives =
| awards =
| education = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bedford Modern School]]
* [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
}}
| party =
}}

'''Sir William Tudball''' (15 March 1866 – 21 April 1939) was an English-born [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British Indian]] [[Puisne judge|Puisne Judge]] of the High Court of Judicature, [[Allahabad]] (1909–1922).<ref>Obituary in ''[[The Times]]'', ''Sir William Tudball'', 24 April 1939, p.14</ref><ref>''Who’s Who 1935'', Published by A&C Black Limited 1935</ref><ref name="Who Was Who" >{{Cite web|url-access=subscription|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-218344|title=Tudball, Sir William, (15 March 1866 – 21 April 1939)|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|year=2007|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U218344|isbn=978-0-19-954089-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&q=sir+william+tudball&pg=PA633|title=The India List and India Office List|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=5 February 2015|last1=India Office|first1=Great Britain|year=1819}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKxJAAAAYAAJ&q=sir+william+tudball|title=Debrett's House of Commons, and the Judicial Bench|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=5 February 2015|last1=Mair|first1=Robert Henry|year=1922}}</ref>

==Biography==

Tudball was born on 15 March 1866, the son of Charles Tudball of [[Bombay]].<ref name="Who Was Who"/> He was educated in England at [[Bedford Modern School]].<ref name="Who Was Who"/>

Tudball joined the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] in 1885 and obtained an [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|ICS Scholarship]] to [[Christ Church, Oxford]] in 1887.<ref name="Who Was Who"/> He was a District and Sessions judge before rising to the rank of [[Puisne judge|Puisne Judge]] of the High Court of Judicature, [[Allahabad]], India (1909–1922).<ref name="Who Was Who"/> He was knighted in 1921.<ref name="Who Was Who"/>

During [[World War I]], Tudball held the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel commanding the 8th Allahabad Rifles of the [[Indian Defence Force]] (1916–18).<ref name="Who Was Who"/>

Tudball married Katie Sheen in 1889 and they had one daughter.<ref name="Who Was Who"/> He died on 21 April 1939.<ref name="Who Was Who"/>

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudball, William}}
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Bedford Modern School]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Rahman Abbas

2026-01-26T09:36:33Z

ConnorQkw1159: refine citations for clarity to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian author}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|01|30}}
| notable_works = {{ublist|''[[Ek Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani]]''|''Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi''|''[[Rohzin]]''|''[[Zindeeq]]''|''EK Tarha Ka Pagalpan'' }}
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]]
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Rahman Abbas''' (born 30 January 1972) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] fiction writer and the recipient of the India's highest literary Award ''[[Sahitya Akademi Award]]'' for his fourth novel ''[[Rohzin]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/sahitya-akademi-awards-2018-announced-5481422/|title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners in 24 languages|date=6 December 2018|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="uniindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/sahitya-akademi-awards-for-2018-announced/india/news/1427020.html|website=uniindia.com|title=Sahitya Akademi Awards for 2018 announced|accessdate=15 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Rasia|date=6 December 2018|title=Sahitya Akademi announces 2018 awards in 24 languages, Rahman Abbas bags Urdu award|url=https://www.siasat.com/news/sahitya-akademi-announces-2018-awards-24-languages-rahman-abbas-bags-urdu-award-1442303/|access-date=5 January 2019|website=[[The Siasat Daily]]}}</ref> He is also the recipient of the two Maharashtra State Academy Awards for his third and fourth novels respectively i.e. ''Hide and Seek in the Shadow of God'' (2011) and the ''[[Rohzin]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scholarsimpact.com/urdu/?p=3553|title=رحمن عباس کے ناول 'روحزن' کو ریاستی اکیڈمی کا انعام|first=ڈاکٹر محمد راغب|last=دیشمکھ|work=Scholars Impact|date=6 November 2017|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-date=7 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707201537/http://www.scholarsimpact.com/urdu/?p=3553|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="epaperlokmat">{{cite web|url=http://epaperlokmat.in/sub-editions/Hello%20Mumbai/2017-11-04/4#Article/LOK_HMUM_20171104_4_8/522px|title=Lokmat Hello Mumbai Newspaper | Hello Mumbai: Marathi Epaper | Hello Mumbai: Online Marathi Epaper |Hello Mumbai Daily Marathi Epaper | लोकमत वृत्तपत्रे|website=epaperlokmat.in|accessdate=15 June 2020}}</ref> His work has received a [[LitProm]] Grant funded by the [[German Federal Foreign Office]] and the Swiss-South Cultural Fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.litprom.de/foerderung/uebersetzungsfoerderung/informationen/|title=Willkommen / LitProm|trans-title=|website=litprom.de|access-date=5 January 2019|archive-date=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011234/https://www.litprom.de/foerderung/uebersetzungsfoerderung/informationen/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boersenblatt.net/artikel-__bersetzungsfoerderung_durch_litprom.1427896.html|title=Übersetzungsförderung durch Litprom / Zuschuss für zwölf Verlage|website=boersenblatt.net|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref> He writes in [[Urdu]] and in [[English language|English]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ikokani.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=221:br-rahman-abbas-bags-national-award-for-urdu-literature&catid=909:kokan-news&Itemid=98|title=Urdu Literature Award|access-date=13 December 2022|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730111042/http://www.ikokani.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=221:br-rahman-abbas-bags-national-award-for-urdu-literature&catid=909:kokan-news&Itemid=98|url-status=dead}}</ref> His novels deal with themes of forbidden politics and love.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/forbidden-politics-love/|title=Of forbidden politics and love|work=TNS - The News on Sunday}}</ref>

The largest online reading portal Rekhta has stated that Rahman Abbas is one of the most read Urdu novelists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qaumiawaz.com/national/do-you-know-which-book-was-read-the-most-on-rekhta-in-2020|title=کیا آپ جانتے ہیں 'ریختہ' پر 2020 میں سب سے زیادہ کون سی کتاب پڑھی گئی؟|date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
[[Penguin Random House]] has published Rohzin in English in May 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/reviewrohzin-by-rahman-abbas-101659700043898.html | title=Review: Rohzin by Rahman Abbas | date=5 August 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/rohzin-by-rahman-abbas-translated-by-sabika-abbas-naqvi-reviewed-by-annie-zaidi/article65438723.ece | title=In Sahitya Akademi winner Rahman Abbas' 'Rohzin' Mumbai is a protean beast says Annie Zaidi | newspaper=The Hindu | date=25 May 2022 | last1=Zaidi | first1=Annie }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-winning-urdu-novel-rohzin-to-release-in-english-in-may/articleshow/91255653.cms | title=Sahitya Akademi winning Urdu novel 'Rohzin' to release in English in May - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 May 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/india/english-translation-of-sahitya-akademi-winner-rohzin-to-release-next-month/930402/ | title=English translation of Sahitya Akademi winner 'Rohzin' to release next month | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=25 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news9live.com/art-culture/books/rohzin-with-gift-of-english-translation-rahman-abbas-novel-could-turn-wheels-of-urdu-literature-179300 | title=Rohzin: With gift of English translation, Rahman Abbas' novel could turn wheels of Urdu literature | date=29 June 2022 }}</ref> Rohzin has been longlisted for [[JCB Prize]] 2022. <ref>{{cite web | url=https://thewire.in/books/translations-dominate-longlist-for-2022-jcb-prize-for-literature | title=Translations Dominate Longlist for 2022 JCB Prize for Literature }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/the-2022-jcb-prize-longlist-celebrates-the-india-of-many-languages | title=The 2022 JCB Prize longlist celebrates the India of many languages | date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.adgully.com/the-jcb-prize-for-literature-announces-its-longlist-for-the-5th-year-122188.html | title=The JCB Prize for Literature announces its Longlist for the 5th year | date=5 September 2022 }}</ref>

== Life and career ==
Abbas has master's degrees in [[Urdu literature|Urdu]] and [[English literature]] from [[University of Mumbai]].<ref name="rahmanabbas">{{cite web|title=rahmanabbas.in/|url=http://rahmanabbas.in/|website=rahmanabbas.in|accessdate=15 June 2020|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924141007/http://rahmanabbas.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Rahman Abbas is author of ten books including six novels: ''Nakhalistan Ki Talash'' (The Search of an Oasis-2004), ''[[Ek Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani]]'' (A Forbidden Love Story-2009), ''Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi'' (Hide and Seek in the Shadow of God-2011), ''Rohzin'' (The Melancholy of the Soul-2016). and [[Zindeeq]] (Heretic). and ''[[Ek Tarha Ka Pagalpan]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mukaalma.com/186345/ | title=ایک طرح کا پاگل پن/محمد عامر حسینی | date=16 January 2024 }}</ref> (A Sort of Madness) <ref name="kitaab.org">{{cite web|last=Dutta-Asane|first=Sucharita|date=12 May 2018|title=Rohzin: First Urdu novel to be discussed in Germany|url=https://kitaab.org/2018/05/12/rohzin-first-urdu-novel-to-be-discussed-across-cities-in-germany/|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/rahman-abbas-english-writers-enjoy-more-freedom-than-us|title=Rahman Abbas: 'English writers enjoy more freedom than us'|website=OPEN Magazine|date=21 September 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dialoguetimes.com/zindeeq-interprets-the-dreams-of-the-future-dr-shahid-iqbal-kamran/?fbclid=IwAR1FfvG8mVMuoikUzTuL7YkekWghopoTtfd60Ka552LqdAxunfC4n29Ci6c | title=Zindeeq-Interprets the Dreams of the Future: Dr Shahid Iqbal Kamran | date=25 February 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.qantara.de/content/rahman-abbas-zindeeq-whos-learning-lessons-from-the-holocaust | title=Rahman Abbas' "Zindeeq": Who's learning lessons from the Holocaust? - Qantara.de | work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World | date=31 August 2022 }}</ref>

Rahman's first novel is ''Nakhalistan Ki Talash'' (Search of an Oasis) published in 2004. The fundamentalists had alleged that the novel is an obscene book. He was arrested and had to spend a few days at [[Arthur Road Jail]]. However, he was subsequently acquitted by the court in 2016. In an interview, he stated about this painful experience- "After a decade, the trial ended, but for all those years, I had to go to the court and stand in front of the judge, like Josef K. in [[Franz Kafka]]'s The Trial, not knowing what his crime was.<ref name="thefederal.com">{{cite web | url=https://thefederal.com/features/bombay-is-the-cultural-and-psychic-cradle-of-my-characters-rahman-abbas/ | title=Bombay is the cultural and psychic cradle of my characters: Rahman Abbas | date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-urdu-author-bags-sahitya-akademi-award/articleshow/66980767.cms|title=Mumbai Urdu author bags Sahitya Akademi award - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 December 2018 |access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Rohini|date=11 September 2016|title=A colonial era law was used against Urdu writer Rahman Abbas; 10 years later, he's finally free|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/a-colonial-era-law-was-used-against-urdu-writer-rahman-abbas-10-years-later-hes-finally-free-2998022.html|access-date=5 January 2019|website=Firstpost}}</ref> ''Nakhlistan Ki Talash'' had created a storm in the conservative Urdu literary circles, and Rahman resigned from his post as lecturer in a junior college in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="bbcurdu2005">{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Anwar Sen|date=29 December 2005|title=|script-title=ur:اردو فکشن 2005: دو متنازعہ کتابیں|trans-title=Urdu fiction 2005: two controversial books|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/miscellaneous/story/2005/12/051228_fictionurdu_2005_sen|work=bbc.co.uk|language=Urdu}}</ref> The novel tells the story of a young educated Muslim man whose increasing alienation in a post-1992 Mumbai leads him to a Kashmiri militant organization. He finds his cultural identity blurred during the rise of the right-wing and hate-filled politics in India at the turn of the century. He tries to demonstrate his identity and historic self, ultimately leading to his tragic and mysterious end.<ref>{{cite web|title=The great divide {{ndash}} 'The hardliners are getting marginalised by the day'|date=12 September 2004|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040912/asp/opinion/story_3747293.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204202840/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040912/asp/opinion/story_3747293.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2004}}</ref>

