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Takin

2026-05-08T13:10:27Z

ColumbusCoffman: added section per sources also and improved wording

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Takin
| image = Thimphu-Takin-Reservat-06-2015-gje.jpg
| image_caption = Takin at [[Motithang Takin Preserve]], Bhutan
| image_upright = 1.1
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Song, Y.-L. |author2=Smith, A.T. |author3=MacKinnon, J. |date=2008 |title=''Budorcas taxicolor'' |article-number=e.T3160A9643719 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T3160A9643719.en}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Budorcas
| species = taxicolor
| authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1850
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = ''[[Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi|B. t. bedfordi]] [[Budorcas taxicolor taxicolor|B. t. taxicolor]] [[Budorcas taxicolor tibetana|B. t. tibetana]] [[Budorcas taxicolor whitei|B. t. whitei]]''
| range_map = Takin_IUCN_Distribution.jpg
| range_map_caption = Distribution of the takin
}}

The '''takin''' ('''''Budorcas taxicolor'''''); {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɑː|k|ɪ|n}} is a large species of [[ungulate]] of the subfamily [[Caprinae]] found in the [[eastern Himalayas]].<ref name="diversity"/> It includes four [[subspecies]], the [[Mishmi takin]] (''B. t. taxicolor''), the [[golden takin]] (''B. t. bedfordi''), the [[Sichuan takin|Tibetan (or Sichuan) takin]] (''B. t. tibetana''), and the [[Bhutan takin]] (''B. t. whitei'').

Whilst the takin has in the past been placed together with the [[muskox]] in the tribe Ovibovini, more recent [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] research shows a closer relationship to ''[[Ovis]]'' (sheep).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhou |first1=M |last2=Yu |first2=J |last3=Li |first3=B |last4=Ouyang |first4=B |last5=Yang |first5=J |title=The complete mitochondrial genome of Budorcas taxicolor tibetana (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) and comparison with other Caprinae species: Insight into the phylogeny of the genus Budorcas |date=2019 |journal=International Journal of Biological Macromolecules|volume=121|pages=223–232|doi=10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.020|pmid=30296464|s2cid=52940552 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141813018322189|access-date=2021-04-20|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Its physical similarity to the muskox is therefore an example of [[convergent evolution]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790397904231 | doi=10.1006/mpev.1997.0423 | title=CytochromeBSequences Suggest Convergent Evolution of the Asian Takin and Arctic Muskox | journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | date=December 1997 | volume=8 | issue=3 | pages=363–374 | last1=Groves | first1=Pamela | last2=Shields | first2=Gerald F. | pmid=9417894 | bibcode=1997MolPE...8..363G | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The takin is the [[national animal]] of [[Bhutan]].<ref name="BrownArmington2007">{{cite book|editor=Lindsay Brown|editor2=Stan Armington|title=Bhutan|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC&pg=PA87|access-date=15 September 2011|year=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-529-2|page=87|chapter= The Takin - Bhutan's National Animal|author=Tashi Wangchuk}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The specific name ''taxicolor'' comes from {{langx|la|taxus||badger}} and {{langx|la|color||hue|label=none}} referring to [[badger]]-like colour.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=John F.|last1=Neas|first2=Robert S.|last2=Hoffmann|journal=Mammalian Species|title=Budorcas taxicolor|pages=1–7| date=27 February 1987|issue=277 |jstor=3503907|issn=0076-3519|doi=10.2307/3503907|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Appearance==
The takin rivals the [[muskox]] as the largest and stockiest of the subfamily [[Caprinae]], which includes [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], and similar species. Its short legs are supported by large, two-toed hooves, which each have a highly developed spur.<ref name="diversity" /><ref name="macdonald" /> It has a stocky body and a deep chest. Its large head is distinctive by its long, arched nose and stout [[horn (anatomy)|horn]]s, which are ridged at the base. Horns are present in both sexes, and run parallel to the skull before turning upwards to a short point; they are about {{cvt|30|cm}} long, but can grow up to {{cvt|64|cm}}.<ref name="diversity" /> Its long, shaggy coat is light in colour with a dark stripe along the back,<ref name="diversity" /> and males (bulls) also have dark faces.<ref name="macdonald" />

Four subspecies of takin are currently recognised, and these tend to show a variation in coat colour. Their thick [[wool]] often turns black in colour on their undersides and legs. Their overall colour ranges from dark blackish to reddish-brown suffused with greyish-yellow in the eastern Himalayas to lighter yellow-grey in the [[Sichuan|Sichuan Province]] to mostly golden or (rarely) creamy-white with fewer black hairs in the [[Shaanxi|Shaanxi Province]].

Hair length can range from {{cvt|3|cm}}, on the flanks of the body in summer, up to {{cvt|24|cm}} on the underside of the head in winter. The legend of the [[Golden Fleece]] sought by [[Jason]] and the [[Argonauts]]<ref name="huffman" /> may have been inspired by the lustrous coat of the [[golden takin]] (''B. t. bedfordi'').<ref name="macdonald" />

In height, takin stand {{cvt|97|to|140|cm}} at the shoulder, but measure a relatively short {{cvt|160|-|220|cm}} in head-and-body length, with the tail adding only an additional {{cvt|12|to|21.6|cm}}. Measurements of weights vary, but according to most reports, the males are slightly larger, weighing {{cvt|300|-|350|kg}} against {{cvt|250|-|300|kg}} in females.<ref>WWF: [http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/giant_panda/panda/where_panda_lives_habitat/qinling/takin/ Takin]</ref> Sources including Betham (1908) report that females are larger, with the largest captive takin known to the author, at {{cvt|322|kg}}, having been female. Takin can weigh up to {{cvt|400|kg}} or {{cvt|600|kg}} in some cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Budorcas_taxicolor.html|title=Budorcas taxicolor (takin)|website=Animal Diversity Web|access-date=21 March 2018}}</ref><ref>Smith, A. T., Xie, Y. (eds.) (2008) [https://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&pg=PA472 ''A Guide to the Mammals of China'']. Princeton University Press, Princeton Oxfordshire. Page 472.</ref>

Instead of relying on localised scent glands, the takin secretes an oily, strong-smelling substance over its whole body, enabling it to mark objects such as trees.<ref name="macdonald">Macdonald, D. (2001) ''The New Encyclopedia of Mammals''. Oxford University Press, Oxford. via arkive.org</ref> A prominent nose with a swollen appearance caused biologist [[George Schaller]] to liken the takin to a "bee-stung [[moose]]".<ref name="BrownArmington2007" /> Features reminiscent of other familiar horned animals have earned takins such nicknames as "cattle chamois" and "gnu goat".<ref name="diversity"/>

==Distribution and habitat==
Takin are found from forested valleys to rocky, grass-covered alpine zones, at altitudes between {{convert|1000|and|4500|m|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name="diversity" /> The Mishmi takin occurs in eastern [[Arunachal Pradesh]], while the Bhutan takin is in western Arunachal Pradesh and Bhutan.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2003). ''The Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh''. Regency Publications, New Delhi. 140pp</ref> [[Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve]] in Arunachal Pradesh, India is a stronghold of both Mishmi, Upper Siang (Kopu)<ref>Dasgupta, S., Sarkar, P., Deori, D., Kyarong, S., Kaul, R., Ranjitsinh, M. K. & Menon, V. 2010 Distribution and Status of Takin (''Budarcos taxicolor'')along the Tibet, Myanmar and Bhutan border in India. A report of Wildlife Trust of India submitted to CEPF. 47 pages. [http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-277-01-0001.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425175030/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-277-01-0001.pdf|date=2013-04-25}}- Pseudorcas taxicolor profile by Neas and Hoffman (1987)</ref> and Bhutan takins.<ref>Choudhury, A.U. (2010). ''Mammals and Birds of Dihang – Dibang Biosphere Reserve, North-east India''. Lambert Academic Publishing, Saarbrücken, Germany. 104pp.</ref>

==Behaviour and ecology==
[[File:%28Pee%29_Takin_%28Zoorasia_Yokohama_City%29.webm|thumb|Video of a takin [[scent-rubbing]] in [[Yokohama Zoo]]]]
Takin are found in small family groups of around 20 individuals, although older males may lead a more solitary existence. In the summer, herds of up to 300 individuals gather high on the mountain slopes.<ref name="diversity" /> Groups often appear to occur in largest numbers when favourable feeding sites, [[Mineral lick|salt licks]], or hot springs are located. Mating takes place in July and August. Adult males compete for dominance by sparring head-to-head with opponents, and both sexes appear to use the scent of their own urine to indicate dominance. A single young is born after a gestation period of around eight months.<ref name="diversity" /> Takin migrate from the upper pasture to lower, more forested areas in winter and favour sunny spots upon sunrise.<ref name="diversity">''Animal Diversity Web'' (November 2002) [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/budorcas/b._taxicolor$narrative.html "Budorcas taxicolor"] (University of Michigan Museum of Zoology) via arkive.org</ref> When disturbed, individuals give a 'cough' alarm call and the herd retreats into thick bamboo thickets and lies on the ground for camouflage.<ref name="huffman">Huffman, Brent. [http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Budorcas_taxicolor.html "Budorcas taxicolor"] ''Ultimate Ungulate'' via arkive.org</ref>

Takin feed in the early morning and late afternoon, grazing on a variety of leaves and grasses, as well as bamboo shoots and flowers.<ref name="huffman" /> They have been observed standing on their hind legs to feed on leaves over {{convert|3.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} high. Salt is also an important part of their diets, and groups may stay at a mineral deposit for several days.<ref name="diversity" />

==Threats==
The takin is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List and considered Endangered in China. It is threatened by overhunting and the destruction of its natural habitat. It is not a common species naturally, and the population appears to have been reduced considerably. Takin horns have appeared in the illegal wildlife trade in [[Myanmar]]; during three surveys carried out from 1999 to 2006 in the [[Tachileik|Tachilek]] market, a total of 89 sets of horns were observed openly for sale.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shepherd, C. R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Nijman, V. |year=2016 |title=Observations of Takin from wildlife markets in Myanmar and a call for further research |journal=Caprinae, Newsletter for the Caprinae Specialist Group |volume= |issue= |pages=16–19 |url=}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
Relationships with other caprines based on mitochondrial DNA:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Bover |first1=Pere |last2=Llamas |first2=Bastien |last3=Mitchell |first3=Kieren J. |last4=Thomson |first4=Vicki A. |last5=Alcover |first5=Josep Antoni |last6=Lalueza-Fox |first6=Carles |last7=Cooper |first7=Alan |last8=Pons |first8=Joan |date=July 2019 |title=Unraveling the phylogenetic relationships of the extinct bovid Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 from the Balearic Islands |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277379118306929 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |language=en |volume=215 |pages=185–195 |bibcode=2019QSRv..215..185B |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.05.005 |s2cid=189965070|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{clade|{{clade
|1=''[[Bos]]''
|label2=Caprini
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pantholops]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=†''[[Bootherium]]'' (Helmeted muskox)
|2=''[[Ovibos]]'' (Musk ox)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Capricornis]]'' (Serow)
|2=''[[Naemorhedus]]'' (Goral)
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ovis]]'' (Sheep)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Oreamnos]]'' (Mountain goat)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1='''''Budorcas''''' (Takin)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=†''[[Myotragus]]'' (Balearic islands goat)
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Rupicapra]]'' (Chamois)
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ammotragus]]'' (Barbary sheep)
|2=''[[Arabitragus]]'' (Arabian tahr)
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pseudois]]'' (Bharal)
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hemitragus]]'' (Himalayan tahr)
|2=''[[Capra (genus)|Capra]]'' (Markhor, ibexes, goats)
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}}}
In 2022, researchers found that the takin likely represents two species, the Himalayan takin (''B. taxicolor'') and the Chinese takin (''B. tibetana'').<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lin |first1=Yang |last2=Wei |first2=Fuwen |last3=Zhan |first3=Xiangjiang |last4=Huizhong |first4=Fan |last5=Zhao |first5=Pengpeng |title=Evolutionary Conservation Genomics Reveals Recent Speciation and Local Adaptation in Threatened Takins |date=2022 |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=39|issue=6|pages=1–17|article-number=msac111 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac111 |pmid=35599233 |url=https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/39/6/msac111/6590449?login=false|access-date=2025-03-19|pmc=9174980 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Burton, M. |author2=Burton, R. |title=The international wildlife encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBl7y_MX0xoC&pg=PA2622|access-date=15 September 2011|date=January 2002|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=978-0-7614-7285-8|pages=2623–4}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyqjtn2Ahps Wild creamy-white golden takins (''B. t. bedfordi'') in China]

{{Artiodactyla|R.3}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q193469|from2=Q10741556}}

[[Category:Caprinae]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1850]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson]]

Vyankoji Bhosale

2026-05-08T07:12:23Z

ColumbusCoffman: new the post added tags...

{{Short description|Raja of Thanjavur from 1675 to 1684}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Vyankojiraje Bhosale
| title =
| image = Vyankoji Raje Bhosale.jpg
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]]
| reign = 1674–1684
| birth_date = {{C.}} 1632
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{C.}} {{death date and age|1686|1632|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| predecessor = [[Shahaji]]
| successor = [[Shahuji I]]
| royal house = [[Bhonsle Dynasty|Bhonsle]]
| father = [[Shahaji]]
| mother = Tukabai
| religion = Hinduism
| succession1 = [[Jagirdar]] of [[Bangalore]] in [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| predecessor1 = [[Shahaji]]
| successor1 = [[Shivaji]]
}}

'''Vyankojiraje Bhonsle''' (1632–1686) or '''Ekoji I Bhonsle''' was the younger half-brother of [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] and founder of [[Maratha]] rule in [[Thanjavur]] in modern day [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>Kincaid, Charles Augustus, and Dattātraya Baḷavanta Pārasanīsa. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IEtQAQAAMAAJ&dq=maratha%20kings&pg=PA30 A History of the Maratha People: From the death of Shahu to the end of the Chitpavan epic]''. [[Oxford University Press]], 1925. 29f.</ref> He was the progenitor of the junior branch ([[cadet branch]]) of the [[Bhonsle]] family which ruled Thanjavur until the formal annexation of the kingdom by the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] in 1855.

== Early career ==
Venkoji was the younger son of [[Shahaji]], a military commander in service of the Sultan of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] through his younger wife Tukabai Mohite. He succeeded to the Karnataka portion of [[Shahaji|Shahaji's]] [[jagir]], that is [[Bangalur|Bengaluru]] and [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur]].

== Conquest of Thanjavur ==
[[File:Thanjavur Maratha Palace Darbar Hall.jpg|thumb|right|x216px|Interior of Durbar Hall, [[Thanjavur Maratha palace]]]]
In 1673, the [[Madurai Nayak|Nayak of Madurai]] invaded the kingdom of Thanjavur under the rule of the [[Thanjavur Nayaks]] and drove away the ruler. He then proceeded to place his younger brother [[Alagiri Nayak]] on the throne of Thanjavur. This was resented by Rayasam Venkanna, a high-ranking official in the court of Thanjavur who supported the cause of Chengamala Dasu, the deposed son of Vijayaraghava, the late Nayak of Thanjavur. He proceeded to the court of [[Ali Adil Shah II]] of [[Bijapur]] along with the minor Chengamaladas and requested his help.

The Adil Shah sent Venkoji to invade [[Thanjavur]] and restore the throne to the old line of [[Nayaks of Tanjavur|nayaks]]. A Sanskrit manuscript ''Bosalavamsavali'' narrates how Venkoji conquered Arni and proceeded to Thanjavur to liberate it from the shackles of the Nayak of Tiruchirapalli. The manuscript further narrates that While camping at Tirumalapadi near Tiruvadi, God appeared to him in a dream and asked him not to leave for home. However, Wilkes assigns different reasons for the usurpation by the Maratha, Venkoji. He is of the view that Venkoji was not pleased with the conduct of Chengamaladas who refused to pay the war expenses.

Assisted by Rayasam Venkanna who had switched sides once more, Venkoji conquered Ayyampettai and defeated Alagiri who had now also fallen out with his brother [[Chokkanatha Nayak]] as well as Changamaldas and secured the throne for himself. On the death of the Sultan of Bijapur, he crowned himself as the independent king of Thanjavur.

== Reign ==

=== Dates of Ekoji I's reign ===

The [[Marathi language|Marathi]] inscriptions of the [[Thanjavur]] temple dates the capture of Thanjavur to January 1676. The Madras Tamil manuscript assigns the dates 1675 and 1679 to the conquest and end of Ekoji I's reign respectively. Likewise, the Marathi inscriptions assigns Ekoji's death to 1684. However, Wilkes asserts that Ekoji was well alive in 1686-1687. The records of the [[British East India Company]] mention a king called Ekoji as late as 1699-1700.

However, ''Dharmakuta'' a commentary on the [[Ramayana]] suggests that Ekoji might have abdicated in the year 1684 in favor of his son [[Shahuji I|Shahuji]]. However, it is quite unclear as to how many years he lived after the event.

=== Clash with Shivaji ===
In 1676–1677, [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] made an expedition to the Carnatic to claim his portion of the jagir, also desiring to bring the whole of South India under Maratha rule. With this aim in mind, he made a treaty with [[Golconda]], took [[Gingee]] and proceeded to Thanjavur after conquering all the lands north of the [[Coleroon]] river. Shivaji camped on the north bank of [[Kollidam River]] 10 miles north of [[Thanjavur]] and invited Ekoji for discussions. Shivaji didn't try to cross this distributary of Kaveri, to give a clear signal to his brother that he wanted to settle the matters of inheritance amicably. Shivaji claimed a right to Shahji's inheritance. It was a Ekoji's minister [[Raghunath Pant Hanumante]] who had brought this matter of inheritance to Shivaji's notice. Although Shivaji was initially quite unwilling to state a claim on his father's jagir, but eventually he accepted the idea to achieve higher goals for ''Swarajya''. Before visiting, Shivaji sometime in January 1677 at [[Satara (city)|Satara]], Raghunath Pant Hanumante had visited Golconda and had drawn out a golden leaf of diplomacy. He met Qutub Shah's brahmin ministers [[Akanna]] and [[Madanna]] and all three had a consensus on the expansion of ''Swarajya''. Raghunath Pant's brother Janardan Pant Hanumante was in Shivaji's service. He pressed upon [[Qutub Shah]] to have a friendship treaty with Shivaji. Qutub Shah was much willing as he was under pressure from both [[Bijapur]] and the [[Mughals]]. Shivaji's approach to [[Tanjore]] was thus preceded by a long circuitous march through [[Bijapur]] territory to Golconda and then directly southwards. The two brothers stayed together more than a week and had lengthy discussions. While Shivaji pressed for a division of jagir, Ekoji remained tight lipped and noncommittal. One night he secretly arranged for a barge and fled the camp. Pained Shivaji decided to turn back to [[Raigarh|Raigad]] avoiding an open conflict with his brother. Administration and control of the newly conquered territories was left with his Sarnaubat [[Hambir Rao Mohite]] and others like [[Harji Raje Mahadik]], [[Santaji Ghorpade]], [[Vitthal Pildev Atre]] and [[Raghunath Pant Hanumate]] himself; with [[Gingee]] as the centre of new territories. Ekoji I reacted by launching regular military campaigns into Santoji's territory with the intention of driving him away. However, Shivaji's army handed him a crushing defeat taking many prisoners. Ekoji himself fled. This confrontation took place near [[Valikandapuram]] on 16 November 1677. Shivaji got this news, when he was at [[Gadag]] on his way back. He wrote a letter of retribution, but still expressing his will for a reconciliation on 1 March 1678. Meanwhile, he had a correspondence with Raghunath Pant. A very hesitant Ekoji succumbed to his weak military position and his wife Deepabai's strong persuasion. Ultimately, Ragunath Pant was invited from [[Gingee]] for discussions. Raghunath Pant enjoyed full confidence of Shivaji and knew his heart and mind and his future plans and intentions. Accordingly, a 19 point treaty was drafted and sent to Shivaji for his ratification. Shivaji signed the same. The core of this treaty was (1) All the [[Bijapur]] territory claimed to be under Shahji's jagir and which was recently won by Shivaji was returned back to Deepabai (territories around [[Bangalore]] with an annual revenue of 2 lac hons) and Ekoji (region of 7 lac hons around Tanjor). (2) Ekoji was weaned away from the Bijapur's Adilshahi and his Muslim advisers as he was forbidden from ''Harbouring any anti Hindu element in his realm'' (Article 6). Article 17 stated that Raghunath Pant would have ancestral jagir of 1 lac hons; underlining Raghunath Pant's vital role in ''Dakshin Digvijay''. However, in 1680, Bijapur succumbed to the invasions of Shivaji Maharaj and handed over the administration of all lands to the north of the [[Coleroon]] river to Shivaji Maharaj. Ekoji I was forced to become a vassal of Shivaji Maharaj and pay him tribute. On the death of Shivaji Maharaj, however, the tribute was stopped and Thanjavur retained its independent existence.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63318 | title=The Life of Shivaji Maharaj | date=1921 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505237 | title=New History of Marathas | date=1946 }}</ref>

=== Alliance with Ramnad ===
The chiefs of [[Ramnad]] had been vassals of the Nayaks of [[Madurai]]. However, the new ruler, Kilavan desired to become independent. With this aim in mind, he concluded an alliance with Ekoji and rebelled against his overlord. The battle ended in the victory of Shahuji I, the defeat of Madurai and the liberation of Ramnad.

== Literature ==
[[File:Handwriting of Vyankoji Bhosale.jpg|thumb|Handwriting of Vyankoji Bhosale]]
Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu literature flourished during this period. Venkoji himself is said to have composed a Telugu version of the Ramayana.

==See also==
* [[Maratha Empire]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom]]
* [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru inscriptions|Malleshwaram, Bengaluru Inscriptions]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Marathas]]||||}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alagiri Nayak]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Raja of Thanjavur|years=1675-1684}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Shahuji I]]}}
{{end}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ekoji 01}}
[[Category:1630s births]]
[[Category:Rajas of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Maratha generals]]

Balban

2026-05-02T12:22:59Z

ColumbusCoffman: added first details w/ refs!

{{Short description|Sultan of Delhi from 1266 to 1287}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Essay-like|date=July 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty|
| title = Zil-i-Ilahi (Shadow of God) Niyabat-i-Khuda (Vice-regency of God) Khuda-i-Vandgar (Devotee of God)
| succession = 9th [[Sultan of Delhi]]
| image = Sultan Ghayas-ud-Din Balban.jpg
| caption = Miniature portrait of Balban, {{circa|1900}}, [[British Library]]
| reign = 18 February 1266 – 13 January 1287
| predecessor = [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Nasir ud din Mahmud I]]
| successor = [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]
| regent = Muhammad Khan (1266–1285) Kaikhasrau (1285–1287)
| reg-type = Heir-apparent
| coronation = 18 February 1266 at [[Qutb Minar complex]]
| issue = Muhammad Khan [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]]
| house = [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|House of Balban]]
| dynasty = [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Ilbari dynasty]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| birth_name = Baha-ud-Din
| birth_date = 1216
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (modern-day Delhi, India)
| death_date = 13 January 1287<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q374288|title=Ghayas ud din Balban}}</ref> (aged 71–72)
| birth_place = [[Turkestan]], [[Central Asia]]
| burial_place = [[Tomb of Balban]], [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]], Delhi
}}

'''Al-Sultan al-Azam Ghiyath al-Dunya Wal Din Abu'l Muzaffar Balban al-Sultan''' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|السلطان الاعظم غیاث الدنیا والدین ابوالمظفر بلبن السلطان}}}};{{efn|''Al-Sulṭān al-Āẓam Ġiyās al-Dunyā Wal Dīn Abu'l Muzaffar Balban al-Sulṭān''}} 1216 – 13 January 1287), more famously known as '''Ghiyath al-Din Balban''' or simply '''Balban''', was the ninth [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk]] [[sultan of Delhi]]. He had been the [[regent]] of the last Shamsi sultan, [[Mahmud I of Delhi|Mahmud]] until the latter's death in 1266,<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|title=History of Medieval India|publisher=ORIENT BLACKSWAN|year=1999|pages=80|language=English}}</ref> following which he declared himself sultan of [[Delhi]].

His original name was '''Baha-ud-Din'''. He was an Ilbari Turk. When he was young he was captured by the [[Mongol]]s, taken to [[Ghazni]] and sold to [[Khawaja]] Jamal-ud-din of Basra, a [[Sufi]]. The latter then brought him to Delhi in 1232 along with other slaves, and all of them were purchased by [[Iltutmish]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Balban belonged to the famous group of 40 [[Turkic people|Turkic]] slaves of [[Iltutmish]].<ref>Bhat, R.A ''History of Medieval India'' pp. 66–68</ref>

Ghayas made several conquests, some of them as wazir. He routed the people of [[Mewat]] that harassed Delhi and reconquered [[Bengal]], all while successfully facing the [[Mongol]] threat, during which his son died. After his death in 1287, his grandson [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Qaiqabad]] was nominated sultan, though his rule undermined the success made under his grandfather's reign.

In spite of having only a few military achievements, Balban reformed civil and military lines that earned him a stable and prosperous government granting him the position, along with [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]] and the later [[Alauddin Khalji]], one of the most powerful rulers of [[Delhi Sultanate]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

==Early life==
He was the son of a [[Central Asia]]n [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] noble.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} As a child, he was captured by the [[Mongol]]s and sold as a slave to Khwaja Jamal ud-din Basri. Khwaja brought him to Delhi where he and the other slaves were bought by Sultan [[Shams-ud-din Iltutmish]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=K. |year=1978 |orig-year=First published 1950 |title=A New History of Indo-Pakistan |edition=4th |volume=Part II |location=Lahore |publisher=Aziz Publisher |page=57 |oclc=59726645}}</ref> himself a captured Ilbari Turk in origin<ref>Columbia University press, Slavery&South Asian history Indrani Chatterjee, Richard M.Eaton</ref><ref>Cambridge University Press, Expanding frontiers in South Asian and world history Edited by:Richard M.Eaton, Munis D. Faruqui, David Gilmartin, Sunil Kumar</ref><ref>advanced Study in the History of Medieval India, vol 2 page 71 L.Mehta</ref> in 1232.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Balban was first appointed as a simple water carrier, but quickly rose to the position of Khasdar (king's personal attendant) by the Sultan. He became one of the most notable of the [[Corps of Forty|forty Turkic nobles of Delhi, or the Chalissa]]. During the reign of [[Razia Sultana|Razia Sultan]], he was the ''amir-i-shikar'' or lord of the hunt, a position of some importance at the time, having military and political responsibilities. After her overthrow, he made rapid strides in the subsequent reigns, earning the fief of [[Rewari]] under [[Muiz ud din Bahram|Bahram Shah]], and later became the Jagirdar (lord) of [[Hansi]], which was an important fief.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Balban was instrumental in the overthrow of [[Ala ud din Masud]], installing [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]] as Sultan and himself as his Vizier from 1246 to 1265. Mahmud married one of Balban's daughters.<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=76–79}}</ref> Balban also installed Kishlu Khan, his younger brother, as lord chamberlain (Amir-i Hajib) and appointed his cousin, Sher Khan, to the Jagir of Lahore and [[Bathinda district|Bhatinda]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Balban's position did not go unnoticed by the other nobles and there was some resentment. His main antagonist was Imad ud-din Raihan, who in works written after Balban's time, is characterized as a Hindu [[Apostasy in Islam|Murtad]] (who revoked Islam), although some claim him to be of Turkic origin as well. Imad ud-din managed to persuade the Sultan that Balban was an usurper. Balban and his kin were dismissed and even challenged in combat. However, negotiations between Balban and the Sultan led to the dismissal of Imad ud din at 1254, and Balban was reinstated.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

==Military campaigns==
[[File:Islamic Sultanates. Delhi. Ghiyath al-din Balban. AH 664-686 AD 1266-1287. Citing ‘Abbasid caliph al-Mustasim. Delhi mint. Dated AH 677 (AD 1278-9).jpg|thumb|300px|Gold coinage of Ghiyath al-din Balban (AH 664-686 AD 1266-1287). Citing Abbasid caliph [[al-Mustasim]]. Delhi mint. Dated AH 677 (AD 1278-9).]]
Balban's reign, according to [[Ziauddin Barani]], was to install 'Fear of the governing power, which is the basis of all good government.' Furthermore, he "maintained that the Sultan was the 'shadow of God' and introduced rigorous court discipline." He depended upon Turkish nobility but formed an army of 2 [[lakh]] made up of all [[castes]]. A portion of this army was made up of [[commando]]s.<ref name="sen2"/> Balban had several military achievements during his vizierhood, first raising the [[Uch|Mongol siege of Uch]] under Masud Shah in 1246.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=S. A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACSGEAAAQBAJ |title=The Wonder That Was India: Volume 2 |date=2022-09-29 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-93-95624-33-6 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Main|Balban's campaign of Bengal}}

When the governor of Bengal, [[Tughral Tughan Khan]], revoked the authority of Delhi in 1275, Balban first sent the governor of [[Awadh]] and then a second army, both of which met with failure. Balban then accompanied a third army which reconquered the countryside, killing Tughral and his followers. His son, [[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan]], assisted him in this mission.<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Ali |first=Muhammad Ansar |year=2012 |chapter=Bughra Khan |chapter-url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bughra_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Balban then placed his second son, [[Bughra Khan]], as governor. However, Bughra declared independence after Balban's death, which he maintained for 40 years.<ref name="sen2"/>

One of the famous military campaigns of Balban was against [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]], or Mayo, the people of [[Mewat]] who used to plunder the people of Delhi even in the daylight. The distress caused by the Meo is well described in Barani's words: He has killed many Meos in his military campaign.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

:''The turbulence of the Mewatis had increased, and their strength had grown in the neighbourhood of Dehli, through the dissolute habits and negligence of the elder sons of Shams ud-dín, and the incapacity of the youngest, Násir-ud-dín. At night they used to come prowling into the city, giving all kinds of trouble, depriving the people of their rest; and they plundered the country houses in the neighbourhood of the city. In the neighbourhood of Dehli there were large and dense jungles, through which many roads passed. The disaffected in the Doáb, and the outlaws towards Hindustan grew bold and took to robbery on the highway, and they so beset the roads that caravans and merchants were unable to pass. The daring of the Mewatis in the neighbourhood of Dehli was carried to such an extent that the western gates of the city were shut at afternoon prayer, and no one dared to go out of the city in that direction after that hour, whether he travelled as a pilgrim or with the display of a sovereign. At afternoon prayer the Mewatis would often come to the Sar-hauz, and assaulting the water-carriers and the girls who were fetching water, they would strip them and carry off their clothes. These daring acts of the Mewatis had caused a great ferment in Delhi.''{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Balban took upon himself the exterminating of the turbulent tribes of [[Mewat]] and [[Awadh]], destroying strongholds and villages. He then built military outposts, gave land to soldiers and Afghans to settle. He garrisoned forts at key locations, cleared forests and ensured safe roads. He also unsuccessfully laid siege to the fortress of [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore]], but did recapture [[Gwalior]] from the [[Rajputs]].<ref name="sen2"/>

In 1247, Balban suppressed a rising of the [[Kalinjar Fort|Chandela Chief of Kalinjar]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Balban's military reign also distinguished with his success in repelling Mongol army. This could be achieved because his cavalry horses were better suited to Indian climate and naturally bred larger than Mongol's horses. The extreme heat of summer constituted the Mongols' problem in India, as the quotation from [[Ata-Malik Juvayni|Juvaini]] indicates. Their incursions seem to have been brief, even when not defeated by the forces of Delhi, and to have taken place in winter, because only then was it cool enough for the comfort of the Mongols' horses.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith Jr. |first=John Masson |date=December 1984 |title=Ayn Jālūt: Mamlūk Success or Mongol Failure? |journal=Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=307–345 |doi=10.2307/2719035 |jstor=2719035}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Smith Jr. |first=John Masson |date=January–March 1998 |title=Nomads on Ponies vs. Slaves on Horses |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=118 |issue=1 |pages=54–62 |doi=10.2307/606298 |jstor=606298}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ṭabīb |first=Rashid al-Din |year=1971 |title=The Successors of Genghis Khan |translator-last=Boyle |translator-first=John Andrew |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=52 and n. 197}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ibn Batuta |year=1962 |title=The Travels of Ibn Battuta |translator-last=Gibb |translator-first=H.A.R. |volume=II |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Boyle |first=John Andrew |date=June 1963 |title=The Mongol Commanders in Afghanistan and India According to the Ṭabaqāt-I NāṢirī of Jūzjānī |journal=Islamic Studies |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages= 235–247 |jstor=20832685}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith Jr.|first1=John Masson|title=MONGOL ARMIES AND INDIAN CAMPAIGNS|url=https://www.mongolianculture.com/MONGOL-ARMIES.htm|website=mongolian culture|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|access-date=2015-11-04|ref=Ala al-Din Juvaini, The History of the World-Conqueror, J.A. Boyle trans. (Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1958), I, 141-42.}}</ref>

== Reign as Sultan ==
[[File:Coin of Balban.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Coin during the reign of Balban]]
Since Sultan [[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin]] did not have a male heir, after his death, Balban declared himself the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Sultan of Delhi]]. Balban ascended the throne in 1266 at the age of fifty with the title of ''Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din-Balban''.
[[File:Filea-A silver coin of Ghiyas ud din Balban.jpg|left|thumb|Silver coin of Balban]]
During his reign, Balban ruled with an iron fist. He broke up the '[[Corps of Forty|Chahalgani]]', a group of the forty most important nobles in the court. Balban wanted to make sure everyone was loyal to the crown by establishing an efficient espionage system, in the style of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[Barid]]. Sultan Balban had a strong and well-organized intelligence system. Balban employed spies, ''[[barid]]s'', to inform on his officials. He placed secret reporters and news-writers in every department. The spies were independent authority who were only answerable to Sultan.

Furthermore, Balban had his nobles punished most harshly for any mishap, including severe treatment of their own slaves. One of his nobles, Malik Baqbaq, the governor of [[Budaun]], was punished for ordering one of his slaves to be beaten to death, apparently when being drunk. Another governor, Haibat Khan, was handed over to the slave's widow for punishment.<ref name="sen2"/> About his justice Dr. Ishwari Prasad remarked "So great was the dread of Sultan's inexorable justice that no one dared to ill-treat his servant and slaves."

Balban re-organised the military against the threat of the Mongols. He re-organised the revenues of the Iqtadars, which have been passed on to the children of their original holders from the time of [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-din]], or maintained their hold of the Iqta even after they ceased to serve in the military. The old Muqtas, who could not serve as military commanders (umara) for their revenue, were to be dismissed from their fief and settled with a pension of forty to fifty tankas. The younger Muqtas had been taxed for the surplus revenue (which was not taken from them as it should have) and the children and women who took possession of the Iqta of their forebears, were to be deprived of their Iqtas and compensated with the money required to sustain them. However, he was partially dissuaded from this ruling due to the advice of the old Kotwal, Fakhr ud-din, and the old nobles retained their lands.

Balban's steps against the nobility were so extreme as to raise suspicion from his brother, Sher Khan, who is said to have never visited Delhi. It appears that resentment between the brothers had to come to a degree that made the Sultan poison his brother.

"Balban's court was an austere assembly where zest and laughter were unknown and where wine and gambling were banished." He "introduced rigorous court discipline such as prostration before the king and kissing his feet." Nevertheless, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban still went on hunting expeditions, though these were more frequently used as a form of military training.<ref name="sen2"/> There were large scale conversions to [[Islam]] in [[Punjab]] under his reign. Balban was the first who introduced the famous Persian Festival of [[Nowruz]].<ref>Habib, Mohammad. ''Some Aspects of the Foundation of the Delhi Sultanate''. Dr. K.M. Ashraf Memorial Lecture (Delhi, 1966) p.20.</ref>

Balban was a fervent patron of the [[Persian language]] and himself encouraged [[Persian poetry]]. He started Iranian method [[Sajdah|Sajda]] and Paibos to the sultan in India. He also introduced the Persian festival [[Nowruz]] (meaning New year). He was also referred to as the Niyabat-i-Khuda (Vice-regency of God).

== Death ==
Ghiyas ud din Balban ruled as the Sultan from 1265 until his death in 1287. Balban's heir was his older son, Muhammad Khan, but he perished in a [[Battle of Beas River|battle against the Mongols]] on 9 March 1285. His other son, Bughra Khan, was reluctant to assume the throne, and sought to remain the ruler of Bengal instead. Balban, therefore, chose his grandson, Kaikhasrau,<ref>[[Nasiruddin Bughra Khan#cite note-sen2-2]]</ref> son of Muhammad, as heir apparent. However, after his death his nobles nominated [[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad|Qaiqubad]] as Sultan.<ref name="sen2"/>

During Qaiqubad's reign (1287–1290), his father, [[Bughra Khan]], asserted independence in Bengal. Qaiqubad was very weak and incompetent and eventually fell to stroke and had to pass the rule to his three year old son, [[Shamsuddin Kayumars]], who was eventually dethroned by his guardian, [[Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji]] in 1290, bringing an end to the Slave dynasty.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Today, [[Tomb of Balban]] lies within the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]] in Delhi, adjacent to which stands that of his son Khan Shahid and a walled mosque. The domes of both the tombs have collapsed and the structures were mostly ruined until restored in recent years when the conservation work began in the park.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|
before=[[Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)|Nasiruddin Mahmud]]|
title=[[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]]|
years=1266–1287|
after=[[Muiz ud din Qaiqabad]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Wikiquote}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghiyas Ud Din Balban}}
[[Category:Sultans of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:13th-century births]]
[[Category:1287 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Mohammad Rafiq (judge)

2026-04-23T04:38:40Z

ColumbusCoffman: made first post nd citations

{{short description|Former Chief Justice of Himachal Pradesh High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Rafiq
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|05|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sujangarh]], [[Churu district|Churu]], [[Rajasthan]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Himachal Pradesh High Court|26th Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start = 14 October 2021
| term_end = 24 May 2022
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madhya Pradesh High Court|26th Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start1 = 3 January 2021
| term_end1 = 13 October 2021
| appointer1 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator1 = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| office2 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|31st Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start2 = 27 April 2020
| term_end2 = 2 January 2021
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator2 = [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]]
| office3 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Meghalaya High Court|8th Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]]
| appointer3 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator3 = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| term_start3 = 13 November 2019
| term_end3 = 26 April 2020
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_end4 = 12 November 2019
| term_start4 = 15 May 2006
| nominator4 = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]
| appointer4 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| image =
| successor = Amjad Ahtesham Sayed
| predecessor = L. Narayana Swamy
| successor2 = [[S. Muralidhar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Kalpesh Satyendra Jhaveri]]
}}

'''Justice Mohammad Rafiq''' (born 25 May 1960) is an Indian judge. He is a former [[Chief justice|Chief Justice]] of Madhya Pradesh High Court, [[Orissa High Court]], [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]], and <ref>{{cite news |title=Collegium proposes transfer of Meghalaya HC Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq to Orissa, Biswanath Somadder J. as next Chief Justice of Meghalaya |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/collegium-proposes-transfer-of-meghalaya-hc-chief-justice-mohammad-rafiq-to-orissa-biswanath-somadder-j-as-next-chief-justice-of-meghalaya |accessdate=24 April 2020 |work=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> [[Meghalaya High Court]] and also a former [[judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]]. Twice, he served as the [[Chief justice|Acting Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Appointment of Justice Mohammad Rafiq as Acting Chief Justice of Rajasthan High Court notified |date=3 April 2019 |work=Bar & Bench |url=https://barandbench.com/appointment-justice-mohammad-rafiq-acj-rajasthan-hc-notified/}}</ref> He also served as the Chancellor (ex-officio) of Orissa National Law University, Cuttuck,
National Law University, Bhopal,
Dharamshastra National Law University, Jabalpur and [[Himachal Pradesh National Law University]], Shimla.

==Early life==

Rafiq was born in [[Sujangarh]] of [[Churu district]] in Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He earned bachelor's degree from G.H.S. Govt. PG College, Sujangarh affiliated to [[Rajasthan University]] in 1980. Then, he continued to study Bachelor of Legislative Law (LLB) and received the LLB degree in 1984.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He started his career as an advocate shortly after getting LLB degree. He continued to study further and got the master's degree in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha High Court के मुख्य न्यायाधीश बने जस्टिस मोहम्मद रफीक |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/cuttack-justice-mohammad-rafiq-becomes-chief-justice-of-odisha-high-court-20217941.html |website=Dainik Jagran |accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>

==Career==

Rafiq started his career as advocate in 1984 in Rajasthan High Court Jaipur and was later appointed as assistant government advocate on 15 July 1986 and was promoted as Deputy Government Advocate on 22 December 1987.<ref>{{cite web |title=Justice Mohammad Rafiq appointed new CJ of Meghalaya High Court |url=https://www.syllad.com/justice-mohammad-rafiq-appointed-new-cj-of-meghalaya-high-court/ |website=syllad.com |date=8 November 2019 |accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref> He was appointed as Central Government Standing Counsel in1992.He was appointed Additional Advocate General of the state of Rajasthan on7th January 1999.On15th May 2006, Rafiq was appointed a [[Judge]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]], he has also served as [[Chief Justice|Acting Chief Justice]] of [[Rajasthan High Court]] twice.<ref>{{cite web |title=मोहम्मद रफीक बनें उड़ीसा हाईकोर्ट के चीफ जस्टिस |url=https://www.newstrend.news/344862/justice-mohammad-rafiq-becomes-chief-justice-of-odisha-high-court/ |website=newstrend.news |date=25 April 2020 |accessdate=25 April 2020}}</ref>

Rafiq was appointed a [[Chief Justice]] of [[Meghalaya High Court]] on 13 November 2019.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He was transferred from [[Meghalaya High Court]] to [[Orissa High Court]] as the 31st [[Chief Justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]] and took oath on 27 April 2020.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He was then transferred as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] on 31 December 2020 and took oath on 3 January 2021. He was transferred as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Himachal Pradesh High Court]] on 9 October 2021 and took oath on 14 October 2021. He retired on 24 May 2022.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rafiq, Mohammad}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Orissa High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Meghalaya High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]

Trehgam Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:34Z

ColumbusCoffman: new basic pg first draft...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Trehgam
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Saifullah Mir
|party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Kupwara district|Kupwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation =
}}
'''Trehgam''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Trehgam]] is also part of [[Baramulla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Saifullah Mir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Trehgam<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Saifullah Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=18,002 |percentage=33.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bashir Ahmad Dar]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference |votes=14,376 |percentage=26.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=8,216 |percentage=15.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr Noor Ud Din Ahmad Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=3,828 |percentage=7.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Afzal Wani |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=3,495 |percentage=6.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javid Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=2,386 |percentage=4.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaysar Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=1,129 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=920 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,626 |percentage=6.80% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,348 |percentage=67.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,569 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kupwara district]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2022]]

Nashik East Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:32:01Z

ColumbusCoffman: made new stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nashik East
| constituency_no = 123
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| established = 2008
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 123-Nashik East.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
| district = [[Nashik district|Nashik]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors =409,539
}}
'''Nashik East Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] of [[Maharashtra]] state, western India. This constituency is located in [[Nashik district]].<ref name="ECI-20081126" /> It is one of the six assembly segments under [[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency]] and was established in 2008 after the passing of the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Nashik taluka]] viz. the following wards of [[Nashik Municipal Corporation]] - 1 to 10, 14, 16, 30 to 35, 40 to 42 and 67 to 70.<ref name="ECI-20081126">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=2008-11-26|publisher=Election Commission of India|pages=262|accessdate=2015-08-04}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nashik East Vidhan Sabha Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/nashik-east.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Uttamrao Dhikale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap|Balasaheb Sanap]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale|Rahul Dhikale]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik East<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nashik East">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Nashik East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13123.htm |accessdate=23 December 2024 |work= |date=23 November 2024 |ref=Election Commission of India |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223082327/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13123.htm |archivedate=23 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 156,246 |percentage = 64.81% |change={{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh (Bhau) Baban Gite |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 68,429 |percentage = 28.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ravindrakumar (Aanna) Janardan Pagare |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,191 |percentage = 2.15% |change={{decrease}}3.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prasad (Balasaheb) Dattatray Sanap |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 4,987 |percentage = 2.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhabhe Jitendra Naresh (Jitendra Bhave) |party=Nirbhay Maharashtra Party |votes = 2,085 |percentage = 0.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,989 |percentage = 0.83% |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 87,817 |percentage = 36.42% |change= {{increase}}29.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 243,079 |percentage = 59.35% |change= {{increase}}8.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 241,090}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 409,539|ref = |change= {{increase}}15.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}16.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik East<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Rahul Uttamrao Dhikale]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,304 |percentage = 48.50% |change={{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 74,304 |percentage = 41.76% |change={{increase}}33.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Ashok Nath |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,096 |percentage = 5.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganesh Sukdeo Unhawane |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,505 |percentage = 2.53% |change={{decrease}}9.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,090 |percentage = 1.74% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,000 |percentage = 6.74% |change= {{decrease}}21.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 181,206 |percentage = 50.97% |change= {{decrease}}1.96 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 177,929}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 355,502|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik East<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,941 |percentage = 47.74% |change={{increase}}26.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrakant (Raju Anna) Pandurang Lavte |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 32,567 |percentage = 19.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nimse Udhav Baburav |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,509 |percentage = 11.80% |change={{decrease}}2.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pingale Devidas Anandrao |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 13,005 |percentage = 7.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Shankar Dhongade(R. D.) |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 12,488 |percentage = 7.55% |change={{decrease}}26.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gangurde Mukund Hiraman |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,693 |percentage = 4.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,795 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 46,374 |percentage = 28.05% |change= {{increase}}14.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 167,198 |percentage = 52.59% |change= {{increase}}3.50 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 165,353}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 317,898|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |swing= {{increase}}13.36 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nashik East<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Uttamrao Dhikale]] |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 47,924 |percentage = 34.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Balasaheb Mahadu Sanap]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,189 |percentage = 20.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pangavhane Rajaram Dinkarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 20,182 |percentage = 14.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pingale Devidas Anandrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 14,263 |percentage = 10.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adhav Dinkar Gotiram |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,833 |percentage = 6.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ghiya Subhash Babulal |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,728 |percentage = 4.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Unhavane Ganesh Sukadeo |party=Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 4,609 |percentage = 3.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,735 |percentage = 13.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 139,441 |percentage = 48.53% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,372}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 287,308|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Nashik district}}
{{coords|19.996|73.833|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nashik district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Nashik district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dhoom Dhaam (2025 film)

2026-04-18T07:06:05Z

ColumbusCoffman: added new stub needs work.

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Rishab Seth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dhoom Dhaam
| image = Dhoom Dhaam 2025 film.jpeg
| caption = Official release poster
| alt =
| director = Rishab Seth
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Jyoti Deshpande]]
*[[Aditya Dhar]]
*Lokesh Dhar}}
| writer = Aarsh Vora Aditya Dhar
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Yami Gautam Dhar]]
* [[Pratik Gandhi]]}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Clinton Cerejo]] [[Bianca Gomes]] (Shor Police)
| cinematography = Siddharth Vasani
| editing = Shivkumar V. Panicker
| studio = [[Jio Studios]] [[B62 Studios]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2025|02|14}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title=''Dhoom Dhaam'' (12) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dhoom-dhaam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi4mtkx |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Dhoom Dhaam''''' ({{Translation|Fanfare}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[action comedy]] film directed by Rishab Seth and produced by [[Jyoti Deshpande]], [[Aditya Dhar]], and Lokesh Dhar under [[Jio Studios]] and [[B62 Studios]]. The film stars [[Yami Gautam Dhar]] and [[Pratik Gandhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhoom-dhaam-teaser-yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-netflix-2667201-2025-01-20 |title=Dhoom Dhaam teaser: Yami Gautam, Pratik Gandhi on a rollercoaster of action-comedy |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122153011/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dhoom-dhaam-teaser-yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-netflix-2667201-2025-01-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindu Bureau |first=The |date=31 January 2025 |title=Coming to Netflix: 'Dhoom Dhaam', 'The Greatest Rivalry: India vs Pakistan', 'Cassandra', and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/coming-to-netflix-dhoom-dhaam-the-greatest-rivalry-india-vs-pakistan-cassandra-and-more/article69163177.ece |access-date=31 January 2025 |website=The Hindu |archive-date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131093429/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/coming-to-netflix-dhoom-dhaam-the-greatest-rivalry-india-vs-pakistan-cassandra-and-more/article69163177.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on [[Netflix]] on 14 February 2025 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Dhoom Dhaam: Release date, cast, plot, runtime, and more about Yami Gautam-Pratik Gandhi's action rom-com|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/dhoom-dhaam-release-date-cast-plot-runtime-about-yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-action-rom-com/0655439fb148|access-date=11 February 2025|website=OTT Play}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{plot|date=March 2026}} 
Veer Poddar, who by nature is a soft-spoken, timid, shy veterinarian, visits along with his parents, his potential future life-partner, Koyal Chadda, who, by nature, is a bold, rough, tough, outgoing girl for an 'arranged marriage' discussion evening. In the meeting, the parents of the boy and the girl lie to one another, saying diametrically opposite things about Veer and Koyal, much to their discomfiture, and get the marriage arranged.

Veer goes to a shopping mall and buys a lot of gifts for his bride. In the mall, Koyal's uncle, Kushwant Kapoor, collides with Veer accidentally, has some small talk, and leaves. Veer then leaves the mall with many large shopping bags filled with gifts, flowers, etc., which he delivers to Koyal's house. As soon as the bags are placed on the floor, Koyal's dog knocks them over and starts eating some spilled things from the bags, such as the lilies. Startled, Veer smiles politely and leaves.

The wedding has just been completed. Veer and Koyal are seated on the bed in a hotel room, about to start their Suhaag Raat. Koyal gets a call from her family saying that their family dog has not had a bowel movement in two days, and whether she can get any medicines prescribed by her Veterinarian husband. Koyal gets annoyed and says she cannot ask her husband about that right now and ends the call. A bit later, they are interrupted by the doorbell. Two men barge in, grab Veer, and demand 'Where is Charlie?'. Completely taken aback, Veer politely says he does not know of any Charlie and asks them if they are in the wrong room.

They refuse to leave, and keep asking for it, and suddenly one of them holds up a gun. It is Koyal who quickly hurls a pot of boiling water from the tea kettle right on his face, making him lose control, and grabs the gun. After threatening them with that gun and evicting them from the room, she manages to escape from the hotel along with Veer, who looks stunned at her lightning reflexes. A car chase ensues, and seeing that Veer is driving too slow under the circumstances, Koyal jumps on his lap and drives like a movie stunt actor through [[Mumbai]] city streets at breakneck speed and manages an escape. They both quickly realize they are a mismatched pair.

A series of events unfolds on the same night in search of the enigmatic 'Charlie'. The couple later finds out that the so-called 'Charlie' is, in reality, a thumb drive containing some dark secrets. It is revealed that the drive contains the video footage of an armed robbery that was caught by the surveillance camera from Koyal's uncle Kapoor's shop, which he tried to report to the police. The corrupt Inspector Sanjay Rebeiro tried to hide the crime and kill him. Then somehow, the Central Intelligence Department (CID) got involved, which is also trying to get the same drive to catch the corrupt cops and the gangs. This results in multiple groups: the criminal gang, the corrupt Sanjay's gang, and the CID, all fighting to recover the evidence. The drive was dropped by Koyal's desperate uncle, running from Sanjay's gang, into the shopping bag that Veer was carrying. (shown at the beginning of the movie).

Throughout the night, the couple is chased relentlessly by different people. But the couple has no clue, and they keep escaping from the gangs. Once they are told about Uncle Kapoor's mall incident, they go to various people, one by one, who may have received the gift bags they gave away, in search of 'Charlie'. During the search, the night also reveals many unpleasant secrets... That Koyal had a relationship with a boyfriend before the marriage, that she had a raunchy bachelorette party involving some guys the night before the wedding, etc. Veer is shocked at the discovery of all the dark secrets.

With so many secrets about each other being discovered in a single night that make them incompatible, Veer and Koyal painfully agree to divorce, once the dust has settled on this matter.

Going from place to place and not finding 'Charlie' anywhere, Veer at last figures out that it was Koyal's dog, while foraging through the stuff from the bags, that had accidentally swallowed the thumb drive. That now makes sense since the dog has a problem defecating. The couple is chased again and again.

In the climax, Ribeiro's gang manages to abduct and tie up Koyal and uncle Kapoor inside a large old warehouse. However, even the normally timid Veer, is forced to improvise and perform many clumsy fight moves to try and save Koyal. The good team from the CID, also joins just in time to capture the entire gang of Ribeiro. In the final scene, Veer administers laxatives for the dog, which safely defecates the thumb drive. The evidence has been recovered!

The long and turbulent night has not only caused them despair and anger at each other, but in the end, surprisingly, some reconciliation as well, since they also discovered some things to like about each other. They reconcile and decide to continue to live as a couple after all!

