Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Madhupur Municipal Council

2026-05-05T21:40:18Z

Collegevidya: Put up first article w/ sources - done

{{Short description|Municipality in Jharkhand, India}}

{{Further|Madhupur, Deoghar|Deoghar district}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Madhupur Municipal Council
| native_name = मधुपुर नगर परिषद
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| coa_pic = This is the logo for Madhupur Municipality.png
| coa_res = 160
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of the Madhupur Municipal Council
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipality]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1909}}
| disbanded =
| preceded_by =
| succeeded_by =
| leader1 = Darakshan Parveen
| leader2 = Rishabh Bharadwaj
| leader3 = Surendra Kumar Kisku, [[Jharkhand Administrative Service|JAS]]
| leader1_type = [[Chairman]]
| party1 = ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader2_type = [[Vice Chairman]]
| party2 =
| leader3_type = [[Executive Officer]]
| structure1 =
| seats = 23
| structure1_res =
| last_election1 = 2026
| next_election1 = 2031
| motto =
| session_room = Madhupur_Municipality.jpg
| meeting_place = Nagarpalika Road, [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] - 815353
| session_res = 250px
| website = {{URL|udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Madhupur/Madhupur.aspx|Official Website}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhupur Municipal Council''', also known as '''Madhupur Nagar Parishad''', is the civic body that governs [[Madhupur, Deoghar|Madhupur]] and its surrounding areas in the [[Madhupur subdivision]] of [[Deoghar district]], in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Urban Bodies {{!}} District Deoghar, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://deoghar.nic.in/muncipal-corporation/ |access-date=2025-06-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was established in 1909, making it the oldest municipality in Jharkhand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |title=Census of India 1971 - Bihar Series 4, Part VIb: Special Survey Reports on Selected Towns - Madhupur |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/663/1/26445_1971_MAD.pdf |journal=Directorate of census operation Bihar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124135042if_/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/663/1/26445_1971_MAD.pdf |archive-date=24 Nov 2022}}</ref> The municipality is divided into 23 wards, each represented by an elected ward councillor.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Madhupur Nagar Parishad |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Madhupur/Madhupur.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606190550/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ULB/Madhupur/Madhupur.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Urban Development & Housing Department |title=Urban Development & Housing Department, Govt. of Jharkhand |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Other/ULBInformation.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606195626/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/Other/ULBInformation.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in}}</ref> It functions under the provisions of the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

== History ==
Madhupur Municipal Council was officially established on 3 April,1909 by the [[Bengal Presidency|Government of Bengal]] through Notification No. 676-M, under the provisions of the Bengal Municipal Act.<ref name=":0" /> This made it one of the earliest statutory municipal bodies in the region. The town’s development was closely linked to the expansion of the [[East Indian Railway Company|East Indian Railway]], which transformed it into a key junction and a popular health resort during the colonial era. Its salubrious climate attracted affluent families and officials, leading to the construction of several seasonal residences and public institutions.<ref name=":0" />

A landmark moment in the municipality’s civic legacy was the visit of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1917, when he addressed a public gathering at the Madhupur Town Hall. This event is commemorated locally as a historic occasion tied to India’s freedom movement.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deoghar news : महात्मा गांधी के आगमन के सौ साल पूरे होने पर नौ को जन जागरण पद यात्रा |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/local-news/deoghar-news-mhaatmaa-gaandhii-ke-aagmn-ke-sau-saal-puure-hone-pr-nau-ko-jn-jaagrnn-pd-yaatraa |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref>

By the [[1971 census of India|1971 Census]], Madhupur Municipal Council covered an area of 23.31 km² and was divided into 16 wards, managing key civic services such as sanitation, primary education, water supply, and healthcare.

