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Vishnu Govind

2026-05-08T15:10:52Z

Completegurus: created new article

{{Short description|Indian sound designer, sound editor & re-recording mixer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vishnu Govind
| image = Sound Designer Vishnu Govind at 48th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2017)(cropped).jpg
| caption = Vishnu Govind in 2017
| occupation = {{hlist|Sound designer|sound editor|re-recording mixer}}
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu]]
| yearsactive = 2012 – present
}}
'''Vishnu Govind''' (born 15 January 1986) is an Indian [[re-recording mixer]], [[sound design]]er and [[Sound editor (filmmaking)|sound editor]]. He has worked in over 150 films in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sathyendran |first=Nitha |date=2015-07-02 |title=Sound storytelling |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/premams-soundsmiths-vishnu-govind-and-sree-sankar-are-right-on-track/article7378593.ece |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=68th National Film Awards 2020 |url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_NFA_2020.pdf#page=101 |website=Directorate of Film Festivals, Govt of India}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He won the ''[[National Film Award for Best Audiography]]'' ''(Re-recordist of the final mixed track)'' for the Malayalam film ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=68th National Film Awards: Full list of winners |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/22/68th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners-32953.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=22 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Film Awards give away in grandeur |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/multimedia/photos/national-film-awards-give-away-in-grandeur-aparna-balamurali-biju-menon-nanjiyamma-suriya-ajay-devgn-1.7922229 |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |date=October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Govind is also a recipient of the ''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Design]]'' along with Sree Sankar, for the films ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' (2018) and ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' (2019).<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2020-10-13 |title=50th Kerala State Film Awards: Lijo Jose Pellissery, Suraj Venjaramoodu among winners |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/50th-kerala-state-film-awards-lijo-jose-pellissery-suraj-venjaramoodu-among-winners/article32842034.ece |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
A native of [[Thiruvalla]], Govind attended ''[[St. Berchmans College]]'', Changanassery, graduating in [[Physics]]. While at ''St. Berchmans'', he met future sound designer/editor Sree Sankar with whom he has collaborated on a number of projects. Since they both shared keen interest in music and movies, they became friends and eventually set off to pursue a career in [[Audio engineer|Audio Engineering]].<ref name=":0" />

In 2006, Govind enrolled in the graduate program of [[Film and Television Institute of Tamil nadu (FTIT)|''Film and Television Institute of Tamil Nadu'' (FTIT)]], formerly known as ''Adayar Film Institute'', for [[Audio engineer|Sound Engineering]] & [[Sound recording and reproduction|Sound Recording]]. During his time in college, he encountered and became friends with [[Alphonse Puthren]], [[Karthik Subbaraj]], [[Nalan Kumarasamy]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Bobby Simha]], Rajesh Murgeshan and [[Shabareesh Varma]]; all of these men would go on to be successful [[filmmakers]], [[actor]]s and [[musician]]s.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Govind started his career as an [[Automated dialog replacement|ADR]] recordist in ''[[AVM Studios]]'', [[Chennai]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Vishnu Govind |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6334866/bio |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=IMDb}}</ref> He first worked on [[Alphonse Puthren]]'s [[short film]] ''Neram'' (2012) before quitting the job to focus entirely on films. His [[feature film]] debut came with [[Karthik Subbaraj]]'s Tamil film, ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]'' (2012). The film marked the start of his partnership with Sree Sankar and they went on to establish their studio, ''Sound Factor''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |title=People behind the sound of movies in Kollywood - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/people-behind-the-sound-of-movies-in-kollywood/articleshow/52009981.cms |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Govind and Sankar had created a sound script for ''[[Pizza (2012 film)|Pizza]]''(2012) and used the most advanced audio format for cinema available at the time and incidentally becoming the first South Indian film mixed in ''[[Dolby Surround 7.1|Dolby 7.1 surround sound]]''.<ref name=":0" /> The film was received well by audiences and critics alike.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-10-20 |title=Pizza: Freshly made |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pizza-freshly-made/article4016292.ece |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting Pizza: 25 lesser-known facts about Vijay Sethupathi's trailblazing film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/19/revisiting-pizza-25-lesser-known-facts-about-vijay-sethupathis-trailblazing-film-709.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2012-11-24 |title=Pizza delivered! |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pizza-delivered/article4130103.ece |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> M.Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' noted "While Resul Pookutty's Oscar win in 2009 created an awareness of this community, in Tamil cinema, it was Pizza in 2012, that made people sit up and take notice of sound design."<ref name=":1" /> They were nominated for the ''Mirchi Music Awards for Best Sound Mixing'' that year for designing the [[soundscape]] of the film<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards South 2012 |url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814183517/http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/tamil/nomination.html |archive-date=2014-08-14 |access-date=2023-01-29 }}</ref> and went on to collaborate with Karthik Subbaraj in his two future films - ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' (2014) and ''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016). The former set a landmark by becoming the first [[Cinema of South India|South Indian film]] to be mixed in ''[[Dolby Atmos]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2014-06-28 |title=The not-so-silent movies |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-notsosilent-movies/article6158108.ece |access-date=2023-01-29 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Govind along with Sankar made his Malayalam film debut with ''[[Neram]]''(2013) and went on to work with its director, Alphonse Puthren in ''[[Premam]]'' (2015) and ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' (2022).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=കൃഷ്ണൻ |first=അരുണിമ |date=2022-08-25 |title=വിഷ്ണുവിന്റെ കൈകളിലൂടെ ഒഴുകുന്നു, മലയാള സിനിമയുടെ ശബ്ദം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2022/07/25/chat-with-sound-designer-vishnu-govind.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> Starting in 2017, with [[Soubin Shahir]]'s debut film ''[[Parava (film)|Parava]],'' Govind has also served as the re-recording mixer for a number of films''.'' The duo won two consecutive ''Behindwoods Gold Medal for Best Sound'' for ''[[Irudhi Suttru|Iruthi Suttru]]''(2016) and ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Aval]]''(2017). Both these Tamil films were remade in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] as ''Saala Khadoos'' (2016) and ''House Next Door'' (2017) respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Behindwoods Gold Medals 2017 - Tamil Film Awards for best movies, artists and technicians |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2017/gold-medals-winners/index-test.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-17 |title=Winners list of Behindwoods Gold Medal Awards 2018 |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/winners-list-of-behindwoods-gold-medal-awards-2018.html |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> He won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Design]] for the films ''[[Unda (film)|Unda]]'' (2018) and ''[[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]'' (2019), which he shared with Sankar.<ref name=":2" />

In 2020, he teamed up with [[Mahesh Narayanan]] for his films ''[[C U Soon]]'' and ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]].'' Having previously collaborated with Narayanan in ''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]](2017)'' as its sound designer, Govind handled the design, editing and mixing of sound for ''Malik.'' The film's theatrical release was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and eventually got released on ''Amazon Prime Video'' in 2021. It received mostly positive responses from the critics. ''Behindwoods'' wrote: "The sound design was fabulous. The presence of deep bass at the time of actions and the perfect balance of ambience sound with the dialogues that carried an intensity made the scenes much more effective".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=Malik (aka) Maalik review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/malayalam-movies/malik/malik-review.html |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The film earned him his first [[National Film Award for Best Audiography]] (Re-recordist of the final mixed track). The jury appreciated him for "creating a life like ambience through a dextrous audio scope."<ref>{{Citation |title=National Film Award for Best Audiography |date=2023-02-01 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Film_Award_for_Best_Audiography&oldid=1136798535 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref>

Govind worked with [[A. R. Rahman|A.R Rahman]] for the film ''[[Malayankunju]]'' (2022), which marked Rahman's return to [[Malayalam cinema]] as a composer, after a hiatus of 28 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2022-07-20 |title='Malayankunju' must be the toughest project in the career of each person who worked in it, says director Sajimon |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sajimon-directorial-debut-malayankunju-written-by-mahesh-narayanan-starring-fahadh-faasil-music-a-r-rahman/article65657247.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sajimon Prabhakar, director of the film said, "It was not an easy project for the sound designers. We don't know what are the sounds that one can hear under the ground. They had no references as well."<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Suhasini |first=Lalitha |date=2022-08-05 |title=Does Fahadh Faasil's 'Malayankunju' mark a new chapter in Indian cinema with its brilliant sound design? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/does-fahadh-faasils-malayankunjumark-a-new-chapter-in-indian-cinema-with-its-brilliant-sound-design/article65715214.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Govind used ''[[Dolby Atmos]]'', an immersive sound format, to mix the sound in the film. Following its release, the reception was generally positive with the film receiving praises for its scope, ambition and technical aspects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Vinod |date=2022-07-23 |title=Malayankunju Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/malayankunju/movie-review/93076434.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2022-07-22 |title='Malayankunju' movie review: A superb Fahadh Faasil stars in layered narrative about what it takes to survive |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayankunju-movie-review-a-superb-fahadh-faasil-stars-in-layered-narrative-about-what-it-takes-to-survive/article65670715.ece |access-date=2023-02-01 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Lalitha Suhasini, former editor of ''[[Rolling Stone India]]'' wrote "The movie's soundscape brings to mind Danny Boyle's 2010 film ''[[127 Hours]]'', both incidentally scored by A.R. Rahman. Govind makes us feel stuck with Anikuttan by creating a brilliantly lulling silence in the film."<ref name=":4" />  Nirmal Jovial of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' wrote "''Malayankunju'' is a film that deserves a theatrical watch. The kind of experience it offers on a small screen will not be comparable to that on the big screen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jovial |first=Nirmal |date=2022-07-22 |title='Malayankunju' review: Much more than a survival drama |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2022/07/22/malayankunju-review-much-more-than-survival-drama.html |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2020, he has worked on the sound and mixing of numerous films, notably ''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]'' (2020), ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]'' (2020), ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020), ''[[Operation Java]]'' (2021), ''[[Kaanekkaane]]'' (2021), ''[[Mahaveeryar]]'' (2022), and [[Thallumaala|''Thallumala'']] (2022).<ref name=":3" />

In 2023, Govind worked on the design and mixing of sound for the film [[2018 (film)|2018]], The film received generally positive reviews and became the highest grossing Malayalam film of all time at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=2018 worldwide closing box office collections; Biggest Malayalam film of all time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/2018-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-biggest-malayalam-film-of-all-time-1226013 |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Vijayalakshmi Narayanan of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' wrote "Akhil George's cinematography, coupled with Mohandas' production design and Vishnu Govind's sound, creates the sense of urgency and palpable tension, that will leave your heart pounding in instances, more than once."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Vijayalakshmi |title=2018: Everyone Is A Hero Movie Review: Drop everything else and watch the best Indian film of 2023, by far |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/2018-everyone-is-a-hero-movie-review-drop-everything-else-and-watch-the-best-indian-film-of-2023-by-far |access-date=2023-12-12 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Govind handled the sound design and mixing for [[Aavesham (2024 film)|''Aavesham'']], which emerged as one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time, and [[Rifle Club (film)|''Rifle Club'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-04 |title=Prithviraj and Mohanlal’s L2: Empuraan becomes 3rd highest-grossing Malayalam film in India, beating Fahadh Fasil’s Aavesham’ and Prithviraj’s The Goat Life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/prithviraj-and-mohanlals-l2-empuraan-becomes-3rd-highest-grossing-malayalam-film-in-india-beating-fahadh-fasils-aavesham-and-prithvirajs-the-goat-life/articleshow/119966339.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2025, Govind worked on ''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]''. Vignesh Madhu of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Vishnu Govind's atmospheric sound design also plays a significant part in holding our interest in this world." The review further observed how ambient details such as “faint sounds of doves cooing, glasses clinking, or a boiling curry in the background” enriched the film's toddy shop setting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=2025-01-17 |title='Pravinkoodu Shappu' movie review: Uneven proportions of thrills and dark humour limit the film’s potential |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/17/pravinkoodu-shappu-movie-review-uneven-proportions-of-thrills-and-dark-humour-limit-the-films-potential |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Among other works that year, Govind's audiography in ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' was described as "top-notch" by Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2025-04-10 |title=Alappuzha Gymkhana movie review: Naslen and Khalid Rahman deliver a new kind of sports film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/alappuzha-gymkhana-review-naslen-khalid-rahman-deliver-a-new-kind-of-sports-film-9937004/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Later that year, he also praised his work for ''[[Thudarum]]'' "as equally brilliant" alongside [[Jakes Bejoy]]'s songs and background score.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2025-04-25 |title=Thudarum movie review: Mohanlal, Tharun Moorthy deliver a nearly flawless revenge thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thudarum-movie-review-mohanlal-delivers-a-nearly-flawless-revenge-thriller-9964517/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> ''Thudarum'' emerged as one of the highest-grossing Malayalam films of all tiime and was regarded by critics as a return to form for [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=2025-10-22 |title='Thudarum' to Lokah' and 'Empuraan': Why Malayalam Cinema Has Been 2025's Big Winner So Far |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/thudarum-to-lokah-and-empuraan-why-malayalam-cinema-has-been-2025s-big-winner-so-far |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=2025-04-25 |title=‘Thudarum’ movie review: Mohanlal in top form in a fine film, with minor flaws |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thudarum-moview-review-mohanlal-shobana-malayalam-cinema-tharun-moorthy/article69490633.ece |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Govind also worked on the mystery crime thriller [[Eko (film)|''Eko'']], which received positive responses from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=Eko OTT release update: When and where to watch superhit Malayalam mystery thriller? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/eko-ott-release-update-when-and-where-to-watch-superhit-malayalam-mystery-thriller/articleshow/126321877.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com&from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Jijo Alex of ''[[The Times of India]]'' described his contribution to the film as “world class sound design”, while Aswin Bharadwaj of ''Lensmen Reviews'' observed that Govind's "immersive sound design plays a key role" in transporting viewers into the film's world, particularly through the enhancement of environmental sound elements and animal growls.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alex |first=Jijo |date=2025-12-12 |title=How ‘Eko’ proves the script is king again; Animal Trilogy concludes on a high |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/how-eko-proves-the-script-is-king-again-animal-trilogy-concludes-on-a-high/articleshow/125632601.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

== Selected filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
!scope="col" | Year
!scope="col" | Title
!scope="col" | Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2012
|[[Pizza (2012 film)|''Pizza'']]
|Tamil
|Nominated for Mirchi Music Award: Best Sound Mixing
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013
|''[[Neram]]''
|Malayalam, Tamil & Telugu
|
|-
|''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|2014
|[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|''Jigarthanda'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Premam]]''
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|''Charlie'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2016
|[[Irudhi Suttru|''Iruthi Suttru / Saala Khadoos'']]
|Tamil & Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Action Hero Biju]]''
|Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Jil Jung Juk]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Iraivi]]''
|Tamil
|
|-
|''[[Oppam]]''
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|[[Parava (film)|''Parava'']]
|
|-
|[[Take Off (2017 film)|''Take off'']]
|
|-
|[[Solo (2017 film)|''Solo'']]
|Malayalam & Tamil
|
|-
|[[Aval (2017 film)|''Aval / House Next Door'']]
|Tamil & Hindi
|
|-
|2018
|[[Agnyaathavaasi|''Agnyaathavasi'']]
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|[[Valmiki (2019 film)|''Valmiki'']]
|
|-
|''[[Uyare]]''
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[Porinju Mariam Jose|''Porinju Mariyam Jose'']]
|
|-
|[[Unda (film)|'''''Unda''''']]
| rowspan="2" |Malayalam
| rowspan="2" |'''Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Design'''
|-
|[[Ishq (2019 film)|'''''Ishq''''']]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2020
|[[Soorarai Pottru|'''''Soorarai Portru''''']]
|Tamil
|'''Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Sound Design'''
|-
|''[[Anjaam Pathiraa]]''
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]''
|
|-
|''[[C U Soon]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Malik (film)|'''''Malik''''']]
| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
|'''National Film Award for Best Audiography'''
|-
|[[Kaanekkaane|''Kaanekkane'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|'''''[[Malayankunju]]'''''
|'''Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Sound Recording'''
|-
|''[[Paappan]]''
| rowspan="6" |Malayalam
|
|-
|''[[Mahaveeryar]]''
|
|-
|[[Thallumaala|''Thallumala'']]
|
|-
|[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|''Gold'']]
|
|-
|''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ariyippu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan=5 |2023
|[[Neelavelicham (film)|''Neelavelicham'']]
| rowspan="5" |Malayalam
|
|-
|[[2018 (film)|''2018'']]
|
|-
|[[Neymar (film)|''Neymar'']]
|
|-
|[[Nalla Nilavulla Rathri|''Nalla Nilavulla Ratri'']]
|
|-
|[[Antony (2023 film)|''Antony'']]
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2024 || [[Aavesham (2024 film)|''Aavesham'']]
| rowspan="5" |Malayalam||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Aavesham' first song out. Sreenath Bhasi, Sushin Shyam's magic works again |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2024/02/28/aavesham-first-song-sreenath-bhasi-sushin-shyam-music.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|[[Golam (2024 film)|''Golam'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Golam' Breaks New Ground with Cutting-Edge AR Marketing Ahead of June 07 Release |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/golam-breaks-new-ground-with-cutting-edge-ar-marketing-ahead-of-june-07-release20240606155639/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Adios Amigo (2024 film)|''Adios Amigo'']]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-10 |title=Asif Ali and Suraj Venjaramoodu team up for 'Adios Amigo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/asif-ali-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-team-up-for-adios-amigo/articleshow/109183715.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sookshmadarshini|''Sookshma Darshini'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=Nazriya Nazim's comeback flick 'Sookshma Darshini' latest location video goes viral |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/nazriya-nazim-s-comeback-flick-sookshma-darshini-latest-location-video-goes-viral-1.9635037 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rifle Club (film)|''Rifle Club'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-19 |title=It's wrap for Aashiq Abu's Rifle Club |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/19/its-wrap-for-aashiq-abus-rifle-club |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2025 || ''[[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]'' || rowspan="14" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/pravinkoodu-shappu/crew/ |title=Pravinkoodu Shappu |language=en |access-date=2024-09-23 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Alappuzha Gymkhana' review: Netizens hail the Naslen-starrer sports comedy as top notch |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/alappuzha-gymkhana-movie-review-2a63488c |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=english.mathrubhumi.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Painkili]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Sajin-Anaswara starring 'Painkili' released; Movie to hit screens on February 14 |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-movie-painkili-trailer-710fb2b7 |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=@mathrubhumi |date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maranamass]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/maranamass/crew/ |title=Maranamass |language=en |access-date=2024-09-23 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thudarum]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Online |date=2025-05-05 |title=Pirated copy of 'Thudarum' screened on tourist bus, producer to take legal action |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/May/05/pirated-copy-of-thudarum-screened-on-tourist-bus-producer-to-take-legal-action |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Balti (film)|''Balti'']]
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
| ''[[The Pet Detective]]'' ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-pet-detective/crew/ |title=The Pet Detective |language=en |access-date=2024-09-23 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Eko (film)|''Eko'']]
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Bharadwaj |first=Aswin |date=2025-11-30 |title=Eko Review {{!}} A Modern-Day Masterclass in Building Intrigue |url=https://lensmenreviews.com/eko-malayalam-movie-review-2025/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Lensmen Reviews |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
|''[[Sambhavam Adhyayam Onnu]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2026-03-07 |title=Sambhavam Adhyayam Onnu Movie Review: A derivative yet mostly effective time-loop thriller |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2026/Mar/07/malayalamreview2026mar06sambhavam-adhyayam-onnu-movie-review-a-derivative-yet-mostly-effective-time-loop-thriller |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Patriot (film)|''Patriot'']]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Mohanlal and Mammootty reunite: Teaser launch for Mahesh Narayanan’s movie tomorrow |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/mohanlal-mammootty-new-film-teaser-sa277r7n |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Mollywood Times}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-03 |title=‘Mollywood Times’ first look out: Naslen’s film is not for ‘Those who believe in the myth of a beautiful life’ |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mollywood-times-first-look-out-naslens-film-is-not-for-those-who-believe-in-the-myth-of-a-beautiful-life/articleshow/126315759.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Thudakkam}}
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Athimanoharam}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2026-04-15 |title=‘Athimanoharam’: Mohanlal-Tharun Moorthy film gets title; first look out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/athimanoharam-mohanlal-tharun-moorthy-film-gets-title-first-look-out/article70864118.ece |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Mattanchery Mafia}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-03-20 |title=Mammootty, Asif Ali and Naslen to lead Khalid Rahman's Mattancherry Mafia |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Mar/20/mammootty-asif-ali-and-naslen-to-lead-khalid-rahmans-mattancherry-mafia |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{Pending films key}}
== Awards ==
* 2019: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Sound Recordist|Kerala State Film Awards for Best Sound Design]] along with Sree Sankar for [[Unda (film)|Unda]] & [[Ishq (2019 film)|Ishq]]
* 2020: [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|National Film Awards for Best Audiography]](Re-recordist of the final mixed track) for [[Malik (film)|Malik]]
* 2020: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer|Tamil Nadu State Film Awards for Best Audiography]] along with Sree Sankar for [[Soorarai Pottru|''Soorarai Portru'']]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Malayalis shine at Tamil Nadu Film Awards; five actresses win Best Actress award |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1690592&u=malayalis-shine-at-tamil-nadu-film-awards-five-actresses-win-best-actress-award |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref>
* 2022: [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 2022|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] for the Best Sound Recording for [[Malayankunju]]
* 2024: Indian Recording Arts Academy (IRAA) Award for Best Sound Mixing (Film or Web Release) - Regional for [[Neelavelicham (film)|Neelavelicham]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAA AWARDS |url=https://iraa.in/Winner.aspx |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=iraa.in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=6334866|name = Vishnu Govind }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govind, Vishnu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Re-recording mixers]]
[[Category:Indian sound designers]]
[[Category:Indian sound editors]]
[[Category:Best Audiography National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian audio engineers]]
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Film people from Kerala]]

Seemant Institute of Technology

2026-05-05T07:14:01Z

Completegurus: created details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{inline|date=May 2026}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute
| native_name = नन्ही परी सीमांत अभियंत्रिकी संस्थान
| former_name = Seemant Institute of Technology
| motto = शिक्षार्थ आइये : सेवार्थ जाइये
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| established = {{start date and age|2011}}
| director =
| city = [[Pithoragarh]]
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| image_name = SIT_Pithoragarh.png
| undergrad = 300 (annual intake)
| campus = Govt. building near G.I.C. Pithoragarh (temporary), '''Madh, Madh Dhura, Pattizivi, Pithoragarh(Permanent)'''
| affiliations = [[Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University]], [[AICTE]]
| mascot =
| free_label = Acronym
| free = NPSEI
| website = [http://www.sitp.ac.in/ www.sitp.ac.in]
}}
[[File:SITpth.jpg|thumb|Seemant Institute of Technology (Formal Name)]]
[[File:Temporary campus of SIT pithoaragarh.jpg|thumb|right|Nanhi Pari Institute's temporary campus near PG College Pithoragarh]]

'''Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute''' ('''NPSEI''') is an engineering college in [[Pithoragarh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]] is one of the government engineering colleges of Uttarakhand. It was established in 2011, as a constituent institute of [[Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University]]. The college established by the Government of Uttarakhand and Uttarakhand Technical University has been reconstituted as a Campus Institute of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University Dehradun with effect from 9 May 2023.

Nanhi Pari Seemant Institute of Technology, Pithoragarh (formerly known as '''Seemant Institute of Technology''') is a campus institute of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun and is approved by '''UGC''' & '''AICTE'''. The institute runs five undergraduate programs in engineering. Construction work of the NPSIT campus is on its full swing. The institute provides its academic facilities to engineering students in its temporary campuses at GIC Pithoragarh government building.

== Admissions ==
*Eligibility: 10+2 with 45% in Physics, Maths & Chemistry/Computer Science
* Duration: four years comprising eight semesters, full-time regular engineering degree.
*Admission procedure: Seats are filled through 12th class merit merit based counseling conducted by the institute. Out of total seats, 90% are for Uttarakhand domiciles and 10% for All India students.

==Student life==
===Athletics===
Sports facilities include the volleyball court, cricket ground of the government school near by. Badminton court on outdoor ground.

===Placements===
Few companies come for placement due to its remote location. For placements, students usually travel to other institutes for pool placements.

== Racing Teams ==

=== Sparks Racers Formula Student ===
Team '''SPARK Racers''' is a group of engineering students in Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute Pithoragarh Uttarakhand under department of Electrical Engineering seeking out to build a Formula Three Race Car for the Formula Bharat, Formula Green & Formula Student competition.

=== [https://sankalpracers.github.io/index.html Team Sankalp Racing] ===
Team '''[https://sankalpracers.github.io/index.html Sankalp Racing]''' is a team of Mechanical Department for building '''Go-Cart, Quad Bike''' for Racing. SANKALP is the Racing team of SAE INDIA Nanhi Pari Institute Pithoragarh collegiate club. The team will participate in Mahindra Baja, Maruti Suzuki Supra & Efficycle.

==Research==
Research activities are conducted at either the department level or under the central office of Sponsored Research and Industrial Consultancy (SRIC).

== Undergraduate courses (B.Tech) ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Stream !! No of seats
|-
|[[Computer Science & Engineering]]|| 180
||
|-
|[[Electronics & Communication Engineering]]|| 60 ||
|-
|[[Mechanical Engineering]]|| 60 ||
|-
|[[Civil Engineering]]|| 60 ||
|-
|[[Electrical Engineering]]|| 60 ||
|-

|}

== External links ==
* [https://sitp.ac.in/ Homepage of Nanhi Pari Seemant Engineering Institute]
* [https://uktech.ac.in/en Homepage of Veer Madho Singh Bhandari Uttarakhand Technical University]
* [https://pgiedu.in/ Best College in Pithoragarh]
{{Coord|22.170968|86.60781|type:edu|display=title}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Uttarakhand]]

List of urban local bodies in Gujarat

2026-05-04T04:00:42Z

Completegurus: creating post

{{Short description|none}}

The following is the '''list of urban local bodies in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]'''. In India, there are various types of urban local bodies such as Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area Committee, Town Area Committee, Special Purpose Agency, Township, Port Trust, Cantonment Board etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile - Local Government - Know India: National Portal of India |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/profile/local-government.php |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=knowindia.india.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban bodies |url=http://cag.gov.in/uploads/old_reports/local_bodies/Issued_State_Govt/Orissa/2005_2006/ulb_chap_1.pdf |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Comptroller and Auditor General of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) {{!}} Directorate of Municipal Administration {{!}} Government Of Assam, India |url=https://dma.assam.gov.in/portlets/urban-local-bodies-ulbs |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=dma.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

# Municipal Corporations - 17
# Municipalities - 149
# Nagar Panchayat -16

== Urban local governance ==
Gujarat is the fifth most urbanized state in [[India]], with 43.9% of its population living in urban areas as of the 2011 census, which is higher than the national average of 31.16%. The urban population in Gujarat has been growing rapidly and was estimated to be around 23 million in 2020. Gujarat has 247 Statutory Towns and 118 Census Towns, according to the 2011 census.

Gujarat has several rapidly growing urban centers, including Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Rajkot, and Gandhinagar. Ahmedabad, the largest city in the state, is a major industrial and commercial hub, and home to several prestigious educational institutions. Surat is known for its diamond industry and is a major center for textile manufacturing, while Vadodara is a hub for the petrochemical industry. Rajkot is known for its engineering and auto parts industries, while Gandhinagar, the state capital, is a planned city that houses the administrative headquarters of the state government.

=== Municipal acts ===
There are three municipal acts in effect in Gujarat:
{| class="wikitable"
!Name of Act
!Area of Effect
|-
|Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, 1949
|All Municipal Corporations in Gujarat
|-
|Gujarat Municipalities Act, 1963
|All Municipalities in Gujarat
|-
|Gujarat Panchayats Act, 1993
|All Gram Panchayats and Taluka Panchayats in Gujarat
|}
Section 3 of Gujarat Provincial Municipal Corporations Act, and Section 3 of Gujarat Municipalities Act, 1963 created the following categories of urban areas based on their population.
{| class="wikitable"
!Type
!Population criterion
!Type of Local Body
|-
|City
|More than 1,00,000
|Municipal Corporation
|-
|Municipality
|20,000 or more, but less than 1,00,000
|Municipality
|-
|Notified Area
|Less than 20,000
|Notified Area Committee
|}
Furthermore, depending on the population size, the Acts prescribe the minimum and maximum number of councillors/wards allowed within each type of local government.
{| class="wikitable"
|+Minimum and maximum numbers of councillors allowed in municipalities in Gujarat
|-
!Population!!Minimum!!Maximum
|-
!colspan=3|Municipal Corporations
|-
|Above 40 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 20 lakhs but not more than 40 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 10 lakhs but not more than 20 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 5 lakhs but not more than 10 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 3 lakhs but not more than 5 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 2 lakhs but not more than 3 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 1 lakh but not more than 2 lakhs||||
|-
|Above 50,000 but not more than 1 lakh||||
|-
|Above 25,000 but not more than 50,000||||
|-
!colspan=3|Municipalities
|-
|50,000 or more||||
|-
|25,000 or more but less than 50,000||||
|-
|Less than 25,000||||
|}

==Municipal Corporations ==
<div style="float:right;font-size:small;border:solid 1pt lightgray;margin:5pt;padding:5pt;">
; Organizational structure of the AMC :
{{Tree list}}
* State Government
** Municipal Corporation
*** Commishiner
**** D.Y.N.C.s
**** Asst. M.C.
****other Officers
*** Mayor
**** Secretary
**** Chief Auditor
**** Transport Officer
**** V.S. Hospital Boards
***** Superindendant V.S. Hospital
**** School Board Committee
***** M.J. Library Board
****** Grandhpal
{{Tree list/end}}
</div>

{{See also|Municipal corporation}}
There are 17 Corporations in Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Integrated Government Online Directory |url=https://goidirectory.gov.in/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=goidirectory.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> During the Budget session of 2024-25 the State's Finance Minister announced 9 new Municipal Corporations in the state. The status of Municipal Corporation has been granted by the Government of Gujarat from 1 January 2025.
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!Sr. no.
!Corporation Name
!City
!District
!Area (km2)
!Population (2011)
!Year of establishment
!No. of wards
!No. of seats
!Last Election
!colspan="2" |Ruling Party
! Mayor
!Website
|-
!1
|[[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| 505
|82,53,084
|1950
|48
|192
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Pratibhaben Rakeshkumar Jain]]
|[http://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/]
|-
!2
|Karamsad Anand Municipal Corporation
|[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|[[Anand district|Anand]]
|85.67
|4,18,840
|2025
|13
|52
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!3
|[[Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Bhavnagar]]
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|108.27
|7,71,365
|1962
|13
|52
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kirtiben Dhanidhariya
|[https://bmcgujarat.com/]
|-
!4
|Gandhidham Municipal Corporation
|[[Gandhidham]]
|[[Kutch]]
|63.49
|3,23,000
|2025
|13
|52
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!5
|[[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Gandhinagar]]
|[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|326
|4,10,618
|2010
|11
|44
|2021
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Hitesh Makwana
|[http://gandhinagarmunicipal.com/]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
!6
|[[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Jamnagar]]
|[[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]]
|125.67
|6,82,302
|1981
|16
|64
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Vinodbhai Khimsuriya
|[http://www.mcjamnagar.com/]
|-
!7
|[[Junagadh Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Junagadh]]
|[[Junagadh district|Junagadh]]
|160
|4,15,838
|2002
|15
|60
|2025
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dharmesh Poshiya
|[http://www.junagadhmunicipal.org/]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
!8
|[[Mehsana Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Mehsana]]
|[[Mehsana district|Mehsana]]
|120
|3,20,000
|2025
|11
|44
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!9
|Morbi Municipal Corporation
|[[Morbi]]
|[[Morbi district|Morbi]]
|46.58
|3,27,000
|2025
|13
|52
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!10
|Nadiad Municipal Corporation
|[[Nadiad]]
|[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|78.55
|4,08,000
|2025
|13
|52
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!11
|Navsari Municipal Corporation
|[[Navsari]]
|[[Navsari district|Navsari]]
|43.71
|3,67,002
|2025
|11
|44
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!12
|Porbandar–Chhaya Municipal Corporation
|[[Porbandar]]–[[Chhaya, India|Chhaya]]
|[[Porbandar district|Porbandar]]
|38.43
|2,82,000
|2025
|13
|52
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!13
|[[Rajkot Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Rajkot]]
|[[Rajkot district|Rajkot]]
|163.21
|19,34,975
|1973
|18
|72
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Anand Patel
|[http://www.rmc.gov.in/]
|-
!14
|[[Surat Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Surat]]
|[[Surat district|Surat]]
| 462.14
|74,90,598
|1966
|30
|120
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Daxesh Kishorbhai Mavani
|[http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/]
|-
!15
|Surendranagar Municipal Corporation
|[[Surendranagar Dudhrej|Surendranagar]]
|[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|58.60
|3,29,005
|2025
|11
|44
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|-
!16
|[[Vadodara Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vadodara]]
|[[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
|220.33
|16,70,806
|1950
|19
|76
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Pinkyben Nirajbhai Soni
|[https://vmc.gov.in/]
|-
!17
|[[Vapi Municipal Corporation]]
|[[Vapi]]
|[[Valsad district|Valsad]]
|72
|4,50,000
|2025
|11
|44
|2026
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|
|}

==Municipalities==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!District
!#
!Municipality Name
!Class
!Zone
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="6" |[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|1
|Dholka
|B
| rowspan="23" |Ahmedabad
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|2
|Viramgam
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|3
|Bavla
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|4
|Dhandhuka
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|5
|Sanand
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|6
|Bareja
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="3" |[[Botad District|Botad]]
|7
|Botad
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|8
|Gadhada
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|9
|Barwala
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="9" |[[Kheda district|Kheda]]
|10
|Kapadvanj
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|11
|Kheda
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|12
|Mehmedabad
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|13
|Chaklasi
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|14
|Dakor
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|15
|Kathlal
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|16
|Mahudha
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|17
|Thasra
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|18
|Kanjari
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="5" |[[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
|19
|Dhrangadhara
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|20
|Limbdi
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|21
|Thangadh
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|22
|Chotila
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|23
|Patadi
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="6" |[[Bhavnagar District|Bhavnagar]]
|24
|Mahuva
|B
| rowspan="27" |Bhavnagar
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|25
|Palitana
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|26
|Shihor
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|27
|Gariadhar
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|28
|Talaja
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|29
|Vallabhipur
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="9" |[[Amreli District|Amreli]]
|30
|Amreli
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|31
|Savarkundla
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|32
|Babra
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|33
|Bagasara
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|34
|Jafrabad
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|35
|Rajula
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|36
|Lathi
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|37
|Chalala
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|38
|Damnagar
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="5" |[[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]]
|39
|[[Veraval Municipal Council|Veraval]]
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|40
|Una
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|41
|Kodinar
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|42
|Sutrapada
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|43
|Talala
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="7" |[[Junagadh District|Junagadh]]
|44
|Keshod
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|45
|Mangrol
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|46
|Manavadar
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|47
|Vanthali
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|48
|Visavadar
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|49
|Bantwa
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|50
|Chorwad
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="3" |[[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]]
|51
|Kalol
|A
| rowspan="29" |Gandhinagar
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|52
|Dahegam
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|53
|Mansa
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="2" |[[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
|54
|Modasa
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|55
|Bayad
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="2" |[[Banaskantha District|Banaskantha]]
|56
|Palanpur
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|57
|Deesa
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="7" |[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
|58
|Kadi
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|59
|Unjha
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|60
|Vadnagar
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|61
|Visnagar
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|62
|Vijapur
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|63
|Kheralu
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|64
|Becharaji
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="5" |[[Patan district|Patan]]
|65
|Patan
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|66
|Siddhpur
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|67
|Radhanpur
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|68
|Chanasma
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|69
|Harij
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="6" |[[Sabarkantha District|Sabarkantha]]
|70
|Himmatnagar
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|71
|Idar
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|72
|Khedbrahma
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|73
|Prantij
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|74
|Talod
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|75
|Vadali
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
|76
|Tharad
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|77
|Dhanera
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|78
|Bhabhar
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|79
|Thara
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="6" |[[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
|80
|Gondal
|A
| rowspan="29" |Rajkot
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|81
|Jetpur
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|82
|Dhoraji
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|83
|Upleta
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|84
|Jasdan
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|85
|Bhayavadar
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="6" |[[Devbhoomi Dwarka District|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
|86
|Okha
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|87
|Khambhaliya
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|88
|Dwarka
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|89
|Salaya
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|90
|Bhanvad
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|91
|Jamraval
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Jamnagar District|Jamnagar]]
|92
|Dhrol
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|93
|Jamjodhpur
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|94
|Kalavad
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|95
|Sikka
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="7" |[[Kutch District|Kachchh]]
|96
|Bhuj
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|97
|Anjar
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|98
|Mandvi
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|99
|Bhachau
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|100
|Nakhatrana
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|101
|Rapar
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|102
|Mundra-Baroi
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Morbi District|Morbi]]
|103
|Halvad
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|104
|Wankaner
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|105
|Maliya-Miyana
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|106
|Tankara
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="2" |[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
|107
|Ranavav
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|108
|Kutiyana
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Surat District|Surat]]
|109
|Bardoli
|B
| rowspan="17" |Surat
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|110
|Kadodara
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|111
|Tarsadi
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|112
|Mandvi
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharuch District|Bharuch]]
|113
|Bharuch
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|114
|Ankleswar
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|115
|Jambusar
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|116
|Amod
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Narmada District|Narmada]]
|117
|Rajpipla
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="2" |[[Navsari District|Navsari]]
|118
|Bilimora
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|119
|Gandevi
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="2" |[[Tapi District|Tapi]]
|120
|Vyara
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|121
|Songadh
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Valsad District|Valsad]]
|122
|Valsad
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|123
|Pardi
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|124
|Umargam
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|125
|Dharampur
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="5" |[[Vadodara District|Vadodara]]
|126
|Dabhoi
|B
| rowspan="26" |Vadodara
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|127
|Karjan
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|128
|Padra
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|129
|Savli
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|130
|Waghodiya
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="10" |[[Anand District|Anand]]
|131
|Borsad
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|132
|Khambhat
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|133
|Petlad
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|134
|Umreth
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|135
|Karamsad
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|136
|Anklav
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|137
|Sojitra
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|138
|Boriavi
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|139
|Oad
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|140
|Vallabh Vidyanagar
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Chhota Udaipur District|Chhota Udaipur]]
|141
|Chhota Udaipur
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="3" |[[Dahod District|Dahod]]
|142
|Dahod
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|143
|Jhalod
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|144
|Devgadh Baria
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="3" |[[Mahisagar District|Mahisagar]]
|145
|Lunawada
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|146
|Balasinor
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|147
|Santrampur
|D
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
| rowspan="4" |[[Panchmahal District|Panchmahal]]
|148
|Godhra
|A
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|149
|Halol
|B
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|150
|Kalol
|C
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|151
|Shehera
|D
|}

==District wise overview ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|- bgcolor="#99ccff"
|rowspan=2|District
|rowspan=2|Municipal Corporation
|Colspan=4|Municipality
|-bgcolor="#99ccff"
| A
| B
| C
| D
|-bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
|
* [[Amdavad Municipal Corporation|Ahmedabad]]
| -
|[[Dholka]], [[Viramgam]]
|[[Bavla]], [[Dhandhuka]], [[Sanand]]
|[[Bareja (village)| Bareja]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Amreli District|Amreli]]
| -
|[[Amreli]]
|[[Savarkundla]]
|[[Babra, Gujarat|Babra]], [[Bagasara]], [[Jafrabad]], [[Rajula]]
|[[Damnagar]], [[Chalala]], [[Lathi, Gujarat|Lathi]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Anand District|Anand]]
|
*[[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
| -
|[[Borsad]], [[Khambhat]], [[Petlad]]
|[[Karamsad]], [[Umreth]]
|[[Anklav]], [[Boriavi]], [[Ode, Gujarat|Ode]], [[Sojitra]], [[Vallabh Vidyanagar]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Aravalli District|Aravalli]]
| -
|[[Modasa]]
| -
| -
|[[Bayad, Gujarat| Bayad]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Banaskantha]]
| -
|[[Palanpur]], [[Deesa]]
| -
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Bharuch District|Bharuch]]
| -
|[[Bharuch]]
|[[Ankleshwar]]
|[[Jambusar]]
|[[Amod, Gujarat| Amod]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Bhavnagar district|Bhavnagar]]
|
* [[Bhavnagar]]
| -
|[[Mahuva, Bhavnagar|Mahuva]], [[Palitana]], [[Shihor]]
|[[Gariadhar]], [[Talaja, Bhavnagar|Talaja]]
|[[Vallabhipur]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Botad District|Botad]]
| -
|[[Botad]]
| -
|[[Gadhda]]
|[[Barvala, Botad district|Barwala]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Chhota Udaipur district|Chhota Udaipur]]
| -
|[[Chhota Udaipur]]
| -
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Dahod District|Dahod]]
| -
|[[Dahod]]
| -
|[[Jhalod]]
|[[Devgadh Baria]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Dang district, India|Dang]]
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka District|Devbhoomi Dwarka]]
| -
| -
|[[Okha, India|Okha]]
|[[Dwarka]], [[Khambhaliya]], [[Salaya]]
|[[Bhanvad]], [[Jam Raval]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Gandhinagar District|Gandhinagar]]
|
* [[Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation|Gandhinagar]]
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar|Kalol]]
| -
|[[Dahegam]], [[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa]]
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Gir Somnath District|Gir Somnath]]
| -
|[[Veraval Municipal Council|Veraval]]
|[[Una, Gujarat|Una]]
|[[Kodinar]], [[Sutrapada]]
|[[Talala, Gujarat|Talala]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Jamnagar District|Jamnagar]]
|
* [[Jamnagar Municipal Corporation|Jamnagar]]
| -
| -
|[[Dhrol]], [[Jamjodhpur]], [[Kalavad]], [[Sikka, India|Sikka]]
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Junagadh district|Junagarh]]
|
* [[Junagadh Municipal Corporation|Junagadh]]
| -
|[[Keshod]], [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]]
|[[Manavadar]]
|[[Bantwa]], [[Chorvad]], [[Vanthali]], [[Visavadar]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Kutch District|Kutch]]
|
* [[Gandhidham]]
|[[Bhuj]]
|[[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]], [[Mandvi]]
|[[Bhachau]], [[Nakhatrana]], [[Rapar]]
|[[Mundra|Mundra-Baroi]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Kheda District|Kheda]]
|
* [[Nadiad]]
| -
| -
|[[Chaklasi]], [[Dakor]], [[Kapadvanj]], [[Kheda]], [[Mehmedabad]]
|[[Kanjari]], [[Kathlal]], [[Mahuda]], [[Thasra]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Mahisagar District|Mahisagar]]
| -
| -
| -
|[[Balasinor]], [[Lunawada]]
|[[Santrampur]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Mehsana District|Mehsana]]
|
* [[Mehsana]]
|[[Kadi, India|Kadi]], [[Unjha]], [[Vadnagar]], [[Visnagar]]
| -
|[[Vijapur]]
|[[Kheralu]], [[Becharaji]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Morbi District|Morbi]]
|
* [[Morbi]]
| -
| -
|[[Halvad]], [[Wankaner]]
|[[Maliya-Miyana]], [[Tankara]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Narmada District|Narmada]]
| -
|[[Rajpipla]]
| -
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Navsari District|Navsari]]
|
* [[Navsari]]
| -
|[[Bilimora]]
| -
|[[Gandevi]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Panchmahal District|Panchmahal]]
| -
|[[Godhra]]
|[[Halol]]
|[[Kalol, Panchmahal|Kalol]]
|[[Shehera]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Patan District|Patan]]
| -
|[[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|[[Siddhpur]]
|[[Radhanpur]]
|[[Chanasma]], [[Harij]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Porbandar District|Porbandar]]
|
* [[Porbandar]]
| -
| -
|[[Ranavav]]
|[[Kutiyana]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
|
* [[Rajkot Municipal Corporation|Rajkot]]
|[[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], [[Gondal, India|Gondal]]
|[[Dhoraji]], [[Upleta]]
|[[Jasdan]]
|[[Bhayavadar]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Sabarkantha District|Sabarkantha]]
| -
|[[Himatnagar]]
| -
|[[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]], [[Khedbrahma]]
|[[Prantij]], [[Talod]], [[Vadali, Gujarat|Vadali]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Surat District|Surat]]
|
* [[Surat Municipal Corporation|Surat]]
| -
|[[Bardoli]]
|[[Kadodara]], [[Tarsadi]]
|[[Mandvi, Surat|Mandvi]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Surendranagar District|Surendranagar]]
|
* [[Surendranagar Dudhrej|Surendranagar]]
| -
|[[Dhrangadhara]]
|[[Limbdi]], [[Thangadh]]
|[[Chotila]], [[Patadi]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Tapi District|Tapi]]
| -
| -
| -
|[[Vyara]], [[Songadh]]
| -
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Vadodara District|Vadodara]]
|
* [[Vadodara Municipal Corporation|Vadodara]]
| -
|[[Dabhoi]]
|[[Karjan]], [[Padra]]
|[[Savli]], [[Waghodiya]]
|- bgcolor="#F4F9FF"
|[[Valsad District|Valsad]]
|
* [[Vapi]]
|[[Valsad]]
| -
|[[Pardi]], [[Umargam]]
|[[Dharampur, Gujarat|Dharampur]]
|-
|[[Vav-Tharad district|Vav-Tharad]]
| -
| -
| -
|[[Tharad]], [[Dhanera]]
|[[Bhabhar, Gujarat|Bhabhar]], [[Thara, Gujarat|Thara]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[2021 Gujarat local elections]]
* [[List of urban local bodies in Uttar Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://sec.gujarat.gov.in/ Gujarat Local Bodies ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010124155/https://sec.gujarat.gov.in/ |date=2022-10-10 }}

{{Cities of India}}{{Gujarat}}

[[Category:Local government in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat-related lists|Urban local bodies]]
[[Category:India government-related lists|Gujarat, urban local bodies]]

1974–75 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:26:37Z

Completegurus: started some stub from scratch...

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1974-75 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate =
| todate =
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners receive
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| count = 25
| participants = 24
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Ashok Mankad]] (Bombay) (575)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1974/75 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1974-75/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Bishan Bedi]] (Delhi) (64)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1974/75 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1974-75/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=13 December 2014}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1973–74
| previous_tournament = 1973–74 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1975–76
| next_tournament = 1975–76 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1974–75 Ranji Trophy''' was the 41st season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] regained the title defeating defending champions Karnataka.

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26''' || 1.983
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 0.819
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''15''' || 0.924
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 1.150
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''9''' || 0.604
|}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''41''' || 2.615
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''30''' || 1.340
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.387
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.760
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.700
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.392
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''21''' || 3.182
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 3 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''20''' || 1.707
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8''' || 0.606
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.254
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''27''' || 1.387
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 1.298
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''17''' || 1.160
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''16''' || 0.832
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0''' || 0.606
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''18''' || 2.309
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 3 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''14''' || 0.884
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.864
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 3 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5''' || 0.705
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16|style=white-space:nowrap

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|||||
|14 Feb 1975 — Indore|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|383 & 97/2|'''[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]'''|'''583'''
|||||
|||||
|||||
|14 Feb 1975 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''331 & 100/4'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|282 & 145
|||||
|||||

|28 Feb 1975 — Hyderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''334 & 88/0'''|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]|180 & 241
|28 Feb 1975 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''307'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|43 & 236
|28 Feb 1975 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''195 & 109/7'''|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]|94 & 207
|28 Feb 1975 — Calcutta|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|398|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''492 & 131/4'''

|14 Mar 1975 — Hyderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|323 & 149/7|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''500/8d & 156/6d'''
|14 Mar 1975 — Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|220 & 171|'''[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]'''|'''300 & 95/3'''

|29 Mar 1975 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''305 & 151/3'''|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]|240 & 215

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=no|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=yes
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

==Final==
{{Test match
| date = 29 March - 1 April 1975
| team1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] (H)
| score-team1-inns1 = '''240 (100.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Gundappa Viswanath|G. R. Viswanath]] 144
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karsan Ghavri]] 5/66
| score-team2-inns1 = '''305 (102 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Gavaskar]] 96*
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Erapalli Prasanna|E. A. S. Prasanna]] 6/123
| score-team1-inns2 = '''215 (98.5 overs)'''
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Brijesh Patel]] 70
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Eknath Solkar]] 4/43
| score-team2-inns2 = '''151/3 (37.1 overs)'''
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ashok Mankad]] 48*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] 2/48
| result = Bombay won by 7 wickets
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| umpires =
| motm =
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/34/34972.html Scorecard]
| toss = Not known
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1974-75/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ ESPNcricinfo]
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1974-75.html CricketArchive]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1974-75 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1974 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1975 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1974–75]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Association football

2026-04-29T20:16:38Z

Completegurus: basic cleaned up page per standard format further and added references

{{Short description|Team sport played with a ball}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}
{{Pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Soccer|other uses|Soccer (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox sport
| name = Association football
| image = Football in Bloomington, Indiana, 1995.jpg
| imagesize = 300px
| caption = The attacking player (No. 10) attempts to score a goal by kicking the ball into the net behind the opposing team's [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]].
| union = [[FIFA]]
| nickname = {{Plainlist|
*[[The beautiful game]]
*The World's Game<ref>{{cite web |title=In a globalised world, the football World Cup is a force for good |url=http://theconversation.com/in-a-globalised-world-the-football-world-cup-is-a-force-for-good-28727 |publisher=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] |date=10 July 2014|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808121728/http://theconversation.com/in-a-globalised-world-the-football-world-cup-is-a-force-for-good-28727|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MLS as a Sports Product—The Prominence of the World's Game in the U.S. - Working Paper – Faculty & Research |url=https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=60069 |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=Harvard Business School |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129171145/https://www.hbs.edu/faculty/Pages/item.aspx?num=60069 |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
| first = December 1863, [[England]] <ref name="HoF">{{cite web |url=https://historiana.eu/partners/european-association-of-history-educators/a-little-history-of-football-the-beginnings|title=The birth of Association Football|publisher=Historiana}}</ref>
| country/region = Worldwide
| registered =
| team = 11 per side: [[Goalkeeper (association football)|Goalkeeper]] [[Defender (association football)|Defenders]] [[Midfielder]]s [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]s
| mgender = No, separate competitions
| category = {{hlist|[[Team sport]]|[[List of ball games|ball game]]}}
| equipment = [[Ball (association football)|Football]] (or soccer ball) [[Football boot]]s [[Shin guard]]s [[Kit (association football)|Kits]] Gloves (for goalkeepers)
| venue = [[Football pitch]] (also known as football field, football ground, soccer field, or soccer pitch)
| glossary = [[Glossary of association football terms|Glossary of association football]]
| olympic = Men's since the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900 Olympics]] and women's since the [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Olympics]]
| paralympic = [[Blind football|5-a-side]] since [[2004 Summer Paralympics|2004]] and [[CP football|7-a-side]] from [[1984 Summer Paralympics|1984]] to [[2016 Summer Paralympics|2016]]
| contact = Yes
}}

'''Association football''', more commonly known as just '''football''' or '''soccer''',{{efn|For further information, see [[names for association football]].}} is a [[team sport]] played between two teams of 11 [[Football player|players]] who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a [[Ball (association football)|ball]] around a [[Football pitch|pitch]].

The objective of the game is to [[Scoring in association football|score]] more goals than the opposing team by moving the ball beyond the goal line into a rectangular-framed [[Goal (sport)|goal]] defended by the opponent. Traditionally, the game has been played over two 45-minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes. With an estimated 250 million players active in over 200 countries and territories, it is the world's most popular sport.

Association football is played in accordance with the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]], a set of rules that has been in effect since 1863 and maintained by the [[International Football Association Board]] (IFAB) since 1886. The game is played with a football that is {{convert|68|–|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} in [[circumference]]. When the ball is in play, the players mainly use their feet, but may also use any other part of their body, except for their hands or arms, to control, strike, or pass the ball; the head, chest, and thighs are commonly used. Only the [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeepers]] may use their hands and arms, but only within their own [[penalty area]]. Depending on the format of the competition, an equal number of goals scored may result in a [[Tie (draw)#Association football|draw]] being declared with 1 point awarded to each team, or the game may go into [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] or a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]].<ref name="laws51-52" />

Internationally, association football is governed by [[FIFA]]. Under FIFA, there are six continental confederations: [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]], [[Confederation of African Football|CAF]], [[CONCACAF]], [[CONMEBOL]], [[Oceania Football Confederation|OFC]], and [[UEFA]]. National associations (e.g. [[The Football Association|the FA]] in England, [[U.S. Soccer]] in the United States, etc.) are responsible for managing the game in their own countries both professionally and at an amateur level, and coordinating competitions in accordance with the Laws of the Game. The most prestigious senior international competition is the [[FIFA World Cup]]. The men's World Cup is the most-viewed sporting event in the world, surpassing the [[Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 December 2006 |title=2002 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0,3509,10,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050314003412/http://www.fifa.com/en/marketing/newmedia/index/0%2C3509%2C10%2C00.html |archive-date=14 March 2005 |access-date=6 January 2008 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> The most prestigious competition in European club football is the [[UEFA Champions League]], which attracts an extensive television audience worldwide. The final of the men's Champions League is the most-watched annual sporting event in the world.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2010 |title=Champions League final tops Super Bowl for TV market |work=BBC Sport |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/8490351.stm |url-status=live |access-date=25 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112095536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/8490351.stm |archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 June 2024|title=Champions League final vs Super Bowl: which is the most watched sporting event? |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/super-bowl-vs-champions-league-final-which-is-the-most-watched-sporting-event-n/ |website=AS.com |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207050434/https://en.as.com/soccer/super-bowl-vs-champions-league-final-which-is-the-most-watched-sporting-event-n/ |archive-date=7 February 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Name{{anchor|Etymology|Names}} ==
{{Main|Names for association football}}

Association football is part of a family of [[football]] codes that emerged from various [[ball games]] played worldwide since antiquity. The word "association" in this term refers to [[the Football Association]] (the FA), founded in [[London]] in 1863, which published the first set of rules for the sport that same year.<ref name="BLibrary">{{cite news |title=Football Association 1863 Minute Book |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/socialscience/2013/08/football-association-1863-minute-book.html |access-date=13 April 2025 |publisher=British Library |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913154542/https://blogs.bl.uk/socialscience/2013/08/football-association-1863-minute-book.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The term was coined to distinguish the type of football played in accordance with the FA rules from other types that were gaining popularity at the time, particularly [[rugby football]].<ref name="Etym">{{cite web |title=Etymology of "soccer" by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/soccer |website=Online Etymology Dictionary |access-date=13 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406093624/https://www.etymonline.com/word/soccer |archive-date=6 April 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:The Sportsman 1910-11-25 Football.png|thumb|Heading from ''[[The Sportsman (1865 newspaper)|The Sportsman]]'' front page of 25 November 1910, illustrating the continued use of the word "football" to encompass both rugby and association football.]]

The term ''soccer'' comes from [[Oxford "-er"]] slang, which was prevalent at the [[University of Oxford]] in England from about 1875, and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of [[Rugby School]]. Initially spelt ''assoccer'' (a shortening of "association"), it was later reduced to the modern spelling.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Perrigo |first1=Billy |title=Why Do Americans Call It Soccer Instead of Football? Blame England |url=https://time.com/5335799/soccer-word-origin-england/ |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=11 July 2018 |publisher=Time Magazine |access-date=11 January 2024 |archive-date=11 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111114755/https://time.com/5335799/soccer-word-origin-england/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Clarke |first=Donald |date=3 July 2021 |title=There is no easier way to annoy a British soccer fan than referring to soccer as 'soccer' |language=en |newspaper=The Irish Times |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/there-is-no-easier-way-to-annoy-a-british-soccer-fan-than-referring-to-soccer-as-soccer-1.4608849 |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130021358/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/there-is-no-easier-way-to-annoy-a-british-soccer-fan-than-referring-to-soccer-as-soccer-1.4608849 |archive-date=30 November 2022}}</ref> Early alternative spellings included ''socca'' and ''socker''.<ref name="Etym" /> This form of slang also gave rise to ''rugger'' for rugby football, ''fiver'' and ''tenner'' for [[Five pound note|five pound]] and [[Bank of England £10 note|ten pound notes]], and the now-archaic ''footer'' that was also a name for association football.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's The Origin of the Word "Soccer"? |url=https://www.lexico.com/explore/whats-the-origin-of-the-word-soccer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502083021/https://www.lexico.com/explore/whats-the-origin-of-the-word-soccer |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=22 March 2021 |website=Lexico Dictionaries | English}}</ref>

Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called simply "football" in Great Britain and most of [[Ulster]] in the north of Ireland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Football in England |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/the-history-of-football-in-england/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=English Heritage |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250411230501/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/the-history-of-football-in-england/ |archive-date=11 April 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> whereas people usually call it "soccer" in regions and countries where other codes of football are prevalent, such as Australia,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manfred |first1=Tony |date=14 June 2014 |title=The real reason Americans call it 'soccer' is all England's fault |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/why-americans-call-it-soccer-2014-6 |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180816/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/why-americans-call-it-soccer-2014-6 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=Business Insider Australia}}</ref> Canada, South Africa, most of Ireland (excluding Ulster),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cunningham |first=John M. |title=Why Do Some People Call Football "Soccer"? |url=https://www.britannica.com/story/why-do-some-people-call-football-soccer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131223612/https://www.britannica.com/story/why-do-some-people-call-football-soccer |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Britannica |language=en}}</ref> and the United States. A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, "football" has been gaining prevalence, despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely [[rugby union]] and [[rugby league]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Editorial: Soccer – or should we say football – must change |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/editorial-soccer-or-should-we-say-football-must-change/3KFDIVF4JRQPOAUG23DW2ARKBU/ |website=New Zealand Herald |access-date=27 April 2021 |date=11 June 2014 |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427180813/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/editorial-soccer-or-should-we-say-football-must-change/3KFDIVF4JRQPOAUG23DW2ARKBU/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of association football}}
{{For timeline|Timeline of association football}}

Association football in itself does not have a classical history.<ref name="bangkokpost" /> Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world, FIFA has described that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe.<ref name="HoF" /> The [[history of football in England]] dates back to at least the eighth century.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Football – Britain, the home of Football |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701210540/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/game/historygame2.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 |access-date=20 November 2006 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely [[English public school football games|varying forms of football]] played in the [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public schools]] of England.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bailey |first=Steven |year=1995 |title=Living Sports History: Football at Winchester, Eton and Harrow |journal=The Sports Historian |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=34–53 |doi=10.1080/17460269508551675}}</ref>

=== Ancient precursors ===
{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 320
| header =
| image1 = Ancient Greek Football Player.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = One Hundred Children in the Long Spring.jpg
| caption2 =
| footer = On the left, an {{Transliteration|el|[[episkyros]]}} player on an ancient [[stone carving]], {{Circa|375–400 BCE}}, exhibited at the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]];<ref name="NAMA">Item [http://www.namuseum.gr/collections/sculpture/classical/classic12-en.html (NAMA) 873] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722061112/http://www.namuseum.gr/collections/sculpture/classical/classic12-en.html |date=22 July 2016}} displayed at the [[National Archaeological Museum, Athens]]</ref> on the right, children playing {{Transliteration|zh|[[cuju]]}} in [[Song dynasty]] China, 12th century
}}

Kicking ball games arose independently multiple times across multiple cultures.{{efn|See [[Football#Early history]] for more information.}} The Chinese competitive game ''{{Transliteration|zh|[[cuju]]}}'' ({{lang|zh|蹴鞠}}, literally "kickball"; also known as ''tsu chu'') resembles modern association football as well as a mix of [[basketball]] and [[volleyball]].<ref name="www.fifamuseum.com">{{Cite web |title=Origins of Cuju in China |url=https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |website=www.fifamuseum.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113165551/https://www.fifamuseum.com/en/blog-stories/editorial/origins-cuju-in-china/ |archive-date=13 January 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sports |url=https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports|access-date=20 April 2021 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417001059/https://www.britannica.com/sports/sports|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the earliest form of a kicking game for which there is historical evidence. The game was first recorded as in exercise in the [[Zhan Guo Ce]], a military history from the [[Han dynasty]].<ref name="fifa.com" /> ''{{Transliteration|zh|Cuju}}'' players would pass the ball around, having to avoid it touching the ground at any point. It was then passed to a designated player, who attempted to kick it through the ''fengliu yan'', a circular goal atop 10–11 meter poles.<ref name="www.fifamuseum.com"/> During the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE), ''{{Transliteration|zh|cuju}}'' games were standardised and rules were established.<ref name="abd">{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Scott |title=Football For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DPCNO4qIz4C&pg=PT33 |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-66440-7 |pages=33–|access-date=20 April 2021|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420121408/https://books.google.com/books?id=7DPCNO4qIz4C&pg=PT33|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Silk Road]] facilitated the transmission of ''cuju'' outside of China, especially the form of the game popular in the [[Tang dynasty]], the period when the [[inflatable]] ball was invented and replaced the stuffed ball.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Lin |title=Chinese Ju and World Football |journal=Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research |date=2018 |volume=120 |pages=276–281}}</ref> Other East Asian games include ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|[[kemari]]}}'' in Japan and ''{{Transliteration|ko|chuk-guk}}'' in Korea, both influenced by ''cuju''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803040639/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/the-game/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 August 2015 |title=History of Football – The Origins |publisher=FIFA |access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Chadwick |editor1-first=Simon |editor2-last=Hamil |editor2-first=Sean |title=Managing Football: An International Perspective |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |location=London |page=458 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTYtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA458 |isbn=978-1-136-43763-2 |access-date=30 May 2018 |archive-date=20 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120044852/https://books.google.com/books?id=aTYtBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA458 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''{{Transliteration|ja|hepburn|Kemari}}'' originated after the year 600 during the [[Asuka period]]. It was a ceremonial rather than a competitive game, and involved the kicking of a ''mari'', a ball made of animal skin.<ref name="histbleacher">{{cite web |title=History of Football, Part 2: The Aztec and The Oriental Version of the Game |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/117189-history-of-football-part-2-the-aztec-and-the-oriental-version-of-the-game |date=29 January 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230219230403/https://bleacherreport.com/articles/117189-history-of-football-part-2-the-aztec-and-the-oriental-version-of-the-game |archive-date=19 February 2023 |work=[[Bleacher Report]] |last= |first=}}</ref> In North America, {{lang|alg|[[pasuckuakohowog]]}} was a ball game played by the [[Algonquians]]; it was described as "almost identical to the kind of folk football being played in Europe at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals".<ref name="roberts">{{Cite book |first=Mike |last=Roberts |title=The same old game: the true story of the ancient origins of football |isbn=978-1-4610-9319-0 |location=Barcelona |publisher=RobertsBCN Publications |chapter=Little Brothers of War Ball games in Pre-Colombian North America |date=13 April 2011 |oclc=1022073321 }}</ref>

''{{Transliteration|el|Phaininda}}'' and ''{{Transliteration|el|[[episkyros]]}}'' were [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] ball games.<ref name="fifa.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/origins.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225025856/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/history/the-game/origins.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2012 |title=Classic Football History of the Game |publisher=FIFA |access-date=17 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A gripping Greek derby |url=https://www.fifa.com/news/gripping-greek-derby-2026693-x1038 |date=8 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102061040/https://www.fifa.com/news/gripping-greek-derby-2026693-x1038|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 November 2020|access-date=30 October 2020 |website=FIFA}}</ref> An image of an ''{{Transliteration|el|episkyros}}'' player depicted in low [[relief]] on a [[stele]] of {{Circa|375–400 BCE}} in the [[National Archaeological Museum of Athens]]<ref name="NAMA" /> appears on the [[UEFA European Championship]] trophy.<ref name="bangkokpost">{{cite news |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/413747/ |title=Fury as FIFA finds a field of dreams in China |date=5 June 2014 |newspaper=Bangkok Post|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=18 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318182156/https://www.bangkokpost.com/ajax/_getLikeUnlike.php|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Athenaeus]], writing in 228 CE, mentions the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] ball game ''{{lang|la|[[harpastum]]}}''. ''{{Transliteration|el|Phaininda, episkyros}}'' and ''{{lang|la|harpastum}}'' were played involving hands and violence. They all appear to have resembled [[rugby football]], [[wrestling]], and volleyball more than what is recognisable as modern football.<ref name="abd" /><ref>Nigel Wilson, ''Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece'', Routledge, 2005, p. 310</ref><ref>Nigel M. Kennell, ''The Gymnasium of Virtue: Education and Culture in Ancient Sparta (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome)'', The University of North Carolina Press, 1995, on [https://books.google.com/books?id=u_eAP7wN5XUC&q=episkuros+rugby&pg=PA61 Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205233056/https://books.google.com/books?id=u_eAP7wN5XUC&pg=PA61&cd=16#v=onepage&q=episkuros%20rugby |date=5 December 2016}}</ref><ref>Steve Craig, ''Sports and Games of the Ancients: (Sports and Games Through History)'', Greenwood, 2002, on [https://books.google.com/books?id=KKlSSRq-P2QC&q=phaininda+rugby&pg=PA104 Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206085821/https://books.google.com/books?id=KKlSSRq-P2QC&pg=PA104&cd=2#v=onepage&q=phaininda%20rugby |date=6 December 2016}}</ref><ref>Don Nardo, ''Greek and Roman Sport'', Greenhaven Press, 1999, p. 83</ref><ref>Sally E. D. Wilkins, ''Sports and games of medieval cultures'', Greenwood, 2002, on [https://books.google.com/books?id=IyFHvy-SCIYC&q=episkuros+rugby&pg=PA214 Google books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206054412/https://books.google.com/books?id=IyFHvy-SCIYC&pg=PA214&cd=2#v=onepage&q=episkuros%20rugby |date=6 December 2016}}</ref>

=== Medieval precursors ===
[[File:Giovanni-Stradano-Gioco-del-calcio-in-piazza-Santa-Maria-Novella-1561-62-1024x721.jpg|thumb|''Calcio'' match in [[Piazza Santa Maria Novella]], in Florence, Italy. Painting by [[Stradanus|Jan Van der Straet]].]]
In the [[Middle Ages]], one notable game with similarities to modern football was ''[[calcio storico fiorentino]]'', which originated in [[Florence]], Italy.<ref name="HistFA">{{cite web|title=Calcio e historia del Fútbol|url=http://expertfootball.com/es/historia_calcio.php|publisher=ExpertFootball.com|language=es|access-date=7 March 2025|archive-date=29 June 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629074228/http://expertfootball.com/es/historia_calcio.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another medieval sport that can be considered a form of early football is ''[[la soule]]'' (or ''choule''), played in France from the 12th century,<ref>[[Jean Jules Jusserand|Jusserand, Jean-Jules]]. (1901). ''Le sport et les jeux d'exercice dans l'ancienne France.'' Retrieved 11 January 2008, from http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207055012/http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Football--Le_sport_et_les_jeux_dexercice_dans_lancienne_France__La_soule_par_Jean-Jules_Jusserand |date=7 February 2008}} {{in lang|fr}}</ref> in which the ball was propelled by hands, feet, and sticks.<ref>{{cite book | last=Ruff | first=Julius | title=Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500–1800 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2001 | page=[https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/170 170] | isbn=978-0-521-59894-1 | url=https://archive.org/details/violenceinearlym0000ruff/page/170}}</ref> As with pre-codified [[Medieval football|mob football]], the antecedent of all [[Football|modern football codes]], these medieval games involved more handling of the ball than kicking it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |title=Rugby Football History |publisher=Rugby Football History |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=25 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525155221/http://www.rugbyfootballhistory.com/originsofrugby.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HoF" />

=== Modern era ===
{{Further|English public school football games}}[[File:Original laws of the game 1863.jpg|right|thumb|An early draft of the original hand-written "Laws of the Game", drawn up on behalf of the Football Association by [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]] in 1863, on display at the [[National Football Museum]] in [[Manchester]].]]The [[Cambridge rules]], first drawn up at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge rules were written at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], at a meeting attended by representatives from [[Eton College|Eton]], [[Harrow School|Harrow]], [[Rugby School|Rugby]], [[Winchester College|Winchester]], and [[Shrewsbury School|Shrewsbury]] schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the [[Sheffield Football Club]], formed by former public school pupils in 1857,<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Adrian |title=Football, the first hundred years |publisher=Routledge |page=126 |year=2005 |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-35018-1}}</ref> which led to the formation of a [[Sheffield FA]] in 1867. In 1862, [[John Charles Thring]] of [[Uppingham School]] also devised an influential set of rules.<ref>{{cite news |first=David |last=Winner |date=28 March 2005 |title=The hands-off approach to a man's game |newspaper=The Times |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,27-1544006,00.html |access-date=7 October 2007 |location=London |archive-date=23 January 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140123053942/http://web.archive.org/web/20100605085610/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article438583.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of [[the Football Association]] (the FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the [[Freemasons' Tavern]] in [[Great Queen Street]], London.<ref name="FAhistory">{{cite web |title=History of the FA |publisher=The Football Association |url=http://www.thefa.com/about-football-association/history |access-date=9 October 2007 |archive-date=25 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125012322/http://www.thefa.com/about-football-association/history |url-status=live}}</ref> The only school to be represented on this occasion was [[Charterhouse School|Charterhouse]]. The Freemasons' Tavern was the setting for five more meetings of the FA between October and December 1863; the English FA eventually issued the first comprehensive set of rules named [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]], forming modern football.<ref name="BLibrary" /> The laws included bans on running with the ball in hand and [[Hacking (rugby)|hacking]] (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding.<ref name="nov_24">{{cite news |title=The Football Association |work=Bell's Life in London |date=28 November 1863 |page=6 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1863-11-28.png |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920175802/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Football_Association_(Bells_Life_in_London)_1863-11-28.png |url-status=live}}</ref> Eleven clubs, under the charge of FA secretary [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]], ratified the original thirteen laws of the game.<ref name="FAhistory" /> The sticking point was hacking, which a twelfth club at the meeting, [[Blackheath FC]], had wanted to keep, resulting in their withdrawal from the FA.<ref name="FAhistory" /> Other [[History of rugby union|English rugby clubs followed this lead]] and did not join the FA, and instead in 1871, along with Blackheath, formed the [[Rugby Football Union]]. The 1863 FA rules included handling of the ball by "[[Mark (Australian rules football)#Origins of the mark|marks]]" and the lack of a crossbar, making the game remarkably similar to [[Victorian rules football]], which was being developed around the same time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s, with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.<ref name="Merger">{{cite book |last=Young |first=Percy M. |year=1964 |title=Football in Sheffield |pages=28–29 |publisher=S. Paul}}</ref>

[[File:AstonVilla1896-97.jpg|thumb|The [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] team in 1897, after winning both the [[FA Cup]] and the [[English Football League]]]]
The world's oldest football competition is the [[FA Cup]], which was founded by the footballer and cricketer [[Charles W. Alcock]], and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The [[1872 Scotland v England football match|first official international football match]] also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in [[Glasgow]], again at the instigation of Alcock. England is also home to the world's first [[The Football League|football league]], which was founded in [[Birmingham]] in 1888 by [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] director [[William McGregor (football)|William McGregor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The History of the Football League |publisher=The Football League |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0,,10794~1357277,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121005/http://www.football-league.co.uk/page/History/HistoryDetail/0%2C%2C10794~1357277%2C00.html |archive-date=1 May 2011 |date=22 September 2010 |access-date=4 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The original format contained 12 clubs from the [[Midlands]] and [[Northern England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parrish |first1=Charles |last2=Nauright |first2=John |title=Soccer around the World: A Cultural Guide to the World's Favorite Sport |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |location=Santa Barbara, CA |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6qSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |isbn=978-1-61069-302-8 |access-date=8 December 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026170504/https://books.google.com/books?id=N6qSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The Laws of the Game are determined by the [[International Football Association Board]] (IFAB).<ref>{{cite web |title=IFAB |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008092538/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/aboutifab.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2011 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref> The board was formed in 1886<ref>{{cite web |title=The International FA Board |publisher=FIFA |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,3,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422035010/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0%2C3504%2C3%2C00.html |archive-date=22 April 2007 |access-date=2 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> after a meeting in [[Manchester]] of the Football Association, the [[Scottish Football Association]], the [[Football Association of Wales]], and the [[Irish Football Association]]. [[FIFA]], the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to the Laws of the Game of the Football Association.<ref name=Wherebegan /> The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the IFAB in 1913. The board consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.<ref name="FIFA">{{Cite web |title=The IFAB: How it works |url=https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/the-ifab-how-works-1177401 |date=4 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129205955/https://www.fifa.com/who-we-are/news/the-ifab-how-works-1177401|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2021|access-date=30 October 2020 |website=FIFA}}</ref>

=== Contemporary era ===
For most of the 20th century, [[Football in Europe|Europe]] and [[Football in South America|South America]] were the dominant regions in association football. The [[FIFA World Cup]], inaugurated in [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], became the main stage for players of both continents to show their worth and the strength of their national teams.<ref name="Townsend-2015">{{Cite web |last=Townsend |first=Jon |date=30 May 2015 |title=The continental kings of Europe and South America |url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/05/30/the-continental-kings-europe-and-south-america/ |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=These Football Times |language=en |archive-date=6 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006231607/https://thesefootballtimes.co/2015/05/30/the-continental-kings-europe-and-south-america/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the second half of the century, the [[European Cup]] and the [[Copa Libertadores]] were created, and the champions of these two club competitions would contest the [[Intercontinental Cup (1960–2004)|Intercontinental Cup]] to prove which team was the best in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Council approves key organisational elements of the FIFA World Cup |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation/fifa-council/media-releases/fifa-council-approves-key-organisational-elements-of-the-fifa-world-cu-2917722 |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=FIFA |date=27 October 2017 |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224023446/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/organisation/fifa-council/media-releases/fifa-council-approves-key-organisational-elements-of-the-fifa-world-cu-2917722 |url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Götze kicks the match winning goal.jpg|thumb|Game-winning German goal in [[2014 FIFA World Cup final]]]]
In the 21st century, South America has continued to produce some of the best footballers in the world,<ref name="Sarkar-2022">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2022 |title=Why Europe and South America dominate World Cup |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/why-europe-and-south-america-dominate-world-cup-101670523150549.html |first1=Dhiman |last1=Sarkar |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228152150/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/why-europe-and-south-america-dominate-world-cup-101670523150549.html |url-status=live}}</ref> but its clubs have fallen behind the still dominant European clubs, which often sign the best players from [[Latin America]] and elsewhere.<ref name="Townsend-2015" /><ref name="Sarkar-2022" /> Meanwhile, football has improved in [[Football in Africa|Africa]], [[Football in Asia|Asia]], and [[Sports in North America#Association football (soccer)|North America]],<ref name="Sarkar-2022" /> and nowadays, these regions are at least on equal grounds with South America in club football.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=The reasons why South American teams are now struggling at the Club World Cup |url=https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/02/10/63e637ceca4741f4498b4573.html |first1=Alberto |last1=Rubio |last2=Sam |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=MARCA |language=en |archive-date=12 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212064824/https://www.marca.com/en/football/2023/02/10/63e637ceca4741f4498b4573.html |url-status=live}}</ref> When it comes to national teams, countries in the [[Sport in the Caribbean|Caribbean]] and [[Sport in Oceania#Association football|Oceania]] regions (excluding [[Soccer in Australia|Australia]]) have yet to make a mark in international football,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Mark |date=31 August 2018 |title=Can Caribbean football make an impact at international level? |url=https://www.caribbean-beat.com/can-caribbean-football-make-an-impact-at-international-level |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=Caribbean Beat Magazine |language=en |archive-date=1 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201034806/https://www.caribbean-beat.com/can-caribbean-football-make-an-impact-at-international-level |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2003 |title=How Oceania fell off the FIFA map |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/how-oceania-fell-off-the-fifa-map-20030816-gdh9bx.html |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225032213/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/how-oceania-fell-off-the-fifa-map-20030816-gdh9bx.html |url-status=live}}</ref> whilst Europeans and South Americans continue to dominate the men's FIFA World Cup, as no team from any other region has managed to even reach the final.<ref name="Townsend-2015" /><ref name="Sarkar-2022"/>

Football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2003/oct/09/theknowledge.sport |title=Baseball or Football: which sport gets the higher attendance? |last1=Ingle |first1=Sean |last2=Glendenning |first2=Barry |date=9 October 2003 |location=UK |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=5 June 2006 |archive-date=11 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411002757/http://football.guardian.co.uk/news/theknowledge/0,9204,1059366,00.html |url-status=live}}</ref> whilst billions more watch the game on television or on the internet.<ref name="billions">{{cite web |title=TV Data |publisher=FIFA |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html |access-date=2 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922225713/http://fifa.com/aboutfifa/marketingtv/factsfigures/tvdata.html |archive-date=22 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="billions2">{{cite web |title=2014 FIFA World Cup reached 3.2 billion viewers, one billion watched final |publisher=FIFA |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=2014-fifa-world-cuptm-reached-3-2-billion-viewers-one-billion-watched--2745519.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219010501/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2015/m=12/news=2014-fifa-world-cuptm-reached-3-2-billion-viewers-one-billion-watched--2745519.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2015 |access-date=17 March 2017 |date=16 December 2015}}</ref> A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIFA Survey: approximately 250 million footballers worldwide |publisher=FIFA |url=http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915133001/http://access.fifa.com/infoplus/IP-199_01E_big-count.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2006 |url-status=dead |access-date=15 September 2006}}</ref> Football has the highest global television audience in sport.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111225008/http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/marketing/news/newsid=111247/|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012 |title=2006 FIFA World Cup broadcast wider, longer and farther than ever before |publisher=FIFA |date=6 February 2007|access-date=11 October 2009}}</ref>

In many parts of the world, football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual [[Fan (aficionado)|fans]], local communities, and even nations. [[Ryszard Kapuściński]] says that Europeans who are polite, modest, or humble fall easily into rage when playing or watching football games.<ref name="soccer war">{{cite book |title=The Soccer War |last=Kapuscinski |first=Ryszard |year=2007}}</ref> The [[Ivory Coast national football team]] helped secure a truce to the nation's [[First Ivorian Civil War|civil war]] in 2006,<ref>{{cite web |title=More than a game |work=Common Ground News Service |url=http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?sid=1&id=2079 |last=Stormer |first=Neil |date=20 June 2006 |access-date=2 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626030739/http://www.commongroundnews.org/article.php?sid=1&id=2079 |archive-date=26 June 2010}}</ref> and it helped further reduce tensions between government and rebel forces in 2007 by playing a match in the rebel capital of [[Bouaké]], an occasion that brought both armies together peacefully for the first time.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Best Feet Forward |magazine=Vanity Fair |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/ivorycoast200707 |first=Merrill |last=Austin |date=10 July 2007 |access-date=2 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228162619/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2007/07/ivorycoast200707 |archive-date=28 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By contrast, football is widely considered to have been the final proximate cause for the [[Football War]] in June 1969 between [[El Salvador]] and [[Honduras]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Has football ever started a war? |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2007/feb/21/theknowledge.sport |last1=Dart |first1=James |last2=Bandini |first2=Paolo |date=21 February 2007 |access-date=24 September 2007 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029181328/http://football.guardian.co.uk/theknowledge/story/0%2C%2C2017161%2C00.html |archive-date=29 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the [[Croatian War of Independence]] of the 1990s, when a match between [[Dinamo Zagreb]] and [[Red Star Belgrade]] degenerated into [[Dinamo–Red Star riot|rioting]] in May 1990.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=The Soccer Wars |last=Drezner |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel W. Drezner |date=4 June 2006 |page=B01 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201401.html |access-date=21 May 2008 |archive-date=3 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003150914/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201401.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

The popularity of association football has been connected to [[identity fusion]] with replacement [[fandom]] [[collective identity|collective identities]].<ref name="w050">{{cite journal | last1=Bortolini | first1=Tiago | last2=Newson | first2=Martha | last3=Natividade | first3=Jean Carlos | last4=Vázquez | first4=Alexandra | last5=Gómez | first5=Ángel | title=Identity fusion predicts endorsement of pro‐group behaviours targeting nationality, religion, or football in Brazilian samples | journal=British Journal of Social Psychology | volume=57 | issue=2 | date=2018 | issn=0144-6665 | doi=10.1111/bjso.12235 | pages=346–366 | url=https://bpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjso.12235 | access-date=2026-03-22| url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Women's association football ===
{{Main|Women's association football}}

Women's association football has historically seen opposition, with national associations severely curbing its development and several [[Bans of women's association football|outlawing it]] completely.<ref name="Drum19">{{cite web |title=The Offside Museum highlights when women were banned from playing soccer |url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2019/05/30/the-offside-museum-highlights-when-women-were-banned-playing-soccer |website=The Drum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609032144/https://www.thedrum.com/news/2019/05/30/the-offside-museum-highlights-when-women-were-banned-playing-soccer |archive-date=9 June 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, women have been playing football and similar games for as long as such games have existed. Frescoes from the [[Han dynasty#Eastern Han|Han dynasty]] (25–220 CE) depict female figures playing the ancient Chinese game ''[[cuju]]''.<ref name="globalgame">{{cite web |title=Genesis of 'The Global Game' |url=http://www.theglobalgame.com/aboutus.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521234151/http://www.theglobalgame.com/aboutus.html |archive-date=21 May 2006 |access-date=22 May 2006 |work=The Global Game}}</ref><ref name="footballnetwork">{{cite web |title=The Chinese and Tsu Chu |work=The Football Network |url=http://www.footballnetwork.org/dev/historyoffootball/history1.asp |access-date=1 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106061612/http://www.footballnetwork.org/dev/historyoffootball/history1.asp |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> There are also reports of annual football matches played by women in [[Midlothian (historic)|Midlothian]], Scotland, during the 1790s.<ref name="SFA">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Women's Football |url=http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=409 |publisher=Scottish Football Association|access-date=18 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308172042/http://www.scottishfa.co.uk/scottish_football.cfm?curpageid=409|archive-date=8 March 2005}}</ref><ref name="Herald">{{cite web |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12080678.display/ |title=A game of two sexes |work=The Herald |location=Glasgow |date=8 February 1997|access-date=18 June 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012935/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12080678.display/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Origins and restrictions ====
[[File:British Ladies Football Club.jpg|thumb|North team of the [[British Ladies' Football Club|British Ladies']], the first organised women's football team, here pictured in March 1895]]
There is documented evidence of women's early involvement in association football.<ref name="Herald" /><ref name="FA" /> Informal matches between Scotland and England are reported to have taken place in 1881, but are not officially recognised by the respective football associations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plaque to the First Women Football Internationalists 1881 |url=http://womenofscotland.org.uk/memorials/plaque-first-women-football-internationalists-1881 |website=Women of Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927081323/http://womenofscotland.org.uk/memorials/plaque-first-women-football-internationalists-1881 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Donmouth1881">{{cite web |author1=Patrick Brennan |title=England v Scotland - 1881 |url=http://www.donmouth.co.uk/womens_football/1881.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220306005235/http://www.donmouth.co.uk/womens_football/1881.html |archive-date=6 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first women's match recorded by the [[Scottish Football Association]] took place in 1892 in [[Glasgow]].<ref name="SFA" /> In England, the first recorded game of football between women took place in 1895.<ref name="FA">{{cite web |url=http://www.thefa.com/Womens/EnglandSenior/History/ |title=Women's Football History |publisher=The Football Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325030003/http://www.thefa.com/Womens/EnglandSenior/History/|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref>

The best-documented early European team was founded by activist [[Nettie Honeyball]] in England in 1894: the [[British Ladies' Football Club]]. Honeyball considered women's involvement in football as part of the [[Women's rights|emancipation]] movement.<ref name="Nettie Honeyball">{{cite web |last=Ladda |first=Shawn |title=Women's involvement with soccer was part of the emancipation process. |url=http://www.soccertimes.com/oped/1999/jul20.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061116204454/http://www.soccertimes.com/oped/1999/jul20.htm |archive-date=16 November 2006 |access-date=4 May 2006 |work=SoccerTimes}}</ref> She and others like her paved the way for women's football.<ref>{{cite news |date=2013-09-25 |title=The Honeyballers: Women who fought to play football |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-24176354 |access-date=2021-12-05 |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204130733/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-24176354 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, the women's game was frowned upon by the British football associations and continued without their support. It has been suggested that this was motivated by a perceived threat to the "masculinity" of the game.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mårtensson |first=Stefan |title=Branding women's football in a field of hegemonic masculinity |journal=Entertainment and Sports Law Journal |date=June 2010 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=5 |doi=10.16997/eslj.44|doi-access=free| issn=1748-944X}}</ref>