He won the state [[Sahitya Akademi]] Award in 2011 for his third [[didactic]] novel ''Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi''. He returned the award in 2015 when major Indian writers and artists had protested against the 'wave of intolerance in Indian society' triggered by the right-wing politics'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-dadri-lynching-urdu-writer-rahman-abbas-to-return-award-in-protest-2133083|title=Dadri lynching: Urdu writer Rahman Abbas to return award in protest|date=9 October 2015|website=dna|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/urdu-writer-joins-protest-to-return-prize/article7740137.ece|title=Urdu writer joins protest, to return prize|first=Rini|last=Mukkath|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 October 2015|access-date=5 January 2019|via=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/novelist-sara-joseph-returns-akademi-award-says-intolerance-is-visible-everywhere/20151010.htm|title=Novelist Sara Joseph returns Akademi Award; says intolerance is visible everywhere|website=Rediff|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>

== Critical reputation ==
Pakistani author [[Mustansar Hussain Tarar]] stated that Rahman's latest novel ''[[Rohzin]]'' is a fearless creative narration. Professor [[Gopi Chand Narang|Gopichand Narang]], former president of [[Sahitya Akademi|Sahitya Academy]], called ''Rohzin'' a turning point in the history of Urdu novels.<ref name="kitaab.org" /><ref>{{cite web|last=SALAM|first=ZIYA US|title=Writers and thinkers should speak up|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/writers-and-thinkers-should-speak-up/article8409048.ece|access-date=5 January 2019|website=Frontline|date=30 March 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rohzin, A Novel by Rahman Abbas. Password Ep91|url=http://siasat-pk.com/showthread.php?27956-Rohzin-A-Novel-by-Rahman-Abbas-Password-Ep91|access-date=5 January 2019|website=siasat-pk.com|archive-date=19 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919211526/http://siasat-pk.com/showthread.php?27956-Rohzin-A-Novel-by-Rahman-Abbas-Password-Ep91|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rohzin: A monologue to soul - The Indian Awaaz|date=23 May 2016|url=http://theindianawaaz.com/rohzin-a-monologue-to-soul/|accessdate=5 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="tscmc">{{cite web|title=Best Digital Marketing & Photography Institute in Mulund,Mumbai|url=http://www.tscmc.in/cmcdiarie/cmcevening-rohzin/|website=TSCMC|accessdate=15 June 2020|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517234211/http://www.tscmc.in/cmcdiarie/cmcevening-rohzin/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* 2011 Maharashtra State Urdu Sahitya Akademy Award for ''Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dadri-incident-urdu-writer-rahman-abbas-to-return-award-in-protest/articleshow/49286621.cms|title=Dadri incident: Urdu writer Rahman Abbas to return award in protest|date=9 October 2015|access-date=5 January 2019|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
* 2017 Maharashtra State Urdu Sahitya Akademy Award for ''Rohzin''<ref name="indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cafedissensusblog.com/2018/05/10/rahman-abbas-rohzin-first-urdu-novel-to-be-discussed-in-germany/|title=Rahman Abbas' 'Rohzin': First Urdu novel to be discussed in Germany|first=Create a free website or blog at|last=WordPress.com|date=10 May 2018|access-date=5 January 2019}}</ref>
* 2018 Main [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for ''[[Rohzin]]''<ref name="indiatimes.com"/>
* 2022 Rohzin (English) longlisted for JCB Prize, which is the richest literary prize in India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/the-jcb-prize-for-literature-announces-2022s-longlist-of-10-incredible-books-8128473/ | title=JCB Prize for Literature announces 2022's longlist of 10 'incredible' books | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/1031939/jcb-prize-for-literature-2022-six-translations-two-from-urdu-feature-in-the-longlist-of-10-novels | title=JCB Prize for Literature 2022: Six translations (Two from Urdu) feature in the longlist of 10 novels | date=3 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://mediabrief.com/2022-jcb-prize-for-literature-unveils-longlist-for-fifth-edition/ | title=2022 JCB Prize for Literature unveils longlist for fifth edition | date=5 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thenewpublishingstandard.com/2022/09/04/india-jcb-prize-for-literature-announces-2022s-longlist/ | title=India - JCB Prize for Literature announces 2022's longlist | date=4 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2022/09/05/longlist-jcb-prize-literature-2022-announced.html | title=Longlist of JCB Prize for Literature 2022 announced }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejcbprize.org/|title=JCB Book Awards | Literature Award India | JCB Book Prize|website=www.thejcbprize.org|accessdate=13 December 2022}}</ref>
* 2024 Rohzin (English) Shortlisted for the Muse India 2023 GSP Rao Translation Award <ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/1064589/muse-india-announces-ten-book-shortlist-for-its-2024-gsp-rao-translation-award | title='Muse India' announces ten-book shortlist for its 2023 GSP Rao Translation Award | date=2 March 2024 }}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Nakhalistan Ki Talash'' [The Search of an Oasis], (Novel-2004)
* ''[[Ek Mamnua Muhabbat Ki Kahani]]'', [A Forbidden Love Story], (Novel-2009)
* ''Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi'' [Hide and Seek in the Shadow of God] (Novel-2011)
* ''[[Rohzin]]'' [The Melancholy of the Soul], (novel-2016)
* ''[[Zindeeq]]'' [Atheist or Apostate], First published by Arshia Publications, New Delhi in November 2021, Pakistani Edition was published by Aks Publications<ref>[https://www.akspublications.com/product/zinqeed-%d8%b2%d9%86%d8%af%db%8c%d9%82/ Aks Publications] {{dead link|date=December 2022}}</ref> in January 2022. Zindeeq is a dystopian novel that seriously deals with the rise of religious extremism in subcontinent India and Pakistan.<ref name="thefederal.com"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kitaab.org/2022/03/07/literary-news-reception-of-zindeeq-in-india-and-pakistan-a-large-canvas-novel-by-rahman-abbas/ | title=Literary News: Reception of Zindeeq in India and Pakistan - A large canvas novel by Rahman Abbas | date=7 March 2022 }}</ref>
* ''[[Ek Tarha Ka Pagalpan]]'' [A Sort of Madness],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-09 |title=رحمان عباس اور ایک طرح کا پاگل پن |url=https://dailypakistan.pk/%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%DA%A9%D8%A7-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84-%D9%BE%D9%86/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Daily Pakistan |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mukaalma.com/186345/ | title=ایک طرح کا پاگل پن/محمد عامر حسینی | date=16 January 2024 }}</ref>
* ''On the Other Side'' (Urdu title- Khuda Ke Saaye Mein Ankh Micholi) published in English by Penguin Random House, India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/on-the-other-side/ | title=On the Other Side }}</ref>

A trilogy of his early writing, entitled ''Teen Novels'' ({{ISBN|978-93-81029-29-9}}), was published in 2013 by Arshia Publication.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbas, Rahman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Urdu-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu]]

Kampili Shiva Temple

2026-01-24T03:44:57Z

ConnorQkw1159: corrected lead for accuracy for clarity

'''Kampili Shiva Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the deity [[Shiva]], located at [[Kampili kingdom|Kampili]] in [[Bellary]] district of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="bmj">பு.மா.ஜெயசெந்தில்நாதன், தேவார வைப்புத்தலங்கள், வர்த்தமானன் பதிப்பகம், சென்னை, 2009</ref><ref name=shaivam>[https://shaivam.org/hindu-hub/temples/place/390/kambeeli-virupaaksheeswarar-temple மூவர் தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், Muvar Thevara Vaippu Thalangal, காம்பீலி, 6-70-2]</ref><ref>[http://www.shivatemples.com/vt/vtlist1.php தேவார வைப்புத் தலங்கள், காம்பீலி, 6-70-2]</ref> It was built by [[Kampilideva]], the last ruler of the [[Kampili kingdom]].

==Vaippu Sthalam==
It is one of the shrines of the [[Vaippu Sthalam]]s sung by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Appar]]. This place is also known as Kambeeli. It is on the banks of [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabadra]].<ref name=shaivam/> So many Shiva temples are found in this district.

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity in the [[garbhagriha]], represented by the ''[[lingam]]'', is known as Pampabathy and Viruppaseesvarar.The Goddess is known as Kempambal.The presiding deity was worshipped by Nesa Nayanar.<ref name=shaivam/>

==Location==
The temple is located at a distance of 35 km. from Hospet railway station. Through [[Hospet]]-[[Hampi]] route, this place can be reached.<ref name=shaivam/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vaippu sthalam}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Karnataka]]

{{India-Hindu-temple-stub}}

Viyyur Jail Park

2026-01-09T13:58:31Z

ConnorQkw1159: created new details more to come

{{Short description|Park in Thrissur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Viyyur Jail Park
| alt_name = ''Freedom Park''
| photo = Foundation Stone of Viyyur Park 1875 CE.jpg
| photo_width = 250
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Foundation Stone of Viyyur Park
| type = Public park
| location = [[Viyyur]], [[Thrissur]] City, [[India]]
| coords =
| area = 60 acres
| created = 1875
| operator = [[Central Prison, Viyyur]]
| visitation_num =
| status = Open all year
| map =
| map_width =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
}}
'''Viyyur Jail Park''' is recreational park situated near the [[Central Prison, Viyyur]] in [[Thrissur]] City of [[Kerala]]. The park is the oldest park in [[Kerala]] state.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://digitalpaper.mathrubhumi.com/389721/Thrissur/6-December-2014#page/24/1
|title=Viyyur Park to open today
|publisher=Mathrubhumi
|access-date=2014-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://epaper.manoramaonline.com/edaily/flashclient/Client_Panel.aspx
|title=Jail Park to open, Page 24, Thrissur Edition
|publisher=Manoramaonline.com
|access-date=2014-12-06
|archive-date=19 August 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819015013/http://epaper.manoramaonline.com/edaily/flashclient/Client_Panel.aspx
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/public-park-opened-at-viyyur-central-jail/article6669441.ece
|title=Public park opened at Viyyur Central Jail
|newspaper=The Hindu
|access-date=2014-12-07}}</ref>

==History==
The park was created by Parukutty Nethyar Amma, the wife of Maharaja [[Rama Varma XVI]] in 1875 in her own land. When [[Central Prison, Viyyur]] was shifted to [[Viyyur]] from [[Thrissur]] city, the same land was used to build the jail. The park now shares a wall with the jail. On her instructions, the park was regained after the jail was shifted. For decades the park was languishing but was later taken over by the [[Central Prison, Viyyur]]. In 2013, the [[Thrissur]] MLA released the fund to rebuild the park.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ChillaxViyyur-Freedom-Park-to-be-opened-on-Central-Jail-premises/2013/05/23/article1601839.ece?service=print
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223121050/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/ChillaxViyyur-Freedom-Park-to-be-opened-on-Central-Jail-premises/2013/05/23/article1601839.ece?service=print
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=23 December 2014
|title=Chillax@Viyyur: Freedom Park to be opened on Central Jail premises
|publisher=The New Indian Express
|access-date=2014-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Jailhouse-park-set-to-rock/2013/05/26/article1606049.ece?service=print
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223121053/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Jailhouse-park-set-to-rock/2013/05/26/article1606049.ece?service=print
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=23 December 2014
|title=Jailhouse park set to rock
|publisher=The New Indian Express
|access-date=2014-11-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}
{{Tourist attractions in Thrissur}}

[[Category:Parks in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]

Necrophila rufithorax

2025-12-16T11:05:08Z

ConnorQkw1159: made initial info needs work

{{Short description|Species of beetle}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = F6-10 Necrophila rufithorax (Wiedemann, 1823).jpg
| status_ref = {{citation needed|date=}}
| taxon = Necrophila rufithorax
| authority = ([[Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann|Wiedemann]], 1832)
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}}
* ''Silpha rufithorax'' Wiedemann, 1823
* ''Silpha rufithorax'' Harold 1877
* ''Eusilpha rufithorax'' Portevin 1903
* ''Eusilpha rufithorax'' Portevin 1905
* ''Silpha rufithorax'' Arrow 1909
* ''Eusilpha (Deutosilpha) rufithorax'' Portevin 1920
* ''Deutosilpha rufithorax'' Portevin 1926
* ''Silpha (Deuterosilpha) rufithorax'' Hatch 1928
* ''Oiceoptoma tetraspilotum'' Hope, 1833
* ''Oiceoptoma tetraspilotum'' Hope, 1834
* ''Silpha tetraspilota'' Harold 1877
* ''Eusilpha tetraspilota'' Portevin 1903
* ''Eusilpha tetraspilota'' Portevin 1905
* ''Silpha tetraspilota'' Arrow 1909
* ''Deutosilpha tetraspilota'' Portevin 1926
* ''Silpha (Deuterosilpha) tetraspilota'' Hatch 1928
{{hidden end}}
}}