After the formation of state of Jharkhand on 15 November 2000 under [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000]], Madhupur Municipal Council became the part of newly created state of [[Jharkhand]]. At the time of Jharkhand’s creation, the Bihar Municipal Act, 1922 was adapted as the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2000, which governed Madhupur Municipal Council along with other urban local bodies of the state. Later, with the enactment of the Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011, the earlier acts ceased to apply and Madhupur Municipal Council has since been governed under the 2011 Act.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |title=Report of the examiner of Local Accounts, Jharkhand on ULBs for the year 2008-09 |url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2008/Jharkhand_ULB_2006_chap_1.pdf |journal=[[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] |pages=1-4}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=9 Feb 2012 |title=Jharkhand Municipal Act, 2011 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/5332/1/jharkhand_municipal_act_2011_%28english%29.pdf |access-date=21 Aug 2025 |website=India Code |publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

In 2020, [[Swachh Survekshan]] rankings, Madhupur Municipal Council was recognized for its efforts in sanitation and waste management.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2020-08-20 |title=स्वच्छता सर्वेक्षण में मधुपुर को मिला देश में 10वां स्थान, लोगों ने नगर परिषद और प्रशासन को दिया धन्यवाद |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/jharkhand/city/deoghar/madhupur-subdivision-gets-10th-position-in-swachh-survekshan-2020/jh20200820192448913 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> The city was ranked 10th overall in the Swachh Survekshan ranking. Additionally, it was also recognized as the "Best City in Citizen Feedback" in the [[East India|East Zone]] of India for cities with a population between 50,000 and 1 lakh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Aastha |title=Swachh Survekshan 2020 Results: Jharkhand Is India’s Cleanest Small State, Four Cities Also Get Awarded {{!}} News |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/swachh-survekshan-2020-results-jharkhand-is-indias-cleanest-small-state-four-cities-also-get-awarded-49081/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725085045/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/swachh-survekshan-2020-results-jharkhand-is-indias-cleanest-small-state-four-cities-also-get-awarded-49081/ |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=swachhindia.ndtv.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-20 |title=Jharkhand crowned best performing state in Swachh Survekshan 2020, Jugsalai, Khunti and Madhupur win accolades |url=https://avenuemail.in/jharkhand-crowned-best-performing-state-in-swachh-survekshan-2020-jugsalai-khunti-and-madhupur-win-accolades/ |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=The Avenue Mail |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census of India]], Madhupur Municipal Council had a population of 55,238, with 28,889 males and 26,349 females, and consisted of 9,796 households.<ref>{{Citation |title=District Census Handbook Deoghar |pages=26 |publication-date=2011 |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3559cb990c9dffd8675f6bc2186971dc2/uploads/2018/03/2018032427.pdf |access-date=June 12, 2025 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operation, Jharkhand}}</ref>

The literacy rate was recorded at 79.46% with male literacy at 86.46% and female literacy at 71.72%, significantly higher than the state average. The sex ratio stood at 912 females per 1,000 males, while the child sex ratio (age 0–6) was 965. Approximately 14.2% of the population was under the age of six.

As of now, the municipality has 23 wards, each represented by an elected municipal [[councillor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhupur Nagar Parishad Election Result |url=https://sec.jharkhand.gov.in/UserFiles/pdf/5120242300/MadhupurNagarParishad.pdf |access-date=June 12, 2025 |website=State Election Commission, Jharkhand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=Aug 25, 2017 |title=मधुपुर में 22 की जगह होंग कुल 23 वार्ड |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-madhupur-will-be-replaced-by-22-seats-totaling-23-1367283.html |access-date=Jun 12, 2025 |work=[[Hindustan]]}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Madhupur Municipal Council is administratively divided into 23 wards with each ward represented by an elected [[councillor]].The municipal council is headed by a Chairperson and a Vice-Chairperson, who preside over council meetings and oversee the functioning of the municipality. Darakshan Parveen has been serving as the Chairperson of Madhupur Municipal Council since March 2026, while Rishabh Bharadwaj serves as the Vice-Chairperson.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-14 |title=नगर परिषद के अधिकारी और कर्मचारियों की कार्यशैली में सुधार रहेगी प्राथमिकता : दरक्शां परवीन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-darakhshan-parveen-sworn-in-as-madhupur-chairperson-prioritizes-cleanliness-water-supply-and-city-development-201773487670945.html |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-01 |title=देवघर नगर निगम और मधुपुर नगर परिषद में वार्डों के आरक्षण में हुए कई फेरबदल, देखें पूरी लिस्ट |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/deoghar/deoghar-municipal-corporation-and-madhupur-municipal-council-election-many-changes-in-reservation-of-wards-rgj |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=Prabhat Khabar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=पाठक |first=सूर्यकांत |title=Jharkhand Nagar Parishad Result: झारखंड की 20 नगर परिषदों में जीत-हार की पूरी लिस्ट यहां देखें |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jharkhand-nagar-parishad-chunav-result-2026-complete-list/articleshow/128861417.cms |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Page |first=Bulletin |date=2026-02-28 |title=मधुपुर नगर परिषद चुनाव 2026: दरख़्शाँ परवीन बनीं नई अध्यक्ष, कांटे की टक्कर में दर्ज की जीत |url=https://bulletinpage24.com/218 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Bulletin Page |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=झारखंड निकाय चुनाव 2026 में BJP को बढ़त, यहां देखें 48 निकायों का पूरा रिजल्ट; कौन जीता-कौन हारा? - jharkhand municipal election results 2026 winner and loser list |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-jharkhand-municipal-election-results-2026-winner-and-loser-list-40156264.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