Women's football became popular on a large scale at the time of the [[First World War]], when female employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the game, much as it had done for men decades earlier.<ref name="SFA" /> The most successful team of the era was [[Dick, Kerr Ladies F.C.]] of [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston, England]]. They played in one of the first women's international matches against a French XI team in 1920,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Dick, Kerr Ladies' FC |url=http://www.donmouth.co.uk/womens_football/dick_kerr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521192224/http://www.donmouth.co.uk/womens_football/dick_kerr.html |archive-date=21 May 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Donmouth}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Home Front – The Forgotten First International Women's Football Match |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5nsXCQcNm7wggTxvS0y1BnF/the-forgotten-first-international-women-s-football-match |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=BBC |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812061017/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/5nsXCQcNm7wggTxvS0y1BnF/the-forgotten-first-international-women-s-football-match |url-status=live}}</ref> and also made up most of the England team against a [[Women's football in Scotland|Scottish Ladies]] XI in the same year, winning 22–0.<ref name="SFA" /> In the early 20th century, women's football in the United Kingdom was mostly associated with charity matches.<ref name="SFA" /><ref name="BBC-Gregory">{{cite news |last=Gregory |first=Patricia |date=3 June 2005 |title=How women's football battled for survival |work=BBC Sport |publisher= |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/women/4607171.stm |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202110455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/women/4607171.stm |archive-date=2 December 2017}}</ref>

Despite being more popular than some men's football events, with one match seeing a 53,000 strong crowd in 1920,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Leighton |first1=Tony |title=FA apologies for 1921 ban |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/feb/11/newsstory.womensfootball |newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=6 August 2014 |date=10 February 2008|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810174231/http://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/feb/11/newsstory.womensfootball|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC-Alexander">{{cite news |last=Alexander |first=Shelley |date=3 June 2005 |title=Trail-blazers who pioneered women's football |work=BBC Sport |publisher= |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/women/4603149.stm |url-status=live |access-date=19 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202114818/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/women/4603149.stm |archive-date=2 December 2017}}</ref> [[women's football in England]] suffered a blow in 1921 when [[the Football Association]] outlawed the playing of the game on association members' pitches,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Witzig |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2T0ZD5S86QC&pg=PA65 |title=The Global Art of Soccer |publisher=CusiBoy Publishing |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-9776688-0-9 |page=65 |access-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601233310/https://books.google.com/books?id=H2T0ZD5S86QC&q=1921+fa+ban&pg=PA65 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> stating that "the game of football is quite unsuitable for females and should not be encouraged".<ref name="BBC-Wrack">{{Cite news |last=Wrack |first=Suzanne |date=13 June 2022 |title=How the FA banned women's football in 1921 and tried to justify it |language=en |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jun/13/how-the-fa-banned-womens-football-in-1921-and-tried-to-justify-it |access-date=16 February 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=14 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214145355/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jun/13/how-the-fa-banned-womens-football-in-1921-and-tried-to-justify-it |url-status=live}}</ref> Players and football writers have argued that this ban was, in fact, due to envy of the large crowds that women's matches attracted,<ref name="BBC-Alexander" /> and because the FA had no control over the money made from the women's game.<ref name="BBC-Wrack" /> The FA ban led to the formation of the short-lived [[English Ladies Football Association]] and play moved to [[rugby football|rugby]] grounds.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newsham |first1=Gail |title=In a League of Their Own. The Dick, Kerr Ladies 1917–1965 |year=2014 |publisher=Paragon Publishing}}</ref> Women's football also faced bans in several other countries, notably in [[Women's football in Brazil|Brazil]] from 1941 to 1979,<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2018 |title=Women footballers: Born with talent, held back by prejudice |language=en |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43198651 |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107174048/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43198651 |url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Women's football in France|France]] from 1941 to 1970,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lasserre |first=Victoria |date=7 July 2022 |title=5 dates clefs sur l'histoire du football féminin |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/histoire-du-football-feminin,2057854.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926162514/https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/histoire-du-football-feminin,2057854.asp |archive-date=26 September 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=Cosmopolitan.fr |language=fr}}</ref> and in [[Women's football in Germany|West Germany]] from 1955 to 1970.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wünsch |first=Silke |date=20 June 2011 |title=Female footballers |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-elusive-popularity-of-womens-football/a-15172167 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724105057/https://www.dw.com/en/the-elusive-popularity-of-womens-football/a-15172167 |archive-date=24 July 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Revival and ongoing growth ====
[[File:Tytöt-04 Piteåssa.JPG|thumb|right|A young Finnish girls' football team in Sweden]]
In spite of the resistance from governing bodies, British women continued to play football.<ref name="BBC-Gregory" /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/football/no-longer-the-game-of-two-halves.19185657 |title=No longer the game of two-halves |work=The Herald |publisher=Herald & Times Group |date=19 October 2012 |access-date=9 March 2014 |first=Alan |last=Campbell |archive-date=29 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140329014321/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/football/no-longer-the-game-of-two-halves.19185657 |url-status=live}}</ref> Restrictions against female participation in the sport began to be reduced in the late 1960s and the 1970s. The [[Serie A (women's football)|Italian women's football league]] was established in 1968.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nssmag.com/en/sports/16658/calcio-femminile-italia |title=The reinassance of women's football in Italy |first=Giulio |last=Pecci |work=NSS Magazine |date=5 November 2018 | access-date=22 October 2023 | archive-date=12 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212062410/https://www.nssmag.com/en/sports/16658/calcio-femminile-italia | url-status=live}}</ref> In December 1969, the [[Women's Football Association]] was formed in England,<ref name="BBC-Gregory" /><ref name="Hist">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=History of women's football |url=http://www.thefa.com/womens-girls-football/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224043854/http://www.thefa.com/womens-girls-football/history |archive-date=24 February 2020 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=The Football Association |language=en}}</ref> with the sport eventually becoming the most prominent [[team sport]] for women in the United Kingdom.<ref name="BBC-Gregory" /> Two unofficial women's World Cups were organised by the [[FIEFF]] in [[1970 Women's World Cup|1970]] and in [[1971 Women's World Cup|1971]]. Also in 1971, [[UEFA]] members voted to officially recognise women's football,<ref name="BBC-Gregory" /> while the Football Association rescinded the ban that prohibited women from playing on association members' pitches in England.<ref name="Hist" /> The first [[AFC Women's Asian Cup|Asian Women's Championship]] happened in [[1975 AFC Women's Championship|1975]], initially without the approval of the [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]], but later recognised by them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asian Women's Championship |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aswomen.html |website=www.rsssf.org |access-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207024802/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesa/aswomen.html |archive-date=7 December 2024 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=AFC Women's Asian Cup™ History Book unveiled |url=https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_womens_asian_cup/news/afc_women%E2%80%99s_asian_cup%E2%84%A2_history_book_unveiled.html |website=The AFC |access-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210102351/https://www.the-afc.com/en/national/afc_womens_asian_cup/news/afc_women%E2%80%99s_asian_cup%E2%84%A2_history_book_unveiled.html |archive-date=10 December 2024 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

Women's football still faces many struggles, but its worldwide growth<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kleen |first=Brendon |date=21 December 2022 |title=Women's Football Is Growing in the Middle East and North Africa |url=https://globalsportmatters.com/culture/2022/12/21/beyond-qatar-world-cup-womens-football-growing-middle-east-north-africa/ |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=Global Sport Matters |language=en |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129023329/https://globalsportmatters.com/culture/2022/12/21/beyond-qatar-world-cup-womens-football-growing-middle-east-north-africa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> has seen major competitions being launched at both the [[Women's football around the world|national]] and [[international competitions in women's football|international]] levels, mirroring the men's competitions. The [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] was inaugurated in 1991: [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|the first tournament]] was held in China, featuring 12 teams from the six confederations. The World Cup has been held every four years since;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=103/awards/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044344/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament%3D103/awards/index.html |archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=Tournaments: Women's World Cup |publisher=FIFA |access-date=11 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> by [[2019 FIFA Women's World Cup|2019]], it had expanded to 24 national teams, and 1.12 billion viewers watched the competition.<ref name="forbes_2019wwc">{{cite news |last1=Glass |first1=Alana |date=21 October 2019 |title=FIFA Women's World Cup Breaks Viewership Records |work=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanaglass/2019/10/21/fifa-womens-world-cup-breaks-viewership-records/ |url-status=live |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424203645/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanaglass/2019/10/21/fifa-womens-world-cup-breaks-viewership-records/ |archive-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|Four years later]], FIFA targeted the 32-team 2023 Women's World Cup at an audience of 2 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-11 |title=With 100 days to Women's World Cup, calls for gender equity grow |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/4/11/womens-world-cup-australia-new-zealand-gender-equity |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518130954/https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2023/4/11/womens-world-cup-australia-new-zealand-gender-equity |url-status=live}}</ref> while more than 1.5 million tickets were sold, setting a Women's World Cup record.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 July 2023 |title=Women's World Cup ticket sales break record with close to 1.4m sold on eve of 2023 tournament |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/19/womens-world-cup-2023-record-breaking-ticket-sales-australia-new-zealand |work=The Guardian |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719222710/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/19/womens-world-cup-2023-record-breaking-ticket-sales-australia-new-zealand |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Pender |first1=Kieran |title='Creating history': Women's World Cup ticket sales reach 1.5m milestone |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/25/womens-world-cup-2023-ticket-sales-australia-new-zealand-records |website=The Guardian |access-date=31 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223223322/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2023/jul/25/womens-world-cup-2023-ticket-sales-australia-new-zealand-records |archive-date=23 February 2024 |language=en |date=25 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Women's football has been an Olympic event since [[football at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|1996]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Kevin |editor-last1=Hassan |editor-first1=David |editor-last2=Mitra |editor-first2=Shakya |chapter=Football and the Olympics and Paralympics |title=The Olympic Games: Meeting New Global Challenges |publisher=Routledge |year=2015 |location=London |page=68 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6nDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |isbn=978-0-415-74176-7 |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026173434/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6nDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68 |url-status=live}}</ref>

North America is the dominant region in women's football, with the [[United States women's national soccer team|United States]] winning the most FIFA Women's World Cups<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcsports.com/soccer/news/uswnt-womens-world-cup-results |title=Women's World Cup: USWNT results at each tournament |date=6 August 2023 | access-date=22 April 2024 | archive-date=22 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422014149/https://www.nbcsports.com/soccer/news/uswnt-womens-world-cup-results | url-status=live}}</ref> and Olympic tournaments. Europe and Asia come second and third in terms of international success,<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA Women's World Cup History – Past World Cup Winners, Hosts, Most Goals and more |url=https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/2023-fifa-womens-world-cup/history |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=FOX Sports |language=en |archive-date=6 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206123613/https://www.foxsports.com/soccer/2023-fifa-womens-world-cup/history |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Ryan |date=8 August 2021 |title=Which country has won the most Olympic gold medals in football? |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/which-country-has-won-most-olympic-gold-medals-football/1o1jkyn3l7wlm1vxfqzy09h6e0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110224304/https://www.goal.com/en/news/which-country-has-won-most-olympic-gold-medals-football/1o1jkyn3l7wlm1vxfqzy09h6e0 |archive-date=10 November 2022 |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> and the women's game has been improving in South America.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rey |first=Debora |date=7 July 2022 |title=South American women's soccer improving but some way to go |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-soccer-sports-south-america-chile-bb6e9ae71b8ec5d05dfb5b246855d88d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128065120/https://apnews.com/article/womens-soccer-sports-south-america-chile-bb6e9ae71b8ec5d05dfb5b246855d88d |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=25 February 2023 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

== Gameplay ==
[[File:2. SNL - 27. krog - Nafta 1903 0-0 (0-0) Roltek Dob - 1. polčas.webm|thumb|One half of a professional football match (45 minutes) between Slovenian clubs [[NK Nafta 1903]] and [[NK Dob]]. The score after the half is 0–0.]]
Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]]. The game is played using a spherical ball of {{convert|68|–|70|cm|in|abbr=on}} circumference,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Circumference |url=http://quality.fifa.com/en/Footballs/Become-a-licensee/Tests/Circumference/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119053959/http://quality.fifa.com/en/Footballs/Become-a-licensee/Tests/Circumference/ |archive-date=19 November 2016 |website=FIFA Quality Programme}}</ref> known as the ''[[Ball (association football)|football]]'' (or ''soccer ball''). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. There are situations where a goal can be disallowed, such as an [[Offside (association football)|offside]] call or a [[Fouls and misconduct (association football)|foul]] in the build-up to the goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a [[Captain (association football)|captain]] who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kicks]].<ref name="laws51-52" />

The primary law is that players other than [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeepers]] may not deliberately handle the ball with their hands or arms during play, though they must use both their hands during a [[throw-in]] restart. Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around, they may use any part of their body (notably, "[[Header (association football)|heading]]" with the forehead)<ref>{{cite web |title=How to head a football |url=http://expertfootball.com/wp/heading/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110403141804/http://expertfootball.com/training/heading.php |archive-date=3 April 2011 |access-date=3 January 2011}}</ref> other than their hands or arms.<ref name="fouls">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 12) |access-date=24 September 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115718/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws12_02.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside position.<ref name="offsidelaw">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 11 – Offside |chapter-url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |publisher=FIFA |access-date=4 March 2011 |page=31 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

During gameplay, players attempt to create goal-scoring opportunities through individual control of the ball, such as by [[dribbling]], passing the ball to a teammate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through [[Tackle (football move)#Association football|tackling]] the opponent in possession of the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is restricted. Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] for an infringement of the rules. After a stoppage, play recommences with a specified restart.<ref name="restart">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 8) |access-date=24 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142456/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws8_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Slidetackle.JPG|alt=|thumb|A player executing a slide [[Tackle (football move)|tackle]] to dispossess an opponent]]
At a professional level, most matches produce only a few goals. For example, the [[2022–23 Premier League|2022–23 season]] of the English [[Premier League]] produced an average of 2.85 goals per match.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seven graphs that explain the Premier League's goal glut |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2023/12/05/premier-league-more-goals-ever-five-reasons-data-tactics/ |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=5 December 2023 |access-date=21 January 2024 |last1=Ducker |first1=James |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216022320/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2023/12/05/premier-league-more-goals-ever-five-reasons-data-tactics/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The Laws of the Game do not specify any player positions other than goalkeeper,<ref name=LAW301>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Number of Players) |access-date=24 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142527/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> but a number of [[association football positions|specialised roles]] have evolved.<ref>{{cite web |title=Soccer positions explained: names, numbers and what they do |publisher=Bundesliga |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/news/Bundesliga/soccer-positions-explained-names-numbers-what-they-do-2579-786 |access-date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228222507/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/soccer-positions-explained-names-numbers-what-they-do-2579-786 |url-status=live}}</ref> Broadly, these include three main categories: [[Striker (association football)|strikers]], or forwards, whose main task is to score goals; [[Defender (association football)|defenders]], who specialise in preventing their opponents from scoring; and [[midfielder]]s, who dispossess the opposition and keep possession of the ball to pass it to the forwards on their team. Players in these positions are referred to as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Winter |first1=Henry |title=Schmeichel: I watch Federer to improve my game |url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/federers-my-idol-i-watch-him-play-tennis-to-improve-as-a-goalkeeper-2ngtfltl9?region=global |website=The Times |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411213300/https://www.thetimes.com/sport/football/article/federers-my-idol-i-watch-him-play-tennis-to-improve-as-a-goalkeeper-2ngtfltl9 |archive-date=11 April 2025 |date=2 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

These positions are further subdivided according to the area of the field in which the player spends the most time. For example, there are central defenders and left and right midfielders. The ten outfield players may be arranged in any combination. The number of players in each position determines the style of the team's play; more forwards and fewer defenders creates a more aggressive and offensive-minded game, while the reverse creates a slower, more defensive style of play. While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4196830.stm |title=Positions guide, Who is in a team? |work=BBC Sport |access-date=24 September 2007 |date=1 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105213730/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4196830.stm|archive-date=5 November 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> The layout of a team's players is known as a ''[[Formation (association football)|formation]]''. Defining the team's formation and tactics is usually the prerogative of the team's [[Manager (association football)|manager]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197420.stm |title=Formations |work=BBC Sport |access-date=24 September 2007 |date=1 September 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825133301/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4197420.stm|archive-date=25 August 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Laws ==
{{redirect|Rules of football|the rules of other football games|Football}}
{{Further|Laws of the Game (association football)}}

There are 17 laws in the official Laws of the Game, each containing a collection of stipulations and guidelines. The same laws are designed to apply to all levels of football for both sexes, although certain modifications for groups such as juniors, seniors and people with physical disabilities are permitted.{{efn|name=Variants|See [[List of types of football#Games descended from the FA rules]] for a list of association football variations.}} The laws are often framed in broad terms, which allow flexibility in their application depending on the nature of the game. The Laws of the Game are published by FIFA, but are maintained by the IFAB.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html |title=Laws of the Game |publisher=FIFA |access-date=2 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070901044035/http://fifa.com/worldfootball/lawsofthegame.html|archive-date=1 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In addition to the seventeen laws, numerous IFAB decisions and other directives contribute to the regulation of association football.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51689916 |title=Offside and handball laws under Ifab review along with concussion substitutions |work=BBC Sport |date=29 February 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131194121/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/51689916|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Reilly|editor1-first=Thomas|editor2-last=Williams|editor2-first=A. Mark |title=Science and Soccer |edition=Second |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=2005 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ax4GBYlonK0C&pg=PA235 |isbn=978-0-415-26231-6|access-date=3 December 2020|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212044126/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Science_and_Soccer/ax4GBYlonK0C?gbpv=1&pg=PA235|url-status=live}}</ref> Within the United States, [[Major League Soccer]] used a distinct ruleset during the 1990s,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Maurer |first=Pablo |title=How U.S. soccer experimented with 10 changes to the game before launching MLS |work=The New York Times |date=28 April 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/1780920/2020/04/28/how-u-s-soccer-experimented-with-10-changes-to-the-game-before-launching-mls/ |access-date=8 November 2021 |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011183356/https://theathletic.com/1780920/2020/04/28/how-u-s-soccer-experimented-with-10-changes-to-the-game-before-launching-mls/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[National Federation of State High School Associations|NFHS]] and [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] still use rulesets that are comparable to, but different from, the IFAB Laws.<ref>{{cite web |title=Comparative Study of Rules of Laws (2024) |url=https://www.nfhs.org/media/7213076/2024-25-soccer-guide-final.pdf |website=NFHS |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919113142/https://www.nfhs.org/media/7213076/2024-25-soccer-guide-final.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Players, equipment, and officials ===
{{See also|Association football positions|Formation (association football)|Substitute (association football)|Kit (association football)}}
[[File:Howard Webb3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The [[referee (association football)|referee]] officiates in a football match|alt=]]
Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding [[substitute (association football)|substitutes]]), one of whom must be the [[goalkeeper (football)|goalkeeper]]. Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven. Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the [[penalty area]] in front of their own goal. Though there are a variety of [[association football positions|positions]] in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are [[sports strategy|strategically]] placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.<ref name=LAW301 />

The basic equipment or ''[[Kit (association football)|kit]]'' players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts,{{efn|All outfield players must wear shorts, while goalkeepers are permitted to wear tracksuit bottoms.}} socks, footwear and adequate [[shin guard]]s. Wearing an [[jockstrap|athletic supporter]] with protective cup is recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://strikingeagles.tripod.com/health_advice_for_boys.htm |title=Health Advice for Boys |publisher=Strikingeagles.tripod.com |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927075108/http://strikingeagles.tripod.com/health_advice_for_boys.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://files.leagueathletics.com/Images/Club/6097/The%20Prevention%20of%20injuries.pdf |title=Soccer Position Paper |access-date=24 September 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003421/http://files.leagueathletics.com/Images/Club/6097/The%20Prevention%20of%20injuries.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Association football headgear|Headgear]] is not a required piece of equipment, but players may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football's biggest headache |url=http://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2017/03/12/58c54bab268e3e64368b45a8.html|access-date=17 May 2018 |work=Marca |location=Spain |date=12 March 2017|archive-date=17 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517223832/http://www.marca.com/en/football/international-football/2017/03/12/58c54bab268e3e64368b45a8.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 4–Players' Equipment) |access-date=24 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141601/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws4_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game. The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is five in 90 minutes,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2022 |title=Five substitutions permitted in all top-level competitions from 2022/23 |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/five-substitutions-permitted-in-all-top-level-competitions-from-2022-23 |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=90min.com |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113223015/https://www.90min.com/posts/five-substitutions-permitted-in-all-top-level-competitions-from-2022-23 |url-status=live}}</ref> with each team being allowed one more if the game should go into extra-time; the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in [[friendly matches]]. Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or [[timewasting]] at the end of a finely poised game. In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 3–Substitution procedure) |access-date=24 September 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144947/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws3_02.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref> IFAB recommends "that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team". Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 3 – The Number of Players |chapter-url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |publisher=FIFA |access-date=4 March 2011 |page=62 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{anchor|Match officials}}
A game is officiated by a [[referee (association football)|referee]], who has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final. The referee is assisted by two [[Assistant referee (association football)|assistant referees]]. In many high-level games there is also a [[fourth official]] who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 5 – The referee) |access-date=24 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141909/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws5_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Goal line technology]] is used to measure if the whole ball has crossed the goal-line thereby determining whether a goal has been scored or not; this was brought in to prevent controversy. [[Video assistant referee]]s (VAR) have also been increasingly introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through video replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes. There are four types of calls that can be reviewed: mistaken identity in awarding a red or yellow card, goals and whether there was a violation during the build-up, direct red card decisions, and penalty decisions.<ref name="protocol">{{cite web |url=http://www.knvb.nl/downloads/bestand/9844/var-handbook-summary |title=Video Assistant Referees (VARs) Experiment – Protocol (Summary) |publisher=International Football Association Board |date=26 April 2017 |access-date=26 April 2017 |format=PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427192145/http://www.knvb.nl/downloads/bestand/9844/var-handbook-summary |archive-date=27 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Ball ===
{{Main|Ball (association football)}}

[[File:2022-04-24 Fußball, Männer, 3. Liga, 1. FC Magdeburg - FSV Zwickau IMG 4343 by Stepro.jpg|right|thumb|A typical ball]]
The ball is spherical with a circumference of between {{cvt|68|and|70|cm|in}}, a weight in the range of {{cvt|410|to|450|g|oz}}, and a pressure between {{convert|8.5|and|15.6|psi|atm|1|order=flip|lk=on|abbr=off}} at sea level. In the past the ball was made up of leather panels sewn together, with a latex bladder for pressurisation, but modern balls at all levels of the game are now synthetic.<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws of the Game 2013/2014 |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/81/42/36/log2013en%5fneutral.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717074432/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/footballdevelopment/refereeing/81/42/36/log2013en_neutral.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://quality.fifa.com/en/Footballs/Football-facts/Football-manufacturing/ |title=Football manufacturing |work=FIFA quality program |publisher=[[FIFA]]|access-date=3 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160904193101/http://quality.fifa.com/en/Footballs/Football-facts/Football-manufacturing|archive-date=4 September 2016}}</ref>

=== Pitch ===
{{Main|Football pitch}}

[[File:Association Football field diagram -en.svg|thumb|Standard pitch measurements]]
[[File:Fotbollsmål - football goal - Ystad-2025.jpg|thumb|Goals in different sizes.]]
[[File:Linjeringsmaskin - Ystad - 2025.jpg|thumb|Previously, the lines were chalked by hand with a simple chalk machine, nowadays a programmable robot is used that draws all the lines on its own with spray paint.]]
As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within [[International Football Association Board|IFAB]], the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in [[imperial units]]. The Laws now express dimensions with approximate [[SI|metric]] equivalents (followed by traditional units in brackets), though use of imperial units remains popular in English-speaking countries with a relatively recent history of [[metrication]] (or only partial metrication), such as Britain.<ref>{{cite news |title=Will we ever go completely metric? |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/3934353.stm |date=2 September 2004 |last=Summers |first=Chris |access-date=7 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010064850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3934353.stm|archive-date=10 October 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The length of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of {{cvt|100|-|110|m|yd}} and the width is in the range of {{cvt|64|-|75|m|yd|-1}}. Fields for non-international matches may be {{cvt|90|-|120|m|yd|round=5}} in length and {{cvt|45|-|90|m|yd|round=5}} in width, provided the pitch does not become square. In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of {{cvt|105|m|yd}} long and {{cvt|68|m|yd}} wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches;<ref>{{cite web |date=8 March 2008 |title=Goal-line technology put on ice |url=https://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/organisation/ifab/media/news/newsid=707751/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322135616/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/who-we-are/news/goal-line-technology-put-ice-707751|archive-date=22 March 2019|access-date=19 June 2010|url-status=dead |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> however, this decision was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044356/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/77/82/55/circularno.1145-amendmentstothelawsofthegame-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 April 2011 |title=FIFA Amendments to the Laws of the Game, 2008 |publisher=FIFA |access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>

The longer boundary lines are ''touchlines'', while the shorter boundaries (on which the goals are placed) are ''goal lines''. A rectangular goal is positioned on each goal line, midway between the two touchlines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.1 – The field of play) |access-date=24 September 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142202/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_01.htm|archive-date=13 September 2007}}</ref> The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be {{cvt|24|ft|m|2|abbr=in|order=flip}} apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be {{cvt|8|ft|m|2|abbr=in|order=flip}} above the ground. Nets are usually placed behind the goal, but are not required by the Laws.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.4 – The Field of play) |access-date=24 September 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144942/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_04.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>

In front of the goal is the penalty area. This area is marked by the goal line, two lines starting on the goal line {{cvt|16.5|m|yd|0}} from the goalposts and extending {{cvt|16.5|m|yd|0}} into the pitch perpendicular to the goal line, and a line joining them. This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes punishable by a penalty kick. Other markings define the position of the ball or players at [[Kick-off (association football)|kick-offs]], goal kicks, penalty kicks and corner kicks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 1.3 – The field of play) |access-date=24 September 2007|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011084145/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws1_03.htm|archive-date=11 October 2007}}</ref>

=== Duration and tie-breaking methods ===
==== 90-minute ordinary time ====
A standard adult football match consists of two halves of 45 minutes each. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time.<ref name="rule7.2" /> The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called "additional time" in FIFA documents,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/worldfootball/clubfootball/01/37/04/23/interpretation_law07_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721055324/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/worldfootball/clubfootball/01/37/04/23/interpretation_law07_en.pdf|archive-date=21 July 2012 |title=Interpretation of the Laws of the Game – Law 07|url-status=dead |publisher=FIFA}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/refereeing/law_7_the_duration_of_the_match_en_47401.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304214713/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/afdeveloping/refereeing/law_7_the_duration_of_the_match_en_47401.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2011 |title=Law 7 – The Duration of the Match |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> but is most commonly referred to as ''stoppage time'' or ''injury time'', while ''lost time'' can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. Stoppage time does not fully compensate for the time in which the ball is [[Ball in and out of play|out of play]], and a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of "effective playing time".<ref>{{cite news |title=Football reforms: Scrapping 45-minute half to be debated at Ifab |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40311889|access-date=7 March 2018 |work=BBC Sport |date=18 June 2017|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322022354/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40311889|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/world-cup-stoppage-time-is-wildly-inaccurate/amp/ We Timed Every Game. World Cup Stoppage Time Is Wildly Inaccurate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201239/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/world-cup-stoppage-time-is-wildly-inaccurate/amp/ |date=12 November 2020}}, David Bunnell, FiveThirtyEight, 27 June 2018</ref> The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time they intend to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee.<ref name="rule7.2">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.2 – The duration of the match) |access-date=24 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011144952/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_02.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Added time was introduced because of an incident in 1891 during a match between [[Stoke City F.C.|Stoke]] and [[Aston Villa]]. Trailing 1–0 with two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty kick. Villa's goalkeeper deliberately kicked the ball far out of play; by the time it was recovered, the clock had run out and the game was over, leaving Stoke unable to attempt the penalty.<ref>[[The Sunday Times]] ''Illustrated History of Football'' Reed International Books Limited 1996. p. 11 {{ISBN|1-85613-341-9}}</ref> The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until a penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed; thus, no game can end with an uncompleted penalty.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019042952/http://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws7_03.htm |archive-date=19 October 2007 |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 7.3 – The duration of the match) |access-date=3 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Due to the relatively high ambient temperatures in some regions of the planet, cooling breaks for the players were introduced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.insideworldfootball.com/fifa/13379-fifa-approves-extra-breaks-to-help-players-keep-their-cool |title=FIFA approves extra breaks to help players keep their cool |publisher=Inside World Football |date=7 October 2013 |access-date=18 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708072148/http://www.insideworldfootball.com/fifa/13379-fifa-approves-extra-breaks-to-help-players-keep-their-cool |archive-date=8 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Breaks could take place at the referee's discretion after the 30th minute of each half if the [[wet-bulb globe temperature]] exceeded {{convert|32|C}}; the breaks would last 3 minutes, with this time made up by an extended period of stoppage time at the end of the half.

==== Tie-breaking ====
{{Main|Determining the outcome of a match (association football)}}

[[File:Didier Drogba Manuel Neuer last penalty kick Champions League Final 2012.jpg|alt=|thumb|Most knockout competitions use a [[Penalty shoot-out (football)|penalty shoot-out]] to decide the winner if a match ends as a draw]]
In league competitions, games may end in a draw. In knockout competitions where a winner is required, various methods may be employed to break such a deadlock; some competitions may invoke [[Replay (sports)|replays]].<ref>For example, in the [[FA Cup]] prior to the semi-finals.</ref> A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into [[extra time]], which consists of two further 15-minute periods. If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-outs]] (previously known in the Laws of the Game as "kicks from the penalty mark")<ref>{{cite web |title=Laws of the Game 2023/24 |url=https://www.theifab.com/downloads/laws-of-the-game-2023-24?l=en |website=Documents {{!}} IFAB |publisher=IFAB |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418164636/https://downloads.theifab.com/downloads/laws-of-the-game-2023-24?l=en |archive-date=18 April 2024 |page=151 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament or be the champion. Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next part of the tournament, with goals scored in a penalty shoot-out not making up part of the final score.<ref name="laws51-52">{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |publisher=FIFA |pages=51–52 |chapter=Procedures to determine the winner of a match or home-and-away |access-date=4 March 2011 |chapter-url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313194624/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |archive-date=13 March 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In competitions using [[two-legged match]]es, each team competes at home once, with an aggregate score from the two matches deciding which team progresses. Where aggregates are equal, the [[away goals rule]] may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg they played away from home. If the result is still equal, extra time and potentially a penalty shoot-out are required.<ref name="laws51-52" />

=== Ball in and out of play ===
{{Main|Ball in and out of play}}

[[File:Shunsuke1 20080622.jpg|thumb|A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a "wall" to try to block the ball|alt=]]
Under the Laws, the two basic states of play during a game are ''ball in play'' and ''ball out of play''. From the beginning of each [[playing period]] with a kick-off until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee. When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play:

* [[Kick-off (association football)|Kick-off]]: following a goal by the opposing team, or to begin each period of play.<ref name="restart" />
* [[Throw-in]]: when the ball has crossed the touchline; awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 15 – The Throw-in) |access-date=14 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142556/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws15_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Goal kick]]: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the attacking team; awarded to defending team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 16 – The Goal Kick) |access-date=14 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913141725/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws16_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Corner kick]]: when the ball has wholly crossed the goal line without a goal having been scored and having last been touched by a player of the defending team; awarded to attacking team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 17 – The Corner Kick) |access-date=14 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142324/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws17_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Indirect free kick]]: awarded to the opposing team following "non-penal" fouls, certain technical infringements, or when play is stopped to caution or dismiss an opponent without a specific foul having occurred. A goal may not be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an indirect free kick.<ref name="freekick">{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 13 – Free Kicks) |access-date=14 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142645/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws13_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Direct free kick]]: awarded to fouled team following certain listed "penal" fouls.<ref name="freekick" /> A goal may be scored directly from a direct free kick.
* [[Penalty kick (association football)|Penalty kick]]: awarded to the fouled team following a foul usually punishable by a direct free kick but that has occurred within their opponent's penalty area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |publisher=FIFA |title=Laws of the game (Law 14 – The Penalty Kick) |access-date=14 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070913142717/http://fifa.com/flash/lotg/football/en/Laws14_01.htm |archive-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Dropped-ball]]: occurs when the referee has stopped play for any other reason, such as a serious injury to a player, interference by an external party, or a ball becoming defective.<ref name="restart" />

=== Misconduct ===
{{Main|Fouls and misconduct (association football)}}

==== On-field ====
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Yellow card.svg
| width1 = 100
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Red card.svg
| width2 = 100
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Players are cautioned with a yellow card, and dismissed from the game with a red card. These colours were first introduced at the [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] and used consistently since.
}}

A [[foul (football)|foul]] occurs when a player commits an offence listed in the Laws of the Game while the ball is in play. The offences that constitute a foul are listed in Law 12. Handling the ball deliberately, tripping an opponent, or pushing an opponent, are examples of "penal fouls", punishable by a [[direct free kick]] or penalty kick depending on where the offence occurred. Other fouls are punishable by an [[indirect free kick]].<ref name="fouls" />

The referee may punish a player's or substitute's [[misconduct (football)|misconduct]] by a caution ([[Penalty card|yellow card]]) or dismissal ([[Penalty card|red card]]). A second yellow card in the same game leads to a red card, which results in a dismissal. A player given a yellow card is said to have been "booked", the referee writing the player's name in their official notebook. If a player has been dismissed, no substitute can be brought on in their place and the player may not participate in further play. Misconduct may occur at any time, and while the offences that constitute misconduct are listed, the definitions are broad. In particular, the offence of "unsporting behaviour" may be used to deal with most events that violate the spirit of the game, even if they are not listed as specific offences. A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute, substituted player, and to non-players such as managers and support staff.<ref name="fouls" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2020 |title=How cards for managers has improved behaviour in the technical area |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/managers-yellow-red-cards-behaviour-technical-area-a9512561.html |access-date=13 January 2023 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113223013/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/managers-yellow-red-cards-behaviour-technical-area-a9512561.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed. This is known as "playing an advantage".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4188646.stm |title=Referee's signals: advantage |work=BBC Sport |access-date=4 March 2011 |date=14 September 2005 |archive-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112055936/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/rules_and_equipment/4188646.stm |url-status=live}}</ref> The referee may "call back" play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within "a few seconds". Even if an offence is not penalised due to advantage being played, the offender may still be sanctioned for misconduct at the next stoppage of play.<ref>{{cite book |title=Laws of the Game 2010/2011 |chapter=Law 5: The Referee: Advantage |chapter-url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |publisher=FIFA |access-date=4 March 2011 |page=66 |archive-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704211500/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2010_11_e.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The referee's decision in all on-pitch matters is considered final. The score of a match cannot be altered after the game, even if later evidence shows that decisions (including whether a goal was awarded or not) were incorrect.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Laws of the Game |chapter=Law 5: The Referee |chapter-url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2011_12_en.pdf |publisher=FIFA |access-date=5 May 2012 |page=24 |archive-date=6 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806182803/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/generic/81/42/36/lawsofthegame_2011_12_en.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Off-field ====
Along with the general administration of the sport, football associations and competition organisers also enforce good conduct in wider aspects of the game, dealing with issues such as comments to the press, clubs' financial management, [[Doping in sport|doping]], [[Age fraud in association football|age fraud]] and [[match fixing]]. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game.<ref name=FAsuspensions>For example, see [[the Football Association]]'s rules regarding player suspensions in FA competitions: {{cite web |title=Disciplinary procedures |url=http://www.thefa.com/~/media/files/thefaportal/governance-docs/rules-of-the-association/2015-16/031g_memorandum-of-disciplinary-procedures-_section-d.ashx |publisher=The Football Association|access-date=1 February 2016|archive-date=6 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106181545/http://www.thefa.com/~/media/files/thefaportal/governance-docs/rules-of-the-association/2015-16/031g_memorandum-of-disciplinary-procedures-_section-d.ashx|url-status=live}}</ref> Some on-field incidents, if considered very serious (such as allegations of racial abuse), may result in competitions deciding to impose heavier sanctions than those normally associated with a red card.{{efn|For example, the [[English Premier League]] fined and levied an 8-match suspension on [[Luis Suárez]] for [[Luis Suárez#Racial abuse incident|racially abusing]] [[Patrice Evra]].}} Some associations allow for appeals against player suspensions incurred on-field if clubs feel a referee was incorrect or unduly harsh.<ref name=FAsuspensions />

Sanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on clubs as a whole. Penalties may include fines, point deductions (in league competitions) or even expulsion from competitions. For example, the [[English Football League]] deduct 12 points from any team that enters [[Administration (British football)|financial administration]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Football League administration penalty raised to 12 points |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33027933|access-date=17 May 2018 |work=BBC Sport |date=5 June 2015|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804233939/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33027933|url-status=live}}</ref> Among other administrative sanctions are penalties against game forfeiture. Teams that forfeit a game or are forfeited against are awarded a technical loss or win.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/50/02/75/discoinhalte.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109174734/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/affederation/administration/50/02/75/discoinhalte.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 November 2011|title=FIFA Disciplinary Code|date=2011|website=FIFA|page=21|access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref>

== Governing bodies ==
[[File:FIFA-Headquarter.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[FIFA headquarters|Headquarters]] of [[FIFA]], the world governing body of football]]
The recognised international governing body of football (and associated games, such as [[futsal]] and [[beach soccer]]){{efn|name=Variants}} is [[FIFA]]. The FIFA headquarters are located in [[Zürich]], Switzerland. Six regional confederations are associated with FIFA; these are:<ref name="confeds">{{cite web |title=Member Associations |url=https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220105319/https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/associations |archive-date=20 February 2023 |access-date=20 February 2023 |publisher=FIFA}}</ref>
* [[Asia]]: [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC)
* [[Africa]]: [[Confederation of African Football]] (CAF)
* [[Europe]]: [[Union of European Football Associations]] (UEFA)
* [[North America|North]]/[[Central America]] & [[Caribbean]]: [[Confederation of North, Central American and Caribbean Association Football]] (CONCACAF)
* [[Oceania]]: [[Oceania Football Confederation]] (OFC)
* [[South America]]: [[Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol]] (South American Football Confederation; CONMEBOL)

National associations (or national federations) oversee football within individual countries. 211 national associations are affiliated both with FIFA and with their respective continental confederations.<ref name="confeds" /> Other national associations may be members of continental confederations but otherwise [[Non-FIFA international football|not participate in FIFA competitions]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vázquez |first1=Luis Guillermo |last2=Hall |first2=Andy |title=Which CONCACAF teams are not recognized by FIFA? |url=https://en.as.com/soccer/which-concacaf-teams-are-not-recognized-by-fifa-n/ |website=AS USA |access-date=11 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110143536/https://en.as.com/soccer/which-concacaf-teams-are-not-recognized-by-fifa-n/ |archive-date=10 November 2024 |language=en |date=9 October 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

While FIFA is responsible for organising international competitions and enforcing most international regulations, the [[Laws of the Game (association football)|Laws of the Game]] are set by the [[International Football Association Board|IFAB]], where each of the four UK associations holds one vote and FIFA collectively holds four votes.<ref name="FIFA" />

{{anchor|Internationalcompetitions}}

== International competitions ==
{{Main|List of association football competitions}}

[[File:Ousmane Dembélé World Cup Trophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|upright=0.70|The [[FIFA World Cup]] is the largest international competition in football and the world's most viewed sporting event|left]]
International competitions in association football principally consist of two varieties: competitions involving representative national teams or those involving clubs based in multiple nations and national leagues. ''International football'', without qualification, most often refers to the former.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whitmore |first1=Jonny |title=5 Key Differences Between International and Club Football |url=https://theanalyst.com/2021/07/five-differences-between-international-and-club-football |website=Opta Analyst |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324100604/https://theanalyst.com/2021/07/five-differences-between-international-and-club-football |archive-date=24 Mar 2025 |language=en |date=22 July 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the case of international club competition, it is the country of origin of the clubs involved, not the nationalities of their players, that renders the competition international in nature.<ref>{{cite web |title=2020 Concacaf Champions League Draw Preview |url=https://www.newyorkcityfc.com/news/2020-concacaf-champions-league-draw-preview |website=New York City FC |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411215224/https://www.newyorkcityfc.com/news/2020-concacaf-champions-league-draw-preview |archive-date=11 April 2025 |language=en |date=6 December 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The major international competition in football and the most prestigious is the [[FIFA World Cup|World Cup]], organised by FIFA. This competition has taken place every four years since [[1930 FIFA World Cup|1930]], with the exception of the 1942 and 1946 tournaments, which were cancelled because of [[World War II]]. As of 2022, over 200 national teams compete in qualifying tournaments within the scope of continental confederations for a place in the finals.<ref>{{cite news |title=FIFA World Cup 2022: Brazil, Germany, England among confirmed teams for Qatar |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2022-qualified-football-teams-list |access-date=18 September 2023 |publisher=Olympics |date=14 June 2022 |first1=Aarish |last1=Ansari |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927232418/https://olympics.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2022-qualified-football-teams-list |url-status=live}}</ref> The finals tournament involved 32 national teams (expanding to 48 teams for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup|2026 tournament]]) competing over a four-week period.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mayorquin |first=Orlando |date=19 November 2022 |title=How does the World Cup work? The ultimate soccer showcase, explained |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2022/11/19/2022-qatar-world-cup-group-knockout-stage-explained/8083358001/ |work=[[USA Today]] |accessdate=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902031535/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2022/11/19/2022-qatar-world-cup-group-knockout-stage-explained/8083358001/ |url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=teams number|The number of competing teams has varied over the history of the competition.}} The World Cup is the world's most widely viewed and most followed sporting event, with the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 tournament]] estimated to be watched by 5 billion people, more than 60% of the global population.<ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Qatar 2022 to be watched by 5bn people, says Gianni Infantino |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fifa-2022-world-cup-qatar-tv-audience-viewers-gianni-infantino/ |access-date=27 October 2024|website=SportsPro |archive-date=14 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114151049/https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fifa-2022-world-cup-qatar-tv-audience-viewers-gianni-infantino/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[1958 FIFA World Cup|1958 World Cup]] saw the emergence of [[Pelé]] as a global sporting star, a period that coincided with "the explosive spread of television, which massively amplified his presence everywhere".<ref>{{cite news |last=Goldblatt |first=David |title=Pelé set the standards by which footballing greatness is judged |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/29/pele-football-greatness-brazil-global-star |access-date=18 September 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=29 December 2022 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005082607/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/dec/29/pele-football-greatness-brazil-global-star |url-status=live}}</ref> The current champions are [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]], who won their third title at the 2022 tournament in Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mcnulty |first1=Phil |date=18 December 2022 |title=Argentina win dramatic World Cup final on penalties |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63932622 |access-date=19 December 2022 |work=BBC Sport |publisher=BBC |archive-date=18 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218210506/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/63932622 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[FIFA Women's World Cup]] has been held every four years since [[1991 FIFA Women's World Cup|1991]]. Under the tournament's current format that was expanded in 2023, national teams vie for 31 slots in a three-year [[FIFA Women's World Cup qualification|qualification phase]], while the host nation's team enters automatically as the 32nd slot.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lewis |first=Russell |date=23 July 2023 |title=The Women's World Cup expanded to 32 teams this year. Has the quality suffered? |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/07/23/1189634000/fifa-womens-world-cup-expanded-to-32-teams-new-zealand-australia |publisher=[[NPR]] |accessdate=31 August 2023 |archive-date=31 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831005059/https://www.npr.org/2023/07/23/1189634000/fifa-womens-world-cup-expanded-to-32-teams-new-zealand-australia |url-status=live}}</ref> The current champions are [[Spain women's national football team|Spain]], after winning their first title in the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup|2023 tournament]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Peterson |first=Anne M. |date=20 August 2023 |title=From turmoil to triumph, Spain earns its first Women's World Cup title with a 1-0 win over England |url=https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-final-spain-england-match-summary-232025b71703e9acde0ae39addb16c10 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=31 August 2023 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823000117/https://apnews.com/article/womens-world-cup-final-spain-england-match-summary-232025b71703e9acde0ae39addb16c10 |url-status=live}}</ref>

There has been a [[Football at the Summer Olympics|football tournament]] at every [[Summer Olympic Games]] since [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]], except at the [[1932 Summer Olympics|1932]] games in [[Los Angeles]] when FIFA and the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) had disagreed over the status of amateur players.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/FTB/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417041849/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/summer/1936/FTB/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 April 2020 |title=Football at the 1936 Berlin Summer Games |work=Sports Reference |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/football-equipment-and-history?tab=1 |title=Football Equipment and History |publisher=International Olympic Committee (IOC) |access-date=4 March 2011 |archive-date=6 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706130625/http://www.olympic.org/football-equipment-and-history?tab=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> Before the inception of the World Cup, the Olympics (especially during the 1920s) were the most prestigious international event. Originally, the tournament was for amateurs only.<ref name=Wherebegan>{{cite web |url=http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0,3504,4,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608215029/http://access.fifa.com/en/history/history/0%2C3504%2C4%2C00.html |archive-date=8 June 2007 |title=Where it all began |publisher=FIFA |access-date=8 June 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were the [[Soviet Bloc]] countries of [[Eastern Europe]], where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. Between [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]] and [[1980 Summer Olympics|1980]], 23 out of 27 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only [[Sweden men's national football team|Sweden]] (gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952), [[Denmark national football team|Denmark]] (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960) and [[Japan national football team|Japan]] (bronze in 1968) breaking their dominance. For the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Games]], the IOC allowed professional players to compete. Since [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992]], male competitors must be under 23 years old, although since [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]], three players over the age of 23 have been allowed per squad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football: Five superstars who have won gold in the Olympics |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/football-five-superstars-who-have-won-gold-in-the-olympics |access-date=18 September 2023 |publisher=Olympics.com |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606085636/https://olympics.com/en/news/football-five-superstars-who-have-won-gold-in-the-olympics |url-status=live}}</ref> A women's tournament was added in 1996; in contrast to the men's event, full international sides without age restrictions play the women's Olympic tournament.<ref>{{cite news |last=Borg |first=Simon |date=7 August 2021 |title=Olympic soccer rules, explained: How men's and women's football tournaments work in Tokyo |url=https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/olympic-soccer-rules-men-women-tournament-tokyo/154emrauwrgxc1na5nmszrrqdf |work=[[The Sporting News]] |accessdate=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902031536/https://www.sportingnews.com/us/soccer/news/olympic-soccer-rules-men-women-tournament-tokyo/154emrauwrgxc1na5nmszrrqdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Torres, Mata and Ramos Euro 2012 trophy 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Spain national football team|Spanish]] footballers [[Fernando Torres]], [[Juan Mata]], and [[Sergio Ramos]] celebrating winning the [[UEFA European Championship]] in [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]]]]
After the World Cup, the most important international football competitions are the continental championships, which are organised by each continental confederation and contested between national teams. These are the [[UEFA European Championship|European Championship]] (UEFA), the [[Copa América]] (CONMEBOL), the [[Africa Cup of Nations]] (CAF), the [[AFC Asian Cup|Asian Cup]] (AFC), the [[CONCACAF Gold Cup|Gold Cup]] (CONCACAF) and the [[OFC Men's Nations Cup|Nations Cup]] (OFC).<ref name="CBC-Continentals" /> These competitions are not strictly limited to members of the continental confederations, with guest teams from other continents sometimes invited to compete.<ref>{{cite news |last=Williams |first=Aidan |date=12 June 2019 |title=Japan, Qatar and the history of guest teams at the Copa América |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/these-football-times/2019/jun/12/copa-america-japan-qatar-strange-history-guest-teams |work=The Guardian |accessdate=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902031535/https://www.theguardian.com/football/these-football-times/2019/jun/12/copa-america-japan-qatar-strange-history-guest-teams |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[FIFA Confederations Cup]] was contested by the winners of all six continental championships, the current FIFA World Cup champions, and the country which was hosting the next World Cup. This was generally regarded as a warm-up tournament for the upcoming FIFA World Cup and did not carry the same prestige as the World Cup itself.<ref name="CBC-Continentals">{{cite news |last=Molinaro |first=John F. |date=22 May 2009 |title=Continental champions collide at the Confederations Cup |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/continental-champions-collide-at-the-confederations-cup-1.812024 |publisher=[[CBC Sports]] |accessdate=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902031535/https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/continental-champions-collide-at-the-confederations-cup-1.812024 |url-status=live}}</ref> The tournament was discontinued following the [[2017 FIFA Confederations Cup|2017 edition]], with its calendar slot replaced by an expanded [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news |date=4 December 2020 |title=2021 FIFA Club World Cup to remain a seven-team tournament |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4229851/2020/12/04/2021-fifa-club-world-cup-to-remain-a-seven-team-tournament/ |work=[[The Athletic]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902031535/https://theathletic.com/4229851/2020/12/04/2021-fifa-club-world-cup-to-remain-a-seven-team-tournament/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Finalissima]] was revived in 2022, and is contested between the Copa América and European Championship winners.<ref>{{cite web |title=European and South American champions meet in 'Finalissima' Wembley showdown |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0273-14b9d1db749d-1b03dce602c9-1000/ |website=UEFA.com |access-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250328085534/https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/0273-14b9d1db749d-1b03dce602c9-1000/ |archive-date=28 March 2025 |language=en |date=22 March 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[UEFA Nations League]] and the [[CONCACAF Nations League]] were introduced in the late 2010s to replace international [[exhibition match|friendlies]] during the two-year cycle between major tournaments.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Straus |first=Brian |date=17 November 2017 |title=How CONCACAF League of Nations Alters Competitive Landscape for USA, Region |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/11/17/concacaf-league-nations-friendlies-usa-mexico |magazine=[[Sports Illustrated]] |accessdate=31 August 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901044244/https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/11/17/concacaf-league-nations-friendlies-usa-mexico |url-status=live}}</ref>

The most prestigious competitions in club football are the respective continental championships, which are generally contested between national champions, for example, the [[UEFA Champions League]] in Europe and the [[Copa Libertadores]] in South America. The winners of each continental competition contest the [[FIFA Intercontinental Cup]], held annually, and the [[FIFA Club World Cup]], held once every four years.<ref>{{cite web |title=Organising Committee strengthens FIFA Club World Cup format |publisher=FIFA |url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid=570740.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531094715/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/clubworldcup/japan2007/releases/newsid%3D570740.html |archive-date=31 May 2008 |date=14 August 2007 |access-date=7 October 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Domestic competitions ==
{{Main|Geography of association football|Geography of women's association football}}

[[File:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|A 2009 Spanish [[La Liga]] match between [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The fixture, known as ''[[El Clásico]]'', is one of the most renowned in sport.<ref>{{cite news |last=Philip |first=Tom |date=19 November 2015 |title=What the Hell is El Clásico? |url=https://www.gq.com/story/el-clasico-real-madrid-barcelona-ronaldo-messi |work=[[GQ]] |accessdate=8 September 2023 |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010150231/https://www.gq.com/story/el-clasico-real-madrid-barcelona-ronaldo-messi |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

In each country, football clubs are usually federated in associations or leagues that organise official tournaments among themselves, from which the champion of each country and the teams that will participate in international club tournaments emerge. There is no single system of competitions, and each national league organises them according to its own traditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=How is European soccer structured with leagues and cup competitions? |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/faq/what-are-the-rules-and-regulations-of-soccer/how-is-european-soccer-structured-with-leagues-and-cup-competitions-10568 |website=www.bundesliga.com |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250223035347/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/faq/what-are-the-rules-and-regulations-of-soccer/how-is-european-soccer-structured-with-leagues-and-cup-competitions-10568 |archive-date=23 February 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The governing bodies in each country operate [[league system]]s in a [[Domestic association football season|domestic season]], normally comprising several [[division (sport)|divisions]], in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results, usually [[three points for a win]], one for a draw and zero for a defeat. Teams are put into [[Table (information)|tables]], placed in order according to points accrued. In the [[Old World]] (Africa, Asia and Europe), it is common for each team to play every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a [[round-robin tournament]]. At the end of a season, which typically runs from August to May, the top team is declared the champion. The top few teams may be [[promotion and relegation|promoted]] to a higher division, and one or more of the teams finishing at the bottom are [[promotion and relegation|relegated]] to a lower division.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Fort |first=Rodney |title=European and North American Sports Differences(?) |journal=Scottish Journal of Political Economy |date=September 2000 |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=431–55 |doi=10.1111/1467-9485.00172}}</ref>

Some exceptions to this system occur in the [[New World]] (Americas) and Australia:

* The majority of the Latin American leagues (including [[Liga MX]] from Mexico and [[Argentine Primera División|Liga Profesional de Fútbol]] from Argentina) divide football championships into two sections named [[Apertura and Clausura]] (Spanish for ''Opening'' and ''Closing''), awarding a champion for each.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/latinamerica/story/Estudiantes-win-Argentina-Apertura-title |title=Estudiantes win Argentina Apertura title |date=13 December 2010 |work=Fox Sports |agency=Associated Press |quote=Under the system used in Argentina and most of Latin America, two season titles are awarded each year – the Apertura and Clausura. |access-date=4 March 2011 |archive-date=23 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623075034/http://msn.foxsports.com/foxsoccer/latinamerica/story/Estudiantes-win-Argentina-Apertura-title |url-status=live}}</ref> After a first phase using points in a round-robin tournament, these leagues usually have a knockout phase, with a final deciding the champion of each Apertura and Clausura tournament. In some countries, such as Uruguay,<ref>{{cite web |title=En Uruguay, Liverpool hizo historia con un ex Boca |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/futbol-internacional/america/liverpool-campeon-uruguayo-2023-uruguay-final-penarol_0_FMaGvJeFmQ.html |website=Olé |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921033848/https://www.ole.com.ar/futbol-internacional/america/liverpool-campeon-uruguayo-2023-uruguay-final-penarol_0_FMaGvJeFmQ.html |archive-date=21 September 2024 |language=es |date=17 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> the winners of the Apertura and Clausura play each other in a play-off for the season title.
* The [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Brazilian Série A]] ("Brasileirão") uses a single-season double round-robin format to determine the champion, similar to most European leagues, although it is played from April or May to December.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Oliveira |first1=Letícia |title=Como funciona o Campeonato Brasileiro? Veja tudo sobre a competição |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/reportagem/2024/04/10/c-como-funciona-o-campeonato-brasileiro-veja-tudo-sobre-a-competicao.ghtml |website=ge |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120163547/https://ge.globo.com/futebol/reportagem/2024/04/10/c-como-funciona-o-campeonato-brasileiro-veja-tudo-sobre-a-competicao.ghtml |archive-date=20 January 2025 |location=Rio de Janeiro |language=pt |date=10 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Brazilian clubs also participate in [[State football leagues in Brazil|state leagues]] from January to April, and at least one state league, the [[Campeonato Carioca]] in [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]], had a [[split season]] format until 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Priori |first1=Jorge |title=Uma solução para os campeonatos estaduais |url=https://monitormercantil.com.br/uma-solucao-para-os-campeonatos-estaduais/ |website=Monitor Mercantil |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118002005/https://monitormercantil.com.br/uma-solucao-para-os-campeonatos-estaduais/ |archive-date=18 January 2025 |language=pt |date=14 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> However, Brazil has never used an Apertura and Clausura system in its national tournament, instead employing various formats with play-offs until 2002.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parrela |first1=Leonardo |title=A história do Campeonato Brasileiro: formatos e campeões |url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/esportes/futebol/a-historia-do-campeonato-brasileiro-formatos-e-campeoes/ |website=CNN Brasil |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207212750/https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/esportes/futebol/a-historia-do-campeonato-brasileiro-formatos-e-campeoes/ |archive-date=7 December 2024 |language=pt |date=12 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Major League Soccer]] in the United States and Canada uses a closed league system (without promotion and relegation) and a conference system, similar to that used in other sports leagues in both countries. In each conference, clubs play a round-robin schedule during the regular season, and those with the most points qualify for the play-offs, which conclude with a final to determine the champion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Competition Guidelines |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/about/competition-guidelines |website=MLS soccer |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401063727/https://www.mlssoccer.com/about/competition-guidelines |archive-date=1 April 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[A-League Men|A-League]] in Australia also uses a closed league system. At the end of a regular season played in a round-robin format, the clubs with the most points compete in play-offs to determine the league champion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official Documents and Rules |url=https://aleagues.com.au/more/official-documents/ |website=A-Leagues |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314113938/https://aleagues.com.au/more/official-documents/ |archive-date=14 March 2025 |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref>

The teams finishing at the top of a country's league may also be eligible to play in [[List of association football competitions|international club competitions]] in the following season. Most countries supplement the league system with one or more "cup" competitions organised on a [[single elimination tournament|knock-out]] basis. These include the [[domestic cup]], which may be open to all eligible teams in a country's league system—both professional and amateur—and is organised by the national federation.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rueter |first=Jeff |date=22 August 2023 |title=What is the U.S. Open Cup? Soccer tournament history, how to watch and Messi's path to another trophy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4795121/2023/08/22/us-open-cup-history-broadcast-messi/ |work=[[The Athletic]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=8 September 2023 |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824030057/https://theathletic.com/4795121/2023/08/22/us-open-cup-history-broadcast-messi/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

Some countries' top divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries, lower divisions, and many women's clubs, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. The top five European leagues – [[Premier League]] (England),<ref>{{cite news |last=Hughes |first=Ian |date=31 March 2008 |title=Premier League conquering Europe |work=BBC Sport |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7321408.stm |url-status=live |access-date=27 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118013022/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7321408.stm |archive-date=18 November 2018}}</ref> [[Bundesliga]] (Germany), [[La Liga]] (Spain), [[Serie A]] (Italy), and [[Ligue 1]] (France) – attract most of the world's best players and, during the 2006–07 season, each of these leagues had a total wage cost in excess of [[Euro|€]]600 million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Louise |date=29 May 2008 |title=Leading clubs losing out as players and agents cash in |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2008/may/29/premierleague |url-status=live |access-date=28 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407130029/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/may/29/premierleague |archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref> These leagues also generated a combined €17.2 billion in revenue in the 2021–22 season from television contracts, matchday tickets, sponsorships, and other sources.<ref>{{cite news |last=Buckingham |first=Philip |date=14 June 2023 |title=Premier League generated £5.5bn in 2021–22 – more than La Liga and Bundesliga combined |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/4610513/2023/06/14/premier-league-revenue-football-finance/ |work=The Athletic |url-access=subscription |access-date=1 September 2023 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902032903/https://theathletic.com/4610513/2023/06/14/premier-league-revenue-football-finance/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2022–23 season, clubs in Europe's "[[Big Five (association football)|big five]]" leagues had an aggregate wage cost of €13 billion, with each league spending more than €1.8 billion in wages. In contrast, the combined revenue of these leagues was €19.6 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Review of Football Finance: Europe's Premier Leagues |url=https://www.deloitte.com/uk/en/services/financial-advisory/research/annual-review-of-football-finance-europe-premier-league.html |website=www.deloitte.com |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250108132111/https://www.deloitte.com/uk/en/services/financial-advisory/research/annual-review-of-football-finance-europe-premier-league.html |archive-date=8 January 2025 |language=en |date=25 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Variants and casual play ==
{{See also|List of types of football|Comparison of association football and futsal}}
[[File:Street soccer in Lagos.jpg|thumb|Street play in [[Lagos]], Nigeria]]
Variants of association football have been codified for teams of reduced size, such as [[five-a-side football]]; for non-traditional playing environments, including [[beach soccer]], [[futsal]] and [[indoor soccer]]; and for athletes with disabilities ([[Paralympic football]]).

[[Street football (association football)|Street football]] can be played with only minimal equipment – a basic game can be played on almost any open area of reasonable size with just a ball made from almost any material and items to mark the positions of the goalposts.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Berlin|first1=Jeremy|last2=Hilltout|first2=Jessica|date=2013-02-01|title=Joy Is Round|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/02/soccer-joy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026112120/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/02/soccer-joy/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 26, 2020|access-date=2020-10-23|website=National Geographic Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forget jumpers... these are the best makeshift goalposts |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/29862121 |website=BBC Sport |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171546/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/29862121 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |language=en |date=1 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Such informal games can have team sizes that vary from eleven-a-side, can use a limited or modified subset of the official rules, and can be self-officiated by the players.<ref>{{cite web |title=How street football shapes elite talent |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/how-street-football-shapes-elite-talent-a2.1107250 |website=Times of Malta |access-date=8 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331050941/https://timesofmalta.com/article/how-street-football-shapes-elite-talent-a2.1107250 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |language=en |date=27 March 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Outline of association football]]
* [[Lists of association football clubs]]
* [[List of association football films]]
* [[List of association football video games]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links
| commonscat = yes
| voy = soccer
| d = yes
}}
* {{Official website|https://www.fifa.com|Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)}} {{In lang|en|fr|es|pt|de|it|ar|ja|ko|id}}
* {{Official website|https://theifab.com|International Football Association Board (IFAB)}} {{In lang|en|fr|es|de}}
* {{Britannica|550852}}

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}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Association football| ]]
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Akepati Amarnath Reddy

2026-04-24T22:08:32Z

Completegurus: started initial details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Akepati Amarnath Reddy
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Rajampet Assembly constituency|Rajampet]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date = 1962
}}
'''Akepati Amarnath Reddy''' (born 1962)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Rajampet Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Kadapa district]] which is now in the carved out [[Annamayya district]]. He represents [[YSR Congress Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajampet Assembly Election Results 2024: Rajampet Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/rajampet-constituency-result-1125 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is a three time MLA from Rajampet.

== Early life and education ==
Amarnath is from [[Rajampet]]. His father's name is Akepati Narayanareddy Reddy. His brother name is Akepati Anil Reddy. He completed his B.Sc. in 1982.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amaranath Reddy Akepati(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RAJAMPET(KADAPA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/ap09/candidate.php?candidate_id=2284 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Amarnath won for the first time{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}} as an MLA from Rajampet Assembly constituency in the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He defeated Kasireddy Madan Mohan Reddy of Telugu Desam Party by a margin of 12,342 votes.

He shifted to YSR Congress Party and retained the seat in [[2012 Andhra Pradesh by-elections|2012 Andhra Pradesh by-election]] contesting on YSRCP ticket. He defeated [[Meda Venkata Mallikarjuna Reddy]] of Indian National Congress by a margin of 38,219 votes. He lost to Mallikarjuna Reddy, who contested on TDP ticket, in the 2014 Assembly election by a margin of 11,617 votes. He regained the Rajampet seat for YSR Congress Party in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] despite an anti-incumbent wave. He polled 92,609 votes and defeated Bala Subramanyam Sugavasi of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 7,016 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akepati Amarnath Reddy, YSRCP Candidate from Rajampet Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/akepati-amarnath-reddy-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a125e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajampet Constituency Election Results 2024: Rajampet Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/rajampet |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He is one of the 11 YSRCP MLAs who won the 2024 Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-04 |title=AP election results 2024 highlights: Chandrababu Naidu celebrates after TDP registers sweeping victory in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live/article68246162.ece |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ysrcp-wiped-out-in-8-of-13-andhra-districts-101717617810001.html</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amarnath Reddy, Akepati}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]

Solapur City Central Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:35:19Z

Completegurus: created new location

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Solapur City Central
| map_alt = Solapur City Central Assembly
| map_caption = Solapur City Central Assembly
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 249
| map_image = solapur-central-assembly.jpg
| division = [[Pune division]]
| district = [[Solapur district|Solapur]]
| established = 2008
| loksabha_cons = [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Solapur (SC)]]
| electors = 3,46,677 (2024)
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| incumbent_image_alt = Devendra Kothe
| mla = [[Devendra Rajesh Kothe]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alliance = [[Maha Yuti]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Praniti Shinde]]
}}
'''Solapur City Central Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Solapur district]],<ref name="ECI-20081126" /> of which [[Solapur]] city is the district headquarters, and is part of [[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Geographical scope==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Polling Booths in Solapur City Central Assembly Constituency, Maharashtra |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/polling-booth/solapur-city-central.html |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

The constituency comprises ward nos.6, 29 to 39, 44 to 47, 50, 51, 66 to 85, 89 & 90 belong to [[Solapur Municipal Corporation]] lying in [[Solapur North taluka]].<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|access-date=2015-08-14}}</ref>
Polling booth stations areas & addresses under constituency

Polling booth areas under constituency
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! '''Polling Booth Areas'''
|-
| Murarji Peth Faujdar Chavadi,
Tukaram Chowk Gengatyal Takij Javal,
Shastri Nagar,
Kidvai Chowk,
Ashok Chowk New Pachchha Peth,
New Pachchha Peth Dat Nagar Karnik Nagar,
Kasabe Solapur Akalakot Road M. I D. C,
Kidvai Chowk,
Prabhat Talkies Saraswati Chowk,
Kidvai Chowk,
Ramlal Chowk,
Rimandahom,
Reba Nagar,
Asvini Rugnalay Javal,
Siddheshwar Peth,
Juna Employment Chowk,
Juna Employment Chowk Wadiya Haspital Javal,
Abdulpur Kar Mangal Karyalay,
Asvini Rugnalay Javal,
Kasabe Solapur Akalakot Road M. I D. C,
Begum Peth Police Chowki,
Sunil Nagar,
Siddheshwar Peth,
Murarji Peth Faujdar Chavadi,
Ashwini Rugnalay Javal,
Bapuji Nagar,
Majarevadi,
Ramavadi Limayevadi,
Police Mukhyalay,
Begum Peth,
Daji Peth Post Office,
District & Sessions Court,
Dufferin Chowk,
Garibi Hatao Jhopadpatti,
Gandhi Nagar,
Gentyal Chowk,
Government Remand Home,
Gurunanak Chowk,
Guruwar Peth,
Haribhai Devkaran High School,
Hotgi Road,
Hudco Colony,
Jail Road,
Jodbasavanna Chowk,
Karnik Nagar,
Lashkar,
Laxmi Vishnu Chawl,
Saibaba Chowk,
Modi Khana,
Muslim Pachha Peth,
Patharut Chowk,
Police Headquarters,
Ramwadi,
Rote Complex,
Sainath Nagar,
Saat Rasta,
Settlement Area,
Shanti Chowk,
Shivganga Nagar,
South Sadar Bazar,
Thobde Vasti - Hanuman Temple,
Telangi Pachha Peth
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solapur City Central Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/solapur-city-central.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Before 2008 : See [[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]] and [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Rowspan=3|[[Praniti Shinde]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Devendra Rajesh Kothe|Devendra Kothe]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City Central<ref name="Solapur City Central Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Solapur City Central Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/solapur-city-central |accessdate=14 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114052010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/solapur-city-central |archivedate=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Solapur City Central">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Solapur City Central |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13249.htm |accessdate=14 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114052054/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13249.htm |archivedate=14 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Solapur City Central, Election Result 2024 Live: Winning and Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News | url=https://www.news18.com/elections/maharashtra/solapur-city-central-assembly-constituency-s13aed2008a249/ }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Devendra Rajesh Kothe]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 110,278 |percentage = 54.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haji Farooq Maqbool Shabdi |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 61,428 |percentage = 30.56% |change={{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chetan Pandit Narote |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,385 |percentage = 8.15% |change={{decrease}}22.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 6,816 |percentage = 3.39% |change={{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shriniwas Rangappa Sangepag |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,563 |percentage = 0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 557 |percentage = 0.28% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 48,850 |percentage = 24.30% |change= {{increase}}16.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 201,557 |percentage = 58.13% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 201,000}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 346,722|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}24.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City Central<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Praniti Shinde|Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,440 |percentage = 30.73% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haji Farooq Maqbool Shabdi |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 38,721 |percentage = 23.13% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kothe Mahesh Vishnupant |party=Independent politician |votes = 30,081 |percentage = 17.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dilip Mane]] |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 29,247 |percentage = 17.47% |change={{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 10,505 |percentage = 6.27% |change={{decrease}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Imtiyaj Abdulmannan Peerjade |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,767 |percentage = 1.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 807 |percentage = 0.48% |change={{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,719 |percentage = 7.60% |change= {{increase}}1.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,334 |percentage = |change= {{decrease}}2.77 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,414}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 302,160|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City Central<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Praniti Shinde|Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 46,907 |percentage = 28.98% |change={{decrease}}20.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shekh Taufik Is Mail |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 37,138 |percentage = 22.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kothe Mahesh Vishnupant |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 33,334 |percentage = 20.60% |change={{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patki Mohini Vijay |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 23,319 |percentage = 14.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 13,904 |percentage = 8.59% |change={{decrease}}16.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shailendra Sudam Waghmare |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,410 |percentage = 0.87% |change={{decrease}}1.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 483 |percentage = 0.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,769 |percentage = 6.04% |change= {{decrease}}18.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,043 |percentage = |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,836}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 278,177|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}20.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Solapur City Central<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Praniti Shinde|Praniti Sushilkumar Shinde]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 68,028 |percentage = 49.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Adam Narsayya Narayan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 34,664 |percentage = 25.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barde Purushottam Dattatray |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 26,562 |percentage = 19.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shaikh A Rajak Nabilal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,174 |percentage = 2.32% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vikram Uttam Kasbe |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,293 |percentage = 0.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chavan Yashwant Limbaji |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,080 |percentage = 0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 33,364 |percentage = 24.38% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 136,855 |percentage = 48.01% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,851}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,075|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Solapur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|17.663|75.916|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Solapur district]]
[[Category:Solapur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Ankur Raj Tiwari

2026-04-18T21:45:12Z

Completegurus: started some details first draft...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ankur raj Tiwari
| native_name = अंकुर Raj तिवारी
| image =
| caption =
| quotation =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|09|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Khalidabad, India|Khalidabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education =
| parents = Uday Raj Tiwari (father)
| occupation = Politician
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency1 = [[Khalilabad (Assembly constituency)|Khalilabad]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Digvijay Narayan Chaubey]]
| successor1 =
| website =
}}

'''Ankur Raj Tiwari''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Khalilabad (Assembly constituency)]] in [[Sant Kabir Nagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="one">{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/ankurraj-from-khalilabad-by-bjp-khalilabad-332-vidhansabha-2022-khalilabad-news-gkp4251348139|title=खलीलाबाद से भाजपा ने युवा अंकुर राज पर लगाया दांव|date=28 January 2022|publisher=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref name="2022 result">{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar-khalilabad-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-ankur-raj-tiwari-aftab-alam-amarendra-bhushan-digvijay-narayan-nodvm-4051779.html|title=Khalilabad Assembly Seat Result Update: सपा के दिग्विजय हारे, दस हजार से ज्यादा वोटों से जीती बीजेपी|date=11 March 2022|publisher=News18 Hindi|language=hi}}</ref>

==Early life and political career==
Ankur Raj Tiwari was born in a Brahmin family on 23 September 1991 in [[Sant Kabir Nagar district|Sant Kabir Nagar]] (then a part of [[Basti district|Basti]]), Uttar Pradesh. His father is Uday Raj Tiwari.

In October 2021, Tiwari was granted membership of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Uttar Pradesh|BJP Uttar Pradesh]] state president [[Swatantra Dev Singh]], marking his entry into active politics.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar-ankur-raj-tiwari-got-the-membership-of-the-bjp-state-president-22143638.html|title=अंकुर राज को भाजपा प्रदेश अध्यक्ष ने ग्रहण कराई सदस्यता|date=23 October 2021|publisher=Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> He was announced as the BJP candidate in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Khalilabad constituency in Sant Kabir Nagar district.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sant-kabir-nagar/news/bjps-new-equations-in-sant-kabirnagartwo-new-candidates-out-of-three-assemblies-ankur-raj-tiwari-from-khalilabad-and-ganesh-chauhan-from-dhanghata-129345494.html|title=संतकबीरनगर में BJP के नए समीकरण:तीन विधानसभा में से दो नए प्रत्याशी, खलीलाबाद से अंकुर राज तिवारी और धनघटा से गणेश चौहान को टिकट|access-date=16 March 2022|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref> He won the polls, defeating [[Digvijay Narayan Chaubey]] of the [[Samajwadi Party]] by 12,622 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/khalilabad-uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923342-2022-03-10|title=Khalilabad, Uttar Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Ankur Tiwari defeats SP's Digvijay Narayan with 12622 votes|date=11 March 2022|publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref name="2022 result"/>

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Facebook|AnkurRajTiwariOfficial}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Ankur Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Narla Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:07Z

Completegurus: creating a stub.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Narla}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Narla
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 81
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Kalahandi district|Kalahandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kalahandi Lok Sabha constituency|Kalahandi]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Manorama Mohanty]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,32,083{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Narla''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Kalahandi district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=81|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704004116/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=81|url-status=usurped|archive-date=4 July 2013|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Narla (81) District: Kalahandi|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref> After 2008 Delimitation, [[Kesinga Assembly constituency]] was subsumed into this constituency.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/delimitation-2008 |title=2008 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=2008-11-26}}</ref>

This constituency includes Narla block, Karlamunda block, Madanpur-Rampur block and 9 [[Gram panchayat]]s (Belkhandi, Hatikhoj, Kantesir, Kashurpada, Nunmath, Paralsingha, Sirjapalli, Tundla and Turlakhman) of Kesinga block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp100.htm|title= 100 - Narla (ST) Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 18 March 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal }}|36.47}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|31.12}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.73}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.32}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.53}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.22}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|36.27}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|63.91}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|53.16}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|56.02}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.41}}
}}

Since its formation in 1967, 14 elections were held till date.

List of members elected from Narla constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Narla Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/narla.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Narla Assembly Election Results 2024: Narla Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/narla-constituency-result-18081 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Manorama Mohanty]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Dhaneswar Majhi
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|[[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="4" |Balabhadra Majhi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Kumara Mani Sabar
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |Tejraj Majhi
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |Dhaneswar Majhi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Anchal Majhi
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manorama Mohanty]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bhakta Charan Das]] by a margin of 5,205 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Narla}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Manorama Mohanty]]
|votes = 67,532
|percentage = 36.47
|change = {{increase}}5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bhakta Charan Das]]|votes=62,327|percentage=33.66|change={{increase}}12.77}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Aniruddha Padhan|votes=47,417|percentage=25.61|change={{decrease}}0.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,300|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,205|percentage=2.81|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,85,154|percentage=79.78|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Aniruddha Padhan by a margin of 15,768 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Narla<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) ( AC / PC ) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|votes = 53,264
|percentage = 31.12
|change = {{decrease}}6.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Aniruddha Padhan
|votes = 44,244
|percentage = 25.85
|change = {{increase}}4.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Chittaranjan Mandal
|votes = 35,753
|percentage = 20.89
|change = {{decrease}}6.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,236
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,768
|percentage = 10.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,71,139
|percentage = 79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Dhaneswar Majhi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Jagannath Pattnayak by a margin of 15,768 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=22 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Narla<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Narla|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1881.htm?ac=81|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Narla (81)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=81|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140622044046/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=81|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 June 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Dhaneswar Majhi
|votes = 56,783
|percentage = 37.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagannath Pattnayak
|votes = 41,015
|percentage = 27.25
|change = {{down}}9.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Artatrana Mohapatra
|votes = 31,809
|percentage = 21.14
|change = {{up}}4.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 583
|percentage = 0.39
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,768
|percentage = 10.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,50,496
|percentage = 76.76
|change = {{up}}5.65
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,96,059
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
In 2009 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Srikant Hota by a margin of 27,512 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=27512 |accessdate=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Narla<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bhupinder Singh (politician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|votes = 49,748
|percentage = 36.32
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Srikant Hota|votes=22,236|percentage=16.23|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Nilamani Sahu|votes=17,044|percentage=12.44|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=Zakir Hussain|votes=16,712|percentage=12.20|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=27,512|percentage=20.08{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,021|percentage=71.11|change=''-''}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kalahandi district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|20.06|83.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Kalahandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Orissa]]

Villianur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:33:10Z

Completegurus: created new article.

{{short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =5
| electors ={{formatnum:42329}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| name = Villianur
| latest_election_year = 2021
| type= SLA
| map_image = Villianur-assembly-constituency-5.png
| mla = [[R. Siva]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 1964
| reservation = None
}}

'''Villianur''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Villianur Assembly constituency is part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || Thillai Kanakarasu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || S. Arumugam || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || M. K. Jeevarathina Odayar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || S. Pazhaninathan || {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || M. Venugopal || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || R. Subbaraya Gounder || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || P. Anandabaskaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || P. Anandabaskaran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || C. Jayakumar || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || C. Djeacoumar || {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|-
| [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]] || J. Narayanasamy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || [[A. Namassivayam]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]] || A. Namassivayam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]] || [[R. Siva]]<ref name=election2021/> || {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2011|2011]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2006|2006]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|49.35}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|50.51}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}|64.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1985|1985]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}|37.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1969|1969]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|59.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1964|1964]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.70}}
}}

=== Assembly Election 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Siva]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Ravikumar|party=All India N.R. Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ramesh |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramesh |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =42679 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2021 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Siva]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,653 |percentage=55.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. V. Sugumaran |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=12,703 |percentage=36.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Praveena |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,182 |percentage=3.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Banumathi |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=609 |percentage=1.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=478 |percentage=1.36% |change=-0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumaravel |party=Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam |votes=162 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,950 |percentage=19.71% |change=-6.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,266 |percentage=83.08% |change= -2.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,448 |change =15.44% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2016 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Namassivayam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,009 |percentage=57.09% |change=5.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jayakumar |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=9,728 |percentage=30.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Mohamad Halid |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=1,598 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Subramanian |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=704 |percentage=2.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=445 |percentage=1.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Mohankumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=361 |percentage=1.14% |change=0.41% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Rabick Mansure |party=Social Democratic Party of India |votes=195 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,281 |percentage=26.25% |change=20.13% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,545 |percentage=85.79% |change= -2.66% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,772 |change =29.12% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 5.06% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2011 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Namassivayam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,105 |percentage=52.03% |change=8.91% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nadarajan |party=All India N.R. Congress |votes=11,564 |percentage=45.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. S. Perumal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=186 |percentage=0.74% |change=-0.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sivakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=155 |percentage=0.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Athiriyen |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,541 |percentage=6.12% |change=-0.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,188 |percentage=88.45% |change= -0.65% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,478 |change =4.78% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 2.68% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2006 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925222225/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3437-puducherry-2006/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=25 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Narayanasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=11,950 |percentage=49.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Djeacoumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,441 |percentage=43.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Ramadassou |party=Puducherry Munnetra Congress |votes=1,101 |percentage=4.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Cannane |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=286 |percentage=1.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Selvalatchoumy |party=Independent politician |votes=196 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. C. Rajasekaran |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=127 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,509 |percentage=6.23% |change=-13.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=24,216 |percentage=89.10% |change= 8.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,179 |change =7.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |swing= -1.16% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2001 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 2001 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927050359/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3436-puducherry-2001/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Djeacoumar |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=10,335 |percentage=50.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Narayanasamy |party=Puducherry Makkal Congress |votes=6,246 |percentage=30.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ananda Baskaran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,926 |percentage=14.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramane |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=546 |percentage=2.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Arunachalam |party=Independent politician |votes=215 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Sandanam |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,089 |percentage=19.98% |change=-10.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,462 |percentage=80.72% |change= 5.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,350 |change =9.43% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |swing= -3.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1996 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135105/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3434-puducherry-1996/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Jayakumar |party=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |votes=12,205 |percentage=64.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Anandabaskaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,509 |percentage=34.43% |change=-19.66% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,696 |percentage=30.13% |change=20.55% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,906 |percentage=83.35% |change= 8.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,166 |change =11.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1991 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135604/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3433-puducherry-1991/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Anandabaskaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,190 |percentage=54.09% |change=-0.21% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Jayakumar |party=Janata Dal |votes=6,740 |percentage=44.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,450 |percentage=9.58% |change=-14.46% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,141 |percentage=74.99% |change= -1.75% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,762 |change =1.59% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.21% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1990 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917130547/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3431-puducherry-1990/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Anandabaskaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,442 |percentage=54.30% |change=1.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Venugopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,706 |percentage=30.27% |change=-17.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thulasidasan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,252 |percentage=14.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,736 |percentage=24.03% |change=19.35% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,546 |percentage=76.74% |change= -3.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,438 |change =48.59% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1985 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140417/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3430-puducherry-1985/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Subbaraya Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,696 |percentage=52.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Venugopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,187 |percentage=47.66% |change=3.43% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=509 |percentage=4.68% |change=-3.97% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,883 |percentage=80.15% |change= -2.05% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,755 |change =23.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1980 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927041541/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3428-puducherry-1980/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Venugopal |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,810 |percentage=44.23% |change=23.63% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Sellappan Alias Meenakshisundaram |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,065 |percentage=35.58% |change=0.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Sinnathambi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,739 |percentage=20.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=745 |percentage=8.65% |change=6.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,614 |percentage=82.20% |change= 2.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,101 |change =5.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1977 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927043330/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3426-puducherry-1977/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=27 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Pazhaninathan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,891 |percentage=35.00% |change=0.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Varadarassu |party=Janata Party |votes=2,728 |percentage=33.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. A. Shanmugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,701 |percentage=20.60% |change=-8.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Devadass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=939 |percentage=11.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=163 |percentage=1.97% |change=-0.74% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,259 |percentage=79.82% |change= -7.83% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,476 |change =16.75% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= -1.99% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1974 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1974 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917133352/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3425-puducherry-1974/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Jeevarathina Odayar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,812 |percentage=37.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thirukamu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,606 |percentage=34.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arumugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,183 |percentage=28.72% |change=-31.23% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=206 |percentage=2.71% |change=-17.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,601 |percentage=87.65% |change= 2.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,973 |change =8.03% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1969 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1969 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917140530/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3423-puducherry-1969/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=17 September 2021 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Arumugam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,132 |percentage=59.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. V. Murugesa Nadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,760 |percentage=40.05% |change=-17.65% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,372 |percentage=19.91% |change=-1.70% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,892 |percentage=84.73% |change= 3.44% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,306 |change =-5.04% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.26% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Villianur<ref>{{cite web |title=Puducherry 1964 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515062755/https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/3421-puducherry-1964/ |website=Election Commission of India|archive-date=15 May 2019 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thillai Kanakarasu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,025 |percentage=57.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Abdul Rahiman |party=Indian People's Front |votes=2,518 |percentage=36.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pakir Mohamed Sahib |party=Independent politician |votes=433 |percentage=6.21% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,507 |percentage=21.60% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,976 |percentage=81.30% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,747 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Puducherry district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.910|79.758|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Pondicherry]]

Udhampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:35Z

Completegurus: created new page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Udhampur
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
|established = 1962
| abolished = 2018
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}
'''Udhampur''' was a legislative constituency in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Udhampur]] was also part of [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14157-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-union-territory-of-jammu-kashmir-%E2%80%93-final-notification-%E2%80%93-regarding/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir – Final Notification – regarding. |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=5 May 2022 |access-date= 6 May 2022}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Amar Nath Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || H. Raj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Dev Datt
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Shiv Charan Gupta]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan=2 | Balak Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Shiv Charan Gupta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || rowspan=2 | [[Balwant Singh Mankotia]] || {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Pawan Kumar Gupta]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Gupta]] |party=Independent politician |votes=36,226 |percentage=42.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=21,576 |percentage=25.36% |change={{decrease}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Khajuria |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,174 |percentage=23.71% |change={{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Verma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,440 |percentage=1.69% |change={{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Gupta |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,249 |percentage=1.47% |change={{decrease}}13.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Sharma |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,149 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Soma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,088 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=882 |percentage=1.04% |change={{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=653 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,650 |percentage=17.22% |change= {{increase}}13.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,091 |percentage=79.44% |change= {{increase}}10.79 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,118 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |swing= {{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=25,259 |percentage=35.49% |change={{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,494 |percentage=31.61% |change={{increase}}7.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Mohan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,617 |percentage=14.92% |change={{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram Atri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,571 |percentage=9.23% |change={{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Verma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,895 |percentage=4.07% |change={{decrease}}5.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,765 |percentage=3.89% |change= {{decrease}}12.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,164 |percentage=68.64% |change= {{increase}}10.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,03,673 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.90 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=24,679 |percentage=40.39% |change={{increase}}38.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,727 |percentage=24.10% |change={{decrease}}33.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yash Paul Khajuria |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,623 |percentage=19.02% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Kumar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,713 |percentage=9.35% |change={{decrease}}7.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,478 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Som Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=904 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=489 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Raj Sharma |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=475 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,952 |percentage=16.29% |change= {{decrease}}22.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,103 |percentage=58.39% |change= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,04,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}45.89 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}17.44 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shiv Charan Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,928 |percentage=57.83% |change={{increase}}19.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,463 |percentage=18.82% |change={{decrease}}34.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Bhushan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,487 |percentage=16.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dwarka Nath |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,179 |percentage=2.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Nath |party=Communist Party of India |votes=797 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balwant Singh Mankotia]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=696 |percentage=1.76% |change={{decrease}}1.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,465 |percentage=39.01% |change= {{increase}}23.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,645 |percentage=56.14% |change= {{decrease}}8.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,725 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,847 |percentage=53.72% |change={{increase}}8.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shiv Charan Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,552 |percentage=38.63% |change={{increase}}16.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Kumar Kapoor |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=1,034 |percentage=2.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=522 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Swami |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=311 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,295 |percentage=15.09% |change= {{decrease}}8.34 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,082 |percentage=64.93% |change= {{increase}}5.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,857 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Balak Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,417 |percentage=45.32% |change={{increase}}4.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shiv Charan Gupta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,998 |percentage=21.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jay Mala |party=Independent politician |votes=3,768 |percentage=13.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopalswami |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=2,962 |percentage=10.81% |change={{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=920 |percentage=3.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=233 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=225 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amrit Sagar |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,419 |percentage=23.43% |change= {{increase}}20.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,396 |percentage=59.06% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,211 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shiv Charan Gupta]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,363 |percentage=44.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Chand |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,763 |percentage=41.31% |change={{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,198 |percentage=5.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarnail Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=723 |percentage=3.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=564 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Govind Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=246 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Maqbool |party=Independent politician |votes=135 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=600 |percentage=2.83% |change= {{decrease}}21.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,213 |percentage=53.20% |change= {{decrease}}8.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,375 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.31 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Datt |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,111 |percentage=59.45% |change={{increase}}19.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=7,107 |percentage=34.89% |change={{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeewan Lal |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=499 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prehlad Sing |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=176 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,004 |percentage=24.56% |change= {{increase}}17.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,372 |percentage=63.04% |change= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,369 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.26 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,267 |percentage=40.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,993 |percentage=33.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=4,201 |percentage=23.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Nand |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=481 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,274 |percentage=7.05% |change= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,080 |percentage=61.60% |change= {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,378 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}9.41 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Udhampur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Nath Sharma |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,003 |percentage=49.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=7,815 |percentage=48.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=316 |percentage=1.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=188 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,134 |percentage=61.94% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,282 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Udhampur]]
* [[Udhampur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.92|75.14|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Udhampur]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]

Vemuru Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:38Z

Completegurus: created post

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vemuru
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (89- highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Vemuru Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Nakka Ananda Babu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://guntur.ap.gov.in/89-vemuru-sc/
| title = 89-Vemuru (SC)
| website = guntur.ap.gov.in
| access-date = 2025-07-27
}}</ref>
| loksabha_cons = [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency|Bapatla]]
| reservation = SC
| constituency_no = 89
| electors = 194,748
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
}}

'''Vemuru Assembly constituency''' is a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] reserved constituency in [[Bapatla district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web
|url= https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/AndhraPradesh/Vemuru__(SC)
|title= Assembly Constituency Details Vemuru (SC)
|website=chanakyya.com
|access-date=2025-07-27
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Bapatla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=22, 31|format=PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Nakka Ananda Babu]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm|title=Assembly Election 2019|website=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 194,748 electors in the constituency.<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|format=PDF|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals{{srn}} ==
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|-
| [[Vemuru mandal|Vemuru]]
|-
| [[Kollur mandal|Kollur]]
|-
| [[Tsundur mandal|Tsundur]]
|-
| [[Bhattiprolu mandal|Bhattiprolu]]
|-
| [[Amruthalur]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Kalluri Chandramouli]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color| Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| [[N. Bhaskara Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Kodali Veeraiah
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Alapati Dharma Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Alapati Rajendra Prasad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Satishpaul Raj
| {{Full party name with color| Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Merugu Nagarjuna]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Nakka Ananda Babu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Nakka Ananda Babu]]
|votes = 94,922
|percentage = 54.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Varikuti Ashok Babu
|votes = 72,901
|percentage = 42.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 1,763
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,021
|percentage = 12.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,851
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru<ref name="eci_2014">{{cite web |title=The Andhra Pradesh Gazette, Part-V Extraordinary |url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/GE_2014/(GE,%202014)%20-%20DUE%20Constitution%20(APLA_ELECTED%20List).pdf |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 June 2019 |location=Hyderabad |page=14 |format=PDF |date=20 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Merugu Nagarjuna]]|votes=81,671|percentage=47.59|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]|votes=71,672|percentage=41.76|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Appikatla Bharat Bhushan|votes=13,038|percentage=7.60|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,999|percentage=5.83|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=171,618|percentage=87.52|change=+1.95}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 195,274 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]|votes=77,222|percentage=48.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Merugu Nagarjuna]]|votes=75,095|percentage=47.54|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,127|percentage=1.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=158,723|percentage=85.57|change=+3.87}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,485 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Nakka Ananda Babu]]|votes=55,168|percentage=37.86|change=-6.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Merugu Nagarjuna]]|votes=52,938|percentage=36.33|change=-17.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Kathi Padma Rao]]|votes=23,356|percentage=16.03|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,230|percentage=1.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=145,710|percentage=82.03|change=-0.47}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,633 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Satishpaul Raj]]|votes=52,756|percentage=53.40|change=+14.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Alapati Rajendra Prasad]]|votes=44,035|percentage=44.58|change=-14.29}}
{{Election box majority||votes=8,721|percentage=8.82|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=98,823|percentage=82.53|change=+14.12}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 119,747 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Alapati Rajendra Prasad]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=56,523 |percentage=58.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Alapati Dharma Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=37,576|percentage=39.14%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,947 |percentage=19.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=98,018|percentage=69.81%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,407 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Alapati Rajendra Prasad]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=46,226 |percentage=49.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Alapati Dharma Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=36,302|percentage=38.79%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,194 |percentage=10.97% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,374|percentage=74.06%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,433 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Alapati Dharma Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=50,779 |percentage=54.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=40,952|percentage=44.28%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,827 |percentage=10.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,726|percentage=72.44%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 130,758 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Veeraiah Kodali]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=43,098 |percentage=54.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Prasad Rao P.L.V]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=34,982|percentage=44.15%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,116 |percentage=10.24% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=79,998|percentage=69.67%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,816 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[N. Bhaskara Rao]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=48,268 |percentage=63.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=23,623|percentage=31.24%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,645 |percentage=32.59% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=76,709|percentage=70.22%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,247 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party|loser= Indian National Congress (I)|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]|party= Indian National Congress (I)|votes=34,624 |percentage=42.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Veeraiah Kodali]]|party=Janata Party|votes=34,118|percentage=42.29%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=506 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=82,095|percentage=78.15%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,050 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress (I)||loser= Swatantra Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]|party= Swatantra Party|votes=29,692 |percentage=45.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Lankapalli Raghavaiah]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=28,395|percentage=43.24%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,297 |percentage=1.98% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=66,746|percentage=75.22%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,729 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Swatantra Party ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]|party= Swatantra Party|votes=35,130 |percentage=53.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[V.Nannapaneni]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=30,333|percentage=46.34%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,797 |percentage=7.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=67,063|percentage=83.84%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,992 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Swantantra Party ||loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kalluri Chandramouli]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=23,264 |percentage=43.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Yadlapati Venkata Rao]]|party=Swatantra Party|votes=16,245|percentage=30.38%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,019 |percentage=13.13% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=54,813|percentage=77.31%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,903 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1955===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Vemuru}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Kalluri Chandramouli]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=33,137|percentage=67.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[ Gorikapudi Joseph]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=15,709|percentage=32.16%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,428 |percentage=35.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=48,846|percentage=76.98%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,450 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web | title= AP Past Election Statistics |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/| access-date=17 Jan 2020 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}
{{Coord|16.18|80.74|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}{{Bapatla district}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bapatla district]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Chhaju Ram Lamba

2026-04-14T21:20:36Z

Completegurus: done!