== Cast ==
* [[Yami Gautam Dhar]] as Koyal Chadha
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as Veer Poddar
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Sathe
* Pavitra Sarkar as Bhide
* Babla Kochar as Gulshan Chadha
* [[Neelu Kohli]] as Nandini Chadha
* Veronika Arora as Peehu
* [[Dharmesh Vyas]] as Vedant Poddar
* [[Nimisha Vakharia]] as Suhasini Poddar
* [[Kavin Dave]] as Khushwant Kapoor
* [[Mukul Chadda]] as Sanjay Reberio
* Swapnil Dhongde as Police Constable
* Kuldeep Sharma as Police Constable
* [[Prateik Babbar]] as Arya
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Watchman
* Sahil Gangurde as Mukesh
* [[Sanaya Pithawalla]] as Suhana
* Mustafa Ahmed as Sunny

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] took place in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-11 |title="Dhoom Dhaam is not your average shaadi" say Yami Gautam Dhar and Pratik Gandhi on their film |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/dhoom-dhaam-not-average-shaadi-say-yami-gautam-dhar-pratik-gandhi-film/ |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dhoom Dhaam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Clinton Cerejo]] and Bionca Gomes (Shor Police)
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 11 February 2025<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/dhoom-dhaam/ZadjMveuGKI_|title=Dhoom Dhaam – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |access-date=16 February 2024|publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2023–24
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:57
| language = Hindi
| label = Panorama Music
| producer =
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Clinton Cerejo]] and Bionca Gomes (Shor Police), with lyrics written by Siddhant Kaushal.{{citation needed|date=December 2025}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:57
| title1 = Silsila
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]
| length1 = 3:03
| title2 = How are You
| extra2 = [[Clinton Cerejo]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Asees Kaur]], Romy
| length2 = 3:16
| title3 = Haseeno
| extra3 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], Neuman Pinto
| length3 = 4:00
| title4 = Chanchal
| extra4 = Sudeep Jaipurwale
| length4 = 3:21
| title5 = Kanda Chubha
| extra5 = [[Sonu Kakkar]]
| length5 = 3:09
| title6 = Madman on the Run
| extra6 = Bianca Gomes
| length6 = 3:08
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|56|5.4|16|consensus=|ref=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhoom Dhaam (2025) {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dhoom_dhaam_2025 |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of and said that "If you married Iss Raat Ki Subah Nahin with a zillion iterations of the odd-couple and lovers-on-the-run and heist movies, you would get Yami Gautam-Pratik Gandhi film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |date=14 February 2025 |title=Dhoom Dhaam movie review: Yami Gautam, Pratik Gandhi film skims tropes, while straining to be novel|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dhoom-dhaam-movie-review-yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-film-skims-tropes-while-straining-to-be-novel-9835848/|access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' also gave 2 stars and writes in his review that "Full marks to Yami Gautam and Pratik Gandhi for gamely trying to spice up a desultory ride."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=14 February 2025 |title=Dhoom Dhaam Review: Yami Gautam's Film Is Not As Much Fun As It Aspires To Be|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dhoom-dhaam-review-yami-gautams-film-is-not-as-much-fun-as-it-aspires-to-be-2-stars-7708514|access-date=14 February 2025 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

Zenia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film three and a half out of five stars, stating, "It serves up romance at its heart but throws in generous dollops of thrill, action, and comedy to make it the perfect all-rounder.".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandyopadhyay |first=Zenia |date=14 February 2025 |title=Dhoom Dhaam review: Romance meets thrill in this Yami Gautam-Pratik Gandhi film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/dhoom-dhaam-review-yami-gautam-pratik-gandhi-2679912-2025-02-14 |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=India Today }}</ref>

Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film three out of five stars, describing it as "Dhoom Dhaam is an action comedy which coasts on the comic timing of its leads, Yami Gautam and Pratik Gandhi."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |date=14 February 2025|title=Dhoom Dhaam Review: Yami Gautam and Pratik Gandhi carry the day|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dhoom-dhaam-review-71441.html|access-date=14 February 2025|website=Filmfare.com}}</ref> Pallavi Keswani of ''[[The Hindu]]'' reviewed the film, stating, "‘Dhoom Dhaam’’s concept is none too innovative, but it does contain some potential for experimentation – unfortunately, most of it is ignored".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keswani |first=Pallavi |date= 14 February 2025|title='Dhoom Dhaam' movie review: Yami Gautam, Pratik Gandhi are ineffective in this screwball comedy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/dhoom-dhaam-movie-review-pratik-gandhi-yami-gautam-netflix/article69216793.ece|access-date=2 December 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film three and a half stars out of five stars, writing, "Dhoom Dhaam is an all-out entertainer. A perfect pick for Valentine’s Day, this film delivers high drama, nonstop laughter, and endless surprises, keeping you hooked from start to finish!."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Archika |date=14 February 2025 |title=Dhoom Dhaam Review : Yami Gautam & Pratik Gandhi's electric chemistry powers this wild wedding night mystery |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dhoom-dhaam/ottmoviereview/118240181.cms |access-date=14 February 2025 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=14 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214102118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dhoom-dhaam/ottmoviereview/118240181.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reviewed the film, describing it as "Yami Gautam and Pratik Gandhi's comic thriller remains predictable and average."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Rishabh |date=14 February 2025 |title=Dhoom Dhaam review: Yami Gautam Dhar, Pratik Gandhi's comic thriller is average, needed more entertainment to be a blast|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dhoom-dhaam-review-yami-gautam-dhar-pratik-gandhi-s-comic-thriller-is-average-needed-more-entertainment-to-be-a-blast-101739518869995.html|access-date=15 February 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Rishil Jogani of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated the film three and a half out of five stars and said in his review that "The chemistry between Yami Gautam Dhar and Pratik Gandhi is undeniably one of the film’s highlights. Their playful banter and mutual support make them a couple worth rooting for. The film’s ability to deliver a thrilling yet lighthearted experience, coupled with its high production values, makes it a delightful popcorn entertainer that doesn’t demand overthinking.".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jogani|first=Rishil|date=14 February 2025|title='Dhoom Dhaam' Review: Yami Gautam Dhar and Pratik Gandhi shine bright in the adrenaline pumping racy comedy-thriller|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/dhoom-dhaam-review-yami-gautam-dhar-and-pratik-gandhi-shine-bright-in-the-adrenaline-pumping-racy-comedy-thriller-1372414|access-date=15 February 2025|website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Netflix India originals]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|21194868}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | dhoom_dhaam_2025 }}

[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:B62 Studios films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]

Lambda Aquarii

2026-04-09T19:44:16Z

ColumbusCoffman: made a entry w/ sources

{{short description|Star in the constellation Aquarius}}
{{Starbox begin}}
{{Starbox image
| image=
{{Location mark
|image=Aquarius constellation map.svg|alt=|float=center|width=280
|label=|position=right
|mark=Red circle.svg|mark_width=10|mark_link=λ Aquarii
|x=341|y=437
}}
| caption=Location of λ Aquarii (circled)
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000
| ra = {{RA|22|52|36.87404}}<ref name=Gaia3/>
| dec = {{DEC|−07|34|46.5489}}<ref name=Gaia3/>
| appmag_v = 3.57 to 3.80<ref name=Samus2017/>
| constell = [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]
}}
{{Starbox character
| type = [[asymptotic giant branch|AGB]]<ref name=cia152_178/>
| class = {{nowrap|M2.5 IIIa Fe–1}}<ref name=mnras389_2_869/>
| b-v = +1.641<ref name=sps1966/>
| u-b = +1.721<ref name=sps1966/>
| variable = [[Slow irregular variable|Lb]]<ref name=Samus2017/>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = {{val|−10.46|0.53}}<ref name=aaa498_2_627/>
| prop_mo_ra = +14.964
| prop_mo_dec = +32.742
| pm_footnote = <ref name="Gaia3"/>
| parallax = 8.9360
| p_error = 0.2356
| parallax_footnote =<ref name="Gaia3"/>
| absmag_v = −1.5<ref name=aj134_4_1348/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass = {{val|2.96|0.5}}<ref name=halabi/>
| radius = {{val|100.17|2.67|2.81}}<ref name="baines2021"/>
| luminosity = 1,716<ref name=tycho-gaia/>
| temperature = 3,702<ref name=tycho-gaia/>
| metal_fe = −2.25<ref name=aj134_4_1348/>
| rotational_velocity =
| age_gyr =
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | name=Shatabhisha | name2=Hydor | B=λ Aqr | F=73 Aqr | BD=−08°968 | FK5=864 | HD=216386 | HIP=112961 | HR=8698 | SAO=146362 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = lam+Aqr
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''Lambda Aquarii''', [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] from λ Aquarii and formally named '''Shatabhisha''',<ref name="IAU-CSN-new"/> is a [[variable star]] in the [[celestial equator|equatorial]] [[constellation]] of [[Aquarius (constellation)|Aquarius]]. The [[apparent visual magnitude]] of this star ranges from 3.57 down to 3.80,<ref name=Samus2017/> which is bright enough to be visible with the naked eye. The star is eclipsed by the sun from about 1-4 March;<ref name=in-the-sky/> thus the star can be viewed the whole night, crossing the sky, in early September, in the current epoch. Lambda Aquarii is located at a distance of {{convert|365|ly|pc|lk=on}} from the [[Sun]] based on [[stellar parallax|parallax]],<ref name=Gaia3/> but is drifting closer with a [[radial velocity]] of −10.5 km/s.<ref name=aaa498_2_627/>

This star lies just 0.39 degrees south of the [[ecliptic]]<ref name=Pratt/> and so is subject to [[lunar occultation|lunar]] and planetary [[occultation]]s.<ref name=Schmidtke_Africano_2011/><ref name=Nather_et_al_1970/><ref name=Dyachenko_et_al_2018/> On 16 April 2014, it was occulted by [[Venus]] as viewed from [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and the [[West Pacific]].<ref name="Mus2002"/>

==Naming==
The name Lambda Aquarii is [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] from the [[Bayer designation]] λ Aquarii, and abbreviated Lambda Aqr or λ Aqr.

This star has been called ''Hydor''<ref name=Kaler/> ({{IPAc-en|'|h|ai|d|ɔr}}) from the ancient Greek {{lang|el| Ὕδωρ}} "water", a name given by [[Proclus]], according to [[Richard Hinckley Allen]]. Another Greek name for the star is ''Ekkhysis'', from εκχυσις "outpouring".<ref name=Allen/> These names originally referred to a constellation of faint stars in the region of Aquarius and Cetus; they were associated with this star by Bayer's ''[[Uranometria]]'' (1603) and Allen's ''[[Star Names]]'' (1899).<ref name="ASE-Hydor"/>

In [[Indian astronomy]], this is the main star of the [[nakshatra]] ''Śatabhiṣa'' or ''[[Shatabhisha]]'' (spelled ''Catabhisaj'' by Allen), meaning "a hundred physicians".<ref name=Allen/><ref name="ASE-Satabhisa"/> Some sources instead attribute this name to [[Gamma Aquarii|γ Aquarii]] (Sadachbia), which is likely a reading or writing error.<ref name="ASE-Satabhisa"/> λ Aquarii also has the Tibetan name ''Mondru''.<ref name="ASE-Hydor"/> The [[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] approved the name Shatabhisha for λ Aquarii on 22 September 2025 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names. The name ''Hydor'' was officially adopted for another star in the historical constellation, [[2 Ceti]].<ref name="IAU-CSN-new"/>

In [[Chinese astronomy]], {{lang|zh|壘壁陣}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Lěi Bì Zhèn}}), meaning ''[[Encampment (Chinese constellation)|Line of Ramparts]]'', refers to an asterism consisting of λ Aquarii, [[Kappa Capricorni|κ Capricorni]], [[Epsilon Capricorni|ε Capricorni]], [[Gamma Capricorni|γ Capricorni]], [[Delta Capricorni|δ Capricorni]], [[Iota Aquarii|ι Aquarii]], [[Sigma Aquarii|σ Aquarii]], [[Phi Aquarii|φ Aquarii]], [[27 Piscium]], [[29 Piscium]], [[33 Piscium]] and [[30 Piscium]].<ref name=zh/> Consequently, λ Aquarii itself is {{lang|zh|壘壁陣七}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Lěi Bì Zhèn qī}}, {{langx|en|the Seventh Star of Line of Ramparts}}).<ref name=AEEA/>

==Properties==
[[File:LambdaAqrLightCurve.png|thumb|left|A [[Photometric_system#Photometric_letters|visual band]] [[light curve]] for Lambda Aquarii, plotted from data published by Tabur ''et al.'' (2009).<ref name=mnras400_4_1945/> The inset plot shows the same data folded with a period of 24.5 days, after a linear trend had been removed.]]
The [[stellar classification]] of Lambda Aquarii is {{nowrap|M2.5 IIIa Fe–1}},<ref name=mnras389_2_869/> indicating this is an aging [[red giant]] star with an underabundance of iron showing in its [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]]. This star is on the [[asymptotic giant branch]] and is generating energy through the nuclear fusion of hydrogen and helium along concentric shells surrounding an inert core of carbon and oxygen.<ref name=cia152_178/> With 3.6<ref name=tsuji2007/> times the [[mass of the Sun]], it has expanded to 100<ref name="baines2021"/> times the [[Sun's radius]].

Lambda Aquarii has a [[stellar magnetic field|magnetic field]] with an effective strength measured at {{val|220|60|ul=Gauss}}.<ref name=Rustem_et_al_2023/> It is classified as [[slow irregular variable]] and pulsation periods of 24.5, 32.0, and 49.5 days have been identified.<ref name=mnras400_4_1945/> On average, it is radiating nearly 1,600 times the [[luminosity of the Sun]] from the [[photosphere]] at an [[effective temperature]] of 3,702 K.<ref name=tycho-gaia/>

A faint companion star was detected by [[speckle interferometry]] during observations of a [[lunar occultation]] in 2016. It is likely an [[F-type main-sequence star]] that is gravitationally bound to Lambda Aquarii.<ref name=Dyachenko2017/>
{{clear left}}

==References==
<references>
<ref name="Gaia3">{{cite Gaia DR3|2610370969483589888}}</ref>

<ref name=tycho-gaia>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 |last1=McDonald |first1=I. |last2=Zijlstra |first2=A. A. |last3=Watson |first3=R. A. |date=October 2017 |title=Fundamental parameters and infrared excesses of Tycho-Gaia stars |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=471 |pages=770–791 |doi=10.1093/mnras/stx1433 |doi-access=free |issn=0035-8711|arxiv=1706.02208 }} [https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR?-source=J/MNRAS/471/770&RAJ2000=343.153650 Lambda Aquarii's database entry] at [[VizieR]].</ref>

<ref name=AEEA>{{in lang|zh}} [http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060707.html AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 7 月 7 日] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521232711/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0607/ap060707.html |date=2011-05-21 }}</ref>

<ref name=zh>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|978-986-7332-25-7}}.</ref>

<ref name="baines2021">{{Cite journal | display-authors=1 |last1=Baines |first1=Ellyn K. |last2=Armstrong |first2=J. Thomas |last3=Clark III |first3=James H. |last4=Gorney |first4=Jim |last5=Hutter |first5=Donald J. |last6=Jorgensen |first6=Anders M. |last7=Kyte |first7=Casey |last8=Mozurkewich |first8=David |last9=Nisley |first9=Ishara |last10=Sanborn |first10=Jason |last11=Schmitt |first11=Henrique R. |last12=van Belle |first12=Gerard T. |date=November 2021 |title=Angular Diameters and Fundamental Parameters of Forty-Four Stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=162 |issue=5 |pages=198 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ac2431 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2211.09030 |bibcode=2021AJ....162..198B |issn=0004-6256}}</ref>

<ref name=Kaler>{{cite web
| title=Hydor | work=STARS
| first=James B. | last=Kaler
| author-link = James B. Kaler
| url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/hydor.html
| access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref>

<ref name=Samus2017>{{Cite journal
| display-authors=2 | last1=Samus | first1=N. N.
| last2=Kazarovets | first2=E. V. | last3=Durlevich| first3=Olga V.
| last4=Kireeva | first4=N. N. | last5=Pastukhova | first5=E.N.
| title=General Catalogue of Variable Stars
| journal=Astronomy Reports | edition=5.1
| year=2017 | pages=80–88 | volume=61 | issue=1
| url=http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/gcvs/ | access-date=2019-11-23
| bibcode=2017ARep...61...80S | s2cid=125853869
| doi=10.1134/S1063772917010085 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

<ref name=tsuji2007>{{cite journal | last1=Tsuji | first1=Takashi |title=Convection in Astrophysics, Proceedings of IAU Symposium #239 held 21-25 August, 2006 in Prague, Czech Republic | journal=Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union | volume=2 | display-editors=1 | editor1-first=F. | editor1-last=Kupka | editor2-first=I. | editor2-last=Roxburgh | editor3-first=K. | editor3-last=Chan | pages=307–310 |date=May 2007 | doi=10.1017/S1743921307000622 | bibcode=2007IAUS..239..307T | arxiv=astro-ph/0610180 | s2cid=119362842 }} Isotopic abundances of Carbon and Oxygen in Oxygen-rich giant stars.</ref>

<ref name=cia152_178>{{cite journal | last1=Lebzelter | first1=T. | last2=Hron | first2=J. | title=BRITE stars on the AGB | journal=Communications in Asteroseismology | volume=152 | pages=178–181 |date=January 2008 | doi=10.1553/cia152s178 | bibcode=2008CoAst.152..178L | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa498_2_627>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Famaey | first1=B. | last2=Pourbaix | first2=D. | last3=Frankowski | first3=A. | last4=van Eck | first4=S. | last5=Mayor | first5=M. | last6=Udry | first6=S. | last7=Jorissen | first7=A. | title=Spectroscopic binaries among Hipparcos M giants. I. Data, orbits, and intrinsic variations | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=498 | issue=2 | pages=627–640 |date=May 2009 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200810698 | bibcode=2009A&A...498..627F |arxiv = 0901.0934 | s2cid=18739721 }}</ref>

<ref name=sps1966>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Gutierrez-Moreno | first1=Adelina | last2=Moreno | first2=H. | last3=Stock | first3=J. | last4=Torres | first4=C. | last5=Wroblewski | first5=H. | title=A System of photometric standards | journal=Publ. Dept. Astron. Univ. Chile | publisher=Publicaciones Universidad de Chile, Department de Astronomy | volume=1 | pages=1–17 | year=1966 | bibcode=1966PDAUC...1....1G }}</ref>

<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad | title=* lam Aqr | access-date=2012-07-01 }}</ref>

<ref name=mnras400_4_1945>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Tabur | first1=V. | last2=Bedding | first2=T. R. | last3=Kiss | first3=L. L. | last4=Moon | first4=T. T. | last5=Szeidl | first5=B. | last6=Kjeldsen | first6=H. | title=Long-term photometry and periods for 261 nearby pulsating M giants | journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]] | volume=400 | issue=4 | pages=1945–1961 |date=December 2009 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15588.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2009MNRAS.400.1945T |arxiv = 0908.3228 | s2cid=15358380 }}</ref>

<ref name=mnras389_2_869>{{cite journal | last1=Eggleton | first1=P. P. | last2=Tokovinin | first2=A. A. | title=A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=389 | issue=2 | pages=869–879 |date=September 2008 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2008MNRAS.389..869E |arxiv = 0806.2878 | s2cid=14878976 }}</ref>

<ref name=aj134_4_1348>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Dupree | first1=A. K. | last2=Li | first2=Timothy Q. | last3=Smith | first3=Graeme H. | title=Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Chromospheres in Metal-Deficient Field Giants | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=134 | issue=4 | pages=1348–1359 |date=October 2007 | doi=10.1086/520925 | bibcode=2007AJ....134.1348D |arxiv = 0709.1709 | s2cid=14481140 }}</ref>

<ref name=Pratt>[http://www.johnpratt.com/items/astronomy/zodiac/zodiac_stars.html John Pratt's stars] re-publication by Dr J.P. Pratt (Doctor of Astronomy, University of Arizona) of sidereal coordinate data. Note: possibly a non-book published source.</ref>

<ref name=in-the-sky>{{cite web
| first=Dominic | last=Ford
| url=http://in-the-sky.org/skymap.php?year=2019&month=3&day=2
| title=In-The-Sky.org Planetarium
| access-date=2021-06-07 }}</ref>

<ref name=Allen>{{cite web
|title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning
|first=Richard Hinckey|last=Allen
|author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen
|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Aquarius*.html
|access-date=2017-08-17}}</ref>

<ref name=Schmidtke_Africano_2011>{{cite journal
| title=KPNO Lunar Occultation Summary. III
| last1=Schmidtke | first1=P. C. | last2=Africano | first2=J. L.
| journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=141 | issue=1 | id=10 | pages=7 | date=January 2011
| doi=10.1088/0004-6256/141/1/10 | bibcode=2011AJ....141...10S | s2cid=120313180 }}</ref>

<ref name=Nather_et_al_1970>{{cite journal
| title=The Angular Diameter of Lambda Aquarii
| display-authors=1 | last1=Nather | first1=R. Edward | authorlink1 =Ed Nather
| last2=McCants | first2=Michael M. | last3=Evans | first3=David S.
| journal=Astrophysical Journal
| volume=160 | page=L181 | date=June 1970
| doi=10.1086/180555 | bibcode=1970ApJ...160L.181N }}</ref>

<ref name=halabi>{{cite journal|bibcode=2015MNRAS.451.2957H|arxiv=1507.01517|title=Exploring masses and CNO surface abundances of red giant stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=451|issue=3|pages=2957|last1=Halabi|first1=Ghina M.|last2=Eid|first2=Mounib El|year=2015|doi=10.1093/mnras/stv1141|doi-access=free |s2cid=118707332}}</ref>

<ref name="Mus2002">{{cite book |date=2002 |first=Jan |last=Meeus |chapter=Mutual occultations of planets |pages=174–185 |title=More Mathematical Astronomy Morsels |publisher=Willmann-Bell |isbn=0943396743 |url=https://falakmu.id/khgt/dokumen/More%20mathematical%20astronomy%20morsels%20(Jean%20Meeus)%20(Z-Library).pdf |archive-date=2025-04-05 |access-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405185720/https://falakmu.id/khgt/dokumen/More%20mathematical%20astronomy%20morsels%20%28Jean%20Meeus%29%20%28Z-Library%29.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|165}}

<ref name=Dyachenko_et_al_2018>{{cite journal
| title=Lunar occultation observations at the SAO RAS 6-m telescope
| display-authors=1 | last1=Dyachenko | first1=V.
| last2=Richichi | first2=A. | last3=Balega | first3=Yu
| last4=Beskakotov | first4=A. | last5=Maksimov | first5=A.
| last6=Mitrofanova | first6=A. | last7=Rastegaev | first7=D.
| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| volume=478 | issue=4 | pages=5683–5688 | date=August 2018
| doi=10.1093/mnras/sty1427 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2018MNRAS.478.5683D }}</ref>

<ref name=Rustem_et_al_2023>{{cite journal
| title=A Catalog and Statistical Analysis for Magnetic Stars
| last1=Rustem | first1=Abdurepqet | last2=Lü | first2=Guo-Liang
| last3=Liu | first3=Jin-Zhong | last4=Zhu | first4=Chun-Hua
| last5=Zhang | first5=Yu | last6=Shen | first6=Dong-Xiang
| last7=Zhang | first7=Yu-Hao | last8=He | first8=Xiao-Long
| journal=Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=23 | issue=9 | at=id. 095024 | date=September 2023
| doi=10.1088/1674-4527/ace9b0 | arxiv=2307.12315
| bibcode=2023RAA....23i5024R | display-authors=1 }}</ref>

<ref name="IAU-CSN-new">{{cite web |title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |url=https://exopla.net/star-names/modern-iau-star-names/ |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ASE-Hydor">{{cite web |title=Hydor |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Hydor |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ASE-Satabhisa">{{cite web |title=Shatabhisha |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Satabhisa |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=21 September 2025}}</ref>

<ref name=Dyachenko2017>{{cite conference |last1=Dyachenko |first1=V. |last2=Richichi |first2=A. |display-authors=etal |date=2017 |title=Lunar Occultation and Speckle Interferomerty [sic] of λ Aquarii with the SAO RAS 6-Meter Telescope |conference=Stars: From Collapse to Collapse |location=Special Astrophysical Observatory, Nizhny Arkhyz, Russia |editor=Yu. Yu. Balega, D. O. Kudryavtsev, I. I. Romanyuk, and I. A. Yakunin |publisher=San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific |page=336 |bibcode=2017ASPC..510..336D}}</ref>
</references>

==External links==
* [http://aladin.u-strasbg.fr/AladinPreview?-c=22+52+36.8759-07+34+46.557&ident=V*+lam+Aqr&submit=Aladin+previewer Image Lambda Aquarii]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080926185552/http://www.purplehell.com/riddletools/stars.htm Named Stars ]

{{Stars of Aquarius}}

[[Category:M-type giants]]
[[Category:Slow irregular variables]]
[[Category:Aquarius (constellation)]]
[[Category:Bayer objects|Aquarii, Lambda]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|8698]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects|BD-08 0968]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Aquarii, 073]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|216386]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|112961]]
[[Category:Stars with proper names|Shatabhisha]]

1973 Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt

2026-04-07T19:08:00Z

ColumbusCoffman: added some stub w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Indian strike}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
The '''1973 Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary revolt''' was a mutiny by three Battalions of [[Uttar Pradesh]] [[Provincial Armed Constabulary#Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] located in [[Bareilly]], [[Meerut]] and [[Agra]], in May 1973 in demand of better pay, work conditions, etc. The [[Indian Army|army]] was called in to control the mutiny, which resulted in about 30 policemen shot dead and other hundreds arrested and also brought great damages to the Indian army.<ref name="PI">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIrLjQrgJGoC&pg=PA473 | title=The police in India | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist | year=1997 | accessdate=2013-06-25 | author=M. B. Chande | pages=473| isbn=9788171566280 }}</ref><ref name="I:GPDN">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSyRgcSQhuIC&q=Uttar+Pradesh+Provincial+Armed+Constabulary&pg=PT264 | title=India: Government and Politics in a Developing Nation | publisher=Cengage Learning | year=2008 | accessdate=2013-06-25 |author1=Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr. |author2=Stanley A. Kochanek | isbn=978-0495007494 }}</ref> It led to the resignation of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ministry headed by [[Kamalapati Tripathi]].<ref name="THF:WI">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdamAi5UpQQC&pg=PA193 | title=Terrorism History and Facets: In the World and in India | publisher=Abhinav Publications | year=1985 | accessdate=2013-06-25 | author=N.S. Saksena | pages=193| isbn=9788170172017 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1973 in India]]
[[Category:1970s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Police misconduct in India]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Police strikes]]
[[Category:Labour disputes in India]]
[[Category:Mutinies]]
[[Category:May 1973 in Asia]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

Aviyal (2016 film)

2026-04-07T05:56:45Z

ColumbusCoffman: added the stub initial version!

{{Short description|2016 Tamil film by Alphonse Putharen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aviyal
| image = Aviyal (2016) - Poster.jpg
| caption = First Look Poster
| director = [[Alphonse Puthren]] Shameer Sultan Mohit Mehra [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] Guru Smaran
| producer = [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| writer = Alphonse Putharen Shameer Sultan Mohit Mehra Lokesh Kanagaraj Guru Smaran
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Bobby Simha]] [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] [[Rajeev Govinda Pillai]] [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] [[Ramachandran Durairaj]] [[Deepak Paramesh]]
| music = [[Rajesh Murugesan]] Javed Riaz Shammeer Sultan [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]] [[Anthony Daasan]] [[Raghu Dixit]]
| cinematography = Mathan Gunadeva Suriya Rajarajan [[Selvakumar S. K.]] Kugan Palani Anand Chandran
| editing = [[Anil Krishnan]] [[Alphonse Putharen]] Rohit [[Philomin Raj]] [[Prasanna GK]] Boopathi Selvaraj
| studio = [[Stone Bench|Stone Bench Creations]] Bench Flix
| distributor = [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|03|11}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime =
}}

'''''Aviyal''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Independent film|independent]] [[anthology film]] consisting of four short films directed by [[Alphonse Putharen]], Shameer Sultan, Mohit Mehra, [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] and Guru Smaran. [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Bobby Simha]], [[Amrutha Srinivasan]], [[Rajeev Govinda Pillai]], [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]], [[Ramachandran Durairaj]], and [[Deepak Paramesh]] have featured in the short films included in the anthology.

Produced by [[Karthik Subbaraj]] under his Stone Bench Creations and Bench Flix, it was their second venture after ''[[Bench Talkies]]'', which was initially launched after the phenomenal response of the latter.<ref name=":0" /> The project ''Aviyal'' was launched earlier in November 2015, and the film was distributed by [[Thenandal Films]], which had a theatrical release on 11 March 2016.

==Plot synopsis==
Aviyal is a collection of four short films; A young man attracted to his aunt, a filmmaker chasing robbers who have stolen his short film, two friends going on a trip to deposit the ashes of their friend, and a gangster narrating a story.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="background:#121212; color:#FFFFFF; width:20%" | ''Shruthi Bedham''
! style="background:#121212; color:#FFFFFF; width:20%" | ''Kalam''
! style="background:#121212; color:#FFFFFF; width:20%" | ''Kanneer Anjali''
! style="background:#121212; color:#FFFFFF; width:20%" | ''Eli''
|-
| valign="top" |
*[[Amrutha Srinivasan]] as Shruti
*Rohit Nandakumar as Raj
*Naveen George Thomas
| valign="top" |
*[[Deepak Paramesh]] as a filmmaker
*Moses Rajkumar
*Sharath Kumar
| valign="top" |
*[[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan]] as Dosa
*Ramachandran
*Praveen Kumar
*MLV Shankar
| valign="top" |
*[[Nivin Pauly]] as Eli
*[[Bobby Simha]] as Gangster
*[[Rajeev Govinda Pillai|Rajeev Pillai]] as Garudan
*Ranga
*[[Ramachandran Durairaj|Ramachandran]]
*Vijay Muthu
*Sanjay
*[[Jinu Joseph]] as Wild Horse
|}

;Special appearances in "Aviyal" promotional song<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gowri |first=Devika |date=1 March 2016 |title=Humour given a tune |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/010316/humour-given-a-tune.html |website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
*[[Ashok Selvan]]
*[[Anthony Daasan]]
*[[Raghu Dixit]]

== Production ==
Following the encouraging response to ''[[Bench Talkies – The First Bench]]'' (2015), [[Karthik Subbaraj]] announced plans of releasing a second anthology of short films soon after the initial project had released.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Parshathy J. |date=2015-03-04 |title=Short cut to success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/short-cut-to-success/article6958962.ece |access-date=2021-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The anthologies will be released under his Bench Flix, an initiative driven by Subbaraj's production house Stone Bench Creations, to provide reach and recognition to independent short film makers by distributing their short films across different avenues such as theaters, television, in-flight entertainment, radio and digital platforms.{{cn|date=September 2025}}

In November 2015, a second production titled ''Aviyal'' was revealed to be in the editing stages, though the release of the film was delayed as a result of the [[2015 South Indian floods]].{{cn|date=September 2025}} Subsequently, in January 2016, it was revealed that the anthology of films would include [[Alphonse Putharen]]'s ''Eli'' starring [[Nivin Pauly]], while other actors including [[Bobby Simha]], [[Arjunan (actor)|Arjunan Nandakumar]] and [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] would appear in the film.<ref name="nowrunning">{{Cite web |title=Alphonse Putharen and Nivin Pauly join for 'Aviyal' |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/alphonse-putharen-and-nivin-pauly-join-for-aviyal/117085/story.htm |access-date=2016-02-05 |publisher=nowrunning.com}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aviyal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rajesh Murugesan]], Javed Riaz, Shammeer Sultan, [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]], [[Anthony Daasan]] and [[Raghu Dixit]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 February 2016
| recorded = 2015–2016
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:56
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| prev_title = [[Action Hero Biju]]
| prev_year = 2016
| next_title = [[Premam (2016 film)|Premam]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Javed Riaz
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Aviyal
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Maanagaram]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Jil Jung Juk]]
| prev_year = 2015
| title = Aviyal
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Aagam (film)|Aagam]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Aviyal
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Uriyadi]]
| next_year = 2016
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Raghu Dixit]]
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title = [[Bewakoofiyaan]]
| prev_year = 2014
| title = Aviyal
| year = 2016
| next_title = [[Happy New Year (2017 film)|Happy New Year]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack album features six tracks (of four songs and two instrumentals) composed by [[Rajesh Murugesan]], Javed Riaz, Shammeer Sultan, [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]], [[Anthony Daasan]] and [[Raghu Dixit]], with lyrics written by Shameer Sultan, Suryaa Balakumaran, Mani Amudhavan and Charukesh Sekar. Excluding Daasan and Dixit, four of them also contributed to the film's background score.
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = Shameer Sultan
| music1 = Shameer Sultan
| extra1 = Gantasaala Raju
| lyrics2 = Surya Balakumaran
| music2 = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| extra2 = Anandi Chandrashekhar
| lyrics3 = Mani Amudhavan
| music3 = [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Rajesh Murugesan]]
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| lyrics4 = Mani Amudhavan, Charukesh Sekar
| music4 = [[Raghu Dixit]]
| extra4 = Anthony Daasan
| lyrics5 = [[Instrumental]]
| music5 = Vishal Chandrasekhar
| extra5 = [[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
| lyrics6 = Instrumental
| music6 = Javed Riaz
| extra6 = Javed Riaz
| length6 = 2:13
| length10 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| title6 = Fight Till Finish
| title1 = Masura Pochey
| length5 = 3:10
| title5 = Many Moods of an Accordion
| length4 = 2:46
| title4 = Aviyal
| length3 = 3:39
| title3 = Cinemakaaran
| length2 = 3:34
| title2 = Kaatrodu
| length1 = 3:31
| total_length =
}}

== Marketing and release ==
Aviyal was premiered at the [[Chennai International Film Festival|13th Chennai International Film Festival]] on 10 January 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Anu |date=2016-01-23 |title=First look poster, teaser of Karthik Subbaraj's anthology film 'Aviyal' released [PHOTO+VIDEO] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthik-subbaraj-releases-first-look-poster-anthology-film-aviyal-photo-665052 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131083523/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthik-subbaraj-releases-first-look-poster-anthology-film-aviyal-photo-665052 |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref> After receiving positive response from the audience, the makers unveiled the first look and the first teaser on 22 January 2016, by [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Bobby Simha]] who worked with Karthik Subbaraj in ''[[Iraivi]]'' (2016) in late January, while a theatrical trailer was unveiled in early February.<ref name=":1" /> The film opened up in more than 70 screens in [[Tamil Nadu]], 30 screens in [[Kerala]], and in a few screens in the [[United States|US]] on 11 March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2016-03-09 |title=Aviyal to arrive soon! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/090316/aviyal-to-arrive-soon.html |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Baradwaj Rangan]], writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated "''Aviyal'', the second anthology, is a huge improvement—not just in terms of craft and performances, but also because the filmmakers don’t expect us to watch with caveats."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=2016-03-12 |title=Aviyal: A lip-smacking mix of shorts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/aviyal-film-review/article8346416.ece |access-date=2021-01-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "The shorts in Aviyal are streets ahead of those that formed the first edition, Bench Talkies. They are daring, wacky and fresh. A couple of these films even manage to transcend the made-for-TV visual style of shorts."<ref>{{Citation |title=Aviyal Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Aviyal by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aviyal/movie-review/51389722.cms |access-date=2021-01-04}}</ref> S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff]] gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "Karthik Subbaraj’s ''Aviyal'' may not be an exotic dish, but does have all the ingredients of a fun and wholesome meal."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |title=This Aviyal is not an exotic dish |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/this-aviyal-is-not-an-exotic-dish/20160313.htm |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5542434}}
{{Lokesh Kanagaraj}}
{{Karthik Subbaraj}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raghu Dixit]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Chandrashekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anthony Daasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajesh Murugesan]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:2016 independent films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

JIS School of Medical Science & Research

2026-04-05T09:32:52Z

ColumbusCoffman: Starting

{{Short description|Medical college in West Bengal, India}}

{{Promotional|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = JIS School of Medical Science & Research
| image = JIS Institute of Medical Science and Research Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| established = {{start date and age|2023|7|24}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Medical College]] & [[Hospital]]
| principal = Dr. Manjushree Ray
| dean =
| academic_affiliation = [[JIS University]]
| director =
| chairman = Taranjit Singh
| students = '''Totals:'''
* MBBS - 150

* MD - 23

| address = [[Santragachi]]
| city = [[Howrah]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| postcode =
| coordinates =
| affiliation = [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| colors = White and Blue {{color box|White}}{{color box|Blue}}
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''JIS School of Medical Science & Research''' '''(JISMSR)''', established in 2023, is a private [[medical college]] located in [[Santragachi]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=West Bengal gets new private medical college
|url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/higher-education/west-bengal-gets-new-private-medical-college/102106764|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CM opens medical college and hospital in Howrah|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=25 July 2023 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/cm-opens-medical-college-and-hospital-in-howrah-1503204025.html|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref> It offers the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) and MD degree courses. The college is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]] and affiliated with the [[JIS University]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal to get two more med colleges| newspaper=The Times of India | date=9 June 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bengal-to-get-two-more-med-colleges/articleshow/100862948.cms?from=mdr|access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref> Presently, it is under the PPP model and Howrah District Hospital is the associated teaching hospital of this college.

==History==
JIS School of Medical Science & Research was established in 2023 by the JIS Group Educational Initiatives, with the goal of developing a cutting-edge educational facility and top-notch healthcare facilities in [[West Bengal]]. It was launched at the Bengal Global Business Summit 2022, under the affiliation of Department of Health and Family Welfare, [[Government of West Bengal]].

It will be a part of the [[JIS Health City Santragachi]].

==Academics==
JIS School of Medical Science & Research is affiliated to [[JIS University]] and recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]]. With meeting international standards and seeking to diversify educational prospects, [[preclinical]], paraclinical and [[postgraduate]] courses are expected to come up in near future. It offers 150 undergraduate seats for [[MBBS]] and 23 postgraduate seats for [[MD]] presently.

==Departments==

The departments in JIS School of Medical Science & Research are as follows:

* Department of [[Anesthesiology]]
* Department of [[Anatomy]]
* Department of [[Biochemistry]]
* Department of [[Community Medicine]]
* Department of [[Dentistry]]
* Department of [[Dermatology]]
* Department of [[Otorhinolaryngology|ENT]] ([[Ear]], [[Nose]] and [[Throat]])
* Department of [[General Medicine]]
* Department of [[General Surgery]]
* Department of [[Obstetrics]] & [[Gynaecology]]
* Department of [[Ophthalmology]]
* Department of [[Orthopaedics]]
* Department of [[Paediatrics]]
* Department of [[Radiology]]
* Department of [[Microbiology]]
* Department of [[Pathology]]
* Department of [[Pharmacology]]
* Department of [[Physiology]]
* Department of [[Psychiatry]]
* Department of [[Forensic Medicine]]

==Facilities==
===Academic facilities===
The college has lecture theatres with state-of-the-art technology and interactive learning.

There is a central [[library]] with a vast collection of medical textbooks and newly built and functional labs and a dissection hall, for pre-clinical and clinical subjects. Various workshops take place often.

Currently, it is tied to Howrah District Hospital for teaching.

===Hostels===
There are two hostels and canteens, one for each gender, on the [[Santragachi]] campus.

===Sports and cultural activities===
The college has an equipped gym with basic facilities as of now. Indoor games like [[chess]], [[carrom]] and [[table tennis]] are available.

The college actively takes part in inter-college sports competitions like [[association football|football]], [[cricket]] and [[badminton]].

There is an intra-college fest that allows the students to exhibit their talent in activities such as [[music]], [[dance]] and [[drama]], etc. There are multiple clubs for cultural activities as well.

==See also==
* [[JIS University]]
* [[JIS Health City Santragachi]]
* [[Narula Institute of Technology]]
* [[Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Sciences and Research]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*http://jismsr.org/

{{authority control}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:JIS School of Medical Science and Research}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Howrah district]]

{{med-org-stub}}

Bhulan Singh Marabi

2026-03-30T11:38:49Z

ColumbusCoffman: added new biography from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = [[Khelsai Singh]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| constituency = [[Premnagar Assembly constituency|Premnagar]]
}}
'''Bhulan Singh Marabi''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from [[Chhattisgarh]]. He is an MLA from [[Premnagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Surajpur district]]. He won the [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Premnagar Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Bhulan Singh Marabi Wins From Premnagar |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/premnagar-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-jcc-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-news-1647339 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Premnagar assembly election results 2023: Premnagar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/chhattisgarh/premnagar-assembly-result-26004 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Marabi is from [[Prem Nagar, Chhattisgarh|Premnagar]], Surajpur district, Chhattisgarh. His late father, Mahesh Marabi, was a farmer. He passed Class 8 in 1979 at a Secondary School in Salhi village, Ramanujnagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhulan Singh Marabi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- PREMNAGAR(SURAJPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Chhattisgarh2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=354 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Marabi won from Premnagar Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election. He polled 99,957 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Khelsai Singh]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 33,290 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhulan Singh Marabi, BJP Candidate from Premnagar Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/chhattisgarh/bhulan-singh-marabi-s26aed2008a004e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhulan Singh Marabi, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Bhulan Singh Marabi, Assembly Election Constituency Seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/chhattisgarh/assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/bhulan-singh-marabi-50004-1 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Premnagar, Chhattisgarh Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Premnagar सीट पर BJP प्रत्याशीBhulan Singh Marabi की जीत |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/premnagar-chhattisgarh-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830591-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marabi, Bhulan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Surajpur district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Ghilli

2026-03-28T23:15:57Z

ColumbusCoffman:

{{short description|2004 Indian Tamil film by Dharani}}
{{About|the 2004 Tamil film|the 2009 Kannada film|Gilli (film)}}
{{distinguish|Gillie}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ghilli poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]
| screenplay = Dharani
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |[[Bharathan (Tamil director)|Bharathan]]}}
}}
| story = [[Gunasekhar]]
| producer = [[A. M. Rathnam]]
| based_on = ''[[Okkadu]]'' by Gunasekhar<ref>{{Cite web |title=Okkadu is a melody, Ghilli is a 'kuthu' song, says director Dharani |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/okkadu-is-a-melody-ghilli-is-a-kuthu-song-says-director-dharani/5152f1600b404 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505205541/https://www.ottplay.com/news/okkadu-is-a-melody-ghilli-is-a-kuthu-song-says-director-dharani/5152f1600b404 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
*[[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]
*[[Prakash Raj]]
*[[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
}}
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = {{plainlist|
*S. Gopinath
}}
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Sri Surya Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|4|17|ref1=}}
| runtime = 166 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghilli |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ghilli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdy3nza |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=22 August 2024 |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822173721/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ghilli-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00mdy3nza |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}8 [[crore]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai box-office report (July 23 – 25, 2004) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-box-office-report-july-23-25-2004-news-boxoffice-kkfvK2cggeisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204080301/https://www.sify.com/movies/chennai-box-office-report-july-23-25-2004-news-boxoffice-kkfvK2cggeisi.html |archive-date=4 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 July 2004 |access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="second">{{cite news | title=Ghilli re-release collects 50 crore worldwide with total collection 100 crore in 30 days run |url=https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/gillirerelase-dhamu-vijay-261913 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523150229/https://www.thanthitv.com/News/Cinema/gillirerelase-dhamu-vijay-261913 |archive-date=23 May 2024 |url-status=live |work=Thanthi TV |language=ta |date=28 April 2024 |access-date=23 May 2024}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|36-42 crore}} (initial run)<ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=23 June 2014 |title=The Top 7 Vijay Movies |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-7-vijay-movies-south/20140623.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418002816/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-7-vijay-movies-south/20140623.htm#3 |archive-date=18 April 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=12 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="News Minute">{{Cite news |title=15 years of 'Ghilli': Why Vijay's action thriller still remains 'chellam' for fans |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/15-years-ghilli-why-vijays-action-thriller-still-remains-chellam-fans-100359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428071042/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/15-years-ghilli-why-vijays-action-thriller-still-remains-chellam-fans-100359 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=20 April 2019 |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref> {{INR|26–32.50}} (re-release){{Efn|Ghilli's reported worldwide grosses vary between ₹26 crore (''[[Hindustan Times]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Abhimanyu |date=23 November 2024 |title=Not Kal Ho Naa Ho, Rockstar, or K3G, this ₹5 crore film is 2024's highest-grossing re-release; sold a million tickets |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/not-kal-ho-naa-ho-rockstar-kabhi-khushi-kabhie-gham-this-5-crore-film-is-2024s-highest-grossing-re-release-tumbbad-101732365108144.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=11 January 2024}}</ref>) – ₹26.50 crore ( ''[[News18|News18 Tamil]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Musthak |date=24 September 2024 |title=ரீ ரிலீஸ் படங்களின் வசூல்… விஜய்யின் கில்லியை பின்னுக்கு தள்ளப்போகும் த்ரில்லர் படம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-this-hindi-horror-thriller-movie-will-surpass-actor-vijay-ghilli-movie-re-release-collection-1603240.html |work=News18 |language=ta |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>) – ₹30 crore (''[[Times Now]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Producer AM Rathnam's Double Delight: Vijay's Ghilli's Re-release Collections, Pawan's HHVM's Teaser |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/producer-am-rathnams-double-delight-vijays-ghillis-re-release-collections-pawans-hhvms-teaser-article-109833875 |work=Times Now |date=4 May 2024 |access-date=10 January 2025}}</ref>) – ₹32.50 crore (''[[India Today]]''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Acharya |first=T. Maruthi |date=18 October 2024 |title=Prabhas's fans celebrate as over 6 films gear up for re-release on his birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/prabhas-fans-celebrate-re-release-on-his-birthday-salaar-mr-perfect-and-chatrapathi-2618580-2024-10-18 |magazine=India Today |access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Ghilli'''''{{Efn|Spelt as ''Ghillie'' on the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] certificate.}} ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|ɪ|l|l|ɪ}} {{Translation|Gutsy}}) is a 2004 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Sports film|sports]] [[action film]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ghilli re-release update: Vijay-Trisha Krishnan's sports action film clocks 20 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ghilli-re-release-update-vijay-trisha-krishnans-sports-action-film-clocks-20-years-101712139394637.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503212726/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/ghilli-re-release-update-vijay-trisha-krishnans-sports-action-film-clocks-20-years-101712139394637.html |url-status=live }}</ref> directed by [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] and produced by [[A. M. Rathnam]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Okkadu]]'' (2003), written and directed by [[Gunasekhar]], with few changes made to the story. The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the lead role, alongside [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Prakash Raj]] (reprising his role from the original version). [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], [[Dhamu]], [[Mayilsamy]], [[Janaki Sabesh]], [[Nancy Jennifer]], [[Nagendra Prasad]], [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] and [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] play supporting roles. The film is about a [[Kabaddi in India|Kabaddi]] player, who goes to [[Madurai]] to participate in an exhibition match, but instead rescues a woman from a gang leader, who wants to marry her.

The soundtrack album and score were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], while cinematography was handled by Gopinath and editing by [[V. T. Vijayan]] and [[B. Lenin]]. The dialogues for the film were written by [[Bharathan (Tamil director)|Bharathan]]. The film was released on 16 April 2004 to positive reviews from critics. The film ran for more than 200 days at the Tamil Nadu box office and emerged as the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2004. ''Ghilli'' is considered to be one of the best films in Vijay's career, starting his acting trend from romance to action.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ghilli – Birthday special: Five best commercial films of 'Thalapathy' Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-five-best-commercial-films-of-thalapathy-vijay/ghilli/photostory/64694067.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806103458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/birthday-special-five-best-commercial-films-of-thalapathy-vijay/ghilli/photostory/64694067.cms |archive-date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Rediff" />

A re-mastered version in 4K was re-released in theatres on 20 April 2024 and received huge response among the audience.<ref name="TOI_23Apr2024">{{Cite news |date=23 April 2024 |title='Ghilli' box office collection: Vijay and Trisha starrer crosses Rs 15 crore worldwide |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ghilli-box-office-collection-vijay-and-trisha-starrer-crosses-rs-15-crore-worldwide/articleshow/109526025.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423082347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ghilli-box-office-collection-vijay-and-trisha-starrer-crosses-rs-15-crore-worldwide/articleshow/109526025.cms |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> It grossed around {{INR}}26–32.50 crore during its re-release, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing re-released Indian films|highest grossing re-release]] in India overtaking ''Titanic.''<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghilli Collects Massive 36 Crore and Becomes 2nd Highest Grosser of 2004 in Tamil Cinema after Kamal's Vasool Raja |url= |work=Hindu |date=4 May 2004 |access-date=25 January 2023 |archive-date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220002728/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092703100301.htm |url-status=dead|last=Jeshi|first=K}}</ref><ref name="second" /> This record was later broken by Hindi film ''[[Tumbbad]]'' in September 2024.{{Efn|Multiple references<ref name=":Re-release BO">{{Cite web |date=23 September 2024 |title=Highest Grossing Re-Releases In India Since 2000: Sohum Shah's Tumbbad surpasses Thalapathy Vijay's Ghilli to claim top spot |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/highest-grossing-re-releases-in-india-since-2000-sohum-shahs-tumbbad-surpasses-thalapathy-vijays-ghilli-to-claim-top-spot-1349668 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Pinkvilla |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924015326/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/highest-grossing-re-releases-in-india-since-2000-sohum-shahs-tumbbad-surpasses-thalapathy-vijays-ghilli-to-claim-top-spot-1349668 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Tumbbad Beats Thalapathy Vijay's Ghilli To Become Highest-Grossing Re-Release In India Since 2000 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/tumbbad-beats-thalapathy-vijay-ghilli-to-become-highest-grossing-re-release-in-india-since-2000-article-113628528/amp |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924100906/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/box-office/tumbbad-beats-thalapathy-vijay-ghilli-to-become-highest-grossing-re-release-in-india-since-2000-article-113628528/amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=Tumbbad box office: Sohum Shah starrer becomes the highest-grossing re-release in India since 2000, surpassing Thalapathy Vijay's Ghilli |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tumbbad-box-office-sohum-shah-starrer-becomes-the-highest-grossing-re-release-in-india-since-2000-surpassing-thalapathy-vijays-ghilli-13818576.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924132521/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tumbbad-box-office-sohum-shah-starrer-becomes-the-highest-grossing-re-release-in-india-since-2000-surpassing-thalapathy-vijays-ghilli-13818576.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

== Plot ==
Saravanavelu "Velu" is a state-level [[Kabaddi]] player living in [[Chennai]] with his family. He is constantly rebuked by his father, [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|DCP]] Sivasubramaniam for neglecting his education and favouring Kabaddi, while his mother Janaki dotes on him. Velu's younger sister Bhuvana "Bhuvi", a sharp and inquisitive schoolgirl, constantly gets Velu into trouble with their father, but she adores him. One day, Velu is sent to his relative's wedding in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], but he secretly skips the wedding to play a Kabaddi match in [[Madurai]] for his Kabaddi team named Ghilli.

Muthupandi, a charismatic gang leader in Madurai, desires to marry a girl named Dhanalakshmi and kills Dhanalakshmi's older brother as he rejects Muthupandi's proposal to marry her. Dhanalakshmi's second brother is also killed by Muthupandi when attempting to avenge his brother's murder. Dhanalakshmi's father gets terrified by Muthupandi's acts and asks Dhanalakshmi to leave Madurai and lead a peaceful life with her uncle in the United States, giving her money and her [[Academic certificate|university certificates]]. Muthupandi catches Dhanalakshmi while she is attempting to escape. However, while preparing for a Kabaddi match in Madurai, Velu sees Dhanalakshmi and rescues her by thrashing Muthupandi and taking her to Chennai.

Velu takes Dhanalakshmi to his house and hides her in his room without his family's knowledge. Meanwhile, Muthupandi and his father [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] Rajapandi ask Sivasubramaniam to search for Dhanalakshmi and the apparent kidnapper. Velu soon arranges a passport and flight tickets for Dhanalakshmi, who begins to fall for Velu. When Sivasubramaniam discovers that his son is the apparent kidnapper, Velu and Dhanalakshmi escape from Sivasubramaniam and hide in [[Chennai Lighthouse|the lighthouse]]. Velu, along with his friends, reaches [[Chennai International Airport|the airport]] in time for Dhanalakshmi's flight before their Kabaddi match against [[Punjabi kabaddi|Punjab]] in the final match of the National League. Sivasubramaniam is enraged that Velu is playing in the Kabaddi match despite being a wanted criminal, where he goes to the stadium to arrest Velu, but decides to arrest him after the Kabaddi match upon Bhuvana's request.