'''''Necrophila'' (''Deutosilpha'') ''rufithorax''''' is a species of [[Silphidae|carrion beetle]] found in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka.<ref name="Revision"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Notes on carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from India |url=https://www.entospol.cz/pdf/11/34/Ruzicka_etal2011b.pdf |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=Klapalekiana, 47: 239–245, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New records of carrion beetles (Coleoptera: Silphidae) from Bangladesh, India and Nepal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352572945 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=Klapalekiana, 57: 137–145, 2021}}</ref> The species is also known to live in Laos and Thailand, but might be another species.<ref name="Revision">{{Cite journal |last1=Růžička |first1=Jan |last2=Schneider |first2=Jan |date=5 August 2011 |title=Revision of Palaearctic and Oriental Necrophila Kirby & Spence, part 1: subgenus Deutosilpha Portevin (Coleoptera: Silphidae) |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2987.1.1 |access-date=9 July 2021 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=2987 |issue=1 |pages=1 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.2987.1.1}}</ref>

==Description==
The average body length is about 17.5 to 22.3 mm and the body has a wide and rounded shape from a dorsal view. The pronotum is hexagonal in shape with 4 spots marking it. In males, each elytron is truncated at the apex, but in females, the elytra are elongated, and are convex at the apex.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographical distribution of some forensically important species of beetles (Coleoptera: silphidae) from North India (INDIA) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322695983 |access-date=9 July 2021 |website=International Journal of Entomology Research}}</ref>

In India, the beetle was collected in [[Keoladeo National Park]] on the semi-dry carcass of mongoose, and on dry soil in a pasture field.<ref name="Revision" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q107590499|from2=}}

[[Category:Silphidae]]
[[Category:Beetles of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Beetles of India]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1832]]

{{Silphidae-stub}}

Nabarabi

2025-12-14T05:11:18Z

ConnorQkw1159: made the article from scratch

{{Short description|Odia language literary magazine}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Nabarabi
| logo =
| image = NABARABI MAGAZINE JUL 1970.jpg
| caption = ''Nabarabi'' Cover Page of July 1970 (First Issue)
| type =
| format =
| owners =
| founder = [[Patiram Parija]]
| publisher =
| editor = Sandhya Mohanty
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor =
| campus_editor =
| campus_chief =
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers =
| founded =
| political_position =
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ceased_publication =
| headquarters = [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
| circulation =
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|https://www.nabarabi.com/|''Official website''}}
}}
'''''Nabarabi''''' (Odia: {{lang|or|ନବରବି}}) is an [[Odia language]] literary [[magazine]] of 1970s getting published from [[Kolkata]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Press in India, 1971 - 15th Annual Report of the Registrar of Newspapers for India : Part 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RGgeAQAAMAAJ&dq=nabarabi&pg=PA1203 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |access-date=20 January 2022 |location=New Delhi |page=1203 |language=English |date=1971}}</ref><ref name="newspapers_nabarabi">{{cite web |title=Newspapers: Nabarabi |url=https://www.newspapers.in/newspapers_details/ref_id-114622/language-odia/periodicity-monthly/district-kolkata/state-west%20bengal |publisher=Newspapers |access-date=20 January 2022 |language=English}}</ref> The chief patron of Nabarabi was [[Patiram Parija]].<ref name="life_of_a_legend">{{cite news |title=Life of a legend |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/life-of-a-legend/cid/177134 |access-date=20 January 2022 |publisher=The Telegraph |date=16 June 2014 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nabarabi |url=https://odiabibhaba.in/en/magazines/nabarabi-e/ |publisher=Odia Bibhaba |access-date=20 January 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nabarabi Odia Magazine |url=https://medium.com/@rinky.odishashop/nabarabi-odia-magazine-b2c61f51a291 |website=Medium |publisher=Medium |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

== History ==
Its publication started in July 1970 and continued until December 1976 as a monthly magazine with Rabindra Kumar Parija as its editor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Sisir Kumar |title=A History of Indian Literature 1911-1956, Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy |year=2005 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7201-798-7 |page=829 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&dq=nabarabi&pg=PA829 |access-date=20 January 2022 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mohapatra Rajendra Prasad - In Memory |url=https://mohapatrarajendra.tripod.com/inmemory.htm |access-date=20 January 2022}}</ref> After the death of its patron [[Patiram Parija]], the publication of the magazine was stopped.<ref name="life_of_a_legend" /> In 1996, it was revived by Sandhya Mohanty, granddaughter of Late [[Patiram Parija]], with support of her husband [[Sarbeswar Mohanty (civil servant)|Sarbeswar Mohanty]] from [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Nabarabi Magazine |url=https://www.nabarabi.com/history |access-date=23 January 2022 |language=English |date=2021}}</ref> Currently the magazine is getting published irregularly with Sandhya Mohanty as its Editor.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nabarabi.com/ Official website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabarabi}}
[[Category:Magazines established in 1970]]
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Odia-language mass media]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]

{{india-lit-mag-stub}}

Indian famine of 1899–1900

2025-10-05T12:00:54Z

ConnorQkw1159: formatting fix

{{Short description|Famine in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox famine
| name = Indian famine of 1899–1900
| country = British India
| location = [[Bombay Presidency]], Central Provinces, [[Mysore]], [[Rajputana]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]]
| period = 1899–1900
| total_deaths= 1–4.5 million
| causes = [[Drought]], [[British Raj|colonial policies]]
| relief = Famine Codes
}}
[[File:British Indian Empire 1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Map of the

[[British Indian Empire]] (1909), showing the different [[Provinces of British India|provinces]] and [[princely states|native states]]. The [[Central Provinces and Berar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Ajmer-Merwara]], and the Hissar district of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] were especially hard-hit by the famine of 1899–1900.]]
[[File:FamineReliefAhmedabad1901.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Government famine relief, {{circa}} 1901, [[Ahmedabad]]]]
The '''Indian famine of 1899–1900''' began with the failure of the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|summer monsoons]] in 1899 over [[Western India|Western]] and [[Central India]] and, during the next year, affected an area of {{convert|476000|sqmi|km2}} and a population of 59.5 million.<ref name = igi-III-491>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=491}}</ref> The famine was acute in the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], the [[Bombay Presidency]], the minor province of [[Ajmer-Merwara]], and the [[Hissar District]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]]; it also caused great distress in the [[princely states]] of the [[Rajputana Agency]], the [[Central India Agency]], [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] and the [[Kathiawar Agency]].<ref name = igi-III-491/> In addition, small areas of the [[Bengal Presidency]], the [[Madras Presidency]] and the [[North-Western Provinces]] were acutely afflicted by the famine.<ref name = igi-III-491/>

The population in many areas had barely recovered from the [[Indian famine of 1896–1897|famine of 1896–1897]].<ref name = igi-III-492/> As in that famine, this one too was preceded by a drought.<ref name = igi-III-492>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III|1907|p=492}}</ref> The [[Indian Meteorological Department|Meteorological Office of India]] in its report of 1900, stated, "The mean average rainfall of India is {{convert|45|in|mm}}. In no previous famine year has it been in greater defect than {{convert|5|in|mm}}. But in 1899 the defect exceeded 11 inches."<ref name = igi-III-492/> There were also large crop failures in the rest of India and, as a result, inter-regional trade could not be relied upon to stabilise [[food prices]].<ref name=dreze95>{{Harvnb|Drèze|1995|p=75}}</ref>

The resulting mortality was high. 462,000 people died in the [[Bombay Presidency]], and in the [[Deccan Plateau]], the estimated death toll was 166,000.<ref name="Attwood 2005 2072">{{Harvnb|Attwood|2005|p=2072}}</ref> In the Presidency, the famine of 1899–1900 had the highest mortality—at 37.9 deaths per 1000—among all famines and scarcities there between 1876–77 and 1918–19.<ref name="McAlpin 1979 146">{{Harvnb|McAlpin|1979|p=146}}</ref> According to a 1908 estimate of ''[[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', in the British-administered districts alone, approximately one million people died of starvation or accompanying disease; in addition, as a result of acute shortage of [[fodder]], millions of cattle also perished.<ref name = igi-III-492/> Other estimates vary between one million{{sfn|Fieldhouse|1996|p=132}}{{efn|"In the later nineteenth century there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. Thus, to take only some of the worst famines for which the death rate is known, some 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–38; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–61; nearly a million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–78, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–78; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–97. In 1899–1900 more than a million were thought to have died, conditions being worse because of the shortage of food following the famines only two years earlier. Thereafter the only major loss of life through famine was in 1943 under exceptional wartime conditions.(p. 132)"{{sfn|Fieldhouse|1996|p=132}}}} and 4.5 million{{sfn|Fagan|2009|p=13}} deaths.

==Causes==
Historians view the famine as the result of an interaction between climatic shock and a political economy that prioritised revenue stability, global markets, and imperial military obligations over subsistence security. The combination of rigid revenue collection, continued exports, restricted relief, and official denial of state culpability has led scholars to describe the 1899–1900 famine as both a humanitarian disaster and an indictment of colonial governance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=B. M. |title=Famines in India |year=1967 |pages=96–97}}</ref>{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=185–190}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hall-Matthews |first=David |year=2008 |title=Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1189–1212 |doi= |jstor= |quote=}}</ref>

=== Failure of the summer monsoon ===
In the [[Central Provinces and Berar]], an area that had suffered extreme distress during the famine of 1896–1897, the year 1898 had been favourable agriculturally, as was the first half of 1899; however, after the failure of the summer monsoon of 1899, a second catastrophe began soon afterwards.<ref name=dyson1991a-15>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=15}}</ref> There was a rapid rise of prices and the autumn [[kharif]] harvest failed completely.<ref name=dyson1991a-15/> After public criticism of the relief effort in the previous famine, this time an improved relief effort was organised; by July 1900, one-fifth of the province's population was on some form of famine relief.<ref name=dyson1991a-15/> The summer monsoon of 1900 produced moderately abundant rainfall, and by autumn, agricultural work had begun; most famine-relief works were consequently closed by December 1900.<ref name=dyson1991a-15/> Overall, the famine of 1899–1900 was less severe in this region than the famine of two years before.<ref name=dyson1991a-15/> In the [[Bombay Presidency]], the reverse was the case: the famine of 1899–1900, which affected a population of 12 million, was more acute, especially in the [[Kathiawar Agency]].<ref name=dyson1991a-17>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=17}}</ref> The recovery from the famine in the Presidency was also very slow.<ref name=dyson1991a-17/>

=== Colonial policy ===
Scholars have emphasised that the 1899–1900 famine was not simply a result of monsoon failure but was greatly shaped by the policies of the colonial administration. The British Indian government had developed a system of "Famine Codes" following earlier crises, yet these provisions were applied within a rigid fiscal and ideological framework that limited their effectiveness.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=B. M. |title=Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India, 1860–1965 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |year=1967 |location=Bombay |pages=72–105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hall-Matthews |first=David |year=2008 |title=Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=1189–1212 |doi=}}</ref>

One of the central issues was taxation. Despite harvest failures, land revenue assessments were seldom reduced, and in many districts peasants were required to pay tax before they could qualify for relief. Bhatia records that "remissions were given only grudgingly and were not proportional to the scale of crop loss," meaning cultivators often had to borrow at high interest or sell land to meet obligations.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=B. M. |title=Famines in India |year=1967 |pages=84–89}}</ref> These demands, according to Elizabeth Whitcombe, created a cycle in which famine intensified indebtedness and land alienation, leaving cultivators more vulnerable to subsequent scarcity.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Whitcombe |first=Elizabeth |year=1972 |title=Famine Mortality in India, 1875–1900 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=25–30 |jstor=}}</ref>

Grain exports and commercial crop production further deepened scarcity. Even in districts reporting famine conditions, wheat and cotton continued to be exported to international markets through Bombay. Mike Davis has described this as "the paradox of dearth amidst plenty," in which India was integrated into global commodity flows at the expense of local subsistence.{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=178–183}} This pattern reflected the structural priorities of the colonial economy, which privileged exports of raw materials and collection of customs revenue over ensuring domestic food security.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gleason |first=Geoffrey B. |year=1973 |title=The Famine in India, 1899–1900 |journal=Journal of Asian Studies |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=281–297 |doi= |jstor=}}</ref>