{{Short description|Indian businessman and philanthropist (1861–1943)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Seth Sir Chajju Ram Lamba
| image = Seth Chhaju Ram Lamba.jpg
| birth_date = 1861
| birth_place = Alakhpura, [[Bhiwani]] district, [[Haryana]]
| death_date = April 7,1943
| death_place = [[Kolkata]]
| spouse = First Wife Dohaka (d. before1899) Laxmi Devi (m. 1899)
| relatives = Adopted Daughter- [[Neera Arya]]
Adopted Son - Basant Kumar
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{more footnotes|date=August 2012}}
'''[[Indian honorifics|Seth]] Sir Chhaju Ram Lamba''' (1861{{snd}}7 April 1943) was a tycoon from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]. He made a fortune in [[Calcutta]] during the period of the [[British Raj]]. He was a [[philanthropist]], and undertook many social improvement projects. He financed the higher studies of future politician Sir [[Chhotu Ram]].

==Early life and career==
Chhaju Ram was born in a [[Hindu]] [[Jat people|Jat]] family in 1861 at Alakhpura in [[Bawani Khera]] tehsil, [[Bhiwani]] district of then [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]] (presently in [[Haryana]] state). His father was [[Chaudhary]] Salig Ram Lamba who had migrated from the village of [[Gothra]] in [[Jhunjhunu]] district, [[Rajasthan]].{{cn |date=November 2023 |reason=for birth and details of father}}

He was married twice. His first wife was from the village Dohaka. She died from cholera, and they had no children from the marriage. He married Lakshmi Devi Rangi of the village Bilawal in Bhiwani district and had children with her.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

When in his early 20s, Lamba met [[Arya Samaj]]ist engineer Raisaheb Shivnath Rai, who very much impressed him. Rai took Lamba to [[Calcutta]], and for a time Lamba coached Rai’s children and also those of a businessman from Rajgarh. During this work he picked up knowledge of their operations and in particular of the ''[[dalali]]'' (brokerage business or commission agency). He began to trade in old bags, and later shifted to the new bags trade.{{cn |date=November 2023 |reason=for details of the Calcutta period}}

He set up secret associations to collectively oppose British rule without ruining his reputation among the Englishmen.<ref name=gaz1/>

==Philanthropy==
He adopted siblings named [[Neera Arya]] and her brother Basant. He started many hostels, libraries, [[dharamshalas]] and schools, such as [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar|Jat School, Hisar]] (founded 1924).<ref name=gaz1>{{cite web| url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| title=Gazetteer of India: Haryana, Hisar, pp.210| author=Haryana Gazetteers Organization| publisher=Controller of Printing and Stationery| location=Chandigarh| date=1987| url-status=dead| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf| archivedate=1 May 2014| df=dmy-all}}</ref> He financed higher studies of Sir [[Chhotu Ram|'Chhotu' Ram Richpal]]. He was known as ''Danveer [[Bhamashah]]'' of the Jats. The British government awarded him the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom#Life peerage|life peerage]] title of "Sir". He was prominent follower of [[Arya Samaj]].

==Legacy==
Several prominent jat institutes are named after him, including the following:<ref name=jat1>[http://crpublicschool.com/ C.R. Public School society]</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[CRM JAT College]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Law College, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram College of Education, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Jat Senior Secondary School, Hisar]]
* [[Chhaju Ram Public School, Hisar]]
* Numerous Dharamshalas across Punjab-Haryana-Rajasthan, often near railway stations.
{{col div end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Seth Chhaju}}
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Tiruppur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:37:55Z

Completegurus: created entry.

{{Short description|Former constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| map_image =
| established = 1951
| district = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency|Coimbatore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party =
| mla =
| name = Tiruppur
| electors = 428,422
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
}}

'''Tiruppur''' is the legislative Assembly constituency, that includes the city of [[Tiruppur]]. Tiruppur Assembly constituency was part of [[Coimbatore Lok Sabha constituency]]. It was a two-member constituency in the 1952 election.

==History==
=== After 2008 ===
Owing to the enormous [[Urban agglomeration]] in [[Tiruppur]] city, '''Tiruppur Assembly constituency''' has now been bifurcated into [[Tiruppur North Assembly constituency|Tiruppur North]] and [[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency|Tiruppur South]] constituencies.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
A total of 14 members from 13 elections have been elected from this constituency. It has elected five members each from [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], and four members each from [[Indian National Congress]], and two members each from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].

=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
!colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! Runner-up
! Party
! Votes
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="7"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|1) Arumugam 2) Rangasami Naidu
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|38,846 30,991
|3) Muthivanam 4) Ramaswami
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|21,772 15,736
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[K. N. Palanisamy Gounder]]
|29,519
|V. Ponnulinga Gounder
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|18,976
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|K. N. Palanisamy Gounder
|41,748
|Ponnulinga Gounder
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|26,175
|-
| 1967
|[[S. Duraisamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|35,518
|[[K. N. Palanisamy Gounder]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|21,373
|-
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="8"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|S. Duraisamy
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|40,762
|S. A. Khader
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|32,995
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[R. Manimaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|38,984
|A. Ganapathy
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|24,569
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|R. Manimaran
|63,371
|Mohan Kandasamy alias (P. Kandasamy Gounder)
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)|INC(I)]]
|39,276
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|51,874
|[[R. Manimaran]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
|50,634
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[C. Govindasamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|55,481
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|38,102
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|V. Palanisamy
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|92,509
|[[C. Govindasamy]]
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|55,868
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|[[K. Subbarayan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|101,392
|[[C. Sivasami]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|ADMK]]
|60,337
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[C. Sivasami]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|127,224
|Lalitha Kumaramangalam
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|80,668
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|C. Govindasamy
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|105,713
|S. Duraisamy
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|94,754
|}

==Election results==

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Govindasamy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=106,073 |percentage=43.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Duraisamy]] |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=94,774 |percentage=38.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=27,217 |percentage=11.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Karthikkeyean |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,476 |percentage=3.88% |change=-34.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Shanger |party=Independent politician |votes=1,609 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sukumaran |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,004 |percentage=0.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=966 |percentage=0.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Lingasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=781 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Moorthi |party=Independent politician |votes=622 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sundara Pandiyan |party=All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist) |votes=616 |percentage=0.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alagappan Periasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=444 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,299 |percentage=4.63% |change=-17.29% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=244,194 |percentage=57.00% |change= 3.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 428,422 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.47% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Sivasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=127,224 |percentage=59.91% |change=29.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lalitha Kumaramangalam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=80,668 |percentage=37.98% |change=35.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,878 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,060 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Duraisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=809 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sivasubramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=733 |percentage=0.35% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,556 |percentage=21.92% |change=1.45% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=212,372 |percentage=53.39% |change= -9.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 397,889 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= 9.35% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Subbarayan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=101,392 |percentage=50.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Sivasamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,337 |percentage=30.09% |change=-27.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Duraisamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,637 |percentage=10.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sundramoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=7,473 |percentage=3.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,992 |percentage=2.49% |change=-2.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Vadivel |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=450 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes=343 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nataraj |party=Independent politician |votes=340 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=282 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=255 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chinnakuti |party=Independent politician |votes=218 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,055 |percentage=20.47% |change=-2.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=200,542 |percentage=63.15% |change= -0.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 329,182 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Palanisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=92,509 |percentage=57.92% |change=41.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Govindasamy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=55,868 |percentage=34.98% |change=0.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Samiappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,309 |percentage=5.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Babu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=459 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. V. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subbu Alias Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Sampath |party=Independent politician |votes=273 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Chelliah |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Lingasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=106 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,641 |percentage=22.94% |change=12.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=159,707 |percentage=63.95% |change= -9.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,427 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 23.52% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Govindasamy]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=55,481 |percentage=34.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subbarayan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=38,102 |percentage=23.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,786 |percentage=19.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Palanisamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,251 |percentage=16.90% |change=-23.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Govindasamy |party=Tamil Nadu Congress (K) |votes=5,826 |percentage=3.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mani Govindasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,124 |percentage=0.70% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=309 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Dharuman |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=197 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sampath |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,379 |percentage=10.78% |change=9.80% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=161,247 |percentage=73.92% |change= 0.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,283 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= -6.51% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Subbarayan]] |party=Communist Party of India |votes=51,874 |percentage=40.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Manimaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,634 |percentage=39.94% |change=-37.42% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Palanisamy |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=22,099 |percentage=17.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Palanisamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=725 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=290 |percentage=0.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. B. Rathinasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=284 |percentage=0.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=136 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sampath |party=Independent politician |votes=126 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=115 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=94 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,240 |percentage=0.98% |change=-28.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=126,772 |percentage=73.56% |change= 7.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,124 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -36.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Manimaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,371 |percentage=77.36% |change=36.23% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kandasamy Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,276 |percentage=47.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venkat Raj |party=Janata Party |votes=7,760 |percentage=9.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Palanisammi |party=Independent politician |votes=549 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vyapuri Mudaliar |party=Independent politician |votes=259 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,095 |percentage=29.41% |change=14.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,914 |percentage=65.93% |change= -2.26% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,155 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 36.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Manimaran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,984 |percentage=41.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ganapathy |party=Communist Party of India |votes=24,569 |percentage=25.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Doraisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=16,414 |percentage=17.32% |change=-37.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Velusamy |party=Janata Party |votes=13,775 |percentage=14.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Palanisamy Alias Chinnakutty |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=507 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,415 |percentage=15.21% |change=4.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,781 |percentage=68.19% |change= -2.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,401 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Duraisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,762 |percentage=54.88% |change=4.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. A. Khader |party=Independent politician |votes=32,995 |percentage=44.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Rangasami Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=524 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,767 |percentage=10.46% |change=-9.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,281 |percentage=70.43% |change= -8.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,543 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Duraisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,518 |percentage=50.05% |change=40.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Palanisamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,373 |percentage=30.12% |change=-21.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Murugesan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=14,073 |percentage=19.83% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,145 |percentage=19.93% |change=0.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,964 |percentage=78.52% |change= 0.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,272 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Palanisamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,748 |percentage=51.89% |change=-5.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnulinge Gounder |party=Communist Party of India |votes=26,175 |percentage=32.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Duraisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,944 |percentage=9.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sundaram |party=Swatantra Party |votes=4,592 |percentage=5.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,573 |percentage=19.36% |change=-1.17% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,459 |percentage=78.31% |change= 23.89% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,491 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. N. Palanisamy Gounder]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,519 |percentage=57.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Ponnulinga Gounder |party=Communist Party of India |votes=18,976 |percentage=36.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Duraisami |party=Independent politician |votes=2,873 |percentage=5.59% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,543 |percentage=20.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,368 |percentage=54.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,395 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruppur<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,846 |percentage=23.89% |change=23.89% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangaswami Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,991 |percentage=19.06% |change=19.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthivanam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=21,772 |percentage=13.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramaswami |party=Communist Party of India |votes=15,736 |percentage=9.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagaparnadi |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=15,193 |percentage=9.35% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kanakarathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=13,551 |percentage=8.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palaniswami Gounder |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=12,098 |percentage=7.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthukumaraswami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=10,110 |percentage=6.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pandaram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=4,278 |percentage=2.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,855 |percentage=4.83% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=162,575 |percentage=98.41% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,201 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|accessdate= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archivedate= 5 October 2010}}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|11.11|77.36|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruppur]]
[[Category:Coimbatore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Indian Canadians

2026-04-02T05:35:25Z

Completegurus: New First Pg V1

{{Short description|Community of Canadians of Indian descent}}
{{About||the Indigenous Canadians historically known as Indians|First Nations in Canada|Canadians with ancestry to the Indian subcontinent|South Asian Canadians}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Indo-Canadians
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Indo-Canadiens}}
| image = Indian Canadians by census division.svg
| caption = Indian Canadians by census division (2021)
| flag =
| population = '''1,858,755'''<ref name="population2021"/>{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}} 5.1% of the Canadian population (2021)
| popplace =  [[Greater Toronto Area|Toronto]] • [[Greater Vancouver|Vancouver]] • [[Calgary metropolitan region|Calgary]] • [[Edmonton metropolitan region|Edmonton]] • [[Montreal metropolitan area|Montreal]] • [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] • [[Winnipeg Metro Region|Winnipeg]] • [[Ottawa metropolitan area|Ottawa]] • [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
| langs = {{hlist|'''[[Canadian English]]''' • '''[[Canadian French]]''' {{smaller|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Hindi]] • [[Urdu]] • [[Tamil language|Tamil]] • [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Bengali language|Bengali]] Other [[languages of India]]}}}}
<ref name="language2021"/><ref name="language2021B"/><ref name="language2021C"/>
| rels =  '''Predominantly''': [[Sikhism]] (36%) [[Hinduism]] (32%) '''Minorities''': {{smaller|[[Christianity]] (12%) [[Islam]] (11%) [[Irreligion]] (8%) [[Buddhism]] (0.1%) [[Judaism]] (0.1%) [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]] (0.01%) [[Zoroastrianism]]{{·}}[[Jainism]]{{·}}Others (0.7%)}} <ref name="religion2021"/>{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}}
| related = {{hlist|[[Asian Canadians]] • [[South Asian Canadians]] • [[Indian Americans]] • [[British Indians]] • [[Indian diaspora|Overseas Indians]]}}
}}

'''Indian Canadians''' (or '''Indo-Canadians''') are [[Canadians]] who have ancestry from [[India]]. The term ''East Indian'' is sometimes used to avoid confusion with [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous groups]]. Categorically, Indian Canadians comprise a subgroup of [[South Asian Canadians]] which is a further subgroup of [[Asian Canadians]]. As of the [[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]], [[Indian people|Indians]] are the largest non-European ethnic group in the country and form the fastest growing national origin in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|work=Statistics Canada|date=2023-11-15|title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=31&SearchText=Canada|access-date=2024-10-25}}</ref><ref name="2007Report"/>

Canada contains the world's ninth-largest [[Indian diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/population-of-overseas-indians.htm |title=Population of Overseas Indians |author=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |date=March 27, 2025 |accessdate=September 13, 2025}}</ref> The highest concentrations of Indian Canadians are found in [[Ontario]] and [[British Columbia]], followed by growing communities in [[Alberta]] and [[Quebec]] as well, with the majority of them being foreign-born.<ref name="2007Report"/>

== Terminology ==
In Canada, '[[South Asian ethnic groups|South Asian]]' refers to persons with ancestry throughout [[South Asia]], while '[[Indian people|East Indian]]' means someone with origins specifically from [[India]].<ref>Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA235 235]. "3 'East Indians' refers to people whose roots are specifically in India. Although there is no country called East India, the British gave and used the term 'East India.' The British and Canadians commonly used the term 'East Indian' during the early period of Indian migration to Canada." and "4 'South Asians' is a very broad category as it refers to people originally in the geographical area of South Asia, including India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. 'South Asians' also refers to Indians who have migrated to other parts of the world such as Fiji, Malaysia, Hong Kong, and East Africa."</ref> Both terms are used by [[Statistics Canada]],<ref name="Sumartojop7">Sumartojo, Widyarini. 2012. "[http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12245/etd7152_WSumartojo.pdf 'My kind of Brown': Indo-Canadian youth identity and belonging in Greater Vancouver]" (PhD thesis). Simon Fraser University. ID: [http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12245 etd7152]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019152527/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12245/etd7152_WSumartojo.pdf|date=2014-10-19}}.</ref>{{Rp|7}} who do not use 'Indo-Canadian' as an official category for people.<ref name="Sumartojop7" />{{Rp|8}} Originating as a part of the Canadian government's multicultural policies and ideologies in the 1980s, 'Indo-Canadian' is a term used in mainstream circles of people in Canada as of 2004.<ref name="NayarSikhDiaspp236" />

In 1962, 'Pakistani' and '[[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Ceylonese]]' (Sri Lankan) were made into separate ethnic categories, while prior to that year people with those origins were counted as being 'East Indian'.<ref>Ames, Michael M. & Joy Inglis. 1974. "[http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832 Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life]" ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711204226/http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832|date=2015-07-11}}). In ''[[British Columbia Studies]]'', Vol. 20. Winter 1973-1974. CITED: p. 19.</ref> As of 2001 about half of foreign-born persons claiming an 'East Indian' ancestry originated from India, while others originated from [[Bangladesh]], [[East Africa]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="2007Report"/><ref>({{Cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm |title=The East Indian Community in Canada |access-date=July 8, 2010 |archive-date=January 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104162204/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm |url-status=bot: unknown }}). [[Statistics Canada]]. Retrieved on November 10, 2014. "That year, roughly half of all foreign-born Canadians of East Indian origin were from India, while smaller numbers were from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, as well as East Africa"</ref>

Elizabeth Kamala Nayar, author of ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]'', defined 'Indo-Canadians' as [[Canadians|persons born in Canada]] of [[Indian subcontinent]] origins.<ref name="NayarSikhDiaspp236">Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA236 236]. See: "9 The term 'Indo-Canadians' came into use in the 1980s as a result of the Canadian government's policy and ideology of multiculturalism. It refers to Canadian-born people whose origins are on the Indian subcontinent." and "9 The term 'Indo-Canadians' came into use[...]"</ref> Kavita A. Sharma, author of ''The Ongoing Journey: Indian Migration to Canada'', wrote that she used 'Indo-Canadians' to only refer to those of origins from India who have Canadian citizenship. Otherwise she uses "Indo-Canadian" in an interchangeable manner with 'South Asians' and 'East Indians'.<ref>Sharma, Kavita A. ''The Ongoing Journey: Indian Migration to Canada''. [[Creative Books]], 1997. {{ISBN|8186318399}}, 9788186318393. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=xr2ZAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Indians+who+have+acquired+Canadian+citizenship%22 16]. "Notes 1 Indians are variously designated as East Indians, South Asians and Indo- Canadians. The terms are used interchangeably throughout this book except that 'Indo-Canadian' has been used for only those Indians who have acquired Canadian citizenship".</ref> Priya S. Mani, the author of "Methodological Dilemmas Experienced in Researching Indo-Canadian Young Adults’ Decision-Making Process to Study the Sciences," defined "Indo-Canadian" as being children of persons who immigrated from South Asia to Canada.<ref>Mani, Priya S. ([[University of Manitoba]]). "[https://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/5_2/PDF/mani.pdf Methodological Dilemmas Experienced in Researching Indo-Canadian Young Adults’ Decision-Making Process to Study the Sciences]." ''[[International Journal of Qualitative Methods]]'' 5 (2) June 2006. PDF p. 2/14. "The term South Asian refers to the Statistics Canada classification, which includes young adults who identify as Sikh, Hindu, or Muslim religious background (Statistics Canada, 2001). In this article, the term Indo-Canadian refers to children of South Asian immigrants."</ref> Exploring [[brown identity]], Widyarini Sumartojo, in a PhD thesis, wrote that, while "'South Asian'...refers to a broader group of people, it is often used somewhat interchangeably with 'East Indian' and 'Indo-Canadian.'"<ref name="Sumartojop7" />{{Rp|7}}

Despite the diversity in ethnic groups and places of origin among South Asians, previously the term 'South Asian' had been used to be synonymous with 'Indian'.<ref name=Hendersonp65>Henderson, Martha L. ''Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place''. [[University of Nevada Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0874174872}}, 9780874174878. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i9o8OkgLpTcC&pg=PA65 65].</ref> ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]'' stated that the same population has been "referred to as South Asians, Indo-Canadians or East Indians," and that people referred to as 'South Asian' view the term in the way that those from European countries might view the label 'European.'"<ref name=CanEncySouthAsian>"[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians/ South Asians]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110091602/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians/ |date=November 10, 2014 }}). ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]''. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.</ref> According to Nayar, "Many Canadian-born South Asians dislike the term because it differentiates them from other Canadians."<ref name="NayarSikhDiaspp236" /> Martha L. Henderson, author of ''Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place'', argued that the 'South Asian' term "is meaningful as a defining boundary only in interactions between South Asians and mainstream Canadians."<ref name=Hendersonp65/> Henderson added that, because of the conflation of 'South Asian' and 'Indian', "[i]t is very difficult to isolate the history of Asian Indians in Canada from that of other South Asians."<ref name=Hendersonp65/>

== History ==
{{Historical populations
| title = Indo-Canadian Population History
| type = Canada
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="population1871">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Census of Canada 1870-71 = Recensement du Canada 1870-71 v. 1. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.827965/publication.html |access-date=2024-09-30 }}</ref>{{rp|332}}<ref name="Immigration1901to1914">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada|date=2017-10-11 |title= Canada Year Book 1913 |url=https://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/1913-eng.htm |access-date=2024-09-30 |pages=102–112}}</ref><ref name="Lal1976">{{Cite thesis |last=Lal |first=Brij |date=1976 |title= East Indians in British Columbia 1904-1914 : an historical study in growth and integration |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2429/19965 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=UBC Open Library |doi=10.14288/1.0093725 |hdl=2429/19965 }}</ref>{{rp|15}}<ref name="Johnston1984">{{cite journal | last = Johnston | first = Hugh | date = 1984 | title = The East Indians in Canada | url = https://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/300/cha-shc/canadas_ethnic_groups/E-05_en.pdf | journal = Canada's Ethnic Groups | location = Ottawa | publisher = Canadian Historical Association | access-date = 10 December 2019 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>{{rp|16}}<ref name="population1911to1921">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Sixth census of Canada,1921. v. 1. Population: number, sex and distribution, racial origins, religions |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.830550/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24 }}</ref>{{rp|354&356}}<ref name="population1931">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Seventh census of Canada, 1931. Vol. 2. Population by areas |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.832354/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24 }}</ref>{{rp|503}}<ref name="population1941">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=Eighth census of Canada,1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada Vol. 2. Population by local subdivisions. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.833108/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>{{rp|272}}<ref name="population1941B">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=Eighth census of Canada,1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada Vol. 4. Cross-classifications, interprovincial migration, blind and deaf-mutes. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.833108/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24 }}</ref>{{rp|2}} <ref name="population1951">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=Ninth census of Canada, 1951 = Neuvième recensement du Canada Vol. 1. Population: general characteristics. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.836019/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24}}</ref>{{rp|484}}<ref name="population1961">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada|date=2013-04-03 |title=1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24 }}</ref>{{rp|5}}<ref name="population1971">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic Groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-24 }}</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref name="population1981">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1981 Census of Canada : volume 1 - national series : population = Recensement du Canada de 1981 : volume 1 - série nationale : population. Ethnic origin. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.837638/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="population1986">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada|date=2013-04-03 |title=Census Canada 1986 Profile of ethnic groups |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="population1986B">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1986 Census of Canada: Ethnic Diversity In Canada. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.576036/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="population1991">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada|date=2013-04-03 |title= 1991 Census: The nation. Ethnic origin. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="population1996">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-04 |title= Data tables, 1996 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (188) and Sex (3), Showing Single and Multiple Responses (3), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5216&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=9&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="population2001">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23
|title= Ethnic Origin (232), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62911&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="population2006">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2020-05-01
|title= Ethnic Origin (247), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92333&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="population2011">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2019-01-23
|title= Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23 }}</ref><ref name="population2016">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-17
|title= Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-23}}</ref><ref name="population2021">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Ethnic or cultural origin by gender and age: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035601 |access-date=2022-10-26 }}</ref> 
{{smaller|''Note1: 1951-1971 census counts include all individuals with South Asian origins. Note2: 1981 Canadian census did not include multiple ethnic origin responses, thus population is an undercount.''}}
|1871|11
|1901|100
|1911|2342
|1921|1016
|1931|1400
|1941|1465
|1951|2148
|1961|6774
|1971|67925
|1981|165410
|1986|281015{{efn|name="notepopulation1986"}}
|1991|423795{{efn|name="notepopulation1991"}}
|1996|638345{{efn|name="notepopulation1996"}}
|2001|813730{{efn|name="notepopulation2001"}}
|2006|1072380{{efn|name="notepopulation2006"}}
|2011|1321360{{efn|name="notepopulation2011"}}
|2016|1582215{{efn|name="notepopulation2016"}}
|2021|1858755{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}}
}}

=== Late 19th century ===

The Indo-Canadian community began to form around the late 19th century, pioneered by men, the great majority of whom were [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]]s—primarily soldiers of the [[Sikh Regiment]] and [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]] but also from farming backgrounds—with some [[Punjabi Hindus]] and [[Punjabi Muslims]], and many of whom were [[veteran]]s of the [[British Indian Army]].<ref name=":0">Buchignani, Norman. [2010 May 12] 2020 February 10. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/south-asians South Asian Canadians]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Ottawa: Historica Canada.</ref> Canada was part of the [[British Empire]], and since India was also under [[British Raj|British rule]], Indians were also [[British subject]]s. In 1858, [[Queen Victoria]] had proclaimed that, throughout the Empire, the people of India would enjoy "equal privileges with white people without discrimination of colour, [[creed]] or race."<ref name="Singh">{{cite journal|last=Singh|first=Khushwant|date=Feb 26 – Mar 12, 1961|title=The Ghadr Rebellion|url=http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|url-status=usurped|journal=Illustrated Weekly of India|pages=Feb 26 – Mar 12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324035007/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/rebellion.html|archive-date=March 24, 2014|access-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

A 2025 study revealed that Indians were present in Eastern Canada since the [[Canadian Confederation|country’s founding]],<ref name="Panag">{{citation |last1=Panag |first1=Angel |title=Evidence of a South Asian Presence in 1870s Canada |date=August 29, 2025 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.16993807 |url=https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16993807 |access-date=29 August 2025}}</ref> as the [[1871 Canadian census]] identified 11 people of Indian origin, with 8 persons from Ontario, and the remaining 3 from Nova Scotia.{{efn|name=1871Census|The four original provinces of Canada ([[Quebec]], [[Ontario]], [[Nova Scotia]], and [[New Brunswick]]) were enumerated during the 1871 census. At this time, all Indians were labeled as ''Hindu'', despite their actual religion or ethnic origin}}<ref name="population1871"/><ref name="Panag" /> The early presence in Ontario and Nova Scotia demonstrates that Indians were part of Canadian society decades earlier than previously recognized, and in regions outside the well-known Pacific migration routes to British Columbia.<ref name="Panag" /> The largest number of people lived in Rochester Township (now part of [[Lakeshore, Ontario]]), in an area with a significant Black settlement.<ref name="Panag" />

In 1897, contingents of Sikh soldiers, from the [[Sikh Regiment]] and [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], participated in the parade to celebrate the [[Queen Victoria#Diamond Jubilee|Queen's Diamond Jubilee]] in London, England. On their subsequent journey home, they visited the [[West Coast of Canada|western coast of Canada]], primarily [[British Columbia]], which—because of its very sparse population at the time—the Canadian government wanted to settle in order to prevent a takeover of the territory by the United States.[[File:Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg|thumb|251x251px|Punjabi Sikhs in [[Vancouver]], 1908]]
Upon retiring from the army, some soldiers found their pensions to be inadequate, and some also found their land and estates back in India were being utilized by money lenders. Deciding to try their fortunes in the countries they had visited, these men joined an [[Indian diaspora]], which included people from [[Burma]] through [[Malaysia]], the [[East Indies]], the Philippines, and [[China]]. The vanguard was able to find work within the police force and some were employed as [[Night watchman (law enforcement)|night-watchmen]] by local firms. Others started small businesses of their own. Such work would provide wages that were very high by Indian standards.<ref name=":2" />

They were guaranteed jobs by agents of large Canadian companies such as the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. Having seen Canada for themselves, [[Punjabis]] sent home letters to their fellow countrymen, recommending them to come to the '[[New World]]'.<ref name=":2" /> Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the treatment of Asians by the white population, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate.<ref name="Singh" />

Government quotas were also established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century. This was part of a policy adopted by Canada to ensure that the country retained its primarily European demographic, and was similar to [[United States|American]] and [[Australia]]n immigration policies at the time. These quotas only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased (to 300 people a year). In comparison to the quotas established for Indians, Christians from Europe immigrated freely without quotas in large numbers during that time to Canada, numbering in the tens of thousands yearly.<ref name="multiple">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20060702205329/http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html Some Significant Moments in Sikh-Canadian History]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20060702205329/http://www.explorasian.org/history_sikhcdn.html Archive]). ExplorAsian. Retrieved on November 10, 2014.</ref>

=== Early 20th century ===
[[File:Sikh men on rail platform next to Canadian Pacific rail car, probably in British Columbia, circa 1905-1914 (AL+CA 6612).jpg|thumb|250px|Indians at CPR station in Vancouver, {{Circa|1914}}|left]]
Throughout history up to the present day, the majority of [[South Asian Canadians]] have been of Indian origin. Following their brief passage through British Columbia in 1897, Canada had an estimated 100 persons of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] origin by 1900, concentrated in the western province.<ref name="WaltonRobertsThreeReadings">[[Margaret Walton-Roberts|Walton-Roberts]], Margaret. 1998. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Archive]). In ''[[Urban Geography]]'', Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311] - [https://www.academia.edu/1419124/Three_readings_of_the_turban_Sikh_identity_in_Greater_Vancouver Available at] [[Academia.edu]] and at [[ResearchGate]]. p. 316.</ref> Canada's first relatively major wave of South Asian immigration—all men [[South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver|arrived in Vancouver]] in 1903.<ref name=":0" /> These migrants had heard of Canada from Indian troops in Hong Kong, who had travelled through Canada the year prior on their way to celebrate the [[Coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra|coronation of Edward VII]].<ref name=":0" />

Upon arrival to BC, the immigrants faced widespread [[racism]] by [[European Canadians|white Canadians]], most of whom feared that migrant workers would work for less pay and that an influx of immigrants would threaten their jobs. (The same threat was perceived for the [[Japanese Canadians|Japanese]] and [[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] immigrants before them.) As a result, a series of [[Ethnic conflict|race riots]] targeted the [[Anti-Indian sentiment|Indian immigrants]]—as well as [[Asian Canadians|other Asian groups]], such as the [[History of Chinese in Canada|Chinese railroad workers]], and [[Black Canadians]]—who were beaten up by mobs of angry [[Ethnic origins of people in Canada|white Canadians]], though often met with retaliation.<ref name="multiple" />

[[File:Sikh Temple at 2nd Avenue, Vancouver.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Kitsilano Sikh temple, {{Circa|1910}}]]
A notable moment in early Indo-Canadian history was in 1902 when Punjabi Sikh settlers first arrived in [[Golden, British Columbia]] to work at the Columbia River Lumber Company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://goldenbcmuseums.com/first-sikh-temple-in-north-america/|title=First Sikh Temple in North America|date=March 10, 2021|quote=The first Sikhs came to Golden about 1902, arriving to work in the sawmill of the Columbia River Lumber Company. When the Sikhs arrived in Golden the community was in its infancy and the sawmill had recently opened. The Columbia River Lumber Company recognized the value of these tall strong men and had no problem with the men. They hired them to work in the lumberyard, planer, and sawmill. The first documented proof that we have of South Asians of the Sikh faith being residents of Golden is a copy of a telegram sent to G.T. Bradshaw, Chief of Police, New Westminster from Colin Cameron, Chief of Police, Golden, BC on July 20, 1902. It was sent collect and reads: Geha Singh of Golden sent a telegram to Santa Singh care of Small and Bucklin for one thousand dollars.}}</ref> These early settlers built the first [[Gurdwara]] (Sikh temple) in Canada and North America in 1905,<ref name="Golden1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoldenstar.net/community/sikhs-celebrate-history-in-golden/|title=Sikhs celebrate history in Golden|date=April 26, 2018|quote=The original temple in Golden sat on a corner of a lot, in the south western area of town at the end of the street looking toward where Rona is now. The largest influx of men came from South Asia around 1905, which would be the time period that the temple in Golden would have began services. In 1926, a fire burned the timber limits of the Columbia River Lumber Company, where the South Asian men worked.}}</ref><ref name="Golden2">{{Cite web|url=https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2016TRAN0350-002325|title=Golden's Sikh heritage recognized on new Stop of Interest sign|date=November 9, 2016|quote=“We acknowledge the Gurdwara in Golden as the first in B.C., and quite likely the first in North America,” said Pyara Lotay, on behalf of the local Sikh community. “We thank the B.C. government for recognizing Golden’s Sikh pioneers and their place of worship with this Stop of Interest.”}}</ref> which would later be destroyed by fire in 1926.<ref name="Golden3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegoldenstar.net/community/golden-gurdwara-is-recognized-for-its-historical-significance/|title=Golden Gurdwara is recognized for its historical significance|date=June 7, 2017|quote=The original temple sat on the corner of a lot, which is now owned by Gurmit Manhas, at the end of the street past the School Board Office looking towards the Rona. Plans are being put together to erect a kiosk there that would share information about the original building, the first South Asian people to Canada, the importance of the Gurdwara to the Sikh people and the history of why they left and what brought them back. The largest influx of men came from South Asia in about 1905-06, which would be the time period that the Temple would have begun services. In 1926 a fire burned the timber limits of the Columbia River Lumber Company, where all the South Asian men worked and the men left for the coast having no work to do. When the forest started to grow back the men came back and soon it was necessary to build the present Gurdwara on 13th Street South.}}</ref> The second Gurdwara to be built in Canada was in 1908 in [[Kitsilano]] ([[Vancouver]]), aimed at serving a growing number of Punjabi Sikh settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along [[False Creek]] at the time.<ref name="vancouverheritagefoundation.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vancouverheritagefoundation.org/place-that-matters/first-sikh-temple/|title=First Sikh Temple • Vancouver Heritage Foundation}}</ref> The Gurdwara would later close and be demolished in 1970, with the [[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver|temple society]] relocating to the newly built Gurdwara on Ross Street, in South Vancouver.

As a result, the oldest existing Gurdwara in Canada today is the [[Gur Sikh Temple]], located in [[Abbotsford, British Columbia]]. Built in 1911, the temple was designated as a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|national historic site of Canada]] in 2002 and is the third-oldest Gurdwara in the country. Later, the fourth Gurdwara to be built Canada was established in 1912 in [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] on Topaz Avenue, while the fifth soon was built at the [[Fraser Mills, British Columbia|Fraser Mills]] ([[Coquitlam]]) settlement in 1913, followed a few years later by the sixth at the [[Queensborough, New Westminster|Queensborough]] ([[New Westminster]]) settlement in 1919,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/new-westminster-sikh-temple-celebrates-100-year-anniversary-1.5041082|title=New Westminster Sikh temple celebrates 100-year anniversary|date=March 3, 2019|quote=The Gurdwara Sahib Sukh Sagar is one of the oldest Sikh temples in the country and its members are celebrating the milestone anniversary by reflecting on its historic significance to the local Sikh community. The temple was actually founded more than 100 years ago when a pioneering Sikh named Bhai Bishan Singh bought a house next door to where the building is now. Singh paid $250 for the house, which served as a place of worship until the congregation grew too large. In 1919, Singh bought the neighbouring lot at 347 Wood Street and the Gurdwara Sahib Sukh Sagar was born.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newwestrecord.ca/in-the-community/new-westminster-sikh-temple-welcomes-community-to-celebrate-its-centennial-anniversary-3094558|title=New Westminster Sikh temple welcomes community to celebrate its centennial anniversary|date=February 27, 2019|quote=The Khalsa Diwan Society New Westminster is inviting community members to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Gurdwara Sahib Sukh Sagar in Queensborough. Since opening in 1919, the temple has become an integral part of the Queensborough and New Westminster communities, and has provided a place for Sikhs from New Westminster and the Lower Mainland to gather and to worship. “It is starting up on Thursday and it will be four days, with the main event on Sunday. It’s open to anyone within the community – in Queensborough and in New West. It’s to show support, learn about each other and the heritage,” said Jag Sall, a member of the committee that’s organizing the celebration. “I don’t think a lot of people know that the Sikh community has been in Queensborough for over 100 years, and/or the gurdwara itself has been there that long. Not just the Sikh community, but other communities in Queensborough have been living there for a century.”}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2020/01/23/Gurdwara-New-West/|title=The Gurdwara of New West Shares a Century of Stories|date=January 23, 2020|quote=Every Sunday in 1919, the Sikhs of Queensborough on the Fraser River would stroll over to the house of Bhai Bishan Singh for worship. Singh, like many Punjabi immigrants, settled in the New Westminster neighbourhood because he worked upriver at a sawmill. A devout Sikh, he had the holy scripture installed in his home, the Guru Granth Sahib. Singh was a bachelor and gave much of his earnings to the local Khalsa Diwan Society, which in 1908 had built B.C.’s first gurdwara, the Sikh place of worship, in Vancouver. In March 1919, Singh helped the Sikhs of New Westminster start a gurdwara of their own. For $250, Singh bought the property next door and donated it to the society. Later, he would donate his house as well.}}</ref> and the seventh at the [[Paldi, British Columbia|Paldi]] ([[Vancouver Island]]) settlement, also in 1919.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cowichanvalleycitizen.com/community/paldi-sikh-temple-in-cowichan-celebrating-100-years/|title=Paldi Sikh Temple in Cowichan celebrating 100 years|date=June 26, 2019|quote=The town’s cultural centres were the Japanese community hall and the Sikh Temple, which officially opened July 1, 1919, to coincide with Dominion Day.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/sikh-temple-celebrates-100-years-of-tolerance-1.5194810|title=Sikh temple celebrates 100 years of acceptance in Vancouver Island ghost town|date=June 29, 2019|quote=Paldi's Gurdwara was built in 1919 and soon became one of the most important fixtures of the community, even surviving several town fires.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bcanuntoldhistory.knowledge.ca/1910/the-founding-of-paldi|title=THE FOUNDING OF PALDI|quote=In 1919, Mayo built a Sikh temple, or a gurdwara.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.desitoday.ca/paldi-town-soaked-in-sikh-history/|title=PALDI: Town soaked in Sikh History|quote=Wherever there are five or more Sikh’s there will be Sikh Temple even just a spare room in some ones house. Therefore it was only that once the natural that once the mill and bunkhouses were erected the next building should be a Temple. The first official Temple in Paldi was built in 1919. On the same spot where the present Temple is located.}}</ref>

Attracted by high Canadian wages, early migrants temporarily left their families in search of employment in Canada. In 1906 and 1907, a spike in migration from the Indian subcontinent took place in [[British Columbia]], where an estimated 4,747 arrived, at around the same time as a rise in Chinese and Japanese immigration.<ref name="multiple" /><ref name="Immigration1901to1914"/><ref name="Lal1976"/> This rapid increase in immigration totaled 5,179 by the end of 1908.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Immigration1901to1914"/><ref name="Lal1976"/> With the federal government curtailing the migration, fewer than 125 South Asians were permitted to land in BC over the next several years. Those who had arrived were often single men and many returned to British India or British Hong Kong, while others sought opportunities south of the border in the [[United States]], as the [[1911 Canadian census|1911 Canadian Census]] later revealed the South Asian Canadian population had declined to 2,342 persons or 0.03 percent of the national population.<ref name=":1">Pg. 79. White Canada Forever. By W. Peter Ward. 2002. McGill, Quebec, Canada. {{ISBN|978-07735-2322-7}}</ref><ref name="Lal1976"/><ref name="population1911">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Fifth census of Canada 1911 . v. 2. Religions, origins, birthplace, citizenship, literacy and infirmities, by provinces, districts and sub-districts |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.828391/publication.html |access-date=2022-11-19 }}</ref>

In support of the vast white population who did not want Indians to immigrate to Canada, the BC government quickly limited the rights and privileges of South Asians.<ref name=":0" /> In 1907, provincial [[Disfranchisement|disenfranchisement]] hit the South Asians, who were thus denied the federal vote and access to political office, jury duty, professions, public-service jobs, and labour on [[public works]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="multiple" /> The next year, the federal government put into force an [[Canadian immigration and refugee law|immigration regulation]] that specified that migrants must travel to Canada through [[Continuous journey regulation|continuous journey]] from their country of origin. As there were no such system between India and Canada—which the Canadian government knew—the continuous-journey provision therefore prevented the endurance of South Asian immigration. Separating Indian men from their families, this ban would further stifle the growth of the Indo-Canadian community.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="multiple" /><ref name=":2">Johnston, Hugh. [2006 February 7] 2016 May 19. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/komagata-maru Komagata Maru]." ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Ottawa: Historica Canada.</ref> Another federal law required new Indian immigrants to carry $200 in cash upon arrival in Canada, whereas European immigrants required only $25 (this fee did not apply to Chinese and Japanese, who were kept out by other measures).<ref name=":2" /><ref>"[https://www.cicnews.com/2014/04/story-indian-immigration-canada-043365.html#gs.oaeh7e The Story of Indian Immigration to Canada]." ''CIC News''. 2014 April 16.</ref>

[[File:Komagata Maru incident VPL 127 (11326123445).jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru Incident]], Vancouver, 1914]]
In November 1913, a Canadian judge overruled an immigration department order for the [[deportation]] of 38 Punjabis, who had come to Canada via Japan on a regularly scheduled Japanese passenger liner, the ''Panama Maru''. They were ordered deported because they had not come by continuous journey from India nor did they carry the requisite amount of money. The judge found fault with the two regulations, ruling both of their wording to be inconsistent with that of the ''[[Immigration Act, 1869|Immigration Act]]'' and therefore invalid.<ref name=":2" /> With the victory of the ''Panama Maru'', whose passengers were allowed to land, the sailing of the ''[[SS Komagata Maru]]''—a freighter carrying 376 South Asian passengers (all [[British subject]]s)—took place the following year in April.<ref name=":2" /> On 23 May 1914, upon the eve of the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Komagata Maru incident|''Komagata Maru'' candidly challenged]] the 'continuous journey' regulation when it arrived in [[Vancouver]] from [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> However, although invalidated for a couple months, the 'continuous journey' and $200 requirement provisions returned to force by January 1914, after the Canadian government quickly rewrote its regulations to meet the objections it encountered in court.<ref name=":2" /> The ship had not sailed directly from India; rather, it came to Canada via [[Hong Kong]], where it had picked up passengers of Indian descent from [[Mojiang Hani Autonomous County|Moji]], [[Shanghai]], and [[Yokohama]]. As expected, most of the passengers were not allowed to enter Canada. Immigration officials consequently isolated the ship in [[Burrard Inlet|Vancouver Harbour]] for 2 months before it was forced to return to Asia.<ref name=":0" /> Viewing this as evidence that Indians were not treated as equals in the Empire, they staged a peaceful protest upon returning to India in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. The colonial authorities in Calcutta responded by dispatching a mixed force of policemen and soldiers, and a subsequent violent encounter between the two parties resulted in the deaths of several protestors.<ref name=":2" /> These events would give further evidence to South Asians of their second-class status within the Empire.<ref name=":2" />

[[File:GurdwaraSukhSagar1931.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Queensborough, New Westminster]] Sikh temple, 1931.]]
By 1914, it is estimated that the number of South Asians in British Columbia fell to less than 2,000.<ref name=":1" /> Canada would eventually allow the wives and dependent children of South Asian Canadian residents to immigrate in 1919. Though a small flow of wives and children would be established by the mid-1920s, this did not offset the effect of migration by South Asian Canadians to India and the U.S., which saw the reduction of the South Asian population in Canada to about 1,300 by the mid-1920s.<ref name=":0" />

One of the earliest immigrants from India to settle in [[Alberta]] was Sohan Singh Bhullar.<ref name="EdmontonCity">{{cite web |title=Judi Singh: A Black & South Asian musician from 1950s-70s Edmonton |url=https://citymuseumedmonton.ca/2021/02/19/judi-singh-a-black-south-asian-musician-from-1950s-70s-edmonton/ |website=Edmonton City as Museum Project ECAMP |access-date=6 February 2024 |date=19 February 2021}}</ref> Like other Indo-Canadians in Alberta at the time, Bhullar attended the local Black church. The two communities formed close ties due to the marginalization of both communities by wider society. Bhullar's daughter is famed Jazz musician [[Judi Singh]].<ref name="EdmontonCity" />

=== Mid–20th century ===
With the [[independence of India]] being an emanant concern, the federal continuous-journey regulation was removed in 1947.<ref name=":0" /> Most of British Columbia's anti-South Asian legislation would also be withdrawn in 1947, and the Indo-Canadian community would be returned the right to vote.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="multiple" /> At that time, thousands of people were moved across the nascent borders of the newly established India and Pakistan. Research in Canada suggests that many of the early [[Goans]] to emigrate to Canada were those who were born and lived in [[Karachi]], [[Mumbai]] (formerly Bombay), and [[Kolkata]] (formerly Calcutta). Another group of people that arrived in Canada during this period were the [[Anglo-Indians]], people of mixed European and Indian ancestry.<ref name="multiple" />

In 1951, in place of the continuous-journey provision, the Canadian government would enact an annual [[immigration quota]] for India (150 per year), Pakistan (100), and Ceylon (50).<ref name=":0" /> At that time, there were only 2,148 South Asians in Canada.

A significant event in Indo-Canadian history occurred in 1950 when 25 years after settling in Canada and nine years after moving to British Columbia from Toronto, Naranjan "Giani" Singh Grewall became the first individual of Indian ancestry in Canada and North America to be elected to public office after successfully running for a position on the board of commissioners in [[Mission, British Columbia|Mission, BC]] against six other candidates.<ref name="Grewall1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nriinternet.com/NRIpoliticians/CANADA/BC/A_Z/G/Naranjan_Grewall/index.htm|title=Naranjan Singh Grewall: first NRI Mayor of Mission, BC, Canada|quote=NRI Naranjan Singh Grewall was the first (Indo Canadian) Mayor of Mission, B.C., Canada and the first Indo Canadian mayor within any city in Canada, in 1954.He was elected Canada's first Sikh city councilor, to a public office in Mission, not only in Canada, but all of North America in 1950. In 1941, he came to Mission, B.C. from Toronto, Ontario. He purchased and became the operator of six lumber companies across the Fraser Valley. Referring to holders of forest management licenses as 'Timber Maharajahs', he warned that within 10 years 3 or 4 giant corporations would effectively control the industry in B.C. Mr. Grewall became a voice for the growing industry and openly critiqued the then government's policies of granting licenses to their friends. Throughout his life, Naranjan Grewall remained incredibly charitable.}}</ref><ref name="Grewall2">Mahil, Lovleen. "[http://www.missionmuseum.com/milestone-indo-canadians.php Indo-Canadian Community in Mission]"([https://web.archive.org/web/20150110173738/http://www.missionmuseum.com/milestone-indo-canadians.php Archive]). ''Mission Community Archives'', Mission Museum. Retrieved on March 16, 2015.</ref><ref name="Grewall3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.southasianpost.com/article/6339-south-asian-pioneers-naranjan-singh-grewal.html|title=South Asian Pioneers: Naranjan Singh Grewal|date=May 19, 2015|quote=Known as "Giani" to his friends, Naranjan Grewall is believed to be the first Indian ever elected to political office in North America. Grewall was born in East Punjab. He came to B.C. in 1925 and in 1941 moved to Mission City, a small mill town in the Fraser Valley. Grewall worked as a millwright at Fraser Mills and was elected a union official. He came to own and operate six sawmill companies and established himself as one of the largest employers and most influential business leaders in the area. After being in Mission for almost a decade, Grewall decided to run for political office in 1950. He competed against six other candidates in Mission's board of commissioners election.}}</ref><ref name="Grewall4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.missionmuseum.com/local-history/shaping-our-community-prominent-indo-canadian-pioneers/|title=Shaping Our Community: Prominent Indo-Canadian Pioneers|quote=Already a popular and well-respected man, he topped the polls, beating out seven candidates in a historic victory, especially given that Indo-Canadians had only been given the right to vote three years before. While Indo-Canadians had gained respect in business, racism still existed, especially regarding elite positions in society. The Vancouver Daily Province newspaper ran an article with the headline, “First in BC and believed first East Indian in Canada to hold public office.” He was re-elected in 1952, and again in 1954. The same year the Board unanimously voted to name him Chairman of the Board, which gave him similar duties and influence to that of a Mayor. During his years in public office, he continued his community involvement and large-scale business ventures. He also fought for the building of a new Mission bridge as well as against prohibitive diking taxes [...] Naranjan Singh Grewall was even more passionate about the Forestry industry. At that time, the SoCred government in provincial power was embroiled in a corruption scandal. The Minister of Forestry was suspected of giving away significant amounts of timber rights to previously declined lumber corporations, often his personal friends. Worse, the premier W.A.C. Bennet seemed to be purposefully looking the other way. This infuriated Mr. Grewall, who termed the present holders of forest management licenses "timber maharajas", believing that the current system could revert to a form of feudalism he had left behind in India.|access-date=August 27, 2022|archive-date=August 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826235556/https://www.missionmuseum.com/local-history/shaping-our-community-prominent-indo-canadian-pioneers/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Grewall5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.missioncityrecord.com/community/diversity-flourishes-in-mission/|title=Diversity flourishes in Mission|date=May 12, 2017|quote=In 1950, Naranjan Grewall became the first Hindu (as it was phrased at that time) in Canada to be elected to public office, after the voting franchise was extended to visible minority groups in 1947. In 1954, he was appointed to the position of mayor of Mission City by the board and later ran for the CCF in the Dewdney riding in 1956 [...] The two most legendary personalities from the Sikh community who graced Mission, and both employed hundreds of people, owning several large mills in the area, were Herman Braich Sr. and Naranjan Grewall.}}</ref> Grewall was re-elected to the board of commissioners in 1952 and by 1954, was elected to became mayor of Mission.<ref name="Grewall1"/><ref name="Grewall4"/><ref name="Grewall5"/>
{{blockquote|''"Thank you all citizens of Mission City [...] It is a credit to this community to elect the first East Indian to public office in the history of our great dominion. It shows your broad-mindedness, tolerance and consideration."''.<ref name="Grewall3"/>|Notice by Naranjan Singh Grewall in the local Mission newspaper following his election to public office, 1950}}
A [[millwright]] and union official, and known as a sportsman and humanitarian philanthropist as well as a lumberman, Grewall eventually established himself as one of the largest employers and most influential business leaders in the northern Fraser Valley, owned six sawmills and was active in community affairs serving on the boards or as chairman of a variety of organizations, and was instrumental in helping create Mission's municipal tree farm.<ref name="Grewall1"/><ref name="Grewall3"/><ref name="Grewall4"/><ref name="Grewall5"/><ref name="Grewall6"/> With strong pro-labour beliefs despite his role as a mill-owner, after a scandal embroiled the provincial Ministry of Forestry under the-then [[British Columbia Social Credit Party|Social Credit party]] government, he referred to holders of forest management licenses across British Columbia as ''Timber Maharajahs'', and cautioned that within a decade, three or four giant corporations would predominantly control the entire industry in the province, echoing similarities to the archaic [[zamindar]] system in South Asia.<ref name="Grewall4"/><ref name="Grewall6"/> He later ran unsuccessfully for the [[Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]] (the precursor of today's [[New Democratic Party]]) in the [[Dewdney (electoral district)|Dewdney riding]] in the [[1956 British Columbia general election|provincial election of 1956]].<ref name="Grewall5"/><ref name="Grewall6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abbynews.com/opinion/grewall-first-indo-canadian-to-hold-office-of-mayor-in-canada/|title=Grewall first Indo-Canadian to hold office of mayor in Canada|date=February 6, 2014|quote=He was later nominated as a provincial candidate for the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in 1956, making him also the first visible minority to run as a candidate in Canada. He was narrowly defeated by Socred Labour Minister Lyle Wicks. [...] And one of those legacies he left behind was the Mission Tree Farm. In 1958, Mission was the first municipality to be given responsibility to monitor their own forest called Tree Farm License #26. [...] During the much-heated 1956 provincial election, Grewall, as a CCF candidate, commonly addressed the issues of taxes, bridges, farmers and the forestry industry, which he claimed were being “monopolized” by a handful of large companies in the province. Grewall referred to these stakeholders as “timber maharajahs,” and said the system would revert to a “form of feudalism, which I left 30 years ago.”}}</ref>

While by the 1950s, Indo-Canadians had gained respect in business in British Columbia primarily for their work in owning sawmills and aiding the development of the provincial forestry industry, racism still existed especially in the upper echelons of society.<ref name="Grewall4"/><ref name="Grewall7">{{Cite web|url=https://desibuzzcanada.com/post/remembering-former-mission-mayor-naranjan-singh-grewal|title=Remembering Former Mission Mayor Naranjan Singh Grewal|date=July 14, 2017|quote= [...] Naranjan Grewall was a polarizing figure. He was a wealthy man who gave freely and generously to worthy causes yet fought against many of the practices that were responsible for the wealth of many of the businessmen whom he rubbed shoulders with every day. He was well respected in the community of Mission and beyond – yet there were 14 suspicious fires in sawmills he was part owner of and his own house was set ablaze by an unknown arsonist. His wife was well aware of the dangers he faced although he kept his suspicions as to who was behind the threats to himself. True to his self-reliant and honorable reputation, he refused to name anyone or make any official complaints without proof. Naranjan Grewall’s death which occurred on a business trip to Seattle was officially labelled a suicide. Some of his close friends went to Seattle to try and make sense of the tragedy. What they discovered only raised more questions and indicated that the police investigation was certainly very limited in scope. There were reports of a loud quarrel in his room at the Star Motel and later that same night he moved to a different motel. There was alcohol found in the same room as his body and Grewall was never known to have drank alcohol, yet the police insist that he was alone in the room at all times. }}</ref> As such, during the campaign period and in the aftermath of running for MLA in 1956, Grewall received personal threats, while the six mills he owned along with his house were all set ablaze by arsonists.<ref name="Grewall7"/>{{efn|name=GrewallLate1|When Grewall was nominated as a candidate for the CCF party in the Dewdney riding in 1956, this drew excitement. But, according to Barrett, Grewall faced open discrimination on the campaign trail. “The former mayor knew the risk he was taking and many people were surprised he took this risk to enter the race,” said Barrett. Barrett said Grewall overcame many racial insults along the way. “Every kid in the North Fraser, who thinks he or she is being discriminated against, should read the Grewall story and the challenges he faced.” Grewall was later found dead in a Seattle motel room with a gunshot wound to the head in July of 1957. He was 47 years of age.<ref name="Grewall6"/>}} One year later, on July 17, 1957, while on a business trip, he was suspiciously found dead in a Seattle motel, having been shot in the head.{{efn|name=GrewallLate1}}{{efn|name="GrewallLate2"|After losing his MLA bid in 1956 to SoCred Labor Minister Lyle Wicks, Grewal began receiving threats. Fires were set at his mills and his house was set ablaze. On July 17, 1957, while on a business trip, Grewall was found dead in a Seattle motel. He had been shot in the head. Although local police ruled it a suicide, Grewall's family believes he was a victim of foul play. Grewall was survived by his wife and three children, who left Mission City shortly after his death. Despite the suspicious circumstances of his death, Grewall's story is more notable for his legacy of community involvement than for his untimely demise.<ref name="Grewall3"/>}}<ref name="Grewall7"/><ref name="Grewall8">{{Cite web|url=https://thelinkpaper.ca/was-grewall-murdered-and-if-yes-then-by-who/|title=Was Grewall Murdered And If Yes Then By Who?|work=Link Newspaper |date=July 15, 2017|quote=“It’s murder!” Those words of Helen Grewall were echoed by many friends of her late husband – former Mission Mayor Naranjan Singh Grewall – after his suspicious death in a Seattle hotel in the summer of 1957.}}</ref> Grewall Street in Mission was named in his honour.<ref name=GrewalStreet>"[http://www.missionarchives.com/publicprog/StreetStories/Grewall.pdf Streets Stories: Grewall Street]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150111160145/http://www.missionarchives.com/publicprog/StreetStories/Grewall.pdf Archive]). Mission District Historical Society, Mission Community Archives website. Retrieved on March 16, 2015.</ref>
{{blockquote|''“Every kid in the North Fraser, who thinks he or she is being discriminated against, should read the Grewall story and the challenges he faced.”''.{{efn|name=GrewallLate1}}|Former B.C. premier [[Dave Barrett]] on Naranjan Singh Grewall}}

Moderate expansion of immigration increased the Canadian total to 6,774 by 1961, then grew it to 67,925 by 1971.<ref name=":0" />

Policies changed rapidly during the second half of the 20th century. Until the late 1950s, essentially all South Asians lived in British Columbia. However, when professional immigrants came to Canada in larger numbers, they began to settle across the country. South Asian politics until 1967 were primarily concerned with changing immigration laws, including the elimination of the legal restrictions enacted by the BC Legislature.<ref name=":0" />

In 1967, all immigration quotas in Canada based on specific ethnic groups were scrapped.<ref name="multiple" /> The social view in Canada towards people of other ethnic backgrounds was more open, and Canada was facing declining immigration from European countries, since these European countries had booming postwar economies, and thus more people decided to remain in their home countries.

In 1972, all South Asians were [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled from Uganda]],<ref name=":0" /><ref>Patel, Hasu H. 1972. "General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda." ''[[Issue: A Journal of Opinion]]'' 2(4):12–22, doi:, {{doi|10.2307/1166488}}. {{JSTOR|1166488}}</ref> including 80,000 individuals of Indian (mostly [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]) descent.<ref>{{cite news|last=Srinivas|first=K|date=February 28, 2014|title=Hopes soar among Ugandan Asians as Idi Amin's dictatorial regime falls|publisher=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19790515-hopes-soar-among-ugandan-asians-as-idi-amin-dictatorial-regime-falls-822011-2014-02-28}}</ref><ref name="toi">{{cite news|last1=Vashi|first1=Ashish|last2=Jain|first2=Ankur|date=October 22, 2008|title=Gujaratis survived Idi Amin, fuelled East Africa's economy|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gujaratis-survived-Idi-Amin-fuelled-East-Africas-economy/articleshow/3625352.cms}}</ref> Canada accepted 7,000 of them (many of whom were [[Isma'ilism|Ismailis]]) as [[political refugees]].<ref name=":0" /> From 1977 to 1985, a weaker Canadian economy significantly reduced South-Asian immigration to about 15,000 a year.<ref name=":0" /> In 1978, Canada introduced the ''[[Immigration Act, 1976]]'', which included a [[Points-based immigration system|point-based system]], whereby each applicant would be assessed on their trade skills and the need for these skills in Canada.<ref>Wood, John R. 1978. "East Indians and Canada's New Immigration Policy." ''[[Canadian Public Policy]]'' 4(4):547-67. {{doi|10.2307/3549977}}. Retrieved 2020 December 16.</ref> This allowed many more Indians to immigrate in large numbers and a trickle of [[Goans]] (who were English-speaking and Catholic) began to arrive after the [[African Great Lakes]] countries imposed [[Africanization]] policies.<ref>Pg. 107. The Americanization of Goans. By Ladis DaSilva. 1976. Toronto. Ontario. Canada.</ref>

The 1970s also saw the beginning of the migration from Fiji, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius.<ref name=":0" /> During this decade, thousands of immigrants came yearly and mainly settled in Vancouver and Toronto.

=== Late 20th century ===
In 1986, following the British Columbia provincial election, [[Moe Sihota]] became the first Indo-Canadian to be elected to provincial parliament. Sihota, who was born in [[Duncan, British Columbia]] in 1955, ran as the NDP Candidate in the riding of [[Esquimalt-Port Renfrew]] two years after being involved in municipal politics, as he was elected as an [[Alderman]] for the city of [[Esquimalt]] in 1984.

Significant urbanization of the Indo-Canadian community began during the 1980s and early 1990s, when tens of thousands of immigrants moved from India into Canada each year. Forming nearly 20% of the population, [[Fort St. James]] had the highest proportion of Indo-Canadians of any municipality in Canada during the 1990s.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=File Not Found}}</ref> Prior to the large urban concentrations that exist in the present day, statistically significant populations existed across rural British Columbia; a legacy of previous waves of immigration earlier in the 20th century.<ref name=":3" /> In 1994, approximately 80% of South-Asian Canadians were immigrants.<ref name=":0" /> The settlement pattern in the most recent two decades is still mainly focused around Vancouver and Toronto, but other cities such as Calgary, Edmonton, and Montreal have also become desirable due to growing economic prospects in these cities.

=== 21st century ===
During the late 20th and into the early 21st century, India was the third highest source country of immigration to Canada, with roughly 25,000–30,000 Indians immigrating to Canada each year according to [[Statistics Canada]] data. By 2011 the South Asian population in Canada was 1,567,400.<ref name=":0" /> India became the highest source country of immigration to Canada by 2017, with yearly [[Permanent residency in Canada|permanent residents]] increasing from 30,915 in 2012 to 85,585 in 2019, representing 25% of total immigration to Canada. Additionally, India also became the top source country for international students in Canada, rising from 48,765 in 2015 to 219,855 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cicnews.com/2020/02/642000-international-students-canada-now-ranks-3rd-globally-in-foreign-student-attraction-0213763.html#gs.5ft5fi|title=642,000 international students: Canada now ranks 3rd globally in foreign student attraction|date=February 20, 2020}}</ref> Mirroring historical Indo-Canadian migration patterns, the majority of new immigrants from India continue to hail from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/punjabis-contributed-to-60-migration-to-canada-44325|title='Punjabis contributed to 60% migration to Canada'}}</ref> with an increasing proportion also hailing from [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Telangana]], and [[Andhra Pradesh]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

In the [[2025 Canadian federal election]], a record-setting 22 Canadians of Indian origin would be elected to the [[Canadian House of Commons]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/canada-news/story/indian-origin-candidates-won-in-canada-federal-elections-mark-carney-led-liberal-party-conservative-party-2716995-2025-04-29|title=Canada election: Record number of Indian-origin candidates set for victory|first=Gaurav|last=Kumar|publisher=India Today|date=April 29, 2025|accessdate=April 29, 2025}}</ref>

== Demography ==
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=333
|width=666
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=3717510
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Population
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021
|y1=100, 2342, 1016, 1400, 1465, 2148, 6774, 67925, 165410, 281015, 423795, 638345, 813730, 1072380, 1321360, 1582215, 1858755
|colors=red,lightblue,pink,blue,lightgreen,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of Indian descent total population (1901−2021)
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=333
|width=666
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=10.233
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Percentage
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021
|y1=0.002, 0.032, 0.012, 0.013, 0.013, 0.015, 0.037, 0.315, 0.687, 1.123, 1.57, 2.238, 2.745, 3.433, 4.022, 4.591, 5.117
|colors=red,lightblue,pink,blue,lightgreen,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of Indian descent percentage of the total population (1901–2021)
|border=no
}}

=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Indo-Canadian population history (1901–2021)
|-
!Year
!Population
!% of total population
|-
|1901 <ref name="WaltonRobertsThreeReadings"/>
| align="right" |>100
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 100 | 5371315 | 3 }}
|-
|1911 <ref name="population1911to1921"/>{{rp|354&356}}
| align="right" |2,342
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 2342 | 7206643 | 3 }}
|-
|1921 <ref name="population1911to1921"/>{{rp|354&356}}
| align="right" |1,016
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1016 | 8787949 | 3 }}
|-
|1931 <ref name="population1931"/>{{rp|503}}
| align="right" |1,400
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1400 | 10376786 | 3 }}
|-
|1941 <ref name="population1941"/>{{rp|272}}<ref name="population1941B"/>{{rp|2}}
| align="right" |1,465
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1465 | 11506655 | 3 }}
|-
|1951 <ref name="population1951"/>{{rp|484}}
| align="right" |2,148
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 2148 | 14009429 | 3 }}
|-
|1961 <ref name="population1961"/>{{rp|5}}
| align="right" |6,774
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 6774 | 18238247 | 3 }}
|-
|1971 <ref name="population1971"/>{{rp|2}}
| align="right" |67,925
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 67925 | 21568310 | 3 }}
|-
|1981 <ref name="population1981"/>
| align="right" |165,410
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 165410 | 24083495 | 3 }}
|-
|1986 <ref name="population1986"/><ref name="population1986B"/>{{efn|1986 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (590), "Gujarati" (1,245), "East Indian" (261,435), "Punjabi" (15,545), and "Tamil" (2,200).<ref name="population1986"/><ref name="population1986B"/>|name="notepopulation1986"}}
| align="right" |281,015
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 281015 | 25022010 | 3 }}
|-
|1991 <ref name="population1991"/>{{efn|1991 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (1,520), "East Indian" (379,280), "Punjabi" (27,300), and "Tamil" (15,695).<ref name="population1991"/>|name="notepopulation1991"}}
| align="right" |423,795
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 423795 | 26994045 | 3 }}
|-
|1996 <ref name="population1996"/>{{efn|1996 census: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (3,790), "Goan" (4,415), "Gujarati" (2,155), "East Indian" (548,080), "Punjabi" (49,840), and "Tamil" (30,065).<ref name="population1996"/>|name="notepopulation1996"}}
| align="right" |638,345
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 638345 | 28528125 | 3 }}
|-
|2001 <ref name="population2001"/>{{efn|[[2001 Canadian census|2001 census]]: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (7,020), "Goan" (3,865), "Gujarati" (2,805), "East Indian" (713,330), "Kashmiri" (480), "Punjabi" (47,155), and "Tamil" (39,075).<ref name="population2001"/>|name="notepopulation2001"}}
| align="right" |813,730
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 813730 | 29639035 | 3 }}
|-
|2006 <ref name="population2006"/>{{efn|[[2006 Canadian census|2006 census]]: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (12,130), "Goan" (4,815), "Gujarati" (2,975), "East Indian" (962,670), "Kashmiri" (1,685), "Punjabi" (53,515), and "Tamil" (34,590).<ref name="population2006"/>|name="notepopulation2006"}}
| align="right" |1,072,380
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1072380 | 31241030 | 3 }}
|-
|2011 <ref name="population2011"/>{{efn|[[2011 Canadian census|2011 census]]: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (17,960), "Goan" (5,125), "Gujarati" (5,890), "East Indian" (1,165,145), "Kashmiri" (2,125), "Punjabi" (76,150), and "Tamil" (48,965).<ref name="population2011"/>|name="notepopulation2011"}}
| align="right" |1,321,360
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1321360 | 32852325 | 3 }}
|-
|2016 <ref name="population2016"/>{{efn|[[2016 Canadian census|2016 census]]: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Bengali" (22,900), "Goan" (6,070), "Gujarati" (8,350), "East Indian" (1,374,715), "Kashmiri" (3,115), "Punjabi" (118,395), and "Tamil" (48,670).<ref name="population2016"/>|name="notepopulation2016"}}
| align="right" |1,582,215
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1582215 | 34460065 | 3 }}
|-
|2021 <ref name="population2021"/>{{efn|[[2021 Canadian census|2021 census]]: Statistic includes all persons with ethnic or cultural origin responses with ancestry to the nation of India, including "Anglo-Indian" (3,340), "Bengali" (26,675), "Goan" (9,700), "Gujarati" (36,970), "Indian" (1,347,715), "Jatt" (22,785), "Kashmiri" (6,165), "Maharashtrian" (4,125), "Malayali" (12,490), "Punjabi" (279,950), "Tamil" (102,170), and "Telugu" (6,670).<ref name="population2021"/>|name="notepopulation2021"}}
| align="right" |1,858,755
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 1858755 | 36328475 | 3 }}
|}
As of 2021, the Indo-Canadian population numbers approximately 1.86 million.<ref name="population2021"/>{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}}

=== Religion ===
{{Bar box
|title=Religions of Indo-Canadians (2021)<ref name="religion2021"/>{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}}
|titlebar=#fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]]|yellow|36}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]]|orange|32}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]]|blue|12}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Canada|Islam]]|green|11}}
{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|Irreligious]]|gray|8}}
{{bar percent|Other{{efn|name="OtherReligions"|Including [[Jainism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous spirituality]], and others not stated}}|black|1}}
}}
Until the 1950s, Sikhs formed up to 95% of the entire Indo-Canadian population.<ref name="SikhHistory">{{Cite web |date=April 2022 |title=A Social History of South Asians in British Columbia |url=https://saclp.southasiancanadianheritage.ca/social-history-book/ |quote=From 1904 to the 1940s, 95% of all South Asian immigrants to Canada were Sikhs from the Punjab region of India. |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=SACLP}}</ref>{{rp|4}}

In the contemporary era, Canadians with Indian ancestry are from very diverse religious backgrounds compared to many other ethnic groups, which is due in part to India's multi-religious population.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Census Religion 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/religion.php|website=Census 2011|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> Amongst the Indo-Canadian population however, the religious views are more evenly divided than India, owing in part to historical [[chain migration]] patterns, witnessed predominantly in the [[Sikh-Canadian]] community.

A census report detailing the religious proportion breakdown of the South Asian Canadian community was done between 2005 and 2007 by [[Statistics Canada]], with results derived from the [[2001 Canadian census]].<ref name="2007Report"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090309194615/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=68635&GID=517770&METH=1&APATH=3&PTYPE=55496&THEME=44&AID=0&FREE=0&FOCUS=0&VID=0&GC=0&GK=0&SC=1&SR=1&RL=0&CPP=99&RPP=9999&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0&d1=12&d2=0&d3=0 Source]</ref> This report found that among the Indo-Canadian population, [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhs]] represented 34%, Hindus 27%, [[Islam in Canada|Muslims]] 17%, and [[Christian Canadian|Christians]] 16% (7% [[Protestantism in Canada|Protestant]]/Evangelical + 9% [[Catholicism in Canada|Catholic]]).<ref name="2007Report">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2007-07-16 |title=The East Indian community in Canada |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007004-eng.htm |access-date=2022-08-31 }}</ref>{{efn|name="Religion2001Quote1"|The majority of Canadians of East Indian origin are either Sikh or Hindu. In 2001, 34% said they were Sikh, while 27% said they were Hindu. Another 17% were Muslim, 9% were Catholic and 7% belonged to a mainline Protestant denomination or other Christian grouping. On the other hand, relatively few Canadians of East Indian origin have no religious affiliation. That year, just 4% of people who reported East Indian origin said they had no religious affiliation, compared with 17% of the overall population.<ref name="2007Report"/>}} Relatively few people of Indian origin have no religious affiliation. In 2001, just 4% said they had no religious affiliation, compared with 17% of the Canadian population.{{efn|name="Religion2001Quote1"}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Indo-Canadian demography by religion
! rowspan="2" |Religious group
! colspan="2" |2021<ref name="religion2021">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2023-05-10 |title= Religion by ethnic or cultural origins: Canada, provinces and territories and census metropolitan areas with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/cv.action?pid=9810034101 |access-date=2023-11-13}}</ref>{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}}
! colspan="2" |2001<ref name="religion2001">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23 |title= 2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Selected Demographic and Cultural Characteristics (105), Selected Ethnic Groups (100), Age Groups (6), Sex (3) and Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=68635&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=44&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2025-08-06}}</ref>
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Sikhism]]
| 674,860
| {{Percentage | 674860 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 279,725
| {{Percentage | 279725 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hinduism]]
| 588,345
| {{Percentage | 588345 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 225,585
| {{Percentage | 225585 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Christianity]]
| 229,290
| {{Percentage | 229290 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 125,300
| {{Percentage | 125300 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Islam]]
| 205,985
| {{Percentage | 205985 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 128,205
| {{Percentage | 128205 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Irreligion]]
| 143,355
| {{Percentage | 143355 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 31,920
| {{Percentage | 31920 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Buddhism]]
| 2,535
| {{Percentage | 2535 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 1,460
| {{Percentage | 1460 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Judaism]]
| 1,515
| {{Percentage | 1515 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 665
| {{Percentage | 665 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
| [[Major religious groups|Other]]
| 12,740
| {{Percentage | 12740 | 1858755 | 2 }}
| 6,715
| {{Percentage | 6715 | 799565 | 2 }}
|-
! Total responses
! 1,858,755
! {{Percentage | 1858755 | 1858755 | 2 }}
! 799,565
! {{Percentage | 799565 | 813730 | 2 }}
|-
! Total Indo-Canadian population
! 1,858,755
! {{Percentage | 1858755 | 1858755 | 2 }}
! 813,730
! {{Percentage | 813730 | 813730 | 2 }}
|}

==== Sikhism ====
{{Main|Gurdwaras in Canada}}
{{see also|Sikhism in Canada}}
There are over 175 [[gurdwara]]s in Canada, the oldest of which was built in 1905 in [[Golden, British Columbia|Golden, BC]], serving settlers who worked for the Columbia River Lumber Company,<ref name="Golden1"/><ref name="Golden2"/> which would later be destroyed by fire in 1926.<ref name="Golden3"/> The second-oldest gurdwara was built in 1908 in the [[Kitsilano]] neighbourhood of [[Vancouver]] and similarly served early settlers who worked at nearby sawmills along [[False Creek]] at the time.<ref name="vancouverheritagefoundation.org"/> The temple eventually closed in 1970 as the Sikh population relocated to the [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset]] neighbourhood of [[Vancouver South (federal electoral district)|South Vancouver]].

The oldest gurdwara still in service is the [[Gur Sikh Temple|Gurudwara Gur Sikh Temple]], located in Abbotsford, BC. Built in 1911, the gurdwara was designated as a National Historic Site in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abbotsford Sikh Temple National Historic Site of Canada|url=https://www.historicplaces.ca/en/rep-reg/place-lieu.aspx?id=9358|access-date=2020-09-26|website=HistoricPlaces.ca}}</ref>

The [[Ontario Khalsa Darbar]], in Mississauga, is the largest Gurudwara in Canada. The other notable Gurudwaras include Gurudwara Guru Nanak Darbar Montreal, Gurudwara Dashmesh Darbar Brampton and the {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20220327080721/https://sikhsocietyofmanitoba.com/about-us Sikh Society of Manitoba.]}}

The largest Sikh populations in Canada are located in [[British Columbia]] and [[Ontario]], concentrated in [[Greater Vancouver]] ([[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]) and [[Greater Toronto]] ([[Brampton]]).<gallery mode="nolines" widths="200" perrow="3">
File:Gur Sikh Temple 01.jpg|[[Gur Sikh Temple]] (Abbotsford)
File:Sikh Temple Manning Drive Edmonton Alberta Canada 01A.jpg|Gurudwara Nanaksar Sahib, Edmonton, Alberta
File:Sikh Temple at 2nd Avenue, Vancouver.jpg|Vancouver Sikh Temple, c. 1911
</gallery>

==== Hinduism ====
{{see also|Hinduism in Canada}}
According to the 2021 census, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada, up from 297,200 in the 2001 census.<ref name="Statistics Canada Religion">{{cite web|title=2011 National Household Survey|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=7&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=R&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105399&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=0&VID=0&VNAMEE=Religion%20%28108%29&VNAMEF=Religion%20%28108%29| date=8 May 2013 |publisher=Statistics Canada|access-date=21 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2022-02-09 |title=Profile table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Canada [Country] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E |access-date=2022-10-26 }}</ref> and over 180 Hindu temples across Canada with almost 100 in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] alone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.garamchai.com/canada/temples.htm|title=Canada Hindu Temple, mandirs and places of worship in North America from GaramChai.com's Canada Section|website=GaramChai}}</ref>
Early in history when Hindus first arrived, the temples were more liberal and catered to all Hindus from different communities. In the past few decades, with the number of Hindu Canadians increasing, Hindu temples have now been established to cater to specific communities of different languages. There are temples for [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabis]], [[Haryanvi]]s, [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Tamil Hindu|Tamils]], [[Bengali Hindus|Bengalis]], [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhis]], [[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadians]], [[Guyanese people|Guyanese]], etc.

Within [[Toronto, Ontario|Toronto]], the largest Hindu temple in Canada is located on Claireville Drive, which is called the [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]]. The entire Mandir is {{convert|32000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} and hosts numerous events on the Hindu religious calendar.

The [[Hindu Heritage Centre]] is another very large temple and perhaps the second biggest temple at {{convert|25000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} serving the Hindu community of Brampton and Mississauga. The temple is a very liberal [[Sanatani]] [[Dharmic]] Hindu temple which caters to the need of all different types of Hindus. Its devotees come from North and South India, as well as Pakistan, Nepal, and the West Indies. The centre is also focused on preserving Hindu culture by teaching a variety of different classes.<gallery mode="nolines" widths="300" perrow="2">
File:BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Toronto.jpg|The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]] in [[Etobicoke]], [[Ontario]], built by Canada's Gujarati Hindu community.
File:Hindu Heritage Centre Front.JPG|[[Hindu Heritage Centre]] in [[Mississauga]], Ontario.
</gallery>

==== Islam ====
{{see also|Islam in Canada}}
There are also many Islamic societies and mosques throughout Canada, which have been established and supported by non-Indian and Indian Muslims alike.

Many Indian Muslims along with Muslims of other nationalities worship at one of the largest mosques in Canada, the [[List of mosques#Canada|ISNA Centre]], located in Mississauga. The facility contains a mosque, high school, community centre, banquet hall and funeral service available for all Muslim Canadians.

The Ismailis have the first Ismaili Jamatkhana and Centre set up in [[Burnaby]], British Columbia. This high-profile building is the second in the world, with other locations in [[London]], [[Lisbon]], and [[Dubai]]. A second such building is in Toronto.

==== Christianity ====
Indian Christians tend to attend churches based on their state of origin and their particular traditions including the [[Catholic Church in India|Roman Catholic Church]], [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], [[Syriac Orthodox Church]], [[Assemblies of God in India]], [[Church of God (Full Gospel) in India]], [[The Pentecostal Mission]], [[Church of North India]], [[Church of South India]], [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]], [[Malankara Orthodox Church]], and [[Indian Pentecostal Church]].