The day to day administrative functions are overseen by the Executive Officer (EO), a civil servant appointed by the [[Government of Jharkhand]]. The EO acts as the chief administrative officer and is responsible for the implementation of municipal policies, maintenance of civic services, and issuing vital documents such as birth and death certificates, trade licences etc

The municipality is responsible for providing essential civic amenities, which include:

* Water supply and sanitation
* Solid waste management
* Street lighting
* Maintenance of public roads and marketplaces
* Regulation of building construction and land use within municipal limits
* Holding tax collection

== List of ward councillors ==
The following are the ward councillors elected in the 2026 Madhupur Municipal Council election: <ref>{{Cite web |title=मधुपुर नगर परिषद चुनाव में 440158 वोटर करेंगे मतदान |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/deogarh/story-madhupur-municipal-elections-23-wards-to-vote-obc-reservations-confirmed-201765281768900.amp.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.livehindustan.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Gazette Notification: Elected Ward Councillors of Madhupur Municipal Council
|url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3559cb990c9dffd8675f6bc2186971dc2/uploads/2026/03/17726887331345.pdf
|publisher=District Gazette, Deoghar
|date=28 February 2026
|access-date=13 March 2026
|website=deoghar.nic.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Ward No.
! Councillor
! Reservation
|-
| 1 || Md. Shahid Imtiyaz || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 2 || Md. Saif Ansari || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 3 || Mu. Naushad Alam || Unreserved
|-
| 4 || Md. Sajjad Hussain || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 5 || Azhar Ullah || Unreserved
|-
| 6 || Gaurav Kumar || Unreserved
|-
| 7 || Manju Devi || Scheduled Caste
|-
| 8 || Sakeela Khatoon || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 9 || Ramesh Kumar || Scheduled Caste
|-
| 10 || Jarifa Khatun || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 11 || Gautam Kumar || Backward Class-II
|-
| 12 || Veena Devi Bathwal || Unreserved
|-
| 13 || Md. Rizwan || Unreserved
|-
| 14 || Anju Yadav || Backward Class-II
|-
| 15 || Soni Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 16 || Ruhi Pravin || Unreserved
|-
| 17 || Shabnam Ansari || Extremely Backward Class-I
|-
| 18 || Jahan Ara || Unreserved
|-
| 19 || Rajesh Kumar Das || Unreserved
|-
| 20 || Sunita Singh || Unreserved
|-
| 21 || Daulti Devi || Unreserved
|-
| 22 || Rishabh Bharadwaj || Unreserved
|-
| 23 || Mukesh Marandi || Scheduled Tribe
|}

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Deoghar district]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Jharkhand]]

Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi

2026-05-02T12:47:15Z

Collegevidya: New Post.