Velu realises that he has fallen in love with Dhanalakshmi and begins to miss her, only to spot her in the stadium during the match. Velu's lack of focus in the game is quickly replaced by his best upon seeing Dhanalakshmi, which ultimately helps his team win the championship. Later, Velu is arrested by his father, but is then stopped by Muthupandi, who wants to fight Velu after having been incited by Dhanalakshmi to prove his worth. At first, Muthupandi subdues Velu but he regains his strength, defeats Muthupandi and embraces Dhanalakshmi. Muthupandi regains consciousness and tries to kill Velu with an [[aruval]], but a floodlight, broken during the fight, touches the aruval, electrocuting Muthupandi to death.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Saravanavelu aka "Velu" / Ghilli<ref name="Opening Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Ghilli |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Surya Movies |year=2004 |time=1:05 to 1:25 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as S. Dhanalakshmi<ref name="News Minute" />
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Muthupandi<ref name="News Minute" />
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as [[Deputy Commissioner of Police|DCP]] Sivasubramaniam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], Velu's father<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Minister Rajapandi<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Janaki Sabesh]] as Janaki, Velu's mother<ref name="Closing Credits">{{Cite AV media |title=Ghilli |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Surya Movies |year=2004 |time=157:25 to 157:30 |time-caption=Closing credits, from}}</ref>
* [[Nancy Jennifer|Jennifer]] as Bhuvana "Bhuvi", Velu's sister<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Nagendra Prasad]] as Prasad, Velu's sidekick<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Dhamu]] as Otteri Nari, Velu's sidekick<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Maran (actor)|Maran]] as Velu's teammate<ref name="Closing Credits" />
* [[Aadukalam Murugadoss]] as Aadhivasi, Velu's sidekick<ref name="Closing Credits" />
* [[Chaplin Balu]] as Velu's teammate<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Mayilsamy]] as Narayana<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]] as Inspector Arivazhagan<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Police Inspector<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Vinod Raj (Tamil actor)|Vinod Raj]] as Sakkarapandi, Dhanalakshmi's father<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[T. K. Kala]] as Muthupandi's mother<ref name="Opening Credits" />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Ramakrishna, a priest<ref name="News Minute" />
* ''Nandha'' Saravanan as Raju, Tiger team captain<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/nandha-saravanan-shares-vijay-flashback-story-about-a-fight-sequence-in-ghilli-movie-180394|title=ரோப் இல்லாமல் ஜம்ப் பண்ண விஜய்... பிளாஷ்பேக் அனுபவம் பகிர்ந்த நந்தா சரவணன்|first=லாவண்யா|last=யுவராஜ்|date=27 April 2024|website=tamil.abplive.com}}</ref>
* [[Karate Raja]] as Muthupandi's henchman<ref name="Closing Credits" />
* Saai Sundar as Raghu, Dhanalakshmi's second brother<ref name="Closing Credits" />
*Priyanka as a shopkeeper<ref name="Closing Credits" />
*[[Pondy Ravi]] as a police officer<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2013 |title=கார் கவிழ்ந்தது பாண்டி ரவி படுகாயம் |url=https://dinakaran5.rssing.com/browser.php?indx=15038440&item=824 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917010334/https://dinakaran5.rssing.com/browser.php?indx=15038440&item=824 |archive-date=17 September 2020 |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Suruli Manohar]] as Minister Rajapandi's PA<ref name="Closing Credits" />
;Uncredited
* [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] as Velu's teammate<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=10 February 2015 |title=Rustic Art: The Actor Vimal Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rustic-art-the-actor-vimal-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423043932/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rustic-art-the-actor-vimal-interview/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>
* [[Appukutty]] as Ramakrishna's assistant<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPK6dauVvNQ |title=Gilli – Gilli Movie Comedy Scenes – Vijay & Brahmanandam Comedy scenes – Appukutty Rare appearance |date=4 April 2017 |last=Ayngaran International |author-link=Ayngaran International |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223142900/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPK6dauVvNQ&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=23 December 2021 |url-status=dead |via=YouTube}}</ref>
*[[Pandi (actor)|Pandi]] as Roadside vendor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghilli - கில்லி Tamil Full Movie| Vijay, Trisha, Prakash Raj | Super Hit Tamil Movies | Tamil Movies | date=24 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QJKL3R2sKA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207002947/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QJKL3R2sKA&t=4459s |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=7 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com |time=1:14:19}}</ref>
*[[Shobi Paulraj|Shobi]] as a dancer in "Kokkarakko"<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1292146530950897669 |user=shobimaster |title=#Ghilli Happy Memories with Dear Brother @actorvijay |author=Shobi Paulraj |author-link=Shobi (choreographer) |date=8 August 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===

After completing ''[[Dhool]]'' (2003), Dharani watched ''[[Okkadu]]'' and felt it had elements of a story idea "based on a kabaddi player, another storyline on a romance between a guy who hid his girl in a lighthouse, and another road film idea" which he thought of, he requested A.M. Rathnam to procure the remake rights.<ref name="gh">{{Cite web |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=24 April 2024 |title=Dharani interview on 'Ghilli' re-release: 'Vijay was a boy then, he is a brand now' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharani-interview-on-ghilli-re-release-vijay-was-a-boy-then-he-is-a-brand-now/article68100959.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240428081345/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dharani-interview-on-ghilli-re-release-vijay-was-a-boy-then-he-is-a-brand-now/article68100959.ece |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Dharani made changes to the screenplay adding elements different from the original.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2003 |title=Change in 'Gilli' storyline! |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/25112003-5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031211212055/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/25112003-5.shtml |archive-date=11 December 2003 |access-date=28 April 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> A major change was changing the father of the kabaddi player to disapprove of his son playing kabaddi.<ref name="News Minute" /> Dharani's regular crew members including cinematographer Gopinath and music director Vidyasagar joined the film, while [[Rocky Rajesh]] and [[Raju Sundaram]] were chosen to choreograph the stunts and dances, respectively, for which Sundaram was awarded [[Filmfare Award for Best Dance Choreographer – South]] later.<ref name="filmfare" />

=== Casting ===
[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Jyothika]] were the first choice to play the lead roles. Due to other commitments, they were replaced by [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=24 April 2024 |title=Trivia: Neither Thalapathy Vijay nor Trisha were the first choice for Ghilli |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/trivia-neither-thalapathy-vijay-nor-trisha-were-the-first-choice-for-ghilli-890910 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428074937/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/trivia-neither-thalapathy-vijay-nor-trisha-were-the-first-choice-for-ghilli-890910 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ajith Kumar]] was also considered for the lead role but he was hesitant to do a Telugu remake.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2016 |title=அஜித் தவறவிட்ட படங்கள்...ஜாக்பாட் அடித்த விஜய், சூர்யா, விக்ரம்! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/72593-13-movies-rejected-by-ajithkumar.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170522044327/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/tamil-cinema/news/72593-13-movies-rejected-by-ajithkumar.html |archive-date=22 May 2017 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Vincent Asokan]] was initially supposed to play [[Prakash Raj]]'s role as the antagonist from the original but Prakash Raj ended up reprising his role.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |author=Adithya TV |author-link=Adithya TV |user=adithyatv |postid=DUpdnRgiAqv |date=12 February 2025|title=Muthu Pandi character naan panna vendiyadhu dhan!👈 Watch Sirithale Inikkum On Adithya TV at 9 AM on Sunday #SirithaleInikkum #VincentAsokan #Ghilli #PrakshRaj #AdithyaTV |script-title= |trans-title=I was supposed to play the Muthu Pandi character!👈 Watch Sirithale Inikkum On Adithya TV at 9 AM on Sunday #SirithaleInikkum #VincentAsokan #Ghilli #PrakshRaj #AdithyaTV |language= ta|location= |access-date=15 February 2026 |link= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |ref=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Manoj Kumar |date=23 April 2024 |title=Prakash Raj opens up on Ghilli re-release success: 'Thalapathy Vijay, Trisha and I...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/prakash-raj-opens-up-on-ghilli-re-release-success-thalapathy-vijay-trisha-and-i/071d81a18f796 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430084524/https://www.ottplay.com/news/prakash-raj-opens-up-on-ghilli-re-release-success-thalapathy-vijay-trisha-and-i/071d81a18f796 |archive-date=30 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Thiagarajan]]'s refusal to play Vijay's father meant that [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] was cast as in that role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2003 |title=Gossip |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2003/sep/18-09-03.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202134800/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/gossip/2003/sep/18-09-03.htm |archive-date=2 December 2007 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Playback singer [[T. K. Kala]] made her acting debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=21 November 2010 |title=grill mill |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article902519.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021945/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/grill-mill/article902519.ece |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=17 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Vimal (actor)|Vimal]] who went on to act in films like ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009) and ''[[Kalavani]]'' (2010) appeared in a small role as one of Vijay's teammates and also worked as "unofficial" assistant director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=10 February 2015 |title=Rustic Art: The Actor Vimal Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rustic-art-the-actor-vimal-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423043932/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rustic-art-the-actor-vimal-interview/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |website=Silverscreen.in|access-date=23 April 2022}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Filming took place mainly in and around [[Chennai]], surrounding the areas like [[Mylapore]] and [[Besant Nagar]] and also at the cities of [[Rayagada]] in [[Odisha]] and [[Araku Valley]] and [[Simhachalam]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The scene in which Vijay, his coach and his friends arrive to [[Madurai Junction]] from Chennai, was shot actually in [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Railway Station]] to avoid crowd and confusion, with some Tamil signboards replacing the native Telugu signboards. The film's introductory fight scene and a song were shot at a costly set in Prasad studios.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=19 March 2004 |title=Action-packed family drama |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/03/19/stories/2004031901430300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041127160856/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/03/19/stories/2004031901430300.htm |archive-date=27 November 2004 |access-date=4 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> While cinematography was primarily handled by Gopinath, one song "Appadi Podu" was filmed by [[K. V. Anand]] as Gopinath got hurt during the shoot.<ref name="gh" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osiy4g7Lx9g |title=ஒரே வாரத்தில் மொத்த படமும் விற்க காரணமாக இருந்த போஸ்டர் - PRODUCER Thenappan CHAI WITH CHITHRA – 4 |date=23 March 2021 |last=Touring Talkies |access-date=5 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105091646/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Osiy4g7Lx9g |archive-date=5 January 2022 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> As the original version had [[Charminar]], makers decided to replace it with the [[Chennai Lighthouse]]. Since the location had to have a building and lighthouse to be opposite in the same area, a lighthouse set alongside quarters with terrace was erected at GV Gardens at Mahabalipuram.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UcojaD4G90 |title=Ghilli Light Houseக்கு பதிலா Central Station தான் 1st யோசிச்சோம்! - Ghilli Art Director Maniraj |date=22 April 2024 |language=Ta |publisher=Cinema Vikatan |time=3:23 to 7:30 |time-caption=From |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423042325/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UcojaD4G90&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=23 April 2024 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> The interval chasing sequences were canned near the [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] in [[Madurai]] and at [[Manapparai]] in [[Trichy district]]. The climax scene was shot in a crowd of one hundred thousand people in the 2003 Vinayagar Chaturthi occasion.<ref>{{Cite web |title="I am choosy about scripts": Gopichand |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=13922078&cid=2410 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331063720/http://www.sify.com/movies/telugu/interview.php?id=13922078&cid=2410 |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=31 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] was signed to compose the [[soundtrack album]] and [[Film score|background score]] for ''Ghilli''; it marks his fourth collaboration with both [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] and [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], with the former on ''[[Ethirum Pudhirum|Ethirum Puthirum]] (1999)'', ''[[Dhill]]'' (2001) and ''[[Dhool]] (2003)'', and working with the latter on ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]'' (1995), ''[[Nilaave Vaa]]'' (1998) and ''[[Thirumalai]]'' (2003). The soundtrack features six songs. The lyrics were penned by [[Yugabharathi]], [[Pa. Vijay]], [[Na. Muthukumar]], [[Kabilan (Lyricist)|Kabilan]] and Maran. The audio was launched at Nungambakkam’s School for the Deaf and Blind in March 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2004 |title=About Gilli — Tharani |url=http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23032004-5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324015948/http://cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/23032004-5.shtml |archive-date=24 March 2004 |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

The song "Appadi Podu" was later reused by [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]] as "Adaragottu" in the Telugu film ''[[Krishna (2008 film)|Krishna]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.com/areviews/krishna.htm|title=Disappointing Fare From Chakri|website=Cinegoer|access-date=29 January 2025|date=4 January 2008|last=APK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223135009/http://www.cinegoer.com/areviews/krishna.htm|archive-date=23 February 2008}}</ref> The song was also adapted by [[P. A. Deepak]], a music producer, as "Hum Na Tode" in the 2013 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] movie ''[[Boss (2013 Hindi film)|Boss]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuteja |first=Joginder |date=14 September 2013 |title=Music Review: Boss soundtrack is a winner |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-boss-soundtrack-is-a-winner/20130914.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915223741/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-boss-soundtrack-is-a-winner/20130914.htm |archive-date=15 September 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The song is sung by [[Vishal Dadlani]]. Following the [[internet phenomenon]] of "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]" in 2011, "Appadi Podu" was featured alongside "[[O Podu|Oh Podu]]", "[[Nakka Mukka]]" and "[[Arya 2 (soundtrack)|Ringa Ringa]]" in a small collection of [[South Indian cinema|South Indian]] songs that are considered a "national rage" in India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=24 November 2011 |title=Why south songs are a national rage... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628100322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Why-south-songs-are-a-national-rage--/articleshow/10867023.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=25 November 2011 |title=Very, Very Kolaveri! |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=23&EntityId=Ar02300&AppName=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628094958/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F11%2F25&ViewMode=GIF&PageLabel=23&EntityId=Ar02300&AppName=2 |archive-date=28 June 2014 |access-date=16 September 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=23}}</ref> The "Kabaddi" theme music from the soundtrack album was remixed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], for ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021). The "Arjunaru Villu" from the album was remixed by [[Gopi Sundar]], for the [[Malayalam]]-language film ''[[Bha Bha Ba]]'' (2025).<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2021 |title=Master Promo: 'Thalapathy' Vijay goes back to playing Kabaddi |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/01/12172817/1271057/Master-Promo-Thalapathy-Vijay-goes-back-to-playing-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113132410/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/01/12172817/1271057/Master-Promo-Thalapathy-Vijay-goes-back-to-playing-.vpf |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
|name = Ghilli
|type = soundtrack
|artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|alt =
|cover =
|released = 10 March 2004
|recorded = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]
|venue =
|studio =
|genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
|length = 24:05
|language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|label = Five star Audio
|producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|prev_title = [[Thirumalai]]
|prev_year = 2003
|next_title = [[Madurey]]
|next_year = 2004
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kabaddi
| extra1 = Maran, Jayamoorty
| lyrics1 = Maran
| length1 = 01:44
| title2 = Arjunaru Villu
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
| lyrics2 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| length2 = 04:28
| title3 = Sha La La
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics3 = [[P. Vijay]]
| length3 = 04:30
| title4 = Appadi Podu
| extra4 = [[Krishna Kumar Kunnath|KK]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| lyrics4 = [[P. Vijay]]
| length4 = 04:53
| title5 = Soora Thenga
| extra5 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| lyrics5 = [[N. Muthukumar]]
| length5 = 04:03
| title6 = Kokkarakko
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics6 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| length6 = 04:35
| title7 = Kadhala Kadhala
| extra7 = [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics7 = [[P. Vijay]]
| length7 = 03:21
}}

== Release ==

=== Original run ===
''Ghilli'' was released on 17 April 2004,<ref name="TNM_April2019">{{Cite news |last=Maithutty |first=Fahir |date=20 April 2019 |title=15 years of 'Ghilli': Why Vijay's action thriller still remains 'chellam' for fans |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/15-years-ghilli-why-vijays-action-thriller-still-remains-chellam-fans-100359 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428071042/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/15-years-ghilli-why-vijays-action-thriller-still-remains-chellam-fans-100359 |archive-date=28 April 2022 |access-date=28 April 2022 |work=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> delayed from 9 April. Though the reason for the postponement was not given out, rumours were that Rathnam's creditors put pressure on him to settle his accounts before release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2004 |title='Gilli' postponed by a week! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gilli-postponed-by-a-week-news-tamil-kkfvMvfdada.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206024752/http://www.sify.com/movies/gilli-postponed-by-a-week-news-tamil-kkfvMvfdada.html |archive-date=6 December 2012 |access-date=18 February 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Re-release ===
The film was re-released worldwide on 20 April 2024, after 20 years of its original release.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=4 April 2024 |title=Ghilli re-release: Vijay, Trisha's 'Ghilli' to re-release in theatres on 20th anniversary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-trishas-ghilli-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-20th-anniversary-new-trailer-out/article68027631.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415214807/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-trishas-ghilli-to-re-release-in-theatres-on-20th-anniversary-new-trailer-out/article68027631.ece |archive-date=15 April 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
''Ghilli'' opened to favourable reviews from critics.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=8 June 2020 |title=When Janaki Sabesh and Ashish Vidyarthi had a 'Ghilli' reunion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-ghilli-reunion/article31778167.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411110633/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-ghilli-reunion/article31778167.ece |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Gilli'', story wise, is neither fresh popcorn nor spicy samosa found in theatres but the screenplay and overall treatment is as fresh and appetising as full meals after a long day."<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |date=15 April 2004 |title=Gilli Tamil Movie |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1342/tamil/gilli/207/review.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207110538/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/1342/tamil/gilli/207/review.htm |archive-date=7 December 2019 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Nowrunning}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' gave 5/5 stars and wrote "the good old formula is back with ''Gilli''. A one-man-army combats an eccentric villain against all odds as he tries to save a helpless girl from his clutches. Dharani has done it for the third time by churning out this hit-and-run yarn that keeps you engaged and entertained for 160 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gilli |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/gilli-review-tamil-13455623.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519112511/http://www.sify.com/movies/gilli-review-tamil-pclv2oaihdeig.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=25 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Vijay, the hero whom the masses today identify with, and Prakash Raj, the inimitable villain in tow, this remake of the Telugu flick, "''Okkadu''," comes a clear winner".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 April 2004 |title=Ghilli |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/23/stories/2004042301450300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040705172302/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/04/23/stories/2004042301450300.htm |archive-date=5 July 2004 |access-date=8 March 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' wrote "''Gilli'' portrays Vijay as a comic hero who battles his villains logically while his physical powers are exaggerated dramatically. Having said that, ''Gilli'' offers nothing less than sheer entertainment and an edgy thriller for the Tamil film industry, which is deprived of such films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Guru |date=23 April 2004 |title=Don't miss 'Gilli'. You will enjoy it! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/23gilli.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425021250/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/apr/23gilli.htm |archive-date=25 April 2013 |access-date=8 March 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 45 out of 100 and wrote "With a little bit of Kabaddi, with a little bit of love, its an perfect action masala [..] The film is full of speed like a raging Sivakasi rocket".<ref>{{Cite web |last=சார்லஸ் |first=தேவன் |date=22 June 2021 |title=பீஸ்ட் : 'நாளைய தீர்ப்பு' டு 'மாஸ்டர்'... விஜய்க்கு விகடனின் மார்க்கும், விமர்சனமும் என்ன? #Beast |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008100344/https://cinema.vikatan.com/amp/story/tamil-cinema/how-vijay-movies-scored-in-vikatan-reviews |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=7 December 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2004 |title=கில்லி! #VikatanReview |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ghilli-vikatanreview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407141156/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/ghilli-vikatanreview |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave a negative review, saying as the entire film revolves around a chase and melee between the villain and the hero till the very last scene, ''Ghilli'' is the epitome of back-scratching exaggeration for die-hard fans.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விசுவல் |date=2 May 2004 |title=கில்லி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-05-02/page/80/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202121834/https://archive.org/details/kalki2004-05-02/page/80/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=80 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Dharani's ''Dhil'' and ''Dhool'' from his original screenplays were far better than this film. A film only for ardent Vijay fans".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=27 April 2004 |title=Gillie |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov343.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604022106/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov343.asp |archive-date=4 June 2004 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]''' wrote "''Gilli''’s plot is puerile — little emotion, many fights and a few songs which don’t gell with the story. Vijay is almost like a superman, jumping and flying like Spiderman!".<ref>{{cite web|first=G.|last=Ulaganathan|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=20 March 2025|title=Gilli|date=18 April 2004|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr182004/mr3.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209070903/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/apr182004/mr3.asp|archive-date=9 December 2004}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Ghilli'' collected {{INRConvert|36-42|c|year=2004}} worldwide in its initial run and {{INRConvert|3.5|c|year=2004}} overseas, it was the highest grossing Tamil film of the year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=31 December 2004 |title=Year 2004 — a flashback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/year-2004-a-flashback/article28578111.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030061639/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/year-2004-a-flashback/article28578111.ece |archive-date=30 October 2020 |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}2.05 crore in the Coimbatore territory alone.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2004 |title='Chandramukhi' —First sale! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/chandramukhi-first-sale-news-tamil-kkfvDWiddfbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026055051/http://www.sify.com/movies/chandramukhi-first-sale-news-tamil-kkfvDWiddfbsi.html |archive-date=26 October 2014 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Villain – Tamil]] – [[Prakash Raj]]<ref name="filmfare">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2005 |title=Filmfare Awards 2005 |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222420/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/filmfareawards2005.html |archive-date=18 March 2015 |access-date=16 September 2015 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South]] – [[Raju Sundaram]]<ref name="filmfare" />

== Legacy ==
The popularity of Prakash Raj's role as Muthupandi led to several parodies incorporating the character and the endearing name "Chellam" (the way Muthupandi addresses Dhanalakshmi) became popular to sarcastically address an enemy.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2009 |title=I am elated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lsquoI-am-elatedrsquo/article15921414.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423050113/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lsquoI-am-elatedrsquo/article15921414.ece |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Janaki Sabesh]] and Vidyarthi, by portraying Vijay's parents, popularly became known as "Ghilli Amma" and "Ghilli Appa" respectively.<ref name=":1" />

The success of the film led the cast and crew to again collaborate with another similar action film titled ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2008 |title=Ghilli's magic triumvrate returns |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/18sli2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023917/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/apr/18sli2.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

In ''Master'', a Kabaddi scene uses music montage invoking ''Ghilli'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=13 January 2021 |title='Master' movie review: An in-form Vijay takes a backseat to have fun. But is that enough? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/master-movie-review/article62130068.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113211353/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/master-movie-review/article33569018.ece/amp/ |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while the other song from the film, "Arjunaru Villu" was used in ''[[Naai Sekar]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=13 January 2022 |title=Naai Sekar Review: This painfully unfunny film leaves you dog-tired |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jan/13/naai-sekar-review-makes-you-dog-tired-28998.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220310111409/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/jan/13/naai-sekar-review-makes-you-dog-tired-28998.html |archive-date=10 March 2022 |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

In 2025, a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]], titled [[Bha Bha Ba]] starring [[Dileep|Dilieep]] featured [[Mohanlal]] in an extended cameo appearance in a character called "Ghilli Bala." The characterization of the character is inspired from [[Ghilli]] and the film contains elements which pay tribute to [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]].

==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Dharani (director)}}

[[Category:2000s chase films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2004 sports films]]
[[Category:2004 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2004 action films]]
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Films about immigration to the United States]]
[[Category:Films directed by Dharani (director)]]
[[Category:Films produced by A. M. Rathnam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Indian sports films]]
[[Category:Sports action films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language sports films]]

Parineeta (2005 film)

2026-03-26T05:31:15Z

ColumbusCoffman:

{{Short description|2005 film by Pradeep Sarkar}}
{{Good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parineeta
| image = Parineetaposter.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Pradeep Sarkar]]
| writer = '''Story Adaptation & Screenplay:''' [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]] Pradeep Sarkar Arnav Chakravarti '''Dialogues:''' Rekha Nigam
| story = Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay
| based_on = {{based on|[[Parineeta (novel)|''Parineeta'']]|[[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]}}
| producer = Vidhu Vinod Chopra
| starring = [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Saif Ali Khan]] [[Vidya Balan]] [[Dia Mirza]] [[Raima Sen]] [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]
| cinematography = [[Natty Subramaniam]]
| editing = [[Hemanti Sarkar]] Nitish Sharma
| music = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| studio = [[UTV Motion Pictures]] [[Vinod Chopra Films]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|06|10}}
| runtime = 130 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/parineeta-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntm3mty|title=Parineeta|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=31 January 2022|archive-date=31 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131191022/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/parineeta-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zntm3mty|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INR}}32.63 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=404|title=Parineeta – Movie|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131311/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=404|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Parineeta''''' ({{Translation|''The Married Woman''}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama film|romance film]] adaptation of [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]'s 1914 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] novella [[Parineeta (novel)|of the same name]]. Directed by debutant [[Pradeep Sarkar]], it was based on a screenplay by the film's producer, [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]. The film stars [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Saif Ali Khan]], and [[Vidya Balan]] (in her [[Bollywood]] debut) in lead roles, with [[Raima Sen]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] and [[Dia Mirza]] in supporting roles. The film has several notable allusions to [[Indian literature]] and cinema.

''Parineeta'' primarily revolves around the lead characters, Lalita and Shekhar. Since childhood, Shekhar and Lalita have been friends and slowly this friendship blossoms into love. A series of misunderstandings surface and they are separated due to the conniving schemes of Shekhar's father. The plot deepens with the arrival of Girish, who supports Lalita's family. Eventually, Shekhar's love defies his father's greed and he seeks out Lalita.

Parineeta was released on 10 June 2005, and despite pre-release inhibitions, it proved to be a commercial success at the box office, grossing ₹32.63 crore worldwide. It received positive reviews upon release, with praise for its screenplay, soundtrack, production design, costumes and performances of the cast; however its pacing and climax received criticism. It was showcased at several international film festivals.

At the [[53rd National Film Awards]], ''Parineeta'' won [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]] (Sarkar). At the [[51st Filmfare Awards]], the film received a leading 13 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Sarkar), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Balan), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Dutt), and won 4 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] (Balan).

==Plot==
The story takes place in 1962 in [[Kolkata]]. As the credits roll, scenes from erstwhile [[Calcutta]] are displayed along with the narrator's ([[Amitabh Bachchan]]) introduction to the era. On the night of his arranged marriage to Gayatri Tantiya, (the daughter of one of his father Navinchandra Rai's business connections), Shekhar has images of his childhood friend, Lalita, calling him by his name flashing through his mind.

Meanwhile, downstairs, musical celebrations begin as Shekhar meets Vasundhara, a widow from his neighbourhood, who is thankful to her son-in-law, Girish ([[Sanjay Dutt]]), for supporting their family after the death of her husband, Gurcharan. Lalita, who is present there, playfully confronts Shekhar as to why he is being indifferent to her. Shekhar, believing she is married to Girish, admonishes her for speaking so in spite of being married.

An angry Shekhar comes back home to play a favourite tune from the past on his piano. The flashback shows a young Shekhar playing [[Rabindranath Tagore]]’s tune on his piano while young Lalita and Koel are around. Lalita, with her parents having died in a car accident, lives with Gurcharan’s family. Koel is her cousin whereas Charu is her neighbour. As this scene flashes across Shekhar’s mind, he sings a song full of sadness and loss. As time flies, they grow up to become close friends. The rebellious and musically inclined Shekhar spends his days playing the music of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] or [[Elvis Presley]] and composing his own songs with Lalita rather than becoming part of his shrewd father's business. Part of this rebellion involves resistance to meeting Gayatri Tantiya, the beautiful but devious daughter of a wealthy industrialist, whom his father would like Shekhar to marry. Meanwhile, Girish, a steel tycoon from London, makes a dramatic entry into Charu’s house. Girish seems smitten by Lalita while Koel is by Girish. Shekhar is visibly jealous of Lalita’s close friendship with Girish.

One day, a shocked Lalita, who is employed at the office of Navinchandra Rai, stumbles upon a project to refurbish and sell Gurcharan’s ancestral ''haveli'' (palatial house) as a hotel. On an earlier occasion, Gurcharan had borrowed money from Rai after leaving his ''haveli'' as collateral to him. She understands that if the money is not repaid in a few months, Rai would take over the property. She immediately thinks of asking Shekhar for monetary help. Circumstances prevent this, and Girish, upon realising this, alleviates their problem by making Gurcharan his business partner. Gurcharan repays the debt and the turn of events prompts Shekhar to think why Lalita chose to ask Girish for money instead of him. On one auspicious night, Shekhar and Lalita exchange garlands and consummate their "marriage" unbeknownst to anyone else.

While Shekhar is off to [[Darjeeling]] on a business trip, Rai violently thunders at Lalita about the loss of his hotel project, embarrassing and humiliating her. Rai gets a wall built between his and Gurcharan's house symbolising the end of their association. Unable to digest this, Gurcharan suffers a heart attack while Shekhar's mother, Rajeshwari, also falls ill. Upon Shekhar's return, Rai informs him of the ill-health of Rajeshwari and Gurcharan and then viciously poisons his mind about Lalita and indicates that Lalita married Girish for his money. Shekhar is disgusted to hear of the marriage and in his anger he hits Lalita, while humiliating her like his father had done. Meanwhile, Girish assists Gurcharan's family and takes them to London to allow for better care and treatment for Gurcharan’s heart. Gurcharan eventually dies anyway and upon the family's return from London, Shekhar assumes that Girish and Lalita are married and agrees to marry Gayatri.

The film returns to the night of Shekhar's marriage when Girish hands him the ownership papers of Gurcharan's ''haveli''. He shocks Shekhar by telling him that he married Koel because Lalita rejected his marriage proposal. Shekhar confronts Rai over the ownership papers and for poisoning his mind against Lalita, while revealing he is already "married" to her. He then symbolically breaks down the wall separating the two families and brings Lalita to his home as his bride, much to the delight of Rajeshwari.

==Cast==
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Girish Sharma. A simple and straightforward businessman who plays Lalita's moral support with warmth and compassion.
* [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Shekhar Rai. Shows a balance of love for Lalita and jealousy towards Girish. He is a passionate musician. Towards the end his utter hatred for himself transforms him into a cold and bitter person.
* [[Vidya Balan]] as Lalita. A woman of dignity with unflinching love for Shekhar. A lovely singer, who resigned to circumstances, upholding her respect when she faces insult.
** [[Tina Datta]] as Lalita in her teens.
* [[Raima Sen]] as Koel. Lalita's cheerful cousin.
* [[Dia Mirza]] as Gayatri Tantiya. A socialite who lures Shekhar with her charm and beauty.
* [[Achyut Potdar]] as Gurcharan.
* [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] as Navinchandra Rai. Sshrewd and a conniving businessman.
* Surinder Kaur as Rajeshwari Rai. The mother of Shekhar.
* Kumkum Bhattacharya as Vasundhara Roy.
* Oindrila Saha as Vasundhara's granddaughter.
* Suman Banerjee as Lalita's sister's husband
* Boni Mukherjee as Vasundhara's daughter
* [[Supriya Shukla]] as Sunita
*[[Gita Dey]] as Shekhar's grandmother.
* [[Ninad Kamat]] as Ajit
* [[Haradhan Banerjee]] as Chatterjee
* [[Rekha]] in a special appearance in the song "Kaisi Paheli Zindagaani"
* [[Rita Ganguly]] in a special appearance in the song "Dhinak Dhinak Dha"
* [[George Baker (Indian actor)|George Baker]] as Sir William Eckhart
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Singer in Recording Studio
* Ratan Sarkhel
* Ratri Ghatak

== Production ==

=== The key elements ===
Before ''Parineeta'', [[Pradeep Sarkar]] was a well-known personality in the area of advertisements. With 17 years in mainstream advertising and 7 years of advertisement film-making and commercial cinema, he completed about 1000 [[Television advertisement|commercials]] and 15 music videos.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=22 October 2007 |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/artists/complete-profie.asp?ArtistId=44267 |title=Pradeep Sarkar profile |publisher=movietalkies.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209062655/http://www.movietalkies.com/artists/complete-profie.asp?ArtistId=44267 |archive-date=9 December 2007 }}</ref> [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]], the producer, took notice of his music videos and contacted Sarkar to direct some of the music videos of the film ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000).<ref name="ref2">{{cite news|access-date=20 October 2007 |first=Anuj |last=Kumar |title=A debut at 52! |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/18/stories/2007081851940600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104152212/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/08/18/stories/2007081851940600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2007 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=18 August 2007}}</ref> After carving a niche in filming music videos, Sarkar gave the thought of filming ''Parineeta'' to Chopra.<ref name="ref2"/> There began the making of the film.

About the film's comparison with the novel, Chopra said in an interview that, as compared to its [[Parineeta (1953 film)|1953 namesake film]] by Bimal Roy, the story was based in the year 1962. He said that it took them one and a half years to script the film, with them adding new characters and emphasizing under-represented characters from the novel.<ref name="chopra1">{{cite web|work=Rediff.com |access-date=22 October 2007 |first=Tanmaya Kumar |last=Nanda |title=Judge me by the highest standards |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/10chopra.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905092511/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/10chopra.htm |archive-date=5 September 2007 }}</ref><ref name="chopra2">{{cite web |access-date=22 October 2007 |first=Anuj |last=Kumar |work=The Hindu |title=A maverick, period! |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005061001970400.htm&date=2005/06/10/&prd=fr& |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127161205/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2005061001970400.htm&date=2005/06/10/&prd=fr& |archive-date=27 November 2007 }}</ref> In a separate interview, Chopra admitted that he was actively involved with the screenplay because the film was an adaptation of the novel. When speaking about cinematic adaptation, Chopra gave due credit to Sarkar, and Natty Subramaniam (the film's cinematographer), for providing the vintage visuals.<ref name="ref1">{{cite web|access-date=20 October 2007 |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/interview/vidhu-vinod-chopra.html |title="Small people with big egos, not for me!" – Vidhu Vinod Chopra |publisher=Indiainfo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090111062515/http://movies.indiainfo.com/interview/vidhu-vinod-chopra.html |archive-date=11 January 2009 }}</ref> [[Saif Ali Khan]] once said that the film was initially attempted to be made in a contemporary way. When the film's crew did not find the depiction appealing, the filming began with the 60s look.<ref name="refsaif">{{cite web|access-date=22 October 2007 |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/interview/saif-ali-khan.html |title=Saif Ali Khan spills Parineeta secrets! |publisher=Indiainfo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818211313/http://movies.indiainfo.com/interview/saif-ali-khan.html |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref>

Chopra once cited an interesting anecdote about his belief in Sarkar's film-making abilities. He said that he never personally signed the [[cheques]] for the film's expenditure. He transferred money into Sarkar's bank account and the cheques were eventually signed by Sarkar and his spouse.<ref name="chopra1"/>

=== Casting ===
Chopra said in an interview that [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Vidya Balan]] were not the first choices for the lead roles in ''Parineeta''.<ref name="ref1"/> In fact, [[Abhishek Bachchan]] was being cast as Shekhar and [[Saif Ali Khan]] as Girish. However Abhishek walked out of the project and Saif readily was accepted as a replacement. This fact was corroborated by Saif in an interview<ref name="refsaif"/> when he said that even though Sarkar had faith in his abilities, Chopra was not too keen on having him. [[Akshaye Khanna]] was also offered Shekhar Rai's role, but he refused—a decision he later regretted.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxy47a7zpRU <nowiki>[38]</nowiki>]

The choice of Vidya Balan came with Sarkar's prior work experience with her in three music videos.<ref name="balan2">{{cite web|access-date=23 October 2007 |first=Ronjita |last=Kulkarni |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/08vidya2.htm |title=How it began for Vidya? |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109164805/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/08vidya2.htm |archive-date= 9 November 2007 }}</ref> Chopra said that Vidya was screen-tested for six months and only then they were sure of her acting abilities.<ref name="ref1"/> Saif once said that he was not convinced of Vidya's abilities, since ''Parineeta'' was to be her first film.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=23 October 2007 |first=Ronjita |last=Kulkarni |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/08vidya1.htm |title=Meet the new girl in Saif's life! |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917041550/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/08vidya1.htm |archive-date=17 September 2007 }}</ref> He instead hoped to work with established actresses like [[Aishwarya Rai]] or [[Rani Mukherjee]]. However, after seeing Vidya portray the character of Lalita, he was thoroughly appreciative of her performance.<ref name="refsaif"/> Getting an opportunity to debut with big names from the industry along with a lovely character to portray made Vidya accept the role of Lalita.<ref name="balan2"/>

The choice of [[Sanjay Dutt]] was because of his versatility, said Chopra in an interview. He also said that the affable nature of Sanjay was a plus during film making.<ref name="ref1"/>

[[Sreelekha Mitra]] was approached to portray the role of Gayatri but she refused due to her pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Ranita |date=2023-03-24 |title='অনেক স্মৃতি, আমার বিয়ের দু'দিন আগেও দাদা একটা বিজ্ঞাপনের জন্য ফোন করেছিলেন' |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sreelekha-mitra-write-up-on-her-memory-with-director-pradeep-sarkar-31679654441806.html |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324190944/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sreelekha-mitra-write-up-on-her-memory-with-director-pradeep-sarkar-31679654441806.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The role then went to [[Dia Mirza]] who liked the script so well that she chose to play the role in spite of it being small.<ref name="diyaraima">{{cite web|access-date=23 October 2007 |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/interview/diya-raima.html |title=Interview – Diya Mirza and Raima sen |publisher=Indiainfo.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070816091013/http://movies.indiainfo.com/interview/diya-raima.html |archive-date=16 August 2007 }}</ref> [[Raima Sen]] had a similar story with her want to work with the duo of Chopra and Sarkar.<ref name="diyaraima"/> The cameo of the veteran actress, [[Rekha]] was purely out of her interest in the song, "Kaisi Paheli Zindgani".<ref name="ref1"/>

=== Filming and music ===
Since Sarkar knew the city of [[Kolkata]] very well, the film was primarily shot there.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=24 October 2007 |first=Rohini |last=Bhandari |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/boc/?file=story&id=5367 |title=Interview – Pradeep Sarkar |publisher=Businessofcinema.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012215827/http://www.businessofcinema.com/boc/?file=story&id=5367 |archive-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> While most of the film was made in Kolkata, a small portion was shot in Darjeeling.<ref name="chopra2"/>

To re-create the 60s era, lot of efforts were made by the producers. For instance, Chopra said that it cost them money and difficulty to procure the green coloured car which was driven by Shekhar in the film. Chopra confirmed the authenticity of the piano used in the song "Piyu Bole",<ref name="ref1"/> and of the toy train used in the song "Kasto Mazza".<ref name="ref1"/><ref name="balan2"/> About the look of the characters, Mirza said that the 60s look was well captured by the make-up artist, Vidyadar.<ref name="diyaraima"/> The song "Kaisi Paheli Zindagani" was based on the tune to [[Louis Armstrong]]'s "[[A Kiss to Build a Dream on]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id%3D090905092530 |title=Planet Bollywood |access-date=22 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809192446/http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=090905092530 |archive-date=9 August 2011 }}</ref>

Critics had high expectations from ''Parineeta''<nowiki/>'s music because of the award-winning music that was provided in some of Chopra's previous films, such as ''[[1942: A Love Story]]'' (1994) and ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiafm.com/movies/musicreview/11638/index.html |access-date=26 October 2007 |title=Music Review: Parineeta |publisher=Indiafm.com |first=Joginder |last=Tuteja |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107123023/http://www.indiafm.com/movies/musicreview/11638/index.html |archive-date= 7 November 2006 }}</ref> [[Shantanu Moitra]], ''Parineeta''{{'}}s music director composed hundreds of tunes before six of them got finalised after a year's effort. After finalizing the soundtrack, Chopra was appreciative of the musician's abilities when he said that Moitra has the potential to become another [[R. D. Burman]], a yesteryear [[Bollywood]] music director.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2005/06/24/stories/2005062400130300.htm |access-date=26 October 2007 |title=An entertainer ''par excellence'' |work=Business Line |first=V. |last=Gangadhar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627041240/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2005/06/24/stories/2005062400130300.htm |archive-date=27 June 2007 }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Box-office and ratings ===
''Parineeta'' collected over Rs 170 million in India at the end of 2005. Its overseas success was notable as well with gross collections of Rs. 36 million in the United Kingdom, Rs. 35 million in North America, and Rs 15 million in the rest of the overseas.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas.htm |title=BoxOfficeIndia.com – Overseas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016061110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/overseas.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref>

=== Reviews, critiques and controversies ===
Before its release on 10 June 2005, Subhash K. Jha in a preview wondered how the film would fare at the box office. Citing comparisons with the [[Parineeta (1953 film)|1953 version]], the preview suggested that debutant director, Sarkar's inexperience in film-making, the probable inability of debutant actress, Balan to portray Lalita's character appropriately, suitable 1960s depiction by contemporary actors and musician, Shantanu Moitra's until-then unimpressive soundtracks, could be impediments to a successful adaptation.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=27 October 2007 |url=http://www.bollywood.com/archives/2005/06/parineeta_could.html |title=Parineeta could rekindle soft, nostalgic feelings... |first=Subhash K. |last=Jha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808033803/http://www.bollywood.com/archives/2005/06/parineeta_could.html |archive-date=8 August 2007}}</ref>

Post-release, the same critic said, "Vidhu Vinod Chopra's "''Parineeta''" – a remake of an old classic of the same name...(had) the love story (which) was received well by the younger generation and it went on to become the biggest hit of the year."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=27 October 2007 |url=http://www.bollywood.com/archives/2006/10/why_is_bollywoo.html |title=Why is Bollywood obsessed with remakes |first=Arpana |last=Indo-Asian News Service |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070105005336/http://www.bollywood.com/archives/2006/10/why_is_bollywoo.html |archive-date=5 January 2007 }}</ref> Dinesh Raheja of [[Rediff.com]] termed the film as "...a beautiful story, beautifully told. It approximates what most of us expect, and increasingly yearn for, in vain, our cinematic experience."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=27 October 2007 |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/10pari.htm |title=Parineeta is a must watch |first=Dinesh |last=Raheja |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102070055/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/10pari.htm |archive-date=2 November 2007 }}</ref>

3000 copies of the novella were sold within weeks of the film's release, owing to the film's good reception.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=27 October 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Parineeta-the-hot-new-bestseller/articleshow/1156282.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018162517/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-06-30/news-interviews/27837778_1_novel-copies-book-sales |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2012 |title='Parineeta': the hot new bestseller |first=Avijit |last=Ghosh |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=30 June 2005}}</ref>

[[Derek Elley]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote, "A character-driven meller that's a treat for the eyes, with performances to match, "''Parineeta''" is high-end Bollywood near its best". He also says that, "though the climax is still emotionally powerful, it comes over as overcooked."<ref>{{cite news|access-date=27 October 2007 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117929519.html?categoryId=31&cs=1 |title=Parineeta: Film Review |first=Derek |last=Elley |work=Variety |date=7 February 2006}}</ref> A mixed review from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' says "Pradeep Sarkar weaves the story like magic, especially in the first half ... excelling in the detailing ... the vintage look of the film (that stood out) with authentic costumes, props and the roads of Kolkata". However, the review criticised the film's climax terming it as amateur, thereby diluting the whole film's impact.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sarita |last=Tanvar |access-date=27 October 2007 |url=http://www.mid-day.com/hitlist/2005/june/111357.htm |title=Film Review: Parineeta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024165347/http://www.mid-day.com/hitlist/2005/june/111357.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 }}</ref> Another such review came from ''[[The Hindu]]'' which begins by saying "A simple enough story, but Sarkar tells it well, with some great shots of Shekhar and Lalita together." The review eventually says "Except for the end ... where it is too much to bear."<ref>{{cite news|first=Susan |last=Muthalaly |access-date=27 October 2007 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/17/stories/2005061703310300.htm |title=Parineeta: Sensuous and crisp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107135600/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/06/17/stories/2005061703310300.htm  |archive-date=7 November 2007}}</ref>

The issue of piracy cropped up when a news article published in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' exposed the dark side of the film market. Hardly into weeks of the film's release, CDs were being sold at as low as Rs. 40.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=27 October 2007 |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=135783 |title=National awards: Big B, Sarika win top honours |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014024854/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=135783 |archive-date=14 October 2007 }}</ref> Another blemish was that Soumitra Dasgupta, a writer and close associate of Sarkar alleged that the film's story had a striking resemblance to his parallel work on the novella.<ref>{{cite news|first=Bhaarati K. |last=Dubey |access-date=27 October 2007 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018162525/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-10-15/mumbai/27862155_1_film-claims-pradeep-sarkar |url-status=live |archive-date=18 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Writer claims credit for Parineeta |date=15 October 2005}}</ref>

== Screenings ==
In 2005, ''Parineeta''{{'}}s cast got a [[red carpet]] walk when it was the "World Premiere Film" at the [[IIFA Awards|International Indian Film Awards]] (IIFA) weekend in Amsterdam.<ref name="IIFA1">{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/06/26/stories/2005062600120200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104152206/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/06/26/stories/2005062600120200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2007 |first=Susan |last=Muthalaly |title=Bollywood's mark on the tulip fields |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 June 2005}}</ref> Owing to this European premiere, Sarkar said that the film had a great opening in the American and English box-offices.<ref name="IIFA1"/> The film was on the UK Top Ten films for four consecutive weeks.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://chennaionline.com/film/Events/2006/06iifa.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614120451/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Events/2006/06iifa.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 June 2006 |first=R |last=Rangaraj |title=IIFA to showcase South films in Dubai }}</ref>

The film was chosen among 15 debut works for the 2006 [[Berlin Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14122915 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715032819/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14122915 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=Parineeta chosen for Berlin Film Festival}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2006/08_pressemitteilungen_2006/08_Pressemitteilungen_2006-Detail_2782.html |title=Press Release – 20 January 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208020703/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2006/08_pressemitteilungen_2006/08_Pressemitteilungen_2006-Detail_2782.html |archive-date= 8 February 2012 }}</ref> It received enthusiastic reception from the audience as it ran to packed houses to the Chopra's surprise. Expecting an audience of about 100 Westerners, a critic visiting the festival was surprised to see the cinema hall full and people jostling for seats even on the steps.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2006/parineeta-022706.html |work=Filmibeat |title=Parineeta draws rave response at Berlin Film Fest|access-date=22 December 2023|date=27 February 2006|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231222134531/https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2006/parineeta-022706.html|archive-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

At the 24th Annual [[Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival]] held in April 2006, ''Parineeta'' was the only Indian mainstream cinema to feature among 135 films from 40 countries.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://www.mnfilmarts.org/m-spiff/2006/index2.html |title=24th Annual Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630144802/http://www.mnfilmarts.org/m-spiff/2006/index2.html |archive-date=30 June 2007 }}</ref>

In 2006, the film featured in the [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |url=http://128.97.165.17/showevent.asp?eventid=3995 |first=Therese |last=Hayes |title=2006 Palm Springs International Film Festival |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528223500/http://128.97.165.17/showevent.asp?eventid=3995 |archive-date=28 May 2011 }}</ref> 24th [[San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival]], [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |title=2006 Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles |url=http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/line_up_release.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621182138/http://www.indianfilmfestival.org/line_up_release.html |archive-date=21 June 2007}}</ref> [[Helsinki Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |title=2006 Helsinki Film Festival |url=http://2006.hiff.fi/elokuvat/elokuva.html?elokuva_id=162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107103845/http://2006.hiff.fi/elokuvat/elokuva.html?elokuva_id=162 |archive-date=7 November 2007}}</ref> and the [[International Film Festival of Marrakech]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=26 October 2007 |title=6th International Film Festival of Marrakech |url=http://www.festivalmarrakech.info/Sunday-3-December-2006_a368.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211154520/http://www.festivalmarrakech.info/Sunday-3-December-2006_a368.html |archive-date=11 December 2007 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
At the [[53rd National Film Awards]], Sarkar won the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]].

; [[51st Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] – [[Vidya Balan]]
* [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award]] – Shantanu Moitra
* [[Filmfare Best Choreography Award|Best Choreography]] – Howard Rosemeyer for "Kaisi Paheli"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]] – Keshto Mandal, [[Pradeep Sarkar]] and Tanushree Sarkar
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – Bishwadeep Chatterjee

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Pradeep Sarkar
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Saif Ali Khan]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – Vidya Balan
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Sanjay Dutt]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[Shantanu Moitra]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Swanand Kirkire]] for "Piyu Bole"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Sonu Nigam]] for "Piyu Bole"
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Shreya Ghoshal]] for "Piyu Bole"
* Best Female Playback Singer – [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] for "Kaisi Paheli"

== Home media ==
The first version of the DVD version of ''Parineeta'' was released by [[UTV Motion Pictures]] on 30 October 2006. It has subtitle options in English, Arabic, Spanish, German, Italian, Malay, and French. An additional disc includes interviews with the actors and a behind the scenes look at the making of the film. It is available in [[Aspect ratio (image)#1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1, 1.78:1 and 16:9 standard widescreen|16:9]] [[Anamorphic widescreen]], [[Dolby Digital#Dolby Digital Surround EX|Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround]], [[Progressive scan|progressive]] 24 [[Frame rate|FPS]], [[widescreen]] and [[NTSC]] format.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=20 October 2007 |url=http://store.nehaflix.com/pasdudvd.html |title=Parineeta DVD - Nehaflix.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103141135/http://store.nehaflix.com/pasdudvd.html |archive-date= 3 November 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=20 October 2007 |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B000JLSR64 |title=Parineeta DVD – Amazon.co.uk}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Parineeta
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 April 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 7:29
| label = [[Tips Industries|Tips Music]] (2005-2018) [[Zee Music Company]] (2018-present)
| producer = [[Shantanu Moitra]]
| prev_title = [[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]
| prev_year = 2005
| next_title = [[Yahaan]]
| next_year = 2005
}}
The soundtrack to ''Parineeta'' was released by Tips Music in 10 April 2005. It received positive reviews, with a reviewer stating, "praising the soundtrack of Parineeta leaves you at a loss for superlatives. In each song, the trend was great singing, great composition, and great lyrics". It was later re-released by [[Zee Music Company]] in 2018. [[Shantanu Moitra]] composed the music and Lyrics were penned by [[Swanand Kirkire]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Music Review – Parineeta |access-date=20 October 2007 |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Parineeta/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009223928/http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/Parineeta/ |archive-date= 9 October 2007 }}</ref>

Vocals were supplied by [[Sonu Nigam]] (for Khan), [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (for Balan) and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]] (for Rekha), with [[Rita Ganguly]] and [[K. S. Chithra]].

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Piyu Bole
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 4:21
| title2 = Kasto Mazza
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:43
| title4 = Soona Man Ka Aangan
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title3 = Kaisi Paheli Zindagani
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length3 = 4:03
| title5 = Raat Hamari Toh
| extra5 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| length5 = 5:19
| title6 = Dhinak Dhinak Dha
| extra6 = [[Rita Ganguly]]
| length6 = 3:53
| title7 = Hui Main Parineeta
| extra7 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length7 = 2:23
| all_writing =
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| total_length =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qxy47a7zpRU |title=Akshaye Khanna opens up on premature balding, Aamir Khan stealing his role and more |date=2020-01-01 |last=midday india |access-date=2025-12-29 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0437407|Parineeta}}
* ''[http://www.rediff.com/movies/parineeta.htm Parineeta]'' at [[Rediff.com]]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20081225054520/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/11638/index.html Parineeta]'' at [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{Pradeep Sarkar}}
{{Vidhu Vinod Chopra}}
{{Vinod Chopra Films}}
{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}
{{Parineeta}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay]]
[[Category:Films set in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pradeep Sarkar]]
[[Category:Durga Puja in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Eros International]]

Siege of Warangal (1310)

2026-03-24T17:38:26Z

ColumbusCoffman: new new details w/ infobox

{{Short description|1310 siege in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Other uses|Siege of Warangal (disambiguation){{!}}Siege of Warangal}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Warangal (1310)
| width =
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = {{start and end dates|1310|1|19|1310|2|16|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=19|year1=1310|month2=2|day2=16|year2=1310}})}}
| place = [[Warangal]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Stalemate •Both parties agreed to a truce.
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Kakatiya dynasty]]
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| commander2 = [[File:Sultan of Delhi Flag according to the Catalan Atlas (1375).png|23px]] [[Malik Kafur]]
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In late 1309, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] sent his general [[Malik Kafur]] on an expedition to the [[Kakatiya]] capital [[Warangal]]. Malik Kafur reached Warangal in January 1310, after conquering a fort on the Kakatiya frontier and ransacking their territory. After a month-long siege, the [[Kakatiya]] ruler [[Prataparudra]] decided to negotiate a truce, and surrendered a huge amount of wealth to the Delhi Sultanate, besides promising to send annual [[tribute]]s to [[Delhi]].

== Background ==

In the early 13th century, the [[Deccan]] region of southern India was an immensely wealthy area, having been shielded from the foreign armies that had ransacked northern India.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=186}} The [[Kakatiya dynasty]] ruled the eastern part of the Deccan, with their capital at [[Warangal]]. In 1296, before Alauddin ascended the throne of Delhi, he had [[Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri|raided Devagiri]], the capital of the Kakatiyas' neighbours the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]]. The immense plunder obtained from Devagiri prompted him to plan an invasion of Warangal. After his [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Ranthambore|conquest of Ranthambore]] in 1301, Alauddin had ordered his general [[Ulugh Khan]] to prepare for a march to Warangal, but Ulugh Khan's untimely death put an end to this plan.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}}

=== 1302-1303 expedition ===

In late 1302 or early 1303, Alauddin himself [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)|marched to Chittor]], and dispatched another army to Warangal. The army headed to Warangal was led by Malik Juna (or Jauna) and Malik Chajju (or Jhujhu). Malik Juna (Senior) was the son of [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq|Ghazi Malik]], and held the office of ''dadbek-i-hazrat''. Malik Chajju was a nephew of Alauddin's late general [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]], and the governor of [[Kara, Uttar Pradesh|Kara]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=93}}

This Warangal campaign of 1302-1303 ended in disaster, as attested by multiple medieval chroniclers. By the time this army returned close to Delhi in the winter of 1303, it had suffered severe losses in terms of men and baggage,{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}} and was unable to enter Delhi to help Alauddin fight against the Mongols, who had [[Mongol invasion of India, 1303|besieged Delhi]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=369}}

According to the 14th century chronicler [[Ziauddin Barani]], this Delhi army had managed to reach Warangal, but decided to return because the rainy season had started.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=97}} The 16th century chronicler [[Firishta]] states that this army was ordered to reach Warangal via [[Bengal]], even though a shorter route passed through central India. Historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] suggests that this decision might have been taken because Alauddin had not yet conquered the [[Malwa]] region in central India.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}} However, historian [[Kishori Saran Lal]] theorizes that Alauddin wanted to conquer Bengal, which had been a part of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Mamluk dynasty]], but had since become independent.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=95}} Firishta simply states the Delhi army returned "confused and shattered without accomplishing anything": his writings do not clarify whether the army reached Warangal or not.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=96}} Lal speculates that the Delhi army met with a humiliating defeat in Bengal,{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=93}} which was ruled by [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah|Shamsuddin Firoz]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=97}} He theorizes that an embarrassed Alauddin decided to keep this failure a secret, which explains Barani's narrative.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=97}} On the other hand, [[P. V. Parabrahma Sastry|P. V. P. Sastry]] believes that a Kakatiya army repulsed the invaders at [[Upparapalle|Upparapalli]], based on ''Velugoṭivāri-Vamṣavāli'', which states that two Kakatiya commanders destroyed the pride of the [[Turkic peoples|Turushka]]s (Turkic people).{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=132}}

== Malik Kafur's march to Warangal ==

In 1308, Malik Kafur had defeated the [[Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadavas]], the neighbours of the Kakatiyas, and the Yadava king [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] had become a [[vassal]] of Alauddin.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|pp=192-193}} According to the Delhi courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], Alauddin ordered Malik Kafur to invade the Kakatiya kingdom on 31 October 1309.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=194}}

As the Kakatiya territory was unfamiliar to the Delhi forces, Alauddin recommended lenient treatment of the troops, so as to avoid any resentment or revolt. He instructed Malik Kafur to cooperate closely with the officers such as Malik Sirajuddin and Ariz-i-Mumalik.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=194}} He asked Kafur to respect the other commanders in the Delhi forces, but also cautioned him not to become too gentle which would make them disobedient. He advised Kafur not to remain in Kakatiya territory for long, and to accept a tribute from Prataparudra instead of bringing him to Delhi as a prisoner.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=366}}

Alauddin made arrangements for rapid communication of news about the expedition by establishing ''thana''s (posts) all along the route from [[Tilpat]] near Delhi to the army's current position. At every post and town along the route, fast-running horses and news-writers were stationed. Along the roads, foot-runners were stationed at regular distances to carry messages.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=404}} This arrangement ensured that Alauddin was updated about the army's situation every alternate 2–3 days. It also ensured that the army was immune from any false rumors about the happenings in Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=405}}

Malik Kafur started his march from Delhi to Warangal with a huge army. He first visited his own fief of [[Rewari]], and then continued his journey southwards.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=195}} Nine days after starting its march, the army encamped at a place, whose modern identity is unknown. This place was either called [[Masudpur]], or known after Masud, a son of [[Iltutmish]]. The army resumed its march on 13 November 1309, passing through a difficult terrain.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=405}} Over the next 6 days, the army crossed five rivers at [[ford (crossing)|fords]]: Jun (identified as a small tributary of [[Yamuna River|Yamuna]]); [[Chambal River|Chambal]]; Binas (identified with [[Banas River|Banas]], [[Kali Sindh River|Kali Sindh]] or its tributary Niwaj); [[Kwari River|Kwari]]; and Bhoji (identified with [[Betwa River|Betwa]] or [[Pahuj River|Pahuj]]).{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=405}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=195}}

According to Amir Khusrau, Malik Kafur halted at a place called Sultanpur (also known as Irajpur) for four days. The modern identity of this place is not certain. Barani mentions that several [[emir|amirs]] met Kafur at [[Chanderi]], but Amir Khusrau does not mention Chanderi at all. Therefore, historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]] suggests that Irajpur might be Irich near [[Chanderi]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=406}}

Kafur resumed his march on 25 November 1309, marching on a stony road. On 5 December 1309, he reached Khandar, whose modern identity is also uncertain. Here, he halted for 14 days to conduct a thorough review of the army. After resuming its march, the army crossed the [[Narmada River]]. Eight days later, the army reached Nilkanth, a place located within the frontier region of the Yadava kingdom. As the Yadava king was now a vassal of Alauddin, the army was instructed not to ransack the area. During the two-day halt at Nilkanth, Kafur made inquiries about the road ahead. He resumed his march on 30 December 1309.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=406}}

In Devagiri, Ramachandra provided the necessary support to the Delhi army. On the route connecting Devagiri to Warangal, he established markets, where Malik Kafur's soldiers could buy things at the rates fixed by Alauddin. He also reinforced the Delhi army with his own troops, and even escorted Malik Kafur for some distance.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=195}}

According to Khusrau, before entering the Kakatiya territory, the Delhi army halted at Bavagarh (misread as "Basiragarh" or "Bijainagar" by some translators). This place was located in a [[doab]] between the rivers Basihar (also Yashr or Bihar) and Baragi (or Buji), close to a [[diamond mine]]. It has been identified with modern Wairagarh in [[Gadchiroli district]]; the names of the rivers in Khusrau's writings appear to be corrupt: at least one of them must be [[Wainganga River|Wainganga]] or one of its tributaries.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=406}}{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=196}}

== Fall of Sabar ==

After entering the Kakatiya territory, Malik Kafur started ransacking the towns and villages on his way to Warangal.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=197}}

The same day Malik Kafur reached Bavagarh, he led a cavalry unit to besiege Sabar, a fort located within the Kakatiya frontier region.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=407}} Historian Kishori Saran Lal identifies Sabar with modern [[Sirpur (T)|Sirpur]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=196}} Khusrau's account suggests that this was a surprise attack for the defenders: faced with a certain defeat, some of them committed suicide with their wives and children in a ''[[jauhar]]'' fire. Some others, probably including the fort's commander, were killed after Kafur's soldiers entered the fort. The surviving defenders were ready to fight to death, but then a truce was negotiated because of intervention by Khwaja Haji. Ananir (or Ananur), a brother of the fort's commander, was found hiding in a field.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=407}} He surrendered to the invaders, and was appointed as the fort's new governor by Malik Kafur.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=197}} Some of the refugees from Sabar fled to Warangal.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=407}}

The various Kakatiya feudatories marched to Warangal, instead of intercepting the Delhi army on the route leading to Warangal. This made Malik Kafur's job easier, as he had to now besiege just one fort: that of Warangal.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=407}}

== Warangal besieged ==
[[File:Warangal IMG 4250.JPG|thumb|Ruins of the Warangal fort]]

The Delhi army left Sabar on 14 January 1310, and on 18 January, it reached a place which Amir Khusrau calls "Kunarbal". While the invaders pitched their camp, Kafur dispatched a 1000-strong cavalry unit for [[reconnaissance]]. This unit captured [[Hanamkonda]] ("Anam Konda" in Khusrau's writings), where Warangal town was clearly visible from.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=198}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=407}} The unit encountered three Hindu horsemen, killed one of them, and sent his body to Malik Kafur.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=407}}

Malik Kafur examined the Warangal fort twice, before besieging it.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=197}} The fortification at Warangal comprised an inner stone fort surrounded by a ditch, and an outer mud fort surrounded by a [[moat]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=198}} The Kakatiya king Prataparudra lived in the inner stone fort.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=408}}

On 19 January 1310, Malik Kafur pitched his tent on the Hanamkonda hill. The Delhi commander Nasir-ul-mulk Siraj-ud-daula Khwaja Haji assigned his soldiers in such a way that the Warangal fort was completely surrounded. Every [[tumen (unit)|tuman]] (unit of 10,000 soldiers) was assigned a piece of land around the fort, and a strong wooden wall was constructed around the tents to secure them against attacks from the countryside.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=408}}

The Kakatiyas also assigned commanders to guard each tower (''kangura'') of the fort.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=197}} According to the 16th century Telugu chronicle ''Pratapa-Charita'', the outer fort had 70 [[bastion]]s, each of which was defended by a ''nayaka'' (commander).{{sfn|P. V. P. Sastry|1978|p=132}} The defenders threw stones and bricks at the attackers.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=197}} One night, the Kakatiya governor Vinayaka Deva (also called Banik Deo or Manik-deva) led a [[sortie]] with a 1000-strong cavalry. Both the sides lost several soldiers in this conflict, but ultimately, the Kakatiyas were forced to abort their attack.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=198}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=408}}

During Vinayaka Deva's sortie, the invaders captured some of the defenders, who revealed that three elephants had been stationed at Dhamdum, a town near Warangal. The Delhi commander Malik Qara Beg Maisara was dispatched to seize these elephants. Although they were moved to another place, Qara Beg succeeded in capturing them.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=408}}

Malik Kafur ordered that stone balls be gathered for the stone-throwing machines (''manjaniq maghribi'') that were positioned all around the encircled fort, so presumably the defenders also had stone catapults and threw stone balls at Kafur's army.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Konstantin S Nossov|title=Indian Castles 1206–1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1780969855|page=44}}</ref> The invaders filled the outer moat at one place with mud, stones and other objects.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=198}} They then advanced to the outer mud wall: on one side of the fort, the invaders broke the wall with blows of hard stones; on the other side, they breached several doors with the help of ''munjaniq'' [[siege engine]]s. During the night of 13 February, Malik Kafur had his soldiers build tall ladders to scale the ramparts for a decisive assault.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=408}} The next morning, the invaders launched a determined assault on the outer fort, and captured it by 16 February.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=409}}

The invaders now needed to cross the inner ditch, and breach the inner stone fort. However, this was a very challenging task: According to Khusrau, the walls of the inner fort were "so smooth that an ant could not climb them". The fort was so well-constructed that it was impossible to breach it using ''munjaniq'' siege engines or [[pick-axe]]s.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=409}}

== Prataparudra's surrender ==

By this time, the people inside the Warangal fort were facing a dire situation because of the prolonged siege.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=199}} As the invaders were thinking how to breach the inner fort, the Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra decided to surrender.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=409}} According to Barani's account, once Alauddin did not receive any updates on the siege for over a month (presumably because the communication arrangements made by him had been disrupted by the enemy activities). He sent his emissary Qazi Mughisuddin of [[Bayana]] to the reputed Muslim saint Shaikh [[Nizamuddin Auliya|Nizamuddin Aulia]], requesting the saint to prophesize the outcome of the siege. The saint prophesied Alauddin's victory in Warangal and in other future campaigns. On the same day, Alauddin received news about his army's victory in Warangal.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=199}}

The Muslim chroniclers state that Prataparudra sent Malik Kafur a golden statue of himself with a chain round its neck to symbolize his unconditional surrender.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=409}} He offered the invaders a substantial amount of wealth including precious stones, elephants and horses. Malik Kafur, following Alauddin's instructions, asked him to surrender ''all'' his wealth, and threatened to massacre the city's population if he was found withholding any wealth. Prataparudra agreed to these terms. According to Barani, the wealth surrendered by him to Malik Kafur included 100 elephants, 7000 horses, and many precious articles.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=199}} Amir Khan states that the total wealth surrendered by Prataparudra was "more than the minds of the wise could apprehend". He also jokingly prayed to God to keep Prataparudra alive till the day of the [[Last Judgment]], because the Kakatiya ruler promised to pay a huge annual tribute to the Delhi Sultanate. Khusrau quotes a messenger of Prataparudra as saying that one of the surrendered precious stones was "unrivaled in the world": the wise philosophers refused to believe that such a substance could even exist. The 18th century chronicler [[Khafi Khan]] identified this precious stone as the famous [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=410}}

The invading army was not able to breach the inner fort of Warangal, and Prataparudra did not personally submit to Malik Kafur: only his envoys met the invaders to negotiate the truce. The 14th century chronicler [[Isami (historian)|Isami]] states that Malik Kafur also gifted Prataparudra a "robe of honour embroidered with jewels" after the peace treaty.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=200}}

== Aftermath ==

Malik Kafur started his return journey to Delhi on 20 March 1310, after conducting a review of his army. He reached Delhi on 9 June,{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=410}} via [[Devagiri]], [[Dhar]] and [[Jhain]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=200}}

On 23 June 1310, Malik Kafur formally presented the loot from Warangal to Sultan Alauddin in a ''[[durbar (court)|darbar]]'' organized at Chabutra-i Nasiri near the [[Gates of Delhi|Badaun Gate]].{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=200}} The loot was carried on a thousand camels, and arrangements were made for the public to see the treasure.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=410}} Alauddin was very pleased with Kafur, and rewarded him generously.{{sfn|Kishori Saran Lal|1950|p=200}}

In 1310, Prataparudra contributed the majority of the troops for Alauddin's [[Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandya kingdom|campaigns]] against the [[Pandyas]], his southern neighbours. Subsequently, he appears to have stopped paying tribute to the Delhi Sultanate.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=135}} This resulted in another Delhi Sultanate expedition against him after Alauddin's death. In this [[Siege of Warangal (1318)|1318 expedition]], [[Khusrau Khan]] extracted tribute from him. After the fall of the Khalji dynasty, Prataparudra was decisively defeated by an [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|expedition]] sent in 1323 by the Delhi Sultanate's new ruler [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]]. He was captured, and according to most accounts, died while being taken to Delhi.{{sfn|Cynthia Talbot|2001|p=176}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |editor-last2=Nizami |editor-first2=Khaliq Ahmad |editor-link2=K. A. Nizami |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib |editor-link=Mohammad Habib |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |publisher=The [[Indian History Congress]] / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180}}
* {{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSfoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-513661-6}}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335}}
* {{cite book |author=P. V. P. Sastry |author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228}}
{{ref end}}

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate|Warangal]]
[[Category:Kakatiya kingdom]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1310|Warangal]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Kakatiya dynasty]]

Swahid Smarak Kshetra

2026-03-24T04:24:25Z

ColumbusCoffman: new the post needs work

{{Infobox building
| name = Swahid Smarak Kshetra
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = as
| status = Complete
| image = Swahid Smarak Kshetra.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| location = Boragaon, [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| iso_region =
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1075|91.6833|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| construction_start_date = 2020
| completion_date = 2025<ref name="ET">{{cite web |title= Assam CM unveils Swahid Smarak Kshetra, honours 860 martyrs|date = 11 December 2025 |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/assam-cm-unveils-swahid-smarak-kshetra-honours-860-martyrs/articleshow/125896684.cms |website= economictimes.com |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>
| architect =
| map_caption =
| building_type = Public monument
| antenna_spire =
| roof = {{convert|225|ft|m|0}}
| structural_engineer =
| main_contractor = TD Architects
}}

'''Swahid Smarak Kshetra''' is a memorial and park in Boragaon, [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], India, dedicated to the martyrs of the historic [[Assam Movement]] (1979–1985). The memorial commemorates the sacrifice of 860 numbers of agitators who lost their lives during the mass movement that sought to protect the cultural, linguistic and territorial identity of Assam.<ref name="ET"/>

==Background==
{{main|Assam Movement}}
The Assam Movement, also known as the Anti-Foreigners Agitation, was a [[popular uprising]] in [[Assam]], India, from 1979 to 1985, with the demand to the [[Government of India]] to detect and deport illegal [[alien (law)|alien]]s.<ref>"[T]he movement leaders demanded that the central government take steps to identify, disenfranchise, and deport illegal aliens."{{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=1184}}</ref><ref name="Baruah">{{harvcol|Baruah|1999|p=116}}: "The citizenship status of many of the newer immigrants was ambiguous[...] The campaign also led to friction between the ethnic Assamese and some of Assam's "plains tribal" groups."</ref> Led by [[All Assam Students Union]] (AASU) and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) the movement defined a six-year period of sustained [[civil disobedience]] campaigns, political instability and widespread ethnic violence.<ref>"The years since 1979 saw governmental instability, sustained civil disobedience campaigns, and some of the worst ethnic violence in the history of post-independence India, including the killing of 3,000 people during the February 1983 election." {{harvcol|Baruah|1986|p=1184}}</ref> The movement ended with the [[Assam Accord]] in 1985.<ref>{{harvcol|Baruah|1986}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Implementation of Assam Accord|url=https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/information-services/martyrs-of-assam-agitation|website=assamaccord.assam.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==
The foundation stone of the Swahid Smarak Kshetra was first laid on 10 December 2020 by then Chief Minister [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] on the occasion of Swahid Diwas (Martyrs’ Day). The project was envisioned to create a permanent landmark in memory of the Assam Agitation martyrs, whose struggles culminated in the [[Assam Accord]] of 1985.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title= Memorial To Honour Assam Movement Martyrs To Be Accessible By Next Year |date= 20 November 2024|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/memorial-for-assam-movement-martyrs-to-open-by-next-year/articleshow/115498400.cms |website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

For decades, Assam lacked a centralized, official memorial honoring the participants of this pivotal movement. The establishment of Swahid Smarak Kshetra marked the state's efforts to institutionalize collective remembrance and educate future generations about the movement's significance.