The majority of people of Goan origin in Canada are Roman Catholics who share the same parish churches as other Catholic Canadians, however, they often celebrate the feast of [[St Francis Xavier]], who is the Patron Saint of the Indies, and whose body lies in Goa. [[Syro-Malabar]] Catholics have established a diocese for themselves, called the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga]] which serves all the Syro-Malabar faithful across Canada.<ref>Lira, Sergio, Rogerio Amoeda, and Cristina Pinheiro (editors). ''Sharing Cultures 2011''. Edited by Sergio Lira, Rogerio Amoeda and Cristina Pinheiro. [[Green Lines Institute for Sustainable Development]] (''Green Lines Instituto para o Desenvolvimento Sustentavel'') ([[Barcelos, Portugal|Barcelos]], Portugal), 2011. {{ISBN|978-989-95671-4-6}}. Pp531-540. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IOguMwEACAAJ&q=Sharing+Cultures+2011 See profile at] [[Google Books]].</ref>

=== Language ===
Indo-Canadians speak a variety of languages, reflecting the cultural and ethnic diversity of the Indian subcontinent.

The most widely spoken South Asian language in Canada is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], which is spoken by the people from [[Punjab, India|Punjab state]] and [[Chandigarh]] in India and by the people from [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]] and [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] in Pakistan. In Canada, Punjabi is a language mainly spoken by [[South Asian Canadians]] with ties to the state of Punjab in Northern India.

[[Hindi]], as India's most spoken language, is now the language primarily used by new Indian immigrants, especially ones with ties to [[Northern India]] and [[Central India]].

Another widely spoken language by South Asians is [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. These individuals hail from the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[Southern India]] or [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Sri Lanka]].

[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] is spoken by people from the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. Gujarati Hindus and [[Ismaili]] Muslims from the African Great Lakes who subsequently migrated to Canada speak Gujarati. Zoroastrians from the western part of India form a small percentage of the population in Canada and also speak Gujarati.

[[Urdu]] is primarily spoken by [[Muslim]] South Asians from [[Northern India]] and [[Pakistan]]. However, individuals of Indian descent from Africa and the Caribbean may also speak it.

[[Kannada]] is spoken by people from the Indian state of [[Karnataka]] in Southern India

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is spoken by individuals from the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] in [[Eastern India]], as well as by the people of [[Bangladesh]].

There are also a large number of [[Malayalam]] language speakers who hail from the state of [[Kerala]] in Southern India.

There is also a community of Goans from the African Great Lakes. However, only a few members of this community speak their original language [[Konkani language|Konkani]].

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is spoken by 12,578 people in Canada who have their roots in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]].

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is spoken by 15,655 people in Canada who primarily hail from the Indian states of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].

[[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Manipuri-language |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=Britannica |language=en |quote=Manipuri language, Manipuri Meiteilon, also called Meitei (Meetei) ...}}</ref>) is also spoken by some Indo-Canadians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=5th biennial Manipuri Association of Canada convention held online |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/2090/5th-biennial-manipuri-association-of-canada-convention-held-online |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en}}</ref>

==== Knowledge of language ====
{{see also|South Asian Canadians#Knowledge of language}}
Many Indo-Canadians speak [[Canadian English]] or [[Canadian French]] as a first language, as many [[Immigrant generations|multi-generational]] individuals do not speak [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead may speak one or multiple{{efn|name=multiple|The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.}} as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]].
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+Knowledge of [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] in Canada (2011–2021){{efn|name=multiple}}
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="language2021">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021701 |access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref><ref name="language2021B">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Canada [Country] Language |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A000011124&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=Canada |access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]<ref name="language2016">{{cite web|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census: Canada [Country] and Canada [Country] Language|date = February 8, 2017|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1&type=0}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]<ref name="language2011">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2013-09-11 |title=NHS Profile, Canada, 2011 Non-official languages spoken |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Non-official%20language&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-09-17}}</ref><ref name="language2011B">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2012-10-24 |title=2011 Census of Population Language|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-09-17 }}</ref>
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]*{{efn|Combined responses of [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]] as they form mutually intelligible registers of the Hindustani language.|name="hindustani"|group="nb"}}
| 1,176,295
| {{Percentage | 1176295 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 755,585
| {{Percentage | 755585| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 576,165
| {{Percentage | 576165| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]*
| 942,170
| {{Percentage | 942170 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 668,240
| {{Percentage | 668240| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 545,730
| {{Percentage | 545730| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]*
| 237,890
| {{Percentage | 237890 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 189,860
| {{Percentage | 189860| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 179,465
| {{Percentage | 179465| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| 209,410
| {{Percentage | 209410 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 149,045
| {{Percentage | 149045| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 118,950
| {{Percentage | 118950| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]*
| 120,605
| {{Percentage | 120605 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 91,220
| {{Percentage | 91220| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 69,490
| {{Percentage | 69490| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| 77,910
| {{Percentage | 77910 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 37,810
| {{Percentage | 37810| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 22,125
| {{Percentage | 22125| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| 54,685
| {{Percentage | 54685 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 23,160
| {{Percentage | 23160| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 12,645
| {{Percentage | 12645| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| 35,230
| {{Percentage | 35230 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 15,570
| {{Percentage | 15570| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 9,695
| {{Percentage | 9695| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| 18,420
| {{Percentage | 18420 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 8,245
| {{Percentage | 8245 | 34460065 | 2 }}
| 5,210
| {{Percentage | 5210 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kutchi language|Kacchi]]
| 15,085
| {{Percentage | 15085 | 36328480 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| 8,950
| {{Percentage | 8950 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 6,790
| {{Percentage | 6790 | 34460065 | 2 }}
| 5,785
| {{Percentage | 5785 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]*
| 8,385
| {{Percentage | 8385 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 20,260
| {{Percentage | 20260| 34460065 | 2 }}
| 15,525
| {{Percentage | 15525| 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Odia language|Oriya]]
| 3,235
| {{Percentage | 3235 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 1,535
| {{Percentage | 1535 | 34460065 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]*
| 1,830
| {{Percentage | 1830 | 36328480 | 2 }}
| 905
| {{Percentage | 905 | 34460065 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| 1,765
| {{Percentage | 1765 | 36328480 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| 1,155
| {{Percentage | 1155 | 36328480 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|* ''These languages are also spoken by Canadians with ancestry from other nations of [[South Asia]]/[[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]], including: [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]''}}
|}

==== Mother tongue ====
{{see also|South Asian Canadians#Mother tongue}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+[[Languages of India|Indian languages]] in Canada by number of [[first language]] speakers (2011–2021)
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="language2021B"/><ref name="language2021C">{{cite web|access-date=2022-09-17 |date=2022-08-17 |title=2021 Census of Canada: Mother tongue by single and multiple mother tongue responses: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810018101 |work=Statistics Canada}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]<ref name="language2016"/><ref name="language2016B">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-17 |title=Data tables, 2016 Census Mother Tongue (263), Single and Multiple Mother Tongue Responses (3), Age (7) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census – 100% Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110181&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2016&THEME=118&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-17 }}</ref>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]<ref name="language2011B"/><ref name="language2011C">{{Cite web |work=Statistics Canada|date=2020-04-18 |title=2011 Census of Canada: Topic-based tabulations Detailed Mother Tongue (192), Single and Multiple Language Responses (3), Age Groups (7) and Sex (3) for the Population Excluding Institutional Residents of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/tbt-tt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=103252&PRID=10&PTYPE=101955&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2011&THEME=90&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-17 }}</ref>
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]*
| 763,785
| {{Percentage | 763785 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 543,495
| {{Percentage | 543495 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 459,990
| {{Percentage | 459990 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]*{{efn|name="hindustani"|group="nb"}}
| 521,990
| {{Percentage | 521990 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 377,025
| {{Percentage | 377025 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 300,400
| {{Percentage | 300400 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]*
| 184,750
| {{Percentage | 184750 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 157,125
| {{Percentage | 157125 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 143,395
| {{Percentage | 143395 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| 168,800
| {{Percentage | 168800 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 122,455
| {{Percentage | 122455 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 101,310
| {{Percentage | 101310 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]*
| 104,325
| {{Percentage | 104325 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 80,930
| {{Percentage | 80930 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 64,460
| {{Percentage | 64460 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| 66,230
| {{Percentage | 66230 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 32,285
| {{Percentage | 32285 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 17,695
| {{Percentage | 17695 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| 39,685
| {{Percentage | 39685 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 18,750
| {{Percentage | 18750 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 10,670
| {{Percentage | 10670 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| 19,570
| {{Percentage | 19570 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 9,755
| {{Percentage | 9755 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 6,655
| {{Percentage | 6655 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Kutchi language|Kacchi]]
| 9,855
| {{Percentage | 9855 | 36620955 | 2 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| 9,140
| {{Percentage | 9140 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 4,795
| {{Percentage | 4795 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 3,140
| {{Percentage | 3140 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]*
| 5,315
| {{Percentage | 5315 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 13,880
| {{Percentage | 13880 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 12,935
| {{Percentage | 12935 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| 5,225
| {{Percentage | 5225 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 4,255
| {{Percentage | 4255 | 34767250 | 2 }}
| 3,535
| {{Percentage | 3535 | 33121175 | 2 }}
|-
| [[Odia language|Oriya]]
| 2,305
| {{Percentage | 2305 | 36620955 | 2 }}
| 1,210
| {{Percentage | 1210 | 34767250 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]*
| 1,015
| {{Percentage | 1015 | 36620955 | 3 }}
| 620
| {{Percentage | 620 | 34767250 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Tulu language|Tulu]]
| 910
| {{Percentage | 910 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| 715
| {{Percentage | 715 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Parsi language|Parsi]]
| 635
| {{Percentage | 635 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Marwari language|Marwari]]
| 395
| {{Percentage | 395 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Saurashtra language|Saurashtra]]
| 345
| {{Percentage | 345 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Pahari language|Pahari]]
| 255
| {{Percentage | 255 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kurukh language|Kurux]]
| 245
| {{Percentage | 245 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Memoni language|Memoni]]
| 240
| {{Percentage | 240 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]
| 230
| {{Percentage | 230 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| 230
| {{Percentage | 230 | 36620955 | 3 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Chakma language|Chakma]]*
| 180
| {{Percentage | 180 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| 145
| {{Percentage | 145 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| 120
| {{Percentage | 120 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| 105
| {{Percentage | 105 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Kodava language|Kodava]]
| 100
| {{Percentage | 100 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Bishnupriya Manipuri language|Bishnupuriya]]
| 90
| {{Percentage | 90 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|-
| [[Od language|Oadki]]
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 36620955 | 4 }}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|{{N/a}}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|* ''These languages are also spoken by Canadians with ancestry from other nations of [[South Asia]]/[[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]], including: [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], and [[Sri Lanka]]''}}
|}

==== Spoken at home ====
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 18em; float: left;"
|+ Indian languages spoken at home in Canada ([[2001 Canadian census|2001 census]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55763&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55430&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 |title=source |access-date=April 24, 2006 |archive-date=December 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226142159/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55763&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55430&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! Language
! Total
! Only speaks
! Mostly speaks
! Equally speaks
! Regularly speaks
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]*
| 280,540
| 132,380
| 71,660
| 29,220
| 47,280
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| 165,890
| 114,175
| 116,075
| 19,090
| 26,550
|-
| [[Urdu]]*
| 89,365
| 30,760
| 27,840
| 12,200
| 18,565
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]*
| 97,345
| 45,865
| 29,745
| 9,455
| 12,280
|-
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| 60,105
| 18,310
| 16,830
| 7,175
| 17,790
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| 6,570
| 1,155
| 1,810
| 505
| 3,100
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]*
| 29,705
| 12,840
| 9,615
| 2,780
| 4,470
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" cellspacing="0"|{{center|* ''These languages are also spoken in Canada by immigrants from other South Asian countries such as: [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Sri Lanka]]''}}
|}
{{clear}}

== Geographical distribution ==
=== Provinces & territories ===
{{see also|South Asian Canadians in British Columbia}}
[[File:Canadian Provinces by Indian % 2021 Census.png|thumb|342x342px|Indian Canadians as % of population by province]]
Canadian provinces and territories by their ethnic Indo-Canadian population as per the [[2001 Canadian census]], [[2006 Canadian census]], [[2011 Canadian census]], [[2016 Canadian census]], and [[2021 Canadian census]] below.
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Indo-Canadians by [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province and territory]] (2001–2021)
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province/ Territory]]
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="population2021"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]<ref name="population2016"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]<ref name="population2011"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]<ref name="population2006"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]<ref name="population2001"/>
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Ontario]]
| 1,052,045
| {{Percentage | 1052045 | 14031755 | 2 }}
| 900,435
| {{Percentage | 900435 | 13242160 | 2 }}
| 783,415
| {{Percentage | 783415 | 12651790 | 2 }}
| 646,205
| {{Percentage | 646205 | 12028895 | 2 }}
| 481,425
| {{Percentage | 481425 | 11285545 | 2 }}
|-
|[[British Columbia|British Columbia]]
| 388,930
| {{Percentage | 388930 | 4915940 | 2 }}
| 351,485
| {{Percentage | 351485 | 4560240 | 2 }}
| 301,080
| {{Percentage | 301080 | 4324455 | 2 }}
| 253,205
| {{Percentage | 253205 | 4074385 | 2 }}
| 202,205
| {{Percentage | 202205 | 3868875 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Alberta]]
| 210,425
| {{Percentage | 210425 | 4177720 | 2 }}
| 194,935
| {{Percentage | 194935 | 3978150 | 2 }}
| 136,885
| {{Percentage | 136885 | 3567975 | 2 }}
| 94,765
| {{Percentage | 94765 | 3256355 | 2 }}
| 66,020
| {{Percentage | 66020 | 2941150 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Quebec]]
| 90,240
| {{Percentage | 90240 | 8308480 | 2 }}
| 62,740
| {{Percentage | 62740 | 7965450 | 2 }}
| 57,740
| {{Percentage | 57740 | 7732520 | 2 }}
| 48,975
| {{Percentage | 48975 | 7435905 | 2 }}
| 41,725
| {{Percentage | 41725 | 7125580 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Manitoba]]
| 56,550
| {{Percentage | 56550 | 1307185 | 2 }}
| 39,055
| {{Percentage | 39055 | 1240700 | 2 }}
| 23,595
| {{Percentage | 23595 | 1174345 | 2 }}
| 16,210
| {{Percentage | 16210 | 1133515 | 2 }}
| 12,920
| {{Percentage | 12920 | 1103695 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Saskatchewan]]
| 28,060
| {{Percentage | 28060 | 1103200 | 2 }}
| 21,190
| {{Percentage | 21190 | 1070560 | 2 }}
| 8,850
| {{Percentage | 8850 | 1008760 | 2 }}
| 4,765
| {{Percentage | 4765 | 953850 | 2 }}
| 3,570
| {{Percentage | 3570 | 963150 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]]
| 17,570
| {{Percentage | 17570 | 955860 | 2 }}
| 6,630
| {{Percentage | 6630 | 908340 | 2 }}
| 4,790
| {{Percentage | 4790 | 906170 | 2 }}
| 4,015
| {{Percentage | 4015 | 903090 | 2 }}
| 2,945
| {{Percentage | 2945 | 897565 | 2 }}
|-
|[[New Brunswick|New Brunswick]]
| 6,850
| {{Percentage | 6850 | 759195 | 2 }}
| 2,270
| {{Percentage | 2270 | 730710 | 2 }}
| 2,605
| {{Percentage | 2605 | 735835 | 2 }}
| 2,275
| {{Percentage | 2275 | 719650 | 2 }}
| 1,455
| {{Percentage | 1455 | 719710 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]]
| 3,545
| {{Percentage | 3545 | 502095 | 2 }}
| 1,970
| {{Percentage | 1970 | 512250 | 2 }}
| 1,485
| {{Percentage | 1485 | 507265 | 2 }}
| 1,315
| {{Percentage | 1315 | 500610 | 2 }}
| 980
| {{Percentage | 980 | 508075 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]]
| 2,855
| {{Percentage | 2855 | 150485 | 2 }}
| 640
| {{Percentage | 640 | 139685 | 2 }}
| 250
| {{Percentage | 250 | 137375 | 2 }}
| 255
| {{Percentage | 255 | 134205 | 2 }}
| 125
| {{Percentage | 125 | 133385 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Yukon]]
| 890
| {{Percentage | 890 | 39585 | 2 }}
| 360
| {{Percentage | 360 | 35110 | 2 }}
| 325
| {{Percentage | 325 | 33320 | 2 }}
| 160
| {{Percentage | 160 | 30195 | 2 }}
| 185
| {{Percentage | 185 | 28525 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Northwest Territories|Northwest Territories]]
| 605
| {{Percentage | 605 | 40375 | 2 }}
| 420
| {{Percentage | 420 | 41135 | 2 }}
| 165
| {{Percentage | 165 | 40800 | 2 }}
| 140
| {{Percentage | 140 | 41055 | 2 }}
| 175
| {{Percentage | 175 | 37105 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Nunavut]]
| 135
| {{Percentage | 135 | 36600 | 2 }}
| 65
| {{Percentage | 65 | 35580 | 2 }}
| 90
| {{Percentage | 90 | 31695 | 2 }}
| 40
| {{Percentage | 40 | 29325 | 2 }}
| 35
| {{Percentage | 35 | 26665 | 2 }}
|-
! Canada
! 1,858,755{{efn|name="notepopulation2021"}}
! {{Percentage | 1858755 | 36328475 | 2 }}
! 1,582,215{{efn|name="notepopulation2016"}}
! {{Percentage | 1582215 | 34460065 | 2 }}
! 1,321,360{{efn|name="notepopulation2011"}}
! {{Percentage | 1321360 | 32852320 | 2 }}
! 1,072,380{{efn|name="notepopulation2006"}}
! {{Percentage | 1072380 | 31241030 | 2 }}
! 813,730{{efn|name="notepopulation2001"}}
! {{Percentage | 813730 | 29639035 | 2 }}
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Indo-Canadians by [[Provinces and territories of Canada|province and territory]] (1911–1961)
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province/ Territory]]
! colspan="2" |1961<ref name="population1961"/>{{rp|5}}
! colspan="2" |1951<ref name="population1951"/>{{rp|484}}
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="population1941"/>{{rp|272}}<ref name="population1941B"/>{{rp|2}}
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="population1931"/>{{rp|503}}
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="population1911to1921"/>{{rp|354&356}}
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="population1911to1921"/>{{rp|354&356}}
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[British Columbia|British Columbia]]
| 4,526
| {{Percentage | 4526 | 1629082 | 2 }}
| 1,937
| {{Percentage | 1937 | 1165210 | 2 }}
| 1,343
| {{Percentage | 1343 | 817861 | 2 }}
| 1,283
| {{Percentage | 1283 | 694263 | 2 }}
| 951
| {{Percentage | 951 | 524582 | 2 }}
| 2,292
| {{Percentage | 2292 | 392480 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Ontario]]
| 1,155
| {{Percentage | 1155 | 6236092 | 2 }}
| 76
| {{Percentage | 76 | 4597542 | 2 }}
| 21
| {{Percentage | 21 | 3787655 | 2 }}
| 43
| {{Percentage | 43 | 3431683 | 2 }}
| 28
| {{Percentage | 1921pop | 2933662 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 1911pop | 2527292 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Quebec]]
| 483
| {{Percentage | 483 | 5259211 | 2 }}
| 61
| {{Percentage | 61 | 4055681 | 2 }}
| 29
| {{Percentage | 29 | 3331882 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 2874255 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 2361199 | 2 }}
| 14
| {{Percentage | 14 | 2005776 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Alberta]]
| 208
| {{Percentage | 208 | 1331944 | 2 }}
| 27
| {{Percentage | 27 | 939501 | 2 }}
| 48
| {{Percentage | 48 | 796169 | 2 }}
| 33
| {{Percentage | 33 | 731605 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 588454 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 374295 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Manitoba]]
| 198
| {{Percentage | 198 | 921686 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 776541 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 729744 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 700139 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 610118 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 461394 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Saskatchewan]]
| 115
| {{Percentage | 115 | 925181 | 2 }}
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 831728 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 895992 | 2 }}
| 7
| {{Percentage | 7 | 921785 | 2 }}
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 757510 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 492432 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]]
| 46
| {{Percentage | 46 | 737007 | 2 }}
| 23
| {{Percentage | 23 | 642584 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 577962 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 512846 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 523837 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 492338 | 2 }}
|-
|[[New Brunswick|New Brunswick]]
| 22
| {{Percentage | 22 | 597936 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 515697 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 457401 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 408219 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 387876 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 351889 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland and Labrador]]
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 457853 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 361416 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}{{efn|name=Newfoundland|Part of United Kingdom}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}{{efn|name=Newfoundland}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}{{efn|name=Newfoundland}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}{{efn|name=Newfoundland}}
| {{N/a}}
|-
|[[Northwest Territories|Northwest Territories]]
| 2{{efn|name=Nunavut|Northwest Territories includes Nunavut, as the territory was not created until 1999.}}
| {{Percentage | 2 | 22998 | 2 }}
| 1{{efn|name=Nunavut}}
| {{Percentage | 1 | 16004 | 2 }}
| 0{{efn|name=Nunavut}}
| {{Percentage | 0 | 12028 | 2 }}
| 0{{efn|name=Nunavut}}
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9723 | 2 }}
| 0{{efn|name=Nunavut}}
| {{Percentage | 0 | 7988 | 2 }}
| 0{{efn|name=Nunavut}}
| {{Percentage | 0 | 6507 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]]
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 104629 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 98429 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 95047 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88038 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88615 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 93728 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Yukon]]
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 14628 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 9096 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 4914 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 4230 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 4157 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 8512 | 2 }}
|-
! Canada
! 6,774
! {{Percentage | 6774 | 18238247 | 2 }}
! 2,148
! {{Percentage | 2148 | 14009429 | 2 }}
! 1,465
! {{Percentage | 1465 | 11506655 | 2 }}
! 1,400
! {{Percentage | 1400 | 10376786 | 2 }}
! 1,016
! {{Percentage | 1016 | 8788483 | 2 }}
! 2,342
! {{Percentage | 2342 | 7206643 | 2 }}
|}

=== Metropolitan areas ===
[[List of metropolitan areas in Canada|Canadian metropolitan areas]] with large populations of Indo−Canadians:
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+Indo−Canadians by [[List of metropolitan areas in Canada|metropolitan areas]] (2001–2021)
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[List of metropolitan areas in Canada|Metro Area]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]]
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]<ref name="population2021"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]<ref name="population2016"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]<ref name="population2011"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]<ref name="population2006"/>
! colspan="2" |[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]<ref name="population2001"/>
|-
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Greater Toronto Area|Toronto]]
|[[Ontario, Canada|Ontario]]
| 812,830
| {{Percentage | 812830 | 6142880 | 2 }}
| 754,115
| {{Percentage | 754115 | 5862855 | 2 }}
| 666,180
| {{Percentage | 666180 | 5521235 | 2 }}
| 549,365
| {{Percentage | 549365 | 5072075 | 2 }}
| 408,100
| {{Percentage | 408100 | 4647955 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Vancouver]]
|[[British Columbia|British Columbia]]
| 300,195
| {{Percentage | 300195 | 2607015 | 2 }}
| 276,700
| {{Percentage | 276700 | 2426230 | 2 }}
| 238,765
| {{Percentage | 238765 | 2280695 | 2 }}
| 197,635
| {{Percentage | 197635 | 2097965 | 2 }}
| 155,780
| {{Percentage | 155780 | 1967475 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Calgary Metropolitan Region|Calgary]]
|[[Alberta]]
| 105,690
| {{Percentage | 105690 | 1465175 | 2 }}
| 101,865
| {{Percentage | 101865 | 1374650 | 2 }}
| 73,015
| {{Percentage | 73015 | 1199125 | 2 }}
| 52,170
| {{Percentage | 52170 | 1070295 | 2 }}
| 34,245
| {{Percentage | 34245 | 943310 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Edmonton Metropolitan Region|Edmonton]]
|Alberta
| 90,660
| {{Percentage | 90660 | 1397750 | 2 }}
| 80,270
| {{Percentage | 80270 | 1297280 | 2 }}
| 54,425
| {{Percentage | 54425 | 1139585 | 2 }}
| 37,100
| {{Percentage | 37100 | 1024820 | 2 }}
| 28,140
| {{Percentage | 28140 | 927020 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Greater Montreal|Montréal]]
|[[Quebec]]
| 82,530
| {{Percentage | 82530 | 4206450 | 2 }}
| 59,435
| {{Percentage | 59435 | 4009790 | 2 }}
| 54,625
| {{Percentage | 54625 | 3752475 | 2 }}
| 46,605
| {{Percentage | 46605 | 3588520 | 2 }}
| 39,820
| {{Percentage | 39820 | 3380640 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Winnipeg Metropolitan Region|Winnipeg]]
|[[Manitoba]]
| 50,535
| {{Percentage | 50535 | 819715 | 2 }}
| 35,055
| {{Percentage | 35055 | 761540 | 2 }}
| 21,590
| {{Percentage | 21590 | 714640 | 2 }}
| 14,810
| {{Percentage | 14810 | 686040 | 2 }}
| 12,215
| {{Percentage | 12215 | 661725 | 2 }}
|-
|[[National Capital Region (Canada)|Ottawa− Gatineau]]
|Ontario
| 43,930
| {{Percentage | 43930 | 1464495 | 2 }}
| 32,450
| {{Percentage | 32450 | 1300730 | 2 }}
| 29,175
| {{Percentage | 29175 | 1215735 | 2 }}
| 23,620
| {{Percentage | 23620 | 1117120 | 2 }}
| 19,425
| {{Percentage | 19425 | 1050755 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford− Mission]]
|British Columbia
| 42,860
| {{Percentage | 42860 | 192115 | 2 }}
| 38,625
| {{Percentage | 38625 | 176325 | 2 }}
| 32,460
| {{Percentage | 32460 | 166685 | 2 }}
| 25,510
| {{Percentage | 25510 | 156640 | 2 }}
| 18,995
| {{Percentage | 18995 | 144985 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Regional Municipality of Waterloo|Kitchener− Cambridge− Waterloo]]
|Ontario
| 40,110
| {{Percentage | 40110 | 568065 | 2 }}
| 21,875
| {{Percentage | 21875 | 516085 | 2 }}
| 18,105
| {{Percentage | 18105 | 469930 | 2 }}
| 14,065
| {{Percentage | 14065 | 446495 | 2 }}
| 11,080
| {{Percentage | 11080 | 409765 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
|Ontario
| 34,225
| {{Percentage | 34225 | 773440 | 2 }}
| 26,130
| {{Percentage | 26130 | 734880 | 2 }}
| 19,995
| {{Percentage | 19995 | 708175 | 2 }}
| 16,905
| {{Percentage | 16905 | 683450 | 2 }}
| 12,675
| {{Percentage | 12675 | 655060 | 2 }}
|}

====Toronto====
{{main|Indo-Canadians in Toronto}}
Toronto has the largest Indo-Canadian population in Canada. Almost 51% of the entire Indo-Canadian community resides in the [[Greater Toronto Area]]. Most Indo-Canadians in the Toronto area live in [[Brampton]], [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], [[Scarborough, Toronto|Scarborough]], [[Etobicoke]], and [[Mississauga]]. Indo-Canadians, particularly, [[Punjabi Sikhs]] and [[Punjabi Hindus]], have a particularly strong presence in Brampton, where they represent about a third of the population (Most live in the northeastern and eastern portion of the city). The area is middle and upper middle class, home ownership is very high. The Indo-Canadians in this region are mostly of Punjabi, Telugu, Tamil, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayali and Goan origin. When compared to the Indo-Canadian community of Greater Vancouver, the Greater Toronto Area is home to a much more diverse community of Indians – both linguistically and religiously. [[Air India]] and [[Air Canada]] operates flights from [[Toronto Pearson International Airport]] back to India.

Indo-Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area have an average household income of $86,425, which is higher than the Canadian average of $79,102 but lower than the Toronto Census Metropolitan Area's average of $95,326. Indo-Canadian students are also well-represented in Toronto-area universities; despite Indo-Canadians making up 10% of the Toronto area's population, students of Indian origin (domestic and international combined) make up over 35% of [[Toronto Metropolitan University]], 30% of [[York University]], and 20% of the [[University of Toronto]]'s student bodies, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=535&Data=Count&SearchText=toronto&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Income+of+households&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=2011 National Household Survey Profile – Census metropolitan area/Census agglomeration |work=Statistics Canada|date=May 8, 2013}}</ref>

Canada's largest Hindu Mandir, the [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto]], as well as Canada's largest Sikh gurdwara, the [[Ontario Khalsa Darbar]], are both located in the Greater Toronto Area. Both have been built by Canada's Indian community.

====Greater Vancouver====
{{main|Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver }}
Vancouver is home to the second largest Indo-Canadian population in Canada, with just over 20% of the entire Indo-Canadian community residing in the Lower Mainland.<ref name="fraser-valley2016">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5909&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=fraser%20valley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 Census Profile, 2016 Census: Fraser Valley, Regional district]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 27 July 2018.</ref><ref name="vancouver-2016">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 Census Profile, 2016 Census: Greater Vancouver, Regional district]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 2 April 2018.</ref> The highest density concentrations of Indo-Canadians are found in [[Vancouver]], [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], [[Burnaby, British Columbia|Burnaby]], [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]], [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]] and [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]]. Recently, more Indians have been moving to other areas outside of [[Greater Vancouver]]. The city of [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] has nearly 170,000 South Asians,<ref name=2016censusethnicty>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All | title=Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia | date=February 8, 2017 | publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> comprising 32% of the city's population.<ref name=JohnstonCanSurvive>Johnston, Jesse. "[http://www.news1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ Can Vancouver's Little India district survive?]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174740/http://www.news1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ |date=2014-10-19 }}). [[CKWX]] (News 1130). February 4, 2013. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.</ref> The [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Punjabi Market]] neighbourhood of South Vancouver also has a particularly high concentration of Indian residents, shops and restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tourismvancouver.com/activities/attractions/punjabi-market-guide/|title=Punjabi Market Guide|access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref>

A large majority of Indo-Canadians within Vancouver are of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] origin.<ref>"[http://moia.gov.in/pdf/Canada.pdf Country Brief – Canada]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626020104/http://moia.gov.in/pdf/Canada.pdf |date=2013-06-26 }}). [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]]. p. 3/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Sikh Punjabi origin."</ref> However, there are also populations with other ethnic backgrounds including [[Indo-Fijians]], [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]], [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Bengali people|Bengali]], and [[Goan]]s.<ref name=StatsCanada>"[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Annexes]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904100704/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp |date=2014-09-04 }}). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indian Canadian Community''. [[Government of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref>

== Indians from other countries ==
In addition to tracing their origin directly to the [[Indian subcontinent]], many Indo-Canadians who arrive in Canada come from other parts of the world, as part of the global [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian diaspora]].

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 18em; float: right;"
|+ Number of Indians immigrating from different regions of the world<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090309194615/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=68635&GID=517770&METH=1&APATH=3&PTYPE=55496&THEME=44&AID=0&FREE=0&FOCUS=0&VID=0&GC=0&GK=0&SC=1&SR=1&RL=0&CPP=99&RPP=9999&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0&d1=12&d2=0&d3=0 source]</ref>
|-
! Region
! Total Responses
|-
| '''Immigrant population'''
| '''474,530'''
|-
| [[United States]]
| 2,410
|-
| [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]]
| 40,475
|-
| [[Caribbean]] and [[Bermuda]]
| 24,295
|-
| [[Europe]]
| 12,390
|-
| **[[United Kingdom]]
| 11,200
|-
| **Other European
| 1,190
|-
| [[Africa]]
| 45,530
|-
| [[Asia]]
| 332,150
|-
| **[[Western Asia|West]] [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]
| 6,965
|-
| **[[Eastern Asia]]
| 720
|-
| **[[Southeast Asia]]
| 4,260
|-
| **[[South Asia]]
| 320,200
|-
| [[Oceania]] and other
| 17,280
|-
| Non-permanent residents
| 9,950
|}

===Indians from Africa===
{{See also|Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|Expulsion of Asians from Uganda}}
Due to political turmoil and prejudice, many Indians residing in the African Great Lakes nations, such as [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Angola]] left the region for Canada and other Western countries. A majority of Indo-Canadians from Southeast Africa are [[Ismailis|Ismaili Muslims]] or [[Hindus|Gujarati Hindus]], with significant numbers from [[South Africa]] as well.

[[Deepak Obhrai]] was the first Indo-African Canadian to become a member of parliament in Canada as well as the first Hindu to be appointed to the [[Queen's Privy Council for Canada]], he was originally from [[Tanzania]]. He received the Pride of India award from the Indo-American Friends Group of Washington DC and Indo-American Business Chamber in a dinner ceremony held on Capitol Hill for his effort in strengthening ties between Canada and India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voiceonline.com/deepak-obhrai-awarded-pride-of-india-award-for-fostering-indo-canadian-relations/|title=Deepak Obhrai awarded Pride of India Award for fostering Indo-Canadian relations|first=posted by: Rattan|last=Mall|website=Indo-Canadian Voice|date=September 23, 2014}}</ref>

[[M.G. Vassanji]], an award-winning novelist who writes on the plight of Indians in the region, is a [[naturalization|naturalized]] Canadian of Indian descent who migrated from the [[African Great Lakes|Great Lakes]].

The writer Ladis Da Silva (1920–1994) was a Zanzibar-born Canadian of Goan descent who wrote ''The Americanization of Goans''.<ref>The Americanization of Goans. By Ladis Da Silva. 1976. Toronto, Ontario, Canada.</ref>{{page needed|date=November 2014}} He emigrated in 1968 from Kenya and was a prolific writer and social reformer, working with First Nations, Inuit and Senior Citizens in the Greater Toronto Area.<ref>Pp.265–267. Profiles of Eminent Goans: Past and Present. By J. Clement Vaz Ph.D. 1997 New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|81-7022-619-8}}</ref>

Indians have also moved to Canada from Southern African nations such as [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]] and [[Indian South Africans|South Africa]] for similar reasons. Examples of successful Indo-Canadians from this migratory stream are [[Suhana Meharchand]] and Nirmala Naidoo, television newscasters of Indian descent from South Africa, who currently work for the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC). [[Indira Naidoo-Harris]] is another Canadian broadcaster who is of Indian descent from South Africa.

Two of the most high-profile Indo-Africans are CNN's [[Zain Verjee]] and [[Ali Velshi]]. Verjee was educated in Canada while Velshi's father [[Murad Velshi]] who immigrated from South Africa was the first MPP of Indian descent to sit in the Ontario legislature.

The most notable story of Indo-African immigration to Canada is set in the 1970s, when in 1972 50,000 [[India]]n [[Ugandan]]s were forced out of [[Uganda]] by the dictator [[Idi Amin]], and were not permitted to return to India by the Indian government. Although on the brink of facing torture and imprisonment on a massive scale, the [[Aga Khan IV]], leader of the [[Nizari Ismaili]] Community, specially negotiated his followers' safe departure from Uganda in exchange for all their belongings. He also negotiated their guaranteed asylum in Canada with Prime Minister and close friend [[Pierre Elliott Trudeau]].

A notable descendant of Ugandan Indian settlement in Canada is [[Irshad Manji]], an acclaimed advocate for [[secularism]] and [[reform]] in [[Islam]]. The community of Goans is also mainly from the African Great Lakes.

===Indians from the Caribbean===
{{See also|Indo-Caribbean people}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Indo-Caribbean people are Caribbean people with roots in India.

The Indo-Caribbean Canadian community has developed a unique cultural blend of both Indian and Caribbean culture due to a long period of isolation from India, amongst other reasons. Some Indo-Caribbean Canadians associate themselves with the Indo-Canadian community. However, most associate with the [[Indo-Caribbean people|Indo-Caribbean]] community or the wider Caribbean community or with both. Most mainly live within the [[Greater Toronto Area]] or Southern Ontario.

===Indians from the UK and the US===
{{See also|British Indians|Indian Americans}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Some Indians have emigrated from the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]] due to both economic and family reasons. Indians move for economic prospects to Canada's economy and job market and have been performing well against many European and some American states. Lastly, individuals have decided to settle in Canada in order to reunite their families who may have settled in both the United States and the UK and not in Canada.

===Indians from the Middle East===
{{See also|Indians in the United Arab Emirates}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Many Indians have been moving from countries in the Middle East to North America.

Most Indian immigrants from the Middle East are Indian businessmen and professionals that worked in the Middle Eastern countries like the [[United Arab Emirates]], Bahrain, [[Oman]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]] and [[Saudi Arabia]]. A key priority for these immigrants is educational opportunities for their children post-schooling. Many of these students have stayed back after graduation and started their families there.

Canadian cricketer [[Nikhil Dutta]] was born in Kuwait to Indian Bengali parents but grew up in Canada. He represents [[Canada national cricket team]] in [[One Day International|ODIs]] and [[T20I]]s.

===Indians from Oceania===
{{See also|Indians in Fiji}}{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2020}}
Indians have long been settled in certain parts of [[Oceania]], mainly on some islands in [[Fiji]], where they comprise approximately 40% of Fiji's population. Since Fiji's independence, increased hostility between the Melanesian Fijian population and the [[Indians in Fiji|Indo-Fijian]] population has led to several significant confrontations politically. Notably, since the two coups d'état of 1987 many Indo-Fijians are moving from Fiji to US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand due to political instability and ethnic conflict. A majority of the Indo-Fijian immigrants have settled in [[British Columbia]] and [[Alberta]], with a significant population in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] as well, most of whom are Hindus, with a significant portion of Muslims. Other religions that are practised are Christianity and Sikhism. The Indo-Fijian population in Canada is not as diverse religiously as the general Indo-Canadian community. Indo-Fijians have established cultural centres and organisations in Vancouver, [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], [[Burnaby]], [[Edmonton]], [[Calgary]] and [[Toronto]]. The biggest Indo-Fijian cultural centre in Canada is the [[Fiji Sanatan Society of Alberta]] in Edmonton, built in 1984 by some of the first Indo-Fijian immigrants in Edmonton, it is officially a Hindu temple, but also hosts many community events.

==Culture==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2014}}
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header =
| width = 200
|image1= Bhangradancing.jpg
|caption1= A young Indo-Canadian woman performing [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra]] dancing.
|image2= Gujarat Folk Dance 06.JPG
|caption2= An Indo-Canadian girl performing a Gujarati folk dance in [[Downtown Calgary]].
}}
Indo-Canadian culture is closely linked to each specific Indian group's religious, regional, linguistic and ethnic backgrounds. For instance, Northern Indian cultural practices and languages differ from those of Southern Indians, and the Hindu community's cultural practices differ from those of the [[Jainism in Canada|Jain]], Sikh, Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities due to differences in ethnicity, regional affiliation, religion and/or language. Such cultural aspects have been preserved fairly well due to Canada's open policy of [[multiculturalism]], similar to the policy of [[melting pot|multicultural diversity]] practised by the [[United States]].

The cultures and languages of various Indian communities have been able to thrive in part due to the freedom of these communities to establish structures and institutions for religious worship, social interaction, and cultural practices. In particular, Punjabi culture and language have been reinforced in Canada through radio and television.

Alternatively, Indo-Canadian culture has developed its own identity compared to other non-resident Indians and from people in India. It is not uncommon to find youth uninterested with traditional Indian cultural elements and events, instead of identifying with mainstream North American cultural mores. However such individuals exist in a minority and there are many youth that maintain a balance between western and eastern cultural values, and occasionally fusing the two to produce a new product, such as the new generation of [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] incorporating hip-hop based rhythm. For instance, Sikh youth often mix in traditional Bhangra, which uses Punjabi instruments with hip hop beats as well as including rap with Black music entertainers. Notable entertainers include [[Raghav]] and [[Jazzy B]].

===Marriage===
[[File:Indoreception.jpg|thumb|right|A group of Punjabi Indo-Canadians attending a Punjabi wedding reception]]
Marriage is an important cultural element amongst many Indo-Canadians, due to their Indian heritage and religious background.<ref name="another" >{{cite web|url=http://dating.lovetoknow.com/Indian_Dating|title=Indian Dating Traditions |work=LoveToKnow }}</ref> [[Arranged marriage]], which is still widely practised in India, is no longer widely practised among Canadian-born or naturalized Indians. However, marriages are sometimes still arranged by parents within their specific caste or Indian ethnic community. Since it may be difficult to find someone of the same Indian ethnic background with the desired characteristics, some Indo-Canadians now opt to use [[matrimonial]] services, including online services, in order to find a marriage partner. Marriage practices amongst Indo-Canadians are not as liberal as those of their Indian counterparts, with caste sometimes considered, but dowries almost non-existent.<ref name="another" />{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In 2012, Mandeep Kaur wrote a PhD thesis titled "Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study", which found that, compared to other ethnic groups, Indo-Canadians engage in more arranged marriages within ethnic communities and castes and engage in less dating; this is because these Indo-Canadian communities wish to preserve their cultural practices.<ref name=Kaurp85>Kaur, Mandeep. "[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/10/10_chapter%203.pdf THE MAKING OF CANADIAN PUNJABI DIASPORA]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110162447/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |date=2014-11-10 }}) (Chapter 3). In: Kaur, Mandeep. ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/8022 Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study]'' ([http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/1/01_title.pdf PhD thesis]). [[Punjabi University]]. Award date: 22 August 2012. p. 85 (PDF 25/32).</ref>

===Media===
Numerous radio programs represent Indo-Canadian culture. One notable program is ''Geetmala Radio'', hosted by Darshan and Arvinder Sahota (also longtime television hosts of the Indo-Canadian program, ''Eye on Asia'').

A number of Canadian television networks broadcast programming that features Indo-Canadian culture. One prominent multicultural/multireligious channel, [[Vision TV]], presents a nonstop marathon of Indo-Canadian shows on Saturdays. These television shows often highlight Indo-Canadian events in Canada, and also show events from India involving Indians who reside there. In addition, other networks such as [[Omni Television]], [[Citytv|CityTV]], and local community access channels also present local Indo-Canadian content and Indian content from India.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

In recent years,{{when|date=November 2014}}, there has been an establishment of Indian television networks from India on Canadian television. Shan Chandrasehkhar, an established Indo-Canadian who pioneered one of the first Indo-Canadian television shows in Canada, made a deal with the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission|Canadian Radio-Television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC) to allow Indian television networks based in India to send a direct feed to Canada. In doing so, he branded these channels under his own company, known as the [[Asian Television Network]]. Indo-Canadians can subscribe to channels from India via purchasing TV channel packages from their local satellite/cable companies. Indo-Canadians view such networks as [[Zee TV]], [[B4U (network)|B4U]], [[Sony Entertainment Television Asia|Sony Entertainment Television]], and [[Aaj Tak]] to name a few.

Punjabi-language media serves a large, politically and culturally active diaspora across BC, Ontario and Alberta. It informs newcomers, connects families to homeland news and culture, and often acts as a community advocate on local issues (services, elections, policing, immigration). Major platforms include television like Prime Asia TV (language-specific editions), local and national radio, many weekly/weekly-plus Punjabi newspapers and growing digital/social channels.

Goan communities are connected by a number of city-based websites that inform the community of local activities such as dances, religious services, and village feasts, that serve to connect the community to its rural origins in Goa.<ref>German, Myna and Padmini Banerjee. ''Migration, Technology, and Transculturation: A Global Perspective''. [[Lindenwood University Press]] ([[St. Charles, Missouri]]), 2011. {{ISBN|978-0-9846307-4-5}}. Pp. 165–183. [https://books.google.com/books?id=p7YyuAAACAAJ&q=Migration,+Technology,+and+Transculturation:+A+Global+Perspective See profile at] [[Google Books]].</ref>

Radio stations in the [[Greater Toronto Area]] with Indo-Canadian content include [[CJSA-FM]] broadcasting on 101.3FM. Another station is [[CINA (AM)|CINA]] broadcasting on AM 1650.

Major newspapers include ''[[Canindia News]]'' in Toronto & Montreal, ''[[The Asian Star]]'' and ''[[The Punjabi Star]]'' in Vancouver.

As of 2012, there are many Punjabi newspapers, most of which are published in Vancouver and Toronto. As of that year, 50 of them are weekly, two are daily, and others are monthly.<ref name=Kaurp85/>

By 2012, partly due to coverage of [[Air India Flight 182]], coverage of Punjabi issues in ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', the ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', and other mainstream Canadian newspapers had increased.<ref name=Kaurp85/>

===Film and television===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[7 to 11, Indian]]'' (2003) (English)
*''[[8 X 10 Tasveer]]'' (2009) (Hindi)
*''[[Autograph (2010 film)|Autograph]]'' (2010) (Bengali)
*''[[Arasangam]]'' (2008) (Tamil)
*''[[Asa Nu Maan Watna Da]]'' (2004) (Punjabi)
*''[[Cooking with Stella]]'' (2009) (English)
*''[[Dus]]'' (2005) (Hindi)
*''[[Getting Married]]'' (English)
*''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]'' (2006) (Hindi)
*''[[Jatt and Juliet]]'' (2012) (Punjabi)
*''[[Jee Aayan Nu]]'' (2003) (Punjabi)
*''[[Jugni, Back to Roots (film)|Jugni Back to Roots]]'' (2013) (Punjabi/English)
*''[[Kismat Konnection]]'' (2008) (Hindi)
*''Masala'' (1992) (English)
*''[[Neal 'n' Nikki]]'' (2005) (Hindi)
*''[[Panchathantiram]]'' (2006) (Tamil)
*''[[Partition (2007 film)|Partition]]'' (2007) (English/Punjabi)
*''[[Shakti: The Power]]'' (2002) (Hindi)
*''[[Speedy Singhs]]'' (2011) (English)
*''[[Sweet Amerika]]'' (2008) (English)
*''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'' (1999) (Hindi)
*''[[Thank You (2011 film)|Thank You]]'' (2011) (Hindi)
*''[[Tum Bin|Tum Bin...Love Will Find a Way]]'' (2001) (Hindi)
*''[[Two Countries]]'' (2016) (Malayalam)
*''[[Antaheen]]'' (2009) (Bengali)
}}

==Notable people==
{{main list|List of Indo-Canadians}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|India}}

* Canada
** [[Indo-Canadians in British Columbia]]
** [[Indo-Canadian organized crime]]
** [[Canadians in India]]
** [[Canada–India relations]]

* [[Indian diaspora]]
** [[South Asian Canadians]]
** [[Indian Americans]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* Adhopia, Ajit. 1988. ''India to Canada: A Perspective of Indo-Canadians''. National Association of Indo-Canadians ([[Mississauga, Ontario]]).
* Badyal, Pindy P. 2003. ''[http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/14888/ubc_2003-791955.pdf?sequence=1 Lived Experience of Wife Abuse for Indo-Canadian Sikh Women]'' (Ph.D. thesis) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141110231027/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/14888/ubc_2003-791955.pdf Archive]), [[The University of British Columbia]] (UBC). [http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/14888 See Profile at] UBC.
* Dhruvarajan, Vanaja. 2003. "Second Generation Indo-Canadians: Change, Resistance and Adaptation". In ''Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora Canada'', Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Ghuman | first1 = P. A. S. | year = 1980 | title = Canadian or Indo-Canadian: A Study of South Asian Adolescents | journal = [[International Journal of Adolescence and Youth]] | volume = 4 | pages = 3–4 }}
* Klassen, Robert Mark. 2002. ''Motivation Beliefs of Indo-Canadian and Anglo-Canadian Early Adolescents: A Cross-cultural Investigation of Self- and Collective Efficacy'' (Ph.D. thesis), [[Simon Fraser University]].
* Mani, Priya Subra. 2003. ''Indo-Canadian Young Women's Career Decision-making Process to Enter the Applied Social Sciences: A Case Study Approach'' (Ph.D. thesis), [[University of Victoria]].
* Moulton, Edward C. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2756725 South Asian Studies in Canada, and the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute]." ''[[Pacific Affairs]]'', [[University of British Columbia]]. Vol. 51, No. 2 (Summer, 1978), pp. 245–264
{{Refend}}
* Singh, Sunder (1917). "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/29738207 The Hindu in Canada]". ''The Journal of Race Development'' 7 (3): 361–382.

==External links==
*[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/standard/themes/DataProducts.cfm?S=1&T=44&ALEVEL=2&FREE=0 Statistics Canada Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada Information. Detailed Tables of the ones included in the Demographics section of this article.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124173427/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/standard/themes/DataProducts.cfm?S=1&T=44&ALEVEL=2&FREE=0 |date=January 24, 2016 }} "Look under East Indian or South Asian in the Tables"
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150321131354/http://www.owlib.com/dir/dir.show?cat_id=2111 Hindu Temples in Canada]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120504020748/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/ Multicultural Canada website] includes oral histories and Indo-Canadian newspapers
*[http://komagatamarujourney.ca "Komagata Maru: Continuing the Journey"] Simon Fraser University Library website with digitized material pertaining to Indian immigration and settlement in Canada
*[http://www.asiancenturyinstitute.com/migration/470-the-indo-canadian-paradox/ Indo-Canadian Paradox]

{{People of Canada}}
{{Canadians of Asian descent}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Portalbar|Canada|India}}

[[Category:Canadian people of Indian descent| ]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Canada|Canadian]]
[[Category:Indo-Canadian culture]]
[[Category:South Asian diaspora in Canada]]
[[Category:Immigration to British Columbia|Indian immigration to Canada]]

Vahinisaheb

2026-03-30T07:20:50Z

Completegurus:

{{Short description|2006 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Vahinisaheb.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| company = Rahul Production
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = Virendra Pradhan
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 739
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Smita Thackeray]]
| news_editor =
| location = [[Kolhapur]], Maharashtra
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2006|11|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2009|05|09}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
}}

'''''Vahinisaheb''''' ({{translation|Sister-in-law}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Re-telecast of TV shows Vahinisaheb and Julun Yeti Reshimgathi to begin today - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/re-telecast-of-tv-shows-vahinisaheb-and-julun-yeti-reshimgathi-to-begin-today/articleshow/77200627.cms|date=2020-07-27|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 20 November 2006 by replacing ''Oon Paaus''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=वहिनीसाहेबांचा दरारा आता पुन्हा अनुभवायला मिळणार, सुचित्रा बांदेकर-भार्गवी चिरमुलेची गाजलेली मालिका 'वहिनीसाहेब' पुन्हा प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/suchitra-bandekar-bhargavi-chiramules-hit-serial-vahinisaheb-on-zee-yuva-127556976.html/|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref> It starred [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] and [[Suchitra Bandekar]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhargavi Chirmuley: Team work made serial Vahinisaheb popular - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bhargavi-chirmule-success-of-serial-vahinisaheb-is-team-work/articleshow/77267260.cms|date=2020-07-30|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It is produced by [[Smita Thackeray]] and directed by Virendra Pradhan under the banner of Rahul Production.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhargavi Chirmuley Shares Her Biggest Fear And How She Managed To Do Shoot With It - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bhargavi-chirmuley-shares-her-biggest-fear-and-how-she-managed-to-do-shoot-with-it/articleshow/77267750.cms|date=2020-07-29|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{AI-generated|section=Plot|date=December 2025}}
After the demise of Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar's first wife, Kalindi, a new chapter unfolds in his life as he decides to embrace matrimony once again, this time with Yamini. However, despite the union, Bhaiyyasaheb finds himself grappling with a certain hesitancy—a reluctance to bestow upon Yamini the esteemed title of Vahinisaheb. This intriguing layer in their relationship adds depth to the narrative, inviting viewers to delve into the complexities of Bhaiyyasaheb's emotions as he navigates the delicate balance between past and present, love and memory. The series becomes a nuanced exploration of the intricacies within the dynamics of remarriage, where the echoes of the past linger, shaping the contours of the present.<ref>{{Cite web|title=वहिनीसाहेब यांचा दरारा आता झी युवावर!|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/vahini-saheb-serial-will-telecast-on-zee-yuva-avb-95-2228979/|website=[[Loksatta]]|date=2020-07-28|language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] as Bhairavi Vishwas Kirloskar (Kusum)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bhargavi Chirmuley shares interesting incidents from the set of Vahini Saheb - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/bhargavi-chirmuley-shares-interesting-incidences-from-the-set-of-vahini-saheb/articleshow/77288177.cms|date=2020-07-31|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* Rugvedi Pradhan / Bhagyashri Rane as Neha Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar / Neha Kunal Jaykar / Akanksha Akash Sasane

=== Recurring ===
;Bhairavi's family
* [[Vinay Apte]] as Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Yamini Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar (Akka)
* Onkar Karve as Vishwas Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar
* Sai Ranade as Janaki Dharma Deshmukh / Janaki Jaysingh Kirloskar
* Abhijeet Kelkar / Ketan Kshirsagar as Jaysingh Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar
* Sandhya Mhatre as Kalindi Bhaiyyasaheb Kirloskar

;Neha's family
* [[Ashwini Ekbote]] as Kaveri Sudhir Jaykar / Kaveri Sadanand Phule
* Girish Pardeshi as Kunal Pratap Jaykar (Raja)
* Bal Karve as Ananda Jaykar (Aaba)
* Prasanna Ketkar as Sudhir Pratap Jaykar
* Seema Deshmukh as Rukmini Sudhir Jaykar
* Chinmay Kulkarni as Surya Sudhir Jaykar

;Others
* [[Sharad Ponkshe]] as Dharma Deshmukh
* [[Jayant Savarkar]] as Ranga Dalvi
* Satish Joshi as Nana Joshi / Madhav Shinde
* Vijay Mishra as Sadanand Phule
* Avinash Narkar as Shrikant Dalvi
* Lokesh Gupte as Naresh Dalvi
* [[Anand Kale]] as Vikram Gadkari
* Shilpa Navalkar as Diksha Vikram Gadkari
* Shantanu Moghe as Sumedh Mujumdar
* Kashyap Parulekar as Abhay Bhosale
* [[Vrishasen Dabholkar]] as Dinesh Vasant Kulkarni
* Kirti Pendharkar as Sushama Kulkarni
* Suhas Bhalekar as Vasant Kulkarni
* Manasi Magikar as Pramila Tilak
* Prajakta Kelkar as Sayali Tilak
* Uday Nene as Siddharth Tilak
* Sunil Godbole as Dr. Agnihotri
* Atul Mahajan as Dr. Gadkari
* Sunil Tawde as Ganga
* Anil Gawas as Nanda
* Pournima Ahire as Bayo
* Jyotsna Das as Ahilya
* Ramesh Chandane as Dadu
* Prakash Bhagwat as Sadashiv
* Gauri Jadhav as Bhingari
* Arun Bhadsavale as Rustam
* Nisha Parulekar as Jui
* Rajashri Nikam as Ranjana
* [[Ashok Shinde]] as Bhavani Shankar
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Shalini Bhosale
* [[Rupali Bhosale]] as Charu Deshmukh
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Sweety
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]]
* [[Vishakha Subhedar]]
* Pratibha Goregaonkar
* Sanjay Kshemkalyani
* Vasudha Deshpande
* Amruta Raorane
* Smita Saravade
* Gururaj Avdhani
* Shama Ninawe
* Vivek Joshi
* Rama Joshi

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|2007
|Best Supporting Female
|Rugvedi Pradhan
|Neha Kirolskar
|-
|2008
|Best Actress
|[[Bhargavi Chirmule]]
|Bhairavi Kirloskar
|}

== Reception ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 47
|2008
|0.7
|6
|89
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 16/11/2008 to 22/11/2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208092225/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008|archive-date=2008-12-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/11/2008&endperiod=22/11/2008}}</ref>
|-
|Week 3
|2009
|0.89
|5
|89
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 18/01/2009 to 24/01/2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208173523/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/01/2009&endperiod=24/01/2009|archive-date=2009-02-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=18/01/2009&endperiod=24/01/2009}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=49 | title = Vahinisaheb | archive-date = 2008-12-18 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083741/http://www.zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=49 | access-date = 2022-11-19 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt14179312}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2006 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]

Communist Party of Bangladesh

2026-03-27T01:54:21Z

Completegurus: refine details for consistency and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|Political party of Bangladesh}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Communist Party of Bangladesh
| flag = বাংলাদেশ কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির পতাকা.svg
| logo = South Asian Communist Symbol.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| native_name = বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি
| native_name_lang = bn
| abbreviation = CPB
| president = [[Kazi Sajjad Zahir Chandan]]
| general_secretary = Abdullah Kafee Ratan
| student_wing = [[Bangladesh Students' Union]] (nominal)
| youth_wing = [[Bangladesh Youth Union]]
| wing1_title = Trade union wing
| wing1 = [[Bangladesh Trade Union Centre]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1968}} (as Communist Party of East Pakistan) 1971 (current form)
| split = [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]
| merged = [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League]] ([[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|1975]])
| ideology = {{ubl
| [[Communism]]
| [[Marxism–Leninism]]
| [[Anti-imperialism]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Road march for Ctg against leasing out port begins |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/Country/268379/left-parties-start-two-day-dhaka-ctg-protest-road-march |date=27 June 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025 |work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref>
| [[Secularism]] ([[Secularism in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi]])
}}
| position = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| headquarters = Mukti Bhaban, 2 Comrade Moni Singh Street, [[Purana Paltan]], [[Dhaka]]
| international = [[International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties|IMCWP]]
| national = [[Democratic United Front]] [[Left Democratic Alliance (Bangladesh)|LDA]]
| newspaper = {{ubl|''Muktijoddha'' (1971)|''[[Weekly Ekota]]'' (1972–present)}}
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}|border=darkgray}} Red
| colorcode = {{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}
| website = {{URL|cpbbd.org}}
| country = Bangladesh
| seats1_title = [[Jatiya Sangsad|House of the Nation]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|0|300|hex={{party colour|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
| seats2_title = [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh#List of city mayors|Mayors]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|0|1|hex={{party colour|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}{{efn|Except [[Chattogram City Corporation|Chattogram]], the mayoral post has been dissolved in all other city corporations of the country.}}
| seats3_title = [[List of City Corporations of Bangladesh#Councillors|Councillors]]
| seats3 = ''Post dissolved''
| seats4_title = [[District councils of Bangladesh|District councils]]
| seats4 = ''Post dissolved''
| seats5_title = [[Upazila Parishad|Subdistrict councils]]
| seats5 = ''Post dissolved''
| seats6_title = [[Union Parishad|Union councils]]
| seats6 = ''Post dissolved''
| seats7_title = [[List of municipal corporations in Bangladesh|Municipalities]]
| seats7 = ''Post dissolved''
| symbol = [[File:Nepalese Election Symbol Sickle.svg|80px]] '''[[Sickle]]'''
| slogan = {{lang|bn|দুনিয়ার মজদুর, এক হও!}} {{small|("[[Workers of the world, unite!]]")}}
| anthem = "[[The Internationale]]"
}}{{Independence of Bangladesh}}
{{Communism in Bangladesh}}
The '''Communist Party of Bangladesh''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি}}, abbreviated: '''CPB''') is the dominant [[Communism|communist]] [[List of political parties in Bangladesh|political party in Bangladesh]]. It emerged from the [[East Pakistan]]i wing of the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] in 1968.

Following the [[Partition of India]], the Communist Party of Pakistan (CPP) split from the [[Communist Party of India]] (CPI), and its East Pakistani wing was formed. However, the geopolitical separation and socio-economic differences between East and [[West Pakistan]] led the East Pakistani wing of the CPP to form a separate '''Communist Party of East Pakistan''' ('''CPEP''') in 1968. The party actively participated in the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|1969 mass uprising]] and [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|1971 non-cooperation movement]] and organised [[NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces|a guerrilla force]] with the [[Bangladesh Students' Union]] and the [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)]] during the [[Liberation War of Bangladesh]]. The party joined the [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League]] (BaKSAL) and was temporarily dissolved in 1975. It played an active role in the [[1990 Bangladesh mass uprising|1990 mass uprising]], the [[2013 Shahbag protests]] and the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|2024 July mass uprising]].

As a [[Marxism–Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] organisation, the party is structured according to the principle of [[democratic centralism]] and has declared its objective as the "revolutionary democratic transformation of society and state". Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the party adopted a more [[Progressivism|progressive]] and [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] platform. Since 2018, it has been a leading member of the [[Left Democratic Alliance (Bangladesh)|Left Democratic Alliance]], a coalition of left‑wing parties. Kazi Sajjad Zahir Chandan has served as the party's president since 2025.

== History ==
=== Background and formation ===
After the Partition of India in 1947, delegates from [[Pakistan]], including present‑day Bangladesh, attended the [[2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India|2nd Congress]] of the Communist Party of India in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]. On 6 March 1948, they held a separate session and established the Communist Party of Pakistan, with [[Nepal Nag]] of [[East Bengal]] as its first [[General Secretary of the Communist Party|general secretary]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Umar |first=Badruddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GT1uAAAAMAAJ&q=General+secretary+Communist+Nepal+Nag |title=The Emergence of Bangladesh |year=2006 |volume=2 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-597908-4 |language=en}}</ref>

The main base of the newly formed party was in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). This eastern unit was separated from the [[West Pakistan|western unit]] by nearly 2,000 km of Indian territory. The geographical divide, combined with repression from the [[government of Pakistan]] and uneven development of democratic movements, led communists in East Pakistan to seek an independent centre for their activities. At its 4th Conference in 1968, held clandestinely, the East Pakistan Provincial Committee declared the meeting to be the 1st Congress of the Communist Party of East Pakistan (CPEP) and elected a Central Committee.

The party played a vital role in the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|1969 uprising]] and the subsequent nationwide upheaval, including the [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|non-cooperation movement of 1971]]. The CPB also actively participated in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]. A "[[NAP-Communist Party-Students Union Special Guerrilla Forces|Special Guerilla Force]]" under the direct command of the CPB, [[National Awami Party (Muzaffar)]] and [[Bangladesh Students Union]] fought against the [[Pakistan army]].<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:মুক্তিযুদ্ধের চেতনা রক্ষার শপথ ন্যাপ-কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি-ছাত্র ইউনিয়নের গেরিলা যোদ্ধাদের |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/politics/qwwl57yxys |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=13 December 2025 |language=bn}}</ref> Communists also took part in the other segments of the armed resistance fighters, including the [[Mukti Bahini]] and the new [[Bangladesh Army]]. [[Moni Singh]], the former president of CPB, was elected to the advisory council of the [[Provisional Government of Bangladesh]].

=== Independent Bangladesh ===
Following the [[independence of Bangladesh]] in 1971, the party adopted the name Communist Party of Bangladesh. It subsequently formed a [[National trade union center|Trade Union Centre]] to mobilise labour organisations along revolutionary lines. On 14 October 1973 the Gana Oikya Jote (Translation: 'People's Unity Alliance'; Bengali: 'গণ ঐক্য জোট') was formed, comprising the [[Awami League]], CPB and NAP (Muzaffar), with a view to prepare ground for establishing [[Socialism in Bangladesh|socialism in the country]]. At its 1973 congress in Dacca, the party adopted a new constitution and elected a 26‑member central committee, with [[Moni Singh]] as president and [[Mohammad Farhad]] as general secretary. The party merged into [[Bangladesh Krishak Sramik Awami League]] (BaKSAL) on 25 January 1975 under President [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]'s "[[Second Revolution (Bangladesh)|Second Revolution]]" programme.

On 15 August 1975, Sheikh Mujib was [[Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] by a section of the army, which ultimately brought the country under military rule. The CPB leaders and workers were victims of serious repression under the military government in 1975. The party leaders in the centre and at district levels were arrested, warrants were issued against many, and in October 1977, CPB was declared banned. In 1978 the ban on the party was, however, withdrawn, and its leaders were released. The CPB participated in the [[1979 Bangladeshi general election|1979 general election]]. As a member of the Oikya Front, the CPB endorsed Zuhayr Zimam in the [[1978 Bangladeshi presidential election|1978 presidential election]]. The CPB joined the 15-party alliance in 1983 against the military rule of [[Hussain Muhammad Ershad]] and participated in the [[1986 Bangladeshi general election|1986 general election]], where it secured five seats. The CPB played a vital role in the [[1990 Bangladesh mass uprising|1990 mass uprising]] against Ershad.<ref name=":0">{{Cite Banglapedia |article=Communist Party of Bangladesh}}</ref>

In 1991, following the [[Revolutions of 1989|collapse of Soviet‑style socialism]] in Eastern Europe and the [[Soviet Union]], the CPB entered a period of internal discussion regarding its future direction. Party leaders were divided between those who favoured dissolving the CPB in favour of a new democratic platform and those who supported maintaining the party in its original form. This debate grew in 1993 when the two opposing groups arranged separate conventions in Dhaka. The [[Marxist–Leninist]] group, in their convention held on 15 June 1993, resolved in favour of the independent existence of the CPB and had their new central executive committee formed with Shahidulla Chowdhury as president and [[Mujahidul Islam Selim]] as general secretary. A [[Workers Party of Bangladesh]] [[Workers Party of Bangladesh (reconstituted)|faction]] merged with CPB in February 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=CPB, Workers Party faction merge |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-128089 |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=27 February 2010}}</ref>

The party played a leading role in the [[2013 Shahbag protests]], demanding the trial of [[Bangladesh genocide|war crimes of 1971]]. During the [[premiership of Sheikh Hasina]], the party organised anti-government protests and boycotted [[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]] and [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024]]. The party actively participated in the [[July Revolution (Bangladesh)|July mass uprising]] in 2024.

== Organisation ==
[[Proletarian internationalism|Revolutionary internationalism]] is a cardinal aspect of the party's policy principles. [[Democratic centralism]] is the guiding organisational principle of the CPB. The [[party congress]], which is convened every 4 years, is the supreme body of the party which elects a [[central committee]] accountable to it. The central committee is the highest organ of the party during the interval between the two congresses.

The CPB has organisations in 62 out of the 64 [[Districts of Bangladesh|districts]] and 275 out of 520 [[upazila]]s in Bangladesh. The district and upazila committees coordinate and guide the activities of the zonal committees and the primary branches of the party. The party members are organised in these primary branches, The branches on their part organise "activist groups" which serve to prepare cadres for party membership. Besides party membership, the party also provides opportunity to include "associate members" from among supporters of the party.

The party members and activists are working in trade unions and mass organisations of agricultural workers, peasants, women, students, youth, children, teachers, doctors, lawyers, professionals, indigenous national minorities and aboriginal, cultural organszations etc. In spite of relatively small number of party members and associate members, the party is capable of mobilising several hundreds of thousands of people through its influence in these mass organisations.

The main organ of the party is ''[[Weekly Ekota]]'' (Translation: 'Unity'; Bengali: 'একতা')

== Ideology and policies ==

=== Ideology ===
As a [[communist party]], the CPB is committed to [[communism]]. The party identifies with [[Marxism–Leninism]] and maintains a [[Class analysis|class‑based analysis of society]]. It is organised as a [[Vanguardism|vanguard party]] and pursues a [[united front]] strategy. It works with a strategy of bringing about a "revolutionary democratic transformation of society and state." The party has put forward a 17‑point programme in consonance with this strategic goal of "revolutionary democratic transformation".<ref name=":0" />

After the fall of socialism in Eastern Europe and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the party has continued to advocate for the advancement of the rights of the [[working class]], women, and ethnic and religious minorities.<ref name=":2" />

=== Foreign Policy ===
The party is known for regularly voicing [[Anti-imperialism|anti‑imperialist]] views, especially in its criticism of the foreign policies of the United States, India, and [[Pakistan]]. It firmly supports Palestinian independence and a [[One-state solution|one‑state solution]] and has voiced its opposition to the [[Gaza genocide]] by Israel.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=Stop Israeli aggression against Palestine: Palestine Solidarity |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/260553/stop-israeli-aggression-against-palestine-palestine-solidarity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229175520/https://www.newagebd.net/post/country/260553/stop-israeli-aggression-against-palestine-palestine-solidarity |archive-date=29 December 2025 |website=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2025 |title=CPB inaugurates 13th congress extending support to Palestine {{!}} The Asian Age Online, Bangladesh |url=https://dailyasianage.com/news/342717/cpb-inaugurates-13th-congress-extending-support-to-palestine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251229174105/https://dailyasianage.com/news/342717/cpb-inaugurates-13th-congress-extending-support-to-palestine |archive-date=2025-12-29 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=The Asian Age |language=en}}</ref>

The CPB expressed solidarity with the [[Palestinians|Palestinian people]] and condemned [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli military]] actions in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied]] [[Palestine|Palestinian territories]]. These statements called for an immediate end to [[Israeli war crimes|violence against civilians]] and urged the [[international community]] to uphold [[international law]] and protect Palestinian national rights. At a CPB rally in Dhaka held in response to the assault on [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], the party described the attacks as a violation of [[Gaza ceasefire|the ceasefire]], attributed responsibility to broader imperialist forces, and accused the United States and its regional allies of supporting the offensive.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=29 Nov 2024 |title=Bangladesh a true friend of Palestine: Envoy |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-true-friend-palestine-envoy-1005716 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260102081104/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-true-friend-palestine-envoy-1005716 |archive-date=2 Jan 2026 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=[[The Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Oct 2023 |title=Political parties, organisations in Bangladesh protest at Israel attack on Gaza |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/214647/political-parties-organisations-in-bangladesh-protest-at-israel-attack-on-gaza |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016034232/https://www.newagebd.net/article/214647/political-parties-organisations-in-bangladesh-protest-at-israel-attack-on-gaza |archive-date=16 Oct 2023 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 Mar 2025 |title=South Asian communists protest Israeli attacks on Gaza |url=https://www.eastpost.in/global-south/south-asia/2025/03/south-asian-communists-protest-israeli-attacks-on-gaza/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810001605/https://www.eastpost.in/global-south/south-asia/2025/03/south-asian-communists-protest-israeli-attacks-on-gaza/ |archive-date=10 Aug 2025 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=East Post}}</ref>

The CPB also issued a message of solidarity with the [[Cubans|Cuban people]] and [[Politics of Cuba|government]], condemning the United States' economic, commercial, and financial [[United States embargo against Cuba|blockade on Cuba]] and calling for its lifting. The party criticised the impact of the blockade over more than six decades, including its intensification during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID‑19 pandemic]] and Cuba's designation as a [[State Sponsors of Terrorism|state sponsor of terrorism]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=4 Nov 2022 |title=Communist Party of Bangladesh reiterates its solidarity with the Cuban people and government. |url=http://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/articulo/communist-party-bangladesh-reiterates-its-solidarity-cuban-people-and-government |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260102062517/http://misiones.cubaminrex.cu/en/articulo/communist-party-bangladesh-reiterates-its-solidarity-cuban-people-and-government |archive-date=2 Jan 2026 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=CUBADIPLOMATICA}}</ref>

==== International Engagement ====
The CPB maintains contacts with foreign envoys and political parties. As part of these activities, the party has hosted meetings and participated in events involving representatives of several countries.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=26 Dec 2024 |title=Ambassador Yao Wen Meets with Communist Party of Bangladesh President Alam and General Secretary Prince |url=https://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202412/t20241226_11519677.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102061459/https://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202412/t20241226_11519677.htm |archive-date=2 Jan 2026 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the People's Republic of Bangladesh}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=23 Sep 2023 |title=NA Chairman meets with President of Bangladesh |url=https://vufo.org.vn/NA-Chairman-meets-with-President-of-Bangladesh-14-53004.html?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208234123/https://vufo.org.vn/NA-Chairman-meets-with-President-of-Bangladesh-14-53004.html?lang=en |archive-date=8 Feb 2025 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=Viet Nam Union of Friendship Organizations}}</ref>

In November 2024, Palestinian Ambassador Yousef S.Y. Ramadan attended a CPB‑organised discussion at the [[Jatiya Press Club|National Press Club]] in Dhaka marking the [[International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People]]. The event was presided over by CPB President [[Shah Alam (CPB politician)|Shah Alam]] and featured contributions from party leaders, civil society figures, and cultural organisations.<ref name=":3" />

The party met with the Chinese ambassador to discuss party‑to‑party relations and political cooperation.<ref name=":5" /> It also held a meeting with [[National Assembly of Vietnam|Vietnamese National Assembly]] Chairman [[Vương Đình Huệ]] during his official visit to Bangladesh, where the two sides discussed party‑to‑party relations, bilateral cooperation, and prospects for future economic and political engagement.<ref name=":6" />

=== Political Positions ===
The party favours maintaining the current [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] and strongly supports the fundamental principles of [[nationalism]], [[socialism]], [[democracy]], and [[secularism]]. It has repeatedly voiced opposition to any reversion of these principles. The CPB actively participated in the formulation of the [[July Charter]] following the July mass uprising but refused to sign it, alleging [[historical negationism]] related to the Liberation War.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 Oct 2025 |title=CPB, 3 others won't sign July Charter over omission of independence declaration |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/3jr3tlpm2b |access-date=3 Jan 2026 |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Nov 2025 |title=July charter, referendum: LDA terms order 'unconstitutional' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/july-charter-referendum-lda-terms-order-unconstitutional-4035086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103212411/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/politics/news/july-charter-referendum-lda-terms-order-unconstitutional-4035086 |archive-date=3 Jan 2026 |access-date=3 Jan 2026 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |language=en}}</ref>

The CPB has been working to bring together left‑wing forces to provide an alternative to the current political system. It has given special attention to strengthening the party and its mass organisations, increasing cohesion among communists, moving toward communist unity, and strengthening and expanding the [[Left Democratic Alliance (Bangladesh)|Left Democratic Alliance]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 Nov 2025 |title=Left Democratic Alliance calls for forming alternative political force inspired by ideals of '71 and '24 |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/left-democratic-alliance-calls-forming-alternative-political-force-inspired |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103212758/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/left-democratic-alliance-calls-forming-alternative-political-force-inspired |archive-date=3 Jan 2026 |access-date=3 Jan 2026 |website=[[The Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 Nov 2025 |title=LDA, Bangladesh Jasod holds convention Nov 29 |url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/282296/lda-bangladesh-jasod-holds-convention-nov-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103213025/https://www.newagebd.net/post/politics/282296/lda-bangladesh-jasod-holds-convention-nov-29 |archive-date=3 Jan 2026 |access-date=3 Jan 2026 |website=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]}}</ref>

The party has also criticised labour conditions in Bangladesh, especially workplace safety in [[hazard]]ous industries. It has argued that repeated [[Work accident|industrial accidents]] show failures in oversight and regulation, blaming both [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (Bangladesh)|authorities]] and factory owners for not ensuring proper safety measures. It has called for stronger enforcement of [[labour law]]s, better [[safety standards]], and greater accountability from employers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2025 |title=Interim govt also serving interests of owners: CPB president |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ln33la5029 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109015558/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/ln33la5029 |archive-date=9 Nov 2025 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=[[Prothomalo]]}}</ref>

The CPB and the LDA have opposed government plans to [[lease]] parts of [[Port of Chittagong|Chittagong Port]] to foreign companies. They organised protests and symbolic blockades, arguing that foreign control of key terminals would undermine national interests and threaten workers' rights, and called for the withdrawal of the proposed lease agreements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Nov 2025 |title=Workers lift symbolic Chattogram Port blockade early after administration's assurance |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/workers-left-alliance-stage-symbolic-blockade-chattogram-port-protesting-foreign-lease |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102085521/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/workers-left-alliance-stage-symbolic-blockade-chattogram-port-protesting-foreign-lease |archive-date=2 Jan 2026 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=[[The Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=CPB president threatens long march if Chattogram Port-corridor plan unchanged |url=https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/268a2b6bc4bf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721202119/https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/268a2b6bc4bf |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=2 Jan 2026 |website=[[bdnews24.com]]}}</ref>

== Election results ==
=== Jatiya Sangsad elections ===

{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!Election
!Party leader
!Votes
!%
!Seats
! +/–
!Position
!Government
|-
![[1973 Bangladeshi general election|1973]]
|rowspan=4 |[[Mohammad Farhad]]
| 47,211
| 0.25%
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|New
|{{increase}} 7th
|{{no|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[1979 Bangladeshi general election|1979]]
|75,455
| 0.39%
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{decrease}} 10th
|{{no|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[1986 Bangladeshi general election|1986]]
| 259,728
| 0.91%
|{{Composition bar|5|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
|{{increase}} 7th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[1988 Bangladeshi general election|1988]]
| colspan="2" align=center|''Boycotted''
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|{{N/A}}
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[1991 Bangladeshi general election|1991]]
| rowspan=7 |[[Mujahidul Islam Selim]]
| 407,515
| 1.19%
|{{Composition bar|5|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{increase}} 5
|{{steady}} 7th
|{{No2|Opposition}}
|-
![[February 1996 Bangladeshi general election|Feb 1996]]
| colspan="2" align=center |''Boycotted''
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{decrease}} 5
|{{N/A}}
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[June 1996 Bangladeshi general election|Jun 1996]]
|48,549
|0.11%
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{decrease}} 11th
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[2001 Bangladeshi general election|2001]]
|56,991
|0.10%
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{increase}} 10th
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[2008 Bangladeshi general election|2008]]
|42,331
|0.06%
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{decrease}} 17th
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[2014 Bangladeshi general election|2014]]
| colspan=2 |''Boycotted''
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{N/A}}
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[2018 Bangladeshi general election|2018]]
|55,421
|0.07%
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{increase}} 14th
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|-
![[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024]]
| [[Shah Alam (CPB politician)|Shah Alam]]
| colspan=2 |''Boycotted''
|{{Composition bar|0|300|hex={{party color|Communist Party of Bangladesh}}}}
|{{steady}} 0
|{{N/A}}
|{{No|Extra-parliamentary}}
|}

== List of prominent members ==
* [[Tajul Islam (worker)|Shaheed Tajul Islam]] (died 1 March 1984) — The leader of the Adamjee Majdur Trade Union who was killed in 1984. His death anniversary is observed by the CPB.
* [[Mohammad Farhad]] (5 July 1938 – 9 October 1987) — Former leader of the CPB and member of the Bangladesh Parliament.
* [[Haider Akbar Khan Rono]] - He served as the secretary of the party's Dhaka city unit
* [[Badruddin Umar]] - Member of the CPB's central committee
* [[Moni Singh]] - Founding member
* [[Mujahidul Islam Selim|Muzahidul Islam Selim]]
* [[Shah Alam (CPB politician)|Shah Alam]]

== See also ==
{{portal|Communism|Bangladesh|Politics}}
* [[Bangladesh Trade Union Centre]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{url|http://www.cpbbd.org/|Official Website}}

{{Bangladeshi political parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Communist Party of Bangladesh| ]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Communist parties in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1968]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialism in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-American sentiment in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist political parties]]
[[Category:Anti-capitalist organizations]]
[[Category:Left-wing parties in Asia]]
[[Category:Anti-fascist organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-imperialist organizations]]
[[Category:Politics of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Anti-fascism in Bangladesh]]

Kirodi Lal Meena

2026-03-23T11:28:12Z

Completegurus:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1951)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kirodi Lal Meena
| image = Kirodi Lal Meena.jpg
| imagesize =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|11|3}}
| birth_place = [[Dausa district|Khohra]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 30
December 2023
| termend =
| predecessor = [[Lalchand Kataria]]
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
| 2blankname = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list| * Agriculture & Horticulture
* Rural Development
* Disaster Management, Relief & Civil Defense
* Public Charge Resolution}}
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| term_start1 = December 2003
| term_end1 = December 2007
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| 2blankname1 = [[First Raje ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata1 = {{Collapsible list| * Food & Civil Supplies
* Disaster Management & Assistance
* Labor & Planning}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Vasundhara Raje]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 6 December 2023
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Danish Abrar]]
| constituency2 = [[Sawai Madhopur Assembly constituency|Sawai Madhopur]]
| constituency3 = [[Lalsot Assembly constituency|Lalsot]]
| successor3 = [[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
| predecessor3 = [[Parsadi Lal Meena]]
| term_start3 = 2013
| term_end3 = 2018
| constituency4 = [[Todabhim Assembly constituency|Todabhim]]
| term_start4 = December 2008
| term_end4 = 2013
| constituency5 = [[Sawai Madhopur Assembly constituency|Sawai Madhopur]]
| term_start5 = 2003
| term_end5 = 2008
| constituency6 = [[Bamanwas Assembly constituency|Bamanwas]]
| term_start6 = 1998
| term_end6 = 2003
| constituency7 = [[Mahuwa Assembly constituency|Mahuwa]]
| term_start7 = 1985
| term_end7 = 1990
| predecessor7 = [[Hari Singh Mahua]]
| successor7 = [[Hari Singh Mahua]]
| office8 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency8 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan|Rajasthan]]
| term_start8 = 4 April 2018
| term_end8 = 6 December 2023
| successor8 = [[Madan Rathore]]
| predecessor8 = [[Narendra Budania]], [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| office9 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start9 = 2009
| term_end9 = 18 May 2014
| predecessor9 = [[Sachin Pilot]]
| successor9 = [[Harish Chandra Meena]]
| constituency9 = [[Dausa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dausa]]
| term_start10 = 2 December 1989
| term_end10 = 13 March 1991
| predecessor10 = [[Ram Kumar Meena]]
| successor10 = [[Kunji Lal Meena]]
| constituency10 = [[Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]]
| office11 =
| term_start12 =
| term_end12 =
| spouse = [[Golma Devi Meena]]
| parents = Father : Manohar Lal Meena
Mother: Phoola Devi
| residence = [[Dausa]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[National People's Party (India)]]
| known_for =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| footnotes =
| education = [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]
| occupation = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| profession = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]] [[Agriculture]]
| alma_mater = [[Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner]]
}}
'''Kirodi Lal Meena''' (born 3 November 1951) is an Indian politician, and physician. He is currently serving as cabinet minister in [[Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Importance of being Kirodi Lal Meena: BJP rebel for all seasons, in govt or Opp |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/importance-kirodi-lal-meena-bjp-rebel-seasons-govt-opp-9433377/ |access-date=28 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his influence in eastern Rajasthan’s tribal communities, particularly the [[Meena]] community. A member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), he currently serves as the cabinet minister of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Rural Development in the [[Government of Rajasthan]] and represents the [[Sawai Madhopur Assembly constituency|Sawai Madhopur]] constituency as a member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] (MLA). With a political career spanning decades, Meena has been elected as an MLA six times and as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) twice in the [[Lok Sabha]] (9th and 15th terms) from [[Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency|Sawai Madhopur]] and [[Dausa Lok Sabha constituency|Dausa]], alongside [[Rajya Sabha]] from 2018 to 2023. He is known as “Baba” among his supporters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kirodi |url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/Home/GoogleSearch?query=Kirodi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2024 |title=As Kirodi Lal Meena drops another bombshell, why the BJP leader is on the warpath against his own govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/as-kirodi-lal-meena-drops-another-bombshell-why-the-bjp-leader-is-on-the-warpath-against-his-own-govt-9343560/ |access-date=4 July 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the early 1990s, the [[Meena High Court]] was formed after large gatherings led by Meena created a permanent venue for assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mina |first=Sandeep |date=2023-08-09 |title=राजस्थान का ऐसा ‘हाईकोर्ट’ जहां किरोड़ी समेत कई बड़े नेता लगाते हैं हाजिरी, जानें इसके बनने की कहानी |url=https://www.newstak.in/rajasthan/story/world-tribal-day-the-story-of-meena-high-court-of-dausa-in-rajasthan-is-very-interesting-3132934-2023-08-09 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=NewsTak |language=hi}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kirodi Lal Meena was born on 3 November 1951 in a simple farmer family in Dausa district of Rajasthan. His father’s name was Manohar Lal Meena and his mother’s name was Phoola Devi. His father was a farmer by profession.He is married to [[Golma Devi Meena|Golma Devi]], a politician who served as an MLA and minister in the Rajasthan Government. The couple is influential in regional politics, particularly among the Meena community.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirodi Lal Meena Entire History: युवाओं की आवाज बुलंद करने वाले किरोड़ी लाल मीणा नहीं है छोटे मोटे व्यक्ति! जानिए पूरी हिस्ट्री |url=https://www.rajasthanone.com/politics/news/kirori-lal-meena-who-raised-voice-youth-is-not-an-ordinary-person-know-his-entire-history-2053 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=Rajasthanone |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=किरोड़ी लाल मीणा कौन हैं? जिन्हें बीजेपी ने सवाई माधोपुर से दिया टिकट, राजस्थान में क्या है पकड़ |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections-2023-who-is-bjp-mp-kirodi-lal-meena-will-fight-sawai-madhopur-bjp-ticket/3058547/ |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

== Political career==
Meena contested the [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013 Rajasthan Assembly elections]] under the [[National People's Party (India)|National People’s Party]] and won from [[Lalsot Assembly constituency|Lalsot]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Parihar |first1=Rohit |date=19 December 2013 |title=Rajasthan: BJP's win is the biggest ever for any party, Congress's loss is the worst |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2013/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-election-bjp-win-biggest-ever-congress-loss-biggest-ever-220101-2013-12-07 |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

On 24 December 2017, Kirodi Lal Meena was arrested along with some of his supporters for attempting to enter a private temple in [[Sankhwali]] against the wishes of the community members.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.india.com/news/agencies/rajasthan-mla-arrested-for-trying-to-enter-private-temple-2792049/ | title=Rajasthan MLA arrested for trying to enter private temple | date=24 December 2017 }}</ref>

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! From !! To !! Position
|-
|1985 || 1988 ||Member, [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|8th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
|1989 || 1991 ||Member, [[9th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|1998 || 2003 || Member, [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|11th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
|2003 || 2008 || Member, [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|12th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
|2008 || 2013 || Member, [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|13th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
|2009 || 2014 ||Member, [[15th Lok Sabha]]
|-
|2013 || 2018 || Member, [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|-
|2018 || 2023<ref name="10 of 12 BJP MPs who won state elections resign from Lok Sabha">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=6 December 2023 |title=10 of 12 BJP MPs who won state elections resign from Lok Sabha |language=en |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assembly-election-results-2023-bjp-mps-who-won-polls-resign-from-lok-sabha-2472653-2023-12-06 |access-date=10 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210092905/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/assembly-election-results-2023-bjp-mps-who-won-polls-resign-from-lok-sabha-2472653-2023-12-06 |archive-date=10 December 2023}}</ref>|| Member, [[2018 Rajya Sabha elections|Rajya Sabha]]
|-
|2023
|present
|Member, [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|16th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{facebook|DrkirodilalmeenaOfficial|name=Kirodi Lal Meena}}
*[https://x.com/DrKirodilalBJP?t=tv0pq7SDxfnNiLQ_DoZ2lw&s=09 Kirodi Lal] on [[Twitter|X]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Meena, Kirodi Lal}}
[[Category:People from Sawai Madhopur district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2014 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:People from Dausa district]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Sardar Patel Medical College alumni]]

Janak Singh

2026-03-23T05:47:53Z

Completegurus: general added content for clarity also and improved wording

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{about||the later politician|Janak Singh (Bihar politician)}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Janak Singh
| image = Major General Janak Singh Katoch, CIE, OBI.jpg
| caption = Major General Janak Singh
| order =
| office = Prime Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| term_start = 11 August 1947
| term_end = 14 October 1947
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1872|07|08}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1972|04|15|1872|07|08}}
| predecessor = [[Ram Chandra Kak]]
| successor = [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]
}}

'''Major General Janak Singh''' (surname [[Katoch]]) [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]], [[Order of British India|OBI]], (7 August 1872 – 15 March 1972) was an officer of the [[Jammu and Kashmir State Forces]] in the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. After retirement, he briefly served as the prime minister of the state during a crucial period in 1947, which was evidently a temporary appointment while the Maharaja looked for a more permanent candidate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nanda |first=(Lieut. Gen.) K. K |title=Conquering Kashmir : A Pakistani Obsession |publisher=Lancers Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-81-7095-045-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=45 |language=English}}</ref>{{sfn|Das Gupta|1968|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Jha|1996|p=44}}

==Early life==
Janak Singh was born in the village of Khaira in the [[Kangra district]], in the present-day state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in India in 1872 where he completed his primary education by 1884.{{sfn|Katoch|2025|pp=247}} <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Śarmā |first1=Baṃśī Rāma |title=Gods of Himachal Pradesh |last2=(Simla India) |first2=Institute of Integrated Himalayan Studies |publisher=Indus Pub. Co. in association with Institute of Integrated Himalayan Studies, H.P. University, Shimla |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-7387-209-9 |location=New Delhi |pages=105 |language=English}}</ref><ref name="Janak">{{Cite book|title=A Kashmir Knight and the last 50 years of the princely state of J&K|first=Lt. Gen Ghanshyam Singh|last=Katoch|publisher=Sabre & Quill|year=2025|isbn=9789348152374}}</ref>

==Biography==
He began as Naib-Tehsildar in Ramnagar on June 11, 1901, and was commissioned as a Major in the Department of Army Administration & Quartermaster General (DAA & QMG) at the Jammu and Kashmir Army Headquarters the following year. In 1905, he came into contact with Raja Amar Singh, influencing his subsequent postings. By 1912, he had served as Wazir Wazarat in Kathua, Kishtwar, and Gilgit. From 1915 to 1917, he was appointed Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief, Raja Hari Singh, holding the rank of Lieutenant Colonel.{{sfn|Katoch|2025|pp=247,248}}
From 1917 to 1920, Janak Singh commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 2nd Kashmir Rifles in Gilgit, followed by leadership of the 3rd Kashmir Rifles at Satwari Cantonment. Between 1921 and 1925, he served as Revenue and Foreign Minister. After 1925, he held multiple ministerial portfolios, including Army, Public Works, Law, and Revenue, reflecting his significant role in the administration of Jammu and Kashmir. In 1947, during a critical period leading up to the state’s accession to India, he briefly served as Prime Minister.{{sfn|Katoch|2025|pp=254}}

== Military career ==
{{expand section|date=May 2022}}

== Political career ==
Singh was army minister in the government of [[Maharaja]] [[Hari Singh]] of Jammu and Kashmir during 1929–1931.{{sfn|Singh|2010|pp=149, 163}} He also served as the revenue minister.{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} On 11 August 1947 he was brought out of retirement to be the prime minister at a turbulent time on the eve of the independence of India and Pakistan.<ref>Robert. G. Wirsing. India, Pakistan, and the Kashmir Dispute.On Regional conflict and its Resolution. P.33. St Martins Press, New York, 1998</ref> This is deemed to be a temporary appointment while the Maharaja searched for a more permanent replacement.{{sfn|Das Gupta|1968|pp=87–88}}{{sfn|Jha|1996|p=44}}{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=215}}

He steered the [[Standstill agreement (India)|Standstill Agreement]] that Kashmir wanted to sign with India and Pakistan.<ref>Looking Back: The Autobiography of Mehr Chand Mahajan Former Chief Justice of India. Asia Publishing House, New Delhi, 1963, p. 125 & 267</ref> The agreement was not signed by India, and before further deliberations were done Pakistan-assisted raiders had marched into Kashmir state. Janak Singh was replaced by [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]] on 15 October 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=K. S |title=Jammu and Kashmir War, 1947-1948 : Political and Military Perspective |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-241-0923-6 |location=New Delhi |pages=77 |language=English}}</ref> On 13 September 1947 Maharaja Hari Singh requested the loan of the services of Lt. Col. [[Kashmir Singh Katoch]] (son of Janak Singh) to act as the military adviser to the Maharaja. This request was granted by the Indian government.{{sfn|Singh|2010|p=215}}{{efn|Lt. Col. Kashmir Singh Katoch was the eldest of the three sons of Janak Singh.}}

== Honours ==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}
Singh had won a Military Cross with a unit of the Frontier Force Rifles during World War II in action in Italy. He ultimately retired as a Lt. General in the Indian Army. The other two sons also served in the Indian Army, one in the 5 Gorkha Rifles, Brigadier Devendra Singh Katoch, AVSM, and the youngest, Lt. Colonel Rajendra Singh Katoch, followed his father into the J&K State forces, where he was commissioned into the J&K Bodyguard Cavalry.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Brigadier Samir |title=Nothing But! : Book Three: What Price Freedom |publisher=Partridge Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=9781482816266 |pages=30 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last=Das Gupta |first=Jyoti Bhusan |title=Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ |date=1968 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-011-9231-6}}
* {{citation |last=Jha |first=Prem Shankar |authorlink=Prem Shankar Jha |title=Kashmir, 1947: Rival Versions of History |url=https://archive.org/details/kashmir1947rival00jhap |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563766-3}}
* {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |publisher=Lancer International |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=psTeAAAAMAAJ |year=1990}}
** {{citation |last=Singh |first=K. Brahma |title=History of Jammu and Kashmir Rifles, 1820-1956: The State Force Background |publisher=brahmasingh.co.nf |year=2010 |orig-date=first published Lancer International 1990 |isbn=978-81-7062-091-4 |url=http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195332/http://www.brahmasingh.co.nf/books/history%20of%20jammu%20and%20kashmir%20rifles.pdf |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Ram Chandra Kak]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| years = 1947 (August–October)
| after = [[Mehr Chand Mahajan]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Janak}}
[[Category:1872 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:People from Kangra district]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]

Department of Information Technology and e-Governance (Jharkhand)

2026-03-22T14:30:38Z

Completegurus: done

{{Short description|Department of Government of Jharkhand}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Department of Information Technology and e-Governance
| native_name = सूचना प्रौद्योगिकी और ई-गवर्नेंस विभाग
| type = Department
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = Jharkhand Rajakiya Chihna.svg
| seal_width = 170
| seal_caption = Emblem of Jharkhand
| picture =
| picture_width =
| picture_caption =
| formed =
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Government of Jharkhand]]
| headquarters = Project Bhawan, Dhurwa, [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]] – 834004
| coordinates =
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name = [[Hemant Soren]]
| minister1_pfo = Minister in Charge
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| deputyminister1_name =
| deputyminister1_pfo =
| deputyminister2_name =
| deputyminister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Pooja Singhal, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = [[Secretary]]
| chief2_name =
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| website = {{URL|https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/dept-of-information-technology-jharkhand}}
| footnotes =
| map =
| map_width =
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Department of Information Technology and e-Governance''' is a department of [[Government of Jharkhand]] responsible for the promotion of information technology, digital infrastructure, and e-governance services in Jharkhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Information Technology & e-Governance |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/dept-of-information-technology-jharkhand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414005436/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/dept-of-information-technology-jharkhand |archive-date=2024-04-14 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> The department formulates and implements policies to enhance transparency, digital service delivery, and technology-driven governance in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=JAP-IT: Putting Jharkhand on path of good governance by expanding e-governance to all sections of society |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-india/jap-it-putting-jharkhand-on-path-of-good-governance-by-expanding-e-governance-to-all-sections-of-society/105008661 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-08 |title=JAP-IT की मीटिंग में बोले झारखंड के CM हेमंत सोरेन, साइबर सुरक्षा को लेकर बनाएं सेंट्रलाइज्ड डाटा सेंटर |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/cm-hemant-soren-said-in-jap-it-meeting-build-a-centralized-data-center-for-cyber-security-grj |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Jharkhand ESDM Policy 2016 – IT & ESDM Sector |url=https://cretumadvisory.com/blog/jharkhand-esdm-policy-2016/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |language=en-US}}</ref>

It oversees digital initiatives such as computerization of administrative processes, citizen service portals and connectivity projects through agencies including the Jharkhand Agency for Promotion of Information Technology and the Jharkhand Communication Network Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Jharkhand Agency for Promotion of Information Technology JAP-IT |url=https://japit.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627014348/https://japit.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-date=2022-06-27 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=japit.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Jharkhand Space Applications Center, An Autonomous Organization under Dept. of Information Technology & e-Gov, Govt. of Jharkhand, India |url=https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620140655/https://jsac.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-date=2023-06-20 |access-date=2025-10-04 |work=jsac.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-07-14 |title=Jharkhand to go fully digital by Jan 2026: e-Office rollout gains pace |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jharkhand-to-go-fully-digital-by-jan-2026-e-office-rollout-gains-pace-1503457556.html |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref>

==Ministerial team==
Since December 2024, the department is headed by Chief Minister of Jharkhand, [[Hemant Soren]], with [[Pooja Singhal]] serving as Secretary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Information Technology & e-Governance {{!}} Who's Who |url=https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=5cedfc034ccdad75d58a0fa1875d396a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717110552/https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/PDepartment/WebDirectory?department=5cedfc034ccdad75d58a0fa1875d396a |archive-date=2024-07-17 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.jharkhand.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In reshuffle of IAS officers, Pooja Singhal becomes new IT Secretary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/in-reshuffle-of-ias-officers-pooja-singhal-becomes-new-it-secy/articleshow/118365960.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 February 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Government of Jharkhand]]
* [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Government departments of Jharkhand]]

Gopal Singh of Jhabua

2026-03-18T17:10:34Z

Completegurus: biography!