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi TV series.png
| image_size =
| genre = Romantic Drama
| creator = [[Yash A Patnaik]]
| based_on =
| writer = {{ubl||[[Durjoy Datta]] (Seasons 1 and 2)|Mitali Bhattacharya (Seasons 1 and 2)|Arundhati Sharma (Seasons 1 and 2)|Aparajita Sharma (Dialogues: Season 1 and 2)|Divy Nidhi Sharma (Dialogues: Season 1 and 2)}}
| director = Noel Smith Prateek Shah Mahesh Pandey
| creative_director = Shibani Das Gupta
| presenter = Noel Smith Prateek Shah Mahesh Pandey
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer = Adil-Prashant, Arpita Mukherjee
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 504
| producer = [[Yash A Patnaik]] Mamata Yash Patnaik
| location =
| cinematography = Dinesh Singh
| editor = Khandagale Bhopendra Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = {{unbulleted list|Beyond Dreams Entertainment Pvt Ltd|[[Inspire Films|Inspire Films Pvt Ltd]]}}
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2016|02|29|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|11|12|df=yes}}
| open_theme = Badle Se Din Hai, Meri Badli Si Raatein
| end_theme = Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi
| composer =
| voices = Subhajit Mukherjee Arpita Mukherjee
| image_alt =
| alt_name =
| screenplay = Reghuvir Shekhawat Mitali Bhattacharya [[Durjoy Datta]]
| story = Mitali Bhattacharya Mamta Patnaik
}}

'''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi''' ({{Translation|''There are some colors of love like this too''}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language romantic drama television series which aired on 29 February 2016 to 2 November 2017 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. It stars [[Erica Fernandes]], [[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Supriya Pilgaonkar]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-of-finale-episode-august-24-2017-dev-and-sona-are-blessed-with-a-baby-boy-the-entire-family-reunites/articleshow/60218863.cms|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi written update of finale episode, August 24, 2017: Dev and Sona are blessed with a baby boy; the entire family reunites|newspaper=The Times of India|date=25 August 2017|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/videos/shaheer-sheikh-to-play-lead-in-sony-s-new-show-kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-273909|title=Shaheer Sheikh to play lead in Sony's new show 'Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi|newspaper=ABP Live|date=13 January 2016|access-date=21 January 2016|archive-date=29 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729185436/https://www.abplive.in/videos/shaheer-sheikh-to-play-lead-in-sony-s-new-show-kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-273909|url-status=dead}}</ref> The second season of the show aired from 25 September 2017 to 2 November 2017 lasting for 26 episodes. A third season [[Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi: Nayi Kahaani]] was aired from 12 July 2021 to 12 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 January 2017 |title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi takes 7-year leap. Dev becomes casanova, Sonakshi is a mother |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-7-year-leap-dev-sonakshi-shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-4478543/ |access-date=22 January 2017 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
! Season
! Episodes
! Premiere date
! Last Aired
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 1
| style="text-align: center;" | 388
| 29 February 2016
| 24 August 2017
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 2
| style="text-align: center;" | 26
| 25 September 2017
| 2 November 2017
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | 3
| style="text-align: center;" | 90
| 12 July 2021
| 12 November 2021
|}

==Plot==
===Season 1===
Devrath "Dev" Dixit lost his father at a young age and hence his widowed mother, Ishwari brought him and his three sisters up, Neha, Riya and Nikki singlehandedly. Due to unfavorable financial circumstances, Ishwari could only educate Dev and Neha was left at home to take care of Riya and Nikki. Now, Dev, a successful business tycoon, owes everything to his mother and has a feeling of indebtedness and complete devotion for her, and her entire life revolves around him. He has become a workaholic and short tempered as a result of his childhood hardships, but is kind hearted and will go to any extent to help others. Neha, though loves her family, still has resentment in her heart and feels that her mother has done partiality among her children, only educating Dev and depriving her of any opportunities. Dev finds that Ishwari has history of fatigue due to improper nutrition. Dr. Sonakshi "Sona" Bose, Kolkata based, quick-witted, lively young nutritionist, lives with her family in Delhi.