==Architecture==
The Swahid Smarak Kshetra complex is spread over approximately 116–117 bighas (about 38 acres) in the West Boragaon area of Guwahati.<ref name="AT">{{cite web |title= Assam honours 860 martyrs as Swahid Smarak opens; calls to defend identity grow |date = 10 December 2025 |url= https://assamtribune.com/assam/assam-honours-860-martyrs-as-swahid-smarak-opens-calls-to-defend-identity-grow-1600747 |website= assamtribune.com |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> The centrepiece will feature three 60-metre-tall statues representing abstract human figures.

Key features of the memorial include:

* A central memorial tower rising to about 67.2 m (225 ft), serving as the focal point of the complex.<ref name="AT"/>
* A Hall of Fame on the ground floor showcasing statues and busts of approximately 860 martyrs of the Assam Movement; where photographs are unavailable, names are inscribed on plaques.
* Galleries displaying photographs, historical documents, and memorabilia related to the agitation.<ref name="ANI"/>
* A meditation hall, auditorium (about 500 seats), and visitor facilities such as food courts, walking paths, lakes, and landscaped gardens.
* Recreational and public amenities including a cycling track, water features, and open-air spaces designed for reflection and education.
* A Swahid Pranam Jyoti (eternal flame) to perpetually honor the martyrs’ memory.<ref name="ET"/><ref name="AT"/>

==Inauguration==

The memorial was officially inaugurated on 10 December 2025 on occasion of Swahid Diwas by [[Chief Minister of Assam|Chief Minister]] [[Himanta Biswa Sarma|Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma]], with attendance by senior political figures and family members of martyrs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memorial for Assam Agitation martyrs unveiled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/memorial-for-assam-agitation-martyrs-unveiled/article70381149.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 February 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=11 December 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="ET"/> The inauguration ceremony featured tributes to the martyrs and recognition of their sacrifices.<ref name="ANI">{{cite web |title= Assam CM inaugurates Swahid Smarak Kshetra, pays tributes to Assam Movement martyrs |date = 10 December 2025 |url= https://www.aninews.in/news/national/politics/assam-cm-inaugurates-swahid-smarak-kshetra-pays-tributes-to-assam-movement-martyrs20251210215004/?amp=1 |website= aninews.in |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref>

The establishment of Swahid Smarak Kshetra drew nationwide attention, with both state and central leaders acknowledging its role in preserving Assam's heritage.<ref name="ANI"/> The memorial was described as a symbolic and educational space intended to inspire civic awareness and historical understanding among visitors.<ref name="AT"/>

==Significance==

Swahid Smarak Kshetra holds cultural and historical importance as Assam's first official memorial complex to honor the Assam Movement martyrs.<ref name="NE">{{cite web |title= Assam's First Official Memorial for 1979-85 Movement Martyr. Here's All About New 'Swahid Smarak Kshetra' |date = 9 December 2025 |url= https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/assam/assam-around-ne/assams-first-official-memorial-for-1979-85-movement-martyr-heres-all-about-new-swahid-smarak-kshetra/ |website= northeastlivetv.com |access-date=6 January 2026}}</ref> It represents the aspirations, struggles and sacrifices of young activists who participated in the six-year agitation against illegal immigration and for the protection of indigenous rights. The memorial also serves as a public space for reflection, commemoration, and cultural engagement.<ref name="NE"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Assam]]
[[Category:Guwahati]]

Phyllocnistis spatulata

2026-03-21T00:42:07Z

ColumbusCoffman: made a details

{{Short description|Species of moth}}

{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Phyllocnistis spatulata
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1928)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLSPAT Phyllocnistis spatulata Meyrick, 1928] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref>
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Phyllocnistis spatulata''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplant for the species is ''[[Lindera caudata]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10805586}}

[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Moths described in 1928]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]

{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}

Ardhagiri

2026-03-20T04:03:13Z

ColumbusCoffman: fixed details after review and updated info as per guidelines

{{moresources|date=May 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Ardhagiri
| other_name =
| photo = Ardhagiri View.JPG
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| photo_size = 220
| photo_alt =
| photo_caption = Ardhagiri Hill
| map = India Andhra Pradesh
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| location = Aragonda, [[Chittoor district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| label =
| label_position =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ref =
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| isolation_km =
| isolation_ref =
| parent_peak =
| listing =
| translation =
| language =
| pronunciation =
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.294831|N|78.951316|E|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| topo =
| type =
| age =
| volcanic_arc =
| volcanic_belt =
| volcanic_field =
| volcanic_arc/belt =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
| normal_route =
| access =
}}
[[File:Ardhagiri Hanuman Temple.jpg|thumb|'''Ardhagiri Hanuman Temple''']]
'''Ardhagiri''' is a hill where [[Hanuman]] temple is located. The hill is situated in [[Aragonda]] village of [[Chittoor district]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== History of the temple ==
[[File:Ardhagiri Temple Gopuram.jpg|thumb|'''Ardhagiri Temple Gopuram''']]
The name Ardhagiri came from an incident related to ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', when [[Lord Hanuman]] was transporting [[Sanjeevani (plant)|dronagiri Mountain]] (mountain that consists of herbs for life), in night time [[Bharata (Ramayana)|bharat]] brother of [[lord ram]] thought that some mountain is going to hurt; immediately he shot an arrow on hanuman. Due to its effect, half of the mountain fell down at this place and hence, the name ''Ardhagiri''. In the local language, it means Half Mountain (Ardha=half, giri=mountain). From then, people started worshipping hanuman in the name of veera anjaneya swamy. Many people, till today, come from all the world to collect the medicated water in the pond, besides to the temple. The clay in the mountain contains many medicinal properties and has a power to cure many types of skin problems. The water in the pond comes from different place from the mountain, touching many roots of medicinal plants.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nair|first1=Shantha|title=Sri Venkateshwara|date=2014|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-445-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CY9eAAAAQBAJ&dq=Ardhagiri&pg=PT23|accessdate=5 November 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Ardhagiri}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Hanuman temples]]
[[Category:12th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Hills of Andhra Pradesh]]

Puducherry Legislative Assembly

2026-03-15T11:30:57Z

ColumbusCoffman:

{{short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian union territory of Puducherry}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox legislature
| background_color = #009933
| name = Puducherry Legislative Assembly
| legislature = [[15th Puducherry Assembly]]
| coa_pic = Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png
| house_type = [[Unicameral]]
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = [[List of lieutenant governors of Puducherry|Lieutenant Governor]]
| leader1 = '''[[Kuniyil Kailashnathan|K. Kailashnathan]]'''
| election1 = 7 August 2024
| leader2_type = [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| leader2 = '''[[Embalam R. Selvam]]'''
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 16 June 2021
| leader3_type = Deputy Speaker<ref>{{cite web | title=Rajavelu assumes charge as Deputy Speaker of Puducherry Legislative Assembly | date=26 August 2021 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/Aug/26/rajavelu-assumescharge-as-deputyspeaker-of-puducherry-legislative-assembly-2350312.html }}</ref>
| leader3 = '''[[P. Rajavelu]]'''
| party3 = [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
| election3 = 26 Aug 2021
| leader4_type = [[List of chief ministers of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]
| leader4 = '''[[N. Rangasamy]]'''
| party4 = [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
| election4 = 7 May 2021
| leader5_type = Leader of the House
| leader5 = '''[[N. Rangasamy]]'''
| party5 = [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
| election5 = 8 May 2021
| leader6_type = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader6 = '''[[R. Siva]]'''
| party6 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| election6 = 8 May 2021
| leader7_type = Government Whip
| leader7 = '''[[A. K. D. Arumugam]]'''<ref>{{Cite web| title=The Gazette of Puducherry | url=https://styandptg.py.gov.in/2021/AUGUST/EXTRAORDINARYPART-I/162-PART-I%20dated%2025-8-2021.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811054825/https://styandptg.py.gov.in/2021/AUGUST/EXTRAORDINARYPART-I/162-PART-I%20dated%2025-8-2021.pdf | archive-date=2022-08-11}}</ref>
| party7 = [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
| election7 = 26 Aug 2021
| members = '''33'''{{efn|30 directly elected members and 3 appointed members by the [[Government of India]].}}
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[ File:Puducherry Party Wise as of February 2026.svg||300px]]|By party|[[File:Puducherry Alliance Wise as of February 2026.svg|300px]]|By alliance}}
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 = 
'''[[Government of Puducherry|Government]] (23)''' 
:{{Color box|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (23)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India N.R. Congress}}}} [[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]] (10)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (4)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} Nominated (3)<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/puducherry-rivals-differ-on-role-of-nominated-mlas-in-floor-test/articleshow/81123456.cms</ref>
'''Opposition (10)''' 
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}}} [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (8)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (6)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)
:{{Color box|{{Party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| first_election1 = [[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|11 August 1959]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
| next_election1 = [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|9 April 2026]]
| session_room =
| session_res = 200px
| meeting_place = Chief Secretariat of Puducherry, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| website = {{url|https://www.py.gov.in/}}
}}

The '''Puducherry Legislative Assembly''' is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (UT) of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], which comprises four districts: [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]], [[Karikal district|Karaikal]], [[Mahe district|Mahé]] and [[Yanam district|Yanam]]. Out of eight union territories of India, only three have legislatures and they are [[Delhi]]{{refn|group=note|Delhi Assembly existed between 1952 and 1956 as a part C state and re-established in 1993.<ref>[http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991]</ref>}}, [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]{{refn|group=note|Puducherry Assembly exist since 1962.}} and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]{{refn|group=note|was a state until 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-in-2021-after-delimitation-ec-sources-2230726.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir assembly election in 2021 after delimitation: EC sources|date=29 August 2019|website=Zee News|access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}. After delimitation shortly after its formation, the Puducherry legislative assembly has 30 seats, of which 5 are reserved for candidates from [[scheduled castes]] and 3 members are nominated by the [[Government of India]]. 30 members are elected directly by the people based on universal adult franchise . These nominated members enjoy the same powers as elected members of the assembly.

[[File:Puducherry Electoral Constituencies Map.svg|thumb|Pondicherry Assembly seats]]

Geographically, the area under the Puducherry UT consists of three disjointed regions, with Puducherry and Karaikal districts surrounded by districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], Yanam district an enclave of [[East Godavari district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and Mahé district bordered by districts of [[Kerala]]. The four districts were ruled by the French before they were integrated into India in 1962. For ease of administration, during French rule, the area under these four districts was divided into 39 assembly constituencies. After becoming a UT of India, Puducherry was divided into 30 assembly constituencies, which were restructured in 2005 by the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].

== History ==
=== Assembly during French rule ===
{{see|Representative Assembly of French India}}
{{see|Pondicherry Representative Assembly}}
In 1946, [[French India]] (''Inde française'') became [[Overseas territory (France)|Overseas territory]] (''[[Territoire d'outre-mer]]'') of France.
Then a [[Representative Assembly of French India|Representative Assembly]] (''Assemblée représentative'') was created. Thus, in 1946, on 25 October, the representative assembly of 44 members has replaced the general council (''conseil général'').<ref>{{cite book |last=Weber |first=Jacques |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZZYDwAAQBAJ |title=Les établissements français en Inde au XIXe siècle, 1816–1914 (4) |publisher=FeniXX |year=1988 |isbn=978-2-402-11912-2}}</ref> The Representative Assembly had 44 seats until merger of Chandernagore in 1951. Later, it reduced to 39 seats.

=== Merger and formation of Union Territory ===
The French government transferred the four enclaves to the Indian Union under a de facto treaty on 1 November 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/7706/Agreement+on+De+Facto+Transfer+of+French+Establishments|title=Treaty establishing De Jure Cession of French Establishments in India|work= Ministry of External Affairs |publisher=Media Center (Government of India)|year=1956}}</ref> Later the territory was merged with India on 16 August 1962.

On 10 May 1963, the [[Indian Parliament]] enacted the '''Government of Union Territories Act, 1963''' that came into force on 1 July 1963. This introduced the same pattern of government that prevailed in the rest of the country, but subject to certain limitations.<ref name="1963Act">{{cite web |url=https://rajnivas.py.gov.in/rti/governmentunionterritoriesact1963.pdf |title=The Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=8 June 2020}}</ref> Under Article 239 of the [[Indian Constitution]], the [[President of India]] appoints an Administrator LG with such designation as he may specify to head the administration of the territory. The [[President (government title)#Sub-national|President]] also appoints the [[Chief Minister]]. The President, on the advice of the [[Chief Minister]], appoints the other Ministers. The Union Territories Act, 1963 limits the number of elected members of the assembly to 30 and allows the central government to appoint not more than 3 nominated MLAs. The same act ensures that seats are reserved for Scheduled Castes in the legislative assembly.

The [[Pondicherry Representative Assembly|Representative Assembly]] was converted into the Legislative Assembly of Pondicherry on 1 July 1963 as per Section 54(3) of The Union Territories Act, 1963<ref name="1963Act"/> and its members were deemed to have been elected to the Assembly.<ref name="ref2004">{{cite book |last=Malhotra |first=G. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature |publisher=Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd. |year=1964 |isbn=978-81-200-0400-9 |page=464}}</ref>{{rp|966}} Thus, the ''[[1st Puducherry Assembly|First Legislative Assembly]]'' was formed without an election. Elections for the assembly have been held since 1964.

==Languages==
Puducherry has five official names, owing to its linguistic diversity, past French heritage, and the legacy of British India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwsNAQAAMAAJ |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report, Volume 208, Issues 18–19 |date=2006 |page=263 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref> The legislative assembly is referred to as follows:
* {{langx|en|Puducherry Legislative Assembly }}
* {{langx|fr|Assemblée législative de Poudouchéry}}
* {{langx|ta|புதுச்சேரி சட்டப் பேரவை|translit-std=ISO|translit=Puduccēri Caṭṭap Pēravai}}
* {{langx|te|పుదుచ్చేరి శాసనసభ|translit-std=ISO|translit=Puduccēri Śāsanasabha}}
* {{langx|ml|പുതുച്ചേരി നിയമസഭ|translit-std=ISO|translit=Puduccēri Niyamasabha}}

==List of the assemblies==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Assembly {{small|([[Elections in Puducherry|Election]])}}
!colspan=2|Ruling Party
![[Chief Minister of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]
![[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
!Deputy Speaker
!Leader of the House
!colspan=2|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|-
|[[1st Pondicherry Assembly|1st]] {{small|([[1959 Pondicherry Representative Assembly election|1959]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Edouard Goubert]]
|A. S. Gangeyan
|[[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]]
|[[Edouard Goubert]]
|[[V. Subbiah]]
|rowspan=2 style="background:#FF948E;"|
|-
|[[2nd Pondicherry Assembly|2nd]] {{small|([[1964 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1964]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]]
----
[[M. O. H. Farook]]
----
[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]]
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
----
[[P. Shanmugam]]
----
S. Manicka Vasagam
|[[V. N. Purushothaman]]
|[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]]
----
[[M. O. H. Farook]]
----
[[V. Venkatasubba Reddiar]]
|[[V. Subbiah]]
|-
|[[3rd Pondicherry Assembly|3rd]] {{small|([[1969 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1969]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|S. Perumal
----
M. L. Selvaradjou
|M. L. Selvaradjou
----
[[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]]
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|[[P. Shanmugam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|4th {{small|([[1974 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1974]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[S. Ramassamy]]
|S. Pakkiam
|''Vacant''
|[[S. Ramassamy]]
|Dana Kantharaj
|-
|5th {{small|([[1977 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1977]])}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[S. Ramassamy]]
|K. Kanthi
|S. Pazhaninathan
|[[S. Ramassamy]]
|P. Ansari Doraisamy
|{{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|-
|6th {{small|([[1980 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1980]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|L. Joseph Mariadoss
|[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|P. Uthiravelu
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
|-
|7th {{small|([[1985 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1985]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|[[Kamisetty Parasuram Naidu]]
----
M. Chandirakasu
|M. Chandirakasu
----
P. K. Sathianandan
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|P. K. Loganathan
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|8th {{small|([[1990 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1990]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|G. Palaniraja
|A. Bhakthavatsalam
|[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|[[M. O. H. Farook]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|9th {{small|([[1991 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1991]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|P. Kannan
|[[A. V. Subramanian]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|V. M. C. V. Ganapathy
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|rowspan=2|10th {{small|([[1996 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|1996]])}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[R. V. Janakiraman]]
|V. M. C. Sivakumar
----
M. Kandasamy
|V. Nagarathinam
----
M. Kandasamy
|[[R. V. Janakiraman]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[P. Shanmugam]]
|[[A. V. Subramanian]]
|K. Rajasekaran
|[[P. Shanmugam]]
|[[R. V. Janakiraman]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|11th {{small|([[2001 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2001]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[P. Shanmugam]]
----
[[N. Rangasamy]]
|[[M. D. R. Ramachandran]]
|M. Chandirakasu
----
[[A. V. Subramanian]]
|[[P. Shanmugam]]
----
[[N. Rangasamy]]
|[[R. V. Janakiraman]]
|-
|12th {{small|([[2006 Pondicherry Legislative Assembly election|2006]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
----
[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|[[R. Radhakrishnan (politician, born 1971)|R. Radhakrishnan]]
|A. V. Sreedharan
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
----
[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|[[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
|-
|13th {{small|([[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2011]])}}
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|V. Sabapathy
|[[T. P. R. Selvame]]
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[14th Puducherry Assembly|14th]] {{small|([[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2016]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[V. Narayanasamy]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
----
V. P. Sivakolundhu
|V. P. Sivakolundhu
----
[[M. N. R. Balan]]
|[[V. Narayanasamy]]
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|-
|[[15th Puducherry Assembly|15th]] {{small|([[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]])}}
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|[[Embalam R. Selvam]]
|[[P. Rajavelu]]
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|[[R. Siva]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=9|{{Party index link|All India N.R. Congress|AINRC}} (10){{pad}}{{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP}} (6){{pad}}{{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK}} (6){{pad}}{{Party index link|Independent politician|IND}} (5){{pad}}{{Party index link|Indian National Congress|INC}} (2){{pad}}{{Party index link|Namadhu Makkal Kazhagam|NMK}} (1)
|-
!colspan=3|Constituency
!rowspan=2|Elected member
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Political party
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Alliance
!rowspan=2|Remarks
|-
!No.
!Name
!Reservation
|-
!1
|'''[[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]'''
|General
|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Minister for Home
|-
!2
|'''[[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubhuvanai]]'''
|SC
|[[P. Angalane]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!3
|'''[[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Oussudu]]'''
|SC
|[[A. K. Sai J. Saravanan Kumar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!4
|'''[[Mangalam Assembly constituency|Mangalam]]'''
|General
|[[C. Djeacoumar]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Minister for Agriculture
|-
!5
|'''[[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]'''
|General
|[[R. Siva]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]]
|-
!6
|'''[[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]'''
|General
|[[M. Sivasankar]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
!7
|'''[[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency|Kadirgamam]]'''
|General
|K. S. P. S. Ramesh
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!8
|'''[[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]]'''
|General
|[[A. K. D. Arumugam|A. K. D. V. Aroumougame]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Chief Whip of the Government
|-
!9
|'''[[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]'''
|General
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[Chief Minister of Puducherry|Chief Minister]]
|-
!10
|'''[[Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Kamaraj Nagar]]'''
|General
|[[A. Johnkumar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Minister
|-
!11
|'''[[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]'''
|General
|[[M. Vaithianathan]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!12
|'''[[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]'''
|General
|[[P. M. L. Kalyanasundaram]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!13
|'''[[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]]'''
|General
|[[J. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|-
!14
|'''[[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]'''
|General
|[[K. Lakshminarayanan]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Minister for Public Works
|-
!15
|'''[[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]'''
|General
|Annibal Kennedy
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!16
|'''[[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]]'''
|General
|[[G. Nehru Kuppusamy|G. Nehru Kuppusamy]]
|Namadhu Makkal Kazhagam
|{{party color cell|Namadhu Makkal Kazhagam}}
|None
|style="background:white;"|
|
|-
!17
|'''[[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]'''
|General
|[[Richards Johnkumar]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!18
|'''[[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]]'''
|General
|L. Sambath
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!19
|'''[[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]]'''
|General
|[[R. Baskar Datchanamourtty|R. Baskar Datchanamourtty]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!20
|'''[[Manavely Assembly constituency|Manavely]]'''
|General
|[[Embalam R. Selvam]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
|-
!21
|'''[[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]]'''
|SC
|[[U. Lakshmikandhan]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!22
|'''[[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]'''
|SC
|[[P. Rajavelu]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Deputy Speaker
|-
!23
|'''[[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]]'''
|General
|R. Senthilkumar
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!24
|'''[[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]]'''
|SC
|[[Chandira Priyanga]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|-
!25
|'''[[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]]'''
|General
|[[P. R. Siva]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|None
|style="background:white;"|
|
|-
!26
|'''[[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]]'''
|General
|[[P. R. N. Thirumurugan]]
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|Minister for Civil Supplies and Consumer Affairs
|-
!27
|'''[[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]'''
|General
|[[A. M. H. Nazeem]]
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!28
|'''[[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy – T. R. Pattinam]]'''
|General
|M. Nagathiyagarajan
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!29
|'''[[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]]'''
|General
|[[Ramesh Parambath]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|
|-
!30
|'''[[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]'''
|General
|[[Gollapalli Srinivas Ashok]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|
|}

==Party position==
{|class="wikitable"
!colspan=2=|Alliance
!colspan=2|Party
!No. of MLAs
!Leader of the party
|-
|rowspan=4 {{party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center;"|'''Government [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]''' Seats: '''21'''
|{{party color cell|All India N.R. Congress}}
|[[All India N.R. Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|10
|[[N. Rangasamy]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6<ref>{{cite web |title=Centre appoints three BJP members as nominated MLAs
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/centre-appoints-three-bjp-members-as-nominated-mlas/article34531005.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 May 2021 |access-date=2025-05-10}}</ref>

|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[N/A]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)#Nominated_MLAs_in_states_and_UTs | Nominated ]]
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|[[N/A]]
|-
|rowspan=2 {{party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|rowspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|'''Opposition [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]''' Seats: '''12'''
|{{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|style="text-align:center;"|6
|[[R. Siva]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|[[M. Vaithianathan]]
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|rowspan=4 style="text-align:center;"|'''Others''' Seats: '''4'''
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|style="text-align:center;"|4
|[[N/A]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Yanam Municipal Council]]
*[[Chief Minister of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Municipal Council]]
*[[Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry]]
*[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[List of Rajya Sabha members from Puducherry]]
*[[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of constituencies of Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of leaders of the opposition in the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[https://puddu.neva.gov.in/ Pouducherry Legislative Assembly]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041010065512/http://www.pondicherry.nic.in/open/govern/mla.htm Member of Legislative Assembly of Puducherry 2006-11]

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Current Indian assemblies}}
{{Legislature of the Puducherry}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{Puducherry elections}}

[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:State lower houses in India]]
[[Category:Unicameral legislatures]]

Sumit Arora

2026-03-15T05:04:33Z

ColumbusCoffman: new the stub nd citations

{{short description|Indian writer, screenwriter and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumit Arora
| image = Sumit Arora.jpg
| caption = Arora in 2023
| birth_place = [[Meerut]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2007–present
| spouse =
| awards =
| website =
}}
'''Sumit Arora''' is an Indian writer, screenwriter and director who primarily works in [[Hindi films]] and television.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ifp.world/creator/sumit-arora/ | title=Know More About Sumit Arora | IFP | date=5 February 2021 }}</ref> He has written for various TV shows, including [[Dill Mill Gayye]] (season 2) and [[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]. He has also written dialogues for several films, such as [[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]], [[83 (film)|83]] and [[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]. He won the [[Star Screen Awards]] and [[Zee Cine Awards]] for Best Dialogue for [[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-star-screen-awards-2018/ |title=Winners of Star Screen Awards 2018 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sumit Arora started his career with television and wrote dialogues for many TV shows like [[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]], [[Dill Mill Gayye]] (season 2). He then ventured into films and web series, writing for [[Selection Day (TV series)|Selection Day]], [[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]], [[Dahaad]] and [[Guns & Gulaabs]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/the-family-man-review-manoj-bajpayee-amazon-web-series-551275 | title=The Family Man review: World class act. Middle class craft | date=21 September 2019 }}</ref> He has also penned dialogues for films like [[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]], [[Ginny Weds Sunny]], [[83 (film)|83]] and [[Jawan (film)|Jawan]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/stree-writers-raj-and-dk-we-wanted-a-true-but-ridiculous-story-1328268-2018-08-31 | title=Stree writers Raj and DK: We wanted a true but ridiculous story }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/2023-a-hattrick-year-for-maverick-screenwriter-sumit-arora-2695769 | title=2023: A hattrick year for maverick screenwriter Sumit Arora }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref.
|-
|2007
|''[[Chhoona Hai Aasmaan]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/movies/how-jawans-dialogue-writer-sumit-arora-shot-to-fame-in-bollywood-8545668.html | title=How Jawan's Dialogue Writer Sumit Arora Shot to Fame in Bollywood | date=22 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2009
|''[[Bhaskar Bharti]]''
|
|-
|2009-2010
|''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2013-2016
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sadda Haq (TV series)|Sadda Haq]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kritika-kamra-to-feature-in-a-short-film/articleshow/52899870.cms | title=Kritika Kamra to feature in a short film | newspaper=The Times of India | date=24 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|2018
|''[[Selection Day (TV series)|Selection Day]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/netflixs-selection-day-2-review-the-quality-of-the-acting-holds-the-episodes-together-2-5-stars-out-2024826 | title=Netflix's Selection Day 2 Review: The Quality of the Acting Holds the Episodes Together }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/little-things-season-3-review-dhruv-sehgal-mithila-palkar-s-show-unites-millennials-and-boomers-in-their-loneliness/story-McNHFZbhMOCSQXHDYlGxKJ.html | title=Little Things 3 review: Uniting millennials and boomers in their loneliness | date=9 November 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|2019-2021
|''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-family-man-review-rating-manoj-bajpayee-6014729/ | title=The Family Man review: Father, Husband, Soldier, Spy | date=20 September 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2023
|''[[Dahaad]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dahaad-review-sonakshi-sinhas-tough-cop-play-and-vijay-varmas-spine-chilling-act-are-more-than-enough-reasons-to-binge-this-unnerving-series/354a7e58ab237 | title=Dahaad review: Sonakshi and Vijay are reasons enough to binge this series! }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guns & Gulaabs]]''
|
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sumit-arora-on-guns-and-gulaabs-making-raj-and-dk-show-different-from-stree-and-writing-comedies-8902320/ | title=Sumit Arora on Guns and Gulaabs, making Raj and DK show different from Stree and writing comedies: 'If you ask me to simply crack jokes, I'll stand mute' | date=22 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Citadel: Honey Bunny]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27111295/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_wr#writer |title=Citadel: Honey Bunny (2024– ) Full Cast & Crew|work=[[IMDB]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Notes
!scope="col"| Ref.
|-
|2015
| scope="row" | ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/all-is-well-movie-review-abhishek-bachchan-rishi-kapoor-no-destination-journey-umesh-shukla-asin-all-is-well-review-289504-2015-08-21 | title=All is Well movie review: Abhishek and Rishi in a no-destination journey }}</ref>
|-
|2017
| scope="row" | ''[[White Shirt]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/story-behind-white-shirt-1991866 | title=The story behind a white shirt }}</ref>
|-
|2018
| scope="row" | ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/W0FuuRnUmx9sjHGQc6DZhK/Stree-has-better-comic-timing-than-scare-tactics.html | title='Stree' has better comic timing than scare tactics | date=31 August 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|2020
| scope="row" | ''[[Ginny Weds Sunny]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/ginny-weds-sunny-movie-review-this-vikrant-massey-and-yami-gautam-wedding-soiree-is-predictable-and-boring/article32813778.ece | title='Ginny Weds Sunny' movie review: This Vikrant Massey and Yami Gautam wedding soiree is predictable and boring | newspaper=The Hindu | date=9 October 2020 | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| scope="row" | ''[[83 (film)|83]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/dishonesty-in-kabir-khans-83-stems-from-its-desperate-need-to-cater-to-cricket-fans-of-the-virat-kohli-era-10237961.html | title=Dishonesty in Kabir Khan's 83 stems from its desperate need to cater to cricket fans of the 'Virat Kohli era' | date=28 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
| scope="row" | ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-is-my-most-enjoyable-project-sumit-arora-8924247/ | title=Sumit Arora on Jawan: 'Wrote lines that justifies Shah Rukh Khan's stardom and stature' | date=4 September 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan ="2"; |2024
| scope="row" | ''[[Chandu Champion]]''
|
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/bete-ko-hath-lagane-wasnt-originally-in-draft-sumit-arora-736053 | title='Bete ko hath lagane..' wasn't originally in draft: Sumit Arora | website=[[DT Next]] | date=13 September 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| scope="row"|''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/people-mocked-me-when-i-said-i-want-to-work-in-films-chandu-champion-writer-sumit-arora/articleshow/111340832.cms |title=People mocked me when I said I want to work in films: 'Chandu Champion' writer Sumit Arora|date=28 June 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
| scope="row"|''[[Deva (2025 film)|Deva]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-pooja-hegde-starrer-deva-wraps-first-schedule/ |title=Shahid Kapoor, Pooja Hegde starrer Deva wraps up first schedule : Bollywood News |date=23 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[120 Bahadur]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2025|title=Exclusive: Sumit Arora talks about writing dialogues for 120 Bahadur: "Farhan Akhtar is very thorough professional, sharp, witty"; reacts to Shah Rukh Khan’s National Award win for Jawan: "He should have won long back…the National Award deserved him!" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-sumit-arora-talks-writing-dialogues-120-bahadur-farhan-akhtar-thorough-professional-sharp-witty-reacts-shah-rukh-khans-national-award-win-jawan-h/ |access-date=1 January 2026 |language=en| website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; text-align: center;
|+ List of Sumit Arora awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:FFC1CC;" | [[Filmfare Awards]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[64th Filmfare Awards|2019]]
|rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|rowspan="1" |''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|rowspan="3" {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-64th-vimal-filmfare-awards-2019_-32898-1.html|title=Nominations for the 64th Vimal Filmfare Awards 2019 {{!}} filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com|access-date=2019-03-14}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[67th Filmfare Awards|2022]]
|rowspan="1" |''[[83 (film)|83]]''
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/sidharth-malhotra-vicky-kaushal-in-race-for-best-actor-trophy-at-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-93643744 | title=Sidharth, Vicky in race for Best Actor trophy at 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022; see full list of nominations | date=18 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|rowspan="1" |''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmfare-awards-2024-nominations-shah-rukh-khan-ranbir-kapoor-best-actor-award-alia-bhatt-deepika-padukone-best-actress-9111207/lite/ | title=Filmfare Awards 2024 nominations: Shah Rukh Khan, Ranbir Kapoor vie for Best Actor award; Alia Bhatt, Deepika Padukone contend for Best Actress | date=16 January 2024 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:FFC1CC;" | [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards|2023]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|rowspan="1" |''[[The Family Man]]''
|{{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/filmfare-ott-awards-2020-paatal-lok-the-family-man-aarya-win-top-honours-see-full-list-9129291.html | title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Paatal Lok, the Family Man, Aarya win top honours; see full list | date=20 December 2020 }}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:FFC1CC;" | [[Screen Awards|Star Screen Awards]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[25th Screen Awards|2019]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|rowspan="1" |''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|{{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/star-screen-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-alia-bhatt-wins-best-actress-rajkummar-rao-and-ranveer-singh-are-best-actors/story-C9PF5a5ZeHzC77Dfp4UwAO.html |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 complete winners list |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:FFC1CC;" | [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|-
|rowspan="1" |[[Zee Cine Awards|2019]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|rowspan="1" |''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
|{{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zee-cine-awards-full-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-and-deepika-padukone-win-big-1482407-2019-03-20 | title=Zee Cine Awards full winners list: Ranbir Kapoor and Deepika Padukone win big }}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5046012}}

{{authority control}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|d = yes
|portal1 = India
|portal2 = Biography
|portal3 = Television
|portal4 = Film
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arora, Sumit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Meerut]]

Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya

2026-03-15T03:53:58Z

ColumbusCoffman: made details

{{Infobox person
| name = Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya
| birth_date = February 16, 1925<ref>India Today NE. (2018, November 12). Litterateur Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/litterateur-pramod-chandra-bhattacharya-passes-away-393620-2018-11-12</ref>
| death_date = November 12, 2018
| occupation = [[Linguist]], [[folklorist]], [[educationist]]
| known_for = [[Folklore]]
| awards = Upendranath Brahma Award, Dr. Lila Gogoi Award, Dr. Krishna Kanta Handique Award, Kamrup Ratna Award, Pragya-Bhusan Honour, Kalpadrum Award, Bhasacharya Honour, Bodofa Upendra Nath Brahma Award, Kalicharan Brahma Award, Sramik-Pran Award<ref>Pratidin Time. (n.d.). Eminent linguist Dr. Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya achievements and awards. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/eminent-linguist-dr-pramod-bhattacharya-passes-away</ref>
}}

'''Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya''' was a [[linguist]], [[folklorist]] and [[educationist]] known for his significant contributions to [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and [[Bodo language]] and literature.<ref>Assam Tribune. (n.d.). Eminent linguist, folklorist, and educationist Dr. Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://assamtribune.com/dr-pramod-ch-bhattacharya-passes-away</ref>

== Career ==
A researcher with a deep interest in [[folk culture]], he made a lasting impact on the study and preservation of indigenous traditions in Assam.<ref>Northeast Now. (n.d.). Doyen of Assam language and literature Dr. Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://nenow.in/north-east-news/doyen-assam-language-literature-dr-pramod-chandra-bhattacharya-dies.html</ref> Through his book A Descriptive Analysis of Bodo Language, Bhattacharya played a key role in advancing the Bodo language, contributing to its recognition as a [[Modern Indian Language]] (MIL) at the college and university level. His efforts led to Bodo gaining the status of an honor subject, significantly promoting the language within academic institutions and preserving its cultural importance and value.<ref>Sentinel Digital Desk. (2018, November 12). A descriptive analysis of Bodo language by Dr. Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya. The Sentinel. https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/state-mourns-demise-of-sahityacharjya-dr-pramod-chandra-bhattacharya</ref>

Bhattacharya began his career as a teacher before becoming the principal of [[B. Borooah College]]. He was born in [[Digheli]], [[Nalbari district|Nalbari]], and was later awarded an honorary D.Litt by [[Gauhati University]] in recognition of his scholarly contributions.<ref>India Today NE. (2018, November 12). Litterateur Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/litterateur-pramod-chandra-bhattacharya-passes-away-393620-2018-11-12</ref><ref>Sentinel Assam. (n.d.). D.Litt. to Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya, honorary PhDs to Birubala Rabha, Jadav Payeng by Gauhati University. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/d-litt-to-pramod-chandra-bhattacharya-honorary-phds-to-birubala-rabha-jadav-payeng</ref> For his work, he received the [[Upendranath Brahma]] Award.<ref>Pratidin Time. (n.d.). Eminent linguist Dr. Pramod Bhattacharya. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.pratidintime.com/latest-assam-news-breaking-news-assam/eminent-linguist-dr-pramod-bhattacharya-passes-away</ref><ref>Sentinel Assam. (n.d.). Noted academician Dr. P.C. Bhattacharya. Retrieved September 14, 2024, from https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/noted-academician-dr-pc-bhattacharya-passes-away</ref>

Bhattacharya's legacy continues to influence scholars and literary enthusiasts in the fields of Assamese and Bodo studies.<ref>Sentinel Digital Desk. (2018, November 12). A descriptive analysis of Bodo language by Dr. Pramod Chandra Bhattacharya. The Sentinel. https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/state-mourns-demise-of-sahityacharjya-dr-pramod-chandra-bhattacharya</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian folklorists]]

Adhchini

2026-03-14T02:54:41Z

ColumbusCoffman: added new data initial version!

{{Short description|Village in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adhchini
| official_name = Adchini
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village and colony
| image_skyline = Adhchini.jpg
| mapframe = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[South Delhi]]
| government_type = State government
| governing_body = [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| population_total = 18269
| population_as_of = 2020
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 110017
| blank_name_sec1 = Civic body
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]]
| pushpin_map = India New Delhi
| pushpin_label_position = right
}}

'''Adhchini''' (also spelled as '''Adchini''') is a village and [[Census town|residential locality]] situated at Sri Aurobindo Marg, near [[Mehrauli]] area of [[South Delhi district]] in [[Delhi]], India. Its postal code is 110017.

The locality is known for the 13th-century Sufi shrine [[Dargah Mai Sahiba]] and the automobile showrooms in the market.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Okaya introduces first Ferrato dealership in Delhi - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/two-wheelers/okaya-introduces-first-ferrato-dealership-in-delhi/111250349 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-20 |title=अधचिनी में है हजरत निजामुद्दीन की 'माई साहिबा' की दरगाह! |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/lifestyle/travel-dargah-in-adhchini-444609.html |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lidhoo |first=Prerna |date=4 May 2016 |title=Qawwals pitch for traditional Sufi music at dargahs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/qawwals-pitch-for-traditional-sufi-music-at-dargahs/story-2G1BEkPQ3ctnoVoEjAIVXK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-25 |title=Puzzle car parking facility opens at South Delhi's Adhchini village |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/puzzle-car-parking-facility-south-delhi-adhchini-village-7588419/ |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-09-20 |title=SDMC to start multilevel stack parking in south Delhi's Adhchini village |url=https://thepatriot.in/reports/sdmc-to-start-multilevel-stack-parking-in-south-delhis-adhchini-village-22846 |access-date=2025-01-24 |website=The Patriot |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Educational institutes ==
*[[Indian Institutes of Technology]]

*[[National Council of Educational Research and Training]]

*[[The Mother's International School]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]

Ahmed Ali (writer)

2026-03-07T21:50:42Z

ColumbusCoffman: expand section also and added references for consistency

{{short description|Indian writer and diplomat (1910–1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ahmed Ali
| image = Ahmed Ali (Pakistani writer), 1974.jpg
| alt =
| birth_date = 1 July 1910
| birth_place = Delhi, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|1|14|1910|7|1}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], Pakistan
| occupation = Writer
| known for = one of the founders of [[Progressive Writers' Movement|All-India Progressive Writers Movement]]
}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}

'''Ahmed Ali ''' ({{langx|ur| احمد علی }}; 1 July 1910 – 14 January 1994) was a Pakistani novelist, [[poet]], critic, [[translator]], [[diplomat]] and [[scholarly method|scholar]]. A pioneer of the modern Urdu short story, his works include the short story collections: {{Lang|ur-latn|[[Angarey]]}} (Embers), 1932; ''Hamari Gali'' (Our Lane), 1940; ''Qaid Khana'' (The Prison), 1942; and ''Maut Se Pehle'' (Before Death), 1945. His other writings include ''[[Twilight in Delhi]]'' (1940), his first novel in the English language.<ref name=britannica>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-Ali#ref845471 Profile of Ahmed Ali (writer) on Encyclopædia Britannica] Retrieved 31 August 2019</ref>

[[Muneeza Shamsie|Muneeza Shamshie]] has called him "the forefather to all [[Pakistani English literature|Pakistani English fiction]]."<ref name=":0">[[Muneeza Shamsie|Shamsie, Muneeza]]. "[https://www.dawn.com/news/543715/tribute-a-towering-figure. TRIBUTE: A towering figure]." ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'', 27 June 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250526080101/https://www.dawn.com/news/543715/tribute-a-towering-figure. Archived] 26 May 2025.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Ahmed Ali was born in Delhi, [[British India]], on 1 July 1910. He was descended from families of [[Ulama|Islamic scholars]] on both his paternal and maternal sides, with his paternal lineage tracing directly to [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], the prominent 12th-century Islamic scholar and [[Wali|Sufi saint]].<ref name=":1">ALI, AHMED, and JSAL. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/23234237 INTERVIEW : AHMED ALI: 3 AUGUST 1975 ROCHESTER, MICHIGAN].” ''Journal of South Asian Literature'', vol. 33/34, no. 1/2, 1998, pp. 117–94. ''JSTOR''. 26 May 2025.</ref> His father Syed Shuja-ud Din was a civil servant in the British administration, being associated with the Punjab Civil Service, and was fond of [[Persian literature]].<ref name=":1" />

Ali began his formal education at the age of 5 by learning [[Qira'at|Qur'anic recitation]].<ref name=":2">Coppola, Carlo. “[http://www.jstor.org/stable/23234236 AHMED ALI (1910-1994) : BRIDGES & LINKS EAST & WEST].” ''Journal of South Asian Literature'', vol. 33/34, no. 1/2, 1998, pp. 112–16. ''JSTOR.'' Accessed 26 May 2025.</ref> For his higher studies, he graduated in [[English literature]] from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[Lucknow University]]; in the latter "having achieved the highest marks in English in the history of the university."<ref>Dr. T. Jeevan Kumar, "Ahmed Ali: A Progressive Writer" in ''The English Literature Journal'', Vol. 1, No. 2 (2014):57</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 1950, Ali married Bilqees Jehan Begum, the daughter of Barrister Rauf Ali; he was also from a prominent Delhi family and a friend of the noted lawyer and independence activist [[Asaf Ali]].<ref>''The Journal of Indian Writing in English'', Volume 23 (1995), Page 22</ref> Bilqees was a painter and writer who in 1963 had translated Ali's novel ''Twilight in Delhi'' into Urdu as ''Dilli ki Ek Sham''.<ref name=":0" />

Ali died on 14 January 1994 in [[Karachi]].<ref name="britannica" />

== Professional career ==

=== British India ===
From 1932 to 1946, he taught at the leading Indian universities including [[Allahabad University]] and his alma mater in [[Lucknow]]. He also joined the Bengal Senior Educational Service as professor and head of the English Department at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]] (1944–47) and was the [[BBC]]'s Representative and Director in India during [[World War II]], from 1942 to 1945.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WjPofDcwmtsC&q=ahmed&pg=PT274 ''Orwell and Politics''. Penguin UK, 2001 on Google Books] Retrieved 23 April 2018</ref> Following that, he was the [[British Council]] Visiting Professor to [[Nanjing University]], as appointed by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] of India. In 1948, when he tried to return home after the [[Partition of India|Partition]], [[K. P. S. Menon]] (then India's ambassador to China) would not allow it because Ali had not indicated his preferences as a government employee; that is, whether to remain in India or transfer to Pakistan. As a result, he was forced to go to Pakistan.<ref name="twilight" />

=== Pakistan ===
In 1948, he moved to [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite book|title=City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi|author=William Dalrymple|isbn=000215725X|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SBxuAAAAMAAJ}}{{page needed|date=June 2012}}</ref> Later, he was appointed Director of Foreign Publicity for the Pakistan Government. At the behest of Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], he joined the [[Pakistan Foreign Service]] in 1950. According to custom, tiles were drawn to determine the country of assignment. Ali's tile was blank, so he chose China and became Pakistan's first envoy to the new [[History of the People's Republic of China|People's Republic]]. By that time he had learnt the [[Chinese language]] and wrote a study titled ''Muslim China'' in 1949.<ref name=":0" /> He established formal diplomatic relations that same year. He also helped to establish Pakistan's embassy in Morocco.<ref name=":0" />

==Literary career==

=== Author ===

==== Short stories ====
Ali started his literary career at a young age, having published his first English poem in the ''Aligarh Magazine'' in 1926 and his first English short-story in 1929, "When the Funeral Was Crossing the Bridge" in the ''Lucknow University Journal''.<ref name=":2" />

He then became a co-founder of the [[Progressive Writers' Movement|All-India Progressive Writers' Movement]] along with the writer [[Sajjad Zaheer]] who had become well known by the publication of ''[[Angaaray (1998 film)|Angaaray]]'' (Embers) in 1932. It was a collection of short stories in the Urdu language and was a bitter critique of middle-class Muslim values in British India.<ref name="britannica" /> In addition to Ali, it included stories by three of his friends; Mahmud al-Zafar, [[Sajjad Zaheer]] and [[Rashid Jahan]]. This book was later banned by the British Government of India in March 1933.<ref name="twilight">Introduction by the author, Ahmed Ali, ''Twilight in Delhi'', Rupa Publishing Co., Delhi, 1993</ref> Shortly afterward, Ali and Zafar announced the formation of a "League of Progressive Authors", which was later to expand and become the All-India [[Progressive Writers' Association]].<ref>The Leader of Allahabad, 5 April 1933</ref> Ali presented his paper "Art Ka Taraqqi-Pasand Nazariya" (A Progressive View of Art) in its inaugural conference in 1936. Later, Ali would distance himself from the movement, which he considered too narrowly focused on [[Marxism]].<ref name=":0" />

==== Novels ====
Ali achieved international fame with his first novel written in English ''[[Twilight in Delhi]]'', which was published by the [[Hogarth Press]] in London in 1940.<ref>''Twilight in Delhi'', The Hogarth Press, 1940; Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1966; OUP, Karachi, 1984; Sterling Paperbacks, Delhi, 1973; New Directions, New York, 1994; [[Rupa Publications]], Delhi, 2007; Urdu translation, Akrash Press, Karachi, 1963, Jamia Millia, Delhi, 1969; (French) French translation, Editions Gallimard, Paris, 1989; Spanish translation, Ediciones Martinez Roca, 1991.</ref> This novel, as its title implies, describes the decline of the Muslim aristocracy with the advance of British colonialism in the early 20th century.<ref name=britannica/>

=== Translator ===
''[[Quran|Al-Quran]], A Contemporary Translation'' ([[Princeton University Press]], [[Oxford University Press]] & Akrash Publishing) is his most notable contribution in the field of translation. It was first published in the [[United States]] in 1988.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2001-07-22 |title=Al-Qur'an {{!}} Princeton University Press |url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691074993/al-quran |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=press.princeton.edu |language=en}}</ref> [[Francis Edward Peters]] called it the best English translation of the Qur'an while [[Fazlur Rahman Malik]] said of it that "it aims at doing something new, it seeks to bring out the original rhythms of the Quranic language and the cadences. It also departs from traditional translations in that it gives more refined and differentiated shades of important concepts."<ref name=":3" /> Other languages he translated from, apart from Arabic and [[Urdu]], included [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] and Chinese.<ref>[[Alamgir Hashmi]], "Ahmed Ali and the Transition to a Postcolonial Mode in the Pakistani Novel in English" in ''Journal of South Asian Literature'', Vol. 33/34, No. 1/2 (1998/1999), p. 256</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Elected a Founding Fellow of the [[Pakistan Academy of Letters]] in 1979.{{cn|date=November 2021}}
* [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) Award in 1980 by the [[President of Pakistan]]<ref name=":0" />
* Conferred an honorary doctorate degree in 1993 by the [[University of Karachi]].<ref name=":0" />
* On 14 January 2005, [[Pakistan Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp in his honour in its 'Men of Letters' series.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

==Works==
{{div col}}

===Novels===
*''[[Twilight in Delhi]]'' (1940)
*''Ocean of Night'' (1964)
*''Rats and Diplomats'' (1986)

===Plays===
*''The Land of Twilight'' (1931)
*''Break the Chains'' (1932)

===Short stories===
*"When the Funeral Was Crossing the Bridge," in ''Lucknow University Journal'', 1929.
*"Mahavaton Ki Ek Rât," in ''Humayûn'' (Lahore), January 1931.
*{{Lang|ur-latn|[[Angarey]]}} (1932). With [[Rashid Jahan]], Mahmuduzzafar and [[Sajjad Zaheer]].
*''Sholey'' (1934)
*"Our Lane," in ''New Writing'' (London), 1936.
*''Hamari Gali'' (1940)
*"Morning in Delhi," in ''New Writing'' (London), 1940.
*''Qaid-khana'' (1942)
*''Maut se Pahle'' (1945)
*"Before Death," in ''New Directions'' 15 (New York), 1956.
*''Prima della Morte'' (1966). Bilingual Italian-Urdu version of ''Maut se Pahle''.
*''The Prison-House'' (1985)

===Poetry===
*''Purple Gold Mountain'' ([[Keepsake Press]], 1960)
*''First Voices'' (1965)
*''Selected Poems'' (1988)

===Literary criticism===
*"Poetry: A Problem,” in ''Allahabad University Studies'', vol. XI, no. II, 1934.
*''Art ka Taraqqî-Pasand Nazariya'' (1936)
*“[[Maxim Gorky]] as a Short-Story Writer," in ''Lucknow University Journal'', 1938.
*''Mr. [[T.S. Eliot|Eliot]]'s Penny-World of Dreams'' (1941)
*''Failure of an Intellect'' (1968)
*"Illusion and Reality, the Art and Philosophy of [[Raja Rao]]," in ''Journal of Commonwealth Literature'', July 1968.
*''The Problem of Style and Technique in Ghalib'' (1969)
*''Ghalib: Two Essays'' (1969). With Alessandro Bausani.
*''The Golden Tradition: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry'' (1973)

===Translation===
*''The Flaming Earth'' (1949). An anthology of selected [[Indonesian literature|Indonesian poems]].
*''The Falcon and the Hunted Bird'' (1950)
*''The Bulbul and the Rose: An Anthology of Urdu Poetry'' (1960)
*''Ghalib: Selected Poems'' (1969)
*''al-Qur’ân: A Contemporary Translation'' (1988)
*''The Call of the Trumpet'' (unpublished). An anthology of [[modern Chinese poetry]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.ahmedali/1 Online Quran] includes the [[Qur'an]] translation by Ahmed Ali.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=La5vf709vCgC&q=ahmed+ali Twilight in Delhi – a novel by Ahmed Ali on GoogleBooks website]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Ahmed}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistani novelists]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani educators]]
[[Category:English-language Pakistani writers]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:Translators of the Quran into English]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Islamic fiction writers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Pakistan to China]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:Writers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Progressive Writers' Movement]]
[[Category:Civil servants from Karachi]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Grihalaxmi (1934 film)

2026-03-07T07:04:54Z

ColumbusCoffman: general reworked references per standard format further and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Grihalakshmi
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[Sarvottam Badami]]
| producer = [[Sagar Movietone]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sabita Devi]] Jal Merchant [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] [[K. C. Dey]]
| music = S. P. Rane
| cinematography = [[Faredoon Irani]]
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Sagar Movietone
| released = {{film date|1934}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Grihalakshmi''''' (''English:'' Educated Wife) (''Hindi:'' गृहलक्ष्मी, lit. House-Goddess of Wealth) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1934|1934]] [[Hindi]] social family melodrama [[Bollywood|film]] directed by [[Sarvottam Badami]] with story by Dr. Jayant Shyam and cinematography by [[Faredoon Irani]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT259|accessdate=30 September 2014|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=259–}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Sagar Movietone]] and had music by S. P. Rane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/grihalaxmi-movie/195|title=Grihalakshmi 1934|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=30 September 2014|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070820/http://www.gomolo.com/grihalaxmi-movie/195|url-status=dead}}</ref> The cast included [[Sabita Devi]], Jal Merchant, [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]], Kamala Devi, [[K. C. Dey]], Swaroop Rani and Asooji.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film138151.htm|title=Grihalakshmi 1934|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

Badami became well known for directing "sensitive" and "socially relevant" films like ''Grihlakshmi'' for Sagar Movietone.<ref name="Narwekar2005">{{cite book|author=Sanjit Narwekar|title=Eena Meena Deeka: The Story of Hindi Film Comedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya2CRt7wPXUC&pg=PA1941|accessdate=30 September 2014|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0859-3|pages=54–}}</ref> The film was a remake of the earlier ''Bhaneli Bhamini'' (1927) which had a relevant social message to impart against sexually transmitted disease according to an advertisement in the ''Bombay Chronicle'' in 1927.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mahalmovies.com/film-hunt/griha-laxmi/|title=Grihalakshmi|publisher=Mahal Movies|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref> This 1934 version differed in context showing an educated steadfast wife going through humiliation at the hands of her husband, but continuing to stay with him.