Relief measures were formally guided by the Famine Codes of 1883, which stipulated relief works, food-for-labour programmes, and gratuitous aid for the destitute. However, these codes were implemented in ways that restricted access. Relief wages were deliberately kept below prevailing market levels for unskilled labour, in line with the principle that famine relief should not create "dependency" or discourage work.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhatia |first=B. M. |title=Famines in India |year=1967 |pages=92–95}}</ref> Labourers were often compelled to travel long distances to reach work sites, and the tasks, such as road or canal construction, were physically demanding, with meagre rations insufficient to sustain heavy exertion.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Arnold |first=David |year=1982 |title=Famine in Peasant Consciousness and Peasant Action: Madras, 1876–1878 |journal=Subaltern Studies |volume=1 |pages=62–116}}</ref> Overcrowding and poor sanitation in relief camps contributed to the spread of cholera and malaria, compounding mortality.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Whitcombe |first=Elizabeth |year=1972 |title=Famine Mortality in India, 1875–1900 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=28–29 |jstor=}}</ref>

The official framing of the famine strongly emphasised natural causes. Administrative reports attributed distress primarily to the failure of the monsoon, plague outbreaks, and locust damage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report on the Famine in the Bombay Presidency, 1899–1902 |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1903 |location=Bombay}}</ref> Fiscal and trade policies received little critical attention. This emphasis has been linked by later historians to the laissez-faire orthodoxy prevalent in late-Victorian imperial governance. The government maintained that interference in grain markets, such as by banning exports or subsidising imports, would distort prices and discourage private traders.{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=25–27}}

Criticism of this stance was voiced at the time by Indian nationalists and sections of the press. The ''Indian Spectator'' and other periodicals condemned the persistence of exports during famine, while leaders such as Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale cited the famine as evidence of the exploitative nature of colonial rule.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Sumit |title=Modern India, 1885–1947 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1983 |isbn= |location=Delhi |pages=23–25}}</ref> Their critiques emphasised that India's agrarian surplus was drained to finance imperial trade and military expenditure, rather than invested in irrigation or rural welfare.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dutt |first=Romesh Chunder |title=The Economic History of India |publisher=Kegan Paul |year=1902 |volume=2 |location=London |pages=23–29}}</ref>

Military priorities also constrained relief. Substantial revenues were allocated to imperial defence and campaigns on the North-West Frontier at the same time that famine relief was underfunded.{{sfn|Davis|2001|pp=180–182}} According to Dutt, this reflected the broader fiscal pattern of colonial India, where the "Home Charges" and military spending consistently took precedence over famine preparedness and rural infrastructure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dutt |first=Romesh Chunder |title=The Economic History of India |year=1902 |volume=2 |pages=27–28}}</ref>

==Epidemics==
Both 1896 and 1899 were [[El Niño]] years—years in which the monsoon rainfall was considerably less than average.<ref name=bouma-kay-90>{{Harvnb|Bouma|van der Kay|1996|p=90}}</ref> The year following the El Niño, also called a Niño+1 year, has historically been recognised to have not only higher than average rainfall, but also a much higher probability of [[malaria]] epidemics.<ref name=bouma-kay-90/> For example, in the [[Punjab region|Punjab province]] of British India, of the 77 years from 1867 to 1943, there were 21 El Niño years, 11 of whose Niño+1 years produced malaria epidemics; in contrast, there were only six malaria epidemics in the remaining 56 non-El Niño years.<ref name=bouma-kay-90/> "Fever years follow famine years" had become a popular saying in the Punjab long before [[Ronald Ross|Sir Ronald Ross]], working in the [[Presidency General Hospital]] in [[Calcutta]], showed in 1898 that the malaria parasite, ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]'', is transmitted by mosquitoes.<ref name=bouma-kay-93>{{Harvnb|Bouma|van der Kay|1996|p=93}}</ref> It had also been noted, by R. Christophers in 1911, that years in which the monsoon was abundant, but which had not been preceded by famine years, were not likely to be epidemic years.<ref>Christophers, R. (1911) "Malaria in the Punjab" in ''Scientific memoirs by officers of the medical and sanitary departments''. Government of India, Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta., quoted in {{Harvnb|Bouma|van der Kay|1996|p=93}}</ref> These observations had prompted some scholars to theorise that the increased malaria mortality in a post-famine year was the result of lowered resistance to malaria caused by the malnutrition.<ref name=bouma-kay-93/> However, it is now thought likely that the dry famine years decreased human exposure to mosquitoes, which thrive in stagnant water, and consequently to ''[[Plasmodium falciparum]]''; the decreased exposure resulted in lowered immunity among the population, thereby making subsequent exposures all the more devastating.<ref name=bouma-kay-93/>

In 1900, a Niño+1 year, malaria epidemics, occurred in the Punjab, Central Provinces and Berar, and the Bombay Presidency, with devastating results. In the Central Provinces and Berar, the death rates were initially quite low. The ''Report on the Famine in the Central Provinces in 1899–1900'' noted the "extreme healthiness of the first four months of the famine, September to December 1899."<ref>''Report on the Famine in the Central Provinces in 1899–1900'', volume 1, Nagpur (1901)., quoted in {{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=16}}</ref> The low mortality indicated the absence of malaria in 1899; however, by the summer of 1900, an epidemic of cholera had begun, and soon the monsoon rains of 1900 brought on the malaria epidemic.<ref name=dyson1991a-16>{{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=16}}</ref> Consequently, the death rate peaked between August and September 1900, a full year after the famine began.<ref name=dyson1991a-16/> In the Bombay Presidency, the same pattern of pre-monsoon cholera followed by post-monsoon malaria in 1900 was repeated.<ref name=dyson1991a-17/> The ''Report on the Famine in the Bombay Presidency, 1899–1902'' pronounced the epidemic to be "unprecedented," noting that "It attacked all classes and was by no means confined to the people who had been on relief works ..."<ref>''Report on the Famine in the Bombay Presidency, 1899–1902'', volume 1, Bombay (1903)., quoted in {{Harvnb|Dyson|1991a|p=17}}</ref>

Parts of [[Punjab]] region, specially [[Bagar tract]], were also affected.<ref name=hisarrevset1>C.A.H. Townsend, [http://revenueharyana.gov.in/Portals/0/revised_settlement_hisar.pdf Final repor of thirds revised revenue settlement of Hisar district from 1905–1910], Gazetteer of [[Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana]], point 22, page 11.</ref>

==Usury==
[[File:Bombay Prov north 1909.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A map of the northern [[Bombay Presidency]] showing the districts of [[Kheda|Khaira]], [[Panchmahal]]s, and the [[princely state]] of [[Baroda Residency|Baroda]] (bottom right). The princely state of [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] is shown at the top right.]]
The British had established control over [[Western India]] in the early decades of the 19th century; this consisted of direct administration of the conquered territories in the expanded [[Bombay Presidency]] as well as in the British outpost of [[Ajmer-Merwara]] farther north.<ref name=hardiman125>{{Harvnb|Hardiman|1996|p=125}}</ref> The middle decades of the 19th century saw not only the implementation of a new system of [[Company rule in India#Revenue settlements under the Company|land revenue and land rights]] in these areas, but also the establishment of new civil law.<ref name=hardiman125/> Under the new land rights system, peasants could be dispossessed of their land if they failed to pay the land-revenue (or land-tax) in a timely fashion.<ref name=hardiman125/> The British, however, continued to rely on local ''[[Bania (caste)|Baniya]]'' [[usurer]]s, or ''Sahukars'', to supply credit to the peasants.<ref name=hardiman126>{{Harvnb|Hardiman|1996|p=126}}</ref> The imposition of the new system of civil law, however, meant that the peasants could be exploited by the ''sahukars'', who were often able, through the new civil courts, to acquire title-deeds to a peasant's land for non-payment of debt.<ref name=hardiman126/>

The mid-19th century was also a time of predominance of the economic theories of [[Adam Smith]] and [[David Ricardo]], and the principle of ''[[laissez-faire]]'' was subscribed to by many colonial administrators; the British, consequently, declined to interfere in the markets.<ref name=hardiman126/> This meant that the ''Baniya'' ''sahukars'' could resort to hoarding during times of scarcity, driving up the price of food grain, and profiteering in the aftermath.<ref name=hardiman126/> All this occurred in Western India during the famine of 1899–1900.<ref name=hardiman126/>

In [[Kheda District|Kaira District]] in present-day [[Gujarat]], many peasants were forced to hand over their lands to the ''sahukars'' as security for meager loans that not only didn't grant them much relief, but that they later couldn't repay on account of exorbitant interest.<ref name=hardiman133-34>{{Harvnb|Hardiman|1996|pp=133–134}}</ref> The ''sahukars'' were to foreclose on these loans in the years after the famine; in the princely state of [[Baroda Residency|Baroda]], for example, the recorded land-transfers were to jump from an average of 13,000 per year during the decade of the 1890s, to over 65,000 during the year 1902–1903.<ref name=hardiman133-34/>

The ''sahukars'', in their effort to drive up prices, were even able to export grain ''out'' of areas of scarcity using the faster means of transport that came in with British rule.<ref name=hardiman133-34/> Here again the colonial administrators declined to intervene, even though they themselves often disapproved of the practice.<ref name=hardiman133-34/> This happened, for example, in the [[Panchmahal]]s—one of the worst famine-afflicted areas in 1900—where a railway line had been built in the 1890s.<ref name=hardiman133-34/> A British deputy [[district collector]] recorded in his report, "The merchants first cleared large profits by exporting their surplus stocks of grain at the commencement of the famine, and, later on by importing [[maize]] from [[Cawnpore]] and [[Bombay]] and rice from [[Calcutta]] and [[Rangoon]]."<ref>Quoted in {{Harvnb|Hardiman|1996|p=133}}</ref> He went on to record that the ''sahukars'' were building new houses for themselves from these windfall profits.<ref name=hardiman133-34/> The blatant [[profiteering (business)|profiteering]], however, led to grain riots in the Panchmahals by [[Bhil]] tribals, and grain riots became a feature of other British-ruled areas during times of famine.<ref name=hardiman145-46>{{Harvnb|Hardiman|1996|pp=145–146}}</ref> This contrasted markedly with the [[princely states]], where the authorities often did intervene.<ref name=hardiman145-46/> For example, in [[Jodhpur State]], a famine-stricken area in [[Rajputana Agency|Rajputana]], in August 1899, the state officials set up a shop to sell grain at cost price, forcing the ''Baniya'' merchants to eventually bring down their prices.<ref name=hardiman145-46/>

==Economic changes==
The Indian famine of 1899–1900 was the last of the all-India famines.<ref name=mcalpin157>{{Harvnb|McAlpin|1979|p=157}}</ref> (The war-time Bengal famine of 1943 was confined mainly to Bengal and some neighbouring regions.) The famine proved to be a watershed between the overwhelmingly [[subsistence agriculture]] economy of 19th century India and a more diversified economy of the 20th century, which, by offering other forms of employment, created less agricultural disruption (and, consequently, less mortality) during times of scarcity.<ref name=mcalpin157/>

The construction of the [[Indian Railways]] between 1860 and 1920, and the opportunities thereby offered for greater profit in other markets, allowed farmers to accumulate assets that could then be drawn upon during times of scarcity.<ref name=mcalpin153-155>{{Harvnb|McAlpin|1979|pp=153–155}}</ref> By the early 20th century, many farmers in the [[Bombay presidency]] were growing a portion of their crop for export.<ref name=mcalpin153-155/> Wheat, both [[subsistence agriculture|food]] and [[cash crop]], saw increased production and export during this time; in addition, cotton and oil-seeds were also exported.<ref name=mcalpin153-155/> The railways also brought in food, whenever expected scarcities began to drive up food prices.<ref name=mcalpin153-155/>