Dev hires Sona to take care of Ishwari's health. Sona and Ishwari develop a friendly bond, and her health improves. Dev and Sonakshi get off on the wrong foot, but they eventually understand each other better. They start dating and fall deeply in love with each other. Dev gradually becomes more cheerful and carefree. When Ishwari learns of their relationship she is heartbroken as she fears that she will be replaced by Sona in Dev's life. When Dev realizes that his mother does not approve of this relationship, he takes a practical decision and decides to part ways, leaving Sona heartbroken. But Dev is unable to forget Sona and descends into a downward spiral. Sona agrees to marry the guy her father chose for her but their engagement is broken off when Sona leaves her fiancé in the middle of her engagement to tend to Dev's wounds. Ishwari realizes that Dev cannot be happy without Sona, and agrees to their marriage. Sona and Dev reconcile and get married.

Dev and Sona settle into their married life, and days pass by. Although Ishwari maintains that she is happy for them, she is still slightly uncomfortable with Sona's presence in Dev's life, and hasn't completely accepted her yet. Dev struggles to balance between his duties as husband and son. Vicky and Radharani create misunderstandings between Sona and Ishwari following which Sona leaves the house. Dev unable to face this leaves the house and goes to the farmhouse where Vicky gets him drunk and cheats him into signing papers, increasing the misunderstandings. Sona begins to lose faith in Dev. She finally meets Dev at the farmhouse where they have an explosive argument. After a bitter exchange of words, Dev and Sona part ways.

====7 years later====
Sona is now a successful businesswoman magnate living in Kolkata with her family and six-year-old daughter Suhana, while Dev becomes a casanova, not knowing that he and Sona have a daughter. She shifts to Delhi for business purposes and unknowingly buys a portion of Dev's office. Eventually, while befriending Suhana as she and his nephew Golu study in the same school, Dev sees her with Sona and finds the truth about her. Dev is overjoyed to know he has a daughter and becomes a loving father to her. Sona and Dev decide to stay in each others' house for one week each for the sake of Suhana's happiness. Sonakshi's brother Saurav marries Ronita. Dev and Sona have a heart to heart talk wherein they admit that they were equally responsible for the failure of their marriage. They forgive each other and are finally able to let go of the bitterness, they held for each other, and become friends. Meanwhile, Ishwari starts liking Sona after saving her from Khatri(a man who had been blackmailing Ishwari by framing her for a crime she did not commit). Ishwari finally lets go of her biased view and starts seeing Sona in a new light. Reflecting on the past, she realizes her mistakes and apologizes to Sona, and finally accepts her as her own daughter. During all this, Dev and Sona realize that they still love each other, and reunite. They learn from their past mistakes and build a stable relationship. Sonakshi helps Dev correcting his mistakes he had done in those seven years and hence brings all the members of the Dixit family back together. She and Dev then find out that Vicky was the main cause for all their misunderstandings, and Dev throws him out of the house. Sonakshi gets pregnant again, and Dev is overjoyed that he gets to relive the journey he missed with Suhana. Vicky, now a changed man, comes back and apologises, and is welcomed back into the family. Sonakshi gives birth to a baby boy named Shubh.

Season 1 ends on a happy note with Sona giving birth to their second child Shubh, with the entire family united.

===Season 2===
This season explores the life of Sona and Dev after the birth of their second child, Shubh. Dev quits his business temporarily to let Sona pursue her dream, much to Ishwari's dismay. It shows Sona a working woman and Dev as a househusband.

The season also focuses on how Dev changes the education pattern of their children's school and how Suhana and Golu fall victim to a dangerous game. It also focuses on Saurabh and Ronita's experience as first-time parents.

Dev then becomes an RJ and the family celebrates his success. Season 2 ends as Shubh says Maa and Papa for the first time.