{{short description|Raja of Jhabua from 1841 to 1895}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Gopal Singh
| title = [[Raja]]
| image = Dayal,_Raja_Lala_Deen_-_Prinz_%282%29_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
| reign = October 1841 – {{circa|1895}}
| predecessor = Ratan Singh
| successor = [[Udai Singh of Jhabua|Udai Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1841|02|22|df=yes}}
| death_place = {{circa|1895}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Jhabuaflag.png}} [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]
| father = Ratan Singh
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
}}

'''Gopal Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]] from 1841 until his death in 1895.

==Early life and family==
Gopal Singh was born on 22 February 1841, four months after the death of his father, Ratan Singh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=India |first=Central |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_4bAQAAIAAJ |title=The Central India State Gazetteer Series |date=1908 |publisher=Thacker, Spink |pages=552–523 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref> In 1893, he adopted Udai Singh, son of Raghunath Singh, the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of Khawasa, a tributary of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhgnAQAAIAAJ |title=The Feudatory and zemindari India |date=1934 |pages=498–499 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0xYXqXMbKIC |title=Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon |date=1936 |publisher=Who's Who Publishers (India) Limited |pages=73 |language=en}}</ref>

==Succession==
He succeeded his late father as the [[Raja]] of [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]] in October 1841.<ref name=":1" /> As he was a minor at the time, his grandmother served as regent and governed state affairs.<ref name=":2" />

==Reign==
In 1841, while he was still a minor, disturbances arose in [[Thandla]], and the aid of the Political Agent at [[Mandleshwar]] was sought.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> He brought a small force with him and quelled the disturbances.<ref name=":0" /> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], when the Raja of Amjhera revolted and attacked Hutchinson, the Political Agent at [[Bhopawar Agency|Bhopawar]], Hutchinson and his companions fled.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RNA2AQAAMAAJ |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: pt. 2. History of the Konkan Dakhan and Southern Marátha country |date=1896 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=439 |language=en}}</ref> Upon reaching [[Para, Jhabua|Para]], they sent a message to Gopal, requesting his protection and shelter.<ref name=":0" /> Gopal immediately sent an escort to bring them to [[Jhabua]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Forrest |first=G. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpU10F14W8QC |title=The Indian Mutiny 1857-58 |date=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1551-9 |pages=65–66 |language=en}}</ref> When they arrived in [[Jhabua]], he and his grandmother welcomed them kindly and ensured their safety and comfort.<ref name=":3" /> However, the local Arab faction demanded their surrender, but he and his grandmother entrusted their protection to their [[Rajput]] retainers.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> No Arab sepoy was allowed to approach the part of the palace where they were kept.<ref name=":3" /> They remained his guests for five days until [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] sent an escort from [[Indore State|Indore]] to take them to [[Mhow]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> In recognition of this, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] presented him with a [[Khalat|khilat]] of Rs. 12,500.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Solomon |first1=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=557 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=341 |language=en}}</ref> He was invested with it by [[Henry Daly]] on 9 February 1878.<ref name=":0" /> They also significantly reduced [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]]’s contribution toward the maintenance of the Malwa Bhil Corps.<ref name=":4" /> [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning]], the then [[Governor-General of India]], sent him a kharita, acknowledging the services rendered by him and his state.<ref name=":4" /> He was granted full administrative powers in 1859.<ref name=":0" /> In 1865, he was fined Rs. 10,000 and had his salute discontinued for one year after allowing the mutilation of a prisoner who was confined under suspicion of theft.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYVDAAAAYAAJ |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India: Jaisalmer to Karā |date=1908 |publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers [1972 |pages=105 |language=en}}</ref> He was also required to settle a pension of Rs. 15 per month for that man.<ref name=":0" />

==Death==
He died in 1895 and was succeeded by [[Udai Singh of Jhabua|Udai Singh]].<ref name=":0" />

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1841 births]]
[[Category: 1895 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

British Indian Army

2026-03-17T15:25:38Z

Completegurus: minor update

{{short description|1895–1947 military force}}
{{about|the army of British India (1895–1947)|the current army of the Republic of India|Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Indian Army
| image = Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg
| image_size =
| caption = The [[Union Flag]], flown as the [[Regulation Colours|King's Colour]] by Indian regiments. A central emblem denoted each unit<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Stanley C. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56830/56830-h/56830-h.htm#Page_115 |title=The Flags of our Fighting Army |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |year=1918 |isbn=0265482194 |location=London |pages=115–118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=King's Colour, 2nd Battalion, 17th Dogra Regiment, 1926-1947 (c) |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1959-08-118-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916041011/https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1959-08-118-1 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=collection.nam.ac.uk |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |place=London}}</ref>
| dates = 1 April 1895 – 15 August 1947<ref name="IA">{{cite web |title=History of South Command |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216071540/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |website=indianarmy.nic.in |publisher=[[Indian Army]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence and Partition, 1947 |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907084647/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |language=en |quote=The end of British rule in India...spelled the end of the existing Indian Army and its administration.}}</ref>
| allegiance = [[British Empire]]
| country = [[British Indian Empire|India]]
| type = [[Army]]
| size = [[Indian Army during World War I|World War I]]: {{circa| 1,500,000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morton-Jack |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oAtUDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Up+to+1918%2C+a+total+of+1.5+million+Indian+recruits+would+serve+in+the+Indian+Army%22 |title=Army of Empire: The Untold Story of the Indian Army in World War I |date=2018 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-09407-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Morton-Jack |first=George |title=Warfare 1914-1918 (India) |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare-1914-1918-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829215642/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare-1914-1918-india/ |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=[[encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net|1914–1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War]] |language=en}}</ref>
 [[Indian Army during World War II|World War II]]: {{circa| 2,500,000}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiPTDQAAQBAJ |title=India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia |date=2016 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-03022-4 |location=New York |pages=1 |oclc=921864220}}</ref> {{small|(Total serving during each conflict)}}
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[GHQ India]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto =
| patron =
| colours =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles = [[First Mohmand Campaign]] [[Boxer Rebellion]] [[Tirah campaign]] [[British expedition to Tibet]] [[Mahdist War]] [[First World War]] [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] [[Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)]] [[Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)]] [[Second World War]] [[North-West Frontier Province|North-West Frontier]] (1858–1947) [[Indonesian National Revolution]] (1946)
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| notable_commanders = [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]] [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]] [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Sir William Slim]] [[Sir Claude Auchinleck]] [[Sir Edward Quinan]] [[Sir]] [[William Lockhart (Indian Army officer)|William Lockhart]]
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label =
}}

The '''Indian Army''' during [[British Empire|British rule]], also referred to as the '''British Indian Army''',<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Behind the photographs: Indian Army Recruitment in the Second World War |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/research/research-projects/provisional-semantics/behind-the-photographs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227123701/https://www.iwm.org.uk/research/research-projects/provisional-semantics/behind-the-photographs |archive-date=27 February 2024 |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=[[Imperial War Museums]] |language=en}}</ref> was the main military force of [[British Indian Empire|India]] until [[Indian Independence Act 1947|national independence]] in 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author= |date=n.d. |title=Indian Army personnel |url=https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615090257/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-army-personnel/ |archive-date=15 June 2024 |access-date=4 December 2021 |work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]}}</ref> Formed in 1895 by uniting the three [[Presidency armies]],<ref name="IA2">{{cite web |title=History of South Command |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216071540/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |website=indianarmy.nic.in |publisher=[[Indian Army]]}}</ref> it was responsible for the defence of both the [[British Raj]] and the [[princely state]]s, which could also have their own [[Imperial Service Troops|armies]]. As stated in the ''[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]'', the "British Government has undertaken to protect the dominions of the Native princes from invasion and even from rebellion within: its army is organized for the defence not merely of British India, but of all possessions under the suzerainty of the [[Emperor of India|King-Emperor]]."{{Sfn|Nathan|1908|p=85}} The Indian Army was a vital part of the [[British Empire]]'s military forces, especially in [[World War I]] and [[World War II]].

The Indian [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Presidency]] armies were originally under [[East India Company]] command, and comprised the [[Bengal Army]], [[Madras Army]], and [[Bombay Army]]. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], all company troops were transferred to the [[The Crown|British Crown]].{{Sfn|Jackson|1940|p=3}} In 1879, the Presidency armies were integrated into a system of four Commands with a central Commander-in-Chief.<ref name="IA2" /> On 1 April 1895, the Presidency armies were dissolved and unified into a single Indian Army, also divided into four Commands,<ref name="IA2" /> and the term "Indian Army" was officially used by 1903.{{Efn|Prior to this, the force was named the "'''Army of the Government of India'''"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Raj |title=A Matter of Military Honour |url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/a-matter-of-military-honour/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415100844/https://forceindia.net/cover-story/a-matter-of-military-honour/ |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=2024-09-16 |publisher=Force: National Security and Aerospace Newsmagazine |language=en-US}}</ref>}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Imy |first=Kate |year=2019 |title=Faithful Fighters |url=https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?i=Introduction.html&id=31378 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424120502/https://www.sup.org/books/extra/?i=Introduction.html&id=31378 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=www.sup.org |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-1074-3 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The Commands were later replaced by two "Armies" in 1908—the Northern and Southern Army—but the Command system was restored in 1920.{{Efn|The commands were: [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], and [[Southern Command (India)|Southern Command]]|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="IA2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-21 |title=Commands Of The Indian Army |url=https://www.centrefordefencecareers.co.in/commands-of-the-indian-army/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621054519/https://www.centrefordefencecareers.co.in/commands-of-the-indian-army/ |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=www.centrefordefencecareers.co.in |publisher=Centre for Defence Careers |language=en-US}}</ref>

About 1.5 million Indian soldiers served during the First World War.<ref name=":2" /> The [[Indian Army during World War I|Indian Expeditionary Forces]] deployed to [[Western Front (World War I)|France]], Belgium, east Africa, [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Iraq, Egypt]], and the [[Gallipoli campaign|Gallipoli peninsula]], among other regions.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Morton-Jack |first=George |title=Warfare 1914-1918 (India) |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare-1914-1918-india/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240829215642/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/warfare-1914-1918-india/ |archive-date=29 August 2024 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=[[encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net|1914–1918 Online: International Encyclopedia of the First World War]] |language=en}}</ref> Eleven Indian soldiers [[List of Victoria Cross recipients of the Indian Army|won the Victoria Cross]] in the war.<ref name=":2" /> During the Second World War [[Indian Army during World War II|some 2.5 million soldiers served]], and the Indian Army became the largest [[Volunteer military|volunteer army]] in history to that point.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JiPTDQAAQBAJ |title=India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia |date=2016 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-465-03022-4 |location=New York |pages=1 |oclc=921864220}}</ref> India itself [[India in World War II|also served]] as a key logistical base for Allied operations in World War II.<ref name=":3" />

The force is also sometimes referred to as the '''Army of the Indian Empire''',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=Stanley C. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56830/56830-h/56830-h.htm#Page_115 |title=The Flags of our Fighting Army |publisher=[[A & C Black]] |year=1918 |isbn=0265482194 |location=London |pages=115–118}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Horne |first=Erie Arthur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIRAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA7 |title=The Political System of British India: With Special Reference to the Recent Constitutional Changes |date=1922 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=England |pages=36 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Keegan |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LYvfAAAAMAAJ |title=World Armies |date=1983 |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-333-34079-0 |edition=2 |pages=441 |language=en}}</ref> or '''Imperial Indian Army'''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2009 |title=Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/29/article/262493/summary |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=497–529 |doi=10.1353/jmh.0.0233 |issn=1543-7795|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nL6Ct0RDg6wC&pg=PA495 |title=The Indian Army in the Two World Wars |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-90-04-18550-0 |editor-last=Roy |editor-first=Kaushik |pages=495 |language=en}}</ref> The Indian Army should not be confused with the ''Army of India'', which was the ''Indian Army'' plus the ''British Army in India'' (British units sent to India).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Raj |title=A Matter of Military Honour |url=https://forceindia.net/cover-story/a-matter-of-military-honour/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415100844/https://forceindia.net/cover-story/a-matter-of-military-honour/ |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=2024-09-16 |publisher=Force: National Security and Aerospace Newsmagazine |language=en-US}}</ref> With the [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] into two new [[Dominion]]s on 15 August 1947, the army was reconstituted and divided between the newly independent countries, with the process overseen by Field Marshal Sir [[Claude Auchinleck]].<ref name="reconstitution">{{cite web |date=11 July 1947 |title=Reconstitution of the Armed Services |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1947-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1947-07-11_310.pdf |access-date=2 January 2021 |website=Press Information Bureau of India – Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Independence and Partition, 1947 |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907084647/https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/independence-and-partition-1947 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |publisher=[[National Army Museum]] |language=en}}</ref> Independent India would, however, retain "much of the organizing framework" of the army.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[File:Madras cavalry.jpg|thumb|220px|A painting showing a ''[[sowar]]'' of the [[6th Madras Light Cavalry]], {{circa}} 1845]]
The Indian Army has its origins in the years after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], often called the Indian Mutiny in British histories, when in 1858 [[the Crown]] took over direct rule of British India from the [[East India Company]]. Before 1858, the precursor units of the Indian Army were units controlled by the Company and were paid for by their profits. These operated alongside units of the British Army, funded by the British government in [[London]].{{Sfn|Raugh|2004|pp=173–179}}

The three Presidency armies remained separate forces, each with its own [[Commander-in-Chief]]. Overall operational control was exercised by the Commander-in-Chief of the [[Bengal Army]], who was formally the Commander-in-Chief of the East Indies.{{Sfn|Robson|2007|p=55}} From 1861, most of the officer manpower was pooled in the three Presidential Staff Corps.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=136}} After the [[Second Afghan War]] a [[Commission of Enquiry]] recommended the abolition of the presidency armies. The [[military logistics|Ordnance]], [[Supply and Transport]], and Pay branches were by then unified.{{Sfn|Jackson|1940|p=3}}

The Punjab Frontier Force was under the direct control of the [[Lieutenant-Governor]] of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] during peacetime until 1886, when it came under the Commander-in-Chief, India.{{Sfn|Jackson|1940|p=3}} The Hyderabad Contingent and other local corps remained under direct governmental control.{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=2}} Standing higher formations—[[Division (military)|divisions]] and [[brigade]]s—were abandoned in 1889.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=30}} No divisional staffs were maintained in peacetime, and troops were dispersed throughout the sub-continent, with internal security as their main function. In 1891 the three staff corps were merged into one [[Indian Staff Corps]].{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=2}}[[File:Corps of Guides (Infantry & Cavalry) - Richard Simkin.jpg|thumb|The [[Corps of Guides (British India)|Corps of Guides]], painted by [[Richard Simkin]], published 1891.]]Two years later the [[Madras Army|Madras]] and [[Bombay Army|Bombay]] armies lost their posts of Commander-in-Chief.{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=2}} In 1895, the Presidency Armies were abolished and the Indian Army created thereby was grouped into four [[Command (military formation)|commands]]: Bengal, Madras (including [[Burma]]), Bombay (including [[Sind Division|Sind]], [[Quetta]], and [[Aden Settlement|Aden]]), and the Punjab (including the North-West Frontier and the Punjab Frontier Force). Each was under the command of a [[Lieutenant-General|lieutenant general]], who answered directly to the C-in-C, India.{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=5}}

The Presidency armies were abolished with effect from 1 April 1895 by a notification of the Government of India through Army Department Order Number 981 dated 26 October 1894, unifying the three Presidency armies into a single Indian Army.<ref name="IA">{{cite web |title=History of South Command |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216071540/http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimpleWithEightPara.aspx?MnId=Sg+FqEGS1Bo=&ParentID=Y11bXvHH2Ok=&flag=p |archive-date=16 December 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |website=indianarmy.nic.in |publisher=[[Indian Army]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ThQAQAAIAAJ&q=%22April+1%2C+1895+when+the+three+Presidency+armies+were+united%22&pg=RA2-PA382 |title=Indian Information |date=1941 |publisher=Government of India: Bureau of Public Information |volume=VIII |pages=382 |language=en}}</ref> The armies were amalgamated into four commands, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern]], [[Southern Command (India)|Southern]], [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern]], and [[Western Command (India)|Western]]. The Indian Army, like the Presidency armies, continued to provide armed support to the civil authorities, both in combating banditry and in case of riots and rebellion. One of the first external operations the new unified army faced was the 1899 to 1901 [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Preston |first=Diana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWxKQejMtlMC&q=%22Britain+was+calling+up+troops+from+her+Indian+army%22 |title=The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing USA]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-8027-1361-2 |pages=209, 239–240 |language=en}}</ref> The [[1st Sikh Infantry|1st]], [[4th Sikh Infantry|4th]], and [[14th Sikhs]];<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Joslin |first1=E.C. |url=https://archive.org/details/britishbattlesme0000josl/mode/2up?q=%22China+War+Medal%22 |title=British Battles & Medals |last2=Litherland |first2=A. R. |last3=Simpkin |first3=B. T. |date=1988 |publisher=Spink |isbn=978-0-907605-25-6 |location=London |pages=209}}</ref> [[3rd Madras Native Infantry (Palamcottah Light Infantry)|3rd Madras Native Infantry]], [[4th Gorkha Rifles|4th Goorkas]], [[22nd Bombay Native Infantry|22nd]] and [[30th Bombay Native Infantry]], [[24th Punjab Infantry]], [[61st Pioneers|1st Madras Pioneers]], No. 2 Company [[Bombay Sappers]], No. 3 Company [[Madras Sappers]], No. 4 Company [[Bengal Sappers]], and the [[1st Bengal Lancers]], among other Indian units, all served during the Rebellion.<ref name=":4">{{cite book |author=William Augustus Steward |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49986/49986-h/49986-h.htm#Page_248 |title=War Medals and Their History |publisher=Stanley Paul & Co |year=1915 |location=London |pages=248}}</ref> Numerous Indian soldiers earned the [[China War Medal (1900)|China War Medal 1900]] with the "Relief of Pekin" clasp<ref>{{Cite web |last1= 宗恩|first1= 楊.|date=2024-05-20 |title=Eight-Nation Alliance Bronze China War Medal (Full Size, With Relief of Pekin Clasp) |url=https://www.legends.com.tw/2024/05/20/eight-nation-alliance-bronze-china-war-medal-full-size-with-relief-of-pekin-clasp-%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D-%E9%8A%85%E8%B3%AA%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240918160447/https://www.legends.com.tw/2024/05/20/eight-nation-alliance-bronze-china-war-medal-full-size-with-relief-of-pekin-clasp-%E5%85%AB%E5%9C%8B%E8%81%AF%E8%BB%8D-%E9%8A%85%E8%B3%AA%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0/ |archive-date=18 September 2024 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.legends.com.tw |publisher=Legends Museum |language=zh-TW, English}}</ref> for contributing to the [[Battle of Peking (1900)|relief of Peking]] and the [[Peking Legation Quarter|International Legations]] from 10 June to 14 August 1900.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |url=https://archive.org/details/medalyearbook0000john/page/166/mode/2up?q=%22China+War+Medal%22 |title=The Medal Yearbook 2014 |date= 14 September 2015|publisher=Token Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-908828-10-1 |editor-last=Mussell |editor-first=John W. |location=Devon, UK |pages=166}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=China War Medal 1900 |url=http://www.onlinemedals.co.uk/medal-encyclopaedia/pre-ww1-medals/china-war-medal-1900 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922230420/http://www.onlinemedals.co.uk/medal-encyclopaedia/pre-ww1-medals/china-war-medal-1900 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=www.onlinemedals.co.uk |publisher=Online Medals}}</ref>

===Kitchener reforms===
[[File:No.2 Company, Bombay Sappers and Miners, China 1900.jpg|thumb|No. 2 Company of the [[Bombay Sappers and Miners]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]], China, 1900.]]
The Kitchener reforms began in 1903 when [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] of [[Khartoum]], newly appointed [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]], India, completed the unification of the three former Presidency [[army|armies]], and also the [[Punjab Frontier Force]], the [[List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)#Former Hyderabad Regiments|Hyderabad Contingent]] and other local forces, into one Indian Army.

The principles underlying the reforms were that the defence of the [[North-West Frontier (military history)|North-West Frontier]] against foreign aggression was the army's primary role and that all units were to have training and experience in that role on that frontier. Furthermore, the army's organisation should be the same in peace as in war, and maintaining [[internal security]] was for the army a secondary role, in support of the [[police]].{{Sfn|Barthorp|2002|pp=142–143}}
[[File:Sikh and Muslim soldiers with medals, Indian Army, Beijing, ca.1900.jpg|thumb|Indian Army soldiers, including men from the 3rd Sikh regiment and [[1st Sikh Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force]], in Beijing, {{circa}} 1900.]]
Lord Kitchener found the army scattered across the country in [[Military base|stations]] at [[brigade]] or [[regiment]]al strength, and in effect, providing [[garrison]]s for most of the major cities.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=30}}
The reformed Indian Army was to be stationed in operational [[formation (military)|formations]] and concentrated in the north of the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. The Commander-in-Chief's plan called for nine fighting [[Division (military)|divisions]] grouped in two [[corps]] commands on the main axes through the North-West Frontier. Five divisions were to be grouped on the [[Lucknow]]–[[Peshawar]]–[[Khyber Pass|Khyber]] axis, and four divisions on the [[Bombay]]–[[Mhow]]–[[Quetta]] axis.{{Sfn|Barthorp|2002|p=143}} However, the cost of abandoning some thirty-four stations and building new ones in the proposed corps areas was considered prohibitive, and that aspect of the plan had to be modified.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=31}}

Under the compromise adopted in 1905, the four existing commands were reduced to three, and together with Army [[Headquarters (military)|Headquarters]], arranged in ten standing divisions and four independent brigades. The commands comprised: [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]], which consisted of the [[1st (Peshawar) Division]], the [[2nd (Rawalpindi) Division]], the [[3rd (Lahore) Division]], the [[Kohat Brigade]], the [[Bannu Brigade]], and the [[Derajat Brigade]]; [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]], which consisted of the [[4th (Quetta) Division]], the [[5th (Mhow) Division]], the [[6th (Poona) Division]], and the [[Aden Brigade]], located in Aden in the Arabian Peninsula; and [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]], which consisted of the [[7th (Meerut) Division]] and the [[8th (Lucknow) Division]].

Army Headquarters retained the [[9th (Secunderabad) Division]] and the [[Burma Division]] under its direct control.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=31}}{{Sfn|Sumner|2001|p=9}} The numbered divisions were organised so that on mobilisation they could deploy a complete [[infantry division]], a [[cavalry]] brigade, and a number of troops for internal security or local frontier defence. Permanent divisional commands were formed with an establishment of staff officers under a [[major general]].{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=31}}

[[File:117th_Mahrattas_at_a_fort,_1909.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Maratha Light Infantry|117th Mahrattas]] at a fort in the [[North-West Frontier Province|North West Frontier]], British India, 1909]]

After the reforms ended in 1909, the Indian Army was organised along British lines, although it was always behind in terms of equipment. An Indian Army division consisted of three brigades each of four battalions. Three of these battalions were of the Indian Army, and one British. The Indian battalions were often segregated, with companies of different tribes, castes or religions. One and a half million volunteers came forward from the estimated population of 315 million in the Indian subcontinent.{{citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Regimental battalions were not permanently allocated to particular divisions or brigades, but instead spent some years in one formation, and were then posted to another elsewhere. This rotating arrangement was intended both to provide all units with experience of [[active service]] on the Frontier, and to prevent them becoming 'localised' in static regimental stations.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=31}} In contrast, the divisional locations remained constant.
[[File:52nd Sikh-Regiment soldiers with Flag.jpg|thumb|Flag party of the [[52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force)]] at [[Kohat]], with their [[regimental colours]] in 1905]]

====Redesignating the regiments====
{{See also|List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)|Gurkha Rifles (disambiguation)}}
To emphasise that there was now only one Indian Army, and that all units were to be trained and deployed without regard for their regional origins, the regiments were renumbered into single sequences of cavalry, [[artillery]], [[infantry of the line]], and [[Gurkha|Gurkha Rifles]].{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=31}} Regimental designations were altered to remove all references to the former Presidential Armies.{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=5}} Where appropriate subsidiary titles recalling other identifying details were adopted. Thus the 2nd Bengal Lancers became the [[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]].

The new order began with the Bengal regiments, followed by the Punjab Frontier Force, then the regiments of Madras, the Hyderabad Contingent, and Bombay. Wherever possible a significant digit was retained in the new number.{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=5}} Thus the 1st Sikh Infantry became the [[51st Sikhs]], the 1st Madras Pioneers became the [[61st Pioneers]], and the 1st Bombay Grenadiers became the [[101st Grenadiers]].

The Gurkha Regiments had developed into their own Line of [[rifle regiments]] since 1861. They were five of these until they were joined by the former 42nd, 43rd, & 44th Gurkha Regiments of the Bengal Army, who became the 6th, 7th, & 8th Gurkha Rifles. The numbers 42, 43, & 44 were allocated respectively to the [[42nd Deoli Regiment|Deoli]] and [[43rd Erinpura Regiment|Erinpura]] Irregular Forces and the [[44th Merwara Infantry|Mhairwara]] Battalion from [[Rajputana]].{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=10}}
[[File:3RD SAPPERS AND MINERS (Bombay) 1910.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the [[Bombay Engineer Group|3rd Sappers and Miners]]. Illustration by Maj. A. C. Lovett, published 1911.]]
[[File:15_Lancers_(Cureton's_Multanis).jpg|right|thumb|Officer of the [[15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis)]], painted by Maj. A. C. Lovett. The regiment served in [[French Third Republic|France]] during the [[Winter operations 1914–1915|1914 Winter Operations]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Two Sowars of the 15th Lancers (Cureton's Multanis), 1915 |url=https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=2000-10-17-1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240920030811/https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=2000-10-17-1 |archive-date=20 September 2024 |website=collection.nam.ac.uk |publisher=[[National Army Museum]]}}</ref>]]
The [[mountain gun|mountain]] [[Artillery battery|batteries]] had already lost their numbers two years earlier. Under the 1903 reforms they were renumbered with twenty added to their original numbers.{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=107}} The army had very little artillery (only 12 batteries of [[mountain artillery]]), and [[Royal Indian Artillery]] batteries were attached to the divisions. The [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] was formed by the Group of [[Madras Engineer Group|Madras]], [[Bengal Engineer Group|Bengal]] and [[Bombay Engineer Group|Bombay Sappers]] in their respective presidencies.

The Queen's Own Corps of Guides, Punjab Frontier Force, composed of cavalry [[squadron (army)|squadron]]s and infantry [[Company (military unit)|companies]], was renamed the [[Queen's Own Corps of Guides (Lumsden's)]] but stayed numberless. The new regimental numbering and namings were notified in ''India Army Order 181'', dated 2 October 1903.{{Sfn|Roger|2003|p=20}}

In 1903 the title of the [[Indian Staff Corps]] was abolished, and thereafter officers were simply appointed to 'the Indian Army.'{{Sfn|Robson|2007|p=57}} A [[General Staff]] was then created to deal with overall military policy, supervision of training in peacetime, conduct of [[military operation|operations]] in war, distribution of forces for internal security or external [[military deployment|deployment]], plans for future operations and collecting [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]].{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=26}} Functions were divided along British lines into two branches; the [[Adjutant-General]], dealing with training, discipline, and personnel, and the [[Quartermaster-General]], dealing with supplies, accommodation, and communications. In 1906 a General Branch was established to deal with military policy, organisation and deployment, [[mobilisation]] and war plans, and intelligence and the conduct of operations.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=139}} The Chiefs of the staff branches answered to the [[Chief of the General Staff (India)|Chief of the General Staff]], whose post was held by a [[Lieutenant-General]].{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=26}} To provide training for [[staff officers]], the [[Indian Staff College]] was established in 1905, and permanently based at [[Quetta]] from 1907.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=139}}

With no intermediate [[chain of command]], army headquarters was weighed down with minor administrative details. Divisional commanders were responsible not only for their active formations, but also for internal security and [[List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)#Volunteer Corps|volunteer troops]] within their respective areas. On mobilisation, divisional staffs took the field, leaving no-one to maintain the local administration. [[Military logistics|Supporting services]] were insufficient, and many troops intended for the field force were not moved from their old stations into the areas of their new divisional command. These defects became clear during the [[First World War]], and lead to further reorganisation.{{Sfn|Heathcote|1974|p=32}}

The Indian Army Act 1911 legislated the replacement of the Indian Articles of War 1869. It was passed by the [[Governor General of India|Governor General]].{{Sfn|Ilbert|1913|pp=327–333}} It was under aspects of this law that the Army charged defendants during the [[Indian National Army Trials]] in 1945. It was replaced by the ''"Indian Army Act, 1950"'' after partition and independence.

===First World War===
{{See also|Indian Army during World War I}}
[[File:Punjabi Muslim soldiers, WW1.jpg|thumb|Indian soldiers, France, World War I]]
[[File:The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q9757.jpg|thumb|[[King George V]] inspects Indian troops attached to the [[Royal Garrison Artillery]] at [[Le Cateau]], 2 December 1918]]
[[File:SikhsInFrancePostcard.jpg|thumb|The 15th Sikh Regiment arrive in [[Marseille]], France, on their way to fight the Germans during the First World War. The post card reads, "Gentlemen of India marching to chasten German hooligans"]]
[[File:IndianArmyMGCrewFlanders1914-15(1).jpg|thumb|A [[Hotchkiss M1909 Benét–Mercié machine gun|Benét–Mercié]] [[machine gun]] section of [[2nd Queen Victoria's Own Rajput Light Infantry|2nd Rajput Light Infantry]] in action in [[Flanders]], during the winter of 1914–15]]Prior to the outbreak of the [[First World War]], the strength of the British Indian Army was 215,000. Either in 1914 or before, a ninth division had been formed, the [[9th (Secunderabad) Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Graham |date=25 March 2001 |title=The Indian Army 1914 v. 1 |url=http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909172657/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/army1914.html |archive-date=9 September 2009 |access-date=9 September 2009}}</ref> By November 1918, the Indian Army rose in size to 573,000 men.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/service_records/sr_soldiers.htm |title=Exhibitions & Learning online | First World War | Service records |publisher=The National Archives |access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

Before the war, the Indian government had decided that India could afford to provide two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade in the event of a European war. Some 140,000 soldiers saw active service on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] in [[France]] and [[Belgium]] – 90,000 in the front-line Indian Corps, and some 50,000 in auxiliary battalions. They felt that any more would jeopardise national security. More than four divisions were eventually sent as [[Indian Expeditionary Force A]]{{Sfn|Barua|2003}} formed the [[Indian Corps]] and the [[Indian Cavalry Corps]] that arrived on the Western Front in 1914. The high number of officer casualties the corps suffered early on had an effect on its later performance. British officers that understood the language, customs, and psychology of their men could not be quickly replaced, and the alien environment of the Western Front had some effect on the soldiers. However, the feared unrest in India never happened, and while the Indian Corps was transferred to the [[Middle East]] in 1915 India provided many more divisions for active service during the course of the war.{{Sfn|Haythornthwaite|1992}} Indians' first engagement was on the Western Front within a month of the start of the war, at the [[First Battle of Ypres]]. In October/November 1914, the Baluchis of the [[129th Duke of Connaught's Own Baluchis|129th Duke of Connaught's Own]], the first Indian contingent to be in contact with Germans at Hollebeke (and the only to inscribe 'Ypres 1914'), the sepoy [[Khudadad Khan]] maintaining the position until gravely wounded became the first Indian to win a Victoria Cross (Indians were eligible from 1911). In November, after a retreat, a scout section of the 1st Battalion [[39th Garhwal Rifles]] under the leadership of Naik [[Darwan Singh Negi]], then badly injured, reinvested lost trenches. For his gallantry he received the second VC.<ref>Lastpost, p. 19 and Crampton McKenzie, ''Eastern Epic'' vol. 1, p. 31, note 4</ref>

Nearly 700,000 troops then served in the Middle East, fighting against the Turks in the Mesopotamian campaign.<ref name="Memorial Gates Trust">{{citation|url=http://www.mgtrust.org/ind1.htm|title=Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War|publisher=Memorial Gates Trust|access-date=12 September 2009}}</ref> There they were short of transportation for resupply and operated in extremely hot and dusty conditions. Led by Major General Sir Charles Townshend, they pushed on to capture Baghdad but they were repulsed by Ottoman forces.

In the First World War the Indian Army saw extensive active service, including on the [[Western Front (WWI)|Western Front]], notably in the [[Battle of Neuve Chapelle]], participated in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]] and [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]]. Furthermore, it fought in the [[Siege of Kut]] of the [[Mesopotamian Campaign]], and campaigned in [[East Africa]], including the [[Battle of Tanga]].

Participants from the Indian subcontinent won 13,000 medals, including 12 Victoria Crosses. By the end of the war a total of 47,746 Indians had been reported dead or missing; 65,126 were wounded.<ref name="Memorial Gates Trust" />

Also serving in the First World War were so-called "[[Imperial Service Troops]]", provided by the semi-autonomous [[Princely States]]. About 21,000 were raised in the First World War, mainly consisting of [[Sikhs]] of [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]] and [[Rajput|Rajputs]] from [[Rajputana]] (such as the [[Bikaner Camel Corps]] and the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]] and [[Jodhpur]] Lancers of the [[Imperial Service Cavalry Brigade]]). These forces played a prominent role in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]].

===Interbellum (1918–1939)===
Elements of the Army operated around [[Mary, Turkmenistan]] in 1918–19. See [[Malleson mission]] and [[Entente intervention in the Russian Civil War]]. The army then took part in the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]] of 1919. In the aftermath of the First World War, the [[Indian Territorial Force]] and [[Auxiliary Force (India)]] were created in the 1920s. The Indian Territorial Force was a part-time, paid, all-volunteer organisation within the army. Its units were primarily made up of European officers and Indian [[Other ranks (UK)|other ranks]]. The ITF was created by the Indian Territorial Force Act 1920 to replace the Indian section of the [[Indian Defence Force]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 1920 |title=Indian Auxiliary Forces: A Territorial Scheme |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> It was an all-volunteer force modelled after the British [[Territorial Army (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]]. The European parallel to the ITF was the [[Auxiliary Force (India)]].

After the First World War the British started the process of [[Indianisation (British India)|Indianisation]], by which Indians were promoted into higher officer ranks. In a 1923 census, the British Indian Army consisted of 64,669 British-born soldiers and officers, with 187,432 Indian-born soldiers in comparison. Indian cadets were sent to study in Great Britain at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], and were given full commissions as [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]]s. The KCIOs were equivalent in every way to British commissioned officers and had full authority over British troops (unlike VCOs). Some KCIOs were attached to British Army units for a part of their careers.

In 1922, after wartime experience had shown that the maintenance of 130 separate single-battalion infantry regiments was unwieldy, a number of large (four to five battalion) regiments were created,<ref>{{cite book|first=Boris|last=Mollo|page=162|title=The Indian Army|year=2009 |publisher=Blandford |isbn=978-0-7137-1074-8}}</ref> and numerous cavalry regiments amalgamated. The [[List of regiments of the Indian Army (1922)]] shows the reduced number of larger regiments. Until 1932 most Indian Army officers, both British and Indian, were trained at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, after that date the Indian officers increasingly received their training at the [[Indian Military Academy]] in [[Dehradun]] which was established that year.

===Second World War===
{{Main|Indian Army during World War II|India in World War II}}
[[File:Operation Crusader.jpg|thumb|200px|Indian Army Sikh personnel in action during the successful [[Operation Crusader]] in December 1941]]
[[File:British commander and Indian crew encounter elephant near Meiktila.jpg|thumb|[[Sherman tank]] of the [[9th Royal Deccan Horse]], on the road to [[Meiktila]], Burma, 29 March 1945.]]
At the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], the Indian Army numbered 205,000 men and, as the war continued, this would rise to 2.5 million men to become the largest all–volunteer force in history. During this process, six corps would be raised; which consisted of the [[III Corps (India)|Indian III Corps]], [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|Indian IV Corps]], [[XV Corps (British India)|Indian XV Corps]], [[Indian XXI Corps]] (served with [[Tenth Army (United Kingdom)|Tenth Army]] in the Middle East in 1942), [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|Indian XXXIII Corps]] and [[XXXIV Corps (British India)|Indian XXXIV Corps]]. Furthermore, the [[2nd Infantry Division (India)|2nd]], [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th]], [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th]], [[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th]], [[7th Indian Infantry Division|7th]], [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th]], [[9th Infantry Division (India)|9th]], [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10th]], [[11th Indian Infantry Division|11th]], [[12th Infantry Division (India)|12th]], [[14th Indian Infantry Division|14th]], [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th]], [[19th Indian Infantry Division|19th]], [[20th Indian Infantry Division|20th]], [[21st Infantry Division (India)|21st]], [[23rd Indian Infantry Division|23rd]], [[25th Indian Infantry Division|25th]], [[26th Indian Infantry Division|26th]], [[34th Infantry Division (India)|34th]], [[36th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|36th]] (later converted to an all-British formation), and [[39th Infantry Division (India)|39th]] Indian Divisions were formed, as well as other forces. Additionally there were at one time or another four armoured divisions formed (the [[31st Indian Armoured Division|31st]], [[32nd Indian Armoured Division|32nd]], [[43rd Armoured Division (India)|43rd]], and [[44th Armoured Division (India)|44th]]), and one airborne division, also designated the [[44th Airborne Division (India)|44th]]. In matters of administration, weapons, training, and equipment, the Indian Army had considerable independence; for example, prior to the war the Indian Army adopted the [[Vickers–Berthier]] (VB) light machine gun instead of the [[Bren gun]] of the British Army, while continuing to manufacture and issue the older [[Lee–Enfield|SMLE No. 1 Mk III]] rifle during the Second World War, instead of the Lee–Enfield No.4 Mk I issued to the British Army from the middle of the war.{{Sfn|Weeks|1979|p=89}}

Particularly notable contributions of the Indian Army during that conflict were the:
* [[File:King George VI is driven past cheering Indian troops on his way to a ceremony to invest Sepoy Kamal Ram with the Victoria Cross, Italy, 26 July 1944. NA17265.jpg|thumb|200px|[[King George VI]] rides past cheering Indian troops, on his way to award Sepoy [[Kamal Ram]] the [[Victoria Cross]], Italy, 26 July 1944]][[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II]]
** [[East African Campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]]
** [[North African campaign]]
*** [[Operation Compass]]
*** [[Operation Battleaxe]]
*** [[Operation Crusader]]
*** [[First Battle of El Alamein]]
*** [[Second Battle of El Alamein]]
** [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]
** [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]]
** [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]
** [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]
*** [[Battle of Monte Cassino]]
* [[Battle of Hong Kong]]
* [[Battle of Malaya]]
* [[Battle of Singapore]]
* [[Burma Campaign]]
** [[Battle of Kohima]]
** [[Battle of Imphal]]
[[File:Sikh soldier with captured Swastika flag.jpg|thumb|Sikh soldier with captured Nazi Swastika flag]]
Over the course of the Second World War, about 87,000 Indian soldiers were killed. In this period, 31 Indians were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] (See: Indians in '[[List of Victoria Cross recipients by nationality|List of Victoria Cross Recipients by Nationality']]). Out of the 252 [[Distinguished Service Order]]s awarded to the British Indian Army, at least 13 were awarded to native officers (See: [[:Category:South Asian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order|South Asian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=China |first=Rana T.S. |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/23460_IWM_Book__11-06-2014_.pdf |title=Last Post: Indian War Memorials Around the World |publisher=Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India |year=2014 |pages=40}}</ref>
The Germans and Japanese were relatively successful in recruiting combat forces from Indian [[prisoners of war]]. These forces were known as the [[Tiger Legion]] and the [[Indian National Army]] (INA). Indian nationalist leader [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] led the 40,000-strong INA. From a total of about 55,000 Indians taken prisoner in Malaya and Singapore in February 1942, about 30,000 joined the INA,<ref name="Greatinadversity">{{Cite web |last=Stanley |first=Peter |title='Great in adversity': Indian prisoners of war in New Guinea |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114200200/http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/indians.htm |archive-date=14 January 2008 |website=Australian War Memorial}}</ref> which fought Allied forces in the Burma Campaign. Others became guards at Japanese POW camps. The recruitment was the brainchild of Major [[Fujiwara Iwaichi]] who mentions in his memoirs that Captain [[Mohan Singh Deb]], who surrendered after the [[Battle of Jitra]] became the founder of the INA.[[File:INDIAN TROOPS IN BURMA, 1944.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the 2nd Battalion, [[7th Rajput Regiment]] about to go on patrol in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], 1944.]]Some Indian Army personnel resisted recruitment and remained POWs.{{sfn|Barkawi|2006|p=341}} An unknown number captured in Malaya and Singapore were taken to Japanese-occupied areas of [[New Guinea]] as forced labour. Many of these men suffered severe hardships and brutality, similar to that experienced by other prisoners of Japan during the Second World War. About 6,000 of them survived until they were liberated by Australian or US forces, in 1943–45.<ref name="Greatinadversity" />

During the later stages of the Second World War, from the fall of [[Singapore]] and the ending of [[ABDACOM]] in early 1942 until the formation of the [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) in August 1943, some American and Chinese units were placed under British military command.

===Post Second World War===
[[File:Mountbatten inspects Indian troops at Singapore 1945.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Mountbatten]] inspects the [[17th Dogra Regiment]] in Singapore, 1945.]]
[[File:Delhi Victory Week Parade IND5040.jpg|thumb|Indian Army soldiers pass the saluting base in the Delhi Victory Week Parade, 7 March 1946.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gbfkDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Delhi+Victory+Week%22&pg=PA9 |title=The Indian Listener |date=February 22, 1946 |publisher=[[All India Radio|All India Radio (AIR)]] |volume=XI |location=New Delhi |pages=9 |language=en |issue=5}}</ref>]]
12 September 1946 the minister for external affairs in India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] demanded in a letter to the Commander in Chief and Defence Secretary, that a large-scale reform should be implemented to improve the Indian Army. [[Calcutta]] had been ravaged by large communal riots, but the British Indian Army was able to restore order. Nehru demanded with urgency, that the Indian Army should safeguard [[Politics of India|India's new democracy]]. Nehru was a nationalist and opposed India's "divide and rule" policy.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence | author1= Steven Wilkinson |publisher= Harvard University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0674728806 | page=1}}</ref>
[[File:Allied Victory Parade in London, 1946 H42786.jpg|left|thumb|Contingent of infantry from the Indian Army at the [[London Victory Celebrations of 1946|Victory Parade in London]], 8 June 1946.]]
As a result of the [[Partition of India]] in 1947, the formations, units, assets, and indigenous personnel of the Indian Army were divided between the [[Dominion of India]] and the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Lapping|1985|pp=75–76}} As [[Brian Lapping]] wrote, "By comparison with the two great provinces [Bengal & Punjab], partition of the army and the civil service was easy, though by any other standard, it was difficult, wasteful, and destructive. ... The men were transferred in their units. Regiments of Sikh and Hindu soldiers from the north-west frontier had to make their way through Muslim territory to get out of what was to be Pakistan."{{Sfn|Lapping|1985|pp=79, 82}} Also in 1947 a final agreement was signed regarding the [[Gurkha]] regiments in the British Indian Army. Four Gurkha regiments, recruited from both eastern and western [[Nepal]], would join the [[British Army]]. The remaining six Gurkha regiments of the British Indian Army joined the Dominion of India. During the transition period after partition, those Gurkha regiments that were in Pakistan, did their service, but were eventually moved back to India.<ref>{{cite book| author1= Daniel Marston | title= The Indian Army and the End of the Raj | publisher= Cambridge University Press| year=2014 | isbn= 978-0521899758 |page=277}}</ref>

The partition reduced the ethnic imbalance of the British Indian Army, which became the present-day [[Indian Army]]. But, the partition resulted in more ethnic imbalance in the Pakistani military, mainly because the new nation state of Pakistan was formed by joining West Punjab, NWFP, East Bengal, Baluchistan, and Sind. The new
[[Pakistan Army]] was mainly made up of soldiers from two of these provinces.<ref>{{Cite book|title= Army and Nation: The Military and Indian Democracy Since Independence | author1= Steven Wilkinson |publisher= Harvard University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-0674728806 | pages=11}}</ref> The [[Bangladesh Army]], which was created from the Pakistan Army on the independence of [[Bangladesh]], retain many British Indian Army traditions.{{citation needed||date=May 2023}}

For a number of reasons, the pensions paid to long-serving officers and men of the Army, whether in Britain or in India, were lower than those of the British Army, and the background to this was set out at some length by [[Michael Willoughby, 11th Baron Middleton|Lord Middleton]] in the [[House of Lords]] on 9 March 1949. He summed up the position for the pensions of widows and orphans as follows:<ref name=Middleton/> {{Quote|The lowest pension at present given to the widow of an officer of the Indian Army is £54 a year. That will be reduced very shortly to £50 a year and, in due course, to £44 a year. The highest rate of pension at present given is £220 a year, which will now be reduced to £212, and in due course may be reduced to £188 a year. There are three intermediary classes whose pensions will be reduced proportionately, and also the small pensions for children.<ref name=Middleton>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1949/mar/09/indian-army-pensions "INDIAN ARMY PENSIONS"], House of Lords Debate 9 March 1949, vol. 161, cc256-75</ref>}}

==Organisation==
[[File:No. 1 Kohat Mountain Battery 1896.jpg|thumb|[[21st Kohat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)|No. 1 Kohat Mountain Battery]] of the Punjab Frontier Force, illustration by Richard Simkin, {{circa}} 1896.]]
The armies of the East India Company were recruited primarily from [[forward caste]] Hindus and Muslims in the [[Bengal Presidency]], which consisted of [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and [[Oudh]]. This formed the nucleus and later expanded into the armies of the three [[Presidencies and provinces of British India]]. Writing in ''The Indian Army'' (1834), [[John Malcolm|Sir John Malcolm]], who had a lifetime's experience of Indian soldiering, wrote about the Bengal Presidency.{{Sfn|Spilsbury|2007|p=9}}

{{Blockquote|text="They consist largely of Rajpoots ([[Rajput]]), who are a distinguished race among the Khiteree ([[Kshatriya]]), or Brhamins ([[Brahmin]]) We may judge of the size of these men when we are told that the height below which no recruit is taken is five feet six inches. The great proportion of the Grenadiers are six feet and upwards."|author=John Malcolm}}

The meaning of the term Indian Army changed over time, initially as an informal collective term for the [[Presidency armies|armies of the three presidencies]]–the [[Bengal Army]], [[Madras Army]] and [[Bombay Army]]–between 1858 and 1894. In 1895, the Indian Army began its formal existence and was the "army of the government of India", including British and Indian ([[sepoy]]) units; this arrangement lasted until 1902.

Many of these troops took part in the [[Indian Mutiny]], with the aim of reinstating the Mughal Emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] at Delhi, partly as a result of insensitive treatment by their British officers. During this period, the Company Raj relied heavily upon the armies of [[Princely state]]s to quell the rebellion.
[[File:RML7pounderMountanGunHazaraBattery1895.jpg|thumb|right|200px|No. 4 ([[Hazara District|Hazara]]) Mountain Battery with [[RML 7-pounder mountain gun]]. Left to right Subadars (Sikhs) and Gunners (Punjabi Musalman) {{circa}} 1895.]]

The officer commanding the Army of India was the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]], India who reported to the civilian [[Governor-General of India]]. The title was used before the creation of a unified British Indian Army; the first reported holder was then-Major [[Stringer Lawrence]] in 1748. Lawrence went to India with no larger command than a "small undisciplined garrison of two or three hundred men" facing a significant French presence.<ref>John Biddulph, ''Stringer Lawrence, the Father of the Indian Army,'' J. Murray, 1901, 7.</ref> In 1903, [[Horatio Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener of Khartoum|Lord Kitchener]] became the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army]]. He instituted large-scale reforms, the greatest of which was the merger of the three armies of the Presidencies into a unified force. He formed higher level formations, eight army divisions, and brigaded Indian and British units. He left his command in 1909. Following Kitchener's reforms, the terminology used for the forces in India was altered. The ''Indian Army'' referred from that time to "the force recruited locally and permanently based in India, together with its expatriate British officers;"{{Sfn|Chandler|2002}} the ''British Army in India'' referred to the British Army units posted to India for a tour of duty, and which would then be posted to other parts of the Empire or back to the UK. The ''Army of India'' was used to describe the combined forces of both the Indian Army and the British Army in India.

By the early 1900s the three previous separate army staffs had been amalgamated into Headquarters, India (''see'' [[1906 Birthday Honours]]) which by 1922 had become [[GHQ India]] (''see'' [[1922 New Year Honours]]).

===Command===
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Indian Army postings were less prestigious than British Army positions, but the pay was significantly greater so that officers could live on their salaries instead of having to have a private income. Accordingly, vacancies in the Indian Army were much sought after and generally reserved for the higher placed officer-cadets graduating from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]. British officers in the Indian Army were expected to learn to speak the Indian languages of their men, who tended to be recruited from primarily [[Hindi]] speaking areas. Prominent British Indian Army officers included [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]], [[O'Moore Creagh|Sir O'Moore Creagh]], [[William Birdwood, 1st Baron Birdwood|Lord Birdwood]], [[Sir Claude Auchinleck]] ("The Auk") and [[William Slim, 1st Viscount Slim|Lord Slim]].

===Personnel===
[[File:The Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners, Review Order.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The [[Queen's Own Madras Sappers and Miners]], illustration {{circa}} 1896.]]
Commissioned officers, British and Indian, held identical ranks to commissioned officers of the British Army. [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer]]s (KCIOs), created from the 1920s, held equal powers to British officers. [[Viceroy's Commissioned Officer]]s were Indians holding officer ranks. They were treated in almost all respects as commissioned officers, but had authority over Indian troops only, and were subordinate to all British King's (and Queen's) Commissioned Officers and KCIOs. They included [[Subedar Major]] or [[Risaldar-Major]] (Cavalry), equivalents to a British [[Major (rank)|Major]]; [[Subedar]] or [[Risaldar]] (Cavalry) equivalents to [[Captain (land and air)|Captain]]; and [[Jemadar]]s equivalent to [[Lieutenant]].
[[File:The Colour Party of a Sikh Regiment.jpg|thumb|275x275px|[[Colour guard|Colour party]] of the [[15th Sikhs]], published 1918.]]
Recruitment was entirely voluntary; about 1.75 million men served in the First World War, many on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] and 2.5 million in the Second. Non-Commissioned Officers included [[Company Havildar Major]]s equivalents to a [[Company Sergeant Major]]; [[Company Quartermaster Havildar]]s, equivalents to a [[Company Quartermaster Sergeant]]; [[Havildar]]s or [[Daffadar]]s (Cavalry) equivalents to a [[Sergeant]]; [[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] or [[Lance-Daffadar]] (Cavalry) equivalents to a British [[Corporal]]; and [[Lance-Naik]] or [[Acting Lance-Daffadar]] (Cavalry) equivalents to a [[Lance-Corporal]].

Soldier ranks included [[Sepoy]]s or [[Sowar]]s (Cavalry), equivalent to a British [[Private (rank)|private]]. British Army ranks such as [[Gunner (rank)|gunner]] and [[sapper]] were used by other [[corps]].

In the aftermath of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Indian Mutiny]] of 1857, also called the Sepoy Mutiny by the British, the three armies of the former Presidencies of the [[East India Company]] passed to the [[British Crown]].{{Sfn|Gaylor|1996|p=2}} After the Mutiny, recruitment switched to what the British called the "[[martial race]]s", particularly [[Sikhs]], [[Awan (Pakistan)|Awans]], [[Gakhars]], and other [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] ''Musulmans'', [[Baloch people|Baloch]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Maratha]]s, [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], [[Nair]]s, [[Rajputs]], [[Yadav]]s, [[Kumauni people|Kumaonis]], [[Gurkhas]], [[Garhwali people|Garhwalis]], [[Janjua]]s, [[Maravars]], [[Kallars]], [[Vellalar]], [[Dogras|Dogra]]s, [[Jats]], [[Gurjar]], [[Mahars]] and [[Saini]]s.{{Sfn|Mazumder|2003|p=105}} [[Gurkha]]s had gone into the British army and were known to have rarely rebelled. The [[Sikhs]], after the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]s, treated the British Army as a replacement for the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]].

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]], India
* [[Chief of the General Staff (India)]]
* [[List of regiments of the Indian Army (1903)]]
* [[List of Indian Victoria Cross recipients]]
* [[Indian Order of Merit]]
* [[Indian Distinguished Service Medal]]
* [[Order of British India]]
* [[Observatory Ridge, Johannesburg]], site of a monument commemorating the British Indian Army
* [[Royal Indian Navy]]
* [[Royal Indian Air Force]]
* [[Indian Military Historical Society]]
* [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] – having a similar function in the Netherlands East Indies
{{colend}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last=Barkawi |first=Tarak |date=April 2006 |title=Culture and Combat in the Colonies: The Indian Army In the Second World War |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=41 |issue=2 |publisher=Sage |pages=325–355 |doi=10.1177/0022009406062071 |s2cid=145364543 |url=https://cambridge.academia.edu/TarakBarkawi/Papers/267472/Culture_and_Combat_In_the_Colonies_The_Indian_Army_In_the_Second_World_War}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barthorp |first=Michael |title=Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947 |publisher=Cassel |year=2002 |isbn=0-304-36294-8 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |title=Gentlemen of the Raj: The Indian Army Officer Corps, 1817–1949|publisher=Praegar |year=2003 |isbn=0275979997 |location=Westport, CT}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chandler |first=David |title=Oxford History of the British Army |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0192803115 |edition=2nd |location=USA}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gaylor |first=John |title=Sons of John Company – The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991 |publisher=Parapress |year=1996 |isbn=1-898594-41-4 |location=Tunbridge Wells, Kent}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haythornthwaite |first=P.J. |title=The World War One Sourcebook|publisher=Arms and Armour Press |year=1992}}
* {{Cite book |first=T. A. |last=Heathcote |title=The Indian Army – The Garrison of British Imperial India, 1822–1922 |publisher=David & Charles |year=1974 |location=Newton Abbot, Devon}}
* {{cite journal |jstor=752287 |title=British India |first=Courtenay |last=Ilbert |date=1 January 1913 |journal=Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation |volume=13 |issue=2|pages=327–333 }}
* {{cite book |author=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume IV |title=Indian Empire: Administrative |year=1908 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=552}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Donovan |title=India's Army |publisher=Sampson Low |year=1940 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lapping |first=Brian |title=End of Empire |publisher=Guild Publishing |year=1985 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mazumder |first=Rajit K. |title=The Indian army and the making of Punjab |publisher=[[Permanent Black]] |year=2003 |isbn=8178240599 |location=Delhi, India |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Nathan |first1=R. |title=The Imperial Gazetteer of India |last2=Lee-Warner |first2=William |last3=Carnduff |first3=H. W. C. |last4=Maclagan |first4=E. D. |last5=Walker |first5=G. H. D. |last6=Collen |first6=Edwin |last7=Nathan |last8=Bythel |first8=W. J. |last9=Hemming |first9=T. H. |publisher=The Claredon Press |others=Assistance by A. W. Alcock |year=1908 |location=Oxford |ref={{harvid|Nathan|1908}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Raugh |first=Harold E. |title=The Victorians at war, 1815–1914: an encyclopaedia of British military history |publisher=s |year=2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Robson |first=Brian |title=The Road to Kabul |publisher=Spellmount |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86227-416-7 |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roger |first=Alexander |title=Battle Honours of the British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces 1662–1991 |publisher=Crowood Press |year=2003 |isbn=1-86126-637-5 |location=Marlborough}}
* {{Cite book |last=Spilsbury |first=Julian |title=The Indian Mutiny |publisher=Orion Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=9780297856306 |location=Jouve, France |pages=9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sumner |first=Ian |title=The Indian Army 1914-1947 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |others=Illustrated by Mike Chappell |year=2001 |isbn=1-84176-196-6 |location=UK}}
* {{Cite book |last=Weeks |first=John |title=World War II Small Arms |publisher=Galahad Books |year=1979 |isbn=0-88365-403-2 |location=New York}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Barua |first=Pradeep |date=1997 |title=Strategies and Doctrines of Imperial Defence: Britain and India, 1919–45 |journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=240–266|doi=10.1080/03086539708583000 }}
* {{cite journal |jstor=2943173 |title=The Untouchable Soldier: Caste, Politics, and the Indian Army |first=Stephen P. |last=Cohen |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=28 |issue=3 |date=May 1969 |pages=453–468 |doi=10.2307/2943173}} {{subscription required}}
* {{cite book |last1=Collen |first1=Edwin H. H. |author-link=Edwin Henry Hayter Collen |title=The Empire and the century |date=1905 |publisher=John Murray |location=London|chapter = [[s:The Empire and the century/The Indian Army|The Indian Army]] |pages=663–81}}
* {{Cite book|last=Duckers|first=Peter|year=2003|title=The British Indian Army 1860–1914|publisher=Shire Books|isbn=978-0-7478-0550-2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Farrington |first=Anthony |title=Guide to the records of the India Office Military Department, India Office Library and Records |year=1982 |publisher=India Office Library and Records |isbn=978-0-903359-30-6}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Partha Sarathi |title=The British Raj and its Indian Armed Forces, 1857–1939 |last2=Deshpanda |first2=Anirudh |last3=Yong |first3=Tan Tai |last4=Sundaram |first4=Chander S. |last5=Roy |first5=Kaushik |last6=Kaul |first6=Vivien Ashima |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0195658051 |location=New Delhi |pages=98–124}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Guy|first1=Alan J.|last2=Boyden|first2=Peter B.|year=1997|title=Soldiers of the Raj, The Indian Army 1600–1947|publisher=National Army Museum Chelsea}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heathcote |first=T. A. |title=The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947 |publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1995 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=Richard |title=Sahib the British Soldier in India, 1750–1914 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Rose |first=Patrick |title=The Indian Army 1939–47: Experience and Development |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |isbn=978-1138110069 |editor-last=Jeffreys |editor-first=Alan |edition=1st}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mason |first=Philip |title=A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men |publisher=Macmillan |year=1974}}
* {{cite book|last=McCosh|first=John |author-link=John McCosh|title=[[s:Advice to Officers in India|Advice to Officers in India]]|year=1856|publisher=Wm. H. Allen & Co.|location=London|edition=revised}}
* {{Cite book |last=Omissi |first=David |title=The Sepoy and the Raj: The Indian Army, 1860–1940 |publisher=Macmillan |year=1994 |location=London}}
* Roy, Pinaki. “''Black Peepers who charged'': Remembering the British-Indian Military Personnel of the Two World Wars”. ''Modernity of India: Ambiguities and Deformities''. Eds. Sarkar, A.K., K. Chakraborty, and M. Dutta. [[Kolkata]]: Setu Prakashani, 2014 ({{ISBN|978-93-80677-68-2}}). pp. 181–96.

===Primary sources===
* Cross, J. P., and Buddhiman Gurung, eds. ''Gurkhas at War in Their Own Words: The Gurkha Experience 1939 to the Present'' (London: Greenhill, 2002),
* [[John Masters|Masters, John]] (1956). ''Bugles and a Tiger'': Viking. (autobiographical account of his service as a junior British officer in a Gurkha regiment in the years leading up to World War II)
* Omissi, David E. ed. ''Indian Voices of the Great War: Soldiers' Letters, 1914–18'' (1999)
* Francis J Short. Stories from the British Indian Army (2015)

==External links==
{{Commons category|British Indian Army}}

* [http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk British Military History – Including British Indian Army during WW2]
* [http://www.king-emperor.com The Indian Army 1900–1939]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705054201/http://king-emperor.com/ |date=5 July 2019 }}.
* [https://play.acast.com/s/wehaveways/the-indian-army The Indian Army] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324052935/https://play.acast.com/s/wehaveways/the-indian-army |date=24 March 2023 }} – talk by Rob Lyman on WWII Indian Army at We Have Ways Festival

{{India topics}}

{{authority control}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2024}}

[[Category:Military of British India|Army, Historical]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1857]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the British Empire in World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of India during World War II]]
[[Category:1857 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan military relations]]

Panchatantra

2026-03-14T17:06:57Z

Completegurus: brief enhanced page to improve readability additionally

{{short description|Ancient Sanskrit text of fables from India}}
{{About|}}
{{distinguish|Pancharatra}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Panchatantra page.jpg|thumb|The first page of oldest surviving Panchatantra text in Sanskrit<ref>Hertel, Johannes (1915), [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/pst.000002343747 The Panchatantra : a collection of ancient Hindu tales in its oldest recension, the Kashmirian, entitled Tantrakhyayika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830215021/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000002343747 |date=30 August 2024 }}, Harvard University Press, p. 1.</ref>]]
[[File:18th century Panchatantra manuscript page, the talkative turtle.jpg|thumb|An 18th-century ''Pancatantra'' manuscript page in Braj ("The Talkative Turtle")]]

[[File:Mendhut-Tantri02.jpg|thumb|A ''Panchatantra'' [[relief]] at the [[Mendut]] temple, [[Central Java]], Indonesia]]

The '''''Panchatantra''''' ([[IAST]] and [[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Pañcatantra; {{langx|sa|पञ्चतन्त्र}}; {{lit|Five Treatises}}) is an ancient [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] collection of interrelated [[animal fable]]s in [[Sanskrit]] verse and prose, arranged within a [[frame story]].<ref name=pancatantrabrit>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panchatantra-Indian-literature Panchatantra: Indian Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529071119/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Panchatantra-Indian-literature |date=29 May 2023 }}, Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> The text's author is unknown, but it has been attributed to [[Vishnu Sharma]] in some [[recension]]s and [[Vasubhaga]] in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names.<ref name="Olivelle1999xii"/> It is likely a [[Hindu texts|Hindu text]],<ref name="Olivelle1999xii"/><ref>{{cite book|author1=Paul Waldau|author2=Kimberley Patton|title=A Communion of Subjects: Animals in Religion, Science, and Ethics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k6rAgAAQBAJ |date=22 May 2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13643-3|pages=186, 680}}, Quote: "Pancatantra (Hindu text)..."</ref> and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine".<ref>[http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive/Monograph36.pdf Doris Lessing, ''Problems, Myths and Stories''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509185027/http://www.i-c-r.org.uk/publications/monographarchive/Monograph36.pdf |date=9 May 2016 }}, London: Institute for Cultural Research Monograph Series No. 36, 1999, p. 13</ref>

It is "certainly the most frequently translated literary product of India",<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=LHS-rHrE6PEC&pg=PA17&dq=%22most+frequently+translated%22 Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830214842/https://books.google.com/books?id=LHS-rHrE6PEC&pg=PA17&dq=%22most+frequently+translated%22#v=onepage&q=%22most%20frequently%20translated%22&f=false |date=30 August 2024 }}, {{Harvnb|Olivelle|2006}}, quoting {{Harvnb|Edgerton|1924}}.</ref> and these stories are among the most widely known in the world.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}, Translator's introduction: "The Panchatantra contains the most widely known stories in the world. If it were further declared that the Panchatantra is the best collection of stories in the world, the assertion could hardly be disproved, and would probably command the assent of those possessing the knowledge for a judgment."</ref> It goes by many names in many cultures. There is a version of ''Panchatantra'' in nearly every major language of India, and in addition there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world.<ref name="Olivelle2009x"/> One version reached Europe in the 11th century.<ref name=pancatantrabrit/> To quote {{Harvtxt|Edgerton|1924}}:<ref>{{Harvnb|Edgerton|1924|p=3}}. The word "workt" has been changed to conventional spelling.</ref>
{{blockquote|...before 1600 it existed in [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], German, English, [[Old Church Slavonic|Old Slavonic]], [[Czech language|Czech]], and perhaps other [[Slavonic language]]s. Its range has extended from Java to Iceland... [In India,] it has been worked over and over again, expanded, abstracted, turned into verse, retold in prose, translated into medieval and modern vernaculars, and retranslated into Sanskrit. And most of the stories contained in it have "gone down" into the folklore of the story-loving Hindus, whence they reappear in the collections of oral tales gathered by modern students of folk-stories.}}

The earliest known translation, into a non-Indian language, is in [[Middle Persian]] (Pahlavi, 550 CE) by [[Borzūya|Burzoe]].<ref name=pancatantrabrit/><ref name="Olivelle2009x"/> This became the basis for a [[Syriac language|Syriac]] translation as '''''Kalilag and Damnag'''''<ref>{{Harvnb|Falconer|1885}}</ref> and a translation into Arabic in 750 CE by [[Persian people|Persian]] scholar [[Ibn al-Muqaffa'|Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa]] as '''''[[Kalīla wa-Dimna|Kalīlah wa Dimnah]]'''''.<ref>{{Harvnb|Knatchbull|1819}}</ref> A [[Persian language|New Persian]] version by [[Rudaki]], from the 9th-10th century CE, became known as ''Kalīleh o Demneh''.{{sfn|Wood|2008}} Rendered in prose by [[Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah]] Monshi in 1143 CE, this was the basis of Kashefi's 15th-century ''Anvār-i Suhaylī'' (The Lights of [[Canopus]]),<ref>{{Harvnb|Eastwick|1854}}, {{Harvnb|Wollaston|1877}}, {{Harvnb|Wilkinson|1930}},</ref> which in turn was translated into ''Humayun-namah'' in Turkish.<ref name=pancatantrabrit/> The book is also known as '''''The Fables of Bidpai''''' (or ''Pilpai'' in various European languages, ''Vidyapati'' in Sanskrit) or ''The Morall Philosophie of Doni'' (English, 1570).<ref name="Jacobs">{{Harvnb|Jacobs|1888}}</ref><ref>''The Fables of Pilpay'', facsimile reprint of the 1775 edition, Darf Publishers, London 1987</ref><ref name=pancatantrabrit/> Most European versions of the text are derivative works of the 12th-century Hebrew version of ''Panchatantra'' by Rabbi Joel.<ref name=pancatantrabrit/> In Germany, its translation in 1480 by {{ill|Anton von Pforr|de|Antonius von Pforr}} has been widely read.<ref name="Alexander2006p157"/> Several versions of the text are also found in Indonesia, where it is titled as '''''Tantri Kamandaka''''', ''Tantravakya'' or ''Candapingala'' and consists of 360 fables.<ref name=pancatantrabrit/><ref name= Venkatasubbiah>A. Venkatasubbiah (1966), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694200 A Javanese version of the Pancatantra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529071119/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694200 |date=29 May 2023 }}, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 47, No. 1/4 (1966), pp. 59–100</ref> In Laos, a version is called '''''Nandaka-prakarana''''', while in Thailand it has been referred to as '''''Nang Tantrai'''''.<ref name=Venkatasubbiah/><ref>{{cite book|author=Anthony Kennedy Warder|title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The art of storytelling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC |year=1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3|pages=77–84}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Francisca Cho|title=Seeing Like the Buddha: Enlightenment through Film|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jEkSDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53|year=2017|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-6440-4|pages=53–54}}, Quote: "the Thai collection of stories called the Nang Tantrai features, which are based on the third century BCE Indian collection of animal fables known as the Pancatantra"</ref>

==Author and chronology==
The prelude section of the ''Panchatantra'' identifies an octogenarian [[Brahmin]] named [[Vishnu Sharma|Vishnusharma]] ([[IAST]]: Viṣṇuśarman) as its author.<ref name="Olivelle1999xii">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|author-link=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xii–xiii}}</ref><ref name="Alexander2006p157">{{cite book|author=Konrad Meisig|editor=Vera Alexander|title=Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries: India and Its Diaspora(s)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCz682epff8C&pg=PA157|year=2006|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9210-4|pages=157–161}}</ref> He is stated to be teaching the principles of good government to three princes of Amarasakti. It is unclear, states [[Patrick Olivelle]], a professor of Sanskrit and Indian religions, if Vishnusharma was a real person or himself a literary invention. Some South Indian recensions of the text, as well as Southeast Asian versions of ''Panchatantra'' attribute the text to Vasubhaga, states Olivelle.<ref name="Olivelle1999xii"/> Based on the content and mention of the same name in other texts dated to ancient and medieval era centuries, most scholars agree that Vishnusharma is a fictitious name. Olivelle and other scholars state that regardless of who the author was, it is likely "the author was a Hindu, and not a Buddhist, nor Jain", but it is unlikely that the author was a devotee of Hindu god [[Vishnu]] because the text neither expresses any sentiments against other [[Hindu deities]] such as [[Shiva]], [[Indra]] and others, nor does it avoid invoking them with reverence.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|author-link=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xii–xiii, 5–6, 54, 122–123, 135, 166–167}}</ref><ref>Johannes Hertel (1915), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000002343747;view=1up;seq=10 The Panchatantra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153644/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000002343747;view=1up;seq=10 |date=8 March 2021 }}, Harvard University Press, Editor: Charles Lanman (Harvard Oriental Series Vol. 14), p. ix, Quote: "This volume contains the Sanskrit text of the Tantrakhyayika or Panchatantra, a collection of ancient Hindu tales in its oldest extant form. (...) The Panchatantra, he adds, is not only the oldest extant work of Hindu artistic fiction, but it is (...)".</ref>

Various locations where the text was composed have been proposed but this has been controversial. Some of the proposed locations include [[Kashmir]], Southwestern or [[South India]].<ref name="Olivelle1999xii"/> The text's original language was likely Sanskrit. Though the text is now known as ''Panchatantra'', the title found in old manuscript versions varies regionally, and includes names such as ''Tantrakhyayika'', ''Panchakhyanaka'', ''Panchakhyana'' and ''Tantropakhyana''. The suffix ''akhyayika'' and ''akhyanaka'' mean "little story" or "little story book" in Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|author-link=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-BQj8cz0vvMC|year=1999|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-283988-6|pages=xiii–xiv}}</ref>

The text was translated into [[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]] in 550 CE, which forms the latest limit of the text's existence. The earliest limit is uncertain. It quotes identical verses from ''Arthasastra'', which is broadly accepted to have been completed by the early centuries of the common era. According to Olivelle, "the current scholarly consensus places the ''Panchatantra'' around 300 CE, although we should remind ourselves that this is only an educated guess".<ref name="Olivelle1999xii"/> [[Johannes Hertel]] had dated the work to around 200 BC, stating that individual fables by this time were already ancient.<ref>{{Harvnb|Jacobs|1888}}, Introduction, p. xv; {{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}, Translator's introduction, quoting Hertel: "the original work was composed in Kashmir, about 200 B.C. At this date, however, many of the individual stories were already ancient."</ref> The text quotes from older genre of Indian literature, and legends with anthropomorphic animals are found in more ancient texts dated to the early centuries of the 1st millennium BCE such as the chapter 4.1 of the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|pages=xi–xii}}</ref> According to Gillian Adams, Panchatantra may be a product of the [[Vedic period]], but its age cannot be ascertained with confidence because "the original Sanskrit version has been lost".<ref>Gillian Adams (2004) and Ruth Bottigheimer (2004), ''International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature'', p. 233</ref>

==Content==
{{For|lists of stories in the Panchatantra|List of Panchatantra stories}}
{{Quote box
|quote =
<poem>
What is learning whose attaining,
Sees no passion wane, no reigning
Love and self-control?
Does not make the mind a menial,
Finds in virtue no congenial
Path and final goal?
Whose attaining is but straining
For a name, and never gaining
Fame or peace of soul?
</poem>
|source = —''Panchatantra: Smart, The Jackal'' Book 1: The Loss of Friends Translator: [[Arthur William Ryder]]<ref>Arthur William Ryder (1925), [https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n15/mode/2up ''The Panchatantra''], University of Chicago Press, pp. 10, 170</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = right
}}
The ''Panchatantra'' is a series of inter-woven fables, many of which deploy metaphors of [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphized]] animals with human virtues and vices.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}, Translator's introduction: "Thus, the lion is strong but dull of wit, the jackal crafty, the heron stupid, the cat a hypocrite. The animal actors present, far more vividly and more urbanely than men could do, the view of life here recommended—a view shrewd, undeceived, and free of all sentimentality; a view that, piercing the humbug of every false ideal, reveals with incomparable wit the sources of lasting joy." See also {{Harvnb|Olivelle|2006|pages=26–31}}</ref> Its narrative illustrates, for the benefit of three ignorant princes, the central Hindu principles of ''nīti''.<ref>For this reason, Ramsay Wood considers it an early precursor of the [[mirrors for princes]] genre.</ref> While ''nīti'' is hard to translate, it roughly means prudent worldly conduct, or "the wise conduct of life".<ref name=niti>{{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}, Translator's introduction: "The ''Panchatantra'' is a ''niti-shastra'', or textbook of ''niti''. The word ''niti'' means roughly "the wise conduct of life." No precise equivalent of the term is found in English, French, Latin, or Greek. Many words are therefore necessary to explain what ''niti'' is, though the idea, once grasped, is clear, important, and satisfying."</ref>

Apart from a short introduction, it consists of five parts. Each part contains a main story, called the [[frame story]], which in turn contains several embedded stories, as one character narrates a story to another. Often these stories contain further embedded stories.<ref>{{Harvnb|Edgerton|1924|p=4}}</ref><ref name=olivelle2009xv/> The stories operate like a succession of [[Matryoshka doll|Russian dolls]], [[Story within a story|one narrative opening within another]], sometimes three or four deep. Besides the stories, the characters also quote various epigrammatic verses to make their point.<ref>{{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}, Translator's introduction: "These verses are for the most part quoted from sacred writings or other sources of dignity and authority. It is as if the animals in some English beast-fable were to justify their actions by quotations from Shakespeare and the Bible. These wise verses make the real character of the ''Panchatantra''. The stories are charming when regarded as pure narrative, but it is the beauty, wisdom, and wit of the verses which lift the ''Panchatantra'' far above the level of the best story-books."</ref>

The five books have their own subtitles.<ref name=ryder1/>
{| class="wikitable" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ ''Panchatantra''
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=100px style="background: #ffad66;" | Book subtitle
|Translation
| width=250px style="background: #ffad66;" | Ryder's translation<ref name=ryder1/>
| width= 250px style="background: #ffad66;" | Olivelle's translation<ref name="Olivelle2009vii">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955575-8|pages=vii–viii}}</ref>
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 1. ''Mitra-bheda''
|Dissonance Among Friends
| The Loss of Friends
| On Causing Dissension among Allies
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 2. ''Mitra-lābha''
|Achievement of friend(s) (Advantages of friendship)
| The Winning of Friends
| On Securing Allies
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 3. ''Kākolūkīyam''
|The story of Crows and Owls
| On Crows and Owls
| On War and Peace: The story of the crows and the owls
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 4. ''Labdhapraṇāśam''
|Loss of what (desired) was attained.
| Loss of Gains
| On Losing What You have Gained
|-style="text-align: center;"
| style="background: #ffdd66;" | 5. ''Aparīkṣitakārakaṃ''
|To do without pre-examination
| Ill-Considered Action
| On Hasty Actions
|-
|}

===Book 1: ''Mitra-bheda''===
{{Quote box
|quote =
<poem>
If loving kindness be not shown,
to friends and souls in pain,
to teachers, servants, and one's self,
what use in life, what gain?
</poem>
|source = —''Panchatantra, Book 1'' Translator: [[Arthur William Ryder]]<ref>Arthur William Ryder (1925), [https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n31/mode/2up The Panchatantra], University of Chicago Press, p. 26</ref>
|bgcolor=#FFE0BB
|align = left
}}
The first treatise features a jackal named Damanaka, as the unemployed minister in a kingdom ruled by a lion. He, along with his moralizing sidekick named Karataka, conspire to break up alliances and friendships of the lion king. A series of fables describe the conspiracies and causes that lead to close and inseparable friends breaking up.<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|pages= xviii–xix}}</ref>

The Book 1 contains over thirty fables, with the version Arthur Ryder translated containing 34: The Loss of Friends, The Wedge-Pulling Monkey, The Jackal and the War-Drum, Merchant Strong-Tooth, Godly and June, The Jackal at the Ram-Fight, The Weaver's Wife, How the Crow-Hen Killed the Black Snake, The Heron that Liked Crab-Meat, Numskull and the Rabbit, The Weaver Who Loved a Princess, The Ungrateful Man, Leap and Creep, The Blue Jackal, Passion and the Owl, Ugly's Trust Abused, The Lion and the Carpenter, The Plover Who Fought the Ocean, Shell-Neck Slim and Grim, Forethought Readywit and Fatalist, The Duel Between Elephant and Sparrow, The Shrewd Old Gander, The Lion and the Ram, Smart the Jackal, The Monk Who Left His Body Behind, The Girl Who Married a Snake, Poor Blossom, The Unteachable Monkey, Right-Mind and Wrong-Mind, A Remedy Worse than the Disease, The Mice That Ate Iron, The Results of Education, The Sensible Enemy, The Foolish Friend.<ref name=ryder1>Arthur Ryder (1925), [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/panchatantra_ryder/index.html The Panchatantra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529071124/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/panchatantra_ryder/index.html |date=29 May 2023 }}, Columbia University archives, Book 1</ref>

It is the longest of the five books, making up roughly 45% of the work's length.<ref name=Olivelle23/>

===Book 2: ''Mitra-samprāpti''===
The second treatise is quite different in structure than the remaining books, states Olivelle, as it does not truly embed fables. It is a collection of adventures of four characters: a crow (scavenger, not a predator, airborne habits), a mouse (tiny, underground habits), a turtle (slow, water habits) and a deer (a grazing animal viewed by other animals as prey, land habits). The overall focus of the book is the reverse of the first book. Its theme is to emphasize the importance of friendships, team work, and alliances. It teaches, "weak animals with very different skills, working together can accomplish what they cannot when they work alone", according to Olivelle.<ref name=olivellexix>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|page= xix, 71–104}}</ref> United through their cooperation and in their mutual support, the fables describe how they are able to outwit all external threats and prosper.<ref name=olivellexix/>

The second book contains ten fables: The Winning of Friends, The Bharunda Birds, Gold's Gloom, Mother Shandilee's Bargain, Self-defeating Forethought, Mister Duly, Soft, the Weaver, Hang-Ball and Greedy, The Mice That Set Elephant Free, Spot's Captivity.<ref name=ryder1/>

Book 2 makes up about 22% of the total length.<ref name=Olivelle23>{{Harvnb|Olivelle|2006|p=23}}</ref>

===Book 3: ''Kākolūkīyam''===
[[File:18th century Panchatantra manuscript page, The Birds Try to Beat Down the Ocean.jpg|thumb|A ''Panchatantra'' manuscript page]]
The third treatise discusses war and peace, presenting through animal characters a moral about the battle of wits being a strategic means to neutralize a vastly superior opponent's army. The thesis in this treatise is that a battle of wits is a more potent force than a battle of swords.<ref name=olivellexx>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|page= xx, 105–145}}</ref> The choice of animals embeds a metaphor of a war between [[good and evil|good versus evil]], and light versus darkness. Crows are good, weaker and smaller in number and are creatures of the day (light), while owls are presented as evil, numerous and stronger creatures of the night (darkness).<ref name=olivellexx/> The crow king listens to the witty and wise counsel of Ciramjivin, while the owl king ignores the counsel of Raktaksa. The good crows win.<ref name=olivellexx/>

The fables in the third book, as well as others, do not strictly limit to matters of war and peace. Some present fables that demonstrate how different characters have different needs and motives, which is subjectively rational from each character's viewpoint, and that addressing these needs can empower peaceful relationships even if they start off in a different way.<ref name=olivellexx/> For example, in the fable ''The Old Man the Young Wife'', the text relates a story wherein an old man marries a young woman from a penniless family.<ref name=ryder341>Arthur William Ryder (1925), [https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n343/mode/2up The Panchatantra], University of Chicago Press, pp. 341–343</ref> The young woman detests his appearance so much that she refuses to even look at him let alone consummate their marriage.<ref name="Haase2007"/> One night, while she sleeps in the same bed with her back facing the old man, a thief enters their house. She is scared, turns over, and for security embraces the man. This thrills every limb of the old man. He feels grateful to the thief for making his young wife hold him at last. The aged man rises and profusely thanks the thief, requesting the intruder to take whatever he desires.<ref name=ryder341/><ref name="Haase2007">{{cite book|author=D.L. Ashliman|editor=Donald Haase|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w9KEk9wQPjkC&pg=PR1|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood |isbn=978-0-313-04947-7|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|pages= xxxviii, 126–127}}</ref>

The third book contains eighteen fables in Ryder translation: Crows and Owls, How the Birds Picked a King, How the Rabbit Fooled the Elephant, The Cat's Judgment, The Brahmin's Goat, The Snake and the Ants, The Snake Who Paid Cash, The Unsocial Swans, The Self-sacrificing Dove, The Old Man with the Young Wife, The Brahmin, The Thief and the Ghost, The Snake in the Prince's Belly, The Gullible Carpenter, Mouse-Maid Made Mouse, The Bird with Golden Dung, The Cave That Talked, The Frog That Rode Snakeback, The Butter-blinded Brahmin.<ref name=ryder1/>

This is about 26% of the total length.<ref name=Olivelle23/>

===Book 4: ''Labdhapraṇāśam''===
The book four of the ''Panchatantra'' is a simpler compilation of ancient moral-filled fables. These, states Olivelle, teach messages such as "a bird in hand is worth two in the bush".<ref name=olivellexxi/> They caution the reader to avoid succumbing to peer pressure and cunning intent wrapped in soothing words. The book is different from the first three, in that the earlier books give positive examples of ethical behavior offering examples and actions "to do". In contrast, book four presents negative examples with consequences, offering examples and actions "to avoid, to watch out for".<ref name=olivellexxi>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|page= xx-xxi, 146–154}}</ref>

The fourth book contains thirteen fables in Ryder translation: Loss of Gains, The Monkey and the Crocodile, Handsome and Theodore, Flop-Ear and Dusty, The Potter Militant, The Jackal Who Killed No Elephants, The Ungrateful Wife, King Joy and Secretary Splendor, The Ass in the Tiger-Skin, The Farmer's Wife, The Pert Hen-Sparrow, How Supersmart Ate the Elephant, The Dog Who Went Abroad.<ref name=ryder1/>

Book 4, along with Book 5, is very short. Together the last two books constitute about 7% of the total text.<ref name=olivelle2009xv>{{cite book|author= Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|pages= xiv–xv}}</ref>

===Book 5: ''Aparīkṣitakārakaṃ''===
[[File:MongooseCobraKipling.jpg|thumb|Book 5 of the ''Panchatantra'' includes a story about a mongoose and a snake, which was likely an inspiration for the story "[[Rikki-Tikki-Tavi]]" by Rudyard Kipling.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Montefiore|title=In Time's Eye: Essays on Rudyard Kipling|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbWkDAAAQBAJ|year=2013|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-1129-6|pages=132–134|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629164215/https://books.google.com/books?id=FbWkDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Book five of the text is, like book four, a simpler compilation of moral-filled fables. These also present negative examples with consequences, offering examples and actions for the reader to ponder, avoid, and watch out for. The lessons in this last book include "get facts, be patient, don't act in haste then regret later", "don't build castles in the air".<ref name=olivelle155>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|page= xx-xxi, 155–159}}</ref> The book five is also unusual in that almost all its characters are humans, unlike the first four where the characters are predominantly anthropomorphized animals. According to Olivelle, it may be that the text's ancient author sought to bring the reader out of the fantasy world of talking and pondering animals into the realities of the human world.<ref name=olivelle155/>

The fifth book contains twelve fables about hasty actions or jumping to conclusions without establishing facts and proper due diligence. In Ryder translation, they are: Ill-considered Action, The Loyal Mongoose, The Four Treasure-Seekers, The Lion-Makers, Hundred-Wit Thousand-Wit and Single-Wit, The Musical Donkey, Slow the Weaver, The Brahman's Dream, The Unforgiving Monkey, The Credulous Fiend, The Three-Breasted Princess, The Fiend Who Washed His Feet.<ref name=ryder1/>

One of the fables in this book is the story of [[The Brahmin and the Mongoose|a woman and a mongoose]]. She leaves her child with a [[mongoose]] friend. When she returns, she sees blood on the mongoose's mouth, and kills the friend, believing the animal killed her child. The woman discovers her child alive, and learns that the blood on the mongoose mouth came from it biting the snake while defending her child from the snake's attack. She regrets having killed the friend because of her hasty action.