There were other changes in the economy as well: a construction boom in the Bombay presidency, in both the private and public sectors, during the first two decades of the 20th century, created a demand for unskilled labour.<ref name=mcalpin153-155/> There was greater demand for agricultural labour as well, brought on both by the planting of more labour-intensive crops and the expansion of the cropped area in the presidency.<ref name=mcalpin153-155/> Real agricultural wages, for example, increased sharply after 1900.<ref>[[George Findlay Shirras]] (1924) ''Report on an Enquiry into Agricultural Wages in the Bombay Presidency'', Government of Bombay, Labour Office, pp. 64–66. quoted in {{Harvnb|McAlpin|1979|p=156}}</ref> All these provided farmers with greater insurance against famine.<ref name=mcalpin156>{{Harvnb|McAlpin|1979|p=156}}</ref> During times of drought, they could now seek seasonal non-agricultural employment; alternatively, they could temporarily move to areas where there was no drought and work as agricultural wage labourers.<ref name=mcalpin156/>

According to {{Harv|McAlpin|1979|p=156}}, "Famines in the nineteenth century tended to be characterized by some degree of aimless wandering of agriculturalists after their own supplies of food had run out." Since these migrations caused further depletion among individuals who were already malnourished and since new areas exposed them to unfamiliar disease pathogens, the attendant mortality was high.<ref name=mcalpin156/> In the 20th century, however, these temporary migrations became more purposive, especially from regions (in the Bombay Presidency) that were highly drought prone.<ref name=mcalpin156/> A greater availability of jobs throughout the presidency and a better organised system of famine relief offered by the provincial government allowed most men in afflicted villages to migrate elsewhere as soon as their own meager harvest had been collected.<ref name=mcalpin156/> McAlpin further notes:<blockquote>Villages are reported to have housed only women and children, and old men in some years of crop failure. Those left behind could tend the livestock, live off the short harvest, and expect that the government would step in to provide relief—including grain sales or gratuitous relief—if necessary. With the beginning of the next agricultural season the men would return to the village with some earnings from their outside employment which could be used to resume agricultural operations. In most cases, the livestock would also have been preserved through the actions of women and children.<ref name=mcalpin156/></blockquote>

==Mortality==
[[File:Group of men and children suffering from famine in India.jpg|thumb|Group of men and children suffering from famine in India.]]
Estimates of the excess [[Mortality rate|mortality]] during the famine vary widely. According to historian [[David Kenneth Fieldhouse|David Fieldhouse]], over 1 million people may have died during the famine of 1899–1900.<ref>{{Harvnb|Fieldhouse|1996|p=132}}</ref> However, according to anthropologist [[Brian M. Fagan|Brian Fagan]], "No one knows exactly how many perished in the great famine, but it could have been as many as four and a half million people."{{sfn|Fagan|2009|p=13}} In her study of famines in the [[Bombay Presidency]] during the period 1860–1920, South Asianist, Michelle McAlpin estimated the famine of 1899–1900 to have had the highest mortality—at 37.9 deaths per 1000—among all famines and scarcities there between 1876–77 and 1918–19.<ref name="McAlpin 1979 146"/> Anthropologist Daniel W. Attwood asserts that in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] an estimated 166,000 people may have died, and in the entire Presidency a total of 462,000.<ref name="Attwood 2005 2072"/> Historian Ronald E. Seavoy, in his 1986 study on famine in peasant societies, estimates the mortality in the famine to be 3.2 million,{{sfn|Seavoy|1986|p=242}}{{sfn|Kaiwar|2016|p=100}} whereas historian Aroop Maharatna, in his historical retrospective of the demography of Indian famines, estimates the mortality to be between 3 million and 4.4 million.{{sfn|Maharatna|1996|p=15}}{{sfn|Kaiwar|2016|p=100}} Archaeologist Daniel T. Chamberlain, citing Maharatna, points out that in [[Berar Province]], the overall mortality rate in 1900 was 150% higher than the baseline rate,{{sfn|Chamberlain|2006|p=72}} and further, also citing Maharatna, that the famine's effect can be seen in the sharp increase in crude death rate (to approximately 9%) in 1900, a sharp drop in the crude birth rate (down to 3%) in 1901, and a "compensating" increase in the birth rate (to approximately 5.5%) in 1902.{{sfn|Chamberlain|2006|pp=72–73}} Public health physician Mark E. Keim considers the mortality in India in the year 1900 to be 1.25 million, and the drought in India that year to be the fifth worst by mortality in the 20th century.{{sfn|Keim|2015|p=42}} Environment and development scholar Arun Agrawal argues that on account of the more liberal government relief in 1898 and 1899, "the number of people who died was far fewer" than in the famine of 1896–97 (whose mortality he puts at nearly 5 million).{{sfn|Agrawal|2013|p=415}} However anthropologist Fagan considers the famine in 1899–1900 to be the worst on record, suggesting that although the viceroy, Lord Curzon "led the public appeals for humanitarian aid, ... (t)he initiatives from his government ... were grossly inadequate."{{sfn|Fagan|2009|p=12}}

Other estimates are by nonfiction-ecology author [[Michael Allaby]] who states that 1.25 million starved and 2 million died of disease in the famine of 1899–1900;{{sfn|Allaby|2005|p=21}} and by historian [[Martin Gilbert]], who in his ''Routledge Atlas of British History'' puts the mortality for this famine in northern India to be 2 million.{{sfn|Gilbert|2003|p=89}} Among contemporaneous accounts, a 1901 estimate published in [[The Lancet]], put the excess mortality, from "starvation or to the diseases arising therefrom," in India in the decade between 1891 and 1901 to be 19 million.<ref>''The effect of famines on the population of India'', The Lancet, Vol. 157, No. 4059, 15 June 1901, pp. 1713–1714;{{harvnb|Davis|2001|p=[https://archive.org/details/latevictorianhol00dav_wbr/page/7 7]}}; {{cite book|author=Sven Beckert|title=Empire of Cotton: A Global History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIPZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA337|year=2015|publisher=Random House Incorporated|isbn=978-0-375-71396-5|page=337}}</ref> The last estimate has been cited by scholar [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]], who further interprets a number of sources, including ''Lancet'', to estimate the total famine mortality in India between 1876 and 1902 to be between 12.2 million and 29.3 million.{{sfn|Davis|2001|p=7}} However, historian Vasant Kaiwar, interprets many of the same sources, but not the ''Lancet'', to estimate the famine mortality for the period 1876–1900 to be between 11.2 million and 19.3 million.{{sfn|Kaiwar|2016|p=100}} According to poverty and development scholar [[Dan Banik]], it was felt after the famine that the [[Indian Famine Codes|Indian famine codes]] from the 1880s were inadequate,{{sfn|Banik|2007|p=56}} and a new famine commission, appointed after the famine, brought out a revised famine code in 1901.{{sfn|Banik|2007|pp=56–57}} This code was used in one form or another for many decades of the 20th century.{{sfn|Banik|2007|p=57}}

According to the ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', published in 1907, by the British government's [[India Office]], overall, in British areas only, approximately one million individuals died of starvation or accompanying disease; in addition, as a result of acute shortage of fodder, cattle in the millions perished in the famine.<ref name = igi-III-492/> The devastation of [[livestock]] was more specifically recorded in regional official estimates. These, according to economic historian Neil Charlesworth, in western India, during the famine of 1899–1900, put cattle deaths at 2 million.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2002|p=158}} As, in some parts of western India, it typically took eight to ten [[oxen]] to [[plough]] and [[Harrow (tool)|harrow]] the hard ground, both cultivation capacity and agricultural income were drastically reduced for many years afterward.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2002|pp=156–157}} Consequently, unlike after the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]], the population, both human and livestock, did not quickly bounce back after the famine of 1899–1900.{{sfn|Charlesworth|2002|p=156}} In the description of Charlesworth, "In [[Dholka Taluka|Dholka taluk]] of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]], for example, the population in 1911 was lower than at any previous census since the middle of the nineteenth century, whilst, at the other end of the Presidency, in [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]] [[Tehsil|taluk]] the population of 1911 was lower by over 8,000 than that of 1891. These falls, however, were typically matched, and even exceeded, in the worst hit areas of the Deccan, by heavy decline in numbers of agricultural stock. ... The consequences of this for cultivation may have been grave."{{sfn|Charlesworth|2002|p=156}}

== Memorials ==
A memorial plaque is erected in a compound of [[Irish Presbyterian Mission|I P Mission]] church in [[Prantij]], [[Gujarat]] which cites a well in which 300 children who died in famine were buried. The plaque reads, "the children will be never hungry again".<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-02-25|script-title=gu:પ્રાંતિજ ખાતે છપ્પનીયા દુષ્કાળની યાદ તાજી કરાવતુ સ્મારક|trans-title=A memorial in Prantij remembering the famine of Samvat fifty-six|publisher=[[Divya Bhaskar]]|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/UGUJ-MAT-latest-himmatnagar-news-035504-2077409-NOR.html|access-date=2021-05-28|language=gu}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[Manvini Bhavai]] (1947), a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] novel by [[Pannalal Patel]], is set in the period of famine, locally known as the Chhappaniyo Dukal (The Famine of [[Vikram Samvat|Samvat]] 1956).<ref name="Mekavāna2004">{{cite book|author1=Yôsepha Mekavāna|author1-link=Yoseph Macwan|author2=Rita Kothari|author2-link=Rita Kothari|title=The Stepchild|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_LtAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566624-3}}</ref> It was adapted into Gujarati film in 1993.<ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA117|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=117}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Indian famine of 1896–1897]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Timeline of major famines in India during British rule]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[Famine in India]]
*[[Drought in India]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{citation|last=Allaby|first=Michael|title=India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wQfnAsqs5jMC|year=2005|publisher=Evans Brothers|isbn=978-0-237-52755-6}}
*{{citation|last=Agrawal |first=Arun |editor=Christopher B. Barret|title=Food Security and Sociopolitical Stability|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-nZoAgAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-166870-8|pages=406–427|chapter=Food Security and Sociopolitical Stability in South Asia}}
*{{Citation | last = Attwood | first = Donald W. | title = Big Is Ugly? How Large-scale Institutions Prevent Famines in Western India | journal=World Development | volume = 33 | issue = 12 | year = 2005 | pages = 2067–2083 | doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.07.009}}
*{{citation|last=Banik|first=Dan|title=Starvation and India's Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dBzp8jNNd8C|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-13416-8}}
*{{Citation | last1 = Bouma | first1 = Menno J. | last2 = van der Kay | first2 = Hugo J. | title = The El Niño Southern Oscillation and the historic malaria epidemics on the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka: an early warning system for future epidemics | journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 86–96 | year = 1996 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-3156.1996.d01-7.x| doi-access = free }}
*{{citation|last=Chamberlain|first=Andrew T.|title=Demography in Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nG5FoO_becAC|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45534-3}}
*{{citation|last=Charlesworth|first=Neil|title=Peasants and Imperial Rule: Agriculture and Agrarian Society in the Bombay Presidency 1850-1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIbRhV00p6AC|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52640-1}}
*{{Citation | last = Davis| first = Mike | title = Late Victorian Holocausts|author-link=Mike Davis (scholar) | year = 2001|publisher=Verso Books. Pp. 400| isbn = 978-1-85984-739-8|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3IrKEzgkQkMC&pg=PA7}}
*{{Citation | last = Drèze | first = Jean | chapter = Famine prevention in India | year = 1995 | editor1-last = Drèze | editor1-first = Jean |editor2-last = Sen |editor2-first = Amartya |editor3-last = Hussain | editor3-first = Althar | title = The political economy of hunger: Selected essays | publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. 644 | isbn = 0-19-828883-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991a | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part I | journal=Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–25 | jstor = 2174991 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145056 }}
*{{Citation | last = Fagan | first = Brian | title = Floods, Famines, and Emperors: El Nino and the Fate of Civilizations | year = 2009 | publisher = Basic Books. Pp. 368 | isbn = 978-0-465-00530-7}}
*{{Citation| last = Fieldhouse | first = David | chapter = For Richer, for Poorer? |editor-last = Marshall |editor-first = P. J. | title = The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire|pages = 108–146|publisher=Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. 400| year = 1996| isbn = 0-521-00254-0|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=S2EXN8JTwAEC&pg=PA132}}
*{{citation|last=Gilbert|first=Martin|title=The Routledge Atlas of British History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdtuzQ7pakYC|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-28147-8}}
*{{Citation | last = Hardiman | first = David | title = Usuary, Dearth and Famine in Western India | year = 1996 | journal=Past and Present | issue = 152 | pages = 113–156 | doi=10.1093/past/152.1.113}}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III
| title = The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine, pp. 475–502 | publisher=Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. | year = 1907}}
*{{citation|last=Kaiwar|first=Vasant|editor1=Kaminsky, Arnold P|editor2=Long, Roger D|title=Nationalism and Imperialism in South and Southeast Asia: Essays Presented to Damodar R.SarDesai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGIPDQAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-99742-3|chapter=Famines of structural adjustment in colonial India}}
*{{citation|last=Keim|first=Mark E.|editor1=George Luber|editor2=Jay Lemery|title=Global Climate Change and Human Health: From Science to Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bvSlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|year=2015|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-60358-1|page=42|chapter=Extreme Weather Events: The Role of Public Health in Disaster Risk Reduction as a Means for Climate Change Adaptation}}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Dearth, Famine, and Risk: The Changing Impact of Crop Failures in Western India, 1870–1920 | year = 1979 | journal=The Journal of Economic History | volume = 39 | issue = 1 | pages = 143–157 | jstor = 2118916 | doi=10.1017/S0022050700096352}}
*{{Citation | last = McAlpin | first = Michelle B. | title = Famines, Epidemics, and Population Growth: The Case of India | year = 1983 | journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary History | volume = 14 | issue = 2 | pages = 351–366 | doi=10.2307/203709| jstor = 203709 }}
*{{citation|last=Maharatna|first=Arup|title=The demography of famines: an Indian historical perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dnsAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford and New York|isbn=978-0-19-563711-3}}
*{{citation|last=Seavoy|first=Ronald E.|title=Famine in Peasant Societies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4qqZAAAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=London|isbn=978-0-313-25130-6}}
{{Refend}}