==Synopsis==
Malti ([[Sabita Devi]]) is the daughter of a wealthy mill-owner Jagmohandas (Asooji), who is an evil, corrupt man. She meets a young man Vinod (Jal Merchant) in college. They both fall in love and decide to get married. However, Vinod's father is humiliated by Jagmohandas and he commits suicide. An angry Vinod decides to take revenge by marrying Malti and putting her through mental and physical abuse. An old friend of Malti's, Sudhakar (Balaram), loves her from college days and watches the treatment Malti suffers through her husband but is unable to do anything. Vinod takes to drinking and bringing nautch girls home. Malti suggests Sudhakar marry Nalini (Swaroop Rani) who is ultra-mod but Malti tries to help her turn traditional.

Vinod gets into gambling and when he needs money, Raghu ([[Mehboob Khan]]), a worker in the factory helps him out. Vinod in his debauched state eyes first Raghu's wife and then Nalini, when she comes to visit Malti. Malti helps her escape but is beaten up by Vinod. She leaves the house and goes to live with her father. Sudhakar comes to tend to her and Vinod arrives at the same time. Seeing Sudhakar there with his wife Vinod gets jealous and shoots at Sudhakar. Sudhakar dies and Vinod is on the run. In the end he realises Malti's devotion to him and is repentant.

==Cast==
* [[Sabita Devi]] as Malti
* Jal Merchant as Vinod
* [[Yakub (actor)|Yakub]] as Mill Manager
* [[K. C. Dey]] as Purohit
* [[Mehboob Khan]] as Raghu
* Asooji as Jagmohandas
* Swaroop Rani as Nalini
* Lalita Devulkar as Hansa
* Balaram as Sudhakar
* Panda as Karamsi

==Music==
There were sixteen songs in the film with music composed by S. P. Rane. The singers were Lalita Devulkar, K. C. Dey, Sabita Devi and Jal Merchant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/zl819798/songs/#tabs|title=Grihalakshmi 1934|publisher=Muvyz, Inc|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

===Soundtrack===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Aao Aaoji Garwa Lagao Saiyan"
| Kamla
|-
| 2
| "Bhagwan Karega Madad Teri"
| K. C. Dey
|-
| 3
| "Baaki Hai Aankh Jab Tak Dekha Karenge Tujhko"
| Lalita Devulkar
|-
| 4
| "Chanchala Chapal Chit Ki Hai Lagan"
| K. C. Dey
|-
| 5
| "Chandrika Bane Tu Main Taara"
| Jal Merchant,
|-
| 6
| "Dekha Jo Husn-e-Yaar Tabiyat Machal Gayi"
| Lalita Devulkar
|-
| 7
| "Kat Gayi Kat Gayi Yunhi Meri Saari Umariya"
| Kamala Devi
|-
| 8
| "Khelat Krishna Kanhaiya Hori"
| Lalita Devulkar
|-
| 9
| "Kyun Nahin Ab Tak Aaye Raah Dekhte Thak Gayi Aankhein"
| Sabita Devi
|-
| 10
| "Na Ranjh Kar Badnaseeb Bharat"
| K. C. Dey
|-
| 11
| "Niradhaar Hun Daataar Ab Toh Tum"
| Jal Merchant
|-
| 12
| "Suratiya Nahin Bhule Ri Kaise Dharoon Man Dhir"
| Jal Merchant
|-
| 13
| "Teri Khatir Ajab Rang Jama Rakha Hai"
| Lalita Devulkar
|-
| 14
| "Wah Rang-o-Bu Kahan hai Uff Kya Se Kya Hua"
|Sabita Devi
|-
| 15
| "Paahimam, Paahimam, Natwar Ghanshyam"
|K. C. Dey
|-
| 16
| "Kshama Karo Devi Meri Bhool Sumati Aayi"
| Jal Merchant
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0154548 }}

{{Sarvottam Badami}}

[[Category:1934 films]]
[[Category:1934 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1934 drama films]]
[[Category:1930s melodrama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sarvottam Badami]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Rambhadracharya's literary style

2026-03-05T13:36:37Z

ColumbusCoffman: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Rambhadracharya#Literary_style]]

{{R from merge}}
{{R to section}}

Dithee

2026-03-04T09:40:57Z

ColumbusCoffman: cleaned up formatting per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2019 Indian Marathi-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dithee
| image = Dithee Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Sumitra Bhave]]
| producer = [[Mohan Agashe]]
| screenplay = Sumitra Bhave
| story = D. B. Mokashi & [[Sumitra Bhave]]
| starring = [[Kishor Kadam]] Mohan Agashe [[Amruta Subhash]] [[ Dilip Prabhavalkar]]
| music = Parth Umrani '''Score:''' Saket Kanetkar
| editing = [[Mohit Takalkar]]
| studio = Sumitra Bhave Films
| cinematography = Dhananjay Kulkarni
| distributor = [[Sony Liv]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|09||Singapore South Asian International Film Festival|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/singapore-south-asian-international-film-festival-sg-saiff-honours-bharathiraja-with-lifetime-6120.html|title=Singapore South Asian International Film Festival (Sg. SAIFF) honours Bharathiraja with Lifetime Achievement Award 2019|first=Lakshmy|last=Iyer|date=31 August 2019|access-date=29 May 2021|website=Connected To India}}</ref>|2021|05|21|India|ref2=<ref>{{cite news |title=Dithee, Sumitra Bhave's final film, to premier on SonyLIV |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/may/18/dithee-sumitra-bhaves-final-film-to-premier-on-sonyliv-24560.html |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dithee''''' ({{Translation|Seeing}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] drama film<ref>{{cite news |title=समीक्षकांच्या कौतुकाची थाप मिळालेला 'दिठी' लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/dithee-marathi-movie-relesing-on-sony-liv-on-21-may-amruta-subhas-mohan-agashe-best-star-cast-kpw-89-2471184/ |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[Loksatta]] |date=2021-05-14 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> written and directed by [[Sumitra Bhave]] under her banner Sumitra Bhave Films along with [[Mohan Agashe]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Late Sumitra Bhave's final film 'Dithee' to drop digitally on May 21 |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=834240 |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=Daiji World |language=en}}</ref> The movie is about a simple ironsmith's journey of undergoing the pain of his son's death and experiencing the non-duality of life and death. The movie was also showcased at the Cannes Film Market in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three Marathi films chosen for Cannes Film Market |url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/three-marathi-films-chosen-cannes-film-market |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=Box Office India |date=2019-05-02 |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011134136/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/three-marathi-films-chosen-cannes-film-market |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title=3 Marathi films picked for Cannes Film Market |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/3-marathi-films-picked-for-cannes-film-market/article26775401.ece |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=2019-04-09 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Dithee also marks the last directorial film of filmmaker [[Sumitra Bhave]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Late Sumitra Bhave's Final Film 'Dithee' Drops Digitally on May 21 |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/late-sumitra-bhaves-final-film-dithee-drops-digitally-on-may-21/article_c6b45322-b738-11eb-983c-f3012fabce7b.html |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=India West |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 21 May 2021 as a [[List of SonyLIV original programming|liv original]] directly on [[Sony Liv]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Dithee', Sumitra Bhave's final film to premier on SonyLIV |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/may/19/dithee-sumitra-bhaves-final-film-to-premier-on-sonyliv-2304333.html |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Dithee movie review: The film feels timely, its questions timeless |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/dithee-movie-review-the-film-feels-timely-its-questions-timeless-7324340/ |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=2021-05-22 |language=en}}</ref> It is inspired by the story ''Aata Amod Sunasi Ale,'' penned by D.B. Mokashi.<ref name=":0" />

==Cast==

* [[Kishor Kadam]] as Ramji <ref>{{cite news |title=New Marathi film 'Dithee' selected as best picture in 7th Kolhapur International Film festival |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/new-marathi-film-dithee-selected-as-best-picture-in-7th-kolhapur-international-film-festival/States/news/1500039.html |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=UNI India}}</ref>
* [[Mohan Agashe]] as Joshibuva <ref>{{cite news |title=Hotel Transylvania, Broken But Beautiful Season 3, The Me You Can't See, The Green Knight: Trailers This Week |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hotel-transylvania-broken-but-beautiful-season-3-the-me-you-cant-see-the-green-knight-trailers-this-week-9630861.html |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=2021-05-18}}</ref>
* [[Dilip Prabhavalkar]] as Santu
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as Santu's wife
* [[Amruta Subhash]] as Parubai
* [[Girish Kulkarni]] as Govinda
* [[Shashank Shende]] as Shiva
* [[Anjali Patil]] as Tulsa
* Kailash Waghmare as Kailash
* Onkar Govardhan as Ramji's son

==Synopsis==

The film tells the story of Ramji,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namrata |title='Dithee' review: Ebb and flow of loss |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dithee-ebb-and-flow-of-loss/article26887809.ece |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2019-04-19 |language=en-IN}}</ref> a simple iron-smith from a small village, who is a devotee of [[Vithoba|Lord Vitthal]]. For years he followed the Waarkari (a devotional sect) tradition of going on a pilgrimage with thousands of other devotees. One tragic incident and his world comes crashing down. Ramji became not only sad but also angry at God.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyengar |first1=Shriram |title=Dithee trailer: The late Sumitra Bhave's moving evocation of grief finally finds its way to audiences |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/may/12/29717 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729120809/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/may/12/29717 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 July 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref> The story is further built upon how this tragedy affects the family and everyone trying to make sense of the tragedy. One rainy night unfolds a tale of grief and ecstasy - where the seeming opposites just collapse and dissolve into the oneness of being. Life offers Ramji a chance to 'see' the non-duality of birth and death, and make peace with his grief.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title='Dithee': Sumitra Bhave's final film will be streamed on SonyLiv |url=https://scroll.in/reel/994772/dithee-sumitra-bhaves-final-film-will-be-streamed-on-sonyliv |access-date=19 May 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>

==Reception==

Dithee received appreciation not only from the audience but also from the critics. ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3.5/5 and stated "Sumitra Bhave’s swansong speaks about the coexistence of life and death". Further, it mentioned, "while the story and acting are strongholds of the film, the cinematography (by Dhananjay Kulkarni) and background score (by Saket Kanetkar) complete the film’s identity".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dithee Review: Sumitra Bhave's swansong speaks about the coexistence of life and death |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/marathi/dithee/ottmoviereview/82851612.cms |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[The Times Of India]]}}</ref>

''[[Firstpost]]'' gave a rating of 3.5/5 and stated a positive review of the film: "Sumitra Bhave’s last film delivers an astonishingly relevant view on life and death" and added that the film "delights you with a soulful tale of mourning and celebration all at once".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dithee movie review: Sumitra Bhave's last film delivers an astonishingly relevant view on life and death |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dithee-movie-review-sumitra-bhaves-last-film-delivers-an-astonishingly-relevant-view-on-life-and-death-9641131.html |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=2021-05-21}}</ref>

Subhra Gupta from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3 stars and stated "Kishore Kadam’s portrayal of Ramji is at the heart of the film".<ref name="The Indian Express"/>

''SpotboyE'' gave a rating of 3.5/5 and praised Kishore Kadam's performance "brilliance as a birthright".<ref>{{cite news |title=Dithee Review: The Film Dithers Between Life And Death, Finally Falls In The Abyss |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/dithee-review-the-film-dithers-between-life-and-death-finally-falls-in-the-abyss/60abab01e5c49b0e58cae0d0 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=SpotboyE |language=en}}</ref> ''Cinestaan'' stated Dithee as a "Visually breathtaking story of loss, grief and healing".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhalla |first1=Sahil |title=Dithee review: Visually breathtaking story of loss, grief and healing |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/dithee-39524 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527193801/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/dithee-39524 |url-status=live |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=Cinestaan}}</ref>

Namrata Joshi of ''[[The Hindu]]'' states "The film operates more in the realm of ideas than action and takes viewers into the mind of a distressed soul."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|date=2019-04-19|title='Dithee' review: Ebb and flow of loss|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dithee-ebb-and-flow-of-loss/article26887809.ece|access-date=2021-07-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt11155460}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 drama films]]

Amal Allana

2026-02-23T07:26:24Z

ColumbusCoffman: added the post and citations!

{{Short description|Indian director and designer (born 1947)}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amal Allana
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|09|14}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Midnight's Children|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Midnight-s-Children/Article1-913683.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815082439/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Midnight-s-Children/Article1-913683.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2012 |work= Hindustan Times|date=14 August 2012 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| years_active =1970–present
| occupation = Theatre director, educator<ref>[http://www.metawards.com/plays/2007/nati-binodini/#amal Biography: Amal Allana] META Awards.</ref>
|alma_mater =[[National School of Drama]]
| father = [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]
| children = [[Zuleikha Chaudhuri]]
| spouse = Nissar Allana
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1998)
}}
'''Amal Allana''' (born 14 September 1947) is an Indian theatre director, [[scenic designer]] and [[costume designer]] and presently she is in her second consecutive term as the Chairperson of [[National School of Drama]], India's premier institute of Theatre training, she also runs the Dramatic Art and Design Academy (DADA), New Delhi, with her husband Nissar Allana, which they co-founded in 2000.<ref name=ht>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/12/11/stories/2005121100370500.htm|title=STAGECRAFT: Theatre as a tactile experience|date=11 December 2005|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125010/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2005/12/11/stories/2005121100370500.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name=tr>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050619/society.htm#5|title=MAking Waves: Born to theatre |date= 19 June 2005|work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/09/stories/2005120902960300.htm|title=Carrying the mantle: National School of Drama Chairperson Amal Allana|date=9 December 2005|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331130347/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/09/stories/2005120902960300.htm|archivedate=31 March 2010|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

As a theatre director, she has directed over 55 plays in Hindi, including notable plays like, ''Aadhe Adhure'' ([[Mohan Rakesh]]), ''Khamosh, Adalat Jari Hai'' ([[Vijay Tendulkar]] adaptation of 1956 short-story, 'Die Panne' (Traps) by [[Friedrich Dürrenmatt]]), ''[[Ashadh Ka Ek Din]]'' (Mohan Rakesh), ''Tughlaq'' and ''Hayavadana'' (both by [[Girish Karnad]]), ''Mahabhoj'' ([[Mannu Bhandari]]) (1982), ''[[King Lear]]'', ''Himmat Mai'' ([[Mother Courage and Her Children|Mother Courage]]), ''Nati Binodini'' (2006) and ''Begum Barve'' ([[Satish Alekar]]), many of which are known to have set trends in [[Indian theatre]].<ref name=ht/><ref>[[#Me|Meyer, p. 9]]</ref><ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/amal-allana-gets-second-term-as-nsd-chief_100205272.html Amal Allana gets second term as NSD chief] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223257/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/amal-allana-gets-second-term-as-nsd-chief_100205272.html |date=3 March 2016 }} 15 June 2009.</ref>

She was awarded the 1998 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award#Direction|Direction]], given by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama.<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm Awardees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |date=17 February 2012 }} [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] Official listing.</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in 1947 in Mumbai to [[Ebrahim Alkazi]], noted theatre director and the first director of the National School of Drama; while her father was of [[Arab people|Arab]] descent (of [[Saudi Arabia]]n and [[Kuwait]]i parentage),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/profile/story/20051226-ebrahim-alkazi-the-man-who-formed-the-concept-of-indian-theatre-788808-2005-12-26|title=Ebrahim Alkazi: The man who formed the concept of Indian theatre|work=India Today|date=26 December 2005|accessdate=11 May 2020|first=Girish|last=Karnad|quote=If we were to choose an individual who formed the concept of Indian theatre, it would almost certainly be Ebrahim Alkazi. But the fact that he is the offspring of a Saudi Arabian father and a Kuwaiti mother is one of those ironies with which theatre history bristles.}}</ref> her mother Roshan Alkazi, belonged to the [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Khoja#Isma'ili Khojas|Ismail Khoja]] community and did the costumes for almost all of her father's plays.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/28/stories/2010012850510400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106012022/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/01/28/stories/2010012850510400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=As dramatic as it gets: Amal Allana recalls a life – a heady mix of great theatre and wonderful food |date=28 January 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref> Her father was one amongst nine siblings; in 1947, Amal's paternal relatives migrated to [[Pakistan]] while her father stayed behind in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/the-world-in-an-embrace-6069030/|title=Theatre doyen Ebrahim Alkazi remembered through an exhibition|work=Indian Express|date=15 October 2019|accessdate=11 May 2020|first=Vandana|last=Kalra|quote=After the Partition, while the rest of his family moved to Pakistan, Alkazi decided to stay back in India.}}</ref> She grew up in a household steeped in theatre and overlooked by her grandmother, a staunch [[Gandhian]], and frequented by artists, writers and theatre personalities, further home was where her father did most of his play rehearsals. Incidentally, theatre director [[Alyque Padamsee]] is her maternal uncle, and her brother Feisal Alkazi is also a theatre director. After completing her schooling, she skipped college and straightaway joined the National School of Drama, Delhi as graduation was not a necessary qualification then. Here she studied under her father and graduated in 1968, majoring in Direction, and also winning the Girish Gosh Award for Best Director and the ''Bharat Purushkar'' for the best all-round student.<ref name=ht/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?235356|title=Reminiscence- Children of 1947– Amal Allana, theatre director |date=20 August 2007|publisher=Outlook|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref>

In 1969, she received a scholarship from the former [[German Democratic Republic|GDR]] government to study the work of [[Bertolt Brecht]]. It allowed her to do a two-year apprenticeship at the [[Berliner Ensemble]], [[German National Theatre (Weimar)|Weimar German National Theatre]], [[Volksbuehne]], and the [[Deutsches Theater (Berlin)|Deutsches Theater]] of [[East Germany]]. Making her a part of the generation of Indian theatre practitioners including, [[Habib Tanvir]], [[Vijaya Mehta]], and [[P.L. Deshpande]], who had the first hand exposure to theatre of Brecht at the Berliner Ensemble, during the formative years of their career,<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 366]]</ref> and as with others, this too had a deep influence on her work as she later noted, ''"I'd seen Indian theatre as a foreigner, regional theatre as an outsider. Doing a course in East Germany helped me to put things together. [[Brecht]] helped me to understand Indian theatre objectively, analytically..''". She also spent time studying at [[Kabuki]] and [[Noh]] in Japan.<ref name=ht/>

==Career==
After returning from Germany, one of her early plays was ''Teen takke ka swang'' (1970), in Urdu with [[Surekha Sikri]], based on Brecht's ''[[The Threepenny Opera|Threepenny Opera]]'', which she co-directed with Fritz Bennewitz for [[National School of Drama#Repertory Company|NSD Repertory Company]], Delhi.<ref name="Dharwadker, p. 437">[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 437]]</ref>

Her collaboration with her husband, Nissar Allana started in 1971, when she was rehearsing her first solo play as a director, [[Brecht]]'s ''[[A Man's a Man]]'' at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], Bombay (now Mumbai), that is when Nissar then studying medicine though impressed by Brecht and [[Casper Neher]] (Austrian-German scenographer), volunteered to do the sets. With Nissar handing stage craft, she has done over 55 production, many of them for their various theatre companies. First they set up, 'The Workshop' in Bombay (1972–1975), next when they moved to Delhi, they started Studio 1 (1977–1985), and in 1985 they founded Theatre and Television Associates.<ref>[http://blogs.thehindu.com/delhi/?p=1206 The curtain raisers: Theatre veterans Amal and Nissar Allana] The Hindu, 30 August 2008.</ref>

She next taught in the Department of Indian Theatre, [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]], where she served as its head, 1977–8. During this period, she directed important productions of Brecht's ''[[The Exception and the Rule]]'' in which Punjabi poet [[Manjit Tiwana]], acted along with [[Anupam Kher]] and [[Anita Kanwar]], as well as ''Three Penny Opera''.

Her first major production came in 1976, when she did [[Mohan Rakesh]]'s ''Adhe Adhure'', with NSD Repertory and three actors trained by her father, [[Surekha Sikri]], [[Uttara Baokar]] and [[Manohar Singh]], which whom she went to work in several other plays of acclaim, including ''Himmat Mai'' (1993) based on [[Brecht]]'s ''[[Mother Courage and her Children]]'', [[Girish Karnad]]'s ''Nagamandal'', and in Satish Alekar's ''Begum Barve''. Her other plays include, ''Birjis Qadar Ka Kunba'' (1980), based on [[Federico García Lorca]]'s ''[[The House of Bernarda Alba]]''<ref>[[#Su|Subramanyam. p. 29]]</ref> ''Asadh Ka Ek Din '' (1981) (Mohan Rakesh),<ref>[[#Dh|Dharwadker, p. 401]]</ref> [[Mannu Bhandari]]'s ''Mahabhoj'' (1982), ''Aurat bhali Ramkali'' (1984), based on Brecht's ''[[The Good Person of Szechwan]]'', ''Rajajaswant Singh'' (1989), based on [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[King Lear]]'', Prashant Dalvi's ''Char Chowgi'', [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]]'s ''Sonata'' and ''Innocent Erendira And Her Heartless Grandmother'', based on a story by [[Gabriel García Márquez]], transposed to Rajasthan.<ref name=tr/> She has also directed television drama, notably Mohan Rakesh's ''Adhe-adhure'', ''Begum Barve'', [[Manjula Padmanabhan]]'s ''Lights Out'', ''Char Chaughi'', ''Teen takke ka swang''.<ref name="Dharwadker, p. 437"/> Though her most talked about production has been ''Nati Binodini'' (2006), which she directed after discovering the autobiography of early 20th century, courtesan turned Bengali stage actress, [[Binodini Dasi]], after two years of research, the result was a play which according to theatre critic, Romesh Chander was "her best production till date".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120801500300.htm|title=Autobiography comes alive : "Nati Binodini", based on Binodini's autobiography "Aamar Kathaa"|author=Romesh Chander|date=8 December 2006|work=The Hindu|accessdate=2 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125042/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2006/12/08/stories/2006120801500300.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080218-armed-to-go-735363-2008-02-08|title=STAGE CRAFT|date=8 February 2008|publisher=India Today|access-date=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/24/stories/2006112401170300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401160146/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/11/24/stories/2006112401170300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2012|title= Lights, sets, action..: Nissar and Amal Allana's "Nati Binodini" premieres this weekend in Delhi. |date=24 November 2006|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref> In 1990 She also directed [[Mulla Nasiruddin]] based on life of [[Nasreddin|Nasreddin Hodja]].

The first ever all-Indian theatre festival, [[Bharat Rang Mahotsav]] 1999, opened on 18 March in New Delhi, with staging of [[Girish Karnad]]'s play ''Nagamandala'', which she directed.<ref>{{cite news |title=All the world's classics, on a stage |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19990318/ile18004.html |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 March 1999}}</ref> She founded Dramatic Art and Design Academy (DADA), situated at Khirkee Village, New Delhi, with her husband, Nissar Allana, a stage-set and lighting designer. Today she is Head of Acting there, while Nissar is the Director. In 2008, DADA started organising a 10-day 'Delhi Ibsen Festival', which featured plays directed by [[Ratan Thiyam]], Anuradha Kapur and Neelam Mansingh.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121107150912/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/11/20/stories/2009112050100300.htm Interpreting Ibsen] [[The Hindu]], 20 November 2009.</ref> In 2009, the festival included four international productions, from China, Iran, Egypt and the Netherlands, apart from production of [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s plays by Shantanu Bose, Jyotish M.G., Neeraj Kabi and Zulekha Chowdhury, while Amal Allana's production, ''Metropolis'' brought together the female leads from three of Ibsen's plays—''[[A Doll's House]]'', ''[[Rosmersholm]]'' and ''[[Hedda Gabler]]'' in a modern mosaic set against the backdrop of present-day Mumbai and the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 terrorist attacks]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/11/27222734/The-Ibsen-within.html|title=Culture:The Ibsen within|date=28 November 2009|publisher=Live Mint|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107150931/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/12/04/stories/2009120450840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012|title=Angst of silence |date=4 December 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=2 April 2010}}</ref>

She has also worked as a [[set dresser]] in [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982) and costume designer in [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s ''[[Saransh]]'' (1984).<ref>{{IMDb name|1231326}}</ref>

==Books==
Allana is the author of the book ''Ebrahim Alkazi: Holding Time Captive'', a biography of her father.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2024/04/27/amal-allana-s-biography-of-her-father-ebrahim-alkazi-is-as-much-personal-as-it-is-historical.html|title=Holding Time Captive: Amal Allana's ode to her father Ebrahim Alkazi|first=Puja|last=Awasthi|date=28 April 2024|accessdate=19 January 2025|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to Nissar Allana, whom she first met at the age of 15 in her father [[Ebrahim Alkazi]]'s theatre group. Allana though a doctor by profession, practices stage design and lighting design and has worked in most of her plays, he is also the Director of Dramatic Art and Design Academy (DADA), which they founded in 2000 in Delhi. Their daughter [[Zuleikha Chaudhuri|Zuleikha Chaudhary]] is also a theatre director.<ref name=ht/>

Her mother, Roshan Alkazi died in 2007, and a year later two books titled, ''Ancient Indian Costume'' and ''Medieval Indian Costume'', based on her research of Indian costume through the history were published by Amal and her father Ebrahim, released at Art Heritage Gallery which was founded Ebrahim and Roshan together.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/stitch-in-time/361127/|title=Stitch in Time|date=14 September 2008|accessdate=2 April 2010|archive-date=4 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004221031/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/stitch-in-time/361127/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125049/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2005/07/21/stories/2005072101000100.htm Life is a stage after all! (Amal Allana and Nissar Allana Interview)]}} at ''[[The Hindu]]''
* {{cite book|last=Dharwadker|first=Aparna Bhargava |title=Theatres of independence: drama, theory, and urban performance in India since 1947|publisher=University of Iowa Press|year= 2005|isbn=0-87745-961-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mLQaz-12Eo8C&q=Amal+Allana&pg=PA401|ref=Dh}}
* ''Women who dared'', by Ritu Menon. National Book Trust, India, 2002. {{ISBN|81-237-3856-0}}. Chap. 13, ''p. 181–190''.
* {{cite book|last=Subramanyam|first=Lakshmi|title=Muffled voices: women in modern Indian theatre|chapter= 11. Gender Relations and Self Identity: A perosna Encounter – Amal Allana|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TigigoI5jl4C&q=Amal+Allana&pg=PA165|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2002|isbn=81-241-0870-6|ref=Su}}
* {{cite book|last=Meyer-Dinkgräfe|first=Daniel |title=Who's who in contemporary world theatre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=njiEv5o0OhQC&q=Amal+Allana&pg=PA9|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|isbn=0-415-14162-1|ref=Me}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090228200039/http://nsd.gov.in/nsd_chairperson.htm National School of Drama, Chairperson, Official webpage]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091206045245/http://www.delhibsenfestival.com/ Delhi Ibsen Festival, website]
* [https://sudhansu-nayak.blogspot.com/2009/03/nati-binodini-photo-journey.html ''Nati Binodini'' – a photo journey]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Allana, Amal}}
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the National School of Drama]]
[[Category:Indian scenic designers]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian drama teachers]]
[[Category:Hindi theatre]]
[[Category:Indian arts administrators]]
[[Category:Indian people of Kuwaiti descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Saudi Arabian descent]]
[[Category:Indian women theatre directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian women costume designers]]

Battle of the Hydaspes

2026-02-22T15:19:56Z

ColumbusCoffman: update layout additionally and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|Part of the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great}}
{{Redirect|Battle of Jhelum}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of the Hydaspes
| partof = [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's Indian campaign]]
| image = File:Alexander the Great (356-23 BC) and Porus (oil on canvas).jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = ''Alexander the Great and Porus'' by [[Francesco Fontebasso]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|32|49|40|N|73|38|20|E|display=inline, title}}
| map_type = Pakistan Punjab#Pakistan#South Asia
| map_relief =
| map_size = 300px
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location within [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]]##Location within [[Pakistan]]##Location within [[Indian subcontinent]]
| map_label =
| date = May 326 BC
| place = Hydaspes River (modern-day [[Jhelum River]], [[Pakistan]])
| result = [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] victory
| territory = Macedon annexes most of [[Punjab]], from the Hydaspes to the Hyphasis ([[Beas River]]){{sfn|Green|1991|p=402}}
| combatant1 = '''[[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Alexander's Empire|Macedonian Empire]]''' [[League of Corinth|Hellenic League]] [[Gandhara]]
| combatant2 = [[Pauravas]]<ref name="Phillips2012">{{cite book|author=Graham Phillips|title=Alexander The Great|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EwrwOjz7-8C&pg=PA129|date=31 March 2012|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-0-7535-3582-0|pages=129–131}}</ref>
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
*'''[[Alexander the Great]]'''
*[[Craterus]]
*[[Coenus (general)|Coenus]]
*[[Taxiles]]}}
| commander2 = {{plainlist|
*'''[[Porus the Elder|Porus]]'''
*Spitakes
*Sons of Porus}}
| strength1 = 45,000–47,000 total<hr/>{{Blist
|40,000 [[infantry]]
|5,000–7,000 [[cavalry]]{{efn|Lower estimate according to [[Arrian]],<ref name="Arrian 5.14"/> higher estimate include another 2,000<ref>Fuller estimates a further 2,000 cavalry under Craterus' command.</ref>}}
|Asiatic contingents<ref>Harbottle, Thomas Benfield (1906). ''Dictionary of Battles''. New York.</ref>}}
| strength2 = 22,000–54,000 total<hr />{{Blist
|20,000–50,000 [[infantry]]{{efn|Several estimates give 20,000,<ref name=Plutarch621>Plutarch 62.1:"But this last combat with Porus took off the edge of the [[Ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]]s' courage, and stayed their further progress into India. For having found it hard enough to defeat an enemy who brought but twenty thousand foot and two thousand horse into the field..."</ref> 30,000<ref name="Arrian 5.15">{{harvnb|Arrian|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Arr.+An.+5.15&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530 5.15]}}</ref> and 50,000<ref name="Diodorus 17.87.2">Diodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D17%3Achapter%3D87%3Asection%3D2 17.87.2]</ref>}}
|2,000–4,000 [[cavalry]]{{efn|2,000 according to [[Plutarch]],<ref name=Plutarch621/> 4,000 according to [[Arrian]]<ref name="Arrian 5.15" />}}
|85–200 [[war elephant]]s{{efn|Several estimates include 200,<ref name="Arrian 5.15" /> 130<ref name="Diodorus 17.87.2"/> ("likeliest" according to Green),{{sfn|Green|1991|p=553}} and 85<ref>Curtius 8.13.6; ''Metz Epitome'' 54 (following Curtius)</ref>}}
|1,000 [[Ratha|chariot]]s<ref name=Plutarch605>Plutarch 60.5</ref>}}
| casualties1 = ~1,000 total{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=19–23}}<hr />{{Blist
|80<ref name="Arrian 5.18">{{harvnb|Arrian|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Arr.+An.+5.18&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2008.01.0530 5.18]}}</ref>–700<ref name="Diodorus 17.89.3" /><ref name = "Fuller 199">According to {{harvnb|Fuller|1990|p=199}}, "Diodorus' figures appear more realistic."</ref> infantry killed
|230<ref name="Arrian 5.18" />–280<ref name="Diodorus 17.89.3" /> cavalry killed}}
| casualties2 = {{Blist
|[[Diodorus]]<ref name="Diodorus 17.89.1-3" />
{{Blist|12,000 killed|9,000 captured}}
|[[Arrian]]<ref name="Arrian 5.18" />
{{Blist|20,000 infantry killed|3,000 cavalry killed}}}}
}}
{{Campaigns of Alexander the Great}}
{{OSM Location map
| coord = {{coord|35|48}}
| zoom = 3
| float = right
| nolabels = 1
| width = 304
| height = 160
| title = [[Alexander the Great]]
| caption = {{legend|black|current battle}}

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| label1 = Pella
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|40.75|22.52}}
| mark-title1 = Birthplace July 356 BCE
| mark-description1 = [[Pella]] in [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)]]
| label-pos1 = top
| label-offset-x1 = 10

| label2 = Granicus
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|40.32|27.28}}
| mark-title2 = [[Battle of the Granicus]] May, 334 BCE
| mark-description2 = [[Granicus River]]
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| label-offset-y2 = -10

| label3 = Miletus
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|37.53|27.28}}
| mark-title3 = [[Siege of Miletus]] 334 BCE [[Siege of Halicarnassus]] 334 BCE
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| label-pos3 = right
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| label4 = Issus
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|36.75|36.19}}
| mark-title4 = [[Battle of Issus]] 334 BCE
| mark-description4 = [[Issus (Cilicia)]]

| label5 = Tyre
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|33.27|35.2}}
| mark-title5 = [[Siege of Tyre (332 BCE)]] January–July 332 BCE
| mark-description5 = [[Tyre, Lebanon]]
| label-offset-x5 = 2
| label-offset-y5 = -2

| label6 = Gaza
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|31.52|34.45}}
| mark-title6 = [[Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)|Siege of Gaza]] October 332 BCE
| mark-description6 = [[Gaza City]]
| label-pos6 = right

| label7 = Alexandria
| mark-coord7 = {{coord|31.2|29.92}}
| mark-title7 = [[Alexandria|Foundation of Alexandria]] 331 BCE
| mark-description7 = [[Alexandria]]
| label-pos7 = bottom
| label-offset-y7 = -5

| label8 = Gaugamela
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|36.56|43.44}}
| mark-title8 = [[Battle of Gaugamela]] 1 October 331 BCE
| mark-description8 = [[Erbil]]
| label-pos8 = right
| label-offset-y8 = -5

| label9 = Uxians
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|32.19|48.25}}
| mark-title9 = [[Battle of the Uxian Defile]] December 331 BCE
| mark-description9 = [[Susa]]
| label-pos9 = right
| label-offset-y9 = -10

| label10 = Persian Gate
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|30.71|51.6}}
| mark-title10 = [[Battle of the Persian Gate]] 20 January 330 BCE
| mark-description10 = [[Persian Gates]]
| label-pos10 = bottom
| label-offset-y10 = -5

| label11 = Cyropolis
| mark-coord11 = {{coord|40.28|69.63}}
| mark-title11 = [[Siege of Cyropolis]] 329 BCE [[Battle of Jaxartes]] October 329 BCE [[Siege of the Sogdian Rock]] 327 BCE
| mark-description11 = [[Cyropolis]]
| label-offset-x11 = 2
| label-offset-y11 = -2

| label12 = Cophen
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|35.2|72.48}}
| mark-title12 = [[Cophen campaign]] May 327 BCE – March 326 BCE
| mark-description12 = [[Kabul River]]
| label-offset-x12 = 2
| label-offset-y12 = -2

| label13 = Hydaspes
| mark-coord13 = {{coord|32.83|73.64}}
| mark-title13 = Battle of the Hydaspes May 326 BCE
| mark-description13 = [[Jhelum River]]
| label-offset-x13 = 2
| label-offset-y13 = -2
| shape-color13 = black
| label-color13 = black

| label14 = Malavas
| mark-coord14 = {{coord|30.7|72.3}}
| mark-title14 = [[Mallian campaign]] November 326 – February 325 BCE
| mark-description14 = [[Punjab]]
| label-offset-x14 = 2
| label-offset-y14 = -2

| label15 = Babylon
| mark-coord15 = {{coord|32.54|44.42}}
| mark-title15 = [[Death of Alexander the Great]] 10 or 11 June 323 BCE
| mark-description15 = [[Babylon]]
| label-offset-x15 = 20
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}}
The '''Battle of the Hydaspes''' also known as '''Battle of Jhelum''', or '''First Battle of Jhelum''', was fought between the [[Macedonian Empire]] under [[Alexander the Great]] and the [[Pauravas]] under [[Porus]] in May of 326 BC. It took place on the banks of the [[Jhelum River|Hydaspes River]] in what is now the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] province of Pakistan,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Locke |first=Ralph P. |date=2016 |title=Alexander the Great and the Indian Rajah Puru. Exoticism in a Metastasio Libretto As Set by Hasse and by Handel |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44739484 |journal=Revue de Musicologie |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=275–317 |jstor=44739484 |issn=0035-1601 |quote=The elephants of Puru's army were overwhelmed by the Greeks' horses in 326 BC on the left bank of the Hydaspes, a river - also known as the Jhelum or Jhelam - that is located in what is today Pakistan}}</ref> as part of [[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great|Alexander's Indian campaign]]. In what was possibly their most costly engagement,<ref>Peter Connolly. ''Greece and Rome At War''. Macdonald Phoebus Ltd, 1981, p. 66</ref> the [[Ancient Macedonian army|Macedonian army]] secured a decisive victory over the [[Pauravas]] and captured Porus.{{efn|After more fierce combat Alexander's victory was complete and Porus surrendered.{{sfn|Brice|2012|p=81}}}} Large areas of Punjab were subsequently absorbed into the [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)#Alexander's Empire|Macedonian Empire]]; Alexander spared Porus and made him a [[satrap]], effectively reinstating him as the region's ruler.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of the Hydaspes {{!}} Alexander the Great, Map, Tactics, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Hydaspes |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Despite close surveillance by the Pauravas, Alexander's decision to cross the [[monsoon]]-swollen Hydaspes to catch Porus' army in the flank has been called one of his "masterpieces" in combat.<ref>Burn 1965, p. 150</ref> The Macedonians' engagement with the Indians at Hydaspes remains a very significant historical event during the [[Wars of Alexander the Great]], as it resulted in the exposure of Greek political and cultural influences to the [[Indian subcontinent]], which would continue to affect [[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations|Greeks and Indians]] for centuries to come.

After the battle, Alexander continued his eastward march into modern-day [[India]], intending to cross the [[Ganges|Ganges River]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=Alexander the Great |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112102725/https://www.worldhistory.org/Alexander_the_Great/ |archive-date=12 Nov 2024 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |language=en}}</ref> However, he stopped at the Hyphasis (now called the [[Beas River|Beas]]) in 326 BC<ref name=":2" /> after his weary troops refused to advance further, having campaigned with him for nearly eight years.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |date=1833 |title=The Empire and Expeditions of Alexander the Great |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11738/ |access-date=2013-07-26 |website=[[World Digital Library]]}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=Philip |title=The Hyphasis Mutiny |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1630/the-hyphasis-mutiny/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713192251/https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1630/the-hyphasis-mutiny/ |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |language=en}}</ref> Arms and armor were wearing out, and there was concern within the army that they could meet disaster in India.<ref name=":4" /> The Hyphasis marked the farthest advance of Alexander in India, and upon leaving he "left King Porus in charge of this easternmost territory."<ref name=":4" />

==Background==
After Alexander defeated the last of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]'s forces under [[Bessus]] and [[Spitamenes]] in 328 BC, he began a new campaign to further extend his empire towards India in 327 BC. After fortifying [[Bactria]] with 10,000 men, Alexander commenced his invasion of India through the [[Khyber Pass]].{{sfn|Brice|2012|p=11}} Whilst possessing a much larger army, at the battle, an estimated 40,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry crossed the river in time to engage the enemy.<ref name="Arrian 5.14">According to {{harvnb|Arrian|loc=[http://websfor.org/alexander/arrian/book5a.asp 5.14]}} 6,000 foot and 5,000 horse were under Alexander's command in the battle.</ref> During this battle, Alexander suffered heavy losses compared to his earlier victories.

The primary Greek column entered the Khyber Pass, but a smaller force under the personal command of Alexander went through the northern route, taking the fortress of [[Aornos]] (modern-day Pir-Sar) along the way—a place of mythological significance to the Greeks as, according to legend, [[Herakles]] had failed to occupy it when he campaigned in India. Here, the Hindu clans of the [[Hindu Kush]] gave Alexander's army the toughest opposition they had faced, but Alexander still emerged victorious, despite being outnumbered, depending on the source, somewhere between 3:1 and 5:1.{{sfn|Green|1991}}

In early spring of the next year, Alexander formed an alliance with [[Taxiles]] (local name Ambhi), the King of [[Taxila]]. They combined their forces against Taxiles' neighbour, the King of [[Hydaspes]], [[Porus the Elder]], who had chosen to spurn Alexander's command for him to surrender and was preparing for war.{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=56}} Alexander had to subdue Porus in order to keep marching east. To leave such a strong opponent at his flanks would have endangered any further exploits. Alexander could not afford to show any weakness if he wanted to keep the loyalty of the already subdued Indian princes. Porus had to defend his kingdom and chose the perfect spot to check Alexander's advance. Although he lost the battle, he became Alexander's most successful recorded opponent. According to historian [[Peter Green (historian)|Peter Green]], Porus' performance in the battle out-classed both [[Memnon of Rhodes]] and [[Spitamenes]].{{sfn|Green|1991}}

==Pre-battle manoeuvres==
[[Image:Battle hydaspes crossing.gif|thumb|left|Alexander's crossing of the Hydaspes River.]]
[[File:Porus awaits the attack of Alexander july 326 B.C..jpg|thumb|Porus awaits the attack of Alexander July 326 BC.]]
Alexander fixed his camp on the north banks of the [[Jhelum River]] (then called the Hydaspes).{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=57}} In the spring of 326 BC, Porus drew up on the south bank of the Hydaspes to repel any crossing.{{sfn|Sastri|1988|p=57}} The Jhelum River was deep and fast enough that any attempt at a crossing would probably doom the attacking force. Alexander knew that a direct approach had little chance of success and tried to find alternative fords. He moved his mounted troops up and down the river bank each night while Porus shadowed him.

Eventually, Alexander found and used a suitable crossing, about {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} upstream of his camp. This was where an uninhabited, wood-covered island divided the river.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=History of the Macedonians|last=Farr|first=Edward|publisher=Robert Carter & Brothers|year=1850|location=New York|pages=172}}</ref> While leading his troops across, he landed on the island, while his troops waded across. His plan was a classic [[Pincer movement|pincer manoeuvre]]. He would eventually attack Indian cavalry flanking both sides of Porus' main force from the right.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Battle of Hydaspes |encyclopedia=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/660/battle-of-hydaspes/ |access-date=14 October 2019 |last=Wasson |first=Donald L. |date=26 February 2014}}</ref> He left his general, Craterus, behind with most of the army, to make sure Porus would not find out about his crossing, while he crossed the river upstream with a strong contingent, consisting, according to the 2nd century AD Greek historian [[Arrian]], of 6,000 on foot and 5,000 on horseback, though it was probably larger.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Craterus was ordered to ford the river and attack if Porus faced Alexander with all his troops or to hold his position if Porus faced Alexander with only part of his army.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} The other forces commanded by [[Meleager (general)|Meleager]], [[Attalus (son of Andromenes)|Attalus]], and [[Gorgias of Macedon|Gorgias]] were ordered to cross the river in various places during the manoeuvre.<ref name=":3" />

Alexander's crossing the Hydaspes in the face of Indian forces on the opposite bank was a notable achievement. The complex preparations for the crossing were accomplished using numerous feints and other forms of deception. Porus was kept continuously on the move until he decided it was a bluff and relaxed. On every visit to the crossing site, Alexander made a detour inland to maintain the secrecy of the plan. It was also reported that an Alexander look-alike held sway in a mock royal tent near the base.

Alexander quietly moved his part of the army upstream and then traversed the river in utmost secrecy, using 'skin floats filled with hay' as well as 'smaller vessels cut in half, the thirty oared galleys into three'.{{sfn|Arrian}} Furthermore, Craterus engaged in frequent feints suggesting that he may cross the river. As a result, Porus, 'no longer expecting a sudden attempt under cover of darkness, was lulled into a sense of security.'{{sfn|Arrian}} Alexander mistakenly landed on an island, but soon crossed to the other side. Porus perceived his opponent's manoeuvre and sent a small cavalry and [[Ratha|chariot force]] under his son, also named Porus, to fight them off, hoping that he could prevent his crossing. By chance, a storm occurred that night, which drowned out the sounds of the crossing.

Having crossed the river, Alexander advanced towards the location of Porus' camp with all his horsemen and foot archers, leaving his phalanx to follow up behind.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XIV}} Upon meeting with young Porus' force, his horse archers showered the latter with arrows, while his heavy cavalry immediately charged without [[Tactical formation|forming]] into line of battle.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XV}} Young Porus also faced an unexpected disadvantage: his chariots were immobilized by the mud near the shore of the river.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=19–23}} His small force was completely routed by Alexander's outnumbering cavalry, and he died.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49Tc7jRSBrIC|title=Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy: The Timeless Leadership Lessons of History's Greatest Empire Builder|last=Bose|first=Partha|date=1 April 2004|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9781592400539|pages=228|language=en}}</ref> As news reached the elder Porus, he understood that Alexander had crossed to his side of the river and hastened to face him with the best part of his army, leaving behind a small detachment to disrupt the landing of Craterus' force should he attempt to cross the river.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XV}}

==Battle==
[[Image:Battle hydaspes combined at.png|thumb|Combined attack of cavalry and infantry.]]
[[File:Indian war elephant against Alexander’s troops 1685.jpg|thumb|An imagined Indian [[war elephant]] against Alexander's army, by Johannes van den Avele]]

Eventually the two forces met and arrayed themselves for the battle. The Indians were poised with cavalry on both flanks, fronted by their chariots, while their center comprising infantry with [[war elephants]] stationed every fifty feet in front of them, to deter the Macedonian cavalry. The Indian war elephants were heavily armoured and had castle-like [[howdah]]s on their back carrying a trio of archers and javelin men. Porus' soldiers were dressed in flamboyantly hued outfits with steel helmets, bright scarves and [[Baldric|baldrics]], and wielded axes, lances and maces. Porus, eschewing the usual tradition of Indian kings fighting from a chariot, was mounted atop his tallest war elephant. This animal in particular was not equipped with a howdah, as the king was clad in [[chain mail]] armour and hence had no need of the additional protection of a tower.{{sfn|Kistler|2006}}{{cn|date=November 2023}}

Alexander, noticing that Porus' disposition was strongest in the center, decided to attack with his cavalry first on the flanks, having his phalanx hold back until the Indian cavalry had been neutralized.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XVI}} The Macedonian heavy infantry phalanx were outnumbered 1:5 against the Indian infantry. However the latter were at significant disadvantage in close combat due to their lack of armour and the long reach of their opponent's [[sarissa]]s. Even their heavy armour-piercing bows were inaccurate because of the slippery ground,{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=19–23}} though the muddy ground was also an advantage to the lighter-armored Indians.{{sfn|Kistler|2006}}

Alexander commenced the battle by sending his [[Dahae]] [[Mounted archery|horse archers]] to harass the Indian right-wing cavalry.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=19–23}} His armoured [[Companion cavalry]] was sent to attack their outnumbered Indian counterparts on the left wing, with Alexander himself leading the charge as was his habit.<ref name=":1" /> The rest of the Indian cavalry galloped to the aid of their hard-pressed kinsmen from the right wing, but [[Coenus (general)|Coenus]]'s squadrons promptly followed their movement and attacked them from the rear. The Indian horsemen tried to form a double phalanx to face both attacks, but the necessary complicated manoeuvres brought even more confusion into their ranks, making it easier for the Macedonian cavalry to defeat them. The Indian cavalry were thus routed, and fled to the safety of their elephants.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XVII}}

The war elephants now advanced against the Macedonian cavalry, only to be confronted by the Macedonian phalanx. The powerful beasts caused heavy losses among the Macedonian foot, impaling many men with their steel-clad tusks and heaving some of them into the air before pulverizing them, and trampling and disorganizing their dense lines. Nevertheless, the Macedonian infantry resisted the attack bravely, with light infantry who tossed javelins at the elephants' [[mahout]]s and eyes while the heavy infantry attempted to hamstring the elephants with the two-sided axes and [[kopis]].{{sfn|Kistler|2006}} Meanwhile, the Indian horsemen attempted another sally, only to be repulsed once again by Alexander's cavalry squadrons, who had all massed together. The elephants were eventually repulsed and fled back to their own lines. Many of their mahouts had been struck down by Macedonian missiles before they could kill their panicked mounts with poisoned rods, and hence the maddened animals wrought enormous havoc, trampling many of their own infantry and cavalry to death.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=19–23}} Finally, the Macedonian [[pezhetairoi]] locked their shields and advanced upon the confused enemy mass, while the Macedonian cavalry charged from the rear in a classic "[[hammer and anvil]]" manoeuvre, putting the entire Indian army to rout.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XVII}} Meanwhile, Craterus and his force in the base camp had succeeded in crossing the river, and arriving just at the right moment proceed to conduct a thorough pursuit on the fleeing Indians.<ref>{{cite book|title=Greek & Roman Warfare: Battles, Tactics, and Trickery|last=Montagu|first=John Drogo|date=2006|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London|page=154}}</ref>

Throughout the battle, Alexander is said to have observed with growing admiration the valour of Porus, and understood that Porus intended to die in combat rather than be captured. Hoping to save the life of such a competent leader and warrior, Alexander commanded Taxiles to summon Porus for surrender. However, Porus became enraged on the very sight of his nemesis and tossed a spear at him in fury without bothering to listen to his proposal. Porus' aggressive response forced Taxiles to take flight on his steed. In a similar manner, many other messengers dispatched by the determined Alexander were spurned until at last Meroes, a personal friend of Porus, convinced him to listen to Alexander's message. Overpowered by thirst, the weary Porus finally dismounted his war elephant and demanded water. After being refreshed, he allowed himself to be taken to Alexander. On hearing that the Indian King was approaching, Alexander himself rode out to meet him and the famous surrender meeting took place.{{sfn|Green|1991|p=400}}{{sfn|Sastri|1988}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOyv4n-zamIC&q=spitakes+porus&pg=PA105 | title=Alexander the Great and His Time | first=Agnes | last=Savill | year=1993 | publisher=Barnes & Noble Publishing | isbn=0-88029-591-0 | via=Google Books}}</ref>

According to Arrian, Macedonian losses amounted to 80 foot soldiers, ten horse archers, twenty of the [[Companion Cavalry|Companions]] and 200 other horsemen.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XVIII}} However the military historian [[J. F. C. Fuller|J.F.C. Fuller]] saw Diodorus' report of casualties of 1000 men killed as more realistic.<ref name="Diodorus 17.89.3">Diodorus [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084%3Abook%3D17%3Achapter%3D89%3Asection%3D3 17.89.3]</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|1990|p=199}} This was certainly a high figure for the victorious army, and more than the Macedonian losses at [[Battle of Gaugamela|Gaugamela]], yet not improbable considering the partial success of the Indian war elephants.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xx7ICQAAQBAJ&q=kaushik+roy | title=Warfare in Pre-British India – 1500 BCE to 1740 CE | first=Kaushik | last=Roy | year=2015 | publisher=Routledge | isbn=978-1-315-74270-0 | via=Google Books}}</ref> Indian losses amounted to 23,000 according to Arrian, 12,000 dead and over 9,000 men captured according to Diodorus.<ref name="Diodorus 17.89.1-3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0084:book=17:chapter=89:section=1|title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVII, Chapter 89, section 1|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+17.89.2&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0084|title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVII, Chapter 89, section 2|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+17.89.3&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0084|title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XVII, Chapter 89, section 3|website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> The last two numbers are remarkably close, so it might be assumed that Arrian added any prisoners to the total Indian casualties. Among the Indian leadership, two sons of Porus and his relative and ally Spitakes were killed during the battle, as well as most of his chieftains.{{sfn|Arrian|loc=Book V, Chapter XVIII}} Around 80 elephants were captured alive.<ref name="Diodorus 17.89.2">Diodorus, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Diod.+17.89.2&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0084 17.89.2]</ref>{{sfn|Fuller|1990|p=199}} Alexander also acquired an additional 70 war elephants due to the late arrival of reinforcements called for by King Porus after the battle was already over, who readily surrendered and offered these beasts as a tribute.{{sfn|Kistler|2006}}

==Aftermath and legacy==
[[Image:Le Brun, Alexander and Porus.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.5|A painting by [[Charles Le Brun]] depicting Alexander and Porus during the Battle of the Hydaspes.]]

When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated, Porus replied "Treat me as a king would treat another king".<ref>Rogers, p.200</ref>{{link needed|date=October 2024}} Impressed, Alexander indeed treated him like a king, allowing him to retain his lands. Following the battle, Alexander founded two cities called [[Boukephala and Nikaia]], the latter at the site of the battle and named after the Greek word for victory, Nike, in commemoration of his success, and the former on the opposite bank to honour his faithful steed [[Bucephalus]], who died during or after the battle.