==Links with other fables==
The fables of ''Panchatantra'' are found in numerous world languages. It is also considered partly the origin of European secondary works, such as folk tale motifs found in [[Boccaccio]], [[La Fontaine's Fables|La Fontaine]] and the works of [[Grimm Brothers]].<ref name=meisig157/><ref>Dan Ben-Amos (2010), Introduction: The European Fairy-Tale Tradition between Orality and Literacy, Journal of American Folklore, Volume 123, Number 490, Fall 2010, pp. 373-376</ref> For a while, this had led to the hypothesis that popular worldwide animal-based fables had origins in India and the Middle East.<ref name=meisig157/> According to Max Muller,

{{Blockquote|
Sanskrit literature is very rich in fables and stories; no other literature can vie with it in that respect; nay, it is extremely likely that fables, in particular animal fables, had their principal source in India.
|[[Max Muller]]|On the Migration of Fables<ref name=muller10429/>}}

This monocausal hypothesis has now been generally discarded in favor of polygenetic hypothesis which states that fable motifs had independent origins in many ancient human cultures, some of which have common roots and some influenced by co-sharing of fables. The shared fables implied morals that appealed to communities separated by large distances and these fables were therefore retained, transmitted over human generations with local variations.<ref name=meisig157>{{cite book|author=Konrad Meisig|editor=Vera Alexander|title=Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries: India and Its Diaspora(s)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MCz682epff8C&pg=PA157| year=2006|publisher= LIT Verlag Münster|isbn= 978-3-8258-9210-4|pages=157–160 with footnotes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Niklas Bengtsson|editor=Roger D. Sell|title=Children's Literature as Communication |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3b09AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |year=2002|publisher=John Benjamins|isbn=978-90-272-9729-7|pages=29–32}}</ref> However, many post-medieval era authors explicitly credit their inspirations to texts such as "Bidpai" and "Pilpay, the Indian sage" that are known to be based on the ''Panchatantra''.<ref name=muller10429>{{cite book|author=Max Muller|author-link=Max Muller|editor=Charles Dudley Warner|title=A Library of the World's Best Literature – Ancient and Modern – Vol. XXVI (Forty-Five Volumes); Moli Re-Myths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzW0AJJkAnIC&pg=PA10429 |year=2008|publisher=Cosimo |isbn=978-1-60520-216-7|pages= 10429–10432}}</ref>

According to Niklas Bengtsson, even though India being the exclusive original source of animal fables is no longer taken seriously, the ancient classic ''Panchatantra'', "which new folklore research continues to illuminate, was certainly the first work ever written down for children, and this in itself means that the Indian influence has been enormous [on fables around the world], not only on the genres of fables and fairy tales, but on those genres as taken up in children's literature".<ref>{{cite book|author=Niklas Bengtsson|editor=Roger D. Sell|title=Children's Literature as Communication |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3b09AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |year=2002|publisher= John Benjamins|isbn=978-90-272-9729-7|pages=29–30}}</ref> According to Adams and Bottigheimer, the fables of ''Panchatantra'' are known in at least 38 languages around the world in 112 versions by Jacob's old estimate, and its relationship with Mesopotamian and Greek fables is hotly debated in part because the original manuscripts of all three ancient texts have not survived.<ref>Gillian Adams (2004) and Ruth Bottigheimer (2004), International Companion Encyclopedia of Children's Literature, pp. 233, 271-272, 314</ref> Olivelle states that there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world, in addition to a version in nearly every major language of India.<ref name="Olivelle2009x">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year= 2009|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-955575-8|pages= ix–x}}</ref>

Scholars have noted the strong similarity between a few of the stories in ''The Panchatantra'' and ''[[Aesop's Fables]]''. Examples are ''[[The Ass in the Lion's Skin|The Ass in the Panther's Skin]]'' and ''[[The Deer without a Heart|The Ass without Heart and Ears]]''.<ref name=e1965>''The Panchatantra'' translated in 1924 from the Sanskrit by Franklin Edgerton, George Allen and Unwin, London 1965 ("Edition for the General Reader"), p. 13</ref> ''The Broken Pot'' is similar to Aesop's ''[[The Milkmaid and Her Pail]]'',<ref>They are both classified as [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type1430.html folktales of Aarne-Thompson-Uther type 1430] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114110832/http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type1430.html |date=14 November 2017 }} "about daydreams of wealth and fame".</ref> ''The Gold-Giving Snake'' is similar to Aesop's ''The Man and the Serpent'' and ''Le Paysan et Dame serpent'' by [[Marie de France]] (''Fables'')<ref>They are both classified as [http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0285d.html folktales of Aarne-Thompson type 285D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121165612/http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/type0285d.html |date=21 November 2017 }}.</ref> Other well-known stories include ''[[The Tortoise and The Geese]]'' and ''[[The Tiger, the Brahmin and the Jackal]]''. Similar animal fables are found in most cultures of the world, although some [[folklorists]] view India as the prime source.<ref>{{citation|author=K D Upadhyaya|title=The Classification and Chief Characteristics of Indian (Hindi) Folk-Tales}}: "It is only in the fitness of things that Professors Hertel and Benfey should regard this land as the prime source of fables and fiction."</ref><ref>{{citation | year=1996 | title='Because it gives me peace of mind': Ritual Fasts in the Religious Lives of Hindu Women | author1=Anne Mackenzie Pearson | publisher=SUNY Press | isbn=978-0-7914-3037-8 | page=279 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux5pLOqzzBkC&q=pancatantra&pg=PA279 | access-date=18 November 2020 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830214842/https://books.google.com/books?id=ux5pLOqzzBkC&q=pancatantra&pg=PA279#v=snippet&q=pancatantra&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Panchatantra'' has been a source of the world's fable literature.<ref>''Funk and Wagnalls Standard Dictionary of Folklore Mythology and Legend'' (1975), p. 842</ref>

The French fabulist [[Jean de La Fontaine]] acknowledged his indebtedness to the work in the introduction to his Second Fables:
:"This is a second book of fables that I present to the public... I have to acknowledge that the greatest part is inspired from Pilpay, an Indian Sage".<ref>("Je dirai par reconnaissance que j'en dois la plus grande partie à Pilpay sage indien") Avertissement to the Second Compilation of Fables, 1678, Jean de La Fontaine</ref>

''The Panchatantra'' is the origin also of several stories in ''[[Arabian Nights]]'', ''[[Sindbad]]'', and of many Western nursery rhymes and ballads.<ref name=thane/>

==Origins and function==
[[File:Panchatantra-jackal-bull.png|thumb|The evil jackal Damanaka meets the innocent bull Sañjīvaka. Indian painting, 1610.]]

In the Indian tradition, ''The Panchatantra'' is a {{IAST|nītiśāstra}}. ''Nīti'' can be roughly translated as "the wise conduct of life"<ref name=niti/> and a ''[[Shastra|śāstra]]'' is a technical or scientific treatise; thus it is considered a treatise on political science and human conduct. Its literary sources are "the expert tradition of political science and the folk and literary traditions of storytelling". It draws from the [[Dharma]] [[Puruṣārtha|and]] [[Artha]] ''śāstra''s, quoting them extensively.<ref name=olivelle18/> It is also explained that ''nīti'' "represents an admirable attempt to answer the insistent question how to win the utmost possible joy from life in the world of men" and that ''nīti'' is "the harmonious development of the powers of man, a life in which security, prosperity, resolute action, friendship, and good learning are so combined to produce joy".<ref name=niti/>

''The Panchatantra'' shares many stories in common with the Buddhist [[Jataka tales]], purportedly told by the historical [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] before his death around 400 BCE. As the scholar Patrick Olivelle writes, "It is clear that the Buddhists did not invent the stories. [...] It is quite uncertain whether the author of [the Panchatantra] borrowed his stories from the ''Jātaka''s or the ''Mahābhārata'', or whether he was tapping into a common treasury of tales, both oral and literary, of ancient India."<ref name=olivelle18/> Many scholars believe the tales were based on earlier oral folk traditions, which were finally written down, although there is no conclusive evidence.<ref>Bedekar: "Its probable relation to early folk and oral tradition of storytelling in India has been suggested by many. Rather, it is fashionable to make such statements that 'Panchatantra' and allied Katha literature in India had their origin in early folk stories. However, not a single credible evidence has been produced till this date, other than lengthy discussions on hypothetical assumptions."</ref> In the early 20th century, [[W. Norman Brown]] found that many folk tales in India appeared to be borrowed from literary sources and not vice versa.<ref>[[W. Norman Brown|Brown, Norman W.]] 1919. "'The Panchatantra' in Modern Indian Folklore", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society,'' Vol 39, pp 1 & 17: "It is doubtless true that in the remote past many stories had their origin among the illiterate folk, often in pre-literary times, and were later taken into literature. It is also just as true that many stories that appear in literature existed there first and are not indebted to the folklore for their origin. But leaving aside questions concerning the early history of Hindu stories and dealing strictly with modern Indian fiction, we find that folklore has frequently taken its material from literature. This process has been so extensive that of the 3000 tales so far reported, all of which have been collected during the past fifty years, at least half can be shown to be derived from literary sources. [...] This table affords considerable evidence in support of the theory that it is the folk tales and not the literary tales that are borrowed.</ref>

[[File:Nalanda Temple 2 ei7-42.jpg|thumb|left|Panchatantra illustration in Nalanda Temple, 7th century CE (Turtle and the Geese)]]
An early Western scholar who studied ''The Panchatantra'' was Dr. [[Johannes Hertel]], who thought the book had a [[Machiavelli]]an character. Similarly, Edgerton noted that "the so-called 'morals' of the stories have no bearing on morality; they are unmoral, and often immoral. They glorify shrewdness and practical wisdom, in the affairs of life, and especially of politics, of government."<ref name=e1965/> Other scholars dismiss this assessment as one-sided, and view the stories as teaching {{IAST|dharma}}, or proper moral conduct.<ref>{{citation | last=Falk|first=H. | title=Quellen des Pañcatantra | year=1978 | pages=173–188}}</ref> Also:<ref>{{citation | year=1996 | title=Comparative ethics in Hindu and Buddhist traditions | author1=Roderick Hindery | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn=978-81-208-0866-9 | page=166 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&q=roguery&pg=PA166 | access-date=18 November 2020 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830215001/https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&q=roguery&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q=roguery&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>
{{blockquote|On the surface, the Pañcatantra presents stories and sayings which favor the outwitting of roguery, and practical intelligence rather than virtue. However, [...] From this viewpoint the tales of the Pañcatantra are eminently ethical. [...] the prevailing mood promotes an earthy, moral, rational, and unsentimental ability to learn from repeated experience[.]}}

According to Olivelle, "Indeed, the current scholarly debate regarding the intent and purpose of the 'Pañcatantra' — whether it supports unscrupulous Machiavellian politics or demands ethical conduct from those holding high office — underscores the rich ambiguity of the text".<ref name=olivelle18>{{Harvnb|Olivelle|2006|p=18}}</ref> Konrad Meisig states that the ''Panchatantra'' has been incorrectly represented by some as "an entertaining textbook for the education of princes in the Machiavellian rules of ''[[Arthasastra]]''", but instead it is a book for the "Little Man" to develop "Niti" (social ethics, prudent behavior, shrewdness) in their pursuit of ''Artha'', and a work on social satire.<ref>{{cite book|author=Konrad Meisig|editor=Vera Alexander|title=Peripheral Centres, Central Peripheries: India and Its Diaspora(s)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCz682epff8C |year=2006|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9210-4|pages=160–161 with footnotes}}</ref> According to [[Joseph Jacobs]], "... if one thinks of it, the very ''raison d'être'' of the Fable is to imply its moral without mentioning it."<ref>{{Harvnb|Jacobs|1888}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nX9bAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR48 p. 48]</ref>

The Panchatantra, states [[Patrick Olivelle]], tells wonderfully a collection of delightful stories with pithy proverbs, ageless and practical wisdom; one of its appeal and success is that it is a complex book that "does not reduce the complexities of human life, government policy, political strategies, and ethical dilemmas into simple solutions; it can and does speak to different readers at different levels."<ref name="Olivelle2009x"/> In the Indian tradition, the work is a [[Shastra]] genre of literature, more specifically a ''Nitishastra'' text.<ref name="Olivelle2009x"/>

The text has been a source of studies on political thought in Hinduism, as well as the management of [[Artha]] with a debate on virtues and vices.<ref>{{citation | last1=Prakash Sethi | first1=S. | last2=Steidlmeier | first2=Paul | title=Wiley Encyclopedia of Management, Volume 2 | chapter = Hinduism and Business Ethics | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-118-78531-7 | doi=10.1002/9781118785317.weom020119 | pages=1–5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vicki A. Spencer|title=Visions of Peace: Asia and The West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0b2XCwAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-00133-1|pages=54–55}}</ref>

===Metaphors and layered meanings===
The Sanskrit version of the ''Panchatantra'' text gives names to the animal characters, but these names are creative with double meanings.<ref name="Olivelle2009xxv"/> The names connote the character observable in nature but also map a human personality that a reader can readily identify. For example, the deer characters are presented as a metaphor for the charming, innocent, peaceful and tranquil personality who is a target for those who seek a prey to exploit, while the crocodile is presented to symbolize dangerous intent hidden beneath a welcoming ambiance (waters of a lotus flower-laden pond).<ref name="Olivelle2009xxv"/> Dozens of different types of wildlife found in India are thus named, and they constitute an array of symbolic characters in the ''Panchatantra''. Thus, the names of the animals evoke layered meaning that resonates with the reader, and the same story can be read at different levels.<ref name="Olivelle2009xxv">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title= Pañcatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMcUDAAAQBAJ |year=2009| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-955575-8|pages=xxi–xxv, 180–186}}</ref>

==Cross-cultural migrations==
{{See also|Hitopadesha}}
[[File:Pancatantra pedigree.png|thumb|Early history based primarily on Edgerton (1924)]]
[[File:Bidpai pedigree.png|thumb|Adaptations and translations from Jacobs (1888); less reliable for early history]]

The work has gone through many different versions and translations from the sixth century to the present day. The original Indian version was first translated into a foreign language ([[Pahlavi scripts|Pahlavi]]) by [[Borzūya]] in 570 CE, then into Arabic in 750. This Arabic version was translated into several languages, including Syriac, Greek, Persian, Hebrew and Spanish,<ref>Kalilah and Dimnah; or, The fables of Bidpai; being an account of their literary history, [https://archive.org/stream/kalilahdimnahorf00bdpkuoft#page/n19/mode/2up p. xiv]</ref> and thus became the source of versions in European languages, until the English translation by [[Charles Wilkins]] of the [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Hitopadesha]]'' in 1787.

===Early cross-cultural migrations===
The ''Panchatantra'' approximated its current literary form within the 4th–6th centuries CE, though originally written around 200 BCE. No Sanskrit texts before 1000 CE have survived.<ref>{{Harvnb|Edgerton|1924|p=9}}</ref> Buddhist monks on pilgrimage to India took the influential Sanskrit text (probably both in oral and literary formats) north to Tibet and China and east to South East Asia.<ref>[http://www.newstatesman.com/200609250054] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061227142337/http://www.newstatesman.com/200609250054|date=27 December 2006}}[[Tarquin Hall]] "Review: Colin Thubron, ''Shadow of the Silk Road,'' London: Chatto & Windus, 2006, ''New Statesman'', 25 September 2011, Review includes description of how some of the monks likely traveled in ancient times.</ref> These led to versions in all Southeast Asian countries, including Tibetan, Chinese, Mongolian, Javanese and Lao derivatives.<ref name=thane/>

===How Borzuy brought the work from India===
[[File:Kalila-UnderBed.jpg|thumb|left|The foolish carpenter of Sarandib, hiding under the bed on which lie his wife and her lover. She notices his foot and contrives a story to prove her innocence. Persian illustration of the ''Kalileh and Dimneh,'' 1333.]]

The ''Panchatantra'' also migrated into the Middle East, through [[Iran]], during the [[Sassanid]] reign of Anoushiravan.<ref name="AyduzKalin2014p369"/><ref name=riedel2010>Dagmar Riedel (2010), [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kalila-demna-i KALILA WA DEMNA i. Redactions and circulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830214843/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/kalila-demna-i |date=30 August 2024 }}, Encyclopaedia Iranica</ref> Around 550 CE his notable physician [[Borzuy]] (Burzuwaih) translated the work from Sanskrit into the Pahlavi ([[Middle Persian]] language).<ref name="AyduzKalin2014p369">{{cite book|author1=Salim Ayduz|author2=Ibrahim Kalin|author3=Caner Dagli|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=or-6BwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-981257-8|page=369}}</ref> He transliterated the main characters as ''Karirak ud Damanak''.<ref>[http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=106622 IIS.ac.uk Dr Fahmida Suleman, "Kalila wa Dimna"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103111055/http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=106622 |date=3 November 2013 }}, in ''Medieval Islamic Civilization, An Encyclopaedia'', Vol. II, pp. 432-433, ed. Josef W. Meri, New York-London: Routledge, 2006</ref><ref>Abdolhossein Zarrinkoub, ''Naqde adabi'', Tehran 1959 pp: 374–379. (See Contents 1.1 [[Pre-Islamic Iranian literature]])</ref>

According to the story told in the ''[[Shahnameh|Shāh Nāma]]'' (''The Book of the Kings'', [[Iran|Persia]]'s late 10th-century national epic by [[Ferdowsi]]), Borzuy sought his king's permission to make a trip to Hindustan in search of a mountain herb he had read about that is "mingled into a compound and, when sprinkled over a corpse, it is immediately restored to life."<ref name="The Shāh Nãma 1985, pages 330 – 334">The Shāh Nãma, The Epic of the Kings, translated by Reuben Levy, revised by Amin Banani, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London 1985, Chapter XXXI (iii) How Borzuy brought the Kalila of Demna from Hindustan, pp. 330–334</ref> He did not find the herb, but was told by a wise sage of <blockquote>"a different interpretation. The herb is the scientist; science is the mountain, everlastingly out of reach of the multitude. The corpse is the man without knowledge, for the uninstructed man is everywhere lifeless. Through knowledge man becomes revivified."</blockquote>

The sage pointed to the book, and the visiting physician Borzuy translated the work with the help of some Pandits ([[Brahmin]]s).<ref name="The Shāh Nãma 1985, pages 330 – 334"/> According to Hans Bakker, Borzuy visited the kingdom of [[Kannauj]] in north India during the 6th century in an era of intense exchange between Persian and Indian royal courts, and he secretly translated a copy of the text then sent it to the court of Anoushiravan in Persia, along with other cultural and technical knowledge.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hans Bakker|title=The World of the Skandapurāṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6p2XCgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Brill Academic|isbn=978-90-04-27714-4|pages=64–65 with footnote 180}}</ref>

===Kalila wa Demna: Mid. Persian and Arabic versions===
[[File:Kelileh va Demneh.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|A page from ''Kelileh o Demneh'' depicts the jackal-vizier Damanaka ('Victor')/ Dimna trying to persuade his [[Asiatic lion|lion-king]] that the honest bull-courtier, Shatraba(شطربة), is a traitor.]]
Borzuy's translation of the Sanskrit version into Pahlavi arrived in Persia by the 6th century, but this Middle Persian version is now lost. The book had become popular in Sassanid, and was translated into Syriac and Arabic whose copies survive.<ref name=riedel2010/> According to Riedel, "the three preserved New Persian translations originated between the 10th and 12th century", and are based on the 8th-century Arabic translation by Ibn al-Muqaffa of Borzuy's work on ''Panchatantra''. It is the 8th-century ''Kalila wa Demna'' text, states Riedel, that has been the most influential of the known Arabic versions, not only in the Middle East, but also through its translations into Greek, Hebrew and Old Spanish.<ref name=riedel2010/>

The [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Ibn al-Muqaffa']] translated the ''Panchatantra'' (in {{langx|pal-Latn|Kalilag-o Demnag}}) from [[Middle Persian]] to [[Arabic]] as ''Kalīla wa Dimna''. This is considered the first masterpiece of [[Arabic literature|"Arabic literary prose]]."<ref name="mitejmes">{{citation|last=Lane|first=Andrew J.|title=Review: Gregor Schoeler's Écrire et transmettre dans les débuts de l'islam|year=2003|location=Cambridge|publisher= MIT Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies |url=http://web.mit.edu/CIS/www/mitejmes/issues/200310/br_lane.htm |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031906/http://web.mit.edu/CIS/www/mitejmes/issues/200310/br_lane.htm |archive-date = 6 March 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Arabischer Maler um 1210 001.jpg|thumb|A page from the [[Arabic]] version of ''[[Kalila wa dimna]],'' dated 1210 CE, illustrating the King of the Crows conferring with his political advisors]]

The introduction of the first book of ''Kalila wa Demna'' is different from ''Panchatantra'', in being more elaborate and instead of king and his three sons studying in the Indian version, the Persian version speaks of a merchant and his three sons who had squandered away their father's wealth. The Persian version also makes an abrupt switch from the story of the three sons to an injured ox, and thereafter parallels the ''Panchatantra''.<ref>{{citation | year=1990 | title=Burzōy's voyage to India and the origin of the book of Kalīlah wa Dimnah | author1=François de Blois | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-0-947593-06-3 | pages=22–23 with footnotes | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ6ysVz89KEC&pg=PA22 | access-date=18 November 2020 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830214843/https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ6ysVz89KEC&pg=PA22#v=onepage&q&f=false | url-status=live }}</ref>

The two jackals' names transmogrified into Kalila and Dimna in the Persian version. Perhaps because the first section constituted most of the work, or because translators could find no simple equivalent in Zoroastrian Pahlavi for the concept expressed by the Sanskrit word 'Panchatantra', the jackals' names, ''Kalila and Dimna,'' became the generic name for the entire work in classical times.

After the first chapter, Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ inserted a new one, telling of Dimna's trial. The jackal is suspected of instigating the death of the bull "Shanzabeh", a key character in the first chapter. The trial lasts for two days without conclusion, until a tiger and leopard appear to bear witness against Dimna. He is found guilty and put to death.

Ibn al-Muqaffa' inserted other additions and interpretations into his 750CE "re-telling" (see Francois de Blois' Burzōy's voyage to India and the origin of the book ''Kalīlah wa Dimnah''). The political theorist Jennifer London suggests that he was expressing risky political views in a metaphorical way. (Al-Muqaffa' was murdered within a few years of completing his manuscript). London has analysed how Ibn al-Muqaffa' could have used his version to make "frank political expression" at the 'Abbasid court (see J. London's "How To Do Things With Fables: Ibn al-Muqaffa's Frank Speech in Stories from Kalila wa Dimna," ''History of Political Thought'' XXIX: 2 (2008)).

===The Arabic classic by Ibn al-Muqaffa===
{{See also|Safa Khulusi#Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa.27 and The Arabian_Nights}}
[[File:Syrischer Maler von 1354 001.jpg|thumb|An illustration from a Syrian edition dated 1354. The [[rabbit]] fools the [[Asian elephant|elephant]] king by showing him the reflection of the [[moon]].]]

Borzuy's 570 CE Pahlavi translation (''Kalile va Demne'', now lost) was translated into [[Syriac language|Syriac]]. Nearly two centuries later, it was translated into Arabic by [[Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa|Ibn al-Muqaffa]] around 750 CE<ref>''The Fables of Kalila and Dimnah'', translated from the Arabic by Saleh Sa'adeh Jallad, 2002. Melisende, London, {{ISBN|1-901764-14-1}}</ref> under the Arabic title, ''Kalīla wa Dimna''.<ref>''Muslim Neoplatonist: An Introduction to the Thought of the Brethren of Purity'', Ian Richard Netton, 1991. Edinburgh University Press, {{ISBN|0-7486-0251-8}}</ref> After the Arab invasion of Persia (Iran), Ibn al-Muqaffa's version (two languages removed from the pre-Islamic Sanskrit original) emerged as the pivotal surviving text that enriched world literature.<ref>See fourteen illuminating commentaries about or relating to ''Kalila wa Dimna'' under the entry for Ibn al-Muqqaffa in the INDEX of ''The Penguin Anthology of Classical Arabic Literature'' by Rober Irwin, Penguin Books, London 2006</ref> Ibn al-Muqaffa's work is considered a model of the finest Arabic prose style,<ref>James Kritzeck (1964) ''Anthology of Islamic Literature'', New American Library, New York, page 73:
{{blockquote|On the surface of the matter it may seem strange that the oldest work of Arabic prose which is regarded as a model of style is a translation from the Pahlavi (Middle Persian) of the Sanskrit work ''Panchatantra'', or ''The Fables of Bidpai'', by Ruzbih, a convert from [[Zoroastrianism]], who took the name Abdullah ibn al-Muqaffa. It is not quite so strange, however, when one recalls that the Arabs had much preferred the poetic art and were at first suspicious of and untrained to appreciate, let alone imitate, current higher forms of prose literature in the lands they occupied.

Leaving aside the great skill of its translation (which was to serve as the basis for later translations into some forty languages), the work itself is far from primitive, having benefited already at that time 750 CE from a lengthy history of stylistic revision. ''Kalilah and Dimnah'' is in fact the patriarchal form of the Indic fable in which animals behave as humans — as distinct from the Aesopic fable in which they behave as animals. Its philosophical heroes through the ''initial'' interconnected episodes ''illustrating The Loss of Friends, the first Hindu principle of polity'' are the two jackals, Kalilah and Dimnah.

It seems unjust, in the light of posterity's appreciation of his work, that Ibn al-Muqaffa was put to death after charges of heresy about 755 CE.}} See also pp. 69–72 for his vivid summary of Ibn al-Muqaffa's historical context.
</ref> and "is considered the first masterpiece of [[Arabic literature|Arabic literary prose]]."<ref name="mitejmes" />

Some scholars believe that Ibn al-Muqaffa's translation of the second section, illustrating the Sanskrit principle of ''Mitra Laabha'' (Gaining Friends), became the unifying basis for the [[Brethren of Purity]] (''Ikwhan al-Safa'') — the anonymous 9th-century CE encyclopedists whose prodigious literary effort, ''[[Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Sincerity]]'', codified Indian, Persian and Greek knowledge. A suggestion made by Goldziher, and later written on by [[Philip K. Hitti]] in his ''[[History of the Arabs (book)|History of the Arabs]]'', proposes that "The appellation is presumably taken from the story of the ringdove in ''Kalilah wa-Dimnah'' in which it is related that a group of animals by acting as faithful friends (''ikhwan al-safa'') to one another escaped the snares of the hunter." This story is mentioned as an [[exemplum]] when the Brethren speak of mutual aid in one ''risaala'' ([[treatise]]), a crucial part of their system of ethics.

[[File:Jacobs-0073-lxiii.png|thumb|right|The bird lures fish and kills them, until he tries the same trick with a lobster. Illustration from the ''[[editio princeps]]'' of the [[Latin]] version by [[John of Capua]].]]

===Spread to the rest of Europe===
Almost all pre-modern European translations of the Panchatantra arise from this Arabic version. From Arabic it was re-translated into Syriac in the 10th or 11th century, into [[Greek language|Greek]] (as ''Stephanites and Ichnelates'') in 1080 by the Jewish Byzantine doctor [[Simeon Seth]],<ref>L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text'' (Uppsala, 1962).</ref> into 'modern' Persian by [[Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah|Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah Munshi]] in 1121, and in 1252 into Spanish (old Castilian, ''[[Calila e Dimna]]'').

Perhaps most importantly, it was translated into [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] by Rabbi Joel in the 12th century. This Hebrew version was translated into [[Latin]] by [[John of Capua]] as ''Directorium Humanae Vitae'', or "Directory of Human Life", and printed in 1480, and became the source of most European versions.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Bidpai, Fables of|volume=3}}</ref>
A German translation, ''Das Buch der Beispiele'', of the Panchatantra was printed in 1483, making this one of the earliest books to be printed by [[Johannes Gutenberg|Gutenberg]]'s press after the Bible.<ref name=thane>Vijay Bedekar, [http://www.orientalthane.com/speeches/speech2008.htm History of the Migration of ''Panchatantra''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820052550/http://www.orientalthane.com/speeches/speech2008.htm |date=20 August 2012 }}, Institute for Oriental Study, Thane</ref>

The Latin version was translated into Italian by [[Anton Francesco Doni]] in 1552. This translation became the basis for the first English translation, in 1570: Sir [[Thomas North]] translated it into [[Elizabethan English]] as ''The Fables of Bidpai: The Morall Philosophie of Doni'' (reprinted by Joseph Jacobs, 1888).<ref name=Jacobs/> La Fontaine published ''The Fables of Bidpai'' in 1679, based on "the Indian sage Pilpay".<ref name=thane/>

==Modern era==
It was the Panchatantra that served as the basis for the studies of [[Theodor Benfey]], the pioneer in the field of comparative literature.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c8oAAAAYAAJ&q=basis&pg=RA1-PA5 |title=Harvard Oriental Series |access-date=14 April 2013 |year=1921 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830214844/https://books.google.com/books?id=2c8oAAAAYAAJ&q=basis&pg=RA1-PA5#v=snippet&q=basis&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> His efforts began to clear up some confusion surrounding the history of the Panchatantra, culminating in the work of Hertel ({{Harvnb|Hertel|1908}}, {{Harvnb|Hertel|1912a}}, {{Harvnb|Hertel|1912b}}, {{Harvnb|Hertel|1915}}) and {{Harvtxt|Edgerton|1924}}.<ref name=thane/> Hertel discovered several recensions in India, in particular the oldest available Sanskrit recension, the ''Tantrakhyayika'' in Kashmir, and the so-called North Western Family Sanskrit text by the Jain monk Purnabhadra in 1199 CE that blends and rearranges at least three earlier versions. Edgerton undertook a minute study of all texts which seemed "to provide useful evidence on the lost Sanskrit text to which, it must be assumed, they all go back", and believed he had reconstructed the original Sanskrit Panchatantra; this version is known as the Southern Family text.

Among modern translations, [[Arthur W. Ryder]]'s translation ({{Harvnb|Ryder|1925}}), translating prose for prose and verse for rhyming verse, remains popular.<ref>{{citation | year=2002 | title=Art and culture: painting and perspective | editor1=Ahsan Jan Qaisar | editor2=Som Prakash Verma | publisher=Abhinav Publications | isbn=978-81-7017-405-9 | page=33 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cHILthAUauEC&q=Ryder%27s&pg=PA33 | access-date=18 November 2020 | archive-date=30 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830214844/https://books.google.com/books?id=cHILthAUauEC&q=Ryder%27s&pg=PA33#v=snippet&q=Ryder's&f=false | url-status=live }}: "it became the most popular and easily accessible English translation, going into many reprints."</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title = review | issn = 0015-587X| volume = 67| issue = 2| pages = 118–120| last = Murray| first = M. A.| journal = Folklore| date = 1956-06-01| jstor = 1258527}}</ref> In the 1990s two English versions of the ''Panchatantra'' were published, Chandra Rajan's translation (like Ryder's, based on Purnabhadra's recension) by Penguin (1993), and Patrick Olivelle's translation (based on Edgerton's reconstruction of the ur-text) by [[Oxford University Press]] (1997). Olivelle's translation was republished in 2006 by the [[Clay Sanskrit Library]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Rajan|1993}}, {{Harvtxt|Olivelle|1997}}, {{Harvtxt|Olivelle|2006}}.</ref>

The novelist [[Doris Lessing]] notes in her introduction to [[Ramsay Wood]]'s 1980 "retelling" of the first two of the five Panchatantra books,<ref>''Kalila and Dimna, Selected fables of Bidpai'', retold by Ramsay Wood (with an Introduction by Doris Lessing), Illustrated by Margaret Kilrenny, A Paladin Book, Granada, London, 1982</ref> that
{{blockquote|"... it is safe to say that most people in the West these days will not have heard of it, while they will certainly at the very least have heard of the ''Upanishads'' and the ''Vedas''. Until comparatively recently, it was the other way around. Anyone with any claim to a literary education knew that the ''Fables of Bidpai'' or the ''Tales of Kalila and Dimna'' — these being the most commonly used titles with us — was a great Eastern classic. There were at least twenty English translations in the hundred years before 1888. Pondering on these facts leads to reflection on the fate of books, as chancy and unpredictable as that of people or nations."}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Children's literature}}
* [[Arthashastra]]
* [[Calila e Dimna]]
* [[Hitopadesha]]
* [[Jataka tales]]
* [[Katha (storytelling format)]]
* [[Kathasaritsagara]]
* [[Mirrors for princes]]
* [[Wisdom literature]]
* [[One Thousand and One Nights]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Editions and translations==
(Ordered chronologically.)

===Sanskrit texts===
;Critical editions
* {{citation | year=1891 | last=Bühler|first=Georg | title=Panchatantra: edited, with notes | place=Bombay }}. [https://archive.org/details/p2panchatant00bhuoft II and III], [https://archive.org/details/p3panchatant00bhuoft IV and V]
* {{citation | year=1908 | last=Hertel|first=Johannes | title = The Panchatantra: a collection of ancient Hindu tales, in the recension called Panchakhyanaka, and dated 1199 A.D., of the Jaina monk, Pūrṇabhadra, critically edited in the original Sanskrit (in Nâgarî letters, and, for the sake of beginners, with word-division) | publisher= Harvard University Press, [[Harvard Oriental Series]] Volume 11 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB0YAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{citation | year=1912a | last=Hertel|first=Johannes | title =The Panchatantra-text of Pūrṇabhadra : critical introduction and list of variants | publisher=Harvard Oriental Series Volume 12 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va7YAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation | year=1912b | last=Hertel|first=Johannes | title =The Panchatantra-text of Pūrṇabhadra and its relation to texts of allied recensions as shown in parallel specimens | publisher=Harvard Oriental Series Volume 13 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrDYAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation | year=1915 | last=Hertel|first=Johannes | title=The Panchatantra: a collection of ancient Hindu tales in its oldest recension, the Kashmirian, entitled Tantrakhyayika | publisher=Harvard Oriental Series Volume 14 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-x0YAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{citation | year=1924 | last=Edgerton|first=Franklin| title=The Panchatantra Reconstructed (Vol. 1: Text and Critical Apparatus, Vol.2: Introduction and Translation) | series=American oriental series ;v. 2-3| publisher=American Oriental Series Volumes 2–3 | place=New Haven, Connecticut |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001632389}}
* {{cite book | year = 1930 | last=Edgerton|first=Franklin | title= The Pancatantra I–V: the text in its oldest form | publisher = Oriental Book Agency (Poona Oriental Series No. 32) | place = Poona}} (reprinting in Devanagari only the text from his 1924 work)
;Others
* {{cite book | year=1896 | title=The Pañchatantraka of Vishṇusarman | publisher=Tukârâm Jâvjî | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7IWAAAAYAAJ | editor=Kāśīnātha Pāṇḍuraṅga Paraba}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=t4IPAAAAMAAJ Google Books]
* {{cite book | year= 1935 | title=Panchatantra with the commentary Abhinavarajalaxmi | author=Pandit Guru Prasad Shastri | publisher=Bhargava Pustakalaya | place=Benares | url=https://archive.org/details/PanchatantramWithSanskritCommentaryByGpShastri}} (Text with Sanskrit commentary)
* {{cite book | year= 1975 | title=Pañcatantram | author=Shayamacharan Pandey | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | place=Vārāṇasī | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1OeLMbf3wvkC | isbn= 9788120821583}} (Complete Sanskrit text with Hindi translation)

===Translations in English===
;The Panchatantra
* {{citation | year=1925 | title= The Panchatantra | last=Ryder|first=Arthur W. (transl)|author-link=Arthur W. Ryder | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=81-7224-080-5| url= https://archive.org/stream/Panchatantra_Arthur_W_Ryder/Panchatantra%20-%20Arthur%20W%20Ryder#page/n9/mode/2up }} (also republished in 1956, reprint 1964, and by Jaico Publishing House, Bombay, 1949). [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00litlinks/panchatantra_ryder/index.html The Panchatantra], Columbia University archives; (Translation based on Hertel's text of Purnabhadra's Recension of 1199 CE.)
* {{citation | year=1993 | title={{IAST|Viṣṇu Śarma: The Panchatantra}} | last=Rajan|first=Chandra (transl.) | publisher=Penguin Books | place=London | isbn=978-0-14-045520-5}} (reprint: 1995) (Translation based on Hertel manuscript.)
* {{citation | year=1997 | title=The Pancatantra: The Book of India's Folk Wisdom | last=Olivelle|first=Patrick (transl.) | author-link=Patrick Olivelle| publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-283988-6}} (Translation based on Edgerton manuscript.)
* {{cite book | year=2004 | title=Panchatantra – A vivid retelling of India's most famous collection of fables | last=Dharma|first=Krishna (transl.) | publisher=Torchlight Publishing | place=Badger CA, USA | isbn=978-1-887089-45-6}} (Accessible popular compilation derived from a Sanskrit text with reference to the aforementioned translations by Chandra Rajan and Patrick Olivelle.)
* {{citation | year=2006 | title = The Five Discourses on Worldly Wisdom | publisher= [[Clay Sanskrit Library]] | last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |isbn=978-0-8147-6208-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHS-rHrE6PEC&pg=PA17}}

;Kalila and Dimna, Fables of Bidpai and other texts
* {{citation | year=1819 | title=Kalila and Dimna or The Fables of Bidpai | last=Knatchbull|first=Rev Wyndham | publisher=W. Baxter for J. Parker | place=Oxford | url=https://archive.org/details/kalilaanddimnao00almgoog}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mx4W0HHMJAYC Google Books] [https://books.google.com/books?id=aGIUAAAAQAAJ Google Books] (translated from Silvestre de Sacy's 1816 collation of different Arabic manuscripts)
* {{citation | year=1854 | title=The Anvari Suhaili; or the Lights of Canopus Being the Persian version of the Fables of Pilpay; or the Book Kalílah and Damnah rendered into Persian by Husain Vá'iz U'L-Káshifí | last=Eastwick|first=Edward B (transl.)|author-link=Edward Backhouse Eastwick | publisher=Stephen Austin, Bookseller to the East-India College | place=Hertford | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W0oOAAAAQAAJ}} Also online at [https://web.archive.org/web/20170916011621/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=12402020&ct=0 Persian Literature in Translation]
* {{citation | year=1877 | title=The Anwar-I-Suhaili Or Lights of Canopus Commonly Known As Kalilah And Damnah Being An Adaptation By Mulla Husain Bin Ali Waiz-Al-Kashifi of The Fables of Bidapai | last=Wollaston|first= Arthur N. (transl.) | publisher=W H Allen | place=London}}
* {{citation| year=1885 | title=Kalilah and Dimnah or The Fables of Bidpai | last=Falconer|first=Ion Keith|author-link=Ion Keith Falconer | publisher=Cambridge University Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGvYAAAAMAAJ}}, reprinted by Philo Press, Amsterdam 1970
* {{citation| year=1888 | title=The earliest English version of the Fables of Bidpai | last=Jacobs|first=Joseph | place=London | url=https://archive.org/details/earliestenglishv00doniuoft}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=nX9bAAAAQAAJ Google Books] (edited and induced from ''The Morall Philosophie of Doni'' by Sir Thomas North, 1570)
* ''Tales Within Tales'' – adapted from the fables of Pilpai, Sir Arthur N Wollaston, John Murray, London 1909
* {{citation | year=1930 | title=The Lights of Canopus | last=Wilkinson | publisher=The Studio Limited | place=London}}
* {{cite book | year=1980 | title=Kalila and Dimna, Fables of Bidpai: Books 1 & 2), Introduction by Doris Lessing | last=Wood|first=Ramsay| publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | place=New York | isbn=978-0-86356-661-5 }}
* {{cite book | year=1982 | title=Kalila and Dimna: Selected Tales of Bidpai, Introduction by Doris Lessing | last=Wood|first=Ramsay| publisher=Granada Publishing Ltd. | place=London | isbn=978-0-58608-409-0 }}
* {{cite book | year=1986 | title=Kalila and Dimna: Tales for Kings and Commoners, Selected Fables of Bidpai | last=Wood|first=Ramsay| publisher=Inner Traditions International | isbn=978-0-89281-114-4 }}
* {{cite book | year=2000 | title=Tales of Kalila and Dimna: Classic Fables from India | last=Wood|first=Ramsay| publisher=Inner Traditions | isbn=978-0-89281-816-7 }}
* {{cite book | year=2008 | title=Kalila and Dimna, Fables of Friendship and Betrayal (Vol. 1: Books 1 & 2), Introduction by Doris Lessing, Postscript by Dr Christine van Ruymbeke | last=Wood|first=Ramsay | publisher=Saqi Books | place=London | isbn=978-0-39450-693-7 }}
* {{cite book | year=2010 | title=Kalila and Dimna, The Panchatantra Retold (Vol. 1: Books 1 & 2), Introduction by Doris Lessing | last=Wood|first=Ramsay | publisher=Random House India | place=Noida | isbn=978-8-18400-029-0}}
* {{cite book | year=2011 | title=Kalila and Dimna, Fables of Conflict and Intrigue (Vol. 2: Books 4 & 5), Introduction by Michael Wood | last=Wood |first=Ramsay | publisher=Medina Press | place=London| isbn= 978-0-9567081-0-6 }}
* {{cite book | year=2023 | title=Kalila and Dimna: Fables of Virtue and Vice, Translated by Michael Fishbein and James E. Montgomery | last=Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ | publisher=Library of Arabic Literature | isbn= 978-1-4798257-7-6 }}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal| issn = 0028-7199| volume = 33| issue = 4| pages = 223| last = Weiss| first = H. B.| title = The Insects of the Panchatantra| journal = Journal of the New York Entomological Society| date = 1925-12-01| jstor = 25004101}}
* N. M. Penzer (1924), ''The Ocean of Story, Being C.H. Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara (or Ocean of Streams of Story)'': Volume V (of X), [https://archive.org/stream/oceanofstorybein05somauoft#page/207/mode/2up Appendix I: pp. 207–242] also [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story/d/doc116124.html proofread with glossary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830215351/https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/kathasaritsagara-the-ocean-of-story/d/doc116124.html |date=30 August 2024 }}
* Ferial Ghazoul (1983), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857652 Poetic Logic in The Panchatantra and The Arabian Nights] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111045143/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857652 |date=11 November 2020 }}, Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Winter 1983), pp. 13–21
* ''Burzoy's Voyage to India and the Origin of the Book of Kalilah wa Dimnah'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ6ysVz89KEC Google Books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830215410/https://books.google.com/books?id=JQ6ysVz89KEC |date=30 August 2024 }}, Francois de Blois, Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1990
* ''On Kalila wa Dimna and Persian National Fairy Tales'' [http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/12/basharin-persian_fairytales.php Transoxiana.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830215358/http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/12/basharin-persian_fairytales.php |date=30 August 2024 }}, Dr. Pavel Basharin [Moscow], Transoxiana 12, 2007
* ''The Past We Share — The Near Eastern Ancestry of Western Folk Literature'', E. L. Ranelagh, Quartet Books, Horizon Press, New York, 1979
* ''In Arabian Nights — A Search of Morocco through its Stories and Storytellers'' by Tahir Shah, Doubleday, 2008.
* Ibn al-Muqaffa, Abdallah. ''Kalilah et Dimnah''. Ed. P. Louis Cheiko. 3 ed. Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1947.
* Ibn al-Muqaffa, Abd'{{not a typo|allah}}. ''Calila e Dimna''. Edited by Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua and María Jesus Lacarra. Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 1984.
* Keller, John Esten, and Robert White Linker. ''El libro de Calila e Digna''. Madrid Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 1967.
* Latham, J.D. "Ibn al-Muqaffa' and Early 'Abbasid Prose." '''Abbasid Belles-Lettres''. Eds. Julia Ashtiany, et al. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989. 48–77.
* Parker, Margaret. ''The Didactic Structure and Content of El libro de Calila e Digna''. Miami, FL: Ediciones Universal, 1978.
* Penzol, Pedro. Las traducciones del "Calila e Dimna". Madrid,: Impr. de Ramona Velasco, viuda de P. Perez, 1931.
* Shaw, Sandra. ''The [[Jatakas]] — Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta'', Penguin Classics, Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 2006
* Wacks, David A. "The Performativity of Ibn al-Muqaffa's ''Kalîla wa-Dimna'' and ''Al-Maqamat al-Luzumiyya'' of [[al-Saraqusti]]," ''Journal of Arabic Literature'' 34.1–2 (2003): 178–189.
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Wikisource-inline|The Panchatantra (Purnabhadra's Recension of 1199 CE)|''The Panchatantra''}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline}}
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{librivox book | title=Panchatantra}}

{{Panchatantra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panchatantra| ]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Fables]]
[[Category:Collections of fables]]
[[Category:History of literature]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Islamic mirrors for princes]]
[[Category:Medieval Arabic literature]]
[[Category:Oral tradition]]
[[Category:Persian literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Storytelling]]
[[Category:Treatises]]
[[Category:Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Fantasy anthologies]]
[[Category:Collections of fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:Frame stories]]

Adgaon, Mulshi

2026-03-14T02:00:05Z

Completegurus: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adgaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.5152|73.4063|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra, India|Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mulshi taluka|Mulshi]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Other spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[Telephone code]]
| area_code = 02114
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-14
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| website = {{URL|pune.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Adgaon''' is a village in [[Mulshi taluka]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_2700.xlsx | title=DCHB villages in Maharashtra | publisher=censusindia.gov.in | accessdate=18 July 2018}}</ref> of [[Pune]] [[List of districts of India|District]] in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[Sarpanch]] who is an elected representative of the village as per [[constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj (India)]]. Talukas surrounding the village are [[Karjat taluka]], [[Talegaon Dabhade]] Taluka, [[Mawal taluka]] and by [[Khalapur taluka]]. Districts closest to the village are [[Raigad district]], [[Thane district]], [[Mumbai City district]] and [[Mumbai Suburban district]]. Nearest railway stations around the village are [[Vadgaon railway station]], [[Begdewadi railway station]], [[Lonavala railway station]], [[Talegaon railway station]] and [[Kamshet railway station]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/556074-adgaon-maharashtra.html| title=Adgaon Pune, Maharashtra | work=census2011.co.in }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160428051121/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/%28S%280huvcu2f4n0szkzslrmfbw2z%29%29/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx Villages in Mulshi taluka]
* [https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/maharashtra/pune/ Villages in pune maharashtra]
* [https://villageinfo.in/maharashtra/pune/mulshi.html List of Villages in Mulshi Tehsil]

{{Talukas in Pune district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mulshi taluka]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited

2026-03-14T01:18:43Z

Completegurus: New New Data Basic Info!

{{Short description|Indian petrochemical company}}
{{Notability|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited
| logo = HMEL Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| romanized =
| former type =
| type = Private
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Petroleum industry|Petroleum]]
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = 2007
| founder =
| location_city = [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].
| location_country = [[India]]
| locations =
| area_served = India
| key_people =
| production =
| services =
| products = *Petroleum
*High Speed Diesel
*Aviation Turbine Fuel
*LPG
*Petrochemicals
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| brands =
| subsid = *HPCL-Mittal Pipelines Limited
*[[Guru Gobind Singh Refinery]]<ref>{{cite web |title=HMEL advances Guru Gobind Singh refinery petrochemical project |url=https://www.ogj.com/refining-processing/petrochemicals/article/17232316/hmel-advances-guru-gobind-singh-refinery-petrochemical-project |website=Oil & Gas Journal |date=3 September 2018}}</ref>
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.hmel.in}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
| bodystyle =
}}
'''HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL)''' is an Indian integrated refining and [[petrochemical]] company, with operations spanning [[crude oil]] refining and petrochemical manufacturing. It is a public-private partnership between fortune 500 company, [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) and Mittal Energy Investments Pte Limited (MEIL), a part of the [[Lakshmi Mittal|Lakshmi N. Mittal Group]].<ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL to stop buying diesel from other companies next year {{!}} Headlines |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/2707225-hpcl-to-stop-buying-diesel-from-other-companies-next-year |website=Devdiscourse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HMEL to shut Bathinda refinery for 40 days from end-January: |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hmel-to-shut-bathinda-refinery-for-40-days-from-end-january-report-121010800499_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref> It is headquartered at [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and operates the 11.3 MMTPA [[Guru Gobind Singh Refinery]] (GGSR) at [[Bathinda]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Refiners Start Paying for Oil Imports in Yuan: Report |url=https://thewire.in/trade/indian-refiners-start-paying-for-oil-imports-in-yuan-report |website=The Wire}}</ref>

==History==
HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited (HMEL) was formed in 2007 as a joint venture between [[Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited]] (HPCL) and Mittal Energy Investments Pte Limited (MEIL) [[Singapore]], after approval of the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Ventures and Subsidiaries {{!}} HPCL |url=https://www.hindustanpetroleum.com/joint-ventures-and-subsidiaries |website=Hindustanpetroleum}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL to run bitumen unit at JV refinery in Bathinda |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hpcl-to-run-bitumen-unit-at-jv-refinery-in-bathinda/article25010060.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=21 September 2018}}</ref>

HMEL's [[Guru Gobind Singh Refinery]] became operational in February, 2012 and on April 28, 2012, it was dedicated to the Nation by the Former Prime Minister of India, [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]]. The Refinery produces Bharat Stage-VI compliant transportation fuels viz, Motor Spirit, High Speed Diesel, Aviation Turbine Fuel, LPG, etc.<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab cabinet nod to loan for Bathinda refinery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjab-cabinet-nod-to-interest-free-loan-for-bathinda-refinery/story-Yf1Qop04iyvQf4dvRm7mXL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=9 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL-Mittal's Bhatinda refinery becomes fully operational |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hpcl-mittals-bhatinda-refinery-becomes-fully-operational/article62307463.ece |website=BusinessLine |language=en |date=29 March 2012}}</ref>

HMEL's wholly owned subsidiary, HPCL-Mittal Pipelines Limited (HMPL), owns and operates a Single Point Mooring (SPM) for receipt of Crude Oil, Crude Oil Terminal (COT) for storage of Crude Oil and 1017 km cross country pipeline for transportation of the crude from Mundra, Gujarat to the refinery at Bathinda.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL, Mittal ready $3 billion to set up Bhatinda petrochemical unit - ET EnergyWorld |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/hpcl-mittal-ready-3-billion-to-set-up-bhatinda-petrochemical-unit/58543717 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HMEL lets contract for Bathinda refinery |url=https://www.ogj.com/refining-processing/article/17289171/hmel-lets-contract-for-bathinda-refinery |website=Oil & Gas Journal |date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

HMEL has expanded its operations into [[petrochemical]]s to produce [[Polypropylene]] (PP) and [[Polyethylene]] (PE) with an investment of US$3 Billion at [[Bathinda]]. The Petrochemical facility includes a Dual Feed Cracker Unit of 1.2 Million MT/annum along with 1.2 MMTPA [[Polyethylene]] (PE) and 1.0 MMTPA [[Polypropylene]] (PP) Plants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hindustan Petroleum Corp enters into a long-term agreement with HMEL |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hindustan-petroleum-corp-enters-into-a-long-term-agreement-with-hmel-118092200030_1.html |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

HMEL has also set up 300 Kilo Liters Per Day (KLPD) Bio-ethanol Plant near Guru Gobind Singh Refinery, Bathinda and diversifying into specialty chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAQM Assess HPCl's Bathinda Bio-Refinery for Ethanol Production |url=https://www.constructionworld.in/energy-infrastructure/oil-and-gas/caqm-assess-hpcls-bathinda-bio-refinery-for-ethanol-production/46427 |website=Constructionworld |language=en}}</ref> In 2021, HMEL became the first Indian company to buy Guyanese crude Liza.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL-Mittal first Indian company to buy Guyanese crude Liza: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/hpcl-mittal-first-indian-company-to-buy-guyanese-crude-liza-report/articleshow/81666158.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 March 2021}}</ref> In May 2022, HMEL partnered with [[GAIL|Gail India]] for the supply 1 million standard cubic meters per day of gas to its [[Bathinda]] refinery in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web |title=GAIL lays dedicated pipeline for HPCL-Mittal Energy’s Bathinda refinery |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/gails-natural-gas-supply-reaches-hpcl-mittal-energys-bathinda-refinery-8551221.html |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |date=21 May 2022}}</ref> In 2023, HMEL signed an MoU with [[NTPC Limited|NTPC Green Energy Ltd.]] to collaborate for renewable energy and generation of [[green hydrogen]] and green chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=NGEL, HMEL join hands to explore opportunities in generation of GH |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/energy/ngel-hmel-join-hands-to-explore-opportunities-in-generation-of-green-hydrogen-and-green-chemicals-11684512154675.html |website=mint |language=en |date=19 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NTPC Green Energy ties up with HPCL Mittal Energy for green hydrogen |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ntpc-green-energy-ties-up-with-hpcl-mittal-energy-for-green-hydrogen-123051901149_1.html |website=Business-standard}}</ref> HMEL launched a new generation of AI-enabled energy stations in Noida.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPCL-Mittal Energy enters auto fuel retailing market |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/hpcl-mittal-energy-enters-auto-fuel-retailing-market/article69924786.ece |website=[[Business Line]] |publisher=[[The Hindu Group]] |language=en |date=12 August 2025}}</ref> In February 2025, HMEL partnered with [[Emerson Electric|Emerson]] and [[Aveva]] for automation in refinery and petrochemicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=HMEL ink MoUs with Emerson, AVEVA to enhance digital transformation in refinery operations |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/hmel-ink-mous-with-emerson-aveva-to-enhance-digital-transformation-in-refinery-operations/118182545 |website=ETEnergyworld.com |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Oil refineries in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Crude oil pipelines companies]]
[[Category:Petrochemical companies of India]]
[[Category:Petrochemical industry associations]]
[[Category:Hindustan Petroleum]]
[[Category:ArcelorMittal]]

Pa Va

2026-03-03T20:37:11Z

Completegurus: added first details needs work - done

{{COI|date=October 2015}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pa Va
| image = Pa.. Va (2016) film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sooraj Tom
| producer = Siyad Muhammed
| writer = Ajish Thomas
| screenplay = Ajish Thomas
| starring = [[Murali Gopy]] [[Anoop Menon]] [[Renji Panicker]] [[KPAC Lalitha]]
| music = [[Anand Madhusoodanan]]
| editing = [[Kiran Das]]
| studio = Safa Entertainment
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|07|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =

| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
}}
'''''Pa Va''''' (stylized as '''''Pa..Va''''' and also known as '''''Pappanekkurichum Varkeyekkurichum''''';<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Sooraj Tom's Movie |date=14 July 2016 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/140716/pa-va-to-hit-screens-next-week.html}}</ref> {{langx|en|About Pappen and Varkey}}) is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] [[Existentialism#Film and television|existential]] [[comedy film|comedy]] [[drama film|drama]] film directed by Sooraj Tom<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMDb About Sooraj Tom |website=[[IMDb]] |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8051693/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sooraj Tom's Viral Short Movie | newspaper=The Hindu | date=23 June 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-film-about-the-importance-of-being-responsible-in-these-covid-19-times/article31898311.ece?fbclid=IwAR2gCHrjM_5MAs6SFwMmnoQIRrlqQi_Kw2lPehTaAMeIyaimdmBAsjzcapU | last1=Anand | first1=Shilpa Nair }}</ref> in his directorial debut. It stars [[Murali Gopy]] and [[Anoop Menon]] in the lead roles as two octogenarian friends.<ref>{{citation |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Anoop-Menon-Murali-Gopy-to-team-up-for-Pava/articleshow/46382284.cms |last1=Karthikeyan |first1=Shruti |date=27 February 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 June 2016 |title=Anoop Menon, Murali Gopy to team up for Pava}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-malayalam-actor-anoop-menon-will-play-an-octogenarian-in-pa-va-2118606 |date=26 August 2015 |website=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |access-date=10 June 2016 |title=Malayalam actor Anoop Menon will play an octogenarian in Pa Va}}</ref> It is produced by Siyad Muhammed under his home production banner Safa Entertainment.

The movie narrates the love and friendship shared between two close friends, Devassy Paappan ([[Murali Gopy|Murali Gopi]]) and Perianthanam Varkichan ([[Anoop Menon]]) who can't do without each other despite being chalk and cheese personalities. The film was released on 22 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.topmovierankings.com/malayalam-movies/pa-va-2016 |title=Pa Va Malayalam movie story |access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

==Plot==
It focuses on existential aspects of life through two close octogenarian friends Pulimoottil Devassy Pappen and Periyanthaanam Varkey. Pappen is a planter who shares his good moments with [[jackfruit]] loving, retired [[Indian Army]] [[Brigadier]] and antique collector Varkey. Both of them are prosperous and well-settled, with an unmarried Pappen living with his loving sisters and their families in Konnayi, and Varkey enjoying retired life with his wife in Murikkel, with their children abroad. One day Pappen shares his fear of dying to Varkey, but Varkey blends the concern with humor and encourages him. Soon after, Varkey dies from what he loves the most - a jackfruit falls onto him. Varkey's death disturbs Pappen. Pappen sees Varkey in his dreams and starts to see him and talk to him in daytime. Pappen's loving sisters and his male help Kunju take care of him. Pappen feels his and his family's interment should be at his hometown church in Murikkel with his ancestors and friend Varkey. But his current church in Konnayi doesn't agree with it under the fear of losing a wealthy family and an economic source that could affect the church in this transition. Pappen has dreams and thoughts about a girl whom he and Varkey had pined over but had died in her youth. Pappen under Varkey's spirit's interest goes on to find whom their love interest liked the most finds out painfully she was interested in evangelism. Pappen visits Varkey's house to meet his wife and learns she is moving to America to join her children and Varkey's coveted antiques are considered as silly objects like used to dry clothes and such. The church committee and the priests do their best to block Pappen's move towards his hometown church. Meanwhile, Pappen falls sick and into a coma. This motivates his family members to buy Pappen's ancestor's land in his hometown and a burial plot in the hometown church cemetery. The priest of Pappen's current church who is motivated by financial interests and fame is visited by Varkey's spirit for not allowing Pappen's request. The priest signs the permission letter and dies from the shock and is seen laughing in spirit form with Varkey, pondering over his absurdity while he lived. Pappen wakes up from his Comma and the family happily transfers to his hometown church. However, he does what the priest wished to do for fame and dedicates it to the priest. Some time later, Pappen dies and is met with Varkey in heaven, and they both plan to cross the barriers between them and their love interest in heaven using their wit and strength of friendship.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Murali Gopy]] as Pulimoottil Devassy Pappen
**Arun Sidharth as Young Pappen
* [[Anoop Menon]] as Periyanthaanam Varkey, retired [[Brigadier]] ([[Indian Army]])
** Akash Pathmakumar as Young Varkey
* [[Indrans]] as Kunju
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Agnes/Sister amma, Pappen's 1st younger sister
* [[KPAC Lalitha]] as Annamma, Pappen's 2nd younger sister
* [[Ponnamma Babu]] as Theyyamma, Pappen's 3rd sister
* [[Vanitha Krishnachandran]] as Elamma, Pappen's 4th sister
* [[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]] as Lillykutty, Pappen's 5th sister
* [[Muthumani]] as Kunjumol, Pappen's youngest sister
* [[Bhagyalakshmi]] as Filomena/Filo, Varkey's wife
* [[Jose (actor)|Jose]] as Jose Achayan, Lillykkutty's husband
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Thampuran Johnny<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/renji-panicker-in-pa-va-malayalam-movie-229555.html |date=10 June 2016 |website=Filmibeat |access-date=10 June 2016 |title=Amazing Makeover Of Renji Panicker For Pa.Va!}}</ref>
* [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]] as Chackochan
* P Balachandran as Father Micheal Kallayi (Kallayi Achan), priest of Pappen's current church
* [[Shammi Thilakan]] as Father Ittiparamban, priest of Pappen's hometown church
* [[Jagannatha Varma]] as Bishop
* Sunil Sukhada as Brother Paili, Theyyamma's husband
* Edavela Babu as Brother Paul, Theyyamma's son
* Jomon K John as Edwin
*Sethulakshmi as Ammini
*Eloor George as Konnayi Kapiyar
*Arya as Sister Emily, Elamma's daughter
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Dr. Mathew, Elamma's husband
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as Thommi
*Chali Pala as Francis
*Shiju as George
*Aparna as Mary's friend
* [[Pauly Valsan]] as Pulimoottil housemaid
* Alexander Prashanth as Gregory
*Cherthala Lalitha as Mother Superior
*Kozhikode Sharada as Thresia
*[[Naseer Sankranthi]] as Jr. Priest
*Ajay as Josutty
*Anish as MLA
*Kalabhavan Rahman as Subinspector
*PK Unnikrishnan as Beeranikka
*Purushan Kottayam as Jose
*Kottayam Manju as Jose' wife Kunjumol
*Anjana Appukuttan as Nurse
* [[Prayaga Martin]] as Mary, Pappen & Varkey's love interest (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
Music: [[Anand Madhusoodanan]], Lyrics: [[Santhosh Varma]], Suku Damodar, [[Rafeeq Ahammed]], Harinarayanan.

* "Podimeesa" - [[P. Jayachandran]]
* "Vinnil Theliyum" - [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Aparna Balamurali]]
* "Innu Njan Pokum" - [[Murali Gopy]]
* "Pavakku Bhoomiyil" - [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
* "Kalyanam Kalyanam" - [[Minmini]], P. K. Nithin
* "De Ithennatha" - Swarna Vinayan

"Podimeesa" became a track in top ten charts of 2016.

Release

On 10 June 2016, a trailer was released on [[YouTube]] with a release date set for [[Ramadan]] 2016.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-pa-va-movie-trailer-featuring-anoop-menon-murali-gopy-video-682184 |last1=James |first1=Anu |date=10 June 2016 |website=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=10 June 2016 |title=Watch 'Pa..Va' movie trailer featuring Anoop Menon, Murali Gopy}}</ref> However, due to competition from other releases, the film was postponed, and was finally released on 22 July 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/pa-va-is-all-set-to-hit-on-july-22-malayalam-news-163533.html|title = Pa.Va is all set to hit on July 22 - Malayalam News|date = 19 July 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|5611416}}
* http://www.m3db.com/film/59981

[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sooraj Tom]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

3:33 (film)

2026-03-03T02:28:48Z

Completegurus: started the info added tags

{{Short description|2021 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 3:33
| image = 3,33_Tamil_film_poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nambikkai Chandru
| writer = Nambikkai Chandru
| producer = T. Jeevitha Kishore
| starring = [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] Shruthi Selvam
| cinematography = Sathish Manoharan
| editing = Deepak S Dwaraknath
| music = [[Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
| studio = Bamboo Trees Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2021|12|10|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''3:33''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological horror]] film written and directed by debutant Nambikkai Chandru and produced by Bamboo Trees Productions.<ref name="3:33 Sandy 1" /> The film stars [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] and Shruthi Selvam with a supporting cast including [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]], [[Reshma Pasupuleti]], [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] and [[Mime Gopi]].<ref name="3:33 Sandy 2" /><ref name="3:33 GVM" /> The film was released theatrically on 10 December 2021.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=14 December 2021 |title=3:33 Movie Review: Sandy makes a confident start with this decent thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2021/Dec/14/333-movie-review-sandy-makes-a-confident-start-with-this-decent-thriller-28415.html |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] as Kathir
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Paranormal investigator
* Shruthi Selvam
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Kathir's father
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Devi
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Exorcist
* [[Rama (actress)|Rama]] as Kathir's mother

== Release ==
The film released in theatres on 10 December 2021.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out on 5 and wrote, "The film then throws stuff like semi-evil numbers, mediums who communicate with ghosts and more scenes with Kathir that may or may not be bad dreams, but by then, the film stops being truly scary and turns exhausting."<ref name="3:33 ToI review" />
Avinash Ramachandran from [[Cinema Express|''CinemaExpress'']] gave it 3 stars from 5 and worte "Sandy makes a confident start with this decent thriller.”<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="3:33 Sandy 1">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2021 |title=Choreographer Sandy turns hero with horror film 3:33 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/03/choreographer-sandy-turns-hero-with-horror-film-333-22057.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117152644/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jan/03/choreographer-sandy-turns-hero-with-horror-film-333-22057.html |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="3:33 Sandy 2">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=3:33 teaser: Sandy stars in promising horror thriller |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/333-teaser-sandy-gautham-menon-promise-a-terror-inducing-horror-thriller-7379302/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630035105/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/333-teaser-sandy-gautham-menon-promise-a-terror-inducing-horror-thriller-7379302/ |archive-date=30 June 2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

<ref name="3:33 GVM">{{Cite web |title=GVM to play paranormal investigative officer in 3:33 |url=http://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/27005804/1277683/GVM-to-play-paranormal-investigative-officer-in--333.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213073031/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/27005804/1277683/GVM-to-play-paranormal-investigative-officer-in--333.vpf |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=27 February 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

<ref name="3:33 ToI review">{{Cite news |title=3:33 Movie Review: Horror movie 3:33 is intriguing only up to a point |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/333/movie-review/88211945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211063028/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/333/movie-review/88211945.cms |archive-date=11 December 2021 |access-date=10 December 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|13782132}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 horror films]]
[[Category:2021 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harshavardhan Rameshwar]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

2026-03-02T18:46:27Z

Completegurus:

{{Short description|Elected member who leads the official opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox official post
|post = [[Leader of the Opposition]] in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|native_name = {{lang|ta-Latn|Tamiḻnāṭu Caṭṭamaṉṟa Etirkkaṭcit Talaivar}}
|insignia = TamilNadu Logo.svg
|insigniasize = 120px
|insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu]]
|image = Palanisamy.jpg
|incumbent = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|incumbentsince = 11 May 2021
|appointer = [[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1952|05|06}}
|first = [[T. Nagi Reddy]]
|website = {{URL|https://assembly.tn.gov.in/16thassembly/lop.php|assembly.tn.gov.in}}
}}
The '''leader of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly''' is an elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member of the Legislative Assembly]] who leads the official opposition party in the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. The [[leader of the opposition]] serves as the legislative leader for the largest political party in the assembly that is not part of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|government]], provided that this political party holds at least 10% of the seats.

Since 1952, the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] has had 18 leaders of the opposition. The longest-serving leader of the opposition [[J. Jayalalithaa]] from [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] became the legislative assembly's first and, to date, only [[List of female opposition leaders in India|female leader of the opposition]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece|title=Jayalalithaa: a political career with sharp rises and steep falls|date=6 December 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=10 December 2016|archive-date=23 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323193937/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Jayalalithaa-a-political-career-with-sharp-rises-and-steep-falls/article60644102.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> She was the first [[List of Indian film actresses|actress]] to become the leader of the opposition in the state's legislative assembly in India, while [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]'s founder [[Vijayakant]] is the second [[List of Indian male film actors|actor]] to become the leader of the opposition in the state's legislative assembly in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vijayakant-to-be-the-leader-of-the-opposition/article2019051.ece|title=Vijayakant to be the Leader of the Opposition|date=14 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 May 2011|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228080605/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/vijayakant-to-be-the-leader-of-the-opposition/article2019051.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'s former president [[M. Karunanidhi]] has the second-longest tenure, having held the office for 5 years and 259 days, and [[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]] from the [[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]] has the third-longest tenure, having held the office for 4 years and 356 days.