===Further reading===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{Citation | last = Ambirajan | first = S. | title = Malthusian Population Theory and Indian Famine Policy in the Nineteenth Century | year = 1976 | journal=Population Studies | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–14 | doi=10.2307/2173660 | jstor = 2173660 | pmid = 11630514}}
*{{Citation | last1 = Arnold | first1 = David | last2 = Moore | first2 = R. I. | title = Famine: Social Crisis and Historical Change (New Perspectives on the Past) | year = 1991 | publisher=Wiley-Blackwell. Pp. 164 | isbn = 0-631-15119-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Baker | first = David | title = State policy, the market economy, and tribal decline: The Central Provinces, 1861–1920 | journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 28 | pages = 341–370 | doi = 10.1177/001946469102800401 | year = 1991| issue = 4 }}
*{{Citation | last = Bhatia | first = B. M. | title = Famines in India: A Study in Some Aspects of the Economic History of India With Special Reference to Food Problem, 1860–1990 | year = 1991 | publisher=Stosius Inc/Advent Books Division. Pp. 383 | isbn = 81-220-0211-0}}
*{{Citation | last = Dutt | first = Romesh Chunder | title = Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India | orig-year = 1900| year = 2005 | publisher=London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd (reprinted by Adamant Media Corporation) | isbn = 1-4021-5115-2}}
*{{Citation | last = Dyson | first = Tim | year = 1991b | title = On the Demography of South Asian Famines: Part II | journal=Population Studies | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 279–297 | jstor = 2174784 | doi=10.1080/0032472031000145446 | pmid = 11622922}}
*{{Citation | last = Ghose | first = Ajit Kumar | title = Food Supply and Starvation: A Study of Famines with Reference to the Indian Subcontinent | year = 1982 | journal=Oxford Economic Papers |series=New Series | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 368–389| doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041557 }}
*{{Citation | last = Hall-Matthews | first = David | title = Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India | journal=Modern Asian Studies | year = 2008 | volume = 42 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–24 | doi = 10.1017/S0026749X07002892}}
*{{Citation | last = Hill | first = Christopher V. | title = Philosophy and Reality in Riparian South Asia: British Famine Policy and Migration in Colonial North India | journal=Modern Asian Studies | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | year = 1991 | pages = 263–279 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00010672}}
*{{Citation | last = Klein | first = Ira | title = Death in India, 1871-1921 | journal=The Journal of Asian Studies | volume = 32 | issue = 4 | year = 1973 | pages = 639–659 | jstor = 2052814 | doi=10.2307/2052814}}
*{{Citation | last = Klein | first = Ira | title = When the rains failed: famines, relief, and mortality in British India | journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review | volume = 21 | year = 1984 | issue = 2 | pages = 185–214 | doi = 10.1177/001946468402100203| pmid = 11617176 }}
*{{Citation | last = Roy | first = Tirthankar | title = The Economic History of India, 1857–1947, 2nd edition | year = 2006 | publisher=New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Pp. xvi, 385 | isbn = 0-19-568430-3}}
*{{Citation | last = Sen | first = A. K. | title = Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation | publisher=Oxford: Clarendon Press. Pp. ix, 257 | year = 1982 | isbn = 0-19-828463-2}}
*{{Citation | last1=Tomlinson | first1=B. R. | year=1993
| title=The Economy of Modern India, 1860-1970 ([[The New Cambridge History of India]], III.3)
| publisher=Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press.
| isbn= 0-521-58939-8}}
*{{Citation | last = Washbrook | first = David | title = The Commercialization of Agriculture in Colonial India: Production, Subsistence and Reproduction in the 'Dry South', c. 1870–1930 | year = 1994 | journal=Modern Asian Studies | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 129–164 | jstor = 312924 | doi=10.1017/s0026749x00011720}}
{{Refend}}

{{Famine in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Famine Of 1899-1900}}
[[Category:1899 in British India]]
[[Category:1900 in British India]]
[[Category:1899 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1900 natural disasters]]
[[Category:1890s famines]]
[[Category:1890s disasters in Asia]]
[[Category:19th-century disasters in India]]
[[Category:1900 disasters in India]]
[[Category:19th-century droughts]]
[[Category:1900s famines]]
[[Category:Famines in British India]]
[[Category:Natural disasters in India]]

Morsinghi

2025-09-30T18:05:01Z

ConnorQkw1159: made new biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Village in Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Morsinghi
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|31|29|31|N|76|42|25|E|type:city_region:IN|display=it}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = Ghumarwin
| population_total = 149
| population_as_of = 2011
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 174026
}}
'''Morsinghi''' is a village in Taliana panchayat, Ghumarwin block,<ref>{{Cite web |title=मोरसिंघी में रास्ते में गिरने से बैंक कर्मचारी की मौत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/himachal-pradesh/bilaspur/bank-employee-died-of-falling-in-morsinghi-village-in-ghumarvin-bilaspur-news-sml398205233 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Bilaspur district, [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=MORSINGHI Village TALIANA Panchayat GHUMARWIN Block, Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh India BrandBharat.com |url=https://ns1.brandbharat.com/english/hp/districts/Bilaspur/Bilaspur_GHUMARWIN_TALIANA_MORSINGHI.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ns1.brandbharat.com}}</ref> It has about 32 families and a population of 149 according to the 2011 census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mor Singhi Village Population - Ghumarwin - Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/19045-mor-singhi-himachal-pradesh.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> The PIN code of the village is 174026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Morsinghi BO Pin Code: Find Pin Code of Morsinghi BO locality of Himachal Pradesh - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/himachal-pradesh/bilaspur-hp/morsinghi-bo |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>

Most of the villagers depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The village has become famous as the cradle of Indian handball in the recent years. Two former national players, Sachin Chaudhari and Snehalatha Chaudhari, have started coaching girls and many of them have been selected to play for India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mylvahanan |first=Arjun |date=2025-01-30 |title=Women's handball in India: A silent revolution gaining momentum |url=https://thebridge.in/handball/handball-women-india-revolution-gain-momentum-51834 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Villages in Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Hatiara

2025-09-20T09:36:18Z

ConnorQkw1159: added article as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Rajarhat]]

Mukundi Lal

2025-08-22T20:23:43Z

ConnorQkw1159: Interesting but NN. {{notability |date=August 2025}}

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter}}
{{unreferenced|date=April 2015}}
{{notability |date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]]
| organization= [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]
}}
'''Mukundi Lal''' was an Indian revolutionary and an active member of [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA).

He was known for planning the Mainpuri Conspiracy (1918) and the [[Kakori Conspiracy]], which was a train robbery that took place between Kakori and Alamnagar, near Lucknow, on 9 August 1925, during the [[Indian Independence Movement]] against British rule.

He along with other renowned revolutionaries started the '[[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]' at Lahore that was an organisation involved in various activities, mainly gearing the youth for the struggle for independence and putting an end to British Imperialism and communalism.

==Charges for conspiracies==
He was sentenced to 7 years of rigorous imprisonment in Mainpuri conspiracy and life imprisonment for the [[Kakori conspiracy]] case.

==Death==
Mukundi Lal was killed when planning a [[Prison escape|jailbreak]] for [[Bhagat Singh]]. Lal attempted to detonate a bomb by a wall that resembled the prison wall, and was killed when the bomb went off unexpectedly.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

==References==

{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian rebels]]

Lazarus Sangma

2025-06-06T02:19:37Z

ConnorQkw1159:

{{Short description|Indian politicians}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Lazarus Sangma
| birth_date =
| image =
| office = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| predecessor = Clifford Marak
| successor = [[Sengchim Sangma]]
| constituency = [[Chokpot Assembly constituency|Chokpot]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Parashar |first=Utpal |title=Meghalaya Speaker recognises merger of 12 Congress MLAs with Trinamool |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-speaker-recognises-merger-of-12-congress-mlas-with-trinamool-101640274493373.html |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}

'''Lazarus Sangma''' is a member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Chokpot Assembly constituency|Chokpot]] constituency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Web Desk New |first1=India Today |title=Congress emerges as single largest party in Meghalaya, full list of winning candidates here |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2018/story/meghalaya-assembly-election-results-congress-emerges-as-largest-single-party-bjp-bags-2-seats-1181203-2018-03-03 |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=4 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TURA LOK SABHA ELECTIONS RESULTS / CANDIDATES |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tura--lok-sabha-election-results/ |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Sangma won the 2018 Meghalaya Legislative elections as a candidate from [[Indian National Congress|INC]] party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Lazarus M. Sangma |url=https://megassembly.gov.in/storage/Biodata/LazarusM._Sangma.pdf |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Meghalaya |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> Later, he joined [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]], quitting Indian National Congress.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parashar |first=Utpal |title=Meghalaya Speaker recognises merger of 12 Congress MLAs with Trinamool |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meghalaya-speaker-recognises-merger-of-12-congress-mlas-with-trinamool-101640274493373.html |access-date=6 September 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=23 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Meghalaya]]

{{Improve categories|date=September 2022}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangma, Lazarus}}

Bibhutibhushan Datta

2025-05-28T01:29:27Z

ConnorQkw1159: creating a info.

{{Short description|Indian historian of mathematics (1888-1958)}}
{{Other people|Bibhutibhushan|Bibhutibhushan (disambiguation){{!}}Bibhutibhushan}}
[[File:Bibhutibhushan_Datta.jpeg|thumb|right|Bibhutibhushan Datta]]
'''Bibhutibhushan Datta''' ({{langx|bn|বিভূতিভূষণ দত্ত|Bibhūtibhūṣaṇ Datta}}; also '''Bibhuti Bhusan Datta'''; 28 June 1888 – 6 October 1958) was a historian of [[Indian mathematics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=R. C. Gupta |date=May 1980 |title=Bibhutibhusan Datta (1888–1958), historian of Indian mathematics |url=http://ac.els-cdn.com/0315086080900336/1-s2.0-0315086080900336-main.pdf?_tid=dba69f20-e609-11e5-9916-00000aab0f6b&acdnat=1457536751_c4bd588e0345409b308b63cff33ab98b |journal=[[Historia Mathematica]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=126–133 |doi=10.1016/0315-0860(80)90033-6 |doi-access=free |authorlink=R.C Gupta |accessdate=9 March 2016}}</ref>

Datta came from a poor Bengali family. He was a student of [[Ganesh Prasad]], studied at the [[University of Calcutta]] and secured a master's degree in mathematics in 1914 and a doctorate degree in 1920 in [[applied mathematics]]. He taught at Calcutta University where he was a lecturer at the University Science College, and from 1924 to 1929 he was the Rhashbehari Ghosh Professor of Applied Mathematics. During the 1920s and 1930s he created a reputation as an authority on the history of Indian mathematics. He was also deeply interested in [[Indian philosophy]] and religion. In 1929 he retired from his professorship and left the university in 1933, and became a ''[[sannyasin]]'' (an ascetic, a person who has renounced worldly pleasures) in 1938 under the name Swami Vidyaranya.