In 326 BC, Alexander's army approached the boundaries of the [[Nanda Empire]]. His army, exhausted from the continuous campaigning and concerned at the prospect of facing yet another gigantic Indian army, demanded that they should return to the west. This happened at the [[Beas River|Hyphasis]] (modern [[Beas River|Beas]]). Historians do not consider that this action by Alexander's troops represented a mutiny but called it an increase in military unrest amongst the troops, which forced Alexander to finally give in.{{sfn|Brice|2012|p=11}} Instead of immediately turning back, however, he ordered the army to march south, along the Indus, securing the banks of the river as the borders of his empire.

[[File:Defeat of Porus by the Macedonians.jpg|thumb|Defeat of Porus by the Macedonians.]]
The main reasons for Porus' defeat were Alexander's use of clever tactics, and the Macedonians' superior discipline and technology.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=23–28}} The Indians used chariots which were inferior to the Greek's cavalry. They did not have a well supported military infrastructure or a [[standing army]]. The Indian infantry and cavalry were poorly armoured, lacking in metal armour, and their swords were no match against the [[sarissa]] of the Macedonians. Porus himself failed to take the initiative, mainly trying to counter his opponent's moves. Greek historians agree that Porus fought bravely until the end.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=23–28}}

During the later rule of the [[Maurya Empire]], tactician [[Chanakya|Kautilya]] took the Battle of the Hydaspes as a lesson and highlighted the need for military training before battle. The first Mauryan emperor, [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]], maintained a standing army. The chariot corps played a marginal role in Mauryan military infrastructure.{{sfn|Roy|2004|pp=28–31}}

==See also==
* [[Seleucid–Mauryan war]]
*[[Mallian campaign]]
*[[Indian campaign of Alexander the Great]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

{{clear}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===

====Modern====
*{{cite book |title=Greek Warfare: From the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great |editor-first=Lee L. |editor-last=Brice |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 }}
*[[Peter Green (historian)|Green, Peter]] (1974). ''Alexander of Macedon: A Historical Biography''. {{ISBN|978-0-520-07166-7}}
* {{cite book | title=Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography | first=Peter | last=Green | author-link=Peter Green (historian) | year=1991 | publisher=University of California Press }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0sqI1fxfnMC | title=War Elephants | first=John M. | last=Kistler | year=2006 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn=9780275987619 | via=Google Books}}
*Rogers, Guy (2004). ''Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness. New York: Random House''.
* {{citation |editor-last=Sastri |editor-first=K. A. Nilakanta |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=Delhi |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=Second }}
*{{cite book |author-link=J. F. C. Fuller|last=Fuller |first=John|year=1990|orig-year=1958|title=The Generalship of Alexander the Great|location=New Jersey|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80371-0}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpXijlqeRpIC|title=India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788178241098|language=en}}

====Ancient====
*[[Diodorus Siculus]] (90-30 BC). ''Bibliotheca Historica''.
*[[Quintus Curtius Rufus]] (60-70 AD). ''Historiae Alexandri Magni''.
*[[Plutarch]] (75 AD). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070221175139/http://www.siu.edu/~dfll/classics/Civ2004/alia/alexander.pdf The Life of Alexander the Great], [[Parallel Lives]]''.
*{{wikicite|reference=[[Arrian]] (early 2nd century AD), ''The Anabasis of Alexander''.|ref={{harvid|Arrian}}}}
*''[[Metz Epitome]]''.

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Wickramasinghe |first1=Chandima S. M. |title=The Indian Invasion of Alexander and the Emergence of Hybrid Cultures |journal=Indian Historical Review |date=2021 |volume=48 |pages=69–91 |doi=10.1177/03769836211009651|s2cid=235463234 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jhelum/hydaspes.html Hydaspes (Jhelum)]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014084608/http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jhelum/hydaspes.html |date=14 October 2013 }}.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hydaspes, Battle Of The}}
[[Category:Battles of Alexander the Great|Hydaspes River]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms|Hydaspes River]]
[[Category:Military history of Pakistan]]
[[Category:326 BC]]
[[Category:Wars involving ancient India]]
[[Category:320s BC conflicts]]
[[Category:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]
[[Category:Khyber Pass|Battle of the Hydaspes]]
[[Category:4th century BC in India]]

Upendra Trivedi

2026-02-12T03:17:53Z

ColumbusCoffman: cleanup

{{short description|Indian film and stage actor, director and politician (1936–2015)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Upendra Trivedi (cropped).JPG
| caption = Trivedi at [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] in 2013
| birth_name = Upendra Jethalal Trivedi
| birth_date = {{birth date|1936|7|14|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|1|4|1936|7|14}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_place = Idar, [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives = [[Arvind Trivedi]] (brother)
| occupation = Actor, politician
}}

'''Upendra Jethalal Trivedi''' (14 July 1936{{spnd}} 4 January 2015) was an Indian film and stage actor, director and producer who was one of the most prolific actors of [[Gujarati cinema]]. As an actor films like ''[[Mehndi Rang Lagyo]]'' (1960), ''Jogidas Khuman'' (1962) were few of his earliest appearances in Gujarati films. He was also known as ''Abhinay Samrat''.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas, "Among the actors Upendra Trivedi (1960—) had the longest and most successful career as a major Gujarati star and producer, and is also known for his stage productions.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwGgF-rDucEC&pg=PT163|date=17 April 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-77291-7|pages=163}}</ref><ref name="DG2015">{{cite news | author=DeshGujarat | title=Gujarati actor Upendra Trivedi passes away |publisher=DeshGujarat | date=4 January 2015| url=http://deshgujarat.com/2015/01/04/gujarati-actor-upendra-trivedi-passes-away/ | access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> He was politically active and was elected to the state legislative assembly three times.

==Early life==
Upendra Trivedi was born on 14 July 1936 in [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh, India. His family hailed from Kukadia village near [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]], [[Gujarat]]. His parents moved to [[Ujjain]] where he completed his education. He lived with his elder brother in [[Mumbai]] in early life. He worked as a coolie and a labourer in umbrella manufacturing factory when his father who was a mill worker suffered paralysis.<ref name="DG2015"/>

Trivedi was one of the four siblings – three brothers and a sister. He did his graduation from the [[Bombay University]] in Arts faculty. His younger brother, [[Arvind Trivedi]], is also well-known actor who played [[Ravana]] in the Hindi epic TV serial, ''[[Ramayana (TV series)|Ramayana]]''. Trivedi's elder brother, Bhalchandra, was an educationist.

==Career==
Considered one of the most well-known actors of the [[Gujarati film industry]], Trivedi had acted in both Gujarati theatre and films.

===Acting career===
[[File:Upendra Trivedi and Arvind Trivedi.jpeg|thumb|from left, Upendra Trivedi as Champaklal, [[Arvind Trivedi]] as Deepchand and Minal Karve as Bhabhu in 'Vevishal' play, adopted by Trivedi himself from [[Jhaverchand Meghani]]'s novel by same name]]
Upendra Trivedi acted in several drama during his college life in Mumbai. He started his career in industry in the 1970s and had career spanning more than 40 years. He initially played supporting roles in several Gujarati films to earn money and pay college fees. He acted in films like ''Vanraj Chavdo'' and ''[[Mehndi Rang Lagyo]]''.<ref name="DG2015"/>

His first major break in Gujarati films was ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971) directed by [[Ravindra Dave]]. Ravindra Dave chose him to play lead role following his performance in Gujarati film ''Abhinay Samrat''. ''Jesal Toral'' was commercially successful film in which he played role of Jadeja.<ref name="DG2015"/>

He also directed several Gujarati films. His ''[[Manvini Bhavai]]'' (1993), based on the novel of the same name by Gujarati author, [[Pannalal Patel]]. The movie earned the national award. The story of movie was based on the famine of [[Vikram Samvat]] 1956 (1900 AD) where the condition of people was dire and many died due to starvation.<ref name="Zee News 2015">{{cite news | title=Gujarati actor Upendra Trivedi passes away, PM Modi condoles death | publisher=Zee News | date=4 January 2015 | url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/gujarati-actor-upendra-trivedi-passes-away-pm-modi-condoles-death_1524562.html | access-date=4 January 2015 | archive-date=25 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525064358/https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/gujarati-actor-upendra-trivedi-passes-away-pm-modi-condoles-death_1524562.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> He also directed and produced ''Jher To Peedhan Jani Jani'' based on the novel of same name by [[Manubhai Pancholi]].<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013"/><ref name="DG2015"/>

He paired with [[Naresh Kanodia]] for the first time in film ''[[Maa Baap ne Bhulsho Nahi]]'' in 1999. He paired with [[Snehlata]] in several Gujarati films.

He played seven different roles in Gujarati play, ''Abhinay Samrat''.<ref name="DG2015"/>

His brother [[Arvind Trivedi]] is also an actor who acted in Gujarati and Hindi films as well as television shows. He also acted in Hindi film ''Jungle Mein Mangal'', Pavitra Papi, Parde ke Pichhe, Nagina along with his brother Arvind Trivedi in a negative role.<ref name="DG2015"/><ref name="Zee News 2015"/>

===Political career===
Upendra Trivedi joined politics in 1980s and contested and won the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] elections in [[1985 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1985]] and [[1990 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1990]] as a candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]]; and in [[1998 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1998]] as the independent candidate; representing [[Bhiloda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhiloda]] constituency. He served as the deputy speaker of the assembly from 31 March 2000 to 19 July 2002.<ref name="DG2015"/><ref name="Zee News 2015"/><ref name="gla">{{cite web| title=Gujarat Vidhan Sabha Past Member/Deputy Speaker| website=Gujarat Legislative Assembly| url=http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/pastdyspk.htm| access-date=4 January 2015| archive-date=24 September 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024220/http://www.gujaratassembly.gov.in/pastdyspk.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ElectionTrends">{{cite web | title=Bhiloda (Gujarat) Assembly Constituency Elections Results, Localities, Candidate Lists, Current MLA | website=ElectionTrends | url=http://www.electiontrends.in/gujarat/assembly-constituencies/bhiloda/ | access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref>

He wrote an autobiography, ''Upendra Trivedi : Atmakathan ane Anya Aalekh.''

==Death==
Trivedi died on 4 January 2015 at [[Mumbai]] following respiratory arrest. He was married and had two sons.<ref name="DG2015"/><ref name="Zee News 2015"/><ref name="web 2015">{{cite web | title=PM Modi condoles death of veteran Gujarati actor Upendra Trivedi | website=WebIndia123 | date=4 January 2015 | url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20150104/2521834.html | access-date=4 January 2015 | archive-date=4 January 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104153710/http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20150104/2521834.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Recognition==
He received the [[Padma Shri]] in 1989 and the Pandit Omkarnath Thakur award also.<ref name="DG2015"/><ref name="Zee News 2015"/><ref name="web 2015"/> In 2012, he received the [[Kavi Kag Award]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012 |title=કાગધામમાં મોરારિબાપુ મન મૂકીને ઝૂમ્યાં |work=[[Divya Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/SAU-RJK-moraribapu-doint-the-dance-in-kagdham-2915308.html}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
Film he acted include:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&q=gujarati&pg=PA267|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=227–228|language=en}}</ref>

* ''[[Kadu Makrani (film)|Kadu Makrani]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Mendi Rang Lagyo]]'' (1960)
* ''Hiro Salaat'' (1961)
* ''Veer Ramwalo'' (1961)
* ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1962 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1962)
* ''Vanraj Chavdo'' (1963)
* ''[[Jesal Toral]]'' (1971)
* ''Parde Ke Peeche'' (1971, Hindi)
* ''Jher To Pidhan Jaani Jaani'' (1972)
* ''[[Jungle Main Mangal]]'' (1972, Hindi)
* ''Kadu Makrani'' (1973)
* ''Raja Bharathari'' (1973)
* ''[[Ranakdevi (1973 film)|Ranakdevi]]'' (1973)
* ''Mahasati Savitri'' (1973)
* ''Blackmail'' (1973)
* ''Ghunghat'' (1974)
* ''Harishchandra Taramati'' (1974)
* ''Hothal Padmani'' (1974)
* ''[[Jogidas Khuman (1975 film)|Jogidas Khuman]]'' (1975)
* ''Jai Ranchhod'' (1975)
* ''Bhadar Tara Vehta Pani'' (1975)
* ''Shetalne Kanthe'' (1975)
* ''Chundadino Rang'' (1976)
* ''[[Malavpati Munj]]'' as Munj (1976)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vaidya |first1=Tejas |title=ઉપેન્દ્ર ત્રિવેદી: ફેકટરીમાં કામ કરવાથી લઈને 'અભિનયસમ્રાટ' બનવા સુધીની સફર |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/cx0jwv54j42o |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=www.bbc.com |date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
* ''Ra'Navghan'' (1976)
* ''Santu Rangili'' (1976)
* ''[[Vir Mangdavalo]]'' (1976)
* ''Bhrashtachar Murdabad'' (1977)
* ''Halaman Jethvo'' (1977)
* ''Manno Manigar'' (1977)
* ''Paiso Bole Chhe'' (1977)
* ''Sadavant Savlinga'' (1977)
* ''Sonkansari'' (1977)
* ''Kali Rat'' (1977)
* ''Khel Khiladi Ka'' (1977, Hindi)
* ''Chundadi Odhi Tara Naam Ni'' (1978)
* ''Dada Khetrapal'' (1978)
* ''Manek Thumbh'' (1978)
* ''Patri Parmar'' (1978)
* ''Ver Ni Vasulat'' (1978)
* ''Amarsinh Rathod'' (1979)
* ''Garvo Garasiyo'' (1979)
* ''Kunwari Satino Kesari Kanth'' (1979)
* ''Lalwadi Phoolwadi'' (1979)
* ''Navrang Chundadi'' (1979)
* ''Preet Khandani Dhar'' (1979)
* ''Rang Rasiya'' (1979)
* ''Sona Indhoni Rupa Bedlun'' (1979)
* ''Suraj Chandrani Sakhe'' (1979)
* ''Vahue Vagovya Mota Khorda'' (1979)
* ''Veer Pasali'' (1979)
* ''Chitadano Chor'' (1980)
* ''Jivi Rabaran'' (1980)
* ''Kesar Kathiyani'' (1980)
* ''Koino Ladakvayo'' (1980)
* ''Namni Nagarvel'' (1980)
* ''Sorathni Padmini'' (1980)
* ''Amar Devidas'' (1981)
* ''Bhav Bhavna Bheru'' (1981)
* ''Mehulo Luhar'' (1981)
* ''Sheth Jagadusha'' (1981)
* ''Vansali Vagi Valamni'' (1981)
* ''Retina Ratan'' (1982)
* ''Vachhada Dadani Dikri'' (1983)
* ''Dharatina Ami'' (1984)
* ''Mali Methan'' (1984)
* ''Manasaina Diva'' (1984)
* ''Machchhu Tara Vaheta Pani'' (1984)
* ''Nagmati Nagvalo'' (1984)
* ''Sajan Sonalde'' (1984)
* ''Malo Naagde'' (1985)
* ''Sole Somwar'' (1988)
* ''Bhadarne Kanthe'' (1991)
* ''[[Manvini Bhavai (film)|Manvini Bhavai]]'' (1993)
* ''Maa Baap ne Bhulsho Nahi'' (1999)

===As director===
* ''[[Manvini Bhavai (film)|Manvini Bhavai]]'' (1993, based on the [[Manvini Bhavai|novel of the same name]])<ref name=":0" />
* ''Jher To Peedha Chhe Jani Jani'' (1972)<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trivedi, Upendra}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors in Gujarati-language films]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1998–2002]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1990–1995]]

National Highway 28 (India, old numbering)

2026-02-09T17:54:52Z

ColumbusCoffman: expand content based on references and added references after review

{{Short description|Old numbering of road in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Essay-like|date=June 2016}}
{{One source|date=June 2016}}}}
{{Redirect-synonym|NH-28|[[New Hampshire Route 28]]}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|type=NH
|route= 28
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
| id= Q6973210|title=Old National Highway 28 }}
| map_custom = yes
|map_notes=Map of Old '''NH28''' in red
|length_km= 570
|direction_a= West
|terminus_a= [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|destinations= [[Lucknow]] - [[Faizabad|Ayodhya]] - [[Gorakhpur]] - [[Barauni]]
|direction_b=East
|terminus_b= [[Barauni]], [[Bihar]]
|junction=
|length_notes= [[North-South and East-West Corridor|EW]]: {{convert|512|km|mi|abbr=on}} ([[Lucknow]] - [[Muzaffarpur]] - [[Barauni]] )
|states=[[Uttar Pradesh]]: {{convert|311|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[Bihar]]: {{convert|259|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=27
|next_type=NH
|next_route=28A
}}
'''National Highway 28''' is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[India]] that links [[Lucknow]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] to [[Barauni]] in [[Bihar]]. It crosses into Bihar about {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Kushinagar]]. It joins [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] at Barauni north of the river Ganges. The total length of NH 28 is {{convert|570|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It traverses {{convert|259|km|mi|abbr=on}} in [[Bihar]] and {{convert|311|km|mi|abbr=on}} in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Span==
National Highway 28 links the industrial town of [[Barauni]] in [[Bihar]] with the capital city of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Lucknow]], via [[Gorakhpur]]. It spans across the districts of [[Begusarai]], [[Samastipur]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[East Champaran]] and [[Gopalganj, India|Gopalganj]] in Bihar and [[Kushinagar]], [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh|Deoria]], [[Gorakhpur]], [[Sant Kabir Nagar]], [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Barabanki city|Barabanki]] and [[Lucknow]] in Uttar Pradesh and touches some major cities and towns on the way.

==Start==
[[File:NH 28 passing near Basti.jpg|thumb|290px|right|NH 28 near [[Basti, Uttar Pradesh|Basti]]]]
National Highway 28 starts at the junction with [[National Highway 31 (India)|National Highway 31]] near Barauni and passes north-west through DalsinghSarai, Samastipur, Muzaffarpur, Motipur, [[Mehsi]] and [[Chakia, Bihar|Chakia]], turns westwards at Piprakothi about {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} before [[Motihari]], again becomes north-west bound near Gopalganj and leaves the state past Kuchai Kot to enter Uttar Pradesh. National Highway 28 is {{convert|259|km|mi|abbr=on}} - long in Bihar.

==End==
In Uttar Pradesh, Kasia is the first major settlement that lies along the National Highway 28. [[Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh]] is {{convert|58|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-west of Gopalganj. The highway then touches [[Gorakhpur]], Basti, Khalilabad, [[Ayodhya]] and [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]], before terminating at [[Lucknow]]. National Highway 28 is {{convert|331|km|mi|abbr=on}} - long in Uttar Pradesh.

==Ditch patch==
Although well maintained otherwise, NH 28 has bad strip of 40 km (exact) in between Saryu river bridge and UP-Bihar border (near Gopalganj, Bihar). This portion of the highway is full of unsafe and eroded ditches (the depth of which is very difficult to judge from beyond 3 ft). If driving through NH28 in a light-vehicle, it is advisable to cross this patch of highway before dark and avoid it during heavy rains. The situation of this part is generally attributed to lower topography, heavy rains and indifferent attitude of corrupt representatives.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

==Accidents==
It is one of busiest national highway in country and also facing various frequent life losing accidents on it. The main cause behind accidents are unexpected broken road-divider by local population for their ease to cross road. Recently an accident blocking the highway for around 5 hours (which led to around 35 kilometer-long close traffic on NH), took place by students of Sri Ramswaroop Memorial College of Engineering and Management Lucknow because of frequent deaths of students and staff of the college.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Day-after-students-death-protest-outside-college/articleshow/44764655.cms |title=Day after student's death, protest outside college |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-10-10 |access-date=2016-06-14}}</ref>

==Other important locations==
Lauria Areraj, the historic town of [[Ayodhya]] and [[Tanda, Ambedaker Nagar|Tanda]] and [[Rajesultanpur, Ambedkar Nagar|Rajesultanpur]] - renowned for its handloomed cotton cloth industry - are some tourist places situated near the National Highway 28, at various points on the way.

==See also==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[National Highways Development Project]]
* [[Lucknow]]
* [[Ayodhya]]
* [[Gorakhpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh20-driving-directions-map.html Map of NH 20]

{{Indian Highways Network}}

[[Category:National highways in Uttar Pradesh|28]]
[[Category:National highways in Bihar|28]]
[[Category:North–South and East–West Corridor|28]]
[[Category:National highways in India (old numbering)]]
[[Category:Transport in Barauni]]

Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami Temple, Nagavruja Kshetra Pavanje

2026-02-08T00:19:26Z

ColumbusCoffman: new the place initial version

{{multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{promotional|date=July 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=July 2025}}
}}
[[File:Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami.jpg|thumb|Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami]]

[[Pavanje]], historically referred to as '''Nagavruja Kshetra''', meaning the land of ''Yaaga'' (Yajnas), great scholars, ''Saadhakas'', and ''Tapasvis'', is home to the '''Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami Temple''', a prominent [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Lord [[Subrahmanya]].

== History ==
The temple was established in 1920 by the Kodimane Vasubhatt family. The temple is located along National Highway 66 and is a well-known pilgrimage center in the region.

== Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami ==
The presiding deity, Lord Subrahmanya, is revered in this temple as '''Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami''', embodying the combined energies of [[Shiva]], [[Shakti]], and [[Jnana]] (divine knowledge and spiritual power). This unique form symbolizes spiritual strength, wisdom, and divine protection.
[[File:Yativarenya Shri Annappa Swami.jpg|thumb]]

== Yativarenya Annappa Swami ==
He is regarded as the main driving force of the temple and the entire ''kshetra''. Historical accounts state that Yativarenya Annappa Swami lived nearly 2000 years ago and remained in a single physical body for 800 years through intense penance.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4XmGaW8k7I8 |title=ಶ್ರೀ ಅಣ್ಣಪ್ಪಯ್ಯ ಚರಿತ್ರೆ {{!}} ೧. ಸ್ತುತಿ ಪರ್ವ ಮತ್ತು ಪೀಠಿಕಾ ಪರ್ವ {{!}} ಪಾವಂಜೆ {{!}} Shri Annappayya Charitre 1 |date=2024-09-26 |last=Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami Temple, Pavanje |access-date=2025-07-24 |via=YouTube}}</ref> He later transferred his ''tapas shakti'' (spiritual energy), knowledge, and powers to Kodandarama Muni, also known as Kola Muni. Kola Muni is said to have poured his energy and wisdom into Adi Shankaracharya, appearing in the form of a crocodile and biting him during a ritual dip in the river—an event symbolizing the sacred transmission of knowledge.

== Renovation ==
The temple underwent significant renovation culminating in the Prathishtha Brahmakalashotsava on 9 June 2005, celebrated in the gracious presence of Sri Sri Jagadguru Shankaracharya Mahasamsthanam Dakshinamnaya Shri Shringeri Sharada Peethadheeshwara Shri Shri Jagadguru Bharathitheertha Mahaswamigalu. Since then, Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami Temple has become a vibrant hub of religious, cultural, and social activities for over 20 years.

== Rituals ==
The temple conducts daily rituals and celebrates major festivals such as Champa Shashti Mahotsava (Subrahmanya Shashti), Maha Rathotsava (chariot festival), and the month-long Karthika Deepotsava, attracting thousands of devotees. It is sanctified by daily performances of ''Rangapooja'', ''Gopooja'', and ''Nithyannadana'' (daily free meal service in the noon). Various ''Havanas'', including ''Sri Subrahmanya Homa'', ''Veda Parayanas'' (chanting), and other ''Anushthanas'', are regularly conducted. On every Sankramana, the temple observes Sankramanotsava at the ''Sri Sharadhwatha Yajnangana'', featuring Veda recitations, instrumental and vocal music, and Indian classical cultural performances from sunrise to sunset.

Gayatri Yaga in 2002, A month long Pundareeka Maha Yaga<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Pavanje: SHRI PUNDARIKA MAHAYAGA |url=https://shrijnanashaktisubramanya.blogspot.com/p/shri-pundarika-mahayaga.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=About Pavanje}}</ref> in 2002, A week long Soutramani Gavamayana Yaga in 2007,<ref>{{Cite web |title=M'lore: Sautramani Gavaamayana Yaga Begins at Pavanje |url=https://daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=41216 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavanje: Final Countdown of 'Southramnai Yaaga' rituals begins with 'Poornaahuti' |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=41447 |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Navabharath |first=Mangalore |date=2007-11-14 |title=timesnews24x7: SOUTRAMANI GAVAMAYANA YAGA IN PAVANJE ON 9-12-2007TO 16-12-2007. |url=https://timesnews24x7.blogspot.com/2007/11/soutramani-gavamayana-yaga-in-pavanje.html |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=timesnews24x7}}</ref> 10 months long Vishwa Jigeeshad Yaga in 2017-18, 206 days long Maha Vrata Deergha Satra Yaga<ref>{{Cite web |title=206 ದಿನಗಳ ಮಹಾವ್ರತ ದೀರ್ಘಸತ್ರ ಯಾಗ ಆರಂಭ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/bodhi-vruksha/religious-news/206-days-of-mahavrata-dyasatra-yagya/articleshow/71503408.cms |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref> in 2019-20 were performed here.

== Parivara Devathas ==
The temple premises also house several Parivara Devatha sannidhis, including shrines for Shri Sharadaparameshwari, Shri Varaprada Ganapathi, Shri Shankara Bhagavatpada, and Panchavati Sahita Kambala Naga. In addition, there are dedicated sanctums for Shri Anjaneyaswami, Shri Gopalakrishna Pandurangaswami, and Shri Goutameshwara, enriching the spiritual diversity of the temple complex.

== Yakshagana Mela ==
On 26 October 2020, Vijayadashami day, the temple initiated a Yakshagana troupe to promote cultural awareness and spiritual knowledge among the public. Named Shri Jnanashakthi Subrahmanyaswami Kripaposhitha Yakshagana Mandali, Nagavruja Kshetra Pavanje, this troupe comprises excellent artists and has been delivering successful performances under the leadership of Patla Sathish Shetty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us » Patla Foundation |url=https://yakshadhruvapatlafoundation.org/about-us/ |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Patla Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-13 |title=Yakshagana troupe to perform 194 shows in 6 months across Karnataka and Kerala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/yakshagana-troupe-to-perform-194-shows-in-six-months-across-karnataka-and-kerala/articleshow/115249271.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Pavanje Mela headed by Patla Sathish Shetty to start from Nov 27: Here's the full list of artists {{!}} Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/pavanje-mela-headed-by-patla-sathish-shetty-to-start-from-nov-27-heres-the-full-list-of-artists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426160425/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/pavanje-mela-headed-by-patla-sathish-shetty-to-start-from-nov-27-heres-the-full-list-of-artists |archive-date=2023-04-26 |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=www.udayavani.com |language=kn}}</ref>

=== Go Shaale ===
The temple also established a newly built cow shelter, Shri Jnanashakthi Gokula. This magnificent facility, designed to care for over a hundred cows, stands as a symbol of devotion and sustainable welfare, enhancing the temple’s commitment to service and compassion.

Its serene riverside setting and spiritual atmosphere make it an important religious and cultural site in coastal Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ಪಾವಂಜೆ: 10ನೇ ವರ್ಷದ ತುಳುನಾಡ ಕೃಷಿ ಜನಪದೋತ್ಸವ, 'ಕೆಸರ್ಡೊಂಜಿ ದಿನ' (ವೀಡಿಯೋ) |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/mangaluru/kesard-onji-dina-organised-by-shri-jnana-shakti-subramanya-swamy-temple-pavanje/articleshow/69925921.cms |access-date=2025-07-24 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://jnanashakthinagavruja.in/}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Hindu temple architecture]]
[[Category:Religious Science]]
[[Category:Yakshagana]]
[[Category:Vedic customs]]
[[Category:Agamas]]

Dhaman Kumar Karanam

2026-02-06T00:01:15Z

ColumbusCoffman: added the bio w/ refs.

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Bishop of Nalgonda, India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{western name order|Karanam Dhaman Kumar}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific_prefix = His Excellency
| name = Dhaman Kumar Karanam
| honorific_suffix = [[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales|MSFS]]
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Bishop of Nalgonda]]
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Latin Church]]
| archdiocese =
| province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Nalgonda]]
| see =
| appointed = {{start date and age|df=yes|br=yes|2024|02|17}}
| term_start =
| term_end =
| retired =
| predecessor = {{ill|Joji Govindu|de}}
| successor =
| ordination = {{start date and age|df=yes|br=yes|1990|10|17}}
| ordained_by =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| rank =
| previous_post = Pastor of [[Essen (Oldenburg)]] (2020–2024)

| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1963|11|16}}
| birth_place = [[Vijayanagaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], [[Republic of India|India]]
| alma_mater = [[Andhra Loyola College|Loyola College]] ([[Bachelor of Theology|BTh]])
| motto =
| signature = Karanam Dhaman Kumar Signature.svg
| signature_alt = K. Dhaman Kumar M. S. F. S.
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
}}

'''Dhaman Kumar Karanam'''{{family name footnote|lang=Telugu|Karanam}} [[Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales|MSFS]] is an Indian prelate of the [[Catholic Church]] who has served as [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Bishop of Nalgonda]] since 2024.

==Biography==
{{expand German|topic=bio|date=February 2024}}
[[Pope Francis]] appointed Karanam as Bishop of Nalgonda in 2024.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael|last=Rottmann|date=20 February 2024|title=Pater Dhaman verlässt Essen (Oldenburg): Oldenburgischer Weltkirche-Priester wird Bischof in Indien|url=https://www.kirche-und-leben.de/artikel/oldenburgischer-weltkirche-priester-wird-bischof-in-indien|work=Kirche und Leben|location=Münster|access-date=29 February 2024}}</ref>

==Abuse allegations==
On April 24, 2025, the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Münster]] in [[Germany]] announced that allegations of sexual abuse had been made against the Bishop of Nalgonda. These relate to the years 2005 to 2007. The Münster diocesan official informed the public prosecutor's office in Münster and [[Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith]], and the Archbishop of Hyderabad, Cardinal Anthony Poola, as the responsible Metropolitan. Dhaman Kumar Karanam has also been banned from exercising priestly duties in the Diocese of Münster until further notice.<ref>https://www.bistum-muenster.de/startseite_aktuelles/newsuebersicht/news_detail/vorwurf_des_sexuellen_missbrauchs_gegen_den_heutigen_bischof_von_nalgonda_in_indien</ref>

==Explanatory notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{s-bef|before={{ill|Joji Govindu|de}}}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Nalgonda|Bishop of Nalgonda]]|years=17 February 2024 – present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{subject bar|portal1=Biography|portal2=Catholicism|portal3=India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karanam, Dhaman Kumar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Gaula Range, Lalkuan

2026-01-31T06:37:54Z

ColumbusCoffman: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Nainital district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman

2026-01-08T00:01:14Z

ColumbusCoffman: enhanced content based on references and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian sitarist and singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
Mahamanyabar Rajkumar Srila-Srijukta '''Nabadwipchandra Dev Burman''' (1854 – 5 September 1931), also transliterated as '''Nabadwip Chandra Deb Barman''', was a noted [[India]]n [[sitar]]ist and [[Dhrupad]] singer. He was the father of composer [[S. D. Burman]] and grandfather of another composer [[R. D. Burman]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |title=Cinema as Art and Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |pages=14 |language=en |ol=44969662M}}</ref>

== Early life ==
N. D. Burman was born at the Royal palace of Tripura situated in the [[Indian States|Indian state]] of [[Tripura]]. He was the second son of [[Ishan Chandra Manikya]] (Ishanachandra Dev Burman), [[Raja]] of [[Tripura]] (r. 1849–1862). His mother was Queen Keisham Chanu Jatiswari. He and his elder brother were at their father's death in 1862 excluded from the throne of Tripura by their paternal uncle [[Bir Chandra Manikya]], but from 1923 to 1927 he was President of the Regency Council of Tripura for his kinsman [[Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman]], Maharaja of Tripura (r. 1923–1947). He was granted the personal title of Mahamanyabar on 31 January 1928.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

The autobiography of Nabadwipchandra is known as ''Abarjanar Jhuri''.<ref>Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization, Volume 4, Naorem Sanajaoba, 1988, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&pg=PA320 p. 320]</ref>

N.D. Burman was married to Nirupama Devi,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sdburman.net/website/Articles/Article_MereSangeetBhareDin.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=26 July 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914052814/http://www.sdburman.net/website/Articles/Article_MereSangeetBhareDin.htm |archive-date=14 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> by whom he had nine children including the famed singer and Indian film music composer [[Sachin Dev Burman]] (the youngest of five sons).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sachin Dev Burman {{!}} Indian Music Composer & Singer {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sachin-Dev-Burman |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography of SD Burman |url=https://chandrakantha.com/biodata/SD_Burman.html |access-date=2024-08-20 |website=chandrakantha.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burman, Nabadwipchandra}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Manikya dynasty]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:Kokborok-language playback singers]]

{{India-royal-stub}}
{{India-singer-stub}}

Harish Chandra Mukherjee

2025-12-31T14:59:04Z

ColumbusCoffman:

{{Short description|Indian journalist (1824 – 1861)}}

'''Harish Chandra Mukherjee''' ( 24 July 1824 – 16 June 1861) was an Indian journalist. He was the editor of the ''[[Hindoo Patriot]]'' weekly.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harish Chandra Mukherjee (The Indigo Movement) |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/node/2827526 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214110909/https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2827526 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Biography==
Mukherjee was born in 1824 in [[Bhowanipore]] near Calcutta. He was the younger of the two sons of his father, Ram Dhun Mukerji, by his third wife, Rukhhini Debi, and was brought up in the house of his maternal uncles. After studying in the Union School where he was admitted as a charity boy, he left school at the age of fourteen in search of employment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-05 |title=IIMC Dhenkanal celebrates Odia Journalism Day |url=https://orissadiary.com/iimc-dhenkanal-celebrates-odia-journalism-day/ |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Odisha Diary |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214111328/https://orissadiary.com/iimc-dhenkanal-celebrates-odia-journalism-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Srikanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QMwBAAAAMAAJ&dq=Harish+Chandra+Mukherjee&pg=PA75 |title=Bengal Celebreties |date=1906 |publisher=City Book Society |language=en |access-date=2023-12-14 |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214111430/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMwBAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA75&dq=Harish+Chandra+Mukherjee&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Works ==
He started his career by writing bills, letters, petitions, and translating Bengali documents to English.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harish Chandra Mukherjee – A Less Known Liberal |url=https://indianliberals.in/content/harish-chandra-mukherjee-a-less-known-liberal/ |website=Indian Liberals |access-date=14 December 2023 |archive-date=14 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214110309/https://indianliberals.in/content/harish-chandra-mukherjee-a-less-known-liberal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1848, he was selected to join in the office of the Military Auditor General. He was promoted from clerk to Assistant Military Auditor. In 1852, when he became a member of the [[British Indian Association]], he read all the Regulation Laws in order to be able to carry on discussions on that subject with other members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=Harish Chandra Mukherjee death anniversary: Lesser-known facts about the patriot who fought for indigo cultivators |url=http://www.news9live.com/knowledge/harish-chandra-mukherjee-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-patriot-who-fought-for-indigo-cultivators-176768 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214110926/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/harish-chandra-mukherjee-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-the-patriot-who-fought-for-indigo-cultivators-176768 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-09-17 |title=CCVA chief visits National Institute of Design |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ccva-chief-visits-national-institute-of-design--564737 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214111344/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ccva-chief-visits-national-institute-of-design--564737 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Harish Chandra began his journalism by writing to the Hindu Intelligencer and to the Englishman. In 1853, three brothers, Srinath Ghose, Girish Chunder Ghose and Khetna Chunder Ghose, started a newspaper called the ''[[Hindoo Patriot]]'', which was issued under their joint editorship. They were assisted by Harish Chandra who later began editing the newspaper.<ref name="RepInd">{{cite book |last1=Pillai |first1=G. P. |title=Representative Indians |date=1897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GYoAAAAYAAJ |access-date=14 December 2023}}{{source-attribution}}</ref>

Harish Chandra edited the Hindoo Patriot. He supported the issue of widow remarriage and criticised the annexation policy of [[Lord Dalhousie]]. He defended the policy of [[Lord Canning]] during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. During the [[Indigo revolt]] of 1859, he stood by the side of the [[Ryot|ryots]], and exposed the oppression and high-handedness of the planters. His strong advocacy of the cause led to the appointment of the Indigo Commission to enquire into the grievances of the people. He was an important witness examined before the Commission, and he gave evidence in support of his position. In
1860, the Indigo planters instituted civil and criminal suits against him and immediately after his sudden death at the age of thirty-six, they succeeded in obtaining a decree.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=The Hindu Patriot |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?11190 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214114011/https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?11190 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Kanai Lal |date=1973 |title=The Struggle of Indigo-Peasants in Bengal and the Role of Harish Chandra Mukerjee |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138711 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=34 |pages=169–174 |jstor=44138711 |issn=2249-1937 |access-date=2023-12-14 |archive-date=2023-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214111251/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138711 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1861 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:Journalists from West Bengal]]

Jitendra Nath Goswami

2025-12-14T15:28:49Z

ColumbusCoffman:

{{short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Jitendra Nath Goswami
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Prof. Jitendra Nath Goswami, at the Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 13, 2017.jpg
| caption = Jitendra Nath Goswami (left) receiving the [[Padma Shri]] award from [[Pranab Mukherjee]], President of India in 2017
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1950|11|18|df=yes}}<ref name="IAS">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/php/fell_detail.php3?name=Goswami&intials=Jitendra&year=18-11-1950 | title=JN Goswami Profile | publisher=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]] | access-date=18 September 2016 }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| nationality =
| field = [[Astrophysics]]
| work_institution = [[Physical Research Laboratory]] [[Indian Space Research Organization]]
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University|Cotton College]] [[Gauhati University]] [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] [[Gujarat University]]
| known_for = [[Chandrayaan-1]] [[Chandrayaan-2]]
| prizes = NASA's Public Service Group Achievement Award (1986) [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] (1994) [[Kamal Kumari National Award]] (2003) [[Asom Ratna]] (2015) [[Padma Shri]] (2017)
}}

'''Jitendranath Goswami''' (born 18 November 1950) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] scientist from [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]]. He was the chief scientist of [[Chandrayaan-1]],<ref name="Zee_News">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/chandrayaan/story.aspx?aid=477110 | title=The Chandrayaan Team | publisher=[[Zee News]] | access-date=18 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806161313/http://zeenews.india.com/chandrayaan/story.aspx?aid=477110 | archive-date=6 August 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> and was also the developer of this project.<ref name="INSA">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P00-1277 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130724103344/http://insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P00-1277 | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 July 2013 | title=Indian Fellow | publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]] | access-date=18 September 2016 }}</ref> He served as a director of [[Physical Research Laboratory]] situated at [[Ahmadabad, Gujarat]]. He was also associated with [[Chandrayaan-2]] and [[Mangalyaan]].

==Education==
Goswami started his schooling in Jorhat. In 1965, he was sixth in the higher secondary examination conducted by [[Assam Higher Secondary Education Council|AHSEC]]. Soon after, he enrolled in [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] to study [[Physics]].<ref name="teleindia-20081210">{{cite news |title=Chandrayaan scientist on Cotton mission |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/chandrayaan-scientist-on-cotton-mission-aiming-for-the-moon/cid/519048 |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=10 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908054302/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/chandrayaan-scientist-on-cotton-mission-aiming-for-the-moon/cid/519048 |archive-date=8 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> He got his MSc from [[Gauhati University]] and joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] for his PhD.<ref name="INSA" /> At this time he also worked as a post-graduate research scholar at the [[University of California, Berkeley]].<ref name="INSA" /> In 1978, he received his PhD degree from [[Gujarat University]].

==Research==
Following his PhD, Goswami conducted research at various institutions, including [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]], [[Washington University in St. Louis]], [[Lunar and Planetary Institute]], and the [[Max Planck Institute]]. His research primarily centered on the [[Solar System]] and Astrophysics. Through collaborative efforts, evidence was presented suggesting the main source of energy for the Solar System during its formation was the 26Al nuclide in its half-life. Goswami has also contributed to studies on Cosmic Rays and Tectonic Plates, resulting in various findings and conclusions.<ref name="INSA" /> At the Physical Research Laboratory, he participated in exploration projects, and contributed to ISRO in its early phases. He was an associate scientist for the Cosmic Ray experiment and the lead scientist for Lunar Samples on spacecraft Spacelab-3.<ref name="NE_India">{{cite web | url=http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/09/jitendra-nath-goswami-principal.html | title=The Principal Scientist of Chandrayaan-1 | publisher=north east india.com | access-date=18 September 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802135914/http://www.india-north-east.com/2010/09/jitendra-nath-goswami-principal.html | archive-date=2 August 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Additionally, he was a member of the Physical Sciences jury for the [[Infosys Prize]] between 2016 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infosys Prize - Jury 2018 |url=https://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/jury/jury-2018.asp |website=Infosys Science Foundation |access-date=19 April 2021}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Youth Scientist Award by Indian National Science Association (1978)
* NASA's Public Service Group of Achievement Award (1986)
* [[Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award]] (1994)
* [[Kamal Kumari National Award]] for science and technology (2003)
* Axford award by Asia Oceania Geoscience Society (2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=AOGS Axford Medal Award Recipient|url=https://www.asiaoceania.org/society/public.asp?page=2014_AMA.asp|publisher=Asia Oceania Geosciences Society|access-date=April 28, 2023}}</ref>
* [[Asom Ratna]] (2015), highest civilian award of [[Government of Assam]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Jiten Goswami awarded Asom Ratna |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2916/at050 |access-date=18 September 2016 |newspaper=Assam Tribune |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200315/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=feb2916%2Fat050 |archive-date=11 October 2016 }}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]], 2017 by [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=157675 |title = Padma Awards 2017 announced}}</ref>
* [[Asian Scientist 100]], ''[[Asian Scientist]]'', (2018)
* Founding Fellow of the Physics Academy of the North East (2024)<ref name="Fellows of PANE">{{cite web |title=Fellows of PANE |url=https://www.paneindia.org/pane-fellows |access-date=14 December 2025}}</ref>

Goswami was elected president of the [[Astronomical Society of India]] in 2007. He is a member of [[The World Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[European Association of Geochemistry]] and many other national and international astronomy associations.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.isro.org/chandrayaan/htmls/home.htm website of Chandrayaan ]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lr87bMazZlA Interview with BBC of Dr. Goswami]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUI62iixNFQ About Mangalyaan ]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01kdgsy Interview on Mangalyaan at BBC World Service with Dr. Goswami]
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/profile-of-top-25-scientists-in-india-366262-2011-09-11 |title=Profile of Top 25 scientists in India |date=11 September 2011 |website=India Today |language=en-US |access-date=17 January 2018}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goswami, Jitendra Nath}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Scientists from Assam]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:Gauhati University alumni]]
[[Category:Tata Institute of Fundamental Research alumni]]
[[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:Washington University in St. Louis faculty]]
[[Category:Max Planck Institutes researchers]]
[[Category:Lunar and Planetary Institute]]

Timeline of cultivation and domestication in South and West Asia

2025-12-11T06:31:35Z

ColumbusCoffman: basic add information for accuracy and corrected details

{{short description|None}}

[[South Asia|South]] and [[West Asia|West]] Asia consists of a wide region extending from the present-day country of [[Turkey]] in the west to [[Bangladesh]] and [[India]] in the east.

== Timeline ==

*~'''12,350 BC:''' Bread prepared by [[Natufian culture|Natufian]] hunter-gatherers at a site in North-Eastern Jordan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Arranz-Otaegui |first1=Amaia |last2=Carretero |first2=Lara Gonzalez |last3=Ramsey |first3=Monica N. |last4=Fuller|first4=Dorian Q. |last5=Richter |first5=Tobias |date=2018-07-11 |title=Archaeobotanical evidence reveals the origins of bread 14,400 years ago in northeastern Jordan |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=115 |issue=31 |pages=7925–7930 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1801071115 |pmid=30012614 |pmc=6077754 |bibcode=2018PNAS..115.7925A |issn=0027-8424 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
*'''10,000 BC:''' Wheat is cultivated in what is now [[Iraq]].
*'''9th millennium BC: [[Barley]] (''Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare'') is domesticated in the [[Fertile Crescent]] in West Asia'''. The earliest remains of barley have been discovered at Neolithic sites in West Asia, including [[Jericho]] (Palestine) and [[Abu Hureyra]] (Syria) from about 8500 years BC. Domestic barley has also been found, in the [[Zagros Mountains]], at the Neolithic sites of [[Ali Kosh]] (Iran) and [[Jarmo]] (Iraq), dated between 7000 and 8000 BC, and in South Asia at the [[Neolithic]] site of [[Mehrgarh]] (Pakistan) from about 7000 BC.<ref>{{Citation|title=On the Origin and Domestication History of Barley (Hordeum vulgare)|first1=A. |last1=Badr|first2=K.|last2=Müller|first3=R. |last3=Schäfer-Pregl|first4=H.|last4=El Rabey|journal=Mol Biol Evol |year=2000|volume= 17|issue=4|pages=499–510 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026330 |pmid=10742042|display-authors=etal|doi-access=free}}</ref>
*'''6th millennium BC: [[Cotton]] is domesticated in the Old World in Neolithic [[Mehrgarh]], [[Pakistan]].''' In 2002, mineralized fibers found in a copper bead from Mehrgarh, in the Kachi plain of [[Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]], were determined to be cotton (Gossypium sp.). These are the earliest known example of cotton in the Old World.<ref>{{Citation |first1=Christophe |last1=Moulherata |first2=Margareta |last2=Tengbergb |first3=Jérôme-F. |last3=Haquetc |first4=Benoît |last4=Milled |title=First Evidence of Cotton at Neolithic Mehrgarh, Pakistan: Analysis of Mineralized Fibres from a Copper Bead |year=2002 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=1393–1401 |doi=10.1006/jasc.2001.0779 |bibcode=2002JArSc..29.1393M }}</ref>
*'''3rd millennium BC: [[Rice]], is introduced into South Asia from China''': Rice, first domesticated in the [[Yangtze River]] valley in China 10 [[Year#Abbreviations yr and ya|KYA]] to 8 KYA,<ref name="Vaughan et al 2008 394–408">{{cite journal |author1=Vaughan |last2=Lu |first2=B. |last3=Tomooka |first3=N. |display-authors=etal |year=2008 |title=The evolving story of rice evolution |journal=Plant Science |volume=174 |issue=4 |pages=394–408 |doi=10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016 |bibcode=2008PlnSc.174..394V }}</ref><ref name=harris>Harris, David R. (1996). ''The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia''. Routledge.</ref> is introduced into South Asia.
*'''2600–2200 BC: [[Chicken]] is domesticated in the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]]'''. The domestic chicken is descended primarily from the [[red junglefowl]] (''Gallus gallus'') and is scientifically classified as the same species.<ref name=nature>{{cite journal | last1=Wong | first1=G.K. |display-authors=etal | year=2004 | title=A genetic variation map for chicken with 2.8 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms | journal=Nature | volume=432 | issue=7018| pages=717–722 | doi=10.1038/nature03156 | pmid=15592405 | pmc=2263125| bibcode=2004Natur.432..717B }}</ref> The traditional poultry farming view, is stated in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2007): "Humans first domesticated chickens of [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] origin for the purpose of [[cockfighting]] in Asia, Africa, and Europe. Very little formal attention was given to egg or meat production... "<ref>Garrigus, W. P. (2007), [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9111040 "Poultry Farming"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> In the last decade there have been a number of genetic studies. According to one study, a single domestication event occurring in the region of modern [[Thailand]] created the modern chicken with minor transitions separating the modern breeds.<ref name=oneMatriarch>{{cite journal |title=One subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus gallus) suffices as the matriarchic ancestor of all domestic breeds |first1=A. |last1=Fumihito |first2=T. |last2=Miyake|first3=S. |last3=Sumi|first4=M |last4=Takada |first5=S. |last5=Ohno|first6=N. |last6=Kondo |journal=PNAS |date=December 20, 1994 |volume=91 |number=26 |pages=12505–12509|bibcode=1994PNAS...9112505F |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.26.12505 |pmid=7809067 |pmc=45467|doi-access=free }}</ref> However, that study was later found to be based on incomplete data, and recent studies point to multiple maternal origins in [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]], [[East Asia|East]] and [[South Asia|South]] Asia, with the [[clade]] found in the Americas, Europe, Middle East, and Africa, originating from the [[Indian subcontinent]], where a large number of unique [[haplotype]]s occur.<ref>{{citation|first1=Yi-Ping |last1=Liu |first2=Gui-Sheng |last2=Wu |first3=Yong-Gang |last3=Yao |first4=Yong-Wang |last4=Miao |first5=Gordon |last5=Luikart |first6=Mumtaz |last6=Baig |first7=Albano |last7=Beja-Pereira |first8=Zhao-Li |last8=Ding |first9=Malliya Gounder |last9=Palanichamy |first10=Ya-Ping |last10=Zhang |title=Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=38 |number=1 |year=2006 |pages=12–19 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014 |pmid=16275023 |bibcode=2006MolPE..38...12L }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Zeder| year=2006 | title=Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007 | journal=Trends in Genetics | volume=22 | issue=3| pages=139–155 | pmid=16458995|display-authors=etal}}</ref> It has been claimed (based on paleoclimatic assumptions) that chickens were domesticated in Southern China in 6000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal | author=West B., Zhou B.X. | year=1988 | title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication | journal=J. Archaeol. Sci. | volume=14 | issue=5| pages=515–533 | doi=10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5 | bibcode=1988JArSc..15..515W }}</ref> However, according to a recent study,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Al-Nasser A, etal | year=2007| title=Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication | journal=World's Poultry Science Journal | volume=63 | issue=2| pages=285–300 | doi=10.1017/S004393390700147X| s2cid=86734013}}</ref> "it is not known whether these birds made much contribution to the modern domestic fowl. Chickens from the [[Harrapa]]n culture of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]] (2500-2100 BC), in what today is [[Pakistan]], may have been the main source of diffusion throughout the world."

==See also==
*[[Timeline of mathematical innovation in South and West Asia]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
*Fumihito ''et al.'' (1996) "Monophyletic origin and unique dispersal patterns of domestic fowls," ''PNAS'' Vol. 93, pp. 6792–6795, June 1996.
*Liu, Y.-P. ''et al.'' (2006) [https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.014 "Multiple maternal origins of chickens: Out of the Asian jungles,"] ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2006, Pages 12–19.
*{{cite journal |last1=Al-Nasser |first1=A. |display-authors=etal | year=2007 | title=Overview of chicken taxonomy and domestication. | journal=World's Poultry Science Journal | volume=63 | issue=2| pages=285–300 | doi=10.1017/S004393390700147X| s2cid=86734013}}
*{{cite journal | author1=West, B. |author2=Zhou, B.X. | year=1988 | title=Did chickens go north? New evidence for domestication | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science | volume=14 | issue=5| pages=515–533 | doi=10.1016/0305-4403(88)90080-5 | bibcode=1988JArSc..15..515W }}
*{{cite journal |last1= Zeder |first1=Melinda A. |display-authors=etal | year=2006 | title=Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology | doi=10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007 | journal=Trends in Genetics | volume=22 | issue=3| pages=139–155 | pmid=16458995}}
*[[F. E. Zeuner|Zeuner, F.E.]], 1963. ''A History of Domesticated Animals''. Harper and Row, New York, pp. 443–455.

{{Inventions|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Agricultural revolutions]]
[[Category:History of South Asia]]
[[Category:History of West Asia]]
[[Category:Lists of inventions or discoveries]]
[[Category:Technology timelines]]

Air India FC

2025-11-29T16:36:48Z

ColumbusCoffman: rework page

{{Short description|Indian multi-sports club}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{infobox football club
| clubname = Air India
| image = Air India logo (2007–2023).svg
| fullname = Air India Football Club
| nickname = The Pilots
| founded = {{start date and age|1952|df=y}}
| ground = [[Cooperage Ground]]
| capacity = 5,000
| owner = [[Air India Limited]]
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Godfrey Pereira]]
| league = MFA Elite Corporate League
| season = 2022–23
| position = Champions
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}}

'''Air India Football Club''' is a [[association football|football]] section of the same-named Indian institutional [[multi-sports club]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.besoccer.com/team/air-india|title=Club information and statistics: Air India FC|website=besoccer.com|publisher=BeSoccer|access-date=22 February 2023|archive-date=22 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222150618/https://www.besoccer.com/team/air-india}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/01/22/1756717/i-league-air-india-edge-past-salgaocar-to-move-out-of-the%20scored%20against%20Air%20India |title=I-League: Air India Edge Past Salgaocar To Move Out Of The Drop Zone |publisher=Goal.com |access-date=7 November 2014 |archive-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224222637/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2010/01/22/1756717/i-league-air-india-edge-past-salgaocar-to-move-out-of-the%20scored%20against%20Air%20India |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21379/air-india/ Air India Football Club profile, statistics and seasons]. [https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21379/air-india/]. ''worldfootball.in''. Retrieved 23 March 2021.</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Santosh Kashyap, lone Indian selected for FIFA/AFC Futsal Instructor Course |url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=637:santosh-kashyap-lone-indian-selected-for-fifaafc-futsal-instructor-course&catid=47:state&Itemid=112 |work=Kick off India |date=18 October 2010 |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328105241/http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=637:santosh-kashyap-lone-indian-selected-for-fifaafc-futsal-instructor-course&catid=47:state&Itemid=112 }}</ref> Founded by Anand Prajapati in 1952,<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India — List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref> the club is based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India strikes six to defeat ONGC|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/locality/mumbai-south/air-india-strikes-six-defeat-ongc-82810|access-date=13 January 2017|work=DNA India|date=21 January 2016|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055747/https://www.dnaindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/look-back-dysfunctional-clubs-past-decade-indian-football/|title=A look back into the dysfunctional clubs in the past decade of Indian football|website=The Bridge|date=11 April 2019|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512070750/https://thebridge.in/featured/look-back-dysfunctional-clubs-past-decade-indian-football}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Kaudhal|last=Shukla|location=Mumbai|title=Gritty ten men of ONGC overcome Air India on penalties to lift the 108th Nadkarni Cup|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2014/gritty-ten-men-of-ongc-overcome-air-india-on-penalties-to-lift-the-108th-nadkarni-cup/|access-date=13 January 2017|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter India|date=5 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203041042/https://www.footballcounter.com/2014/gritty-ten-men-of-ongc-overcome-air-india-on-penalties-to-lift-the-108th-nadkarni-cup/|archive-date=3 February 2023}}</ref> Sponsored by [[Air India]],<ref>{{cite news |title=RCF Nadkarni Cup: Air India storm into semi-finals |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/rcf-nadkarni-cup-air-india-storm-semi-finals/ |access-date=9 July 2020 |work=FootballCounter |date=14 February 2017 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709213454/https://www.footballcounter.com/2017/rcf-nadkarni-cup-air-india-storm-semi-finals/ }}</ref> the club previously played in the [[Mumbai Football League]], and now in the MFA Elite Corporate League.<ref>{{cite web |title=MFA announce teams for Super Division |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/ |website=Football Counter |date=4 November 2021 |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224104725/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Chittu|date=2021-11-04|title=MFA announce teams for Super Division|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/|access-date=2021-12-24|website=Football Counter|language=en-US|archive-date=14 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714231439/https://www.footballcounter.com/2021/mfa-announce-teams-for-super-division/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/spencers-hat-trick-for-sea-view-sinks-a-helpless-naval-dockyard-side/|title=Spencer's hat-trick for Sea View sinks a helpless Naval Dockyard side.|website=footballcounter.com|date=10 January 2016|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116160634/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/spencers-hat-trick-for-sea-view-sinks-a-helpless-naval-dockyard-side/|archive-date=16 January 2017|location=Mumbai|first=Prasad|last=Bhutkar}}</ref>

The club previously competed in the [[I-League]],<ref>{{cite web|title=DEMPO VS. AIR INDIA 3–1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/10/26/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/air-india/716179/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=19 January 2013|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807062940/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2008/10/26/india/i-league/dempo-sports-club/air-india/716179/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=PUNE VS. AIR INDIA 0 – 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2009/10/08/india/i-league/pune-fc/air-india/870732/|work=Soccerway|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807061435/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2009/10/08/india/i-league/pune-fc/air-india/870732/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AIR INDIA VS. SALGAOCAR 2 – 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2010/01/22/india/i-league/air-india/salgaocar-sports-club/883116/|work=Soccerway|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807061432/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2010/01/22/india/i-league/air-india/salgaocar-sports-club/883116/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JCT FC VS. AIR INDIA 0 – 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2010/02/03/india/i-league/jagajit-cotton-textile-fc/air-india/883129/|work=Soccerway|access-date=19 January 2013|archive-date=7 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807062933/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2010/02/03/india/i-league/jagajit-cotton-textile-fc/air-india/883129/}}</ref> then top tier of [[Indian football league system]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Dempo SC 1–0 Air India: Abranches' late strike grounds the Airmen|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94698/dempo-sports-club-vs-air-india/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=25 November 2012|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830104125/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94698/dempo-sports-club-vs-air-india/report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|website=Goal.com|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg}}</ref> As multiple champions in various Mumbai competitions, Air India is best known for nurturing youngsters into big time players. Many of these boys have played with distinction for bigger teams in the later years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/club/index.php?Aboutclub=40&ClubDetail=40|archive-date=3 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103103627/http://the-aiff.com/pages/club/index.php?Aboutclub=40&ClubDetail=40|title=AIFF: About Club — Air India FC|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=23 March 2021}}</ref>

In 2005, the team qualified to the National Football League first division, and then 2007 saw Air India finishing 7th and were the Mumbai Harwood Champions in 2005.<ref name="Archived copy">{{cite web |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/club/index.php?History=40&ClubDetail=40 |title=The AIFF |access-date=2010-01-03 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103103428/http://the-aiff.com/pages/club/index.php?History=40&ClubDetail=40 |archive-date=2010-01-03 }}</ref> Considered as one of the "giant killers" in Indian leagues,<ref>{{cite web|last=Pawar|first=Vaibhav|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/expecting-a-top-six-finish-bimal-ghosh/articleshow/15845792.cms|title=Expecting a top-six finish: Bimal Ghosh|website=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com|publisher=The Mumbai Mirror|date=26 August 2008|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=4 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004061245/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/expecting-a-top-six-finish-bimal-ghosh/articleshow/15845792.cms|location=Mumbai}}</ref> Air India also appeared in corporate tournaments such as the All India Public Sector League, and ONGC Trophy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments' League — A solution to many problems|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/english-news-1.916067|website=englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi|location=Kochi|date=8 March 2016|first=M. M. Jafar|last=Khan|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804042211/https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/sports/features/english-news-1.916067}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Champions Air India finish season unbeaten|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/101475625.cms?from=mdr|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|agency=TNN|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2023|archive-date=12 July 2023|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712232704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/champions-air-india-finish-season-unbeaten/articleshow/101475625.cms|location=Mumbai}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Team Air India.jpg|thumb|200px|Air India team line-up in 2010]]

===Formation and journey===
Founded in 1952 in Bombay, Air India Football Club is one of the oldest institutional sides in the country.<ref name="financialexpress.com">{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade-3/|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref> Since then, they became affiliated with [[Western India Football Association]] (WIFA). Though never considered as frontrunners in the I-League, the Mumbai-based club has often proved to be a thorn in the flesh for many top sides.