==Cast==
===Main===
*[[Erica Fernandes]] as Dr. Sonakshi Bose Dixit: Asha and Bijoy's daughter; Saurabh's sister; Dev's wife; Suhana and Shubh's mother (2016–2017)
*[[Shaheer Sheikh]] as Devrath "Dev" Dixit: Ishwari and Pankaj's son; Neha, Riya and Nikki's brother; Sonakshi's husband; Suhana and Shubh's father (2016–2017)
*[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]] as Ishwari Tripathi Dixit: Baldev's sister; Pankaj's widow; Dev, Neha, Riya and Nikki's mother

===Recurring===
* [[Moon Banerjee]] as Asha Bose: Bijoy's wife; Saurabh and Sonakshi's mother; Suhana, Shubh and Mishti's grandmother(2016–2017)
* [[Jagat Rawat]] as Bijoy Bose: Uma Devi's son; Asha's husband; Saurabh and Sonakshi's father;Suhana Shubh and Mishti's grandfather(2016–2017)
* Rina Chakraborty as Uma Devi Bose: Bijoy's mother; Saurabh, Sonakshi and Elena's grandmother; Suhana, Shubh and Mishti's great-grandmother (2016-2017)
* Alia Shah as Suhana "Soha" Dixit: Sonakshi and Dev's daughter; Shubh's sister; Raunak, Aarohi and Mishti's cousin (2017)
* Vidhvaan Sharma as Shubh Dixit: Sonakshi and Dev's son; Suhana's brother; Raunak, Aarohi and Mishti's cousin (2017)
*[[Vishesh Bansal]] as Child Devrath "Dev" Dixit (2016)
* [[Alpesh Dhakan]] as Saurabh Bose: Bijoy and Asha's son; Sonakshi's brother; Ronita's husband; Mishti's father (2016–2017)
* [[Khushbu Thakkar]] as Ronita Mandal Bose: Shankar's daughter; Saurabh's wife; Mishti's mother (2017)
* [[Mushtaq Khan]] as Baldev Tripathi: Ishwari's brother; Radha's husband; Vicky's father; Raunak's grandfather (2016–2017)
* [[Alka Mogha]] as Radha Tripathi: Baldev's wife; Vicky's mother; Raunak's grandmother (2016–2017)
* [[Prerna Panwar]] as Elena Bose Tripathi: Saurabh and Sonakshi's cousin; Vicky's wife; Raunak's mother (2016–2017)
* Vaibhav Singh as Vikram "Vicky" Tripathi: Radha and Baldev's son; Dev, Neha, Riya and Nikki's cousin; Elena's husband; Raunak's father (2016–2017)
* Pragyaj Jain as Raunak "Golu" Tripathi: Vicky and Elena's son; Suhana, Aarohi and Shubh's cousin (2017)
* [[Chestha Bhagat]] as Neha Dixit: Ishwari and Pankaj's eldest daughter; Dev, Riya and Nikki's sister; Vicky's cousin; Ranveer's wife (2016–2017)
* [[Ankita Bahuguna]] as Riya Dixit: Ishwari and Pankaj's second daughter; Dev, Neha and Nikki's sister; Vicky's cousin; Kapil's wife; Aarohi's mother (2016-2017)
* [[Aashika Bhatia]] as Nikki Dixit: Ishwari and Pankaj's youngest daughter; Dev, Neha and Riya's sister; Vicky's cousin; Lakshya's love interest (2016–2017)
* [[Arjun Aneja]] as Ranveer: Neha's husband (2016-2017)
* [[Ashwini Kaul]] as Laksha: Nikki's love interest (2017)
* [[Roop Durgapal]] as Natasha Gujral: Harish's daughter; Dev's ex-fiancée and business partner (2016-2017)
* [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Dr. Jaideep Sinha: Sonakshi's former boss (2016)
* [[Jay Soni]] as Dr. Ritwick Sen: Naveen's son; Sonakshi's ex-fiancé (2016)
* Pankaj Kalra as Naveen Sen: Ritwick's father (2016)
* [[Pawan Chopra]] as Harish Gujral: Natasha's father (2016)
* [[Karmveer Choudhary]] as Brijesh Khatri: Ishwari's colleague and blackmailer (2016-2017)
* [[Ankit Gupta]] as Jatin Roy: Sonakshi's childhood friend and business partner (2017)
* [[Anju Jadhav]] / [[Ekroop Bedi]] as Tina Singhal: Dev's secretary (2016)
* [[Mohit Sinha]] as Bunty Makhija: Dev's friend (2016)
* [[Ashiesh Roy]] as Shankar Mandal: Ronita's father (2017)
* Jhumma Mitra as Tara Mandal: Ronita's mother (2017)
* [[Asma Badar]] as Nisha: Dev's former fiancée (2017)
* Udit Gaur as Neil Lakhotia: famous business tycoon, Sonakshi's dummy boyfriend
* Sapan Gulati as Raman: Ishwari and Laksha's office colleague
* Amita Udgata as Dadi Bua
* Romit Sharma as Kushal Roy
* Arpit Chaudhary as Ayaan Vaishisth (Riya's former marriage alliance)