The [[List of current Indian opposition leaders|current incumbent]] has been [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] since 11 May 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-k-palaniswami-elected-aiadmk-legislature-party-leader/article34525668.ece|title=Edappadi K. Palaniswami elected AIADMK legislature party leader|date=10 May 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004233141/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/edappadi-k-palaniswami-elected-aiadmk-legislature-party-leader/article34525668.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==List==
;Key
*{{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=11|{{Party index link|AIADMK}} (4){{pad}}{{Party index link|Communist Party of India|CPI}} (2){{pad}}{{Party index link|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK}} (1){{pad}}{{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK}} (4){{pad}}{{Party index link|Independent politician|IND}} (1){{pad}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress|INC}} (5){{pad}}{{Party index link|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)}} (1)
|-
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term of office<ref name="term">The ordinal number of the term being served by the person specified in the row in the corresponding period</ref>
!rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!rowspan=2|Appointed by
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!1
|
|'''[[T. Nagi Reddy]]''' (1917–1976)
|[[Anantapur Assembly constituency|Anantapur]]
|6 May 1952
|1 October 1953{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|1 year, 148 days
|rowspan=2|[[1st Madras State Assembly|1st]] {{small|([[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[J. Shivashanmugam Pillai|J. Shivashanmugam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Communist Party of India]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|-
!2
|
|'''[[P. Ramamurthi]]''' (1908–1987)
|[[Madurai North Assembly constituency|Madurai North]]
|14 December 1953
|31 March 1957
|3 years, 107 days
|-
!3
|
|'''[[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]''' (1901–1984)
|[[Uthiramerur Assembly constituency|Uthiramerur]]
|29 April 1957
|18 March 1962
|4 years, 323 days
|[[2nd Madras State Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1957]])}}
|[[U. Krishna Rao]]
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|-
!4
|
|'''[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]''' (1920–2000)
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|29 March 1962
|28 February 1967
|4 years, 336 days
|[[3rd Madras State Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|[[S. Chellapandian]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!5
|
|'''[[P. G. Karuthiruman]]''' (1919–1977)
|[[Sathyamangalam Assembly constituency|Sathyamangalam]]
|15 March 1967
|5 January 1971
|3 years, 296 days
|[[4th Madras State Assembly|4th]] {{small|([[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|[[S. P. Adithanar]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!–
|colspan=2|'''Vacant'''
|[[N/A]]
|22 March 1971
|31 January 1976
|4 years, 315 days
|[[5th Tamil Nadu Assembly|5th]] {{small|([[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]])}}
|colspan=2|No official opposition{{efn|No official opposition because no political party obtained at least 10% of the seats in the following assembly election}}
|style="background:white;|
|-
!rowspan=2|6
|rowspan=2|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]''' (1924–2018)
|rowspan=2|[[Anna Nagar Assembly constituency|Anna Nagar]]
|25 July 1977
|17 February 1980
|rowspan=2|5 years, 259 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Munu Adhi]]
|rowspan=2|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|27 June 1980
|18 August 1983{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|rowspan=2|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[K. Rajaram]]
|-
!7
|
|'''[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]''' (1915–1999)
|[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
|29 August 1983
|15 November 1984
|1 year, 78 days
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!8
|
|'''[[O. Subramanian]]''' (1921–2000)
|[[Sivaganga Assembly constituency|Sivaganga]]
|27 February 1985
|30 January 1988
|2 years, 337 days
|8th {{small|([[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]])}}
|[[P. H. Pandian]]
|-
!9
|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[J. Jayalalithaa]]''' (1948–2016)
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakkanur]]
|9 February 1989
|1 December 1989{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|295 days
|rowspan=3|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|rowspan=3|[[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!10
|[[File:S.R.Radha.jpg|100px]]
|'''S. R. Eradha''' (1934–2020)
|[[Madurai East Assembly constituency|Madurai East]]
|1 December 1989
|19 January 1991{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|1 year, 49 days
|-
!11
|[[File:GK Moopanar 2010 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[G. K. Moopanar]]''' (1931–2001)
|[[Papanasam Assembly constituency|Papanasam]]
|19 January 1991
|30 January 1991
|11 days
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!12
|
|'''[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1938)
|[[Pongalur Assembly constituency|Pongalur]]
|3 July 1991
|13 May 1996
|4 years, 315 days
|10th {{small|([[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Sedapatti R. Muthiah]]
|-
!13
|
|'''[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]''' (1936–2006)
|[[Mudukulathur Assembly constituency|Mudukulathur]]
|23 May 1996
|14 May 2001
|4 years, 356 days
|11th {{small|([[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]])}}
|[[P. T. R. Palanivel Rajan]]
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|-
!14
|[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]''' (1922–2020)
|[[Harbour Assembly constituency|Harbour]]
|24 May 2001
|14 April 2006
|4 years, 325 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!15
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|19 May 2006
|28 May 2006{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|9 days
|rowspan=2|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[R. Avudaiyappan]]
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!(9)
|[[File:J Jayalalithaa.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[J. Jayalalithaa]]''' (1948–2016)
|[[Andipatti Assembly constituency|Andipatti]]
|29 May 2006{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|14 May 2011
|4 years, 350 days
|-
!16
|[[File:Vijaykanth at the Sagaptham Audio Launch.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Vijayakant]]''' (1952–2023)
|[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandiyam]]
|27 May 2011
|21 February 2016
|4 years, 270 days
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
!–
|colspan=2|'''Vacant'''
|[[N/A]]
|22 February 2016
|21 May 2016
|89 days
|colspan=2|No official opposition{{efn|No official opposition because no political party obtained at least 10% of the seats in the assembly}}
|style="background:white;|
|-
!17
|[[File:MKStalin.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[M. K. Stalin]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1953)
|[[Kolathur Assembly constituency|Kolathur]]
|4 June 2016
|3 May 2021
|4 years, 333 days
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!18
|[[File:Palanisamy.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|[[Edappadi Assembly constituency|Edappadi]]
|11 May 2021
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2021|05|11}}
|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[M. Appavu]]
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

;Timeline
{{#tag:timeline|
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from:15/03/1967 till:05/01/1971 color:inc text:"[[P. G. Karuthiruman]]" fontsize:10
bar:Vacant
from:22/03/1971 till:31/01/1976 color:vacant
from:22/02/2016 till:21/05/2016 color:vacant text:"[[Vacant]]" fontsize:10
bar:Karunanidhi
from:25/07/1977 till:17/02/1980 color:dmk
from:27/06/1980 till:18/08/1983 color:dmk text:"[[M. Karunanidhi]]" fontsize:10
bar:Shareef
from:29/08/1983 till:15/11/1984 color:inc text:"[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]" fontsize:10
bar:Subramanian
from:27/02/1985 till:30/01/1988 color:inc text:"[[O. Subramanian]]" fontsize:10
bar:Jayalalithaa
from:09/02/1989 till:01/12/1989 color:aiadmk
from:29/05/2006 till:14/05/2011 color:aiadmk text:"[[J. Jayalalithaa]]" fontsize:10
bar:Eradha
from:01/12/1989 till:19/01/1991 color:aiadmk text:"S. R. Eradha" fontsize:10
bar:Moopanar
from:19/01/1991 till:30/01/1991 color:inc text:"[[G. K. Moopanar]]" fontsize:10
bar:Balasubramoniyan
from:03/07/1991 till:13/05/1996 color:inc text:"[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Balakrishnan
from:23/05/1996 till:14/05/2001 color:tmc(m) text:"[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Anbazhagan
from:24/05/2001 till:14/04/2006 color:dmk text:"[[K. Anbazhagan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Panneerselvam
from:19/05/2006 till:28/05/2006 color:aiadmk text:"[[O. Panneerselvam]]" fontsize:10
bar:Vijayakant
from:27/05/2011 till:21/02/2016 color:dmdk text:"[[Vijayakanth|Vijayakant]]" fontsize:10
bar:Stalin
from:04/06/2016 till:03/05/2021 color:dmk text:"[[M. K. Stalin]]" fontsize:10
bar:Palaniswami
from:11/05/2021 till:end color:aiadmk text:"[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]" fontsize:10
}}

==Statistics==
;List of leaders of the opposition by length of term
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Name
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Length of term
|-
!Longest continuous duration
!Total duration of opposition-ship
|-
!1
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|[[AIADMK]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|4 years, 350 days
|5 years, 280 days
|-
!2
|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|5 years, 259 days
|5 years, 259 days
|-
!3
|[[S. Balakrishnan (Mudukulathur MLA)|S. Balakrishnan]]
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|{{party color cell|Tamil Maanila Congress}}
|4 years, 356 days
|4 years, 356 days
|-
!4
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|4 years, 336 days
|4 years, 336 days
|-
!5
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|4 years, 333 days
|4 years, 333 days
|-
!6
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|4 years, 325 days
|4 years, 325 days
|-
!7
|[[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]
|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|4 years, 323 days
|4 years, 323 days
|-
!8
|[[S. R. Balasubramoniyan]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|4 years, 315 days
|4 years, 315 days
|-
!9
|'''[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]'''
|'''[[AIADMK]]'''
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|'''{{age in years and days|2021|05|11}}'''
|'''{{age in years and days|2021|05|11}}'''
|-
!10
|[[Vijayakant]]
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|{{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|4 years, 270 days
|4 years, 270 days
|-
!11
|[[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|3 years, 296 days
|3 years, 296 days
|-
!12
|[[P. Ramamurthi]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|3 years, 107 days
|3 years, 107 days
|-
!13
|[[O. Subramanian]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|2 years, 337 days
|2 years, 337 days
|-
!14
|[[T. Nagi Reddy]]
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|1 year, 148 days
|1 year, 148 days
|-
!15
|[[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|1 year, 78 days
|1 year, 78 days
|-
!16
|S. R. Eradha
|[[AIADMK]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|1 year, 49 days
|1 year, 49 days
|-
!17
|[[G. K. Moopanar]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|11 days
|11 days
|-
!18
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|[[AIADMK]]
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|9 days
|9 days
|}

;List by party
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
|+ Parties by total time-span of their member holding [[Fort St. George, India|LOPO]] ({{CURRENTDAY}} {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}})
!No.
!Political party
!Number of leaders of the opposition
!Total days of holding LOPO
|-
!1
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|4
|{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1962|03|29|1967|02|28}}+{{age in days|1977|07|25|1980|02|17}}+{{age in days|1980|06|27|1983|08|18}}+{{age in days|2001|05|24|2006|04|14}}+{{age in days|2016|06|04|2021|05|03}}}}}}|R}} days
|-
!2
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|5
|4948 days
|-
!3
|'''[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'''
|'''4'''
|'''{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1989|02|09|1991|01|19}}+{{age in days|2006|05|19|2011|05|14}}+{{age in days|2021|05|11}}}}}}|R}} days'''
|-
!4
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)]]
|1
|1817 days
|-
! 5
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|2
|1790 days
|-
!6
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|1
|1784 days
|-
!7
|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|1
|1731 days
|}

;Parties by total duration (in days) of holding Leader of the Opposition's Office
{{#invoke:Chart|bar chart
|float = center
|width = 800
|height = 300
|stack = 1
|group 1 = {{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1962|03|29|1967|02|28}}+{{age in days|1977|07|25|1980|02|17}}+{{age in days|1980|06|27|1983|08|18}}+{{age in days|2001|05|24|2006|04|14}}+{{age in days|2016|06|04|2021|05|03}}}}}}|R}}:0:0:0:0:0:0
|group 2 = 0:4948:0:0:0:0:0
|group 3 = 0:0:{{formatnum:{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{age in days|1989|02|09|1991|01|19}}+{{age in days|2006|05|19|2011|05|14}}+{{age in days|2021|05|11}}}}}}|R}}:0:0:0:0
|group 4 = 0:0:0:1817:0:0:0
|group 5 = 0:0:0:0:1790:0:0
|group 6 = 0:0:0:0:0:1784:0
|group 7 = 0:0:0:0:0:0:1731
|colors = #FF0D0D:#19AAED:#009933:#FF7000:#FF0000:#DDDDDD:#FFFF00
|group names = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]:[[Indian National Congress|INC]]:[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]:[[Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]:[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]:[[Independent (politician)|IND]]:[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
|x legends = DMK:INC:AIADMK:TMC(M):CPI:IND:DMDK
}}

==List of deputy leaders of the opposition==
;Key
*{{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=13|{{Party index link|AIADMK}} (4){{pad}}{{Party index link|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK}} (2){{pad}}{{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK}} (3)
|-
!rowspan=2|No.
!rowspan=2|Portrait
!rowspan=2|Name
{{nowrap|(Birth–Death)}}
!rowspan=2|Elected constituency
!colspan=3|Term of office
!rowspan=2|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] {{small|([[Elections in Tamil Nadu|Election]])}}
!rowspan=2|Appointed by
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|Political party
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Leader of the Opposition
|-
!Assumed office
!Left office
!Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:M. Karunanidhi .jpg|100px]]
|'''[[M. Karunanidhi]]''' (1924–2018)
|[[Thanjavur Assembly constituency|Thanjavur]]
|29 March 1962
|28 February 1967
|4 years, 336 days
|[[3rd Madras State Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|[[S. Chellapandian]]
|rowspan=3|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!rowspan=2|2
|rowspan=2|[[File:Anbazhagan2006.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|'''[[K. Anbazhagan]]''' (1922–2020)
|rowspan=2|[[Purasawalkam Assembly constituency|Purasawalkam]]
|25 July 1977
|17 February 1980
|rowspan=2|5 years, 259 days
|6th {{small|([[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[Munu Adhi]]
|rowspan=2|[[M. Karunanidhi]]
|-
|27 June 1980
|18 August 1983{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|7th {{small|([[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[K. Rajaram]]
|-
!3
|
|'''[[Su. Thirunavukkarasar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)
|[[Arantangi Assembly constituency|Aranthangi]]
|9 February 1989
|23 July 1990
|1 year, 164 days
|rowspan=2|9th {{small|([[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[M. Tamilkudimagan]]
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
----
S. R. Eradha
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!4
|[[File:K.A. Sengottaiyan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1948)
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|23 June 1990
|19 January 1991
|180 days
|S. R. Eradha
|-
!5
|
|'''[[Duraimurugan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1938)
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|24 May 2001
|14 April 2006
|4 years, 325 days
|[[12th Tamil Nadu Assembly|12th]] {{small|([[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[K. Kalimuthu]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[K. Anbazhagan]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!(4)
|[[File:K.A. Sengottaiyan.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[K. A. Sengottaiyan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1948)
|[[Gobichettipalayam Assembly constituency|Gobichettipalayam]]
|19 May 2006{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|28 May 2006{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|9 days
|rowspan=2|[[13th Tamil Nadu Assembly|13th]] {{small|([[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[R. Avudaiappan]]
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[O. Panneerselvam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!6
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|[[Periyakulam Assembly constituency|Periyakulam]]
|29 May 2006
|14 May 2011
|4 years, 350 days
|[[J. Jayalalithaa]]
|-
!7
|
|'''[[Panruti S. Ramachandran]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1937)
|[[Alandur Assembly constituency|Alandur]]
|27 May 2011
|10 December 2013{{ref label|RES|RES|RES}}
|2 years, 197 days
|rowspan=2|[[14th Tamil Nadu Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[D. Jayakumar]]
|rowspan=2|[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=2|[[Vijayakant]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
!8
|
|'''[[Alagaapuram R. Mohanraj]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1954)
|[[Salem North Assembly constituency|Salem North]]
|31 January 2014
|21 February 2016
|2 years, 21 days
|rowspan=2|[[P. Dhanapal]]
|-
!(5)
|
|'''[[Duraimurugan]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1938)
|[[Katpadi Assembly constituency|Katpadi]]
|4 June 2016{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|3 May 2021
|4 years, 333 days
|[[15th Tamil Nadu Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!(6)
|[[File:O. Panneerselvam.jpg|100px]]
|'''[[O. Panneerselvam]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1951)
|[[Bodinayakkanur Assembly constituency|Bodinayakanur]]
|14 June 2021{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|11 July 2022
|1 year, 27 days
|rowspan=2|[[16th Tamil Nadu Assembly|16th]] {{small|([[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|rowspan=2|[[M. Appavu]]
|rowspan=2|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan=2|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
!9
|
|'''[[R. B. Udhayakumar]]''' ({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1973)
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|19 July 2022
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2022|07|19}}
|}

==See also==
*[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Elections in Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Governor of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Fort St. George, India|Chief Secretariat of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[List of current Indian opposition leaders]]
*[[Speaker of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of leaders of the house in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Current Indian opposition leaders}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of leaders of the opposition of Indian states and territories]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu Legislature]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists]]

Go Goa Gone

2026-03-02T09:28:47Z

Completegurus: cleanup formatting for consistency

{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Go Goa Gone
| image = Go Goa Gone poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.|Raj and D.K.]]
| producer = [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Dinesh Vijan]] Sunil Lulla
| screenplay = Raj and D.K. [[Sita Menon]] {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 =
Dialogues by | data1 = Kunal Khemu
}}
| story =
| starring = [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Kunal Khemu]] [[Vir Das]] [[Anand Tiwari]] [[Puja Gupta]]
| music = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cinematography = [[Dan Macarthur]] Lukasz Pruchnik
| editing = Arindam S. Ghatak
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|10}}
| runtime = 112 minutes (A version)<ref name=Runtime>{{cite web|title=''Go Goa Gone'' (15)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/go-goa-gone-2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617151622/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/go-goa-gone-2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 June 2013|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=15 May 2013}}</ref>
100 minutes (U/A version)
| studio = Illuminati Films
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|19|c}}<ref name="boxofficeindia1">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=762|title=Go Goa Gone - Movie - Box Office India}}</ref>
| gross = {{INRConvert|39|c}}<ref name="boxofficeindia1"/>
}}

'''''Go Goa Gone''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[zombie film|zombie]] [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] directed by [[Raj & DK]]. The film stars [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Vir Das]], [[Anand Tiwari]], and [[Puja Gupta]]. Set partly in [[Mauritius]], where nearly one-third of the film was shot, the narrative follows a group of friends who travel to [[Goa]] for a [[Rave|rave party]] and find themselves trapped on an island overrun by [[zombie]]s. It is widely regarded as India’s first zombie film and has also been described as the country's first [[Stoner film|stoner comedy]].

The film was released theatrically in India on May 10, 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201200135/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/go_goa_gone Go Goa Gone]. Box Office India</ref> It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised its pacing, editing, and inventive use of genre elements while criticizing the screenplay and its second half. Despite this, ''Go Goa Gone'' was a commercial success and gradually attained [[cult film|cult status]] for its offbeat humor and genre-bending approach.

A sequel, ''Go Goa Gone 2'', was officially announced but remained in development limbo as of 2024.

== Plot ==
Hardik and Luv are two friends living in [[Mumbai]] with their roommate Bunny. After Hardik loses his job and Luv experiences a [[breakup]], the two accompany Bunny on a business trip to [[Goa]] in search of the distraction and relaxation. There, Luv meets Luna, who invites them to a rave party hosted by the [[Russian mafia]] on a secluded island. At the party, a powerful new drug called D2RF is introduced, though the three friends choose not to consume it due to its high cost.

The next morning, the island is overrun by zombies. Attempting to flee, the group discovers that Luna is still on the island and ventures to a villa to find her. Inside, Luna explains that her friend became ill after taking the drug, subsequently turned into a zombie, and attacked the others. The group escapes the villa and encounters Boris, a Russian mafioso, who is originally Indian and his associate Nikolai, who are armed and experienced in fighting the undead.

Boris and Nikolai plan to escape the island using the boat that brought them there. They provide Luv and Hardik with the firearms and instruct them to conserve ammunition, but the duo wastes their bullets on a single zombie. Boris later explains that the drug D2RF shuts down all bodily functions except the hypothalamus, leaving users driven only by hunger.

While attempting to reach the boat, the group is forced to hide from a horde of zombies. Boris kills one of the attackers with a knife, saving Hardik. As they navigate the forest, they learn that the mainland has also been infected. Taking shelter in a vacant house, the group finds food and rests for the night. Boris, suspecting Hardik is infected, tries to eliminate him but relents after his friends intervene. Boris departs with Nikolai, warning the others to remain vigilant.

That night, zombies locate the house and attack. The group flees and returns to the site of the rave party in search of supplies. Bunny is caught in a tent and presumed dead. As the others are overwhelmed, Boris and Nikolai arrive to rescue them, though Nikolai is bitten and chooses to stay behind.

The group later discovers that Boris returned to retrieve his hidden stash of [[cocaine]]. Hardik receives a call from Bunny, who is alive and stranded on a tower. They launch a rescue mission, but Boris is surrounded by the zombies during the effort. Bunny explains that he repelled the zombies by throwing cocaine at them, which, when combined with D2RF, immobilized them. The group replicates this tactic by dispersing cocaine into the air, allowing Boris to shoot the packets and freeze the surrounding zombies. Boris is then forced to kill Nikolai, who has turned, using a rocket launcher.

The group reaches the seaside and prepares to depart. As they board the boat, Boris nearly shoots Ariana, a zombie, but is stopped by Hardik, who tricks her into disembarking. The group sails away, reflecting on the destructive consequences of drug use.

Upon returning to the shores of Goa, they find the city in ruins. Armed with their weapons, they brace for further danger as the screen fades to black with the message: "The End... is near."

== Cast ==
{{cast list|
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Boris
* [[Kunal Khemu]] as Hardik
* [[Vir Das]] as Luv
* [[Anand Tiwari]] as Bunny
* [[Puja Gupta]] as Luna (voice dubbed by [[Urvi Ashar]])
* [[Fahim Fazli]] as Aziz
* Meenal Thakur as Priyanka
* Suparn Verma as Boss (cameo)
* Larrisa Bonesi as Simone
* [[Krishna D.K.]] as Guy Devoured by Zombies
* Jasleen Jil as Uninterested Girl at the Bar
* Anuradha Sharma as Interested Girl at the Bar
* Avinash Serrao as Leetle Zombie
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Pharmacist (cameo)
* [[Pitobash Tripathy]] as the Drug Dealer in the song "Slowly Slowly" (cameo)
* [[Soha Ali Khan]] as Hardik's Ex-Girlfriend (cameo)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Go Goa Gone'' was originally conceived as a crime comedy before evolving into a [[zombie comedy]], blending horror with humor in what became India's first zombie film.<ref>{{cite web |date=2 May 2013 |title=Go Goa Gone: Saif's zombie research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Go-Goa-Gone-Saifs-zombie-research/articleshow/19818844.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506005951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-02/news-interviews/38958674_1_zombie-hunter-goa-gone-zombie-comedy |archive-date=6 May 2013 |access-date=17 January 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Kunal Khemu]], who was involved in the writing process, suggested casting [[Saif Ali Khan]] in the role of Boris. Khan, intrigued by the genre, was the directors’ first choice for the role. To prepare, he was given ''[[The Zombie Survival Guide]]'' by [[Max Brooks]], as he had no prior experience in the genre.

=== Casting ===
Khan was cast as Boris, a [[Russian mafia|Russian mafioso]] turned zombie hunter. The lead cast also included Khemu, [[Vir Das]], [[Anand Tiwari]], and [[Puja Gupta]].

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began in 2012, with about one-third of the film shot on location in [[Mauritius]]. The island served as the stand-in for the fictional zombie-infested setting, with additional scenes filmed in [[Goa]] and [[Mumbai]].[4]

== Marketing ==

=== Promotion ===
''Go Goa Gone'' was marketed as India's first "Zom-Com," a term used to highlight its blend of zombie horror and comedy.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 March 2013 |title=Go Goa Gone trailer goes viral |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Go-Goa-Gone-trailer-goes-viral/Article1-1033675.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502080217/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Go-Goa-Gone-trailer-goes-viral/Article1-1033675.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2013 |access-date=27 April 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

As part of its promotional campaign, the filmmakers partnered with [[Volkswagen India]] for a unique cross-branding initiative. A specially selected [[Volkswagen Polo]] featured in the film was chosen through a public contest titled "My Car Superstar!" conducted in collaboration with the company.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pune owner's Volkswagen Polo selected winner of 'My Car Superstar' contest |url=https://www.rushlane.com/pune-owners-volkswagen-polo-selected-winner-of-my-car-superstar-contest-1239123.html |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Go Goa Gone
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 3 May 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India]] [[Eros Music]]
| producer = [[Illuminati Films]]
| prev_title = [[I, Me Aur Main]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]
| next_year = 2013
}}
The film's music was composed by the duo [[Sachin–Jigar]], with lyrics written by Priya Panchal and [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]. The soundtrack features vocal performances by Jigar Saraiya, Talia Bentson, Sachin Sanghvi, Priya Panchal, and [[Shreya Ghoshal]].

{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Slowly Slowly
| extra1 = Jigar Saraiya & Talia Bentson
| lyrics1 = [[Priya Saraiya|Priya Panchal]]
| music1 = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| length1 = 3:21
| title2 = Khoon Choos Le
| extra2 = [[Arjun Kanungo]], [[Suraj Jagan]] & Priya Panchal
| lyrics2 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| music2 = Sachin – Jigar
| length2 = 3:20
| title3 = Babaji Ki Booti
| extra3 = [[Anand Tiwari]], [[Sachin–Jigar]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Vir Das]], [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| lyrics3 = Amitabh Bhattacharya
| music3 = Sachin – Jigar
| length3 = 3:46
| title4 = Khushamdeed
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| lyrics4 = Priya Panchal
| music4 = Sachin – Jigar
| length4 = 3:35
| title5 = I Keel Ded Peepul
| lyrics5 = [[Raj & DK]]
| extra5 = [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Anand Tiwari]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Vir Das]]
| music5 = Sachin – Jigar
| length5 = 1:42
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Go Goa Gone'' was released on 10 May 2013 and had a production budget of approximately ₹19 crore. The film collected around ₹3.75 crore on its opening day and ₹12.9 crore over its opening weekend in India. By the end of its theatrical run, it had earned a total of ₹25.16 crore net domestically (₹32.26 crore gross) and approximately ₹5.56 crore overseas, bringing its worldwide gross to ₹37.82 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2013-05-10 |title=Go Goa Gone Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/go-goa-gone/box-office/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Go Goa Gone'' received mixed reviews upon its release but has since garnered a [[cult following]] within the horror-comedy genre. Critics praised its innovative blend of zombie horror and comedy, though some noted shortcomings in its screenplay and pacing.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 July 2018 |title=Saif Ali Khan will return as Boris in Go Goa Gone 2, shooting starts in January |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-will-return-as-boris-in-go-goa-gone-2-shooting-starts-in-january/story-qVDyuLiYSawbO46aaqc6XK.html |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2018 |title=Why is Saif Ali Khan un-'Saif' today? |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/saif-ali-khan-un-saif-today/ |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2017 |title=GO GOA GONE 2: 'Zombie Hunter' Saif Ali Khan Is Returning Back To 'Kill Dead People'! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2017/go-goa-gone-2-zombie-hunter-saif-ali-khan-is-returning-back-to-kill-dead-people-261593.html |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 2017 |title=The days are not gone for 'Go Goa Gone': Raj and DK |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/days-not-gone-go-goa-gone-raj-dk-1502477459.html |access-date=31 July 2018 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

Piyasree Dasgupta of ''[[Firstpost]]'' likened the film's appeal to that of ''Delhi Belly'', commending its "superb pace" and "smart editing."<ref>{{cite web |author=Dasgupta, Piyasree |date=10 May 2013 |title=Go Goa Gone review: Saif's not the only star in the laughathon |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/go-goa-gone-review-saifs-not-the-only-star-in-the-laughathon-769705.html}}</ref> Lisa Tsering of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' described the film as starting "promisingly," highlighting its "infectious" soundtrack, but criticized the screenplay for "fizzling out halfway through."<ref>{{cite web |author=Tsering, Lisa |date=10 May 2013 |title=Go Goa Gone: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/go-goa-gone-film-review-520986 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' awarded the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, stating, "On the whole, ''Go Goa Gone'' is experimental since something like this has never been attempted earlier. But it's fun, witty, amusing and yes, thoroughly entertaining."<ref>{{cite web |author=Taran Adarsh |title=Review: Go Goa Gone |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/546910 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421161232/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/546910 |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=10 May 2013 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3 out of 5 stars, noting, "''Go Goa Gone'' is positively different from anything you have seen before. And for the young and restless or even those who like whacked-out fun, it's a great ride."<ref>{{cite news |author=Meena Iyer |title=Review: Go Goa Gone Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/19947015.cms |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, summarizing it as "fun, sharp, smart and irreverent," and noted that it "pushes many of our sanctimonious envelopes."<ref>{{cite web |author=Joshi, Namrata |date=27 May 2013 |title=Go Goa Gone |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?285444}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] gave the film a 3 out of 5 rating, writing, "So much in this film is good until it all goes nowhere in the end."<ref>{{cite web |author=Masand, Rajeev |date=10 May 2013 |title=Zombie High |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/zombie-high/ |access-date=31 July 2018 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822101857/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/zombie-high/ |url-status=dead }}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Shubir Rishi of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating, "''Go Goa Gone'' is a fun watch. There are plenty of innocent-sounding, slow-exploding one-liners, which are funny."<ref>{{cite web |author=Shubir Rishi |title=Review: Go Goa Gone could have used more fun-gore |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2013/may/10review-go-goa-gone-could-have-used-more-fun-gore.htm |access-date=10 May 2013 |work=Rediff.com}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' also gave it 2.5 out of 5 stars, commenting, "The problem with ''Go Goa Gone'' is too much cleverness and not enough plot."<ref>{{cite web |author=Chopra, Anupama |date=11 May 2013 |title=Anupama Chopra's review: Go Goa Gone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-go-goa-gone/story-g7pDhYkKxz0m3wvgHIKHRJ.html}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, writing, "The film would have been funnier if the second act hadn't gone into a slide. And also if Khan hadn't played Boris so straight."<ref>{{cite web |author=Gupta, Shubhra |date=10 May 2013 |title=Review: 'Go Goa Gone' aims to make us laugh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/review-go-goa-gone-aims-to-make-us-laugh/}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| scope="row" |[[Chicago International Film Festival]]
|16–18 October 2013
|Gold Hugo
|''Go Goa Gone''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brayton |first=Tim |date=2013-10-24 |title=Go Goa Gone - Movie Review |url=https://www.alternateending.com/2013/10/chicago-international-film-festival-13-go-goa-gone-krishna-d-k-raj-nidimoru-india.html |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=Alternate Ending}}</ref>
|-
|[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
|18 December 2013
|Best Entertaining Actor in a Comedy Film
| rowspan="2" |[[Kunal Khemu]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-19 |title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2013: Winners List |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-winners-list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124205059/https://www.bizasialive.com/big-star-entertainment-awards-2013-winners-list/ |archive-date=2025-01-24 |access-date=2025-05-11 |work=BizAsiaLive |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards]]
|14 January 2014
|[[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-15 |title=20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards: List of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-05-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |15 January 2014
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role|Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]
|[[Saif Ali Khan]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-17 |title=Nominations for 9th Renault Star Guild Awards {{!}} Latest Celebrity Features - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/6028 |access-date=2025-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117182833/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/6028 |archive-date=17 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
|Kunal Khemu
| {{nom}}
|}

== Sequel ==
A sequel to ''Go Goa Gone'' was initially announced with production scheduled to begin in January 2019. However, filming was postponed to September 2020 due to scheduling conflicts among the lead cast. On 15 January 2020, [[Maddock Films]] released the first-look poster of ''[[Go Goa Gone 2]]'' on its social media platforms, announcing a planned release for March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2020 |title=Go Goa Gone 2 confirmed: 'We are thrilled to bring the characters back to life' says Dinesh Vijan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/go-goa-gone-2-confirmed-we-are-thrilled-to-bring-the-characters-back-to-life-says-dinesh-vijan/story-79JecbO5cxFMfyHArIopvM.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The project was subsequently delayed as a result of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]]. The sequel was expected to continue the story from the first film, with [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Vir Das]], [[Anand Tiwari]], and [[Puja Gupta]] all set to reprise their roles.<ref>{{cite web |author=Rakshit, Nayandeep |date=3 July 2018 |title='I will return as Boris in Go Goa Gone 2': Saif Ali Khan |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-i-will-return-as-boris-in-go-goa-gone-2-saif-ali-khan-2632356 |access-date=31 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2019 |title=Release of Saif Ali Khan starrer Go Goa Gone 2 pushed to 2020 due to actors' unavailability of dates |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-starrer-go-goa-gone-2-release-2020-due-unavailability-dates-actors/ |access-date=18 March 2019 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>

As of 2024, the sequel remains stalled and is not in active production. In an interview, actor Anand Tiwari stated that he would be open to returning for the sequel, but noted that the decision ultimately rests with directors [[Raj & DK]] and producer [[Dinesh Vijan]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Simran Singh |date=September 6, 2024 |title=Anand Tiwari talks about his series Cadets, reveals if Go Goa Gone 2 is still possible: 'They want...' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-anand-tiwari-discusses-his-series-cadets-reveals-if-go-goa-gone-2-is-still-possible-kunal-kemmu-saif-ali-khan-3106363 |work=DNA India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Go Goa Gone}}
* {{IMDb title|2436516}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|go-goa-gone}}

{{Raj and DK}}

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2010s buddy films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about cocaine]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films set on beaches]]
[[Category:Films about travel]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian road movies]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mauritius]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian buddy films]]
[[Category:Indian action horror films]]
[[Category:Zombie comedy films]]
[[Category:Stoner films]]
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K.]]
[[Category:Fiction about human–zombie romance]]
[[Category:Indian zombie films]]
[[Category:Films about substance abuse]]

Jharsuguda Road railway station

2026-02-20T00:20:50Z

Completegurus: basic updated intro after review further and improved wording

{{short description|Railway station in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Jharsuguda Road
| type = [[Indian Railways|Indian Railway Station]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|80px]]
| image_caption =
| address = [[Jharsuguda]], [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| elevation =
| coordinates = {{coord|21.846159|84.011684|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Jharsuguda–Vizianagaram line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard (On Ground)
| platform = 2
| tracks = 4
| parking = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = JSGR
| zone = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Sambalpur}}
}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| operator =
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Odisha
| map_dot_label = Jharsuguda Road railway station
| map_size = 300
}}

'''Jharsuguda Road railway station''' is a railway station on the [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] zone in the state of [[Odisha]], India. Its code is '''JSGR'''. It serves [[Jharsuguda]]. It has two platforms. It is a by-pass station, connecting [[Sambalpur Junction railway station|Sambalpur]] & [[Bilaspur Junction railway station|Bilaspur]] by skipping [[Jharsuguda Junction railway station|Jharsuguda Junction]]. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt at Jharsuguda Road railway station.
<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/jharsuguda-road-jsgr/10288| title=JSGR/Jharsuguda Road| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=JSGR| title=JSGR:Passenger Amenities Details As on : 31/03/2018 Division : Chakradharpur| website=Raildrishti| access-date=25 July 2019| archive-date=22 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122025212/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationPDF.jsp?stncode=JSGR| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=JSGR| title=JSGR/Jharsuguda Road| website=Raildrishti| access-date=25 July 2019| archive-date=22 January 2025| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122025450/https://www.raildrishti.in/raildrishti/IRDBStationTimeTable.jsp?stncode=JSGR| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/bilaspur-five-pairs-of-trains-including-jodhpur-express-will-no-longer-be-jharsuguda-station-3089788| title=जोधपुर एक्सप्रेस समेत पांच जोड़ी ट्रेनें अब नहीं जाएगी झारसुगुड़ा स्टेशन| website=Nai Dunia| date=8 August 2019}}</ref>

==Major Trains==
* [[Hirakud Express]]
* [[Indore–Puri Humsafar Express]]
* [[Valsad–Puri Superfast Express]]
* [[Bikaner–Puri Express]]
* Puri–Jodhpur Express
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Puri Superfast Express]]
* [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Bhubaneswar Superfast Express]]
* Rourkela - Puri Passenger
* Bilaspur - Titlagarh Passenger
* Jharsuguda - Sambalpur MEMU

==See also==
* [[Jharsuguda District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Odisha|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Jharsuguda district]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division]]

{{Odisha-railstation-stub}}

Chola art and architecture

2026-02-19T15:05:08Z

Completegurus: general fixed formatting based on references and added references for clarity

{{short description|Art from the period of the imperial Cholas (c. 850 CE – 1250 CE) in South India}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}

[[File:Le temple de Brihadishwara (Tanjore, Inde) (14354574611).jpg|thumb|The [[Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]], completed 1010. The [[Vimana (tower)|vimana]] in the foreground is still much taller than the [[gopura]]s at right.]]
{{Chola history}}
The period of the imperial [[Cholas]] (c. 850 CE – 1250 CE) in [[South India]] was an age of continuous improvement and refinement of '''Chola art and architecture'''. They utilised the wealth earned through their extensive conquests in building long-lasting stone temples and exquisite bronze sculptures, in an almost exclusively Dravidian cultural setting.

The Cholas built their temples in the traditional way of the [[Pallava]] [[dynasty]], who were themselves influenced by the [[Amaravati]] school of architecture. The Chola artists and artisans further drew their influences from other contemporary art and architectural schools and elevated the Chola temple design to greater heights.<ref name="tri479">Tripathi, p 479</ref> The Chola kings built numerous temples throughout their kingdom, which normally comprised the plains, Central and Northern Tamil Nadu and at times the entire state of Tamil Nadu as also adjoining parts of modern Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. In the evolution of the Chola temple architecture we can roughly see three major phases, beginning with the early phase, starting with [[Vijayalaya Chola]] and continuing till Sundara Chola, the middle phase of [[Rajaraja Chola]] and [[Rajendra Chola]] when the achievements scaled heights never reached before or since and the final phase during the [[Chalukya Chola]] period of [[Kulottunga Chola I|Kulottunga I]] till the demise of the Chola empire.

The Cholas in addition to their temples, also built many buildings such as hospitals, public utility buildings and palaces. Many such buildings find mention in their inscriptions and in contemporary accounts. The golden palace that [[Aditya Karikala]] supposedly built for his father [[Parantaka Chola II|Sundara Chola]] is an example of such a building. However, such buildings were of perishable materials such as timber and fired bricks and have not survived the ravages of time.

==Early Chola Period==
[[File:Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, dedicated to Vishnu, in Srirangam, near Tiruchirappali (28) (37464519366).jpg|thumb|[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] is the largest functioning religious complex in the world and mentioned in the [[Sangam literature]] of the [[Sangam era]] (500 BCE - 300 CE<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/shangam-literature Sangam literature], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>)]]

[[File:N-TN-C150 Rockcut Vishnu temple.jpg|left|thumb|Images of [[Lord Vishnu]] in the [[Vijayalaya Choleeswaram]] complex]]

[[Pallavas]] were the first recognisable South Indian dynasty who indulged in the pursuit of architectural innovations. The first seeds of Chola temple architecture in Tamil Nadu were possibly sown during this period. The temple architecture evolved from the early cave temples and monolith temples of [[Mamallapuram]] to the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikunta Perumal temple]] of [[Kanchipuram]]. This architecture style formed the foundation from which the Cholas, who were in close contact with the Pallavas during their periods of decline, took some valuable lessons according to Nilakanta Sastri, in his ''A History of South India''.

[[File:vijayala choleswaram.png|thumb|left|Vijayalaya Choleswaram]]
The early Cholas built numerous temples. [[Aditya I]] and [[Parantaka I]] were prolific builders for their faith. Inscriptions of Aditya I record that he built a number of temples along the banks of the river Kaveri. These temples were much smaller in comparison to the huge monumental structures of the later Cholas and were probably brick structures rather than stone.

The [[Vijayalaya Choleeswaram]] near [[Pudukkottai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] is an example of a surviving early Chola building. The style of this structure clearly shows Pallava influences in the design. It has an unusual arrangement of a circular [[garba griha]] (where the deity resides) within a square ''[[parikrama|prakara]]'' - circumbulatory corridor. Above this rises the ''[[vimana (tower)|vimana]]'' or the tower in four diminishing storeys of which the lower three are square and the top circular. Each level is separated from the next by a cornice. The whole structure is surmounted by a dome which in turn is topped with a stone ''kalasa'' - a crest. Very faint traces of paintings can be seen inside on the walls. There are carvings and rock cut temples similar to the Pallava architecture dedicated to [[Lord Vishnu]]. There are 12 Life sized sculptures of Maha Vishnu present in the temple. These paintings are dated not earlier than the 17th century. The little temple of Nageswara at [[Kumbakonam]] is also of the same period.

[[File:Varadharajaperumal temple, Thirubuvanai (4).jpg|thumb|View of the [[Varadharajaperumal temple, Thirubuvanai|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]].]]

The [[Varadharajaperumal temple, Thirubuvanai|Varadharaja Perumal Temple]] is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]]. It is located in [[Thirubuvanai]], a village, located {{convert|23|km|mi|abbr=on}}, in the outskirts of Puducherry. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is a storehouse of Chola architecture and built by [[Parantaka I]] (907-950 CE). The temple has inscriptions from the time of [[Parantaka I]], [[Rajaraja Chola]] (985–1014 CE), [[Rajadhiraja I]] (c. 1048 CE) and is indicated as an educational institution operating in the temple teaching the ''[[Vedas]]'' and ''[[Shastra]]s''.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&dq=varadaraja+perumal+pondicherry&pg=PA182|page=182|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1982|isbn=9788120601512}}</ref> There is also mention of the remuneration to the teachers and students in the form of paddy.<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite book|title=Vishnu temples of South India, Volume 4, Tamil Nadu|isbn=978-81-908445-3-6|first=Chithra|last=Madhavan|publisher=Alpha Land Published Pvt. Limited|year=2014|edition=1st|pages=71–76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Imbibed In Faith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=284AAwAAQBAJ&dq=varadaraja+perumal+pondicherry&pg=PT135|last=Pal|first=Susant |page=284|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781482812596}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as a protected monument.

[[File:Koranganthar temple, Srinivasanallur, Trichy district (17).jpg|thumb|left|View of the [[Koranganatha Temple]].]]

The [[Koranganatha Temple]] dedicated to [[Ranganatha|Lord Ranganatha]] (a form of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]]) at Srinivasanallur near [[Thottiyam]] is an example of the period of [[Parantaka I]]. The temple was constructed by the [[Medieval Cholas]]. The temple is protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI). This temple is situated on the banks of the river Kaveri, and is a small temple with beautiful sculptures on every surface. The base of the wall has a row of sculpted mythical animals that were a unique feature of Chola architecture. The first floor is made of bricks which have been plastered.According to historian Harle, the temple is counted among the four early extant temples of the Chola Empire.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs: Essays in Honour of Prof. B.S. Chandrababu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=tirukarugavur&pg=PA35|page=35|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|isbn=9789380325910|last1=B. S. |first1=Chandrababu|last2= S. |first2=Ganeshram|last3= C.| first3=Bhavani}}</ref>

Muvarkovil Temple in the Pudukkottai area was built by a feudatory of [[Parantaka Chola II|Parantaka II]] during the second half of the tenth century. As the name suggests, the temple complex has three main shrines standing side by side in a row dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]], along the north-south direction, facing west. Out of these three, only two, the central and southern ''vimanams'' (towers) are now extant. Of the third or the northern shrine, the basement alone remains. The architectural style of these shrines exhibit clear concordance with the later Chola temples.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p420</ref>

==Medieval Period==
[[File:Back view of Raja gopuram.jpg|thumb|Gangaikonda Cholapuram]]
Temple building received great impetus from the conquests and the genius of Rajaraja Chola and his son [[Rajendra Chola I]].<ref>Vasudevan, pp21–24</ref> A number of smaller shrines were built during the early phase of this period. Notable amongst these is the Tiruvalisvaram temple near [[Tirunelveli]]. The temple is covered with exquisite well composed sculptures and friezes some containing comic figures. The entire cornice of the temple tower is embellished with designs of creepers and foliage. Other examples of such temples can be seen at the Vaidyanatha Temple at Tirumalavadi and the Uttara Kailasa Temple at [[Thanjavur]].<ref name=sastri421>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p421</ref>

The maturity and grandeur to which the Chola architecture had evolved found expression in the two magnificent temples of [[Thanjavur]] and [[Gangaikondacholapuram]].<ref name=sastri387>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p387</ref> The magnificent [[Brihadisvara Temple|Siva temple of Thanjavur]], completed around 1009 is a fitting memorial to the material achievements of the time of Rajaraja.<ref name=sastri422>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p422</ref> The largest and tallest of all Indian temples, it is a masterpiece constituting the high-water mark of [[South Indian architecture]].<ref name=sastri422/><ref>Keay, p216</ref><ref>Vasudevan, p45</ref>

It is in this temple that one notices for the first time two ''[[gopura]]s'' (gateway towers, here oriented in the same direction). They are architecturally coeval with the main [[Vimana (tower)|vimana]] and are referred to in inscriptions as ''Rajarajan tiruvasal'' and ''Keralantakan tiruvasal''. In spite of the massive size of the ''gopuras'', the ''vimana'', rising majestically to a height of 190 feet, continues to dominate and it is only in the subsequent period that a change in the gradation of magnitude takes place.

Epigraphic evidence reveals that Rajaraja started building this temple in his 19th regnal year and it was completed on 275th day of his 25th regnal year (1010), taking only 6 years.<ref name=geeta44>Vasudevan, p44</ref> ''Rajaraja named this temple as Rajarajesvaram'' and the deity Shiva in Linga form as ''Peruvudaiyar'', the temple is also known in the deity's name as ''Peruvudaiyarkovil''. In later period Maratha and Nayaks rulers constructed various shrines and gopurams of the temple. In later period when the Sanskrit language was more popular during the Maratha rule the temple was named in Sanskrit as Brihadisvaram and the deity as Brihadisvara.

This temple carries on its walls the engraved evidence of the elaborate administrative and financial procedures concerning the day-to-day administration of the temple. The inscriptions give, apart from a comprehensive history of the times, a full enumeration of all the metallic images set up in the temple. Numbering about sixty-six, these icons are referred to with a description of the minutest details of size, shape and composition. This alone is a mine of information for the art historian.

The temple stands within a fort, whose walls are later additions built in the 16th century by the [[Nayaks of Tanjore]].<ref>Jagadisa Ayyar, p424</ref> The towering ''vimanam'' is about 200 feet in height and is referred to as ''Dakshina Meru'' (Southern Mountain). The octagonal ''Shikharam'' (crest) rests on a single block of granite weighing 81 tons.<ref name=tri479/><ref name=geeta44/> It is believed that this block was carried up a specially built ramp built from a site 6 kilometres away from the temple. Huge [[Nandi (bull)|Nandis]] (figures of the sacred bull) dot the corners of the Shikharam, and the Kalasam on top by itself is about 3.8 metres in height. Hundreds of [[stucco]] figures bejewel the Vimanam, although it is possible that some of these may have been added on during the Maratha period. The main deity is a [[lingam]] and is a huge, set in a two storeyed sanctum, and the walls surrounding the sanctum delight visitors as a storehouse of [[murals]] and sculptures. The temple is built entirely of [[granite]] in a place where there is no source of granite.<ref name=geeta44/><ref name=tri479/><ref name=sastri423>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p423</ref><ref name=sastri5>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p5</ref>

Though the temple of Gangaikonda Cholapuram follows the plan of the great temple of Thanjavur in most details it has characteristics of its own. From the remains it may be seen that it had only one enclosure wall and a ''gopura'' while the Thanjavur temple has two gopuras and enclosures. It is larger in plan though not as tall, the ''vimana'' being 100 feet square at the base and 186 feet high. The temple, which forms a large rectangle 340 feet long and 110 feet wide occupies the middle of an immense walled enclosure mainly built for defensive purposes. The ''vimana'' has the same construction as in Thanjavur, but the number of tiers making up the pyramidal body is only eight as against 13 in Thanjavur. The most important difference lies in the introduction of curves in the place of the strong straight lines of the Thanjavur ''vimana''. The pyramidal body is slightly concave in its outline at its angles while the sides are curved to produce a somewhat convex outline. These curves enhance the beauty of form of the ''vimana'' though they distract from its stateliness and power.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp423–424</ref><ref>Jagadisa Ayyar, p293–294</ref>

==Later Period==
[[File:Chariot spoked wheel Darasuram.jpg|thumb|Spoked chariot wheel, Airavateswarar Temple, Darasuram c. 1200 C.E.]]

The Chola style continued to flourish for a century longer and expressed itself in a very large number of temples. Of these two large temples are worthy of comparison to those of Rajaraja and Rajendra.

The [[Airavateswara temple]] at [[Darasuram]] near Thanjavur built during the reign of [[Rajaraja Chola II|Rajaraja II]] is a magnificent structure typical of the stage of architectural development reached in the 12th century CE. This temple has artistic stone pillars and decorations on its walls, in a style bordering on mannerism, with an emphasis on elongated limbs and polished features. Best among them are the dark black basalt figures in the temple niches of Dakshinamurti, the image on the southern side of Shiva in a teaching attitude, and to the west, Shiva erupting out of the pillar of light to convince Brahma and Vishnu of his superiority. The front mandapam is in the form of a huge chariot drawn by horses.<ref name=sastri424>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp424–425</ref><ref>Jagadisa Ayyar, p349–353</ref>

The final example of this period is the [[Kampaheswarar Temple, Thirubuvanam|Kampaheswarar temple]] at Tribhuvanam near [[Kumbakonam]] which has survived in good repair as built by [[Kulothunga Chola III|Kulothunga III]].<ref name=sastri424/><ref>Chopra ''et al.'', p 129</ref> The architecture of this temple is similar to the temples at Tanjore, Gangaikondacholapuram and Darasuram.<ref>Jagadisa Ayyar, p316</ref>

== Sculpture and bronzes ==
[[File:Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama Garuda.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Krishna]] with his consorts [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]] and his mount [[Garuda]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]], late 11th–12th century]]

The Chola period is also remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes.<ref>Chopra ''et al.'', p 186</ref> Among the existing specimens in the various [[museums]] of the world and in the temples of South India, may be seen many fine figures of Siva in various forms accompanied by his consort [[Parvati]] and the other gods, demigods and goddesses of the Saivaite pantheon, [[Vishnu]] and his consort [[Lakshmi]], the Nayanmars, other Saiva saints and many more.<ref name=tri479/> Though conforming generally to the iconographic conventions established by long tradition, the sculptor could also exercise his imagination within the boundaries of the canonical Hindu iconography and worked in greater freedom during the eleventh and the twelfth centuries. As a result, the sculptures and bronzes show classic grace, grandeur and taste. The best example of this can be seen in the form of [[Nataraja]], the Divine Dancer.

===Purpose of the Icons===
While the stone sculpture and the inner sanctum image empowering the temple remained immovable, changing religious concepts during the period around the 10th century demanded that the deities take part in a variety of public roles similar to those of a human monarch. As a result, large bronze images were created to be carried outside the temple to participate in daily rituals, processions, and temple festivals. The round lugs and holes found on the bases of many of these sculptures are for the poles that were used to carry the heavy images. The deities in bronze who participated in such festivities were sumptuously clothed and decorated with precious jewellery. Their every need and comfort were catered to by a battery of temple priests, musicians, cooks, devadasis, administrators and patrons. The lay public thronged the processional route to have a darshan and admired their beloved deity for the lavish depiction of the figure and the grand costumes and jewelry.

[[File:Raraja detail.png|thumb|Detail of a Statue of [[Rajaraja Chola I]] at the Brihadisvara Temple]]
Although bronze casting has a long history in south India, a much larger and a much greater number of bronze sculptures in all sizes ranging from massive to miniature were cast during the Chola period than before, further attesting to the importance of bronze sculpture during this period. When in worship, these images are bedecked in silk costumes, garlands, and gem encrusted jewels, befitting the particular avatar and religious context. Decorating temple bronzes in this way is a tradition at least a thousand years old and such decorations are referred to in 10th-century Chola inscriptions.

In recent times, many of these priceless Chola bronzes have been stolen from their temples or museums, smuggled out of India and have found their way into the private museums of art collectors.

===Lost wax technique===
Chola period bronzes were created using the [[Lost-wax casting|lost wax technique]].<ref>Wolpert p.158</ref> It is known in artistic terms as "Cire Perdue". The Sanskrit Shilpa texts call it the ''Madhu Uchchishtta Vidhana''.

[[Beeswax]] and ''kungilium'' (a type of [[camphor]]) are mixed with a little oil and kneaded well. The figure is sculpted from this mixture fashioning all the minute details. This is the original wax model.

The entire figure is then coated with clay made from termite hills until the mould is of a necessary thickness. Then the whole thing is dried and fired in an oven with cow-dung cakes. The wax model melts and flows out, while some of it vapourises.

The metal alloy of bronze is melted and poured into the empty clay-mould. This particular bronze alloy is known as ''Pancha Loham''. When the metal has filled all crevices and has settled and hardened and cooled, the mould is broken off. The bronze figure thus obtained is then cleaned, finer details are added, blemishes are removed, smoothened, and polished well. Hence each bronze icon is unique and the mould cannot be used to create copies.

===Style===
[[File:NatarajaMET.JPG|thumb|[[Bronze]] [[Chola]] Statue of ''[[Nataraja]]'' at the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York City]]

Chola bronzes have little intricate ornamentation in comparison with the subsequent bronzes of the [[Vijayanagar]] and Nayaka period. There is gentle grace, a restrained and quiet elegance, an ethereal, out-worldly beauty, and above all else - a life that throbs and pulsates and thereby enlivens the bronze sculpture. By means of the facial expressions, the gestures or ''mudras'' the overall body posture and other accompanying bronzes we can imagine the surroundings and the religious context of the figure of the god or goddess; what instrument or weapon he or she is holding; what he or she is leaning on; and what he or she is doing or about to do.

For example, in the ''Rishabaandhika'' or the ''Vrishabavahana murthy'' pose, we see Shiva standing with one leg youthfully crossed across the other and his arm elegantly flexed and raised as if resting or leaning on something. In this elegant posture, it can be surmised that the youthful and athletic Shiva is leaning on his bull-vahana, Nandhi, on whose shoulders He is resting His arm.

The most famous of all the bronze icons is that of ''Nataraja'' or Adavallar.<ref>Wolpert, p174</ref> The symbolism presents [[Shiva]] as lord of the [[cosmos|cosmic]] dance of [[creation myth|creation]] and [[wikt:destroy|destruction]]. He is active, yet aloof, like the gods on the [[Parthenon Frieze]]. Surrounding Shiva, a circle of flames represents the [[universe]], whose fire is held in Shiva's left rear palm. His left front arm crosses his chest, the hand pointing in "elephant trunk" position (''gaja hasta'') to his upraised left foot, which signifies liberation. His right foot tramples the dwarf ''Apasmara'', who represents [[ignorance]].

Shiva's right front hand is raised in the "fear-not" gesture of benediction (''abhaya mudra''), while his right rear hand holds a drum with which he beats the measure of the dance. The [[snake]], an emblem of Siva, curls around his arm. His hair holds the crescent [[moon]] - another emblem - and a small image of [[Ganges]], the river-goddess whose precipitous fall from heaven to earth is broken by Siva's matted locks. Shiva as Nataraja or Adavallar is also accompanied by his consort Sivakami.

==Museum holdings==
Notable collections of the bronzes are held by the museum inside the [[Thanjavur Maratha Palace]], the [[Government Museum, Chennai]], [[Pondicherry Museum]], and [[Indian Museum, Kolkata]]. Outside India, Chola bronze sculptures are owned by the [[British Museum]], New York's [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], the [[Norton Simon Museum]], in [[Pasadena]], the [[Asian Art Museum (San Francisco)|Asian Art Museum]] in San Francisco and [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam.

==Chola frescoes==
[[File:chola fresco.png|thumb|Chola Fresco of Dancing girls. Brihadisvara Temple c. 1100 C.E.]]
In 1931, Chola frescoes were discovered within the circumambulatory corridor of the Brihadisvara Temple, by S.K. Govindasamy, a professor at the [[Annamalai University]]. These are the first Chola paintings discovered. The passage of the corridor is dark and the walls on either side are covered with two layers of paintings from floor to ceiling.

Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescoes. A smooth batter of limestone mixture is applied over the stones, which took two to three days to set. Within that short span, such large paintings were painted with natural organic pigments.

During the [[Thanjavur Nayak|Nayak]] period, the Chola paintings were painted over. The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit of [[saivism]] expressed in them. They probably synchronised with the completion of the temple by Rajaraja Chola.

==Other crafts==
The art of making ornaments of gold and precious stones had reached an advanced stage about the beginning of the 11th century. A large number of ornaments are mentioned in the Thanjavur inscriptions.<ref>See ''South Indian Inscriptions'', Vol 2</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first= P.N|last= Chopra|author2=Ravindran, T.K |author3=Subrahmanian, N|title= History of South India; Ancient, Medieval and Modern| orig-year=2003| year=2003| publisher= S. Chand & Company Ltd| location=New Delhi| isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book | first= J.C | last= Harle | year= 1994 | title= The art and architecture of the Indian Subcontinent | publisher= Yale University Press | location= New Haven, Conn | isbn= 0-300-06217-6 | url-access= registration | url= https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl }}
*{{cite book |first = morning|last= star | title=Total history and civics |publisher= morning star |location=Mumbai}}
* {{cite book |first = P.V|last= Jagadisa Ayyar |title=South Indian Shrines |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |year=1993 |isbn=81-206-0151-3 }}
* {{cite book | first= John | last= Keay| year= 2000 | title= India: A History | publisher= Harper Collins Publishers | location= New Delhi| isbn= 0-00-255717-7}}
* {{cite book | first= R.C | last= Majumdar| year= 1987| title= Ancient India | publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications | location= India| isbn= 81-208-0436-8}}
* {{cite book | first= R | last= Nagasamy| year= 1970| title= Gangaikondacholapuram | publisher= State Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu }}
* {{cite book | first= K.A| last= Nilakanta Sastri| orig-year= 1935| year= 1984| title= The CōĻas| publisher= University of Madras | location= Madras}}
* {{cite book | first= K.A | last= Nilakanta Sastri| orig-year= 1955| year= 2002| title= A History of South India| publisher= OUP| location= New Delhi}}
*{{cite web|title= South Indian Inscriptions|url=http://www.whatisindia.com/inscriptions/|publisher=What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd|work=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=2008-05-31}}
* {{cite book | first= Rama Sankar| last= Tripathi| year= 1967| title= History of Ancient India| publisher= Motilal Banarsidass Publications| location= India| isbn= 81-208-0018-4}}
* {{cite book | first= Geeta| last= Vasudevan| year= 2003| title= Royal Temple of Rajaraja: An Instrument of Imperial Cola Power |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi | isbn= 81-7017-383-3}}
*{{cite book |first = Stanley A|last=Wolpert |title=India |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1999 |isbn= 0-520-22172-9 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/chola/chola.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220134923/http://www.asia.si.edu/exhibitions/online/chola/chola.htm |date=20 December 2016 }} - The lost wax process.
* https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=250
* [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2006/dec/09/art guardian.co.uk]
* http://www.varalaaru.com - Several articles related to chola art and architecture
* Vijayalaya Choleswaram - https://web.archive.org/web/20060105115131/http://www.pudukkottai.org/places/narttamalai/02narttamalai.html
* Koranganatha Temple - http://www.tn.gov.in/trichytourism/other.htm
* Brihadiswara Temple - http://www.thanjavur.com/bragathe.htm
* Gangaikondacholapuram - https://web.archive.org/web/20060615123255/http://tamilartsacademy.com/books/gcpuram/cover.html
* Chola Fresco - [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824190408/http://www.thebigtemple.com/frescos.html]
* Bronze Sculpture of the Chola Period - https://web.archive.org/web/20060207215253/http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/region_results.asp?RegionID=1&CountryID=1&ChapterID=7
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091231050655/http://sites.asiasociety.org/chola/ Devotion in South India: Chola Bronzes, Asia Society Museum exhibition]
* A history of the Chola empire - https://cosmopolis.ch/a-history-of-the-chola-empire-or-chola-mandalam/

[[Category:Chola Empire|Art]]
[[Category:Tamil art|Art]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Medieval art]]
[[Category:Dravidian architecture]]
[[Category:Chola architecture]]
[[Category:Chola dynasty]]

Qasim Nanawtawi

2026-02-12T05:19:51Z

Completegurus: added initial stub more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar and co-founder of Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Islam]]
| region = Indian Subcontinent
| era = Modern era
| name = Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi
| honorific-prefix = [[Hujjat al-Islam]] Qasimul-Uloom wal-Khairat<ref>{{cite book|last=Muhammad Yousuf|first=Banuri|title=Nafhatul Anbar|publisher=Al-Majlis al-Ilmi|pages=258}}</ref>
| image = Inscription on the grave of Qasim Nanawtawi.jpg
| birth_date = 1832
| birth_place = [[Nanauta]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1880|4|15|1832}}
| death_place = [[Deoband]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| occupation = [[Islamic scholar]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]
| creed = [[Maturidi]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Salafī Challenge and Māturīdī Response: Contemporary Disputes over the Legitimacy of Māturīdī kalām|year=2020|publisher=Brill|doi=10.1163/15700607-06023P06|last1=Bruckmayr|first1=Philipp|journal=Die Welt des Islams|volume=60|issue=2–3|pages=293–324|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| main_interests = [[Aqidah]], [[Tafsir]], [[Tasawwuf]], [[Hadith]], [[Fiqh]], [[Kifaya]], [[Usul al-fiqh|Usul]], Ma'aani, [[Mantiq]], [[Falsafa]],
| influenced = [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]], [[Ahmad Hasan Amrohi]], [[Abdul Wahid Bengali]], [[List of Darul Uloom Deoband alumni|Deoband alumni]]
| notable_ideas = Widow Re-marriage
| children = [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]] (son)
| relatives = [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta]]
| resting_place = [[Mazar-e-Qasmi]]
| founder = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]]
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
|serviceyears = 1857
|battles = [[Indian War of Independence]]
*{{small|[[Battle of Shamli]]}} }}
| relations = [[Abu Bakr]]
}}

'''Muhammad Qasim Nanawtawi''' (1832 – 15 April 1880) ({{Langx|ur| مولانا محمد قاسم نانوتوی}}) was an Indian [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] [[Maturidi]] [[Islamic Scholar]], [[theologian]] and a [[Sufi]] who was one of the main founders of the [[Deobandi|Deobandi Movement]], starting from the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]].<ref name=BRICS/>

==Name and lineage==
{{Further|Siddiqi family of Nanauta}}
His [[Arabic name#Ism|ism]] ([[given name]]) was Muhammad Qasim. His ''[[nasab]]'' ([[patronymic]]) is: Muhammad Qāsim ibn Asad Ali ibn Ghulam Shāh ibn Muhammad Bakhsh ibn Alāuddīn ibn Muhammad Fateh ibn Muhammad Mufti ibn Abd al-Samī{{efn|At Abd al-Samī, the nasab of Nanautawi meets with that of [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]].<ref name="yaqub"/>}} ibn Muhammad Hāshim<ref name="sawaneh">{{cite book |last1=Gīlānī |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author-link1=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawānih Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|publisher=Maktaba Darul Uloom Deoband |location=[[Deoband]]|volume=1|language=ur |page=113}}</ref><ref name="yaqub">{{cite book |author1=Professor Nur al-Hasan Sherkoti |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband |publisher=Nawaz Publications |location=[[Deoband]]|volume = 2 |pages=90–214 |edition=January 2000 |language=ur |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Muhammad Yāqūb Nanautawi}}</ref>

The "nasab" meets [[Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr]] after 44 links.<ref name="a1">{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Nizāmuddīn Asīr |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Maulānā Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī, ḥayāt aur kārnāme |trans-title = Mawlāna Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi: Life and Works]|page=42 |edition=2015 |language=ur}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nanautawi was born in 1832 (either in [[Sha'ban]] or [[Ramadan (calendar month)|Ramadan]], 1248 [[Hijri year|AH]]) into the [[Siddiqi family of Nanauta|Siddiqi family]] of [[Nanauta]], a town near [[Saharanpur]], India.<ref name="azam">{{cite thesis |last=Qasmi|first=Mohd. Azam |date= 1988 |title=Molana Mohd. Qasim Nanautvi's. Contribution to Islamic Thought With Special Reference to Al-Kalam|type=PhD |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511523.pdf |access-date=3 October 2020|page=72}}</ref>

Nanautawi was schooled at [[Nanauta]], where he memorized the ''[[Quran]]'' and learned calligraphy.<ref name="education">{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asīr |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Mawlāna Muḥammad Qāsim Nanautawi: Hayāt awr Kārnāme |trans-title=Mawlāna Muḥammad Qāsim Nanautawi: Life and works|pages=43–59}}</ref> Aged nine, Nanautawi moved to [[Deoband]] where he studied at the [[madrasa]] of [[Usmani family of Deoband#Karamat Hussain|Karamat Hussain]]. The teacher at this "madrasa" was [[Mahtab Ali Deobandi]], the uncle of [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]].<ref name="education"/> Under the instruction of Mehtab Ali, Nanautawi completed the primary books of Arabic grammar and syntax.<ref name="education"/>Thereafter, his mother sent him to [[Saharanpur]], where his maternal grandfather Wajīhuddīn Wakīl, who was a poet of Urdu and Persian, lived.<ref name="education"/> Wakīl enrolled his grandson in the Persian class of Muḥammad Nawāz Sahāranpūri, under whom, Nanautawi, then aged twelve, completed Persian studies.<ref name="education"/>

In 1844, Nanautawi joined the [[Zakir Husain Delhi College|Delhi College]], where he studied with [[Mamluk Ali Nanautawi]].<ref name="education"/> According to [[Asir Adrawi]], "Nanautawi although was enrolled in the college, he would take private classes at his teachers home, instead of the college".<ref name="education"/> He studied the major books with Mamluk Ali, including "[[mantiq]]" and philosophy, and few other books with Mufti Sadruddīn.<ref name="education"/> [[Manazir Ahsan Gilani]] has tried to reconcile the reports concerning Nanautawi's education at the college. He says that, the name of Nanautawi appeared in the official registry of the college in the first year and argues, "whatsoever it is, but it is not right that he gained education there, since the starting".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=224}}</ref> Nanautawi stayed in Delhi for around five or six years,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=230}}</ref> and graduated, aged seventeen.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|page=229}}</ref> Gīlāni says that, Nanautawi studied with Mamluk Ali Nanautawi, but not the syllabus of the college, rather studied at his home.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilāni |first1=Manāzir Ahsan |author1-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani |title=Sawāneh Qāsmi |trans-title=Biography of Qāsim|volume=1|pages=226–227}}</ref> It is commonly accepted that Nanautawi did not appear in the college exams.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Abdur Rasheed Arshad |editor1-last=Deobandi |editor1-first=Nawaz |editor1-link=Nawaz Deobandi |title=Sawaneh Ulama-e-Deoband|volume = 2 |page=12 |edition=January 2000 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Muhammad Qāsim Nanautawi}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Academic career ===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}
After the completion of his education, Nanautavi became the editor of the press at Matbah-e-Ahmadi. During this period, at Ahmad Ali's insistence, he wrote a [[Scholia|scholium]] on the last few portions of Sahihul [[Sahih al-Bukhari|Bukhari]]. Before the establishment of Darul Uloom Deoband, he taught Euclid for some time at the Chhatta Masjid. His lectures were delivered at the printing press. His teaching produced a group of accomplished [[Ulama]], the example of which had not been seen since Shah Abdul Ghani's time.

In 1860, he performed [[Hajj]] and, on his return, he accepted a profession of collating books at Matbah-e-Mujtaba in [[Meerut]]. Nanautavi remained attached to this press until 1868. He performed Hajj for the second time and then accepted a job at Matbah-e-Hashimi in Meerut.

=== Political and revolutionary activities ===
He participated in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in the [[Battle of Shamli]] between the British and the anti-colonialist ulema. The scholars were ultimately defeated at that battle.<ref name=TwoCircles>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2012feb18/sir_syed_and_maulana_qasim_nanotvi.html |author=Maulana Nadeem-ul-Wajidi|title=Sir Syed and Maulana Qasim Nanotvi|publisher=TwoCircles.net website|date=18 February 2012|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=BRICS>[https://bricsmagazine.com/en/articles/the-clash-of-academic-civilizations The Clash of Academic Civilizations on BRICS Business Magazine website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719152919/https://bricsmagazine.com/en/articles/the-clash-of-academic-civilizations |date=19 July 2021 }} Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>

===Establishment of Islamic schools===
{{See also|Darul Uloom Deoband}}
He established [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1866 with the financial help and funding of the Muslim states within India and the rich individuals of the Muslim Indian community.<ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/701816/past-present-resentment-in-response Past present: Resentment in response (founders of Deoband Movement)] Dawn (newspaper), Published 11 March 2012, Retrieved 4 March 2019</ref><ref name=TwoCircles/>

He conformed to the [[Shari'a]] and worked to motivate other people to do so. It was through his work that a prominent [[madrasa]] was established in Deoband and a mosque was built in 1868. Through his efforts, Islamic schools were established at various other locations as well.<ref name=haqislam>[http://haqislam.org/maulana-qasim-nanotwi/ Profile of Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi on haqislam.org website] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref>

His greatest achievement was the revival of an educational movement for the renaissance of religious sciences in India and the creation of guiding principles for the madaris (schools). Under his attention and supervision, madaris were established in areas such as Thanabhavan, Galautti, [[Kerana]], [[Danapur]], [[Meerut]], and [[Muradabad]]. Most of them still exist, rendering educational and religious services in their vicinity. Funding of these religious schools initially was done by the rulers of the Muslim states and the rich individuals of the Muslim Indian community.<ref name=Dawn/><ref name=haqislam/>

Under Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi's guidance, these religious schools, at least in the beginning, remained distant from politics and devoted their services to providing only religious education to Muslim children. The curriculum at these schools was studying the Quran, Hadith, Islamic law, and logic.<ref name=Dawn/>

[[Jamia Qasmia Madrasa Shahi]] was established under his supervision.<ref name="history">{{cite book |author1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |translator=Prof. Murtaz Hussain F. Quraishi |title=Tarikh Darul Uloom Deoband|trans-title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband |volume=1 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam, [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]]|location= Deoband |page=361 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Nanautavi died on 15 April 1880 at the age of 47. His grave is to the north of the Darul-Uloom. Since Qasim Nanautavi is buried there, the place is known as [[Mazar-e-Qasmi|Qabrastan-e-Qasimi]], where countless Deobandi scholars, students, and others are buried.<ref name=storyofpakistan>[https://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-mohammad-qasim-nanutvi Profile of Maula Mohammad Qasim Nanotvi on storyofpakistan.com website] Retrieved 4 March 2019</ref>
Well-known Muslim educationist of that time [[Syed Ahmad Khan]] had great respect for Nanautavi and wrote an emotional and long article on his death.<ref name=storyofpakistan/>

He has been given the title of [[Hujjat al-Islam]] by his followers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deoband.org/2013/03/history/biographies-of-scholars/the-proof-of-islam-shaykh-qasim-al-nanotwi/|title = The Proof of Islam: Shaykh Qasim al-Nanotwi|date = 5 March 2013}}</ref><ref>[[Asir Adrawi]], Maulana Qasim Nanautawi Hayat awr Karnamy, [[Deoband]]: Shaykh al-Hind Academy</ref>

==Family==
Nanautavi's son [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]] was a Grand Mufti of [[Hyderabad State]] from 1922 to 1925<ref>{{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author-link1=Asir Adrawi |title=Tazkirah Mashahir-e-Hind: Karwan-e-Rafta |publisher=Darul Muallifeen |location=[[Deoband]] |page=17 |edition=1st, 1994 |language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |author-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Ulama-e-Haq awr Unke Mujahidana Kaarname |volume = 1|location = Deoband |publisher=Faisal International|pages=162–163 |language=ur |chapter=Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad}}</ref> and served as the [[List of Mohtamims of Darul Uloom Deoband|Vice Chancellor]] of Deoband seminary for thirty five years.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tārīkh Darul Uloom Deoband |trans-title=History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband|author1=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|author-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi|translator=Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi |volume= 2 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband|Dar al-Ulum Deoband]] |pages=37–38, 170–174|edition=1981}}</ref>

Nanautawi's grandson [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]] served as the Vice Chancellor of Deoband seminary for more than five decades and co-founded the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]],<ref name="pasemargezindah">{{cite book |author1=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah|publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab, Deoband |pages=108–172 |language=ur}}</ref> while Tayyib's son [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]] founded the [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband|Darul Uloom Waqf]] seminary.<ref name="john">{{cite book |last1=Butt |first1=John |author-link1=John Mohammed Butt |title=A Talib's Tale: The Life and Times of a Pashtoon Englishman |year=2020 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=9788184004397 |page=173 |edition=2020}}</ref> Salim's son [[Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi]] is the rector of [[Darul Uloom Waqf, Deoband|Darul Uloom Waqf]].<ref name="baseerat">{{cite news |title=A Condolence Meet of Hazrat Maulana Salim Qasmi and Mufti Abdullah Kapodri |url=https://english.baseeratonline.com/2018/07/20/a-condolence-meet-of-hazrat-maulana-salim-qasmi-and-mufti-abdullah-kapodri-ra/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |work=Baseerat Online |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410062130/https://english.baseeratonline.com/2018/07/20/a-condolence-meet-of-hazrat-maulana-salim-qasmi-and-mufti-abdullah-kapodri-ra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Publications ==
* ''Aab-i Hayat'' (commentary on the life of the prophet [[Muhammad]]<ref name=haqislam/><ref name=storyofpakistan/>
* ''Tahzir al-Nas''<ref name=Books/>
* ''Mubahisah Shahjahanpur''<ref name=Books>[https://archive.org/search.php?query=subject%3A%22qasim+nanotvi%22&page=2 Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi books on Archived link] Retrieved 16 August 2018</ref><ref name=storyofpakistan/>
* ''Tasfiyat al-Aqa'id''<ref name=Books/>
* ''Tauseeq-ul-Kalam''<ref name=storyofpakistan/>
* ''Sadaqat-i- Islam''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Wali Ul |last2=Ahmad |first2=Dr Rashid |date=2020 |title=Critical review of the book "Sadaqat-i- Islam written by Maolana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/42 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |issn=2519-6707}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Bibliography of Qasim Nanawtawi]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Dynamic list}}
This '''bibliography of Qasim Nanawtawi''' is a selected list of scholarly resources that are generally available. These resources are related to Nanawtawi, who was one of the main founders of the [[Deobandi movement]]. This list includes his biographies, [[Thesis|theses]] written about him, and articles published about him in various journals, newspapers, encyclopedias, seminars, websites, and follows the [[APA style]].

=== Encyclopedias ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite book
|chapter=Mohammad Qasim Nanutawi |title=[[Urdu Daira Maarif Islamiya]] |publisher=[[University of the Punjab]] |year=2001 |volume=19 |editor-last=Shafi |editor-first=Muhammad |location=Lahore, Pakistan |pages=504–510 |language=ur}} Available via the [https://archive.org/download/jan-21/URDU_DAIRA_MARIF_E_ISLAMIA_VOL_19.pdf Internet Archive].
* {{Cite book |last=Hossain |first=AHM Mujtaba |chapter=Mohammad Qasim Nanutawi |title=Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=02 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/IslamicOthersBooks/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B7%20%20%E0%A7%A8/page/n270 270–271] |year=1982 |edition=5th |location=Sherbangla Nagar, Dhaka |publisher=[[Islamic Foundation Bangladesh]] |language=bn |isbn=984-06-0252-7}}
{{refend}}

=== Biographies ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Nizamuddin Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |title=Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, hayat aur karnamay |trans-title=Mawlāna Muhammad Qasim Nanautawi: Life and Works |publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy |location=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]] |edition=2015 |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |author1=Al-Afriqui |first=Abd Allah bin Muhammad |url=http://ia600900.us.archive.org/26/items/IntroducingImamMuhammadQasimNanautwi/ImamMuhammadQasimNanautwi_1.0.pdf |title=Introducing Imam Muhammad Qasim al-Nanautwi |publisher=Imam Gangohi Academy of Research |year=2013 |edition= |location=[[Johannesburg]], South Africa |language=en |oclc=881388119}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gilani |first=Manazir Ahsan |url=https://archive.org/details/Swaneh-Qasmi |title=Swaneh Qasmi |publisher=Maktabah-yi Rahmaniyyah; Maktabah-yi Caragh-i Islam |year=1980 |location=Lahore, Pakistan |language=ur |oclc=9894175 |author-link=Manazir Ahsan Gilani}}
* {{Cite book |last=Siddiqui |first=Atif Suhail |title=Life and thoughts of Ḥujjat al-Islām Imām Muḥammad Qāsim al-Nānawtawī: founder of Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://archive.org/details/life-and-thoughts-of-hujjat-al-islam-imam-muhammad-qasim-al-nanawtawi |date=2016 |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |isbn=978-81-89857-66-0 |location=Deoband}}
*[https://archive.org/details/imam-qasim-nanootvi-ki-fikar-aur-madaris-ki-tarjihaat Imam Qasim Nanootvi Ki Fikar Aur Madaris Ki Tarjihaat]
{{refend}}

=== Theses ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Ahmad |first=Wakeel |title=Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanutavi (RA) - Athar-W-Afkar |publisher=[[University of Sindh]] |year=2012 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/14638 |degree=PhD |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2022-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025060058/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/14638 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Hai |first=Ammar Abdul |title=Unneeswin wa beeswin sadi ke Hindustan mein muslim mufakkirin ka tasawwur e talim Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Mohd Qasim Nanautvi, Shibli Nomani, Abul Kalam Azad, Manazir Ahsan Geelani, Syed Abu al Ala Maududi, Khwaja Ghulam Sayyedain ke Hawale se |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/handle/10603/313157 |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/313157 |degree=PhD |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711043228/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/313157 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Naeem |first=Fuad S. |url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/761512 |title=Interreligious Debates, Rational Theology, and the ʿUlamaʾ in the Public Sphere: Muḥammad Qāsim Nānautvī and the Making of Modern Islam in South Asia |publisher=[[Georgetown University]] |year=2015 |location=United States |language=en |degree=PhD |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627054726/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/761512 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Qasmi |first=Mohd. Azam |date=1988 |title=Molana Mohd. Qasim Nanautvi's. Contribution to Islamic Thought With Special Reference to Al-Kalam |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]] |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511523.pdf |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021080557/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144511523.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Thanwi |first=Muhammad As'ad |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8814 |title=Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nadvi Ki Deeni O Ilmi Khidmat Ka Tahqiqi Mutala |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |year=2005 |location=Pakistan |language=ur |type=PhD |access-date=2023-07-19 |archive-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830142051/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8814 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

=== Journals ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Ahmad Saed |first=Abdur Rahman |date=2014 |title=Al-Imam al-Nanotawi wa al-rad 'ala al-Hindak |url=http://www.islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-2.pdf |journal=Islamic Literature Review |language=ar |location=India |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=2349-1795 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613102955/http://islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-2.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bin Abdul Karim |first=Mujammal Haque |date=2014 |title=Ishamat al-Imam al-Nanotawi fi al-rudda 'ala shubuhat al-Hindakah |url=http://www.islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-4.pdf |journal=Islamic Literature Review |language=ar |location=India |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=2349-1795 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613042420/http://islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-4.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bin Hussain Ahmad |first=Muhammad Khalid |date=2014 |title=Al-Imam Muhammad Qasim Al-Nanotawi wa jihaduhu dafatah al-tabshir al-Masihiy fi al-Hind |url=http://www.islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-1.pdf |journal=Islamic Literature Review |language=ar |location=India |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=2349-1795 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613022236/http://islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-1.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Bin Muhammad Younus |first=Muhammad Sajjad |date=2014 |title=Al-Imam al-Nanotawi kaban awal li 'ilm al-kalam al-jadid fi daw'i khidmatihi |url=http://www.islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-5.pdf |journal=Islamic Literature Review |language=ar |location=India |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=2349-1795 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613055148/http://islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-5.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Haq |first1=Wali Ul |last2=Ahmad |first2=Rashid |date=2020 |title=Critical review of the book Sadaqat-i-Islam written by Maolana Muhammad Qasim Nanotvi |url=http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/42 |journal=Al-Azhār |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=250–256 |issn=2519-6707 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2022-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013073450/http://www.al-azhaar.org/index.php/alazhar/article/view/42 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Mujaffarfuri |first=Mahtab Alam Qudusi |date=2014 |title=Al-Imam Muhammad Qasim al-Nanotwi Rahimahullah, wal-Raddu 'Ala al-Masihiyyin |url=http://www.islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-3.pdf |journal=Islamic Literature Review |language=ar |location=India |publisher=Deoband Institute of Islamic Thought |volume=1 |issue=1 |issn=2349-1795 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2016-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613040336/http://islamicthought.edu.in/article/Article-3.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=Yusuf |first1=Umar |last2=Ahmad |first2=Usman |date=2023 |title=Studying the Muslim tradition of religion: a specific study of the services of Shaikh Qasim Nanotwi |url=https://jihat-ul-islam.com.pk/journal/index.php/jihat-ul-islam/article/view/601 |journal=Jihat Ul Islam |language=ur |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=233–255 |doi=10.51506/jihat-ul-islam.v16i2.601 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=2521-425X |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627073734/https://jihat-ul-islam.com.pk/journal/index.php/jihat-ul-islam/article/view/601 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Atif Suhail |date=2020 |title=Theological and Intellectual Roots in Deobandi Thoughts : A Paradigm from Muhammad Qāsim Nānawtawī's Discourses with Special Reference to his Ḥujjat al-Islām |url=https://www.ajis.org/index.php/ajiss/article/view/703 |journal=American Journal of Islam and Society |language=en |volume=37 |issue=1–2 |pages=41–66 |doi=10.35632/ajis.v37i1-2.703 |s2cid=234749292 |issn=2690-3741 |access-date=2023-07-11 |archive-date=2023-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615193850/https://www.ajis.org/index.php/ajiss/article/view/703 |url-status=live |doi-access=free}}
{{refend}}

=== Newspapers ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite news |last=Haque |first=Muhammad Rabiul |date=9 August 2020 |title=Maulana Qasim Nanutawi, a fearless warrior against British aggression |language=bn |work=[[Jugantor]] |location=Bangladesh |url=https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/333218/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117071007/https://www.jugantor.com/islam-life/333218/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0 |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

=== Websites ===
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Cite web |date=4 January 2006 |title=Maulana Mohammad Qasim Nanutvi |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-mohammad-qasim-nanutvi/ |website=Story of Pakistan |access-date=11 July 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627054733/https://storyofpakistan.com/maulana-mohammad-qasim-nanutvi/ |url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

{{Qasmi family}}
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority Control}}

[[Category:1832 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Mujaddid]]
[[Category:People from Nanauta]]
[[Category:Qasmi family]]
[[Category:Burials at Qasmi Cemetery]]
[[Category:Zakir Husain Delhi College alumni]]
[[Category:Patrons of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Founders of Darul Uloom Deoband]]
[[Category:Members of the Majlis-e-Shura of Darul Uloom Deoband]]

Villages in Bandra, Mumbai

2026-02-06T18:51:55Z

Completegurus: Created a place!

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
'''Villages in [[Bandra]], Mumbai''' are in the [[Western Suburbs (Mumbai)|Western Suburbs of Mumbai]], part of what has been called the Queen of Suburbs of [[Mumbai]] (once known as Bombay). Home to a number of personalities from the film industry as well as [[cricket]], it is one of the most affluent suburbs of Mumbai. The old villages of Bandra are hidden behind the tall buildings and shopping malls of the area. The old villages pakhadis of Bandra, originally twenty-four of them, were one of the earliest of settlements in Bandra.<ref name="de Silva">{{cite web|last1=de Silva|first1=Merck N.|title=All About Bandra|url=http://www.bandranet.com/all-about-bandra.html|website=BandraNet.com|publisher=BandraNet|accessdate=30 September 2016}}</ref>

==List of villages (hamlets) and their occupation==

===Portuguese period===

The following were the hamlets ''pakhadis'' during Portuguese period, which ended approximately around year 1739, mentioned along with each is the occupation of these villages, and their designated area of influence:

* ''Chuem'' (Chuim)- cultivators,
* ''Candely'' - cultivators - this settlement was near Chuim but got extinct after 1732.
* ''Xelalim'' (Sherly)- cultivators - Port. Sellaly,
* ''Rajana'' (Rajan)- cultivators - Port. Rajana,
* ''Mallan'' (Malla)- cultivators - Port. Mallem,
* ''Dandem'' [[Khar Danda]],
* ''Parvar'' - cultivators - this settlement was located between (''Dr.Ambedkar Road and Khar Gymkhana'' - current road names) but got extinct after 1853,
* ''Pall'' ([[Pali Village|Pali]])- cultivators - Port. Pallem,
* ''Kantavari'' (Old Kantwadi) - cultivators - Port. Horta de Santo Andre - N.B. New Kantwadi was a similar hamlet of cultivators that came into existence in 1817,
* ''Ranuar'' (Ranwar) - cultivators - Port. Ranoar,
* ''Tank'' - cultivators - Port. Tanque,
* ''Dancavar'' (Boran) - cultivators - Port. Dandacarvar,
* ''Patarvar'' - cultivators - location of this hamlet (north of St. Joseph Convent - current name of a school) - extinct after 1817,
* ''Varod''a (Waroda),
* ''Khar'' - Bois and "cavoqueiros" - Port. Salgado,
* ''Santa Cruz'' - toddy-tappers and cultivators,
* ''Catirvara'' - Bois - near Khar,
* ''Povoacao'' - Extending to the D'Monte Street, the Portuguese and their household staff lived in this area.<ref name="Ref 2, 3, 5, 10, 11">{{cite web|last1=Fernandes, Pereira|first1=Clarence, Fr Larry|title=Bandra as it was centuries ago|url=http://www.goldenbandra.com/backpage.htm|website=www.goldenbandra.com/|publisher=Golden Bandra|accessdate=29 September 2016|archive-date=31 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831060911/http://www.goldenbandra.com/backpage.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The following are some localities that existed near ''Povoacao''
* ''Rua Baixa'' (Lower Street),
* ''Bazar''- location (Bandra ''Bazar'' - current name)- this area had mixed population,
* ''Rua do Bazar'' - (Bazar Street) - miscellaneous population,
* ''Horta do Bazar'' (Bazar Oart) - ''Faras'' - scavengers - located near (''Chinchpokli'' Road - current road name),
* ''Rua dos Tintoreiros'' (Dyers Street)- miscellaneous population - this hamlet was located most probably near the Bazar.<ref name="Ref 2, 3, 5, 10, 11" />

Parish of Santa Anna had all the above-mentioned hamlets, ''Povoacao'', and the other localities under it. The rough area under Santa Anna parish was ( Swami Vivekanand Road (current name)- extending to railway lines till the Old Slaughterhouse). The potters, weavers, ''mainatos'' (washermen), toddy-tappers, and other non Koli groups or castes which did not belong to any hamlets were also under Santa Anna parish.

===Pertained by St. Andrew's parish===

There were certain Hamlets that were under [[St. Andrew's Church, Mumbai|St Andrew's]] parish. Most of them were ''Kolis'' fishermen settlements and they were called ''koliwadas''. A few of them were as follows:

* ''Colario de Igrezia'' (Chimbai),
* ''Colaria Naopara'' - Located near Old ''Ghodbunder'' Road (Current name of the Road),
* ''Colaria de Meio'' - located near ''Bazar'' area,
* ''Colaria Mora'' - located near Bandra ''Bunder'',
* ''Colaria Grande'' - located near Chapel Road (Current name of the Road),
* ''Colaria Zaitucali'' - north of Mount Carmel church (Current name of the Church),
* ''Colai'' - located near Seaside Cemetery,
* ''Supali'' - located near ''Supali Talao'' ground.

These Koliwadas were under Santa Anna parish and there is mention of them in the baptismal register of Santa Anna since people in these hamlets were baptised over several years by the parish.<ref name="Ref 2, 3, 5, 10, 11" />

==History==
Only a few of them have survived the time, a few of them are on verge of extinction, and some of them are listed under heritage. Records suggest these villages date back 1534, were ruled by Bahadur Shah of Gujrat. Bandra area originally had 25 "pakhadis" villages. These villages were either fishing or farming villages. The original inhabitants of these "pakhadis" were mainly the [[Bombay East Indians]] and Hindu [[Koli people|Kolis]].<ref name="Fernandes, Rodrigues Rustic, Ranwar">{{cite web|last1=Fernandes, Rodrigues|first1=Clarence, Herman, Denis|title=Rustic, Ranwar, Runaway, Ranoar, Ramshackle, Ranvar|url=http://www.goldenbandra.com/RanwarCB.htm|website=www.goldenbandra.com|accessdate=25 September 2016}}</ref> The old Bandra was scenic, with stretches of green, bungalows, clusters of villages, villas surrounded by little gardens, and coastline.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} Home doors were kept open as a welcoming gesture and all the inhabitants were acquainted with everyone.<ref name="BandraBuzz e-paper">{{cite web|last1=D'Silva|first1=Merck N|title=All About Bandra|url=http://www.bandrabuzz.com/all-about-bandra.html|website=www.bandrabuzz.com|publisher=BandraBuzz e-paper|accessdate=27 September 2016}}</ref> From 1896 to 1906 Mumbai was struck by plague ([[Bombay plague epidemic]]) and the residents in Bandra villages suffered. Some were vacated.<ref>Library, T. B. (2002, 27 June). The British library. Retrieved 28 September 2016, from https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/PhotoShowDescs.asp?CollID=527</ref>

===Agriculture and other trades===

Bandra was a part of the island called [[Salsette Island|Salsette]] which was referred to as a granary. In Bandra, there were extensive paddy fields, coconut 'oarts', and vegetable gardens. Mango groves existed on the hilly areas. Other areas had barb trees. The main crop grown in Bandra was Rice (Gazetteer, Vol XIII, Pt. 2, pg. 478) Portuguese forbade the export of rice when there was a conflict between them and British.<ref name="Ref 2, 3, 5, 10, 11" />

[[John Fryer (FRS)|Dr. John Fryer]] (British traveller and /writer), who visited the Selsette island in 1673-75, described Bandra to be an excellently fertile land naturally or either because of the care of inhabitants. He also documented that there were good yields of Cabbages, Radishes, Coleworts, Water-Melons and Onions. He also mentions that the Selsette island, with all this crop, was not only supplying these yields to the nearby islands but also to [[Goa]].<ref name="Ref 2, 3, 5, 10, 11" />
<ref name="Subramanian, Mankikar">{{cite web|last1=Subramanian, Mankikar|first1=Reetika, Sayli. U|title=Gaothan residents welcome heritage tag, but want sops|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/gaothan-residents-welcome-heritage-tag-but-want-sops/story-49URSnmLN98xmX9r6ckShN.html|website=www.hindustantimes.com|publisher=Hindustan Times|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref>

==Ranwar Village==
Ranwar is approximately 400 year old East Indian Catholic village one of the original twenty four hamlets ''pakhadis''. It is a heritage listed precinct in Mumbai. It was a rice producing village and was surrounded by paddy fields. The exact extent (boundaries) of this hamlet have blurred over the period of time due to new developments in the area. Ranwar roughly Stretches from ''Waroda'' Road (a narrow lane off Hill road) towards Bandra Reclamation.