====In leagues of Mumbai====
Since their inception, Air India became a member of WIFA and later in 1983, became affiliated with [[Mumbai District Football Association]] (formerly BDFA).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chittu Shetty|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/why-this-would-be-the-right-time-to-bring-back-rovers-cup/|title=Why this would be the right time to bring back 'Rovers Cup'|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=11 August 2019|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627133540/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/why-this-would-be-the-right-time-to-bring-back-rovers-cup/|url-status=live}}</ref> Nicknamed "the pilots",<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2011/08/12/2616003/i-league-air-india-sign-lamine-tamba-and-kali-and-have-a-deal-in- |title=I-League: Air India Sign Lamine Tamba and Kali and Have a Deal in Place for Manandeep |website=Goal.com |first=Kratik |last=Malhotra |date= 12 August 2011 |access-date=12 August 2011 |archive-date=29 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929001557/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/222/transfer-zone/2011/08/12/2616003/i-league-air-india-sign-lamine-tamba-and-kali-and-have-a-deal-in- }}</ref> Air India participated in later editions of [[Mumbai Football League|Bombay Harwood League]] alongside Maharashtra Football League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wifa.in/history/|title=History: The Harwood League|website=wifa.in|access-date=17 August 2021|publisher=Western India Football Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423142617/https://wifa.in/history/|archive-date=23 April 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Neil Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html|title=India — List of Mumbai (Bombay) League Champions|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020500/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiabomchamp.html|archive-date=27 September 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

They participated in B.D.F.A League, and [[Western India Football Association|W.I.F.A. Super Division]] from 1990 to 1999 and clinched WIFA title in 1999.<ref name="WIFA title">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india99.html|title=India 1998/99|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030707095321/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india99.html|archive-date=7 July 2003|url-status=live|publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref>

Air India also participated in [[MDFA Elite Division]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Chaudhuri|last=Arunava|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m199805.html|title=News for the month of May: 1998|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815071050/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m199805.html|archive-date=15 August 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> and lifted trophies in 2009–10, 2013–14, 2014–15 and 2016–17 season.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Siddharth|title=MFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|access-date=7 December 2016|work=Football Counter|date=7 December 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They also won Harwood league in 2000 and 2005.

===National Football League seasons===
They used to play in the [[National Football League (India)|NFL 2nd Division]] but got promoted to [[I-League|Premier Division]] and have maintained their position there until the formation of [[I-League]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India File — Starry opening to National Soccer League |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961214/34950942.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 December 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970422182702/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961214/34950942.html |archive-date=22 April 1997}}</ref><ref name="JCTwin">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Ravi |title=JCT wins inaugural Philips NFL title |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970317/07650773.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 March 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970420235957/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19970317/07650773.html |archive-date=20 April 1997}}</ref><ref name="begin">{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Saibal |title=National League all set for kick-off |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961217/35250552.html |access-date=18 October 2018 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 December 1996 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970422194435/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961217/35250552.html |archive-date=22 April 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sawant |first1=Yash |title=Air India beats ONGC 1–0 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-air-india-beats-ongc-1-0-1467840 |access-date=3 September 2020 |publisher=DNA India |date=17 November 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153601/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-air-india-beats-ongc-1-0-1467840 }}</ref> Generally a low budget side, Air India's best finish in the National Football League came in the 1997–1998 season, when they were placed sixth in the table and their coach [[Bimal Ghosh]] received the Best coach award.<ref name="Smooth take-off for Air-India">{{cite web|title=Smooth take-off for Air-India|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/16042/|work=Indian Express|date=21 December 1997|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055754/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/smooth-take-off-for-air-india/}}</ref>

Air India had been playing in the Premier Harwood League since 1980. Though it, they qualified for the [[National Football League (India)|National Football League]] in 1995. In the first season of NFL 1996, they finished 6th on the table<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027034504/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl.html }}</ref> and then 5th in 1997. After being relegated to the second division in 1998, Air India paved their way back into the first division the next year and played in the National Football League in 2000 as well. The years 2001 to 2004 saw Air India going through a tough phase as they were playing in the second division.<ref>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=30 April 2001|agency=Pres Trust of India|url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/apr/30nfl3.htm|title=East Bengal win National League|work=Rediff|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624221929/https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/apr/30nfl3.htm}}</ref> In 2005 the team qualified to the National Football League first division and then 2007 saw Air India finishing 7th and were the Mumbai Harwood Champions in 2005.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100103103428/http://the-aiff.com/pages/club/index.php?History=40&ClubDetail=40 History: Air India Football Club]. ''the-aiff.com''. [[All India Football Federation]]. Retrieved 14 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010.</ref><ref name="Archived copy"/> In 1996, they emerged as the champions of [[Sikkim Gold Cup|Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup]] and they lifted the trophy again in 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|title=India – List of All India Governor's Gold Cup Winners (Sikkim)|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=13 March 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507053015/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-sikkimgoldcuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/sikkimgoldcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=16 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006211012/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/sikkimgoldcup.html|archive-date=6 October 2021|url-status=dead|author=Arunava Chaudhuri}}</ref> The club also hosted an inter-club tournament named "Air-India Millenium Cup" at the Air-India Colony Grounds, in Kalina, Mumbai, from 2000 to 2005 – in which they clinched title on four occasions.<ref name="Millennium Cup"/>

===Present years===
[[File:Allan Dias.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Allan Dias (Indian footballer)|Allan Dias]] with Air India at the [[2010–11 I-League]]]]
[[File:Manandeep2.jpg|thumb|200px|Manandeep Singh with Air India in 2011]]
Air India became part of the [[I-League]] since the [[2007–08 I-League|inaugural edition]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007-08il.html| work = IndianFootball.de| first1=Arunava |last1=Chaudhuri| title = 1st "ONGC" I-League — Division 1 2007/08: from 24.November 2007 upto 23.February 2008 all over the country| date = 24 November 2011| accessdate = 24 November 2011| archive-date = 16 March 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316152349/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2007-08il.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> In 2008, they created history by winning the E. K. Nayanar Gold Cup, defeating three visiting foreign teams, [[Associação Ferroviária de Esportes]] of [[Brazil]], [[Bayelsa United F.C.|Bayelsa FC]] of [[Nigeria]] and [[Buenos Aires Football Club|Buenos Aires De Futbal]] of [[Argentina]].<ref name="THT">{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/|title=Institutional Sides In Indian Football: The Story Of ONGC FC, Air India FC And HAL SC|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=15 February 2011|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926183625/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Gold Cup">{{cite web|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|url=http://indianfootball.de/seasons/2008nayanargoldcup.html|title=2nd EK Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup 2008: from 14 upto 30 April 2008 in Kannur, Kerala|work=indianfootball.de|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912003416/http://indianfootball.de/seasons/2008nayanargoldcup.html|archive-date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/air-india-wins-nayanar-memorial-gold-cup-trophy-054748.html|title=Air India wins Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup trophy|website=mykhel.com|access-date=26 January 2024|archive-date=22 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422070905/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/air-india-wins-nayanar-memorial-gold-cup-trophy-054748.html}}</ref> Interestingly Bayelsa won [[Nigerian Professional Football League]] and reached semi-finals of [[CAF Champions League|African Confederations Cup]] once.<ref name="THT"/> Other than [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]] (1911 [[IFA Shield]]) and [[East Bengal FC]] ([[2003 ASEAN Club Championship|ASEAN Club Championship]]), no other [[List of football clubs in India|Indian club]] has defeated so many foreign teams to win a single tournament.<ref name="THT"/><ref name=GoalReport>{{cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/04/03/3002867/i-league-scouting-report-royston-dsouza-another-one-of-the |title=I-League Scouting Report: Royston Dsouza - Another one of the Airmen whose career is set to take flight |first=Ayush |last=Srivastava |publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]] |website=www.goal.com |date=3 April 2012 |access-date=11 April 2012 |archive-date=4 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404114608/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2012/04/03/3002867/i-league-scouting-report-royston-dsouza-another-one-of-the |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In [[2012 Durand Cup]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Dodsal FC enters Durand Cup final|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/dodsal-fc-enters-durand-cup-final-130449988.html|work=Yahoo|access-date=10 July 2013|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055753/https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Mumbai in Final|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports/91224-air-india-mumbai-in-final.html|work=Daily Pioneer|access-date=21 October 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235750/http://www.dailypioneer.com/sports/91224-air-india-mumbai-in-final.html}}</ref> the club emerged as the champions, which was their last trophy.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html List of Durand Cup tournament winners and runner-ups]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729142839/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html |date=29 July 2014 }} ''rsssf.com''. [[RSSSF|Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India 2012/13: I-League 2nd Division|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2013.html|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007160441/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2013.html}}</ref> On 25 February 2012, it was announced that parent company [[Air India]] do not have any plans on fulfilling the AFC Criteria required to play in the league and thus may fold the club by the end of the [[2011–12 I-League]] season.<ref name="Noronha">{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Salgaocar FC 4–0 Air India: David Booth's side sign off the year in style|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/report|website=Goal.com|date=30 December 2012|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103073824/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/report|archive-date=3 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-breaking-news-25th-february-2012-mohammedan-sc-and-kalighat-ms-suffer-crippling-blows-before-div-two-final-round/ | title=Indian Football News 25th February 2012 – Mohammedan SC and Kalighat MS suffer crippling blows before div two final round | date=25 February 2012 | publisher=The Hard Tackle | access-date=14 April 2012 | archive-date=11 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011155927/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-breaking-news-25th-february-2012-mohammedan-sc-and-kalighat-ms-suffer-crippling-blows-before-div-two-final-round/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=EAST BENGAL VS. AIR INDIA 3 – 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2009/02/07/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/air-india/729470/|work=Soccerway|access-date=5 November 2012|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504121550/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2009/02/07/india/i-league/east-bengal-club-fc/air-india/729470/}}</ref> Anthony Fernandes was appointed as interim head coach on 30 December 2012 after [[Godfrey Pereira]] was revealed to be away from the team due to salary issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 Updated|date=3 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321155010/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Godfrey Pereira has problems regarding monetary issues with the club officials – Air India interim coach Anthony Fernandes|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/11/12/3520590/godfrey-pereira-has-problems-regarding-monetary-issues-with|work=Goal.com|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000319/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/11/12/3520590/godfrey-pereira-has-problems-regarding-monetary-issues-with}}</ref> On 2 January 2013, it was confirmed that Pereira had left his post, when Air India played against [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] at [[Duler Stadium]] in I-League in which, and lost the match 4–0.<ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Salgaocar FC 4-0 Air India: David Booth's side sign off the year in style|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=30 December 2012|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103073824/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/report}}</ref> They came back to I-League, participating in the [[2012–13 I-League]] season.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ajgoankar|first=Ashlesh|title=Indian Football: Air India 2012/13 Season Preview|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-air-india-201213-season-preview/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=4 October 2012|access-date=27 March 2013|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712001926/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-air-india-201213-season-preview/|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 April 2013, they played against [[Mumbai F.C.]] and lost 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|title=MUMBAI VS. AIR INDIA 3 - 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/07/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/air-india/1395260/|work=Soccerway|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-date=29 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329042645/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/07/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/air-india/1395260/|url-status=live}}</ref> They earned 26 points in 19 league matches and finished on thirteenth position.<ref>{{cite web|title=MOHUN BAGAN VS. AIR INDIA 3–2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/13/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/air-india/1395264/|work=Soccerway|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=28 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130328231944/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/04/13/india/i-league/mohun-bagan-ac/air-india/1395264/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The club later confirmed their inability to field team for the [[2013–14 I-League]],<ref name="Diadora">{{cite web|first=Kaushik|last=Saha|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/i-league-mid-term-review/|title=I-League 2013-14 : Mid-Season Review|website=goaldentimes.org|publisher=Golden Times|date=10 January 2014|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909224830/http://www.goaldentimes.org/i-league-mid-term-review/}}</ref> and financial reasons were main factors behind it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Somnath|title=Indian Club Football: How Financially Sustainable Is Football In India?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|website=www.thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=8 July 2011|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125910/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ajgoankar|first1=Ashlesh|title=Indian Football: Can Kerala Produce Next I.M. Vijayan?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|website=www.thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=18 January 2013|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101110236/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref>

==Crest & colours==
Air India has sometimes used a crest different from the logo of the parent company. For the [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12 season]], however, they used the parent logo on both the home and away jersey.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2733 |title=The AIFF Pailan begin campaign in style; Sporting beat AI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328141607/http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2733 |archive-date=28 March 2012 |url-status=dead |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=26 November 2012 }}</ref>

[[File:Practicing with Air India.jpg|thumb|180px|Nigerian midfielder [[Yusuf Ibrahim (footballer)|Yusuf Ibrahim]] in Air India's red outfit]]

To keep up the image, they decided to make the main colour of the club red, as associated with the company.<ref name="Noronha"/>

[[File:Henry Ezeh.jpg|thumb|180px|Nigerian striker [[Henry Ezeh]] in Air India's white outfit]]

==Stadium==
[[File:Cooperage Football Ground.jpg|thumb|300px|Cooperage Ground before renovation]]
Air India has been mostly playing at the [[Cooperage Ground]] in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Stadiums in India |publisher=World Stadiums |access-date=2014-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688 | title=A Shot in the arm for Cooperage Ground | publisher=DNA | date=11 June 2011 | first=Rosy | last=Sequeira | access-date=20 June 2018 | archive-date=21 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621071505/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69407/dempo-sports-club-vs-air-india/report| title = Air India 2-0 Dempo: The Pilots Stun The Boys From Goa As They Hand Them Their Third Consecutive Defeat | access-date = 21 December 2011 | website = goal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410232241/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69407/dempo-sc-vs-air-india-fc/report|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-09/top-stories/27896200_1_samson-singh-bimal-ghosh-soccor-velho |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131122154140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-09/top-stories/27896200_1_samson-singh-bimal-ghosh-soccor-velho |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2013 |title=Air India beat JCT, jump to second place |date=9 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/newcomers-kenkre-fc-put-mumbai-back-on-the-i-league-map-101640453818579.html|title=Newcomers Kenkre FC put Mumbai back on the I-League map|date=25 December 2021|access-date=1 February 2023|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Mumbai|first=Rutvick|last=Mehta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206122858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/newcomers-kenkre-fc-put-mumbai-back-on-the-i-league-map-101640453818579.html|archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref> Between 2007 and 2013, the club hosted home games of the I-League at the ground.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-sanctions-2-million-grant-for-cooperage-1532025|title=FIFA sanctions 2 million grant for Cooperage|publisher=DNA India|website=dnaindia.com|date=15 April 2011|first=Mihir|last=Vasavda|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621094538/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-sanctions-2-million-grant-for-cooperage-1532025|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rosy Sequeira|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688|title=A Shot in the arm for Cooperage Ground|publisher=DNA|date=11 June 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621071505/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Shreedutta|last=Chidananda|title=Back to school|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/back-to-school/article2201141.ece|website=www.thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 July 2011|access-date=24 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110062845/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/back-to-school/article2201141.ece|archive-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Air India downs a fighting HASC |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/air-india-downs-a-fighting-hasc/article2644387.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=17 October 2021 |date=21 November 2011 |archive-date=19 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419084434/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/air-india-downs-a-fighting-hasc/article2644387.ece }}</ref> While renovations took place, Air India played at the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Sports Complex]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 September 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Williams|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|title=The Goa and Maha Derby: A thing past in I-League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720065558/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|archive-date=20 July 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref>

During the [[2010–11 I-League]] season, [[Rajarshi Shahu Stadium]] in [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra|Kolhapur]] hosted numerous matches of Mumbai teams due to unavailability of Cooperage Ground. Air India played its home games at this ground throughout the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/goan-bashing-for-mumbai-fc/story-stHvLxvGWceGagl5ev1v9H.html|title=Goan bashing for Mumbai FC|date=18 December 2010|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/goan-bashing-for-mumbai-fc/story-stHvLxvGWceGagl5ev1v9H.html|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Rivalry==
Air India had a rivalry with their fellow Mumbai-based club [[Mahindra United FC|Mahindra United]], with whom they played in local derby matches in both the NFL and MDFA Elite League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/mahindra-waste-penalty-air-india-snatch-draw-in-derby-clash-047022.html|title=Mahindra waste penalty, Air India snatch draw in 'Derby clash'|first1=Mikhil|last1=Bhat|website=mykhel.com|publisher=MyKhel News|date=24 August 2017|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104094100/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/mahindra-waste-penalty-air-india-snatch-draw-in-derby-clash-047022.html|agency=UNI|archive-date=4 January 2024|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Mario|last1=Rodrigues|url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/2008/nov/14air-india-hold-mahindra-united.htm|title=Air India hold Mahindra United|website=rediff.com|publisher=Rediff Mail|date=14 November 2008|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104093505/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/nov/14air-india-hold-mahindra-united.htm|archive-date=4 January 2024|access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-air-india-continue-to-haunt-mahindra-1022576|title=Air India continue to haunt Mahindra|first1=Ankita|last1=Pandey|website=dnaindia.com|publisher=DNA India|date=6 April 2006|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104092850/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-air-india-continue-to-haunt-mahindra-1022576|archive-date=4 January 2024|access-date=24 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jan/19nfl.htm|title=Mahindra United, Air India show class|website=rediff.com|publisher=Rediff Mail|date=19 January 2007|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315134122/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jan/19nfl.htm|archive-date=15 March 2008|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/nfl-mahindra-united-beat-air-india/articleshow/1669948.cms|title=NFL: Mahindra United beat Air India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2007|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830143420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/nfl-mahindra-united-beat-air-india/articleshow/1669948.cms|archive-date=30 August 2022|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-day-after-mahindra-united-break-a-jinx-1028623|title=A day after, Mahindra United break a jinx|first1=Mikhil|last1=Bhat|website=rediff.com|publisher=Rediff Mail|date=10 May 2006|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104093813/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-day-after-mahindra-united-break-a-jinx-1028623|archive-date=4 January 2024|access-date=4 January 2024}}</ref>

==Ownership==
As a corporate sporting entity since its inception,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making|title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making|website=freepressjournal.in|publisher=The Free Press Journal|first=Anil|last=Dias|location=Mumbai|date=8 December 2021|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208150044/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making}}</ref> Air India Football Club has been owned and run by airline company Air India which currently own a hub at Mumbai's [[Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport]] which is where the club is located.<ref name="financialexpress.com"/>

==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
| 2000–2011
| –
|rowspan="2"|[[Air India]]<ref name="THT"/>
|-
| 2011–2013
|Star Impact<ref name="THT"/>
|}

==Managerial history==

===Head coach's record===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Picture!!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%!!class="unsortable"|Honours
|-
|
|align=left|[[Bimal Ghosh]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|2008<ref name="Smooth take-off for Air-India"/>
|align=left|2009
{{WDL|22|5|9|8|for=21|against=26}}
|
|-
|
|align=left|Yusif Ansari
|{{IND}}
|align=left|2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.facebook.com/MettammalBrothersFootballAcademy/posts/172025656843134|title=Coach Yusif Ansari in Air India FC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507143958/https://m.facebook.com/MettammalBrothersFootballAcademy/posts/172025656843134|archive-date=7 May 2021|work=Facebook.com (Air India Football Club official)|access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref>
|align=left|June 2010
{{WDL|26|7|7|12|for=28|against=46}}
|
|-
|[[File:Santosh_kashyap.JPG|thumb|80px]]
|align=left|[[Santosh Kashyap]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|August 2010<ref>{{cite news |title=I-League: Everyone Deserves To Have A Pre-Season Training Like Salgaocar SC — Says Air India Coach Santosh Kashyap |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/08/02/2601148/i-league-everyone-deserves-to-have-a-pre-season-training |work=goal.com |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=2 August 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930011143/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/08/02/2601148/i-league-everyone-deserves-to-have-a-pre-season-training }}</ref>
|align=left|26 May 2012
{{WDL|52|14|14|24|for=54|against=94}}
|
|-
|
|align=left|[[Godfrey Pereira]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|3 July 2012<ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite web|last=Sundaresan|first=Bharat|title='I will bring an end to Bagan's dry spell'|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/i-will-bring-an-end-to-bagans-dry-spell/970158/0|work=Indian Express|date=4 July 2012|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055756/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/i-will-bring-an-end-to-bagans-dry-spell/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|align=left|27 December 2012<ref>{{cite web|last=Pawar|first=Vaibhav|title=It's official: Air India part ways with coach Godfrey Pereira|url=http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=570%3Aits-official-air-india-part-ways-with-coach-godfrey-pereira&catid=42%3Arokstories|work=Kick Off India|access-date=27 December 2012|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408020931/http://www.kickoffindia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=570%3Aits-official-air-india-part-ways-with-coach-godfrey-pereira&catid=42%3Arokstories}}</ref>
{{WDL|17|7|3|7|for=25|against=27}}
|[[2012 Durand Cup]]
|-
|
|align=left|Anthony Fernandes
|{{IND}}
|align=left|30 December 2012<ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Godfrey Pereira has problems regarding monetary issues with the club officials — Air India interim coach Anthony Fernandes|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/11/12/3520590/godfrey-pereira-has-problems-regarding-monetary-issues-with|work=Goal.com|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306000319/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2012/11/12/3520590/godfrey-pereira-has-problems-regarding-monetary-issues-with}}</ref>
|align=left|2 March 2013
{{WDL|7|1|4|2|for=8|against=14}}
|
|-
|
|align=left|[[Naushad Moosa]]
|{{IND}}
|align=left|2 March 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Moosa lined up for Air India coach job|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Moosa-lined-up-for-Air-India-coach-job/articleshow/18526807.cms?|access-date=29 June 2017|work=Times of India|date=16 February 2013|archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420123808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Moosa-lined-up-for-Air-India-coach-job/articleshow/18526807.cms}}</ref>
|align=left|2013
{{WDL|0|0|0|0|for=0|against=0}}
|
|}

==Notable players==
{{Category see also|Air India FC players}}
*The players below, had ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international cap(s)]]'' for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed represented their countries before or after playing for ''Air India FC''.
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]] (1998–2001)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30180/Khalid_Jamil.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Jamil, Khalid|website=national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814135847/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30180/Khalid_Jamil.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Steven Dias]] (2001–2003)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3121/Steven_Dias.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Dias, Steven|website=national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627120612/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3121/Steven_Dias.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Air India too good for CRPF|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/mar/10airindia.htm|website=Rediff.com|access-date=2 November 2014|archive-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102102541/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/mar/10airindia.htm|date=10 March 2003|agency=PTI}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} Gorka Guarrotxena Menárguez (2003–2005){{citation needed|date=September 2025}}
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirmal Chettri]] (2006–2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45891/Nirmal_Chettri.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Chettri, Nirmal|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=14 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414191238/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45891/Nirmal_Chettri.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Mujtaba Faiz]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45894/Mujtaba_Faiz.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Faiz, Mujtaba|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210125714/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45894/Mujtaba_Faiz.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Bheke]] (2011–2013)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Kaushal|title=From rejection to record-breaking, the story of Rahul Bheke, the most featured Indian player in ISL 2|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/from-rejection-record-breaking-story-rahul-bheke-most-featured-indian-player-isl-2/2|access-date=1 December 2015|work=SportsKeeda|date=1 December 2015|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208131509/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/from-rejection-record-breaking-story-rahul-bheke-most-featured-indian-player-isl-2/2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rahul Bheke|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/person/pe382478/rahul-bheke/|access-date=2021-01-25|website=worldfootball.net|language=en|archive-date=27 June 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627180942/https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/rahul-bheke/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=11 September 2014|title=Rahul Bheke pens contract extension at Mumbai FC|work=Goal.com|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/09/11/5097740/rahul-bheke-pens-contract-extension-at-mumbai-fc|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404072756/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/09/11/5097740/rahul-bheke-pens-contract-extension-at-mumbai-fc|archive-date=4 April 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raynier Fernandes]] (2014–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/raynier-fernandes-isl-mumbai-city-fc-indian-national-team/1cgztntoy1xow1klm31cygt5mp|title=Raynier Fernandes: MDFA to ISL in three years and his brisk rise in Indian football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905113251/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/raynier-fernandes-isl-mumbai-city-fc-indian-national-team/1cgztntoy1xow1klm31cygt5mp|archive-date=5 September 2021|date=20 August 2020|access-date=5 September 2021|first=Anselm|last=Noronha|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref>

==Honours==
{{further|List of Air India FC seasons}}

===Domestic tournaments===
* '''[[National Football League (India)|National Football League 2nd Division]]'''
**Champions (1): 1999–00<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League Second Division |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |website=indianfootball.de |publisher=Indian Football Network |date=2000 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081440/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 2004–05
**Third place (1): 2001–02<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india02.html|title=India 2001/02: League Tournaments|date=16 May 2006|work=RSSSF|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204034454/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india02.html|archive-date=4 December 2024|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri}}</ref>
* '''[[Durand Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2012 Durand Cup|2012]]<ref name=DurandCupStart>{{cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Arunava|title=125th Durand Cup: Problems at the start of India's oldest tournament|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/08/16/125th-durand-cup-problems-at-the-start-of-indias-oldest-tournament/|work=Sportskeeda|date=16 August 2012|access-date=16 August 2012|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055818/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/125th-durand-cup-problems-at-the-start-of-indias-oldest-tournament}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 September 2012|agency=TNN|location=New Delhi|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|title=Air India win Durand Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Air-India-win-Durand-Cup/articleshow/16160571.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103124019/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-02/top-stories/33548200_1_durand-cup-dodsal-mumbai-air-india|archive-date=3 January 2013|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 September 2012}}</ref>
*'''[[Sikkim Gold Cup|Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup]]'''
**Champions (2): 1996,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/sikkim-governors-gold-cup/2010/final-stages/|title=Summary – Sikkim Governors Gold Cup – India – Results, fixtures, tables and news – Soccerway|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416055809/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/sikkim-governors-gold-cup/2010/s5881/final-stages/}}</ref> 2006<ref>{{Cite web|title=India Cup Tournaments 2006/07|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacup07.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195428/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacup07.html}}</ref>
**Runners-up (2): 2000, 2003<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2003-04s.html|title=2003/04 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117042721/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2003-04s.html|archive-date=17 January 2020|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Mumbai Football League|Mumbai Harwood League]]'''/'''[[MDFA Elite Division]]'''
**Champions (9): 1992, 1994, 1996,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html#nfl1|title=India 1996/97 – List of Champions: Mumbai Football League|website=[[RSSSF]]|date=13 February 2014|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|first2=Mikael|last2=Jönsson|first3=Josef|last3=Bobrowsky|archive-date=18 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018092132/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india97.html}}</ref> 1997–98,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india98.html|title=India 1997/98: Mumbai Football League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723193639/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india98.html|archive-date=23 July 2020|work=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation]]|access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref> 1999, 2009–10, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17
**Runners-up (3): 1988, 2000,<ref>{{cite web|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/msd2000.html|title=Mumbai Harwood League: statistics, league standings|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926031710/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/msd2000.html|archive-date=26 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2005<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/med2005.html|title=MDFA-Mumbai Elite Division 2005|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507122827/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/med2005.html|archive-date=7 May 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Third place (1): 2019–20<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 November 2020|first=Raunak|last=Majumdar|title=MDFA distribute trophies for Season 2019–20|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/|access-date=2021-12-17|website=FootballCounter.com|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217184744/https://www.footballcounter.com/2020/mdfa-distribute-trophies-for-season-2019-20/|location=Mumbai}}</ref>
*'''MFA Elite Corporate League'''
**Champions (1): [[2022–23 MFA Elite Division#Elite Corporate League|2023]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/|title=MFA ELITE CORPORATE LEAGUE 2023|website=theaway.co|publisher=The Away End|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709052003/https://theawayend.co/mfa-elite-division/|archive-date=9 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/champions-air-india-finish-season-unbeaten/articleshow/101475625.cms|title=Champions Air India finish season unbeaten|work=The Times of India|agency=TNN|date=4 July 2023|access-date=9 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518131618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/champions-air-india-finish-season-unbeaten/amp_articleshow/101475625.cms|archive-date=18 May 2025}}</ref>
** Runners-up (1): 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/|title=MFA ELITE CORPORATE LEAGUE 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525101102/https://footballmfa.com/table/mfa-elite-corporate-league/|archive-date=25 May 2022|access-date=25 January 2023|website=footballmfa.com|publisher=Mumbai Football Association}}</ref>
*'''[[Western India Football Association|WIFA Super Division]]'''
**Champions (1): 1999<ref name="WIFA title"/>
*'''E. K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2008<ref name="THT"/>
**Runners-up (1): 2012<ref>{{Cite web|title=4th EK Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup: BNR champions|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/4th-ek-nayanar-memorial-gold-cup-bnr-champions|date=22 March 2012|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|website=Sportskeeda|access-date=9 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011140423/https://www.sportskeeda.com/sports/4th-ek-nayanar-memorial-gold-cup-bnr-champions}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bnrclub.com/about-us/|title=BNR RECREATION CLUB IN A NUT SHELL|work=BNR Club|access-date=10 October 2022|archive-date=11 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011140423/https://bnrclub.com/about-us/}}</ref>
*'''[[IFA Shield]]'''<ref group="note">[[List of oldest football competitions|Fourth oldest football tournament]], organized by the [[Indian Football Association|IFA]] ([[West Bengal|W.B.]]), and played between the local clubs of [[West Bengal]] and other invited ones.</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Sengupta |first1=Somnath |title=The Glorious History Of IFA Shield |url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ |website=thehardtackle.com |publisher=The Hard Tackle |date=8 March 2011 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181925/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/the-glorious-history-of-ifa-shield/ }}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 2009<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Goal|website=goal.com|title=Churchill Brothers Are IFA Shield Champions|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2633/ifa-shield/2009/09/12/1496470/churchill-brothers-are-ifa-shield-champions|date=12 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917132931/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2633/ifa-shield/2009/09/12/1496470/churchill-brothers-are-ifa-shield-champions|archive-date=17 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Rovers Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (2): 1994,<ref name="RC">{{Cite web|title=India — List of Rovers Cup Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html|access-date=18 March 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924164532/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiaroverscuphist.html}}</ref> 1996<ref>{{Cite web|first=Chaudhuri|last=Arunava|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1996-97s.html|title=1996/97 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029102020/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/1996-97s.html|archive-date=29 October 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''[[Nadkarni Cup]]'''<ref>{{cite web|author=Neil Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|title=India — List of Nadkarni Cup Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129033202/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|archive-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
**Champions (8): 1984, 1991, 2005, 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07s.html|title=2006/07 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123174000/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07s.html|archive-date=23 November 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2009, 2017, 2018, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2020.html|title=India 2019/20: Nadkarni Cup|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007091829/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2020.html}}</ref>
**Runners-up (6): 1983, 1988, 2001, 2010, 2014, 2015
* '''Air-India Millenium Cup'''
**Champions (4): 2001, 2002,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03s.html|title=2002/03 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107085227/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03s.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2003, 2004<ref name="Millennium Cup">{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/airindiamilleniumcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Air-India Millenium Cup: Mumbai|access-date=17 August 2021|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926044826/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/airindiamilleniumcup.html|archive-date=26 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Aurungabad Mayor's Trophy'''
**Champions (1): 2006<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200609.html|title=NEWS FOR THE MONTH OF September 2006 - Air-India lift Aurungabad Mayor's Trophy; Paresh Shivalkar shines again|website=www.indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=18 September 2006|access-date=13 November 2021|archive-date=8 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808221813/http://www.indianfootball.de/news/m200609.html|url-status=dead|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri}}</ref>
*'''Kalina MLA Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Air India beat Mumbai Tigers in tie-breaker to lift the 1st Kalina MLA Cup|url=http://www.afternoondc.in/sports/air-india-beat-mumbai-tigers-in-tie-breaker-to-lift-the-1st-kalina-mla-cup/article_99222|access-date=1 December 2015|work=Afternoon DC|date=24 December 2013|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208095755/http://www.afternoondc.in/sports/air-india-beat-mumbai-tigers-in-tie-breaker-to-lift-the-1st-kalina-mla-cup/article_99222}}</ref>
*'''Arlem Cup'''
**Runners-up (1): 2002<ref>{{cite web|author=Arunava Chaudhary|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/arlemcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Arlem Cup: Goa|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926022239/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/arlemcup.html|archive-date=26 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2001-02s.html|title=2001/02 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628084429/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2001-02s.html|archive-date=28 June 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Kalinga Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2013<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chaudhuri|first=Arunava|date=14 November 2013|title=Kalinga Cup: Southern Samity beat Air India in final|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/kalinga-cup-southern-samity-beat-air-india-in-final|access-date=20 December 2021|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220160926/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/kalinga-cup-southern-samity-beat-air-india-in-final|language=en-us}}</ref>
*'''G.V. Raja Football Tournament'''
**Runners-up (1): 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/late-penalty-helps-indian-navy-to-see-off-rcf/|title=Late penalty helps Indian Navy see off RCF|date=17 September 2015|access-date=19 April 2023|website=footballcounter.com|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202202111/https://www.footballcounter.com/2015/late-penalty-helps-indian-navy-to-see-off-rcf/}}</ref>
*'''All India Super Sports Society Football Cup'''
**Runners-up (1): 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jk-bank-drubs-air-india-lifts-all-india-super-sports-society-football-cup/|title=J&K Bank drubs Air India, lifts All India Super Sports Society Football Cup|date=28 January 2016|access-date=19 November 2023|website=dailyexcelsior.com|publisher=The Daily Excelsior|archive-date=11 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211163649/https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jk-bank-drubs-air-india-lifts-all-india-super-sports-society-football-cup/|location=Jammu}}</ref>

==Team records==
===Individual records===
* Youngest ever hat-trick scorer in [[Indian football league system|Indian highest division league]]: {{flagicon|IND}} Bungo Singh – 18 years and 3 days; for Air India ''vs.'' [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBT]] (5 March 2001)<ref>{{cite web |first1=S. Ayyappa |last1=Swamy |url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/mar/05nfl.htm |title=Bungo 'tricks' Air India's big win |website=rediff.com |date=5 March 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106111635/https://m.rediff.com/sports/2001/mar/05nfl.htm |archive-date=6 January 2023 }}</ref>

=== Notable wins against foreign teams ===

{{updated|matches played 30 April 2008}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%; width:95%; text-align:center"
|-
!width="12%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Competition
!width="6%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Round
!width="10%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Year
!width="13%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Opposition
!width="5%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Score
!width="13%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Venue
!width="7%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|City
!width="7%" style="background:Red; color:white; text-align:center;"|Ref
|-
|[[DCM Trophy]]
|Group stage
|1993
<td align="left">{{flagicon|NEP}} Royal Nepal Airlines Club
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" |2–0
|[[Ambedkar Stadium]]
|[[Delhi|New Delhi]]
|<ref name="DCM">{{Cite web|title=India – D.C.M. Trophy: List of Finals|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadcm.html|access-date=4 December 2021|website=[[RSSSF]]|archive-date=13 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013052139/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiadcm.html|first1=Neil|last1=Morrison}}</ref>
|-
|DCM Trophy
|Group stage
|1994
<td align="left">{{flagicon|NEP}} S.D.A. Kathmandu
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" |2–0
|Ambedkar Stadium
|New Delhi
|<ref name="DCM"/>
|-
|DCM Trophy
|Group stage
|1996
<td align="left">{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|ANFA XI]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;" |1–0
|Ambedkar Stadium
|New Delhi
|<ref name="DCM"/>
|-
|[[Sikkim Gold Cup|Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup]]
|Group stage
|2006
<td align="left">{{flagicon|NEP}} [[Nepal national football team|Nepal XI]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|1–0
|[[Paljor Stadium]]
|[[Gangtok]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html#sikkimgov|title=India 2006/07: Sikkim Governor's Gold Cup|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=28 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203074819/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india07.html#sikkimgov|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|date=29 November 2007|archive-date=3 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
|E. K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup
|Group stage
|2008
<td align="left">{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires Football Club|Buenos Aires]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|5–1
|Kannur Municipal Corporation Stadium
|[[Kannur]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/air-india-beat-argentines-5-1-1606015|title=Air India beat Argentines 5–1|date=26 April 2008|access-date=27 January 2024|agency=Press Trust of India|website=sports.ndtv.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422072043/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/air-india-beat-argentines-5-1-1606015|archive-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
|E. K. Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup
|Final
|2008
<td align="left">{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Associação Ferroviária de Esportes]]
|style="text-align:center; background:#CCFFCC;"|1–0
|Kannur Municipal Corporation Stadium
|Kannur
|<ref name="Gold Cup"/>
|}

==Other departments==
===Field hockey===
The club has its hockey team,<ref>{{cite web |title=10th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship 2020 (A Div) |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/7a/b0/70/662ef258-9fd5-4916-af5c-dec2b6bf1abc.pdf |website=Hockey India |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123190910/https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/7a/b0/70/662ef258-9fd5-4916-af5c-dec2b6bf1abc.pdf }}</ref> that competed in [[Beighton Cup]] (one of the oldest [[field hockey]] tournaments in the world), and lifted the trophy in 2007 and 2010.<ref>{{cite news
|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041103051900.htm
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001032007/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041103051900.htm
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2007-10-01
|title = Indian Airlines lift Beighton Cup
|access-date = 2007-04-13
|location=Chennai, India
|work = [[The Hindu]]
|date=2007-04-11
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Air India lifts maiden title|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Air-India-lifts-maiden-title/article15595128.ece|access-date=8 February 2018|work=The Hindu|date=16 December 2010|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001161903/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Air-India-lifts-maiden-title/article15595128.ece}}</ref> They also appeared in [[Bombay Gold Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian hockey: The curious case of the Bombay Gold Cup |url=https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/Z5A20XtmrZ2hnAprgJocvI/Indian-hockey-The-curious-case-of-the-Bombay-Gold-Cup.html |date=19 December 2015 |last=D'Souza |first=Dilip |publisher=LiveMint |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=25 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925142556/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/Z5A20XtmrZ2hnAprgJocvI/Indian-hockey-The-curious-case-of-the-Bombay-Gold-Cup.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IOC wins Bombay Gold Cup final |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/ioc-wins-bombay-gold-cup-final/article5281763.ece |date=28 October 2013 |work=The Hindu |access-date=17 October 2022 |archive-date=13 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213185529/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/ioc-wins-bombay-gold-cup-final/article5281763.ece }}</ref>

;Notable players
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok Kumar]] – member of the India national hockey team that won [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975 World Cup]], recipient of [[Arjuna Award]] in 1974, played for Air India (then known as Indian Airlines).<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/ashok-kumar-1.html |title=Ashok Kumar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082205/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ku/ashok-kumar-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey greats hurt by Gill's remarks |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200803141550.htm |work=The Hindu |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=28 July 2011 |archive-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110084710/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200803141550.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UP government announces names of 22 recipients of Yash Bharti Award |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-government-announces-names-of-22-recipients-of-yash-bharti-award/456108-3-242.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306040639/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/up-government-announces-names-of-22-recipients-of-yash-bharti-award/456108-3-242.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 March 2014 |work=IBN Live |date=14 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hardik Singh and Salima Tete win Balbir Singh Sr. Award for Player of The Year 2023 |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hardik-singh-and-salima-tete-win-balbir-singh-sr-award-for-player-of-the-year-2023 |access-date=1 April 2024 |work=Hockey India |date=31 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401133450/https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hardik-singh-and-salima-tete-win-balbir-singh-sr-award-for-player-of-the-year-2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dhyan Chand — The Legend Lives On |url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/legend/1932/page9.htm |access-date=20 January 2013 |archive-date=30 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130050730/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/granthalaya/legend/1932/page9.htm }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Adrian D'Souza]] – [[field hockey]] goalkeeper who represented India at the [[2004 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Tournament]], earned more than 100 international caps, and played for Air India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adrian Joseph Albert D'Souza|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/adrian.htm|website=bharatiyahockey.org|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=5 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105173133/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/adrian.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rajput|first1=Avinash|title=Wonder wall — This Mumbai lad is known as one of the best and the most innovative goalkeeper India has ever produced|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2010%2F02%2F10&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar01900&AppName=1|access-date=30 September 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001170933/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/MIRRORNEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=MIRRORNEW&BaseHref=PMIR%2F2010%2F02%2F10&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=20&EntityId=Ar01900&AppName=1|archive-date=1 October 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Rising starz|url=http://old.mangalorean.com/archive.php?k=20&arttype=star|website=old.mangalorean.com|accessdate=30 September 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213011/http://old.mangalorean.com/archive.php?k=20&arttype=star|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Custodian D'Souza confident of defusing Abbas threat|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/53839/custodian-dsouza-confident-defusing-abbas.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=20 February 2010|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=5 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505143917/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/53839/custodian-dsouza-confident-defusing-abbas.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Adrian to lead Jr World Cup hockey team|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/14hock.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=14 June 2005|access-date=1 October 2017|archive-date=4 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604012034/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/jun/14hock.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Busy year ahead for Indian hockey, tough task for selectors|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-busy-year-ahead-for-indian-hockey-tough-task-for-selectors-7965|accessdate=1 October 2017|newspaper=DNA|date=31 October 2005|archive-date=20 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420063331/https://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-busy-year-ahead-for-indian-hockey-tough-task-for-selectors-7965}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mervyn Fernandis]] – won gold medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] at [[Moscow]], representing India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19176|title=Merwyn Fernandis — Biographical information & Results|work=olympedia.org|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501031450/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19176|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=India's Olympics history |url=http://www.thesportscampus.com/200807016/beijing-2008/india-olympic-history |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913011318/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200807016/beijing-2008/india-olympic-history |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-13 |publisher=The Sports Campus }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Baljit Singh Dhillon]] – represented India at the numerous editions of the [[Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/2000/|title=Baljit Singh Dhillon profile|website=Bharatiya Hockey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011092111/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/2000/|archive-date=11 October 2006|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19166|title=Baljit Singh Dhillon — Biographical information & Results|work=olympedia.org|archive-date=21 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721223644/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/19166|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sameer Dad]] – represented India at the [[1998 Asian Games]] and [[1998 Men's Hockey World Cup]], also played for Air India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/2000/|title=Sameer Dad profile|date=2006-10-11|website=Bharatiya Hockey|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011092111/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/khiladi/2000/|archive-date=2006-10-11|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/91702|title=Samir Dad — Biographical information & Results|work=olympedia.org|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501031314/https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/91702|access-date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Subbaiah Anjaparavanda – represented India at the [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|men's tournament]] of [[1996 Summer Olympics]], and played for Air India (Indian Airlines).<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/subbaiah-anjaparavanda-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052210/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/an/subbaiah-anjaparavanda-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Subbaiah Anjaparavanda Olympic Results |access-date=19 October 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shakeel Ahmed (field hockey)|Shakeel Ahmed]] – represented India at the [[1992 Summer Olympics]], also played for Air India.<ref>{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ah/shakeel-ahmed-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418090724/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ah/shakeel-ahmed-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Shakeel Ahmed Olympic Results |accessdate=11 March 2019}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Yuvraj Walmiki]] – was a member of the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian team]] that won the [[2011 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2011 Asian Champions Trophy]], played in domestic tournaments with Air India.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-15|title=The inspiring tale of the 'prince' of Indian hockey — Yuvraj Walmiki|url=https://thebridge.in/players-speak/the-inspiring-tale-of-the-prince-of-indian-hockey-yuvraj-walmiki/|access-date=2021-02-17|website=The Bridge|language=en-GB|archive-date=5 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505142145/https://thebridge.in/hockey/the-inspiring-tale-of-the-prince-of-indian-hockey-yuvraj-walmiki}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-23|title=Class of 2020: Former Indian Field Hockey Player Yuvraj Walmiki to Make His Acting Debut with ALTBalaji Show {{!}} 📺 LatestLY|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/class-of-2020-former-indian-field-hockey-player-yuvraj-walmiki-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-altbalaji-show-1423119.html|access-date=2021-05-14|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104231345/https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/class-of-2020-former-indian-field-hockey-player-yuvraj-walmiki-to-make-his-acting-debut-with-altbalaji-show-1423119.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-3274-india-men-claim-asian-champions-trophy | title=India men claim Asian Champions Trophy | date=12 September 2011 | access-date=23 September 2011 | publisher=fih.ch. International Hockey Federation | archive-date=3 April 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403020441/http://www.fih.ch/en/news-3274-india-men-claim-asian-champions-trophy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Devindar Walmiki shares a heartfelt picture of her mother holding Shiv Chhatrapati award|date=20 February 2018|url=http://www.digitalsporty.com/devindar-walmiki-shares-pic-mother-holding-shiv-chhatrapati-award/|access-date=5 May 2024|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104231345/https://www.digitalsporty.com/devindar-walmiki-shares-pic-mother-holding-shiv-chhatrapati-award/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Len Aiyappa|Len Aiyappa Ballachanda]] – represented India at the Sultan Azlan Shah Cup and World Series Hockey, also played for Air India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Len Aiyappa stars in Air India's big win |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/len-aiyappa-stars-in-air-indias-big-win/articleshow/15698992.cms |work=mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com |date=15 April 2007 |access-date=26 January 2024 |location=Mumbai |archive-date=6 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506073300/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/len-aiyappa-stars-in-air-indias-big-win/articleshow/15698992.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I'm not thinking about India job now, says Len Aiyappa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/im-not-thinking-about-india-job-now-says-len-aiyappa/article5422844.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 December 2013 |access-date=26 January 2024 |location=New Delhi |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812124854/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/im-not-thinking-about-india-job-now-says-len-aiyappa/article5422844.ece }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Hockey: Len gives up on India |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/top-stories/Hockey-Len-gives-up-on-India/articleshow/1406937.cms |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 2006-02-09 |accessdate= 2013-01-17 |archive-date= 22 July 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190722183602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/top-stories/Hockey-Len-gives-up-on-India/articleshow/1406937.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.indianhockey.com/FeaturedStories/tabid/54/EntryId/25/Jothi-ruined-many-careers-Len.aspx |title= Jothi ruined many careers: Len |publisher= indianhockey.com |date= 2008-04-25 |accessdate= 2013-01-17 |archive-date= 5 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110705022122/http://www.indianhockey.com/FeaturedStories/tabid/54/EntryId/25/Jothi-ruined-many-careers-Len.aspx }}</ref>

;Honours
* '''[[Indian Senior National Hockey Championship|Senior National Hockey Championship]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Hockey India Senior Men National Championship |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/pdfImages/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Sr.-Men-20121.pdf |website=Hockey India |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216184954/https://www.hockeyindia.org/pdfImages/images/stories/2013/05/Stats-Sr.-Men-20121.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=3rd Hockey India Senior Men National Championship 2013 |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/pdfImages/images/stories/2013/04/Res-Pune-Championships19.pdf |website=Hockey India |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216184948/https://www.hockeyindia.org/pdfImages/images/stories/2013/04/Res-Pune-Championships19.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=4th Hockey India Senior Men National Championship 2014 (Div A) |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/pdfImages/images/stories/2013/09/RES-SENIOR-MEN-A-DIVISION14.pdf |website=Hockey India |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216184947/https://www.hockeyindia.org/pdfImages/images/stories/2013/09/RES-SENIOR-MEN-A-DIVISION14.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=5th Hockey India Senior Men National Hockey Championship 2015 Division A |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/62/72/a7/c76f81b0-7db5-41cd-9e58-1fe0346aef13.pdf |website=Hockey India |access-date=16 February 2022 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216184955/https://www.hockeyindia.org/static-assets/waf-images/uploadfile/62/72/a7/c76f81b0-7db5-41cd-9e58-1fe0346aef13.pdf }}</ref>
**Champions (2): 2013, 2014
**Runners-up (2): 2012, 2020
**Third place (1): 2015
* '''[[Beighton Cup]]'''
**Champions (2): 2007, 2010<ref>{{cite web|title=BEIGHTON CUP WINNERS AND RUNNERS-UP (1895—2019)|url=https://www.hockeybengal.org/winners-and-runner-up-details|location=Kolkata|website=www.hockeybengal.org|publisher=Hockey Bengal|access-date=5 July 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423035958/https://www.hockeybengal.org/winners-and-runner-up-details}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 1995
*'''[[Bombay Gold Cup]]'''<ref name="bgc">{{cite web|title=Bombay Gold Cup: BOMBAY GOLD CUP HOCKEY TOURNAMENT {{!}} GURU TEGH BAHADUR GOLD CUP HOCKEY TOURNAMENT|url=http://www.mumbaihockey.org/bombay-gold-cup.html#:~:text=Morarji%20Desai%20who%20was%20the,will%20be%20played%20under%20floodlight..|access-date=18 October 2022|website=www.mumbaihockey.org|publisher=The Mumbai Hockey Association|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411223120/http://mumbaihockey.org/bombay-gold-cup.html#:~:text=Morarji%20Desai%20who%20was%20the,will%20be%20played%20under%20floodlight..}}</ref>
**Champions (2): 2001, 2002
**Runners-up (3): 2007, 2009, 2013
*'''Guru Tegh Bahadur Gold Cup'''<ref name="bgc"/>
**Champions (3): 2008, 2010, 2015<ref>{{cite web|title=Air India Win 11th Guru Teg Bahadur Gold Cup Hockey Tournament|url=http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2015/sep2015.html|website=bharatiyahockey.org|publisher=Bharatiya Hockey|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023202225/http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/2015/sep2015.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament]]'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Surjit Hockey Tournament: Year Winners — Runners-ups|url=https://hockeypassion.in/analysis/surjit-hockey-tournament-winners/|location=Kolkata|website=hockeypassion.in|date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Hockey Passion|access-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100116/https://hockeypassion.in/analysis/surjit-hockey-tournament-winners/|archive-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
**Champions (1): 2011
**Runners-up (4): 1992, 1994, 1995, 2010
*'''[[Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament]]'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Roll of Honour — Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament |url=https://gnsht.in/roll-of-honour-senior-nehru-hockey-tournament/ |website=gnsht.in |publisher=Gooncha Group |date=2022 |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022230236/https://gnsht.in/roll-of-honour-senior-nehru-hockey-tournament/ |archive-date=22 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Roll of Honour — SENIOR NEHRU HOCKEY TOURNAMENT |url=http://nehruhockey.com/tournament_roll_of_honour.htm |publisher=nehruhockey.com |location=New Delhi |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022230235/http://nehruhockey.com/tournament_roll_of_honour.htm |archive-date=22 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament — All Winners|url=https://hockeypassion.in/indian-domestic-hockey-buzz/senior-nehru-hockey-tournament-all-winners/|website=hockeypassion.in|date=19 November 2021 |publisher=Hockey Passion|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022230235/https://hockeypassion.in/indian-domestic-hockey-buzz/senior-nehru-hockey-tournament-all-winners/|archive-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>
**Champions (4): 1995, 1997, 2001, 2010
**Runners-up (1): 1994

===Academy and youth football===
The club operates youth academy teams (colts), and their under-19 team previously competed in [[I-League U19]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|title=I-League (under-19) 2008/09|work=indianfootball.de|date=2008|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718223024/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=91 |title=Participating Clubs >> U-20 I League (2012) |website=the-aiff.com |publisher=All India Football Federation |access-date=19 December 2022 |archive-date=11 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120411200515/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/tournament/index.php?tournamentdetail=91 }}</ref>

===Men's cricket===
The men's cricket team of Air India competes in regional tournaments including Maharaja Padam Singh Championship and Hot Weather Championship, which are organized by the [[Delhi & District Cricket Association]].<ref name="DDCA">{{cite web|url=https://ongcindia.com/web/eng/detail?assetEntry=2116726|date=6 June 2012|work=ongcindia.com|title=ONGC: Gambhir-Sandeep duo power ONGC to DDCA title win|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816042759/https://ongcindia.com/web/eng/detail|archive-date=16 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fci-air-india-to-meet-in-hot-weather-final/story-ycvYTjHNVWCvNtAVRINd5H.html|date=27 June 2010|work=The Hindustan Times|title=FCI, Air India to meet in hot weather final|access-date=13 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213155955/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fci-air-india-to-meet-in-hot-weather-final/story-ycvYTjHNVWCvNtAVRINd5H.html|location=New Delhi|archive-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>

;Honours
*'''DDCA Hot Weather Championship'''
**Runners-up (1): 2013<ref name="DDCA"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Air India FC managers]]
* [[List of Air India FC seasons]]
* [[List of football clubs in India|List of football clubs in Mumbai]]
* [[Sports in Maharashtra]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
===General sources===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |title=Regionalism and club domination: Growth of rival centres of footballing excellence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301202832/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |journal=Soccer & Society |volume=6:2–3 |issue=2–3 |pages=227–256 |doi=10.1080/14660970500106410 |s2cid=216862171 |url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite book |title=THE BEST WAY FORWARD FOR INDIA'S FOOTBALL |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}