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack of the show were composed by Adil-Prasant. Songs were sung by Subhajit Mukherjee and Arpita Mukherjee. On 10 February 2017 the channel released a compilation of show's romantic songs on YouTube as Valentine's Day special.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2vAeiaNAdbY|title=Valentine's Day Special Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - All Romantic Songs Compilation|last=SET India|date=10 February 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref> "Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Duet)" is one of the "Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs" among the shows telecasted by the channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xG_DG06zNNw|title=VALENTINE'S DAY SPECIAL Most Romantic Hindi Title Songs - SET India|last=SET India|date=10 February 2017|via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| title1 = Ye Lamhe Hazar Se
| length1 = 3:17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxEaDj6Y60Y|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी - Episode 28 - 6th April, 2016|last=SET India|date=6 April 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title2 = Rang Rahi Hoon Ye Kaise Rang Mein
| length2 = 1:33<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s1bplC54Yb4|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी - Episode 46 - 2nd May, 2016|last=SET India|date=2 May 2016|access-date=15 July 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title3 = Badle Se Din Hai Meri Badli Se Raatein (Duet)
| length3 = 5.39<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/sonytelevision/videos/1110389075650521/|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Badle Se Din Aur Badli Se Raatein - Song|last=SET India|date=29 June 2016|publisher=[[Sony TV]]|access-date=30 June 2016|via=Facebook}}</ref>
| title4 = Badle Se Din Hai Meri Badli Se Raatein (Female)
| length4 = 2:08<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSAt1kGrF8o|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tere Rangon Mein Kuch Rang Hai - Song|last=SET India|date=20 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title5 = Badle Se Din Hai Meri Badli Se Raatein (Male)
| length5 = 2:10<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eaKiELDqVzw|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tu mujhme mujhse zyaada hai - Song|last=SET India|date=16 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title6 = Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Male)
| length6 = 2:17<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m75FDxEU34c|title=Song Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyada Hai - Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi|last=SET India|date=22 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title7 = Tu Mujhme Mujhse Zyaada Hai (Female)
| length7 = 2:28<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kts3iqglOyM|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - Tu Mujh Mein Mujhse Jyada Hai - Song|last=SET India|date=29 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title8 = Tu Mujhme Mujhse Jyada Hai (Duet)
| length8 = 3:49<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_cbYHYe8Kc|title=Sonakshi and Dev Break Up - Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi - Song|last=SET India|date=21 August 2016|access-date=22 August 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title9 = Kismat Ke Lekhe Kisne Dekhe (KRPKAB SAD)
| length9 = 3:59<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhOf5tcLYj4|title=Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi - कुछ रंग प्यार के ऐसे भी-Maha Episode-Episode 140 - 12th September, 2016|last=SET India|date=14 September 2016|access-date=8 October 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref>
| title10 = Waqt Ne Kiya Kya Haseen Sitam (Duet)
| note10 = Recreated by music directors Adil-Prashant
| length10 = 2:30
| title11 = Thodi Si Teri Zimmedari (Season 02)
| length11 = 3:05<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Thodi Si Teri Zimmedari Full Song- Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi |date=25 September 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vB3__MJWyw%2Fkuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi&feature=youtu.be}}</ref>
| title12 = Kyun Iss Dafa Tu Mujhse Yun Khafaa Hain
| title13 =
| length12 = 1:09<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Kyun Iss Dafa Tu Mujhse Yun Khafaa Hain |url=https://www.youtube.com/4Jvxf9I9eOo}}</ref>
| length13 =
| headline = Original Songs
| title14 =
| title15 =
| title16 =
| title17 =
| note14 =
| note15 =
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{{More citations needed|date=March 2022}}