''[[History of Hindu Mathematics|History of Hindu Mathematics: A Source Book]]'',<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bibhutibhushan Datta and Awadhesh Narayan Singh |title=History of Hindu Mathematics: a Sourcebook |date=1962 |publisher=Asia Publishing House}}</ref> written by him jointly with [[Avadhesh Narayan Singh]] (1901–1954) became a standard reference work in the history of Indian mathematics.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frank J. Swetz|title=Mathematics in India|journal=Convergence|date=February 2010|doi=10.4169/loci003292|url=http://www.maa.org/press/periodicals/convergence/mathematics-in-india|accessdate=9 March 2016|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=L. G. Simons |author-link=Lao Genevra Simons |date=1936 |title=L G Simons, Review: History of Hindu Mathematics – A Source Book. Part I. Numeral Notation and Arithmetic |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=367–368 |doi=10.2307/2301803 |jstor=2301803}}</ref> He also wrote a [[monograph]] on the [[Shulba Sutras]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bibhtibhushan Datta|title=The Science of the Sulba. A study in early Hindu geometry|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.512150|date=1932|publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref> He published more than 70 research papers mostly related to the history of Indian mathematics.<ref>{{cite web |last1=J J O'Connor |last2=Robertson |first2=Edmund F. |author-link2=Edmund F. Robertson |title=Publications of Bibhutibhusan Datta |url=http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Extras/Datta_publications.html |accessdate=10 March 2016 |website=[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]] |publisher=[[University of St Andrews]], Scotland}}</ref>

In the last years of his life, as Swami Vidyaranya, he lived mainly at [[Pushkar]], a Hindu holy site in Rajasthan.

==See also==
* ''[[History of Hindu Mathematics: A Source Book]],'' Datta's magnum opus on Hindu (Indic) mathematics

==External links==
* [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/Datta.html Biography]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian mathematics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Datta, Bibhutibhushan}}
[[Category:Indian mathematics| ]]
[[Category:Indian historians of mathematics]]
[[Category:Bengali mathematicians]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1958 deaths]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]

List of Telugu films of 1981

2025-03-08T08:35:28Z

ConnorQkw1159: refined section per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Tollywood films}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] (Telugu language film industry) based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the year [[1981 in film|1981]].

==1981==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Music !! Notes
|-
|''[[Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu (1981 film)|Aadavaallu Meeku Joharlu]]''|| [[K. Balachander]] || [[Jayamalini]], [[Krishnamraju]], [[Jayasudha]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Aakali Rajyam]]'' || [[K. Balachander]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sridevi]], [[Ramana Murthi J.V.]] ||[[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
|''[[Addala Meda]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Murali Mohan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Aggi Ravva]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Sridevi]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Agni Poolu (film)|Agni Poolu]]'' || [[K. Bapaiah]] || [[Krishnamraju]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Jaya Prada]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Alludugaru Zindabad]]'' || [[Subba Rao Katta]] || [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || ||
|-
|''[[Amavasya Chandrudu]]'' || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Antham Kadidi Aarambam]]'' || ''[[Vijaya Nirmala]]'' || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijaya Nirmala]] || ||
|-
|''[[Asha Jyoti]]'' || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Murali Mohan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Babulugaadi Debba]]''||K. Vasu||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sridevi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]||[[J. V. Raghavulu]] ||
|-
|''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]''||[[K. Shankar]]||[[Sarath Babu]], [[Sridevi]]||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Bhoga Bhagyalu]]'' || [[P. Chandrasekhara Reddy]] || [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Sridevi]] || ||
|-
|''[[Bhogimanthulu]]'' || [[Vijaya Nirmala]] || [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || ||
|-
|''[[Chattaniki Kallu Levu]]'' || [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]]||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi Narayan]] ||Krishna-Chakra ||
|-
|''[[Chinnaari Chittibaau]]'' || [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|Gopalakrishnan]], [[Katta Subba Rao|K. Subba Rao]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Dabbu Dabbu Dabbu]]'' || [[Vijaya Baapineedu]] || [[Mohan Babu]], [[Murali Mohan]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || ||
|-
|''[[Devudu Mamayya]]'' || [[K. Vasu]] || [[Shobhan Babu]], [[Nagesh]], [[Sreedhar Surapaneni]] || ||
|-
|''[[Erra Mallelu]]'' || [[Dhavala Satyam]] || [[Madala Ranga Rao]] || ||
|-
|''Gaja Donga''||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Guru Sishyulu (1981 film)|Guru Sishyulu]]'' || [[K. Bapayya]] || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Sridevi]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''Illalu'' || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Shobhan Babu]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Satyanarayana Kaikala]] ||[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] ||
|-
|''Jagamondi''
|[[V. Madhusudan Rao]]
|[[Shobhan Babu]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Sowcar Janaki]]
|[[K. Chakravarthy]]
|
|-
|''[[Jeevitha Ratham]]'' || [[V. Madhusudan Rao]] || [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Shobhan Babu]], [[Anjali Devi]] || [[K. Chakravarthy]]||
|-
|''[[Kirayi Rowdylu]]'' || [[Kodanda Rami Reddy A.]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Mohan Babu]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] || ||
|-
|''[[Kondaveeti Simham]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Maha Purushudu]]''||[[P. Lakshmi Deepak]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Mudda Mandaram]]''||[[Jandhyala]]||[[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima]], [[Pradeep (Telugu actor)|Pradeep]], [[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapoorna]], [[Suthivelu]]||[[Ramesh Naidu]] ||
|-
|''[[Nyayam Kavali]]'' || [[Kodanda Rami Reddy A.]] || [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Jaggayya]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[O Amma Katha]]'' || [[Vasanta Sen]] || [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] || ||
|-
|''[[Oorukichchina Maata]]'' || [[Balaiah M.]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]], [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] ||[[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
|''[[Ooruki Monagadu]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Raogopalrao]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Jaya Prada]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Pakkinti Ammayi (1981 film)|Pakkinti Ammayi]]''||K. Vasu||[[Jayasudha]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Parvathi Parameswarulu]]'' || [[M. S. Koti Reddy]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Prabhakar Reddy]] ||[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||
|-
|''[[Patalam Pandu]]'' || || [[Mohan Babu]] || ||
|-
|''[[Prema Kanuka]]''||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Sridevi]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Prema Mandiram]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Jaya Prada]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''Prema Natakam'' || [[Subba Rao Katta]] || [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Murali Mohan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Prema Pichchi]]'' || [[C. V. Rajendran]] || [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Unni Mary|Deepa]], [[Kamal Haasan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Prema Simhasanam]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Manju Bhargavi]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Premabhishekam (1981 film)|Premabhishekam]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]], [[Sridevi]], [[Jayasudha]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Priya (1981 film)|Priya]]'' || [[S. P. Chitti Babu]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]] || ||
|-
|''[[Puli Bidda]]'' || [[V. Madhusudan Rao]] || [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Anjali Devi]], [[Sridevi]] || [[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Radha Kalyanam (1981 film)|Radha Kalyanam]]'' || [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Sarath Babu]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Ragile Jwala]]''||[[K. Raghavendra Rao]]||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Jaya Prada]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Rani Kasula Rangamma]]'' || [[T. L. V. Prasad]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Sridevi]] || [[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Sandhya Raagam (1981 film)|Sandhya Ragam]]'' || [[A. S. Ramachandra Rao]] || [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]] || ||
|-
|''[[Saptapadi (1981 film)|Saptapadi]]''||[[Kashinathuni Vishwanath]]||[[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[Allu Rama Lingaiah]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Satyabhama (film)|Satyabhama]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandramohan]], [[Jayasudha]] || ||
|-
|''[[Satyam Shivam]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]], [[Sridevi]] ||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Seethakoka Chilaka]]'' || [[Bharathiraja]] || [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]], [[Mucherla Aruna]], [[Sarath Babu]] ||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] ||
|-
|''[[Siddhalingeshwara Mahima]]'' || [[Hunsur Krishnamurthy]] || || ||
|-
|''[[Srirasthu Subhamasthu]]'' || [[Katta Subba Rao]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Saritha]], [[Nutan Prasad]] || ||
|-
|''[[Srivari Muchatlu]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Swapna (1981 film)|Swapna]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]||[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||
|-
|''Taxi Driver''||S. P. Chitti Babu||[[Krishnam Raju]], [[Jaya Prada]], [[Mohan Babu]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Tirugu Leni Manishi]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Rati Agnihotri]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]] ||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Todu Dongalu (1981 film)|Todu Dongalu]]'' || [[K. Vasu]] ||[[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] ||[[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]] ||
|-
|''[[Tyagayya (1981 film)|Tyagayya]]''||[[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]||[[J. V. Somayajulu]], [[K. R. Vijaya]]||[[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
|''[[Viswaroopam (1981 film)|Viswaroopam]]''||[[Dasari Narayana Rao]]||[[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Jayasudha]]||[[K. Chakravarthy]] ||
|-
|''[[Pranaya Geetham]]''||[[P. Sambasiva Rao]]||[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]], [[Nutan Prasad]]|| ||
|-
| rowspan="1" align="center"| '''18'''
| ''[[Talli Kodukula Anubandham]]''
|K. S. R. Das
| Sri Umayambikai Combines
|
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{1981 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|1981]]
[[Category:Lists of 1981 films by language|Telugu]]
[[Category:1981 in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]

Pratipal Bhatia

2025-02-01T02:48:33Z

ConnorQkw1159: Adding a stub...

{{More citation needed|date=January 2025}}
'''Pratipal Bhatia''' (1936-2024) was an Indian historian and [[numismatist]], specialising in the coins of early medieval India. She was Professor of History at [[Delhi University]].

== Biography ==
“Her doctoral thesis was published in 1970 as ''The Paramaras''; it remains the standard historical reference for this central Indian dynasty.” – John Deyell<ref>John S. Deyell, author of ''Living Without Silver: The Monetary History of Early Medieval North India'' (Oxford University Press, 1999). This quote is from Deyell’s obituary for Bhatia, ''Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society'' 258 (Winter 2024), p. 26.</ref>

After completing her PhD on the [[Paramaras]] at Delhi University in 1962, Bhatia did post-doctoral studies at the [[University of Pennsylvania]] (1964-65) and the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], London (1967-69). She then returned to Delhi University and took up a position in the Department of History, eventually rising to Professor and Head of Department (1974-2001). After retirement, she became a fellow of the Asia Research Institute in Singapore (2002-2003), and a Senior Fellow of the History Department of the [[National University of Singapore]] (2004-2012).<ref>Obituary by John Deyell, ''Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society'' 258 (Winter 2024), p. 26</ref>

She was a member of many societies: honorary member of the [[International Numismatic Council]], and a fellow of the [[Royal Numismatic Society]], [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|Royal Asiatic Society]], [[American Numismatic Society]], Oriental Numismatic Society, and a life member of the [[Indian History Congress]] and the [[Numismatic Society of India]].

Her memorial was held at Gurudwara Shri Rakab Ganj Sahib, in New Delhi, on 10 August 2024.