===Further reading===
*{{cite news |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/nfl/news/2006-01_news.html |title=Air-India sign Musah & Soccor Velho |publisher=IndianFootball.com |date=9 January 2006 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000353/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/nfl/news/2006-01_news.html }}
*{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-07/top-stories/27824612_1_mahindra-united-paresh-shivalkar-air-india |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411041104/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-04-07/top-stories/27824612_1_mahindra-united-paresh-shivalkar-air-india |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=AI stun Mahindra, again |first=Stanislaus |last=D'Souza |date=7 April 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 February 2013}}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/nfl/fixtures/2005-06/matchreports/Round16/2005-06_r16_ai-eb.html |title=Air-India 1:1 East Bengal Club |publisher=IndianFootball.com |date=23 April 2006 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000257/http://www.indianfootball.de/specials/nfl/fixtures/2005-06/matchreports/Round16/2005-06_r16_ai-eb.html }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg06.html |title=India 2006 Regional Championships: Mumbai |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |date=31 January 2008 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004025657/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg06.html }}
*{{cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg07.html |title=India 2007 Regional Championships: Mumbai |first=Arunava |last=Chaudhuri |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |date=18 September 2008 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=10 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710132451/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-reg07.html }}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_central-railway-run-over-air-india-boys_1110807 |title=Central Railway run over Air India boys |first=Abhishek |last=Ghosh |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=20 July 2007 |access-date=18 February 2013 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421174156/https://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report-central-railway-run-over-air-india-boys-1110807 }}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html |title=Season ending transfers 2008 |publisher=IndianFootball.com |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217030450/http://www.indianfootball.de/transfers2008.html }}
*{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/sports/mohammedan-hold-air-india-1-1-in-ongc-i-league_472894.html |title=Mohammedan hold Air India 1–1 in ONGC I-League |publisher=Zee News |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313230943/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/mohammedan-hold-air-india-1-1-in-ongc-i-league_472894.html |archive-date=13 March 2016 }}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/04/stories/2008100460732100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008001511/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/04/stories/2008100460732100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2008 |title=Bagan holds Air India |location=Chennai |date=4 October 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=22 February 2013}}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/8/20081013200810130416242025ff59e08/Roy-of-hope.html |title=Roy of hope |first=Vaibhav |last=Pawar |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=13 October 2008 |access-date=22 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411102644/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/8/20081013200810130416242025ff59e08/Roy-of-hope.html |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090126/jsp/sports/story_10441362.jsp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411223841/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090126/jsp/sports/story_10441362.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Gray is the silver lining for Md. Sp. |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata |date=26 January 2009 |access-date=26 February 2013 }}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/563/match-preview/2009/03/07/1142478/i-league-preview-jct-air-india |title=I-League Preview: JCT–Air India |first=Rahul |last=Bali |publisher=Goal.com |date=7 March 2009 |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629135055/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/563/match-preview/2009/03/07/1142478/i-league-preview-jct-air-india }}
*{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/pune-fc-on-a-roll-air-india-wary/526448/ |title=Pune FC on a roll, Air India wary |first=Kabir |last=Mandrekar |work=Indian Express |date=8 October 2009 |access-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411034104/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/pune-fc-on-a-roll-air-india-wary/526448/ |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}
*{{cite web|title=Dada Nabeel lands in Salgaocar|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-31/top-stories/29603517_1_beml-clubs-striker|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202094716/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-31/top-stories/29603517_1_beml-clubs-striker|url-status=dead|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2 February 2014|location=Bengaluru|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|date=31 May 2011}}
*{{cite web|first=Silash|last=Tamang|publisher=The Sikkim Mail|location=New Delhi|date=7 December 2011|title=Sikkim footballer Nirmal Chettri makes international debut|url=http://isikkim.com/2011-12-sikkim-footballer-nirmal-chettri-makes-international-debut-08-01/|website=iSikkim.com|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317192822/http://isikkim.com/2011-12-sikkim-footballer-nirmal-chettri-makes-international-debut-08-01/|archive-date=17 March 2012|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/02/stories/2009110256612000.htm |title=Churchill beats Air India |location=Chennai |date=2 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 February 2013 |archive-date=10 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110061630/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/02/stories/2009110256612000.htm }}
*{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Salgaocar FC 4–0 Air India: David Booth's side sign off the year in style|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=30 December 2012|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103073824/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96211/salgaocar-football-club-vs-air-india/report|date=3 January 2013}}
*{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Siddharth|title=MFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mdfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|access-date=7 December 2016|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170231/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mdfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|archive-date=4 August 2018|location=Mumbai}}
*{{cite web|url=https://iftwc.com/the-ballad-of-mahindra-united-and-its-lone-believer/|title=The Lone Ballad for a Mahindra United Comeback|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429155029/https://iftwc.com/the-ballad-of-mahindra-united-and-its-lone-believer/|archive-date=29 April 2023|website=iftwc.com|publisher=Indian Football Team for World Cup|date=29 April 2023|access-date=29 April 2023|location=Mumbai|first=Chetan|last=Anand}}
*{{cite web|title=W Tomba voted footballer of the year|url=http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1.10.110104.jan04|access-date=7 December 2014|date=10 January 2011|agency=The Sangai Express|website=e-pao.net|publisher=E-PAO|location=Imphal|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107072727/http://www.e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=1.10.110104.jan04}}
*{{Cite web |title=India's football past gasping for survival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html |date=25 March 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Sarkar |first=Dhiman |location=Kolkata |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=6 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106201153/https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/india-s-football-past-gasping-for-survival/story-8cGyA03MIB3ay2LCflkcWJ.html }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatfc.com/news-detail.php?news_id=19|title=Bharat FC close preseason friendlies with 2–2 draw|date=16 January 2015|access-date=16 January 2015|website=bharatfc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001659/http://www.bharatfc.com/news-detail.php?news_id=19|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all|location=Pune}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ileague-leaders-prayag-cautious-about-title-dream/1021672/|title=I-league leaders Prayag cautious about title dream |website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=5 January 2020 |date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609051441/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/ileague-leaders-prayag-cautious-about-title-dream/1021672/ |archive-date=9 June 2023 |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |location=New Delhi |agency=Press Trust of India }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|title=Time to regain lost glory|date=17 January 2015|first=Hariprasad|last=Chattopadhyay|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|access-date=22 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505102054/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150117/jsp/sports/story_19347595.jsp#.VxdCgvl97IV|archive-date=5 May 2016}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/air-india-beats-ongc/article1524553.ece?css=print|title=Air India beats ONGC|website=thehindu.com|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=25 January 2022|date=10 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503191800/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/Air-India-beats-ONGC/article14941549.ece|archive-date=3 May 2023|location=Kolhapur}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-28-07-2003/cid/1038665|title=IN THE CITY 28-07-2003 — Federation Cup Football|date=28 July 2003|access-date=26 January 2023|website=telegraphindia.com|publisher=The Telegraph India|location=Kolkata|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927060314/https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/in-the-city-28-07-2003/cid/1038665}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|date=19 October 2011|access-date=8 January 2023|title=Indian football: Suspects vs outsiders|first1=Mario|last1=Rodrigues|website=livemint.com|publisher=LiveMint News|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601004022/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|archive-date=1 June 2018}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://footballsisters.blogspot.in/2009/02/daniel-leads-chirag-to-victory.html|title=Daniel Leads Chirag to Victory|access-date=7 May 2013|website=footballsisters.in|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126180214/http://footballsisters.blogspot.com/2009/02/daniel-leads-chirag-to-victory.html}}
*{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Air India 1–1 Pailan Arrows: An inspired Soram Poirei helps Pailan Arrows grab a point|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96228/air-india-vs-pailan-arrows/report|work=Goal.com|date=12 January 2013|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=16 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116173946/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96228/air-india-vs-pailan-arrows/report}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football|Hockey}}
*[https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21379/air-india/ Air India FC] at WorldFootball.net
*[https://www.flashscore.in/team/air-india/Qm3TMI9e/ Air India FC] at Flashscore
* [http://www.goal.com/en-india/teams/india/796/air-india Air India Goal.com Profile]
* [https://wifa.in/tag/air-india-fc/ Air India FC archive] at [[Western India Football Association|WIFA]]
* [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fc-air-india/1694/ Air India FC] at Global Sports Archive

{{I-League}}
{{Durand Cup winners}}
{{Football in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Air India FC| ]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1952]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Works football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Air India]]
[[Category:Aviation association football clubs]]

Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Manjummel

2025-11-29T08:30:36Z

ColumbusCoffman: reworked intro also and updated info for consistency

{{short description|Catholic parish in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church
| fullname =
| image =
| imagesize = 150px

| caption = Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church
| location = Manjummel, [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|03|35|N|76|18|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui iuris church = [[Latin Church]]
| churchmanship =
| membership = 1095 families
| attendance =
| website = [http://www.manjummelchurch.org www.manjummelchurch.org]
| former name =
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder = Leonardo Mellano
| dedication = [[Mother Mary]]
| dedicated date = 4 December 1892
| consecrated date = 18 April 1893
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation =
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type = [[Portuguese architecture|Portuguese]]
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| groundbreaking = 29 September 1876
| completed date = 4 December 1892
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| parish = Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church
| deanery =
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| diocese = [[Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
| province = St. Pius X Manjummel Province of Discalced Carmelites
| presbytery =
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| circuit = Order of [[Discalced Carmelites]] (OCD)
| district = Ernakulam
| division =
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| archbishop = [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]]
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| vicar = [http://manjummelchurch.org/about/administration/ Rev. Fr. Steejan Kanakkassery OCD]
| curate =
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| asstpriest = Rev. Fr. Dany Antony OCD
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}}

'''Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church''', popularly known as '''Manjummel Palli''', is a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] parish church coming under the [[Archdiocese of Verapoly]].<ref name="Catholic Churches">{{cite web | url=http://catholicchurches.in/directory/irinjalakuda-churches/our-lady-of-perpetual-help-church-chalakudy-west.htm | title=Catholic Churches | publisher=Catholic Churches | date=2015 | access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="Church details">{{cite web | url=http://www.churchesinindia.com/searchmalabar.asp | title=Church details | publisher=Churches in India | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> It is situated along the [[Eloor]] - Muttar Road, about 8 km from [[Kalamassery]] at Manjummel, in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It was blessed on 4 December 1892 and is one of the century-old churches in Kerala.<ref name="Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Manjummel Parish (Latin)">{{cite web | url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Parish/Details/11569#verticalTab1 | title=Our Lady of Immaculate Conception Church, Manjummel Parish (Latin) | publisher=Indian Catholic Online | date=2016 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

== Overview ==
[[File:Manjummel Church Altar.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Church Altar]]
St. Pius X Manjummel Province of [[Discalced Carmelites]], though started in 1857 in the coastal village of [[Koonammavu]], had a short life.<ref name="THE BEGINNINGS (1857 – 1910)">{{cite web | url=http://manjummelprovince.in/PROVINCE/History.html | title=THE BEGINNINGS (1857 – 1910) | publisher=Manjummel Province | date=2016 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> After the province became extinct, an offshoot was formed at Manjummel after 17 years in the form of a monastery dedicated to [[Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception]] which was inaugurated on 16 April 1874 by Leonardo Mellano, the then [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archbishop of Verapoly]]. This was the first indigenous religious congregation in the state.<ref name="THE BEGINNINGS (1857 – 1910)" /> Two years later, the foundation stone for a new church dedicated to [[Mother Mary]] was laid and the construction of the church was completed in over a decade with the blessing ceremony taking place on 4 December 1892. A few months later, the church was consecrated on 18 April 1893 and the church became a parish in 1911.<ref name="THE BEGINNINGS (1857 – 1910)" /> It is the parent parish of three other smaller nearby parishes such as Fathima Matha Church, Muttar, St. Joseph's Church, Eloor and St. Sebastian's Shrine, Eloor.<ref name="Manjummel Matha Church in Ernakulam, Kerala">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiavideo.org/kerala/travel/manjummel-matha-church-ernakulam-8958.php | title=Manjummel Matha Church in Ernakulam, Kerala | publisher=Indiavideo.org | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> The annual festival of Virgin Mary is celebrated on 8 December.<ref name="History">{{cite web | url=http://www.eloor.lsgkerala.gov.in/history | title=History | publisher=Eloor Municipality | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> There are daily morning Mass at 6:00 AM and evening mass on Tuesdays and Fridays.<ref name="Mass Timing">{{cite web | url=http://mercy-heals.blogspot.com/2016/08/manjummel-church-our-lady-of-immaculate.html#masstime | title=Manjummel church Mass timings | publisher=Manjummel church | date=2016 | access-date=27 August 2016}}</ref>

The church is associated with a number of Catholic missionaries such as Pedro Landetta Azcueta (Aurelian), Eliswa and Zacharias Salterain Viscarra, whose names are in different stages of [[canonization]] by the [[Roman Catholic church|Roman Catholic Church]].<ref name="Servant Of God">{{cite web | url=http://www.mangalapuzha.org/servant.php | title=Servant Of God | publisher=Mangalapuzha Seminary | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Servant of God Mother Eliswa">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/7975768 | title=Servant of God Mother Eliswa | publisher=Academia | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> The Church has declared Eliswa as a [[Servant of God]], Aurelian as [[Beatification|Blessed]] and Zacharias as [[Venerable]].<ref name="Venerable Aurelian of the Blessed Sacrament">{{cite web | url=http://www.mangalapuzha.org/servant_details.php?id=2 | title=Venerable Aurelian of the Blessed Sacrament | publisher=Mangalapuzha Seminary | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Venerable Zacharias OCD">{{cite web | url=http://www.mangalapuzha.org/servant_details.php?id=3 | title=Venerable Zacharias OCD | publisher=Mangalapuzha Seminary | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> Though originally buried at St. Joseph Pontifical Seminary, Mangalapuzha, the mortal remains of Aurelian and Zacharias were later transferred to this church and the church hall houses their tombs.

The church has an additional chapel, ''Karunya Koodaram'', built in December 2015 which is a modern building of smaller dimensions. Adjoining the chapel is the ''Grotto of Mother Mary'', originally built and blessed on 11 February 1959 by [[Valerian Gracias]], the first Indian to become a [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal]] of the Roman Catholic Church.<ref name="A Cardinal for India">{{cite web | url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817615,00.html | title=A Cardinal for India | publisher=Time Magazine | date=5 January 1953 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> It was subsequently renovated in 2016. The church also operates a printing press, ''Little Flower Press'', established in 1927,<ref name="Little Flower Press (Archdiocese of Verapoly)">{{cite web | url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Institution/Details/42323?it=cm&iti=42&dn=Verapoly&pn=Manjummel | title=Little Flower Press (Archdiocese of Verapoly) | publisher=Catholic Directory of India | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> which publishes ''Cherupushpam'', a cultural magazine, among other publications.<ref name="Cherupushpam">{{cite web | url=http://www.churchesinindia.com/publication.html#Kerala | title=Cherupushpam | publisher=Churches in India | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

== Carmelite Educational Trust ==
Carmelite Educational Trust is the division which manages the educational activities of the church. The trust manages three institutions, Lisieux Elementary School, Guardian Angels Upper Primary School and Guardian Angels Higher Secondary Public School.<ref name="About Us">{{cite web | url=http://www.guardianangelsps.com/ | title=About Us | publisher=Guardian Angels Higher Secondary Public School | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> The educational activities started as a primary school but grew to become a higher secondary school in 2002 and is a CBSE accredited institution since 2012.<ref name="School history">{{cite web | url=http://www.guardianangelsps.com/about-us.html | title=School history | publisher=Guardian Angels Higher Secondary Public School | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> The elementary school has a theme park named ''Lisieux Wonderla'', attached to it.

== Monastery of the Immaculate Conception ==
[[File:Carmelite Monastery.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Carmelite Monastery]]
[[File:Carmel Retreat Centre.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Carmel Retreat Centre]]
The Carmelite Monastery was founded by the [[Order of Discalced Carmelites]] in 1874, aligned to the congregation of [[Carmelites]].<ref name="Immaculate Conception Monastery (Archdiocese of Verapoly)">{{cite web | url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Institution/Details/29815?it=r&iti=23&dn=Verapoly&pn=Manjummel#verticalTab1 | title=Immaculate Conception Monastery (Archdiocese of Verapoly) | publisher=Catholic Online | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> It is situated in the church premises, adjoining the parish house. The monastery is home to 9 tertiary Carmelite priests, 9 lay brothers and several novices<ref name="Religious institutions">{{cite web | url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15345a.htm | title=Religious institutions | publisher=Catholic Encyclopedia | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> while the province has a strength of 214 priests and 109 Seminarians.<ref name="Over 150 years of Mission with a Vision">{{cite web | url=http://manjummelprovince.in/PROVINCE/index.html | title=Over 150 years of Mission with a Vision | publisher=Manjummel ProvicnProvince | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> It also manages a retreat centre, ''Carmel Retreat Centre'', which is a residential [[apostolate]] in nature.<ref name="Monasteries">{{cite web | url=http://manjummelprovince.in/PROVINCE/Monasteries.html | title=Monasteries | publisher=Manjummel Province | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref>

== St. Joseph's Hospital ==
The first Mission hospital in kerala and the second mission hospital in India, hospital was started in 1887 as a small dispensary by Nicholas Verhoven, a brother at the Carmelite Monastery in [[Koonammavu]].<ref name="The Catholic Churches and Luso-Indians">{{cite web | url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/13205/14/14_chapter%207.pdf | title=The Catholic Churches and Luso-Indians | publisher=Shodhganga | date=2016 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="St.Josephs Hospital">{{cite web | url=http://askb4u.com/listing/stjosephs-hospital.html | title=St.Josephs Hospital | publisher=AskB4u | date=2016 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> The institution, over the years, grew to become the present-day [http://www.stjosephhospitals.com/ St. Joseph’s Hospital], with inpatient service having 160 beds,<ref name="Religious institutions" /> critical care units<ref name="Facilities and Services">{{cite web | url=http://www.stjosephhospital.in/facility_services.php | title=Facilities and Services | publisher=St. Joseph’s Hospital | date=2016 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref> and other modern facilities, including [[alternative medicine]] therapies.<ref name="Alternative healing">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article145101.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817003229/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article145101.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=17 August 2016 | title=Alternative healing | publisher=Indian Express | date=28 October 2009 | access-date=11 July 2016}}</ref>

== Location ==
The location of the church is in Manjummel, a satellite town of the industrial area of [[Eloor]].<ref name="Eloor Municipality">{{cite web | url=http://www.eloor.lsgkerala.gov.in/en | title=Eloor Municipality | publisher=Eloor Municipality | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> The town sits on the banks of [[Periyar (river)|River Periyar]], and the distance from the town of [[Kalamassery]] is around 8 km. Two [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] pass near the town; [[National Highway 47]] through Kalamassery and [[National Highway 17]] towards west near Muttar. The church is situated along the Eloor-Muttar Road and is accessible through rail via [[Edappally railway station]] which is around 2 km away. The nearest airport is [[Kochi International Airport]], approximately 22 km from the church.<ref name="Manjummel Matha Church in Ernakulam, Kerala" />

==See also==
* [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly]]
* [[St.Philomena's Forane Church, Koonammavu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LgYY0kbL-tU | title=Fireworks - Our Mother Perpetual Help Church, West Chalakudy | publisher=YouTube | date=5 March 2013 | access-date=10 August 2015}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzBkENBIUvs | title=Manjummel Matha Church | publisher=India Video dot org | work=[[YouTube]] video | date=6 August 2013 | access-date=12 July 2016}}

== Image gallery ==
<gallery>
Guardian Angels Public School.jpg|{{center|Guardian Angels Public School}}
Guardian Angels UP School.jpg|{{center|Guardian Angels U. P. School}}
Karunya Koodaram foundation stone.jpg|{{center|''Karunya Koodaram'' foundation stone}}
Manjummel Church foundation stone.jpg|{{center|Manjummel Church foundation stone}}
Manjummel Church grotto.jpg|{{center|Grotto of Mother Mary}}
Manjummel Church stone inscription.jpg|{{center|Manjummel Church stone inscription}}
Manjummel Theme park.jpg|{{center|''Lisieux Wonderla'' theme park}}
Little Flower Press.jpg|{{center|Little Flower Press}}
</gallery>

{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Churches of Kerala}}

[[Category:1892 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:19th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Roman Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kochi]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1892]]

M. P. Gupta

2025-10-14T12:06:21Z

ColumbusCoffman: rework layout as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian academic}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=October 2023}}
{{tone|date=October 2023}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2023}}

}}

'''Professor M. P. Gupta''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Academy|academic]]. He is serving as the Chair Person of the Modi Foundation at the [[IIT Delhi]]. Gupta has provided mentorship for 30 Doctoral theses and collaborated on 22 sponsored and consultancy projects with a cumulative value exceeding 5 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prof M P Gupta |url=https://dms.iitd.ac.in/faculity_type/prof-m-p-gupta/}}</ref> Additionally, he has co-authored the book Government Online, as well as edited two other books titled ''Towards E-government'' and ''Promise of E-governance''. His research contributions also include over 200 published research papers in both national and international journals and conference proceedings. Gupta has played a pivotal role in overseeing the creation of 14 edited volumes, representing a substantial body of literature on [[e-governance]], through his involvement in the International Conference on E-governance (ICEG) since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Elets News |date=2007-01-31 |title='STANDARDISATION OF GOVERNMENT PROCESSES AND SERVICES MUST BEFORE EMBARKING UPON E-GOV JOURNEY' |url=https://egov.eletsonline.com/2007/02/standardisation-of-government-processes-and-services-must-before-embarking-upon-e-gov-journey/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Elets eGov |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==

* Served as Member on the Expert Committee on [[Prasar Bharati]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pitroda_Expert_Committee_on_Prasar_Bharati |url=https://mib.gov.in/sites/default/files/Sam_Pitroda_Expert_Committee_on_Prasar_Bharati_January_2014_-Vol_1_0.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Humanities & Social Sciences]] (HSS) Fellowship of the [[Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute|Shastri Indo Canadian Institute]], Calgary (Canada) in 1996.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Harish |last2=Singh |first2=Manoj Kumar |last3=Gupta |first3=M. P. |last4=Madaan |first4=Jitendra |date=2020-04-01 |title=Moving towards smart cities: Solutions that lead to the Smart City Transformation Framework |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004016251731394X |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |volume=153 |pages=119281 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2018.04.024 |s2cid=158191108 |issn=0040-1625|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Best Professor Award at the Singapore World Education Congress.

== Books Authored ==

# ''Government Online: Opportunities and Challenges'', 2003 [[Tata McGraw-Hill|Tata Macgraw-Hill]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Online:Opportunities And Challenges |url=https://www.mheducation.co.in/government-online-opportunities-and-challenges-9780070583238-india |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.mheducation.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
# ''Digital India: Reflections and Practice'' ''(Advances in Theory and Practice of Emerging Markets)'', [[Springer Nature|Springer]], 2018<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kar |first1=Arpan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRlgDwAAQBAJ |title=Digital India: Reflections and Practice |last2=Sinha |first2=Shuchi |last3=Gupta |first3=M. P. |date=2018-06-14 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-78378-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kar |first1=Arpan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Uo2swEACAAJ |title=Digital India: Reflections and Practice |last2=Sinha |first2=Shuchi |last3=Gupta |first3=M. P. |date=2018-06-26 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-319-78377-2 |language=en}}</ref>
# ''Towards E-Government: Management Challenges'', [[Tata McGraw-Hill|Tata Mcgraw-Hill]], 2004<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=M. P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-m1XPgAACAAJ |title=Towards E-Government: Management Challenges |date=2004 |publisher=Tata Mcgraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited |isbn=978-0-07-058360-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, M. P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]

Samir Ranjan Dash

2025-09-29T23:11:16Z

ColumbusCoffman: new initial entry first draft...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Nimapara Assembly constituency|Nimapara]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = Baidhar Mallick
| successor = Pravati Parida (Deputy CM Of Odisha)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| image =
}}
'''Samir Ranjan Dash''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a three time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]], and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Nimapara Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimapara Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Nimapara Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/nimapara-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Nimapara Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/nimapara-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917548.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dash, Samir Ranjan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

Dhani Pind

2025-09-29T06:27:02Z

ColumbusCoffman: further correct information and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhani Pind
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.1766049|N|75.655117|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]]
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 = [[Rurka Kalan]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 1642<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=32817|title=Village Population per Census India|work=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 809/833 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 144633
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code = 01824
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#PB.E2.80.94Punjab|PB]]- 08
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-PB]]

| blank1_name_sec2 = Post Office
| blank1_info_sec2 = Sarhali
| website = {{URL|jalandhar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dhani Pind''' (or Dhanipind) is a village in [[Rurka Kalan]] tehsil in [[Jalandhar district]] of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[States and territories of India|State]], India. It is located 8.4 km away from Rurka Kalan, 12 km from [[Phagwara]], 22.7 km from district headquarter [[Jalandhar]] and 141 km from state capital [[Chandigarh]]. The village is [[Administration (government)|administrated]] by a [[sarpanch]] who is an [[elected representative]] of village as per [[Panchayati raj (India)]].

== Education ==
The village has a Punjabi medium, [[Co-education|co-ed]] upper primary with [[Secondary school|secondary/higher secondary]] school (GSSS Dhani Pind). The school provide [[Mid day meals|mid-day meal]] as per Indian [[Midday Meal Scheme]] and the meal prepared in school premises and it was found in 1941.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/gsss-dhani-pind/03041001502 | title=Details Of School | work=ICBSE}}</ref>

== Demography ==
According to the report [[published]] by [[2011 Census of India|Census India in 2011]], Dhani Pind has a total number of 356 houses and population of 1642 of which include 809 males and 833 females. [[Literacy in India|Literacy]] rate of Dhani Pind is 79.85%, higher than state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 148 which is 9.01% of total population of Dhani Pind, and child sex ratio is approximately 738 lower than state average of 897.

Most of the people are from [[Schedule Caste]] which constitutes 34.65% of total population in Dhani Pind. The town does not have any [[Schedule Tribe]] population so far.

As per census 2011, 503 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Dhani Pind which includes 458 males and 45 females. According to census survey report 2011, 97.61% workers describe their work as main work and 2.39% workers are involved in marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.<ref name=census />

== Transport ==
Phagwara junction railway station is the nearest [[train station]]; however, Phillaur Junction [[train station]] is 36.5 km away from the village. The village is 66.4 km away from [[domestic airport]] in [[Ludhiana]] and the nearest [[international airport]] is located in Chandigarh also [[Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport]] is the second nearest airport which is 128 km away in [[Amritsar]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalandhar district}}


[[Category:Villages in Jalandhar district]]

Meghalaya Games

2025-09-17T01:20:04Z

ColumbusCoffman:

{{Short description|Annual sports event held in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Infobox sports league
| title = Meghalaya Games
| current_season =
| last_season =
| upcoming_season =
| logo =
| sport =
| founded = 2001
| inaugural =
| ceo =
| teams =
| venue =
| country = India
| champion =
| champ_season =
| most successful club =
| website = https://megsports.gov.in/
| current =
}}
The '''Meghalaya Games''' are a sports event held in [[Meghalaya|Meghalaya, India]] which were started in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2023-11-08 |title=Meghalaya Games 5th edition to be held in Tura from January 15–20: CM Sangma |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/meghalaya-games-5th-edition-to-be-held-in-tura-from-january-15-20-cm-sangma-1503239136.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> After a long break, the event was revived in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Hub |date=2023-05-19 |title=Meghalaya Games 2023: Review meeting held in Tura, plan to take games to more districts |url=https://hubnetwork.in/meghalaya-games-2023-review-meeting-held-in-tura-plan-to-take-games-to-more-districts/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Hub News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=The Meghalayan |date=2023-11-09 |title=Tura to host 5th edition of Meghalaya Games from January 15–20 |url=https://themeghalayan.com/tura-to-host-5th-edition-of-meghalaya-games-from-january-15-20/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref> and is to be held annually from 2024 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-03 |title=2500 athletes to compete in 19 disciplines in Meghalaya Games |url=https://thebridge.in/others/2500-athletes-19-disciplines-meghalaya-games-31181 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref>

Some [[Traditional games of India|indigenous tribal games]] have been included in the event since the third edition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=3rd Meghalaya Games will be confluence of modern, traditional games |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/12/05/3rd-meghalaya-games-will-be-confluence-of-modern-traditional-games/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Games to be part of Meghalaya Games |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/traditional-games-to-be-part-of-meghalaya-games/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref>

==2024 Meghalaya Games==
The 2024 games, held in [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]], were originally to be held in 2023, but were postponed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=The Meghalayan |date=2023-11-09 |title=Tura to host 5th edition of Meghalaya Games from January 15-20 |url=https://themeghalayan.com/tura-to-host-5th-edition-of-meghalaya-games-from-january-15-20/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref> They were held from 15 to 20 January 2024, with 22 sporting disciplines to be contested, and {{INRConvert|23|c}} to be spent on the event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=The Meghalayan |date=2023-12-14 |title=Govt to spend Rs 23 crores for hosting Meghalaya Games |url=https://themeghalayan.com/govt-to-spend-rs-23-crores-for-hosting-meghalaya-games/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Traditional games of India|Traditional indigenous games]] of the three major Meghalaya tribes featured in the games included [[Seven stones|maw-point]] (the Khasi equivalent of the game of seven stones), rah mukhrah (a Jaintia traditional game, where the competitors carry a heavy rock to the finish line), and wa’pong sika (a Garo traditional game, where two teams compete to push a bamboo pole towards the opponent’s goal post)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Traditional Games to be part of Meghalaya Games |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/traditional-games-to-be-part-of-meghalaya-games/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-01-16 |title="Youth should be connected to traditional games...Meghalaya Games a historic event": State Sports Minister |url=https://theprint.in/sport/youth-should-be-connected-to-traditional-games-meghalaya-games-a-historic-event-state-sports-minister/1926627/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The games were opened on 15 January by President [[Droupadi Murmu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meghalaya Games 2024 inaugurated with grandeur in Tura |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2024.Meghalaya_Games_2024_inaugurated_20240116 |access-date=16 May 2024 |work=E-Pao}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[North East Games|North East Olympic Games]]
* [[Fit India Movement|Fit India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Meghalaya Games]]

{{Sport-event-stub}}
{{India-sport-stub}}

Neriga

2025-08-30T15:31:58Z

ColumbusCoffman: cleanup layout per standard format for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Neriga
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Bangalore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Anekal
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 400
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1426
| population_total = 1345
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Neriga''' is a village in the [[Anekal]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Urban district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is located near [[Varthuru]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bmrda.kar.nic.in/apav1.htm |title=Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-date=10 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410012407/http://www.bmrda.kar.nic.in/apav1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anekal-pa.in/bigmap.htm |title=Anekal Planning Authority – List of villages in the Anekal local planning area |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-date=30 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030083058/http://www.anekal-pa.in/bigmap.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Geography==
It is located 24 kilometers to [[Bangalore Central]], 8 kilometers from Whitefield. The village is located at Varthuru to Sarjapura way or Marathahalli to Malur Road. The agricultural production is made possible by the nearby rain water, includes [[Paddy field]]s, [[Eleusine coracana|Raagi]], [[Sericulture]], [[Rose]], [[Crossandra infundibuliformis|Kanakambara]], [[Vegetables]] and other crops throughout the year. The village is very famous for Nilagiri plantations and milk. Five brick industries situated in the village {{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

==Education==
The International School Bangalore (TISB), Inventure Academy and Green wood high international schools are situated here. The villagers have a [[literacy]] level of 70%.

Nerige is well culture bound village the folk culture is still alive. The youth have formed teams for [[nataka ranga]], [[dollu kunita]], and other arts.

Well bonded people with different sub-religions of Hindu
==Finance==
Dena Bank work started from 01.01.2014 at behind Panchayati office. the branch Name is Neriga, IFS Code BKDN0611611.
The average yearly income of a family living in Neriga village is 15,000 rupees.

==Communication & Network==
BSNL Telephone Exchange code NRA, STD Code +9180, BSNL Landline series starts from 27851 XXX, Post Sub-Office / Zip code 562125, Available mobile networks : Airtel 4G, Vodafone, BSNL & TATA group networks.

==History==

There is a popular and very old Lord [[Avimuktheshwara]] [[shiva]] and [[jeevasamadhi]] at the east Neriga also called as Avimukthapura.

[[Hoysala]] era statues ([[Hero stone|veera kallu]], [[naga kallu]]) can be seen in the village and a somany centuries old [[Grāmadevatā]] ([[Maramma]]) statue is also present and Basaveshwara Nandi Temple, Poojamma devi temple, DhavaLamma temple, 10 temples of muneshwara, navagraha, ashwattha katte. Neeladapura [south west of Neriga 0.7km distance], Kothuru [east side of Neriga 0.9 km distance], and chikkakaLapura [south side of Neriga 1.3km distance] these three villages and Nerige Port are destroyed as on may be 16th or 17th centuries.

==Transportation==
The village can be reached by BMTC bus from K.R. Market, Kempegowda Bus stand (Majestic), Shivajinagara, bus number series 323,D,E,F,J,L.

Carmelaram Railway Station 7 km, Bellandur Road Railway Station 7 km and Whitefield Railway Station 12 km.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore Urban district}}

{{coord|12|55|N|77|47|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{BangaloreUrban-geo-stub}}

KPIT Technologies

2025-05-28T21:08:42Z

ColumbusCoffman: correct details and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|Indian multinational technology company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}


{{Infobox company
| name = KPIT Technologies
| logo = KPIT_Technologies_Logo.svg
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NSE|KPITTECH}} {{BSE|542651}}
| industry = [[Automotive]]
| hq_location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| founders = {{ubl|[[Ravi Pandit]]|Kishor Patil}}
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Ravi Pandit ([[Chairman]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/we-see-budgets-happening-in-the-area-of-digital-technologies-ravi-pandit-kpit-technologies/articleshow/58393863.cms|title=We see budgets happening in the area of digital technologies: Ravi Pandit, KPIT Technologies |work=The Economic Times |date=27 April 2017|access-date=11 September 2017}}</ref>|Kishor Patil ([[CEO]] & [[Managing director|MD]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cio.in/feature/kishor-patil-ceo-kpit-technologies|title=Kishor Patil, CEO of KPIT Technologies|publisher=CIO100, CIO from IDG|date=17 August 2017|access-date=11 September 2017|archive-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911161732/http://www.cio.in/feature/kishor-patil-ceo-kpit-technologies|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|5842|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1229|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|839|c}} (2025)
| location_city =
| area_served = Worldwide
| products =
| services = [[Product engineering]] [[Embedded software]]
| num_employees = 12,727 (December 2023)<ref>{{cite news |title=KPIT Technologies profit surges 50%, revenue 37% in Q3 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/earnings/kpit-technologies-profit-surges-50-revenue-37-in-q3-12151921.html |access-date=10 March 2024 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
| former_name = KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.kpit.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Investor Update Q4 FY25 & FY25 |url=https://www.kpit.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/KPIT-Investor-Update-Q4FY25-and-FY25.pdf |publisher=KPIT Technologies Ltd |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''KPIT Technologies Ltd''' is an Indian [[multinational corporation]] which provides engineering [[research and development]] (ER&D) services to [[Automotive industry|automotive]] companies. The company is headquartered in [[Pune]] and has development centers in [[Europe]], [[USA]], [[Brazil]], [[Japan]] and [[China]], apart from India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kpit.com/contact/|title=Contact Us |publisher=KPIT Technologies|access-date=29 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="KPIT Technologies">{{Cite news|url=https://www.kpit.com/news/kpit-quarterly-results-q3-fy-2019-20/|title=KPIT Q3FY20 Profit grows 19.3% sequentially|date=29 Jan 2020|publisher=KPIT Technologies|access-date=29 Jan 2020}}</ref>

KPIT has filed 58 patents,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.in/feature/kishor-patil-ceo-kpit-technologies|title=Kishor Patil, CEO of KPIT Technologies|website=ComputerWorld India|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> published some research papers, and has won several awards for innovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kpit.com/about/|title=Awards and Recognition|publisher=KPIT Technologies|access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kpit.com/resources/downloads/investors/annual-reports/annual-report-2016-17.pdf|title=2016-1017 Annual Report {{!}} Technology Innovation at the Confluence of Engineering & Digital|publisher=KPIT Technologies|page=14|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214070608/https://www.kpit.com/resources/downloads/investors/annual-reports/annual-report-2016-17.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
KPIT was co-founded in 1990 by [[Ravi Pandit]] and Kishor Patil, as KPIT Infosystems. Both of them are [[chartered accountant]]s by profession, and they were partners in an accountancy firm, Kirtane & Pandit Chartered Accountants (KPCA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookbusiness.com/article_v3.aspx?artid%3D287922 |title=Sitting Pretty |work=Outlook Business |date=12 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175738/http://www.outlookbusiness.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=287922 |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/as-the-auto-industry-shifts-gears-kpit-cummins-finds-room-for-growth/|title=As the Auto Industry Shifts Gears, KPIT Cummins Finds Room for Growth|work=Knowledge@Wharton|date=8 October 2009|access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref> The company made its [[Initial public offering|initial public offer]] (IPO) in 1999, which was 50 times oversubscribed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/fe/daily/19990223/fma23064.html|title=Investors log on to KPIT Systems, IPO oversubscribed 50 times|work=The Indian Express|date=23 February 1999|access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/kpit-technologies-ltd/infocompanylisting/companyid-4471.cms|title=KPIT Technologies Listing Information|website=The Economic Times|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref>

In 2002, Cummins Infotech, the IT department of [[Cummins]] merged with KPIT, and the name of the company became KPIT Cummins Infosystems Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/cummins-infotech-merges-with-kpit-infosys/articleshow/9192349.cms |title=Cummins Infotech merges with KPIT Infosys|work=The Economic Times |date=8 May 2002 |access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

KPIT Cummins Infosystems changed its name to "KPIT Technologies Limited" in September 2013. This was in line with Cummins' decision to reduce its shareholding in KPIT, to focus on its core business of engine and generator manufacturing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/kpit-adopts-new-brandvisual-identity_947070.html|title=KPIT adopts new brand & visual identity|date=10 September 2013|publisher=Moneycontrol.com|access-date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

In January 2018, [[Birlasoft]], an IT company, and KPIT announced their merger, with plans to immediately split into two new companies. <ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/kpit-birlasoft-to-merge-and-split-into-two-publicly-traded-companies/articleshow/62705366.cms |title=KPIT Technologies: KPIT, Birlasoft to merge and split into two publicly-traded companies |work=The Economic Times |date=30 January 2018 |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref> In April 2018, this deal was approved by the [[Competition Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/cci-approves-kpit-birlasoft-deal-2545651.html|title=CCI approves KPIT-Birlasoft deal|date=9 April 2018 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> Following the [[corporate spin-off]], one company focused on IT and the other on automotive was formed. The IT company operated under the name Birlasoft, and the automotive company operated under the name KPIT Technologies. According to the original plan, the shareholders of Birlasoft received 22 shares of the combined company for every 9 shares they held in Birlasoft, while the shareholders of KPIT Technologies received 1 share of the new KPIT Technologies company for every share they held in KPIT Technologies.<ref name=":1" />

In an interview, [[Ravi Pandit]], co-founder, chairman, and CEO of KPIT Technologies, commented upon this deal, "Segregating business IT and automotive tech businesses will provide sharper focus on each business."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/expert-view/why-kpit-and-birlasoft-are-merging-to-create-2-separate-companies/articleshow/62704887.cms|title=Why KPIT and Birlasoft are merging to create 2 separate companies|date=30 January 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=8 January 2019}}</ref> On 22 April 2019, KPIT Technologies Limited got listed on BSE and NSE. The transaction resulted in two publicly traded specialized technology companies – KPIT Technologies and Birlasoft.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-technology/kpit-technologies-gets-listed-on-bse-and-nse/68991090|title=KPIT Technologies gets listed on BSE and NSE|date=22 April 2019|work=Economic Times|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref>

On 6 June 2019, KPIT launched its new corporate logo.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/kpit-unveils-its-new-visual-brand-identity-119060600233_1|title=KPIT unveils its New Visual Brand Identity|date=6 June 2019|work=Business Standard|access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |publisher=Moneycontrol.com |title=KPIT Technologies shares gain 5% as Goldman Sachs retains 'buy' after acquisition |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/stocks/kpit-technologies-shares-gain-5-as-goldman-sachs-retains-buy-after-acquisition-9213901.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:International information technology consulting firms]]
[[Category:Software companies of India]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:Technology companies established in 1990]]
[[Category:Companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

João Afonso de Albuquerque (bishop)

2025-02-26T00:04:31Z

ColumbusCoffman: New

{{Expand Portuguese|topic=bio|João Afonso de Albuquerque (bispo de Goa)|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend
| name = João Afonso de Albuquerque
| title = Bishop of Goa
| other_names =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Goa|Diocese of Goa]]
| see =
| term = 1537–1553
| predecessor = [[Francisco de Melo (bishop)|Francisco de Melo]]
| successor = [[Gaspar de Leão Pereira]]

| ordination =
| ordained_by =
| consecration = On 13 Jan 1538
| consecrated_by = [[Diego de Ortiz de Vilhegas]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 28 Feb 1553
| death_place =
| previous_post =
| nationality =
| religion =
| ethnicity =
}}

'''João Afonso de Albuquerque, [[Order of Friars Minor|O.F.M.]]''' was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the first [[Bishop of Goa]] (1537–1553).<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Goa>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol03eube/page/204/mode/2up|first=Konrad|last=Eubel|authorlink=Konrad Eubel|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi |volume=III|pages=204|date=1923|publisher=Libreria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|edition=second|ISBN=|language=Latin}}</ref>

==Biography==
João de Albuquerque was ordained a priest in the [[Order of Friars Minor]].<ref name=CathHierJorTem>{{Cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|authorlink=|title=Bishop João de Albuquerque, O.F.M. †|publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|date=|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/balbuqj.html |accessdate=January 2, 2022}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]</ref>
On 11 Apr 1537, he was appointed during the papacy of [[Pope Paul III]] as [[Bishop of Goa]].<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Goa /><ref name=CathHierJorTem/>
On 13 Jan 1538, he was consecrated bishop in [[Lisbon]] by [[Diego de Ortiz de Vilhegas]], [[Bishop of São Tomé e Príncipe]], with [[Martinho de Portugal]], [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Funchal|Archbishop of Funchal]], and [[Fernando de Menezes Coutinho e Vasconcellos]], [[Bishop of Lamego]], serving as [[co-consecrators]].<ref name=CathHierJorTem/>
He served as Bishop of Goa until his death on 28 Feb 1553.<ref name=HierarchiaIII-Goa/><ref name=CathHierJorTem/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|authorlink=|title=Archdiocese of Goa e Damão|publisher=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|date=|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgoae.html |accessdate=January 9, 2021}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
*{{Cite web|last=Chow |first=Gabriel|authorlink=|title= Metropolitan Archdiocese of Goa and Daman (India)|publisher=GCatholic.org|date=|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/goaa0.htm |accessdate=January 9, 2021}} [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Bishop of Goa]]
| years = 1537–1553
| before = [[Francisco de Melo (bishop)|Francisco de Melo]] Bishop-Elect
| after = [[Gaspar de Leão Pereira]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism|portal3=China |portal4=Portugal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albuquerque, João Afonso de}}
[[Category:16th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul III]]
[[Category:Franciscan bishops]]
[[Category:1553 deaths]]

{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}

Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi

2025-02-14T17:48:52Z

ColumbusCoffman: slightly refined section to improve readability and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|15th-century Persian scholar}}
{{Infobox historian
| name = Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi
| image = Sharaf al-Din 'Ali Yazdi (d.1454) with Muhammad Amuli for whom he wrote poems and riddles, Majalis al-'ushshaq, Shiraz, Iran, c.1560.jpg
| caption = Sharaf al-Din 'Ali Yazdi with Muhammad Amuli for whom he wrote poems and riddles. Folio from the ''Majalis al-'ushshaq'' of [[Kamal al-Din Gazurgahi]], created in [[Shiraz]], dated {{circa|1560}}
| birth_date = 1370s
| birth_place = [[Yazd]], [[Iran]]
| death_date = 1454
| death_place = Yazd, Iran
| occupation = Historian, Scholar, Poet
| notable_works = ''[[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarnama]]''
| era = 15th century
| discipline = History, Mathematics, Astronomy, Literature
| notable_ideas =
| influences =
| influenced =
}}

'''Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi''' or '''Sharif al-Din Ali’ Yazdi''' ({{langx|fa|شرف الدین علی یزدی}}; died 1454, [[Yazd]]), also known by his pen name Sharaf, was a 15th-century [[Persians|Persian]]<ref>{{EI2|last=Bosworth|first=C.E.|author-link=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|title=S̲h̲araf al-Dīn ʿAlī Yazdī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/sharaf-al-din-ali-yazdi-SIM_6833?s.num=4&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=timurid|volume=9}}</ref> scholar who authored several works in the arts and sciences, including mathematics, astronomy, enigma, literature such as poetry, and history. The ''[[Zafarnama (Yazdi biography)|Zafarnama]]'', a life of [[Timur]], is his most famous work.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Monfared|first=Mahdi Farhani|date=2008|title=Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī: Historian and Mathematician|journal=Iranian Studies|volume=41|issue=4|pages=537–547|issn=0021-0862|jstor=25597488|doi=10.1080/00210860802246226|s2cid=144120516 }}</ref>

Sharif al-Din was born in the city of [[Yazd|Yazd, Iran]] in the 1370s. He devoted much of his life to scholarship, furthering his education in Syria and Egypt until Timur's death in 1405.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sharaf Al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī (ca. 770s–858/ca. 1370s–1454): Prophecy, Politics, and Historiography in Late Medieval Islamic History|last=Binbas|first=Ilker Evrim|publisher=The University of Chicago|year=2009|pages=1, 19}}</ref>

As a young man, he was a teacher in his native city of Yazd and a close companion of the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ruler [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shahrukh]] (1405–47) and his son [[Ibrahim Sultan ibn Shahrukh|Ibrahim Sultan]]. In 1442/43 he became the close advisor of the governor of [[Iraq]], [[Mirza Sultan Muhammad]], who lived in the city of [[Qom]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Sharaf ad-Dīn ʿAlī Yazdī (Persian historian) |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Sharaf-ad-Din-Ali-Yazdi |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Online}}</ref>

Sharif al-Din rebelled against [[Shah Rukh|Shahrukh Timur]] in 1446/47 when the government was vulnerable, but was later sent to different cities for his acumen. The later years of his life were spent in [[Taft, Iran|Taft]], where he died in 1454.<ref name=":1" />

Sharif al-Din was directed to write a biography of Timur in 1421 known as the ''Zafarnama'', which he completed four years later in 1425. Timur's grandson [[Ibrahim Mirza bin Ala-ud-Daulah|Sultan Abu al-Fath Ibrahim Mirza]] was Sharif al-Din's patron during the completion of his grandfather's biography.<ref name=":1" />

==Translated works==
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=W0JrON1y42IC The History of Timur-Bec: Known by the Name of Tamerlain the Great, Emperor of the Moguls and Tartars: Being an Historical Journal of His Conquests in Asia and Europe, Volume 2 (1723)]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal |last=Monfared|first=Mahdi Farhani |date=2008 |title=Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī: Historian and Mathematician |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=537–547 |doi=10.1080/00210860802246226 |s2cid=144120516 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Binbaş|first=İlker Evrim |date=2012 |title=The Histories of Sharaf al-Din 'Ali Yazdi: A Formal Analysis |journal=Acta Orientalia |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=391–417 |doi=10.1556/AOrient.65.2012.4.1 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2256806}}
* {{citation|last=Binbaş|first=İlker Evrim|title=Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LsHgCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212|year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-05424-0}}

{{Historians of Islam}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharaf Ad-Din Ali Yazdi}}
[[Category:People from Yazd]]
[[Category:1454 deaths]]
[[Category:Iranian biographers]]
[[Category:Male biographers]]
[[Category:15th-century Iranian historians]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Historians from the Timurid Empire]]

{{Iran-historian-stub}}

Nathaniel Edward Kindersley

2025-02-12T04:09:35Z

ColumbusCoffman: made basic stub from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nathaniel Edward Kindersley
| image = Portrait of Nathaniel Edward Kindersley (1763-1831) (by John Smart).jpg
| caption = 1787 portrait
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1763|02|2}}
| birth_place = [[Great Yarmouth]], Norfolk, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1831|2|16|1763|2|2}}
| death_place = [[Little Marlow]], Buckinghamshire, England
| known_for = First translator of [[Tirukkural]] into [[English language|English]]
| occupation = Officer, British East India Company
| mother = [[Jemima Kindersley|Jemima Wickstead]]
| spouse = Hannah Butterworth
| children = 2, including [[Richard Torin Kindersley]]
| awards =
}}

'''Nathaniel Edward Kindersley''' (2 February 1763 – 16 February 1831) was an [[English people|English]] civil service officer to the [[British East India Company]]. He is known for being the first translator of the [[Tirukkural]] into English in 1794.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aVsUAAAAQAAJ
| title = Specimens of Hindoo Literature: Consisting of Translations, from the Tamoul Language, of Some Hindoo Works of Morality and Imagination, with Explanatory Notes
| last = Kindersley
| first = Nathaniel Edward
| date = 1794
| location = London
| publisher = W. Bulmer and Company
| access-date = 11 June 2017
}}</ref>

==Family==
Nathaniel Edward Kindersley was born to Nathaniel Kindersley and [[Jemima Kindersley|Jemima Wickstead]] at [[Great Yarmouth]], [[Norfolk]], [[England]]. He married Hannah Butterworth and they had two sons named Sir Richard Torin Kindersley (born 5 October 1792, died 22 October 1879)<ref>{{acad|id=KNDY809RT|name=Kindersley, Richard Torin}}</ref> and Nathaniel William Kindersley (born 1794, died 3 December 1844).<ref>{{acad|id=KNDY811NW|name=Kindersley, Nathaniel William}}</ref>

He died on 16 February 1831 at the age of 68 at [[Little Marlow]], Buckinghamshire, England.

==Works==
Nathaniel Edward Kindersley published the first ever translation of the Tirukkural into English in a chapter titled 'Extracts from the Teroo-Vaulaver Kuddul, or, The Ocean of Wisdom' in his publication ''Specimens of Hindoo Literature'' in 1794. However, he translated only the first few chapters of [[Book of Aram|Book I]] of the Kural text in prose.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106452
| title = Specimens Of Hindu Literature
| last = Kindersley
| first = N. E.
| date = 1794
| access-date = 11 June 2017
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Tamils|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Tirukkural translations]]
* [[Tirukkural translations into English]]
* [[List of translators into English]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Henry Davidson Love. (1913). ''Indian Records Series Vestiges of Old Madras 1640-1800'' (4 vols.). New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
* N. E. Kindersley. (1794). ''Specimens of Hindoo Literature'': Consisting of Translations, from the Tamoul Language, of Some Hindoo Works of Morality and Imagination, with Explanatory Notes. London: W. Bulmer and Company (sold by F. Wingrave, successor to Mr. Nourse). 335 pp.

{{Tirukkural}}
{{Tamil language}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kindersley, Nathaniel Edward}}
[[Category:Tamil–English translators]]
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into English]]
[[Category:1763 births]]
[[Category:1831 deaths]]
[[Category:Kindersley family|Nathaniel]]
[[Category:18th-century English translators]]

Nana Sita

2025-01-06T05:59:02Z

ColumbusCoffman: made basic pg v1

{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}{{Gng|Biography|date=December 2024}}{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}}}

{{Infobox person
| other_names = Nanabhai
| birth_date = {{circa|1898}}
| birth_place = Matwadi, [[Bombay State]], British Raj
| death_date = {{death date and age|1969|1898}}
| alma_mater =
| known_for = Secretary of the [[Transvaal Indian Congress]]
| party =
}}
'''Nana Sita''' (also known as Nanabhai) was born in 1898 in Matwadi, a town in [[Bombay State]], [[British Raj|British India]], and grew up in a family involved in the [[Indian independence movement|Indian resistance movement]]. He went to [[South Africa]] in 1913 to study [[bookkeeping]], and lived for some time with J. P. Vyas in [[Pretoria]]. Shortly after his arrival, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] arrived in Pretoria for negotiations with [[Jan Smuts|General Jan Smuts]], and lived in the same house as Sita for almost two months. The interaction with [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] had a great influence on his life and he was a great advocate of passive resistance. He served many prison sentences for refusing to leave his home, after the suburb where he lived with his family for 44 years became [[Racial segregation|whites-only]] under the [[apartheid]] policy of the [[Group Areas Act]].<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2012 |title=Pretoria Street Name Changes |url=https://showme.co.za/pretoria/files/2012/08/PretoriaStreetNameChanges.pdf |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Landman |first=Christina |date=August 9, 2021 |title=The story of Nana Sita and the Group Areas Act |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/hts/article/view/212208 |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies |volume=77 |issue=2 |doi=10.4102/hts.v77i2.6323 |access-date=28 December 2024 |via=[[African Journals OnLine]]|doi-access=free }}</ref>

He is best known for being the secretary of the [[Transvaal Indian Congress]].<ref name=":0" />

== Street name ==
Nana Sitastraat (formerly known as Skinnerstraat) in [[Pretoria]] was named after him in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ShowMe: Pretoria's new street names |url=http://showme.co.za/pretoria/files/2012/08/PretoriaStreetNameChanges.pdf |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sita, Nana}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:South African anti-apartheid activists]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]

Temple 360

2024-12-28T06:32:36Z

ColumbusCoffman: new new place initial version

{{Short description|Indian web portal}}
{{Orphan|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Temple 360
| logo = Temple360.svg
| language = [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]
| founded = March 2022
| country_of_origin = [[India]]
| area_served = [[India]]
| owner = [[Ministry of Culture, India]]
| key_people = [[Meenakshi Lekhi]], Minister
| services = Online Darshan of [[12 Jyotirlinga]] and [[4 Dham]]
| url = {{URL|https://temple360.in/}}
}}

'''Temple 360''' is a [[web portal]] which was launched by [[Meenakshi Lekhi]], [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Minister of Culture]], [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=संस्कृति मंत्रालय ने लांच किया Temple 360 पोर्टल- GK in Hindi - सामान्य ज्ञान एवं करेंट अफेयर्स |url=https://hindi.gktoday.in/current-affairs/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=GK Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Sumit |date=2022-04-04 |title=Ministry of Culture launches 'Temple 360' website |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/temple-360-website/ |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav: Union Minister Meenakshi Lekhi launches website 'Temple 360' in New Delhi |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?title=Azadi-Ka-Amrit-Mahotsav:-Union-Minister-Meenakshi-Lekhi-launches-website-%E2%80%98Temple-360%E2%80%99-in-New-Delhi&id=438436 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=All India Radio}}</ref> to do online [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of [[Char Dham|Pilgrim Sites]] in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temple-360 to offer online darshan at pilgrimage centres |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2022/apr/03/temple-360-to-offer-online-darshan-at-pilgrimage-centres-2437311.html |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=The New Indian Express|date=3 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=भारत सरकार द्वारा शुरू की वेबसाइट टेंपल 360, ऑनलाइन दर्शन की होगी व्यवस्था |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/himachal/una/chintpurni/news/live-darshan-and-aarti-of-chintpurni-temple-website-temple-360-launched-by-government-of-india-online-darshan-will-be-arranged-130351919.html}}</ref> It was launched on the Occasion of [[Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Event Detail {{!}} Events & Activities |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/event-detail.htm?19933 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Ministry of Culture |language=English}}</ref>

== Function ==
It allows anyone to visit or do online [[Darshan (Indian religions)|darshan]] of 12 [[Jyotirlinga]] and [[Char Dham|4 Dham]] anytime from anywhere from India by which the [[Hindu devotional movements|Devotee]] can perform e-aarti.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-06 |title=Temple 360 Portal Launched by Union Culture Ministry – Know which temples' rituals can be viewed live here |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/temple-360-portal-launched-by-union-culture-ministry-know-which-temples-rituals-can-be-viewed-live-here-1649225511-1 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government services web portals in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Culture (India)]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2022]]

{{website-stub}}