'''Current condition''': The architecture of the Portuguese times has now taken a more urban form where all the welcoming porches are walled off, the big windows that once were open are caged by grills. The demographics in Ranwar has changed due to increase in population, which has shattered the fabric of community life. The village infrastructure is not able to cope up with the increasing residents. The narrow lanes get blocked by traffic, sewage lines laid in the 1920s are overburdened due to increase in sewage. The original residents of the houses are leaving and the demographic of this urban village is rapidly changing. These old houses are experiencing structural issues, with walls buckling extra materials and reinforcements are being added for support. The open areas of the houses that were sunlit once, are now overshadowed by high-rises around. Conservationists are doing their best to maintain the character of the Ranwar.

Due to these numerous problems, maintaining the old houses is becoming a difficult task. Hence out of 42 bungalows in Ranwar 6 of the bungalows are demolished. Ranwar is one of the prime locations in Mumbai and the prices of the real estate are growing year after year hence a lot of developers are pursuing these old house owners to sell their property for making prime real estate.<ref name="CHANGING CITY Cold Christmas in RANWAR">{{cite web|last1=Thirani|first1=Neha|title=CHANGING CITY Cold Christmas in RANWAR|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JTS8yMDExLzA4LzIxI0FyMDA2MDM=|website=epaper.timesofindia.com|publisher=The Times Of India Mumbai|accessdate=8 September 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Chimbai Village==
The Chimbai Village is home to the fishing community called the ''Kolis''. Unlike Ranwar, which is famous for its artsy image, Chimbai still remains as a simple fishing village without much of development. Chimbai is located near [[Bandstand Promenade|bandstand]] which is really popular among youngsters.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The village is not currently well-maintained.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} The community that lives here call themselves ''Chimbaikars''. Unlike Ranwar, the younger generations of the same families still reside in Chimbai. After the 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai, where it was said that the terrorists used waterways to get into the city, the rules for these fishermen have been made strict and possessing photo identity cards is made mandatory. Chimbaikars have continued the tradition of community bonding in the form of badminton at nights regularly.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} The main fishing activity that is done by ''Chimbaikars'' happens at night time and usually is a nighttime activity that does not cause significant disturbance to the nearby residents.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} The community has built up shacks for the children to play, as a community gathering space for the elderly. This encourages all the families to communicate and bond since the men fishing can be out for days, this acts as a support system for the females and the children in the families.<ref name="A Tour Of The Historic Villages Of Bandra, Mumbai">{{cite web|last1=Prabhu|first1=Vrushali|title=A Tour Of The Historic Villages Of Bandra, Mumbai|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-historic-mumbai-villages-of-bandra/|website=theculturetrip.com|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>

==Chuim Village==
The Chuim Village was a small cluster of 70 houses- recorded in the 1940s. Chuim stretches, a few houses, to the east and the west around with Dr. Br. Ambedkar Road approximately running through the centre. This village as compared to the other settlements was a bit small and over the years now only around 20 odd houses remain and others have been developed into small buildings. As the other hamlets Chuim also traded agricultural produce and flowers. Primary schooling in the old days was done within the settlement in the midst of mango trees. Chuim used to be alive from the fishing activity that used to happen along with ''Danda'' village, the on the spot sale and bargain used to add to this liveliness.<ref name="A Tour Of The Historic Villages Of Bandra, Mumbai" /><ref name="MUMBAI’S GAOTHANS ARE A FORGOTTEN HERITAGE">{{cite web|last1=SHUKLA, BALIGA|first1=ASHUTOSH, LINAH|title=MUMBAI'S GAOTHANS ARE A FORGOTTEN HERITAGE|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-gaothans-are-a-forgotten-heritage-1174585|website=www.dnaindia.com/|publisher=DNA Mumbai|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref>

'''Architecture''': Chuim has two-storey cottage structures. It has a unique character as compared to other developments around with wooden framed structures, circular staircases, attics, and iron grilled windows. Almost every house has a ''[[Veranda|Varandah]]'' where the elderly sit every day. Narrow lanes, as same, in the other villages are used as social gathering spaces.<ref name="MUMBAI’S GAOTHANS ARE A FORGOTTEN HERITAGE" />

'''Current condition''': As the other villages Chuim is also facing an array of infrastructure problems ranging from water supply pressure being very low to sewage overload which has resulted in the sale of property for fresh development or redevelopment. Since the village is centrally located, with railway station, schools, colleges, religious places, and leisure promenades the area is said to be a prime location for development. There are a few [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] that live in Chuim that have reported being stressed to repair their houses after every few years.<ref name="MUMBAI’S GAOTHANS ARE A FORGOTTEN HERITAGE" />

== Pali Village ==
'''Pali Village''' sometimes also referred as (Pali Goathan) is a small urban village in the [[Bandra]] suburb of [[Mumbai]], India (formerly [[Bombay]]). Established in 1700s, it has lend its name to localities like [[Pali Hill]] and [[Pali Naka]], Today, it is developing as a destination for heath spas and holistic healing centres, as well as chic restaurants.

'''Overview:''' It is a mixed-zone neighborhood of [[Bandra]] and lies 650 meters from the coastline. The nearest coastline is the [[Carter Road Promenade|Carter Road]] edge of the [[Arabian Sea]]. Pali Village's Area Locality Management is known as PVRCF, or the Pali Village Residents Civic Forum, whose membership includes all residents of the Village. PVRCF's current Gen. Secretary is Asif Farooqui

Pali Village was settled around 1700 by the British Colonial Rulers{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}

It is close to [[Pali Hill]] and [[Linking Road]] and its residents are mainly Catholics and Muslims.

==Architecture and Planning==
Most of the ''pakhadis'' in Mumbai had a heavy Portuguese architectural influence in housing and general building style. Chuim, Ranwar, Shirley Rajan, Pali, etc. shared the same architectural style. The narrow zigzag alleyways were developed for shading in the common areas and they also served as protection from bandits that raided the lands sometimes. Village squares served as community gathering spaces. The original architectural style dates back approximately 140 years where the basic design of a house was a single storey structure with attic space to store grain, since the original residents were paddy owners. Most of the houses had either front or back open spaces for interactions or as kids playing area.<ref name="CHANGING CITY Cold Christmas in RANWAR" /> The roofs were tiled with [[Mangalore tiles]]. The roofs featured ''Balcao'' style sit outs. The trellises were ornamented and the structural system was wooden. Open spaces at the back of the houses was sometimes used as rosaries or to make ''masalas''. All the spaces were designed at a pedestrian scale. The hamlets developed as close knit community because of well-designed social interaction spaces.<ref name="Lost in transformation">{{cite web|last1=Thirani|first1=Neha|title=Lost in transformation|url=http://www.timescrest.com/society/lost-in-transformation-5938|website=www.timescrest.com|publisher=The Times of India Crest Edition|accessdate=14 September 2016}}</ref>

==Religious places in and near the villages==
* [[St. Andrew's Church, Mumbai]] This is one of the oldest churches in Mumbai. Almost all the hamlets came under its parish.
* [[Mount Mary Church, Bandra]]
* St. Stephen’s Church, Ranwar Village, Chapel Road, Bandra (W), Mumbai.
* St. Anne Church, Pali Hill, Bandra (W), Mumbai.
* St Vincent De Paul Church, Dr BR Ambedkar Rd, Bandra (W), Mumbai.
* [[Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Bandra|Mount Carmel Church]], 81A, Chapel Road, Bandra (W), Mumbai.
* Inri Church, Regal Apartment Ground 19, Chapel Rd, Ranwar, Bandra (W), Mumbai.

==Recreation and leisure==
* Bandra Reclamation, Bandra, Mumbai, [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra, India]].
* [[Bandstand Promenade]]
* [[Carter Road Promenade]]
* [[Bandra Talao]]
* Supari Talao, Playground, Mount Carmel Road, Bandra (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
* Khar Gymkhana, 13th Road, Khar (W), Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.

==Culture==

===Urban art===

The old villages have now tuned into exhibition galleries for the voices of the people. These small narrow lanes of the villages display works of urban art.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

===Festivals===

There are a number of festivals that are celebrated and one of them is Celebrate Bandra which has number of cultural activities that are planned over a period of 20 days to a month.

== In literature ==
Many of the characters in the book [https://harpercollins.co.in/product/bloodline-bandra/ Bloodline Bandra]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pereira |first=Godfrey |title=Bloodline Bandra |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |year=2014 |isbn=9789351364429 |edition=1st |location=India |language=En}}</ref> by [https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/godfrey-joseph-pereira/ Godfrey Joseph Pereira]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godfrey Joseph Pereira |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/11435272.Godfrey_Joseph_Pereira |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> (2014), are East Indian, including the protagonist, journalist, David Cabral from Pali in Bandra. The book itself is set in the 1950's with the first half of the book having most of the action in [[Pali Village]], a predominantly East Indian populace at the time.

==Notes==
'''Documentation of the Chuim''': The documentation of Chuim in detail is done and this source will provide you with a detailed report.[http://mumbaidp24seven.in/reference/30.pdf Transforming Habitats: - Case Study of Mumbai, Done by: Madhura Yadav and Gaurang Desai - Marathwada Institute of Technology, Retrieved 24 September 2016]

===Urban art===

Pictures and more information
* [http://thewayfarerdiaries.com/colours-Bandra-street-art-mumbai/ COLOURS OF BANDRA: STREET ART IN MUMBAI Posted on: 1 February 2014, Accessed: 29 September 2016]
* [https://thatandthisinmumbai.wordpress.com/2014/04/18/Bandras-street-art-a-fantasy-world-at-chapel-road/ Bandra’s street art: A fantasy world at Chapel Road, Posted on: 18 April 2014, Accessed: 29 September 2016],
* [http://baysidejournal.com/wp/graffiti-in-mumbai-10-works-of-art-that-make-the-street-come-alive/ Graffiti in Mumbai: Ten Works of Art that Make the Streets Come Alive, Accessed: 29 September 2016]
* [http://mumbai-magic.blogspot.com.au/2015/03/more-street-art-from-Bandra.html More street art from Bandra Posted on: 11 March 2015, Accessed: 29 September 2016]

===Festivals===

Pictures and more information
* [http://celebrateBandra.com/ Celebrate Bandra, Accessed: Sept 29,2016]
* [[Bandra Fair]] on the other hand is one of the festivals celebrated by the [[Mount Mary Church, Bandra]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Bandra]]

Varun Tomar

2026-02-04T06:58:39Z

Completegurus: created new entry.

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}

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| birth_place = [[Baghpat district|Baghpat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
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| 1
| 2
| [[ISSF Junior World Championships|Junior World Championships]]
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| 0
| 1
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}}
}}
'''Varun Tomar''' (born 8 September 2003) is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]] specializing in the [[ISSF 10 meter air pistol|10 m air pistol]] event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM0809200301 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.issf-sports.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian shooters Varun Tomar and Esha Singh bag Paris Olympic quotas for India after winning gold medals at Asian Qualifiers in Indonesia |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=474771 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-09 |title=Varun Tomar, Esha Singh win 10m air pistol quota for Paris Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/shooting/varun-tomar-esha-singh-win-10m-air-pistol-quota-for-paris-olympics/articleshow/106654388.cms |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=2024-01-08 |title=Varun Tomar, Esha Singh bag Olympic quotas with 10m Air Pistol gold at Asian Qualifiers |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/varun-tomar-shooting-paris-olympics-quota-asian-qualifers-10m-mens-air-pistol-shooting/article67718425.ece |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-01-09 |title=Varun, Esha seal Oly quota places with 10m air pistol golds at Asian Qualifiers |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/other-news/090124/varun-esha-seal-oly-quota-places-with-10m-air-pistol-golds-at-asian-q.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Tomar hails from Garhi Kangran village in [[Bagpat district|Baghpat district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Inspired by his cousin Olympian [[Saurabh Chaudhary]], he took up the sport in 2017 under coach Amit Sheoran at Benoli village.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-01-08 |title=Was inspired by cousin Saurabh Chaudhary, will train hard for Paris Olympics, says Varun Tomar |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/shooting/varun-tomar-talks-about-his-goals-after-securing-a-quota-for-the-2024-paris-olympics/article67718892.ece |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-19 |title=Inspired by Saurabh bhaiya, Varun Tomar wins India first medal at the ISSF Cairo World Cup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/inspired-by-saurabh-bhaiya-varun-tomar-wins-india-first-medal-at-the-issf-cairo-world-cup-8455150/ |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After his [[ISSF World Cup|World Cup]] medals in 2023, he was selected for the National Centre of Excellence and trains at the [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]] in [[New Delhi]]. In 2023, he joined the [[Indian Army]] and was selected for the Army Marksmanship Unit. He is now trained under army coach subedar major Himmat singh .<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Tomar won a gold medal in the Air Pistol team and individual events at the Asian Olympic Qualifier in [[Jakarta]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=Varun Tomar Bags Olympic Quota Place After Winning Gold Medal in 10m Air Pistol at Asian Olympic Qualifiers |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/varun-tomar-bags-olympic-quota-pkace-after-winning-gold-medal-in-10m-air-pistol-at-asian-olympic-qualifiers-8732002.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> In 2022, he won a gold medal in the Air Pistol Junior men team event at the World Championship in [[Cairo]]. He also won a bronze in the Air Pistol Junior men event.<ref name=":0" />

In 2023, he won one gold, one silver and two bronze in the 10m Air Pistol events at the Cairo and [[Bhopal]] World Cup events. He also took part in the [[Baku]] World Cup.<ref name=":0" />

In 2024, he also took part in the World Cup events at Granada and Cairo in the 10m Air Pistol. In the same year, he also participated and won a gold at the Asian Championships at Jakarta. Later, he took part in the Asian Championships at Changwon.<ref name=":0" /> Olympic quota berth is earned for the country and the federation will decide the team after trials.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomar, Varun}}
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Mathew Ulakamthara

2026-01-26T20:01:11Z

Completegurus: creating a entry.

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam language poet and literary critic (1931–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mathew Ulakamthara
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = V. Mathew
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|6|6}}
| birth_place = Arattukulam, [[Vaikom]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_place = Thellakam, Kottayam district
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2022|2|24|1931|6|6}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Kerala]] [[University of Madras]]
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship = [[India]]
| occupation = writer, academic
| genre = poetry, literary criticism
| movement =
| notableworks =
| parents = Ulakamthra Varkey Anna
| spouse = Thresiamma
| children = 4
| notable_works = Christu Gadha
| awards = Sabha Rathnam
| influences =
| signature =
}}
'''Mathew Ulakamthara''' was a [[Malayalam language]] writer, literary critic and academic from [[Kerala]], India. He received several awards including ''Sabha Rathnam'', the highest honour of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]].

==Biography==
Mathew Ulakamthara was born on 6 June 1931, in Chungam Ulakamthara house in present-day Arattukulam in [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam district]] of Kerala to Anna of Varkey of the Ulakamthara family.<ref name="Mathrubhumi daily">{{cite news |title=പ്രൊഫ. മാത്യു ഉലകംതറ അന്തരിച്ചു |work=Mathrubhumi daily |date=25 February 2022|language=ml}}</ref> In 1954, he obtained a degree in Malayalam from the [[University of Kerala]] and later did his Post Graduate Degree from the [[University of Madras]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> He served as Malayalam lecturer at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara|Thevara SH College]] for three decades and retired as head of the department in 1986.<ref name="Manorama"/> After retirement he worked as teacher at [[Mananthavady]] Newman's College.<ref name="Deepika daily">{{cite news | first=Kurian | last=Jibin |title= അറിവ് നിറച്ചാർത്തണിയിച്ച ഗുരുഭൂതൻ |work=Deepika daily |date=25 February 2022|language=ml}}</ref> He was later appointed Honorary Professor of [[Sree Sankaracharya Sanskrit University]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=പ്രൊഫ. മാത്യു ഉലകംതറ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/prof-mathew-ulakamthara-passes-away-1.7292565 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref> He also served as the sub-editor of ''Thananthu'' magazine and Editor-in-Chief of Deepika Weekly (1988-1990).<ref name="Manorama"/><ref name="Sathyadeepam"/>

Mathew has also served as the Chief Examiner, Chairman of the Examination Board, Textbook Committee Member, Oriental Faculty and chairman of the Board of Studies of Kerala and [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG]] Universities.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

===Personal life and death===
Mathew was an [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Rite Catholic]] affiliated with the [[Syro-Malabar Church]].<ref name="DD">{{Cite news |date=11 March 2012 |title=പ്രൊഫ. ഉലകംതറ സഭയുടെ മുതൽക്കൂട്ട്: മാർ ആലഞ്ചേരി |language=Malayalam |work=Deepika daily}}</ref> He and his wife Thresiamma have four children.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2">{{Cite web |date=2015-06-15 |title=ആയിരം പൂര്‍ണചന്ദ്രന്മാരെ കണ്ട നിറവില്‍ പ്രൊഫ. മാത്യു ഉലകംതറ |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/news/--1.280555 |access-date=2022-02-26 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |archive-date=27 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227025257/https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/news/--1.280555 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He died on 24 February 2022, at a private hospital in Thellakam, Kottayam district.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

==Literary contributions==
When he was 12 years old, his first work was published in Deepika Weekly Children's page.<ref name="Deepika daily"/> At the time of writing the articles in ''Kerala Pamkthi'' magazine under the name Vaikkom V. Mathew, its editor, Father C. K. Mattam, suggested that the family name be added to his name.<ref name="Deepika daily"/> After that he started writing under the name Mathew Ulakamthara.

Mathew has authored over fifty works in various genres including Literary Criticism, Poetry, Drama, Biography and Religious Thought.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite news |title=പ്രഫ. മാത്യു ഉലകംതറ ഇന്ന് നവതിയിലേക്ക് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2020/06/06/prof-mathew-ulakamthara.html |work=www.manoramaonline.com |date=6 June 2020}}</ref> His introductions to the works of many authors including [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]], [[Pala Narayanan Nair]] and [[Mary John Thottam]] are also noteworthy.<ref name="Manorama"/> These will be published in book form soon.<ref name="Manorama"/>

Mathew's main literary work is the epic ''Christugatha'' (meaning: The Story of Christ), which is a poem that gives a comprehensive and aesthetic account of the life and teachings of [[Jesus Christ]] from his birth to his ascension to heaven.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/> Six editions of this book have been released.<ref name="Deepika daily"/> He has also authored several Christian devotional songs.<ref name="Sathyadeepam">{{cite web |title=പ്രൊഫ. മാത്യു ഉലകംതറയ്ക്കു സ്മരണാഞ്ജലി |url=https://www.sathyadeepam.org/news/kerala/tribute |publisher=Sathyadeepam Weekly |language=ml |date=25 February 2022}}</ref> His literary criticism books have been made textbooks by three universities in Kerala.<ref name="Manorama"/> The books used as texts were ''Vimarshasopanam'', ''Alochanamritham'', and ''Sahithyapeedika''.<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>

Mathew has been a member of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], Secretary of the [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]] and a member of the advisory board of the [[Kerala Bhasha Institute]].<ref name="Deepika daily"/>

==Selected works==
===Christian philosophy===
*{{cite book |last1=Pianius |first1=Clement |last2=Ulakamthara |first2=Mathew |title=Samshepavedartham |date=1980 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |oclc=10752451 |edition=2 |language=Malayalam}}

===Poetry===
*''Christugatha''
*''Velichathinte Makal'' (meaning: Daughter of Light)<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
*''Adyathe Maranam'' (meaning: First Death)<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>

===Literary criticism===
*''Vimarshasopanam''
*{{cite book |last1=Ulakamthara |first1=Mathew |title=Alochanamrutham |date=1971 |oclc=31122740 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Sahityapeedika |date=1984 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/207813 |language=Malayalam}}

===Religious===
*{{cite book |last1=Ulakamthara |first1=Mathew |title=Vishwaprakasam: padyanatakam |date=1970 |oclc=39769351 |language=Malayalam}} (meaning: Universal light). Poetic Drama on life of Jesus Christ.
*''Veerambana Kathakal''<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
*{{cite book |last1=Ulakamthara |first1=Mathew |title=Haindavam Christavam |date=2001 |publisher=Merit Books |oclc=51264368 |edition=2 |language=Malayalam}} (meaning: Hinduism and Christianity)<ref name="Sathyadeepam"/>
*''Mar Apreminte Mariya Geethangal''<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
*''Christu Bimbangal Malayalathil'' (meaning: Christ Images in Malayalam)<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
*{{cite book |title=Bharatham:Karnaparvam |date=1984 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society|location=Kottayam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/212527 |language=Malayalam}}

===Biography===
*{{cite book |title=I.C. Chacko |date=1995 |publisher= Department of Culture, Government of Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |isbn=978-8186365441 |oclc=35743099 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Arnos Pathiri |date=1982 |publisher=Kerala History Association |location=Thiruvananthapuram |oclc=17608738 |language=Malayalam}} Based on life of [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden]].
*{{cite book |last1=Thomma Kattanar |first1=Paremmakkal |last2=Kariyatti |first2=Ausep |last3=Ulakamthara |first3=Mathew |title=Varthamana Pusthakam athava Roma Yathra |date=1983 |publisher=DC Books |location=Kottayam |oclc=14240329 |language=Malayalam}}
*''Indira Gandhi'', life of former Indian Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>

===Essays===
*{{cite book |title=Kaippum Maduravum |date=1981 |publisher= DC Books |location=Kottayam |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/77550 |language=Malayalam}} (meaning: Bitter and Sweet)<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>

===Others===
*{{cite book |title=Ulkkazhchakal |date=1992 |publisher=Janatha|location=Thevara |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/209675 |language=Malayalam}}
*{{cite book |title=Bheerukkalude Swargam |date=1982 |publisher= Prathibha publication |location=Vaikom |url=https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/78754 |language=Malayalam}} (meaning: Heaven of Cowards)<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>

==Awards and honours==
*K. V. Simon Award<ref name="Mathrubhumi daily"/>
*A.K.C.C. Award<ref name="Akademi">{{Cite book |last=Dutt |first=Kartik Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&dq=mathew+ulakamthara+awards&pg=PA730 |title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M |date=1999 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0873-5 |language=en}}</ref>
*Athansius Award<ref name="Akademi"/>
*Marthoma Award<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
*Vanisseri Award<ref name="Mathrubhumi2"/>
*[[Ulloor Award]]<ref name="Mathrubhumi daily"/>
*Mahakavi Kattakkayam Gold Medal<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*KCBC Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*Catholic Congress Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*KCYM Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*Kudumbadeepam Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*LRC Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*Sr Mary Baneenja Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*IC Chacko Award<ref name="Deepika daily"/>
*Syro-Malabar Research Center Award 2011<ref name="DD"/>
*In 2019, he received the title ''Sabha Rathnam'' (meaning: gem of the church) the highest honor of the Syro-Malabar Church.<ref name="Mathrubhumi daily"/>

==Works on him==
*{{cite book |last1=Manalil |first1=Paul |title=Ulakamtara, kaviyum nirupakanum: patanangal |date=2001 |oclc=48870951 |language=Malayalam}} (meaning: Ulakamthara, poet and critic:studies). Study on works of Mathew Ulakamthara.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulakamthara, Mathew}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Catholic Church and minority language rights]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic poets]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Malayalam literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholics]]

S. Mahendar

2026-01-18T18:19:02Z

Completegurus: minor changes

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Mahendar
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Bandahalli, [[Kollegal]], [[Karnataka]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Film director, actor, producer, screenwriter
| years_active = 1992–present
| spouse = [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] ({{small|divorced}}) Yashoda ({{small|2012 - current}})
| children =
| website =
}}

'''S. Mahendar''' is an Indian film director working in [[Kannada cinema]]. He is also a politician with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] contesting from [[Kollegal]] constituency in Karnataka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=481|title=S.MAHENDAR Kollegal (Chamarajanagar)|work=My Neta}}</ref> He debuted into cinema with ''Pranayada Pakshigalu'' (1992) and went to direct for over 30 films. He also acted in ''Gattimela'' (2001) in the lead role under his own direction. His well-known movies include ''Thayi Illada Thavaru'' (1995), ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'' (1996), ''[[Snehaloka]]'' (1999), ''[[Asura (2001 film)|Asura]]'' (2001), ''[[Vaalee (2001 film)|Vaalee]]'' (2001), ''[[Ninagagi]]'' (2002), ''[[Gowdru]]'' (2004) and ''[[Thandege Thakka Maga]]'' (2006).

==Personal life==
Mahendar was married to actress [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] who had been cast in many of his films. They have a daughter named Gowri. In 2009, Shruti applied for divorce citing understanding differences.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/1613/im-shocked-shruthis-divorce-plea.html|title=I'm shocked by Shruthi's divorce plea: Kannada director Mahendar|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=9 May 2009}}</ref> He later married a Mysore-based Economics student, Yashoda, in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2012/mahender-marries-student-080212.html|title=Director S Mahender marries an economics student|publisher=Filmibeat|date=11 July 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As director===

{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Starring !! Note
|-
| 1992 || ''Pranayada Pakshigalu'' || [[Ramesh Aravind]], Kavya, [[Anjali Sudhakar]] || Debut film
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Shrungara Kavya]]'' || [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], [[Sindhu (actress)|Sindhu]] ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Thayi Illada Thavaru'' || [[Ramkumar]], [[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Hetthavaru'' || [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Mouna Raaga'' || [[Ambareesh]], Srishanthi ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Karpoorada Gombe]]'' || Ramesh Aravind, Shruti ||
|-
| 1996 || ''Sthree'' || [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]], Shruti ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ganga Yamuna]]'' || [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Malashri]] ||Remake of Telugu film ''[[Subhalagnam]]''
|-
| 1997 || ''Kodagina Kaveri'' || Ramkumar, Shruti ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Megha Banthu Megha'' || Ramesh Aravind, [[Shilpa (actress)|Shilpa]] ||
|-
| 1998 || ''Suvvi Suvvalali'' || Ramesh Aravind, Shilpa ||Remake of Hindi film ''[[Baseraa]]''
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Kowrava]]'' || [[B. C. Patil]], [[Prema (actress, born 1977)|Prema]] ||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kadalora Kavithaigal]]''
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Chandrodaya]]'' || Shiva Rajkumar, Ramesh Aravind, Prema ||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Mouna Ragam]]''
|-
| 1999 || ''Premachari'' || B. C. Patil, Shilpa ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Snehaloka]]'' || Ramesh Aravind, [[Anu Prabhakar]], [[Ramkumar]] ||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal|Kannethirey Thondrinal]]''
|-
| 2001 || ''Gattimela'' || Himself, Shruti || also actor
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Asura (2001 film)|Asura]]'' || Shiva Rajkumar, Damini || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Amarkkalam]]''
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Vaalee (2001 film)|Vaalee]]'' || [[Sudeep]], Poonam || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Vaalee (1999 film)|Vaalee]]'' Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Director]]
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Ninagagi]]'' || [[Vijay Raghavendra]], [[Radhika (Kannada actress)|Radhika]] ||Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Niram]]''
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Balarama (film)|Balarama]]'' || [[Rockline Venkatesh]], Prema ||Remake of Telugu film ''[[Yerra Mandaram]]''
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Kushalave Kshemave]]'' || Ramesh Aravind, [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] ||Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]''
|-
| 2003 || ''Jogula'' || B. C. Patil, [[Vijayalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Vijayalakshmi]], Ruchita Prasad ||
|-
| 2004 || ''Sakhi'' || Praveen Kumar, Poonam ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Gowdru]]'' || Ambareesh, Shruti || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' Won - [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Karnataka State Film Award for Third Best Film]]
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thandege Thakka Maga]]'' || Ambareesh, [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]], [[Laila Mehdin]] || Remake of Tamil film ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Preethigaagi]]'' || [[Srimurali]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]] || Remake of Malayalam film ''[[Aniyathipravu]]''
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Gandana Mane]]'' || [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Gowri Munjal]] ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Akka Thangi]]'' || Shruti, Rashmi ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Veera Bahu (film)|Veerabahu]]'' || [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Mahakali (film)|Mahakali]]'' || [[Malashri]] ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Once More Kaurava]]'' || Naresh Gowda, Anusha ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Pampa Panchalli Parashivamurthy'' || Sangeetha Sringeri <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-s-mahendar-is-back-with-pampa/articleshow/76673149.cms|title = Director S Mahendar is back with Pampa|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ||
|-
|}

===As singer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Song !! Note
|-
|2001||''Kushalave Kshemave''||"Kamakshi Meenakshi"||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5707402}}
* [http://chiloka.com/celebrity/s-mahender S Mahendar biography]

{{S. Mahendar}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahendar, S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karachi]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Moh (film)

2026-01-04T06:13:42Z

Completegurus: creating entry.

{{short description|2022 Punjabi film directed by Jagdeep Sidhu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Moh
| image = Moh film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Release poster
| director = [Jagdeep sidhu]
| based_on =
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*Ankit Vijan
*Navdeep Narula
*Kiran Yadav
*Girish Kumar
*Ricky Singh Bedi
*Ramandeep Singh
*Barinder Singh}}
| story = {{Ubl|Shiv Tarsem Singh| Govind Singh}}
| screenplay = {{Ubl|Shiv Tarsem Singh| Govind Singh |Jagdeep Sidhu}}
| narrator = {{Ubl|Amrit Amby|Harsh Gurjar}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sargun Mehta]]
* Gitaz Bindrakhia}}
| music = Jaani & B Praak &Deepak Sharma daikin wale
| cinematography = Navneet Misser
| editing = Manish More
| studio = {{Ubl|Shri Narotam Ji Studios| [[Tips Industries|Tips Films Ltd.]]|Orion Studios}}
| distributor = White Hill Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|09|16|}}
| runtime = 149 minutes<ref name="cert:bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/moh-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmda3ndiy |title=Moh running minutes 149|website=British Board of Film Classification| date=9 September 2022|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Moh''''' ({{IPA|pa|moːɦ|pron}} (trans. attachment) is a 2022 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language [[Romance film#Subgenres|romantic drama]] film directed by Jagdeep Sidhu. The film bankrolled by Shri Narotam Ji Productions, [[Tips Industries|Tips Films Ltd.]] and Orion Studios, stars [[Sargun Mehta]] and singer Gitaz Bindrakhia in his acting debut. It depicts a doomed affair of a teenager with a married woman. It was released theatrically on 16 September 2022 by White Hill Studios.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/moh-trailer-jagdeep-sidhus-emotional-magic-sargun-mehtas-beautiful-craft-and-gitaz-bindrakhias-exceptional-expressions-promise-a-love-story-like-no-other/articleshow/93635298.cms |title=‘Moh’ Trailer: Jagdeep Sidhu’s emotional magic, Sargun Mehta’s beautiful craft, and Gitaz Bindrakhia’s exceptional expressions promise a love story like no other |date=18 August 2022|access-date=19 August 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as Gorey
* [[Gitaj Bindrakhia]] as Rabbi
* Amrit Amby as Rana
* Prabh Bains as Gurinder
* Prakash Gadhu as Rabbi's father
* Balraj Sidhu
* Sukhdev Ladhar
* Aman Suthdar
* Ikatar Singh
* Jashanjit Gosha
* Parminder Barnala
* Anita Meet
* Kumar Ajay
* Kulwinder Sidhu
* Vikram Pannu
* Fateh Siyan

==Production==
Director Jagdeep Sidhu launched the film on 24 September 2021 after the success of his earlier film ''[[Qismat 2]]'' and announced the tentative release date as 23 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/jagdeep-sidhu-announces-the-release-date-of-moh/articleshow/86482789.cms |title=Jagdeep Sidhu announces the release date of ‘Moh’|website=The Times of India |date=24 September 2021|access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>
Principal photography began on 9 February 2022.<ref name="toi:filming">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/jagdeep-sidhus-moh-starring-sargun-mehta-and-gitaz-bindrakhia-goes-on-the-floor/articleshow/89448406.cms |title=Jagdeep Sidhu’s ‘Moh’ starring Sargun Mehta and Gitaz Bindrakhia goes on the floor|website=The Times of India |date=9 February 2022|access-date=19 August 2022}}</ref>
Moh marks as the first film of Gitaj Bindrakhia.

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Moh
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[B Praak]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 September 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| length = {{Duration|19:21}}
| label = Tips Punjabi
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Lekh (film)|Lekh]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Honeymoon (2022 film)|Honeymoon]]
| next_year = 2022
}}

Soundtrack of ''Moh '' is composed by [[B Praak]], lyrics by [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] and the songs are sung by B Praak. First track "Sub Kuchh" was released on 22 August 2022 by Tips Punjabi.<ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://youtube.com/watch?v=3iZMZETYTXE|title= Sab Kuchh - MOH {{!}} B Praak {{!}} Jaani {{!}} Gitaj B, Sargun Mehta {{!}} Jagdeep Sidhu {{!}} 16 Sept {{!}} Tips Punjabi|work=Tips Punjabi |publisher=YouTube|date=22 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sab-kuchh-moh-movies-first-song-to-define-sargun-mehta-gitaz-bindrakhias-chemistry|title='Sab Kuchh': 'Moh' movie's first song to define Sargun Mehta, Gitaz Bindrakhia's chemistry|first=Ritika|last= Nath|date=22 August 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022|website=PTC Punjabi}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:21
| title1 = Sub Kuchh
| extra1 = [[B Praak]]
| lyrics1 = [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Salooq
| extra2 = B Praak
| lyrics2 = Jaani
| length2 = 5:07
| title3 = Meri Zuban
| extra3 = [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]]
| lyrics3 = Jaani
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Mere Kol
| extra4 = [[Afsana Khan]]
| lyrics4 = Jaani
| length4 = 4:02
| title5 = Aulaad
| extra5 = Jaani
| lyrics5 = Jaani
| length5 = 2:11
}}

==Reception==
''Kiddaan.com'' gave the film 4 stars out of 5, praising performances, direction and dialogues. They criticised the slow screenplay but appreciated the climax. Concluding they stated, "''Moh'' is a surreal and satisfying experience for everyone who craves to watch genuine and pure emotions on silver screens." They further wrote, "''Moh'' a typical Jagdeep Sidhu film, has a beautiful story, elegant dialogues and some brilliant performances."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kiddaan.com/moh-movie-review/ |title=Moh Movie Review: Tragically Beautiful! |website=Kiddaan.com |publisher=Kiddan |date=16 September 2022|access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> Neha Vashist of the ''[[Times of India]]'' rated the film 4 stars out of 5 and wrote, "it is a kind of film which is high on the emotional quotient and has been presented in a way that even the tragedy is painted in different hues of beauty and intensity." Vashist praising the performances wrote, "it appears to be Sargun’s best performance so far", and writing about Gitaz Bindrakhia's debut she stated, "well it appears that there could have been no better project for his entry into Pollywood." Vashist appreciated the music and climax of the film and concluded, "''Moh'' is a pure treat made with good content and emotions."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-reviews/moh/movie-review/94254792.cms |title=Moh Movie Review: Jagdeep Sidhu, Sargun Mehta, and Gitaz Bindrakhia prove that there is beauty in tragedy|author= Neha Vashist|date=16 September 2022|access-date=18 September 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref> Sheetal of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' wrote, "In one sentence, Punjabi film ''Moh'' is pure poetry! And the director, Jagdeep Sidhu, has lived up to his reputation."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/movie-review/punjabi-film-moh-has-stepped-into-unchartered-territory-and-quite-successfully-so-433110 |title=Punjabi film Moh has stepped into unchartered territory and quite successfully so|author=Sheetal |date=19 September 2022|access-date=21 September 2022|website=Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by B Praak]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2022 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jagdeep Sidhu]]
[[Category:Tips Industries films]]

Deccan Arena

2025-12-25T23:16:50Z

Completegurus: details!

{{Short description|Association football stadium in Hyderabad}}
{{Refimprove|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Deccan Arena
| surface = [[Artificial turf]]
| location = Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3308|78.3355|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| opened =
| owner = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]
| operator = Sreenidi Deccan
| architect =
| dimensions =
| services_engineer =
| main_contractors =
| construction_cost =
| capacity = 1,500
| suites =
| tenants = Sreenidi Deccan
}}

'''Deccan Arena''' is a [[Association football|football]] stadium located in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhuri |first=Arunava |date=2022-10-22 |title=AIFF president Kalyan Chaubey inaugurates Sreenidi Deccan FC’s Deccan Arena! |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/aiff-president-kalyan-chaubey-inaugurates-sreenidi-deccan-fcs-deccan-arena/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Arunava about Football |language=en-GB}}</ref> The stadium is home to the [[I-League]] club [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-10-22 |title=AIFF chief Kalyan Chaubey inaugurates SDFC Deccan Arena in Hyderabad |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aiff-chief-kalyan-chaubey-inaugurates-sdfc-deccan-arena-in-hyderabad |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 22 October 2022, Sreenidi Deccan played their first match in the stadium where they managed to win the game by 1–0 against [[TRAU FC|TRAU]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League: Sreenidi Deccan host Trau at newly-built Deccan Arena (preview) |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni63848127/ |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of football stadiums in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football stadiums in India}}

[[Category:Sports venues in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Football venues in Telangana]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Veer Kunwar Singh University

2025-12-03T22:06:12Z

Completegurus: small adjusted lead based on references for consistency

{{Short description|Public university in Arrah, Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}

{{Infobox university
|name = Veer Kunwar Singh University
|image = Veer Kunwar Singh University logo.png
|image_size = 170px
|motto = विद्या धर्मेण शोभते
| mottoeng = Knowledge Shines with Righteousness
|established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1992|10|22}}
|founder =
|chancellor = [[Governor of Bihar]]
|vice_chancellor = Shailendra Kumar Chaturvedi
|city = [[Arrah]], [[Bihar]]
|country = [[India]]
|students =
|type = [[Public university|Public]]
|campus = [[Urban areas|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]
|website = {{url|www.vksu.ac.in}}
}}

'''Veer Kunwar Singh university''' was established on 22 October 1992 with its headquarters at Arrah, under the ''Bihar University Act 1976'' [as amendment Act 9 of 1992]. It is named after [[Kunwar Singh]], the well-known national hero and a distinguished freedom fighter of 1857.

It is in the list of recognized universities under section 2(f) of the ''U.G.C. Act''. All of its 17 constituent colleges and one affiliated college receive final
assistance from U.G.C. by virtue of being constituent/affiliated colleges of the erstwhile [[Magadh University]] in Gaya, Bihar. It is in the list of recognized universities under the AICTE with ID-1-44497171004 for Master of Business Administration and Master in Computer Science. It is in the list of university under the Department of Higher Education, Government of India with code-U-0077 and under Institution's Innovation Council with ID-IC202431006. It is in the list of recognized university under National Council for Teacher Education with Code No-APE00529 for B.Ed course.

==Academics==
The university conducts teaching and learning in areas such as physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, mathematics, computer science, commerce, history, economics, management, law, sociology, geography, etc. It also runs exchange programs in affiliation with colleges and institutes in and around the state.

==Colleges==
Its jurisdiction extends over four districts, [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]], [[Buxar district|Buxar]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]] and [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://vksu.ac.in/affiliated-college-in-v-k-s-u/ | title=Affiliated College under V.K.S.U | website=vksu.ac.in}}</ref>

===Affiliated colleges===
* Sumitra Mahila College Dumraon
* K.K Mandal College Buxar
* P.C College Buxar
* T.S.I.M College, Ara, Bhojpur
* Jan Sahkari College (Barap), Garhani Bhojpur
* D.K college dumrao, buxer jila
* M.V College Buxar
* D.K.M College Dumari

==Constituent colleges==
Constituent colleges of Veer Kunwar Singh University<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://vksu.ac.in/official-website-of-constituent-colleges/ | title=Official Website of Constituent Colleges | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204114144/http://vksu.ac.in/official-website-of-constituent-colleges/ | archive-date=2020-12-04}}</ref>
* [[Harprasad Das Jain College]], Ara
* [[Maharaja College, Arrah|Maharaja College]], Ara
* S.B. College, Ara
* [[Jagjiwan College]], [[Arrah]]
* M.M. Mahila College, Ara
* M.V. College, Buxar
* D.K. College, Dumraon
* Shersah College, Sasaram
* S.P. Jain College, Sasaram
* Rohtas Mahila College, Sasaram
* Sri Shankar College, Sasaram
* A.S. College, Bikramganj
* J.L.N. College, Dehri-on-sone
* S.N. College, ShahmalKhairadeo
* Mahila College, Dalmianagar
* S.V.P. College, Bhabhua
* Gram Bharti College, Ramgarh

==Notable alumni==
* [[Pawan Singh]] (Bhojpuri singer and Actor){{cn|date=August 2023}}
* [[Alok Kumar (business executive)|Alok Kumar]] (CEO - National Skill Development Corporation International Limited){{cn|date=August 2023}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Universities in Bihar}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Veer Kunwar Singh University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Bihar]]
[[Category:Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1992]]

Pedakadimi

2025-12-02T07:15:13Z

Completegurus: adjust structure and corrected details after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pedakadimi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.70923|N|81.10138|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = West Godavari
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3000
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534003
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08812
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Eluru
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Eluru
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Denduluru
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pedakadimi''' is a [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]] in [[West Godavari district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> This village is about 9 km from [[Eluru]], the headquarters of the district. Vatlur railway station and Powerpet railway station are the two nearest railway stations to Pedakadimi.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in West Godavari district]]

Kanekal

2025-11-24T06:01:41Z

Completegurus: minor reworked references per standard format and added references for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanekal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Anantapur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Rayadurgam
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 515871; STD Code : 08495
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08495
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}
'''Kanekal''' is a village in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of Kanekal [[mandal]] in [[Kalyandurg revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=List of Sub-Districts |publisher=Census of India |accessdate=2007-05-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archivedate=2007-05-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=371|format=PDF}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|14|53|11|N|77|01|54|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Anantapur district]]

Rono (musician)

2025-10-23T15:55:21Z

Completegurus: added some page v1 - done

{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rono
| image =
| alias = Ronit Sarkar
| origin = [[Mumbai]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|musician}}
}}
'''Rono''', formerly known as Awkward Bong, is the stage name of '''Ronit Sarkar''', a [[Mumbai]]-based in the Indian indie music scene.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |title=RONO |url=https://mixtapelive.in/artists/awkward-bong/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Mixtape |language=en-US}}</ref> He is the son of [[Pradeep Sarkar]], a prominent Indian director and [[screenwriter]], best known for his films such as [[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta (2005)]] and [[Mardaani]] (2014).

== Career ==
Rono gained prominence with his indie hit "Main Aur Tum"<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=PIALEF58XWLlfHhx&v=D3Yz6J3SucM&feature=youtu.be |title=Rono - Main Aur Tum (Official Visual) |date=2018-09-08 |last=Rono |access-date=2024-08-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and has since performed at major music festivals including Bacardi [[NH7 Weekender]] (Pune 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/xVnyQiZ4t73QNgFo/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> and Vans New Wave Festival (Bangalore 2015, Delhi 2016). In 2024, he embarked on ''The Gulaabi Rahi Tour'', performing across cities like [[Pune]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poddar |first=Atreyee |date=2024-11-23 |title=Fun things to look forward to in Kolkata this week! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/events/kolkata/2024/Nov/23/fun-things-to-look-forward-to-in-kolkata-this-week |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref> [[Kochi]], [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]], and [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Events |url=https://europe.stripes.com/events/?_evDiscoveryPath=/event/106113509n-rono-s-gulaabi-rahi-tour-2024-mumbai |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Stripes Europe |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Rono's talent has garnered attention from various media outlets such as [[VH1 India]]'s Music Diaries,<ref>https://www.instagram.com/theindianmusicdiaries/p/C7BYDD7yDXs/?locale=sl&img_index=1</ref> [[Rolling Stone India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rono Archives |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/tag/rono/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> and IndiEarth. His work has been featured in Ennui.Bomb's "Stupiditties" indie compilations<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |title=RONO |url=https://mixtapelive.in/artists/awkward-bong/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Mixtape |language=en-US}}</ref> and utilized in advertising campaigns for brands like [[Tinder (app)|Tinder]].

== Recent work ==
His recent projects include the EP ''Postcards''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2021-02-26 |title=Rono Professes His Love for Songwriting with New EP 'Postcards' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rono-professes-his-love-for-songwriting-with-new-ep-postcards/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Samiksha |date=2021-06-08 |title=Homegrown's Fresh Picks From Music That Released Last Week: Sanjeeta Bhattacharya, Rono & More |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/homegrowns-fresh-picks-from-music-that-released-last-week-sanjeeta-bhattacharya-rono-more |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> and singles such as "All Afternoon",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2023-11-06 |title=Rono Releases Charming New Single 'All Afternoon' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rono-releases-charming-new-single-all-afternoon/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> "Gulaabi Rahi" and "Aakhri Safar".{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Album/Single
!Song name
!Ref.
|-
|2018
|Single
|"Yaadon Ka Bundergah"
|
|-
|2018
|Single
|"Main Aur Tum"
|
|-
|2021
|EP
|"Postcards"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaudhary |first=Samiksha |date=2021-06-08 |title=Homegrown's Fresh Picks From Music That Released Last Week: Sanjeeta Bhattacharya, Rono & More |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-explore/homegrowns-fresh-picks-from-music-that-released-last-week-sanjeeta-bhattacharya-rono-more |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Single
|"Like a Love Song"
|
|-
|2022
|Single
|"I Saw You in a Dream"
|
|-
|2022
|EP
|"Sienna Tapes"
|
|-
|2022
|Single
|"Lost & Lonely"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2022-10-07 |title=Fresh Indie Fridays #60 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/fresh-indie-fridays-60/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=Anurag Tagat and David |date=2022-12-14 |title=The 10 Best Indian Music Videos of 2022 |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-10-best-indian-music-videos-of-2022/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Single
|"Raat"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2023-02-10 |title=Fresh Indie Fridays #75 Featuring Kamakshi Khanna, Rono and AVANI |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/fresh-indie-fridays-kamakshi-khanna-rono-avani/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Single
|"All Afternoon"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britto |first=David |date=2023-11-06 |title=Rono Releases Charming New Single 'All Afternoon' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rono-releases-charming-new-single-all-afternoon/ |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Single
|"Chali Aa"
|
|-
|2024
|Single
|"Stranger"
|
|-
|2024
|Single
|"Gulaabi Rahi"
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fulkar |first=Spandan |date=2024-10-25 |title=Rono’s 'Gulaabi Rahi' with Aarifah Breaks Hearts and Rose-Colored Glasses |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/rono-gulaabi-rahi-new-song-aarifah/ |access-date=2024-10-28 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Single
|"Aakhri Safar"
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=WyirhrqAyHm1Klzd&v=X0POnSF3xg8&feature=youtu.be |title=Aakhri Safar |date=2025-02-19 |last=Rono - Topic |access-date=2025-02-20 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|EP
|"Prequel"
|
|-
|2025
|Single
|"Mehfooz Rakh"
|
|-
|2025
|Album
|"Adhoore Se Khwaab"
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]

Home garden

2025-10-04T10:25:35Z

Completegurus: started new details w/ refs

'''Home garden''' or '''homegarden''' may refer to:
* The yard areas surrounding a house:
** [[Residential garden]]
** [[Back garden]]
** [[Front garden]]
* [[Forest garden]]
** [[Pekarangan]], an Indonesian form of forest-gardening in yards

== Places ==
* [[Home Garden, California]]
* [[Home Gardens, California]]

== See also ==
* [[Home & Garden (disambiguation)]]

{{disambiguation}}

2017 West Bengal floods

2025-09-01T12:17:53Z

Completegurus: enhanced section per standard format

{{Short description|Natural disaster in north-eastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox flood
| name =
| image =LAND01 2017-07-27 0755Z.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =The depression which in its precursor low caused dangerous floods in West Bengal.
| duration = July – August 2017
| date =
| affected = [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| fatalities = At least 152 <ref name=f/>(1 June 2017 – 30 August 2017 )
| damages = [[Indian Rupee|₹]]14,000 crore (US$2.18 billion) <ref name=f/>(government estimate)
}}
Following heavy rain in July and August 2017, the Indian state of [[West Bengal]] was affected by severe flooding.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/flood-woes-in-west-bengal-man-made-says-cm-mamata-banerjee/799408/|title=Flood woes in West Bengal man-made, says CM Mamata Banerjee|date=8 August 2017|work=The Financial Express|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> The floods were reported to have caused 50 deaths since 1 August and 8 deaths in the neighbouring state of [[Jharkhand]].
<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/death-toll-in-west-bengal-floods-rises-to-50-heavy-rain-lashes-north-india/articleshow/59885906.cms|title=Death toll in West Bengal floods rises to 50; heavy rain lashes north India|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref>

Soon after these floods, North Bengal also witnessed floods that wreaked havoc over the seven districts and killed 3 people.

== Cause and extent of the disaster ==
===Gangetic West Bengal===
Heavy rain in last week of July & August resulted in flood in the state.<ref name="The Asian Age">{{Cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/240717/west-bengal-incessant-rains-flood-lowlands.html|title=West Bengal: Incessant rains flood lowlands|date=24 July 2017|work=The Asian Age|access-date=10 August 2017}}</ref> The Land Depression 01 in its precursor low & poor maintenance of [[dam]]s caused dangerous floods in [[West Bengal]].

State irrigation minister said that in some districts of south Bengal, there had been around 400 mm rainfall during the last three days. The rivers Silabati in West Midnapore, Dwarkeswar in Bankura, Dwaraka and Kuye in Birbhum were flowing above the danger level. Some villages at Suri block II got flooded due to incessant rain. Some parts of the Hooghly and West Midnapore, including Ghatal, Khirpai, Chandrakona went under water since Saturday night. Bankura recorded the state's highest rainfall at 274 mm during the same period, while Digha recorded 104 mm, [[Halisahar]] recorded 189 mm and Burdwan received 72.6 mm of rains.<ref name="The Asian Age"/> The water discharge from DVC dams was in excess of that in 1978 which saw an unprecedented flood in the state. So far 2.78 lakh (278{{nbsp}}thousand) [[cusec]]s of water had been discharged by DVC as of 1 August. The situation in Bengal got worse on Thursday after Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) released more water from its dams and sounded a red alert in the lower catchment areas of the Damodar river.

An additional 249,450 [[cusec]]s<ref name="m.hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|title=West Bengal flood: More villagers marooned; DVC releases water from dams, toll rises to eight|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/west-bengal-flood-more-villagers-marooned-dvc-releases-water-from-dams-toll-rises-to-eight/story-Ttq5DmvZbgV8M09je8t9bJ.html|date=1 August 2017}}</ref> of water was released from Durgapur barrage on Thursday morning. As a result, more areas in east Burdwan, Hooghly and Howrah were hit by flood.<ref name="m.hindustantimes.com"/> The flood affected districts had received record rainfall from 20 to 25 July. Compared to the normal rainfall received in July, Bankura received 754 per cent, Burdwan 334 per cent, Birbhum 313 per cent, East Midnapore 500 per cent, West Midnapore 424 per cent, Howrah 427 per cent, Hooghly 359 per cent, Kolkata 367 per cent, Murshidabad 174 per cent, and Purulia 721 per cent more rainfall. The cumulative rainfall received in Birbhum from 20 to 26 July was over 600 mm.

From the weather system, the capital city of Kolkata received 142 mm of rain in 48 hours. July 2017 was the second wettest in Kolkata since 2008 with rain count 72% above the normal mark – the city received 621.5 mm rain. Only once – in 2015 – in the last decade has Kolkata received more rain in July from [[Cyclone Komen]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolkata: July ends with 72% more rain, 2nd wettest since '07|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/july-ends-with-72-more-rain-2nd-wettest-since-07/articleshow/59852956.cms|date=19 April 2017}}</ref>

===West Bengal===
These floods in Gangetic West Bengal were soon followed by floods in North Bengal that affected 7 districts. These floods were caused by the shifting of the monsoon trough in the sub-Himalayan region.

==Effect of flood==
===Gangetic Bengal===
Dhaniakhali of [[Hooghly district]] and Ghatal in [[West Midnapore district]] were the two worst affected areas. 1,79,321 hectares out of 10,82,285 hectares of paddy seedbeds were damaged.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/west-bengal-floods-death-toll-increases-to-46-nearly-27-lakh-people-across-14-districts-affected-3882889.html|title=West Bengal floods: Death toll increases to 46, nearly 27 lakh people across 14 districts affected|date=1 August 2017|work=Firstpost|access-date=10 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> At least 50 people died while nearly 20 lakh (2{{nbsp}}million) were affected in over 160 villages, which were inundated due to heavy rains. 2,301 people were evacuated from their houses and 2,02,957 hectare of agricultural land was submerged. Around 7,868 houses were entirely destroyed while 44,361 were partially damaged in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="LAND 02">{{cite news|title=28 dead, 20 lakh affected in West Bengal floods|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-west-bengal-floods-12-more-die-toll-rises-to-28-2517275|accessdate=29 July 2017|date=29 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="LAND 03">{{cite news|title=31 dead, 20 lakh affected in West Bengal floods|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bengal-flood-toll-reaches-31-iaf-rescues-stranded-villagers/article19386721.ece|accessdate=29 July 2017|date=29 July 2017}}</ref> The state lost around Rs.553 crores(US$86.6 million) due to the storm.<ref>{{cite web|title=West bengal state-suffered-rs-553-crore-loss-in-floods|url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/090817/state-suffered-rs-553-crore-loss-in-floods-cm-reports-to-centre.html|date=19 April 2017}}</ref> An additional eleven people were reported to be killed in [[Jharkhand]] due to heavy rains.<ref name="Land 01_2">{{cite news|title=Eight killed as heavy rains lash Jharkhand|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/eight-killed-as-heavy-rains-lash-jharkhand/story-BH4WwCDJ9YLWRvxe81IPkO.html|accessdate=28 July 2017|date=28 July 2017}}</ref>

Around 50 people have so far lost their lives, and according to government figures, about 11,974 hectares of land under paddy cultivation, and 23,096 hectare under vegetable cultivation, has been inundated. State government officials said the Subarnarekha river burst its banks after water was released from the Galudi dam in Jharkhand. Water was also released from Tilpara barrage in Birbhum. As a result, the Mayurakshi river inundated hundreds of acres of farmland. Water was reported to be rising fast in Chandrabhaga, Kopai and Bakreswar rivers in Birbhum district. In Hooghly district, embankments along the Darakeswar river were washed away and flood water gushed towards Arambagh town. In the 14 flood-hit districts in West Bengal, 27 lakh (2.7{{nbsp}}million) people had been affected by flood. The government had set up 311 relief camps where over 47,000 people have taken shelter, adding it has also set up 131 medical camps. Over 16,000 animals were sheltered in relief camps for animals and veterinary doctors were looking after them. The government had also sent medicines, water pouches and other items to all the districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Number Of Dead In West Bengal Flood Reaches 39|url=http://m.ndtv.com/india-news/number-of-dead-in-west-bengal-flood-reaches-39-1731592|date=1 August 2017}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===north Bengal===
The floods claimed seven lives so far in the region, while about one lakh (100{{nbsp}}thousand) people were affected in the five districts—60,000 of them in Alipurduar and Jalpaiguri alone —and many of them had taken shelter in the relief camps. Communication between Falakata and Madarihat in Jalpaiguri district remained cut off due to large-scale inundation and a majority of the residents of the two areas had taken shelter in the relief camps.
Malda District has been flooded by overflow of river Fulhaar, Behula, Ganga and Mahananda. More than 2 lakhs (200{{nbsp}}thousand) people have been affected by the flood conditions. 4 blocks of Malda district is under water including the English bazaar.

==Relief and rescue==
More than 27,00,000 people in 106 blocks of 14 districts of West Bengal were affected by the flood.<ref name=f>{{cite news|title=Narendra Modi's 'India first' policy is mere talk, Centre overlooking West Bengal in flood relief is proof |url = https://www.firstpost.com/india/narendra-modis-india-first-policy-is-mere-talk-centre-overlooked-west-bengal-in-flood-relief-4007763.html}}</ref> Around 311 relief camps were opened for them by the state government.<ref name=":0" /> Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] visited flood-hit areas in Amta and Udaynarayanpur in Howrah. She accused the DVC of releasing water indiscriminately. The [[Mamata Banerjee]] government sought help from the armed forces for the first time when eight districts in south Bengal were hit by flood.
The air force pressed into service a helicopter to rescue 39 people who were trapped inside a two-storey house at Pratappur village in the Ghatal sub-division of West Midnapore district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal flood: Air Force to the rescue of villagers trapped in Ghatal|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/bengal-flood-air-force-to-the-rescue-of-villagers-trapped-in-ghatal/story-zokYJBxXhyLJD7JvSWrUpM.html|date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

NDRF on 6 August 2017 team conducted rescue and relief operation at Ghatal, West Medenipur, WB and evacuated three persons They distributed relief material water pouches- 2200Nos, Dry Ration- 16 bags, Milk powder 6 kg, and Gur60 kg. So far teams have rescued 253 persons, evacuated 1029 persons and retrieved 05 dead bodies and distributed food 1500 Pkts, Water pouches/ bottles- 25564 nos.), dry rations ( Rice, Dal, Suger, Churaetc – 236 Bags, Baby food - 244 Ctns, Milk- 1056 Pkts, Gur -2205 kg, tarpoline (58 Nos, vegetables (540 kg and medicines.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal flood:India: Monsoon-2017: Daily monsoon / Flood situation report of 07 August 2017|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-monsoon-2017-daily-monsoon-flood-situation-report-07-august-2017|date=1 August 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2024 West Bengal floods]]
* [[Brahmaputra floods]]
* [[2017 Gujarat flood]]
* [[2017 Bangladesh landslides]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Natural disasters in India}}
{{Disasters in India in 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:West Bengal floods, 2017}}
[[Category:2010s in West Bengal|2017 floods]]
[[Category:Floods in India]]
[[Category:2017 floods in Asia]]
[[Category:2017 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in West Bengal]]
[[Category:July 2017 in India]]
[[Category:August 2017 in India]]
[[Category:2017 South Asian floods]]

2011–12 Senior Women's One Day League

2025-06-06T14:04:45Z

Completegurus: started the data first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2011–12 Senior Women's One Day League
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fromdate = 4
| todate = 24 November 2011
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[List A cricket|List A]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and final
| host =
| champions = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| count = 1
| runner up = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| participants = 26
| matches = 76
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Anagha Deshpande]] (501)
| most wickets = [[Reema Malhotra]] (18)
| previous_year = 2010–11
| previous_tournament = 2010–11 Senior Women's One Day League
| next_year = 2012–13
| next_tournament = 2012–13 Senior Women's One Day League
}}

The '''2011–12 Senior Women's One Day League''' was the 6th edition of the women's [[List A cricket|List A]] [[cricket]] [[Senior Women's One Day League|competition]] in [[India]]. It took place in November 2011, with 26 teams divided into five regional groups. [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] won the tournament, their first title, beating [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] in the final. This was the first time since the launch of the tournament that a team other than [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] won the title.<ref name="CA">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

==Competition format==
The 26 teams competing in the tournament were divided into five zonal groups: Central, East, North, South and West. The tournament operated on a [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with each team playing every other team in their group once. The top two sides from each group progressed to the Super League round, where the 10 remaining teams were divided into two further round-robin groups. The winner of each group progressed to the final. Matches were played using a [[Limited overs cricket|50 over]] format.

The groups worked on a points system with positions with the groups being based on the '''total points'''. Points were awarded as follows:<ref name="CAtable">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12.html |title=Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 Points Tables |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

'''Win''': 4 points. 
'''[[Result (cricket)#Tie|Tie]]''': 2 points. 
'''Loss''': –1 points. 
'''No Result/Abandoned''': 2 points. 
'''Bonus Points''': 1 point available per match. 
'''Consolation Points''': 1 point available per match.

If points in the final table are equal, teams are separated by most wins, then head-to-head record, then number of Bonus Points, then [[Net Run Rate]].

==Zonal tables==
===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''20'''|| +2.797
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.028
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Vidarbha women's cricket team|Vidarbha]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''9'''|| +0.052
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''3'''|| –0.878
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Rajasthan women's cricket team|Rajasthan]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–4'''|| –1.959
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''20'''|| +2.165
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''9'''|| +0.252
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''7'''|| –0.191
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''7'''|| –0.250
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''–3'''|| –1.631
|}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''18'''|| +1.311
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''9'''|| +1.013
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.351
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''8'''|| –0.243
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''–4'''|| –2.395
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||5 ||0 || '''25'''|| +1.525
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]] '''(Q)'''
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||'''13'''|| +0.458
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]]
|5 ||3 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''12'''|| +0.181
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''7'''|| –0.276
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]]
|5 ||2 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||1 ||'''7'''|| –0.355
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]]
|5 ||0 ||5 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''–4'''|| –1.436
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||4 ||0 || '''20'''|| +2.860
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''13'''|| +0.100
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Saurashtra women's cricket team|Saurashtra]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''6'''|| –1.179
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||'''2'''|| –0.570
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Gujarat women's cricket team|Gujarat]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||'''–1'''|| –0.969
|}

:Source:CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Super Leagues==
===Super League Group A===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 || '''17'''|| +1.024
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''14'''|| +1.443
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''6'''|| –1.310
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||'''4'''|| –0.182
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||'''–1'''|| –0.982
|}

===Super League Group B===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:140px;"|Team
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|P|Played}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|CP|Consolation Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:40px;"|{{Abbr|[[Net run rate|NRR]]|Net run rate}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left" |[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] '''(Q)'''
|4 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 || '''19'''|| +1.280
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|4 ||3 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||1 ||'''14'''|| +0.705
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|4 ||2 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''8'''|| +0.580
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|4 ||1 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||'''1'''|| –1.675
|-
|style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]]
|4 ||0 ||4 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||'''–2'''|| –0.840
|}

:Source:CricketArchive<ref name="CAtable"/>

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 November 2011
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = [[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
| score1 = 206/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = Nidhi Torvi 58 (91)
| wickets1 = Deepti Dhyani 2/36 (10 overs)
| score2 = 207/3 (49.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Latika Kumari]] 78 (106)
| wickets2 = Nidhi Torvi 1/2 (2 overs)
| result = Delhi won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/354/354021.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = Keki Doodhwala and [[Nitin Menon]]
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Matches
!width=60 | Innings
!width=60 | Runs
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | {{Tooltip|HS|Highest score}}
!width=60 | 100s
!width=60 | 50s
|-
|[[Anagha Deshpande]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|8
|8
|'''501'''
|100.20
|138[[not out|*]]
|1
|5
|-
|[[Mamatha Kanojia]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|10
|10
|'''413'''
|59.00
|109[[not out|*]]
|1
|3
|-
|[[Jaya Sharma]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|9
|9
|'''358'''
|44.75
|78
|0
|4
|-
|[[Smriti Mandhana]]
|[[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]]
|8
|8
|'''336'''
|42.00
|155
|1
|1
|-
|[[Mithali Raj]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|8
|5
|'''325'''
|162.50
|98[[not out|*]]
|0
|4
|-
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12/Batting_by_Runs.html |title=Batting and Fielding in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 (Ordered by Runs)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!width=125| Player
!width=125| Team
!width=60 | Overs
!width=60 | Wickets
!width=60 | Average
!width=60 | BBI
!width=60 | 5w
|-
|[[Reema Malhotra]]
|[[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]]
|74.0
|'''18'''
|13.72
|4/23
|0
|-
|Neha Maji
|[[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]]
|64.4
|'''17'''
|9.17
|4/16
|0
|-
|[[Gouher Sultana]]
|[[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]]
|93.2
|'''17'''
|12.58
|3/12
|0
|-
|[[Sravanthi Naidu]]
|[[Hyderabad women's cricket team|Hyderabad]]
|84.0
|'''17'''
|12.58
|3/12
|0
|-
|Rupali Chavan
|[[Goa women's cricket team|Goa]]
|79.0
|'''15'''
|15.46
|2/9
|0
|}
Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_State_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12/Bowling_by_Wickets.html |title=Bowling in Inter State Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 (Ordered by Wickets)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=16 August 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2011-12 Senior Women's One Day League}}
[[Category:Senior Women's One Day Trophy]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2011–12|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian cricket|Senior Women's One Day League]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Gaya (India)

2025-05-25T03:19:23Z

Completegurus: fixed citations and updated info

#REDIRECT [[Gaya, India]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Mahindra Susten

2025-05-22T20:48:08Z

Completegurus:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Promotional|date=June 2020}}
{{COI|date=August 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Mahindra Susten
| logo = Mahindra Susten.svg
| logo_size =
| logo_padding =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| trading_name =
| former_name = Mahindra EPC Services Pvt. Ltd.
| type = [[Private Company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Renewable energy]]
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date and age|2010}}<ref>[http://www.mca.gov.in/DCAPortalWeb/dca/MyMCALogin.do?method=setDefaultProperty&mode=31]''Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India''</ref>
| founder = 
| defunct = 
| hq_location = [[Marol]], [[Andheri]]
| hq_location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Susten|url=http://www.mahindrasusten.com/contact-us.php|website=www.mahindrasusten.com|accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref>
| hq_location_country = [[India]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people =
| products =
| brands =
| production_year = 2016-17
| services = [[Solar power plants]], Solar telecom towers, [[turnkey]] [[Engineering, procurement and construction|EPC]] solutions{{buzzword inline|date=March 2019}}
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees = 800
| num_employees_year = 2016-17
| parent = [[Mahindra & Mahindra Limited]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.mahindrasusten.com/}}
| footnotes= Installation: 2499 MWp<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahindrasusten.com/key-facts.php|title = Global Footprint | Solar Panel Installation Companies}}</ref>
}}

'''Mahindra Susten ('''formerly '''Mahindra EPC Services Pvt. Ltd.)''' is an Indian company in [[renewable energy]] industry and is part of the [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] Group. They are a portfolio company under the Cleantech arm of Mahindra Partners.

In April 2013, Mahindra EPC had its 20 MW solar power project at Bikaner enlisted in the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (India)|Ministry of New and Renewable Energy's MNRE (India)]] merit list for early commissioning for Phase I, Batch II of the National Solar Mission.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/recognition-for-three-solar-projects-of-mahindra-epc/article4577434.ece Recognition for three solar projects of Mahindra EPC], ''The Hindu Business Line'', 3 April 2013</ref>

On 2 February 2015, the company was renamed Mahindra Susten. ''Susten'' is derived from the words Sustainability and Enabler.<ref>{{cite web|title=Renewables company Mahindra EPC is now Mahindra Susten|url=http://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/1423034695|website=www.mahindra.com|accessdate=6 November 2016}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Mahindra EPC Logo.svg|thumb|Logo of the company when it was known as Mahindra EPC]]
The company commenced its services in 2011 in the renewable energy space with the turnkey execution of utility scale, commercial, and industrial rooftop Solar PV projects.<ref>KR Iyer,[http://smehorizon.sulekha.com/mahindra-s-solar-power-plant-to-lit-60-000-rural-homes_construction-viewsitem_6617 Mahindra’s solar unit to power 60,000 rural homes in Rajasthan] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130630093358/http://smehorizon.sulekha.com/mahindra-s-solar-power-plant-to-lit-60-000-rural-homes_construction-viewsitem_6617 |date=2013-06-30 }}</ref>

In 2011, the company received the highest [[CRISIL]]{{En dash}}MNRE rating of SP1A for off-grid solar PV system.<ref>[http://mnre.gov.in/file-manager/UserFiles/list_channelpartners_sp_jnnsm.pdf List of channel partners accredited by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for Off-Grid and Decentralized Solar Applications under JNNSM], ''Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India'', 5 March 2013</ref> The company diversified its business into telecom tower solarization, which are presently run on diesel.<ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/mahindra-group-sees-500-mw-opportunity-in-solar-power-113033100083_1.html Mahindra Group sees 500-Mw opportunity in solar power], ''Business Standard'', 1 April 2013</ref>

Mahindra Susten has also been named the Utility Solar EPC of the year for 2014 and 2015 by Bridge to India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bridgetoindia.com/bridge-to-india-solar-awards-best-of-2014/|title = BRIDGE TO INDIA solar awards – best of 2014|date = 29 December 2014}}</ref>

== Solar power plants==
=== Distributed and Utility scale ===
Mahindra Susten built utility scale and distributed solar PV plants for clients including Softbank, [[SunEdison]], Infosys, JK Tyres, Tech Mahindras.

=== Auto Consortium Project, Tamil Nadu, India ===
Mahindra EPC in November 2013, finished installation of a 3.18 MWp solar PV power plant for an Auto Consortium in the state of Tamil Nadu. With an estimated total project capacity of 50 MWp, this group of India's seven leading auto component manufacturers have pledged an investment of over INR₹3.25 billion for captive consumption of clean energy.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/mahindra-epc-to-execute-50-mw-solar-consortium-project/article5380232.ece Mahindra EPC to execute 50 MW solar consortium project], ''The Hindu'', 22 November 2013</ref>

=== 30 MW Solar PV Thin Film Plant near Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India ===
Comprising two separate projects of 10 MW and 20 MW, this installation under the second batch of Phase I of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), was commissioned in February 2013. With an annual generation in excess of 50 million units of energy this installation is expected to generate a [[carbon offset]] of nearly 40,000 MT of CO{{sub|2}} annually.<ref>M. Ramesh [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/kiran-energy-commissions-55-mw-solar-plant-in-rajasthan/article4465481.ece Kiran Energy commissions 55 MW solar plant in Rajasthan]''The Hindu Business Line'', 1 March 2013</ref><ref>Natalie Obiko Pearson [https://archive.today/20130628201920/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-05-02/mahindra-kiran-energy-may-get-ifc-loan-for-india-solar-project Mahindra, Kiran Energy May Get IFC Loan for India Solar Project]''Bloomberg Businessweek'', 2 May 2012</ref>

=== 20 MW Solar PV Thin Film Plant near Bikaner, Rajasthan, India ===
In January 2013, Mahindra EPC commissioned their 20 MW plant near Bikaner which was then the first installation to have been completed under the Indian government’s [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission|JNNSM]] Phase 1 Batch 2 initiative. The project utilizes a total of 270,000 [[Thin film solar cell|thin-film PV modules]] supplied by [[First Solar]]. Spread across an area of 180 acres, the 20MWp solar PV plant is equipped to supply more than 38 million units of energy per year and is expected to displace nearly 30,000 MT of CO{{sub|2}} annually.<ref>[http://www.energynext.in/pr-fonroche-mahindra-epc-realize-first-indo-french-solar-power-investment-india/ PR Fonroche and Mahindra EPC realize first Indo-French solar power investment in India]''Energy Next'', 10 Jan 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.pv-tech.org/project_focus/rajasthan_india Solar PV Project Profile near Bikaner, Rajasthan, India] ''PV-Tech'', 5 February 2013</ref><ref>Panchabhutha, [http://panchabuta.com/2012/12/26/pr-fonroche-collaborates-with-mahindra-epc-to-commission-first-solar-plant-under-national-solar-mission-phase-i-batch-ii/ PR Fonroche collaborates with Mahindra EPC to commission first solar plant under National Solar Mission Phase I, Batch II]''Panchabuta'', 26 December 2012</ref>

=== 5 MW Solar PV Single Axis Tracker Plant near Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India ===
Near [[Jodhpur]], this 5 MW installation generates a high output per MW with its [[Solar tracker|single axis tracker technology]] that maximises energy from the sun. Under the Indian government’s JNNSM Phase 1 Batch 1 initiative, the plant was the first to get connected to the state’s electrical grid, having been commissioned in January 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151006201811/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-09/news/30607376_1_jnnsm-solar-power-5mw-project Mahindra Solar commissions 5 MW plant in Rajasthan]''The Economic Times'' 9 January 2012</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-business/mahindra-solar-rajasthan-unit-on-stream/article2788856.ece Mahindra Solar Rajasthan Unit on stream ]''The Hindu'', 10 January 2012</ref>

=== 2 MW Solar PV Thin Film Plant at Lucknow in Uttar Pradesh, India ===
The plant at [[Lucknow]] was the first megawatt-scale installation in [[Uttar Pradesh]] (northern India), and was connected to the grid in January 2012, with a construction period of 71 days.<ref>Sarosh Bana, [http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/23816/india-gets-a-solar-plant-in-100-days/ India gets a solar plant in 100 days]''Renewable Energy Focus'', 10 February 2012</ref>

== Single Axis Solar Tracker (MSAT100) ==
Mahindra Susten has developed products aimed at increasing the efficiency and throughputs of Solar PV plants across all scales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mahindrasusten.com/single-axis-solar-tracker.php|title=Single Axis Solar Tracking System, Photovoltaic Tracking Systems|website=www.mahindrasusten.com|access-date=2018-05-06}}</ref> The MSAT100 is an indigenously designed and developed tracker which can help to substantially increase the generation potential of any solar setup. The company has supplied 500+ trackers & installed 226.04+ MW tracker at sites in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Thailand.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mahindra Group}}

[[Category:Mahindra Group]]
[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2010]]

Aval (TV series)

2025-05-05T13:13:50Z

Completegurus: started basic info needs work

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language soap opera}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aval tamil serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = Soap opera
| creator =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''|G. Jayakumar}}
| writer = Pa.Athirai Senmozhi (dialogues)
| screenplay = Pradeep
| creative_director =
| director = G.Jayakumar U. Vallimuthu
| starring = [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]] Mahalakshmi [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] [[Sreekala Sasidharan|Sreekala]] [[Nithya Ram]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 416
| list_episodes =
| producer =
| company =
| theme_music_composer = Jithan Roshan Saravanan
| open_theme = ''Kumkovapoove''
| cinematography = I. Martin Joe
| editor = Nagaraj Gowtham
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Star Vijay]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2011|11|7}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2013|3|15}}
| related = ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
}}

'''''Aval''''' ({{translation}} ''She'') is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[family drama]] soap opera that aired on [[Star Vijay]] from 7 November 2011 to 15 March 2013 for 416 episodes.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.indiantvinfo.com/aval-mega-serial-on-vijay-tv/| title=Aval – New Mega Serial on Vijay TV, Every Monday To Friday at 7 P.M| publisher=www.indiantvinfo.com| date=| access-date=| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624162306/http://www.indiantvinfo.com/aval-mega-serial-on-vijay-tv/| archive-date=24 June 2016| url-status=dead| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The concept development and direction is by G. Jayakumar, with U. Vallimuthu being the episode director. It is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] serial ''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' that aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gallery.southdreamz.com/tv-celebrities/aval-tv-serial/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517184624/http://gallery.southdreamz.com/tv-celebrities/aval-tv-serial/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 May 2012| title=Aval Serial Photos| publisher=gallery.southdreamz.com| date=| accessdate=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moviegalleri.net/2011/11/vijay-tv-aval-serial-team-press-meet-stills.html?pid=98415|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117142330/http://moviegalleri.net/2011/11/vijay-tv-aval-serial-team-press-meet-stills.html?pid=98415|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2011| title=Aval Serial Team Press Meet Images| publisher=moviegalleri.net| date=14 November 2011| access-date=}}</ref>

==Plot==
Jayanthi arranges for her daughter Amala to be married to Mahesh. All's well with them until Amala finds out about Shalini, who lives in Mahesh's house. Jayanthi must come to terms with her feelings about the daughter she believed dead.

==Cast==
* [[Sanjeev Venkat]] as Mahesh
* [[Sreekala Sasidharan]]/[[Nithya Ram]] as Shalini
* [[Lakshmy Ramakrishnan]] as Jayanthi (Shalini and Amala Mother)
* Mahalakshmi as Amala
* Harish Siva as Sheela Husband.
* Manikandan as Meyyappan
* Balaji
* Sridhar as Arun (Jayanthi's son)
* [[Kanya Bharathi]]

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Notes
|-
|[[Malayalam]]
|''[[Kumkumapoovu]]'' കുങ്കുമപ്പൂവ്
|31 January 2011
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|1 February 2014
|Original
|-
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|''Aval'' அவள்
|7 November 2011
|[[Star Vijay]]
|16 March 2013
| rowspan="3" |Remake
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Lek Majhi Ladki]]'' लेक माझी लाडकी
|2 May 2016
|[[Star Pravah]]
|22 October 2018
|-
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|''[[Kumkuma Puvvu]]'' కుంకుమ పువ్వు
|18 July 2016
|[[Star Maa]]
|26 April 2024
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt12403638}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2011 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Malayalam-language television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2013 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight

2025-03-29T17:51:37Z

Completegurus: started a post added tags...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sports competition event
|event = Light welterweight
|championship = 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships
|image = Boxing pictogram.svg
|dates = 17–25 March
|venue = [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Indoor Hall]]
|location = [[New Delhi]], India
|competitors = 23
|nations = 23
|gold = [[Yang Chengyu]]
|gold_nation = CHN
|silver = [[Nataliya Sychugova]]
|silver_nation = RUS
|bronze = [[Camila Camilo]]
|bronze_nation = COL
|bronze2 = [[Fatia Benmessahel]]
|bronze2_nation= FRA
|prev = [[2022 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight|2022]]
|next = [[2025 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships – Light welterweight|2025]]
}}
{{2023Women'sWorldBoxingChampionships}}
The '''Light welterweight''' competition at the [[2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships]] was held between 17 and 25 March 2023.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Delegations' Handbook|url=https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/3qcc4h4b1Anjj2s921w02f4nrk4x6lmfA1gmt6hp7clz1xnd9jl4j5329rkrrzpztvA5Abr93ynhbmgzb3cr0zw44ldkmfhq3g5084384g6nA7dA0mg2rz8nrf66k1w9j4bffy1m4q8pndjv4scsjlw930knjj1v0ym0fA5vlk3xx70t27z1.pdf|publisher=[[International Boxing Association (amateur)|IBA]]|access-date=12 March 2023}}</ref>

==Results==
===Finals===
{{#invoke:RoundN|N4
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high


||{{flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Camilo]]|1|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nataliya Sychugova]]|4
||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Chengyu]]|5|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fatia Benmessahel]]|0

||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nataliya Sychugova]]|1|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Chengyu]]|4
}}

===Top half===
====Section 1====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| skipmatch=1;3-4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Camilo]]|RSC|{{flagicon|KUW}} [[Noura Al-Mutair]]|

||{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Assunta Canfora]]||{{flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Camilo]]|KO
||{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Su Ching-wen]]|5|{{flagicon|ARM}} [[Sona Harutyunyan]]|0

||{{flagicon|COL}} [[Camila Camilo]]|4|{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Su Ching-wen]]|1
}}

====Section 2====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| skipmatch=1;4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Thị Linh Hà]]|1|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Somnuek Thananya]]|4
||{{flagicon|GUY}} [[Alesha Jackman]]||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khadichabonu Abdullaeva]]}}|RSC

||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nataliya Sychugova]]|5|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Somnuek Thananya]]|2
||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khadichabonu Abdullaeva]]}}|5|{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Jelena Janićijević]]|0

||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Nataliya Sychugova]]|5|{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|UZB}} [[Khadichabonu Abdullaeva]]}}|0
}}

===Bottom half===
====Section 3====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| skipmatch=1;4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Urguya Us]]|0|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Chengyu]]|5
||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashi Chopra]]|5|{{flagicon|KEN}} [[Teresia Wanjiru]]|0

||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aida Abikeyeva]]|0|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Chengyu]]|5
||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Shashi Chopra]]|0|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Kito]]|4

||{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yang Chengyu]]|5|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Mai Kito]]|0
}}

====Section 4====
{{#invoke:RoundN|N8
| RD1=Round of 32
| RD2=Round of 16
| RD3=Quarterfinals
| 3rdplace=no
| widescore=yes|bold_winner=high
| skipmatch=1;4
| omit_blanks=yes


||{{flagicon|PHI}} [[Riza Pasuit]]|0|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fatia Benmessahel]]|4
||{{flagicon|TJK}} [[Nilufar Boboyorova]]|3|{{flagicon image|International Boxing Association (amateur) logo.png}} [[Megan de Cler]]|4

||{{Nowrap|{{flagicon|MGL}} [[Uranbilegiin Shinetsetseg]]}}|0|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fatia Benmessahel]]|5
||{{flagicon image|International Boxing Association (amateur) logo.png}} [[Megan de Cler]]|1|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Altagracia Solís]]|4

||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fatia Benmessahel]]|5|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Altagracia Solís]]|2
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iba.sport/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/63-3.pdf Draw]

{{Footer World Womens Amateur Champions Light Welterweight}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships - Light welterweight}}
[[Category:2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships|Light welterweight]]

Palasa railway station

2025-03-25T22:49:21Z

Completegurus: added basic article w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Railway station in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Palasa
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Rail Station, Palasa.jpg
| image_caption = Palasa railway station
| address = Palasa Station Road, Kasibugga, Andhra Pradesh
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.7569|N|84.4221|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = 31m
| line = [[Howrah-Chennai main line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on ground
| platform = 4
| tracks = 8
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = yes
| opened = 1893–1896
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 1998–2000
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = PSA
| zone =
| division = {{rwd|Khurda Road}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| status = {{color|green|Functioning}}
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=East Coast Railway zone|left=Summadevi|right=Pundi|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Chennai Central|type=Khurda Road–Visakhapatnam section of [[Howrah–Chennai main line]]}}
}}

'''Palasa railway station''' (station code: PSA)<ref>{{cite web|title=Station Code Index|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2015-16/Station_Code(1).pdf|website=Portal of Indian Railways|accessdate=31 May 2017|page=2|format=PDF}}</ref> is located in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], serves [[Palasa]] and surrounding areas in [[Srikakulam district]].

== History ==
During the period 1893 to 1896, {{convert|1287|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of railway tracks covering the entire coastal stretch from {{stnlnk|Cuttack}} to [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada]], was built and opened to traffic by [[East Coast State Railway]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1 | title = Major Events in the Formation of S.E. Railway | publisher = South Eastern Railway | accessdate = 13 July 2013 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130401151628/http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1 | archivedate = 1 April 2013 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | title = History of Waltair Division | publisher = Mannanna.com | accessdate = 13 July 2013 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011235936/http://www.mannanna.com/mannannaArt1.html | archivedate = 11 October 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

=== Reorganization ===
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part – III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2012-11-21}}</ref> [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-geog.html#newzone |title = Geography – Railway Zones|publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones /><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part – IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April 2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones />

==Electrification==
The Palasa–Tilaru sector was electrified in 1998–99.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html|title = History of Electrification| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 13 July 2013}}</ref>

==Amenities==
Palasa railway station has a double-bedded non-AC retiring room.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ali-ali4u.blogspot.in/2008/07/east-coast-railway-amenities-at.html | title = East Coast Railway Amenities at Stations (as in 2008) | publisher = | accessdate = 13 July 2013 | archive-date = 6 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140106171322/http://ali-ali4u.blogspot.in/2008/07/east-coast-railway-amenities-at.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> Other amenities at the railway station include computerized reservation offices, telephone booth, cloak room, waiting room, vegetarian and non-vegetarian refreshment rooms and book stall.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/palasa-psa-railway-station.html|title =Palasa railway station| publisher= Make my trip| accessdate = 13 July 2013}}</ref>

== Classification ==

Palasa railway station is classified as an ''A–category'' station in the Khurda road railway division.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise No.of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=South Central Railway|accessdate=23 April 2017|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Performance ==
Palasa railway station serves about 75,000 passengers every day.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://railenquiry.in/stationinfo/PSA/Palasa |title = Palasa (PSA)| publisher= India Rail Enquiry | accessdate = 12 July 2013}}</ref>

==Railway reorganization==
The [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]] was nationalized in 1944.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html |title = IR History: Part - III (1900–1947)| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2012-11-21}}</ref> [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]] was formed on 14 April 1952 with the portion of [[East Indian Railway Company]] east of [[Mughalsarai]] and the Bengal Nagpur Railway.<ref name=zones/> In 1955, [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]] was carved out of Eastern Railway. It comprised lines mostly operated by BNR earlier.<ref name=zones/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history4.html |title = IR History: Part - IV (1947–1970)| publisher= IRFCA| accessdate = 2012-11-21 }}</ref> Amongst the new zones started in April 2003 were [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]] and [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]. Both these railways were carved out of South Eastern Railway.<ref name=zones/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPUWbw3b6fA Fauknuma Express at Palasa]
}}
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/palasa-psa/225 Trains at Palasa]

{{Railway stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Srikakulam district]]
[[Category:Khurda Road railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1893]]