== Selected publications ==
* ''The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D.'' (New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1970).
*[https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.659512461909586 Emily Eden collection of Sasanian, Kushano-Sasanian, Kidarite and Indo-Sasanian type coins (British Museum, London)]", ''Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia'', 48, 2016, [97]-134.
* "Indo-Sasanian – An unpublished hoards of Indo-Sasanian type coins in the Allahabad Museum", ''Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 208'' (2011), pp. 21-28.
* "Medieval India – An important unpublished Adivaraha coin in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford", ''Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society'' 205 supplement (2010), pp. 39-44.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Pratipal}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian numismatists]]
[[Category:Women numismatists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of SOAS University of London]]

Mohammad Ziauddin (army officer)

2024-10-07T16:33:06Z

ConnorQkw1159: minor improve details additionally for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Mohammad Ziauddin (officer)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
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Bullets (Indian TV series)

2024-09-28T19:54:22Z

ConnorQkw1159: created new stub w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bullets TV series poster.jpeg
| genre = Action, Thriller
| based_on =
| creator =
| director = Devang Dholakia
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Sunny Leone]]
*[[Karishma Tanna]]
*[[Vivek Vaswani]]
*[[Deepak Tijori]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| location = India
| screenplay =
| editor =
| network =
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|01|08}}
| company =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Vinay Chaukar
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
}}
'''''Bullets''''' is an Indian action thriller web series directed by Devang Dholakia. The series features [[Sunny Leone]], Karishma Tanna, Vivek Vaswani, Amaan F Khan. The series released on 8 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 January 2021|first=Shweta|last=Keshri|title=Sunny Leone is all excited to do high-octane action in new web series Bullets|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sunny-leone-is-all-excited-to-do-high-octane-action-in-new-web-series-bullets-1757146-2021-01-08|access-date=2021-08-23|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=Sunny Leone excited to explore high-octane action in 'Bullets'|url=https://www.orissapost.com/sunny-leone-excited-to-explore-high-octane-action-in-bullets/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title='Bullets' trailer: Sunny Leone and Karishma Tanna take on arms dealers and a crooked politician|url=https://scroll.in/reel/976295/bullets-trailer-sunny-leone-and-karishma-tanna-take-on-arms-dealers-and-a-crooked-politician|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MX Player की 'बुलेट्स' समेत इस वीकेंड ये वेब सीरीज़ और फ़िल्में करेंगी मनोरंजन, देखें पूरी लिस्ट|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/web-series-review-mx-player-web-series-bullets-staring-sunny-leone-and-karishma-tanna-and-other-web-series-and-films-for-this-weekend-21250907.html|access-date=2021-08-23|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sunny Leone]] as Tina
*[[Karishma Tanna]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-31|title=Sunny Leone And Karishma Tanna's Upcoming Web Series 'Bullets' Release Has Been Postponed For THIS REASON|url=https://www.filmybyte.com/sunny-leone-and-karishma-tannas-upcoming-web-series-bullets-release-has-been-postponed-for-this-reason/|access-date=2021-08-23|website=FilmyByte|language=en-US}}</ref> as Lolo
*[[Vivek Vaswani]] as Hemant Korade
*[[Deepak Tijori]] as Ketu
*[[Mohan Kapur]]
*[[Sakshi Pradhan]]

==Release==
The official trailer of the web series was launched on 2 January 2021 by [[MX Player]] on [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bullets - An MX Original Series {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/bullets-an-mx-original-series-official-trailer/videoshow/80172457.cms|access-date=2021-08-23|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sreeju Sudhakaran of ''Latesly'' rated the series 1/5 and stated "The most annoying aspect of Bullets is the ridiculous manner in which the show is edited. The scenes are deliberately arranged in a haphazard manner, so that the screenplay may look intelligent, but all the idea does is basically confuse the hell out of you."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-08 |title=Bullets Review: Sunny Leone and Karishma Tanna’s Web-Series Is a ‘Thelma & Louise’ Knock-Off Done Horribly Wrong (LatestLY Exclusive) {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/bullets-review-sunny-leone-and-karishma-tannas-web-series-is-a-thelma-louise-knock-off-done-horribly-wrong-latestly-exclusive-2255269.html |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

Pankaj Shukla from ''[[Amar Ujala]]'' also gave the 1 star out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bullets Review: 39 साल की सनी लियोनी के रिटायरमेंट से पहले के लटके झटके, इस सीरीज से बचके रहना |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/movie-review/bullets-on-mx-player-review-by-pankaj-shukla-sunny-leone-karishma-tanna-deepak-tijori-daniel-weber |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt4887776}}

[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Prabhas Chandra Tiwari

2024-06-16T07:12:08Z

ConnorQkw1159: Adding stub...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1998
| term_end = 1999
| predecessor = [[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]]
| successor = [[Subodh Roy (politician)|Subodh Roy]]
| constituency = [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1941|2|17}}
| birth_place = Kaneri, [[Bhagalpur district]], [[Bihar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Sarojini Naidu Tiwari
| children = 3 sons, 4 daughters
| father = Bulaki Lal Tiwari
| mother =
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (Political science) [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] (Economics) [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| profession = Advocate, Politician
| source = https://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3938.htm
}}

'''Prabhas Chandra Tiwari''' was an Indian politician from [[Bihar]] who represented [[Bhagalpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bhagalpur]] in the [[Lok Sabha]] from 1998 to 1999. However he lost the [[1999 Indian general election|subsequent election]] to Subodhy Roy of [[CPI(M)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ट्रेन में पूर्व सांसद के पत्नी की तबियत बिगड़ी, निधन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-ex-mp-prabhash-chandra-tiwari-s-wife-died-1159703.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Prabhas Chandra}}
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Puttabong Tea Estate

2024-03-13T18:46:45Z

ConnorQkw1159:

{{Short description|Tea garden in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Puttabong Tea Estate
| alt_name = Puttagong (Tukvar) Tea Estate
| photo = 2024-03-13 Puttabong Tea Estate 10.jpg
| photo_width = 250
| photo_caption = Puttabong Tea Estate
| type =
| location = [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nearest_city =
| map =
| coords = {{coord|27.06662|N|88.25831|E||display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|4.37|km2|abbr=on}}
| open = {{Start date|1852}}
| elevation = {{convert|500 to 6500|ft}}
| owner = Jay Shree Tea & Manufacturing Pvt. Ltd.
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status =
| website =
}}
'''Puttabong Tea Estate''' (formerly known as Tukvar Tea Estate) is a [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]] in the [[Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)|Darjeeling Pulbazar]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].

==Etymology==
Puttabong means a house of green leaves.<ref name="jayshree">{{cite web | url = http://jayshreetea.in/tea-gardens/darjeeling/tukvar-puttabong/| title= Tukvar (Puttabong) | publisher= Jay Shree Tea & Industries Ltd. |access-date = 8 March 2020}}</ref>

==History==
Puttabong Tea Estate was the first garden in the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] to be planted by the pioneering British tea planter Dr Campbell in 1852. It is now owned by Jay Shree Tea & Manufacturing Ltd.<ref name="jayshree"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Puttabong Tea Estate - Tukvar Tea Estate - Darjeeling Tea Garden|url=https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/puttabong-tukvar-tea-estate/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=DARJEELING TEA BOUTIQUE|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|27|5|0|N|88|12|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-western portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Darjeeling Pulbazar CD block) in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|27|3|50|N|88|12|25|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Chongtong TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Chongtong Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|27|4|50|N|88|17|58|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Ging TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Ging Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|5|N|88|13|43|E}}| label-pos3=left|label3=Singtam TG| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Singtam Tea Garden]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|6|25|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos4= right|label4=Badamtam TE| numbered4=TE| mark-title4= [[Badamtam Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color4=#87A96B
|mark-coord5={{coord|27|1|25|N|88|15|10|E}}| label-pos5=right |label5=Darjeeling| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Darjeeling]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|27|4|35|N|88|11|30|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Bijanbari| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Bijanbari]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|27|6|35|N|88|6|30|E}}| label-pos7=bottom|label7=Lodhoma| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Lodhoma]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|4|0|N|88|16|34|E}}| label-pos8= right |label8= Puttabong TE | numbered8=TE| mark-title8= Puttabong Tea Estate (TE)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|27|7|35|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Rimbick| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Rimbick]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|2|55|N|88|15|27|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tukvar TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tukvar Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|27|7|10|N|88|18|5|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Singla TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Singla Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|5|25|N|88|13|40|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Soom TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Soom Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos13=left|label13=Rishihat TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Rishihat Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|27|1|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Orange Valley TG| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Orange Valley Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|27|0|10|N|88|6|25|E}}| label-pos15=bottom|label15=Manebhanjyang| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|27|1|50|N|88|5|10|E}}| label-pos16=top|label16=Tonglu| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Tonglu, West Bengal]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|14|47|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Ghum| numbered17=N| mark-title17= [[Ghum, West Bengal]] (N)| shape-color17=#E97451
|mark-coord18={{coord|27|6|30|N|88|0|6|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Sandakphu| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Sandakphu]] (H)| shape-color18=#87410E
|mark-coord19={{coord|27|12|30|N|88|1|30|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19=Phalut| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Phalut]] (H)| shape-color19=#87410E
|mark-coord20={{coord|27|5|35|N|88|2|40|E}}| label-pos20=bottom|label20=Singalila |labela20= National|labelb20= Park| numbered20=NP| mark-title20= [[Singalila National Park]] (NP)| shape-color20=#228B22
|mark-coord21={{coord|27|6|20|N|88|16|3|E}}| label-pos21=left|label21=North Tukvar TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[North Tukvar Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|27|5|40|N|88|16|50|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Phoobsering TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Phoobsering Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|59|45|N|88|16|42|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Tiger Hill| numbered23=H| mark-title23= [[Tiger Hill, Darjeeling]] (H)| shape-color23=#87410E
|mark-coord24={{coord|27|0|40|N|88|13|1|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Rock Garden| numbered24=TA| mark-title24= [[Rock Garden, Darjeeling]] (TA)| shape-color24=#228B22
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|59|20|N|88|15|54|E}}| label-pos25=bottom|label25=Senchal |labela25= Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered25=NP| mark-title25= [[Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color25=#228B22
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|2|29|E}}|label26=Singalila Ridge| label-angle26=-70| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|27|9|20|N|88|10|0|E}}|label27=Rangeet| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=70| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|27|7|1|N|88|12|0|E}}|label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=7| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none
|mark-coord29={{coord|27|7|0|N|88|7|50|E}}|label29= Rammam|labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=15| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title329 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|27|10|57|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7
|arc-coordB={{coord|27|1|0|N|87|59|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=40| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4
}}

Puttabong Tea Estate is one of the largest gardens in Darjeeling, spanning 20 km across. It is spread over an area of {{convert|4.37|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tukvar Puttabong Darjeeling Indian Tea Gardens {{!}} Jay Shree Tea|url=https://jayshreetea.in/tea-gardens/darjeeling/tukvar-puttabong/|access-date=2021-05-20|website=jayshreetea.in}}</ref> Tea cultivation is carried out over an area of {{convert|436.72|ha|abbr=on}} and {{convert|106.57|ha|abbr=on}} are irrigated.<ref name="jayshree"/><ref name="northeast">{{cite web | url =https://www.visitnortheast.com/tukvar-tea-estate.php | title= Tukvar (Puttabong) Tea Estate, Darjeeling | publisher= Visit North East |access-date = 8 March 2020}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Achievements==
Puttabong is the first Darjeeling garden to get ISO 9002:2008 certification in manufacturing, plantation and marketing.<ref name="teabouquet">{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/puttabong-tukvar-tea-estate/ | title= Puttabong (Tukvar) Tea Estate| publisher = Darjeeling Tea Bouquet |access-date = 8 March 2020}}</ref>

It was the first garden to fetch a record price of Rs. 10,001 per kg for its Antique tea.<ref name="teabouquet"/><ref name="jayshree"/>
It produces the finest [[Darjeeling tea]] appreciated by discerning buyers around the world around.<ref name="jayshree"/>

==Jay Shree Tea==
Incorporated in 1945, Jay Shree Tea and Manufacturing Ltd. is the third largest tea producer in the world with 22 tea estates spread across India and East Africa. Other tea estates of Jay Shree Tea in Darjeeling are: [[Rishihat Tea Garden|Rishihat]], [[Sungma Tea Garden|Sungma]], [[North Tukvar Tea Estate|North Tukvar]], [[Singbulli Tea Garden|Singbulli]] and [[Balasun Tea Estate|Balasun]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jayshreetea.in/ | title = About Jay Shree Tea and Industries| publisher = Jay Shree Tea & Industries Ltd. |access-date = 8 March 2020}}</ref>

==Workers==
The garden employs 1,456 employees, who are provided with housing, healthcare and social amenities.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://birlatea.com/puttabong.htm | title = Tukvar (Puttabong) Tea Estate| publisher = Jay Shree Tea & Industries Ltd. |access-date = 8 March 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Puttabong Tea Estate}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Darjeeling}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Tea estates in Darjeeling district]]