{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Nominee
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" | Ref
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2016
|rowspan="4"|[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Female Debut
|[[Erica Fernandes]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="4"| <ref>{{cite web |date=25 May 2016 |title=Gold Awards 2016 Nomination List: Divyanka Tripathi, Sriti Jha, Varun Kapoor & Others Nominated |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2016/gold-awards-nomination-list-divyanka-sriti-varun-others-nominated-227684.html |access-date=22 August 2016 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Onscreen Jodi
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Erica Fernandes]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Television Show
|[[Inspire Films]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Asiavision Awards]]
|Star Of The Year
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Heres-why-Kuch-Rang-Pyar-Kes-Erica-Fernandez-is-super-happy-for-onscreen-lover-Shaheer-Sheikh/articleshow/53812182.cms|title=Here's why Kuch Rang Pyar Ke's Erica Fernandez is super happy for onscreen lover Shaheer Sheikh|newspaper=The Times of India|date=22 August 2016 |access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3" |[[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
|Soap of the Year
|Kuch Rang Pyaar Ke Aise Bhi
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2016-winners-list/|title=AVTA 2016: Winners List|work=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331074356/https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2016-winners-list/|archive-date=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Female Actor of the Year
|[[Erica Fernandes]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Male Actor of the Year
| rowspan="2" |[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Popular|Best Actor (Popular)]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Negative Role|Best Actress in a Negative Role]]
|Alka Mogha
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|[[Gold Awards]]
|Best Onscreen Jodi
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Erica Fernandes]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|[[ITA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|[[ITA Award for Best Actor Drama|Best Actor - Drama]]
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
||[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|{{nom}}
|
|-
|[[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
|Female Actor Of The Year
|[[Erica Fernandes]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/bizasia-live-at-avta-2018-london/|title=AVTA 2018: Winners List|website=Biz Asia|date=15 December 2018 |language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403023328/https://www.bizasialive.com/bizasia-live-at-avta-2018-london/|archive-date=2019-04-03|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
|Best Actor
|[[Shaheer Sheikh]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Telly Awards 2023 |url=https://www.indiantellyawards.com/index50.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=www.indiantellyawards.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Supriya Pilgaonkar]]
|{{won}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|5697728}}
*''[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzufeTFnhupwG5eD3SeVrCBvQJ58o0wDJ Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi]'' on [[YouTube]]
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-1700000095 Watch Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] on SonyLIV

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi}}
[[Category:2016 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]

Rajinder Gupta

2026-04-27T10:38:43Z

Collegevidya: adding new pg v1

{{Short description|Indian politician and industrialist (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajinder Gupta
| image = Mr._Rajinder_Gupta.jpg
| caption = Gupta in 2006
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|1|2|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bathinda]], Punjab, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|industrialist}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (until 2026)
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 24 October 2025
| predecessor = [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
| constituency = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| spouse = Madhu Gupta
| children = Abhishek Gupta Neha Gupta
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2007)
}}

'''Rajinder Gupta''' (born 2 January 1959) is an Indian politician and industrialist who has been serving as a Member of Parliament in the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Punjab since October 2025. He is the founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Trident Group, an Indian conglomerate engaged in textiles, paper and chemicals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajinder Gupta |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/rajinder-gupta/ |publisher=Forbes}}</ref>

Gupta was awarded the [[Padma Shri]] in 2007 for his contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="Government of India">{{cite web |title=Padma Shri Awardees 2007 |url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=2007-2007&Award=Padma%20Shri |publisher=Government of India}}</ref> In 2025, he was elected unopposed to the Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of India's Parliament, representing the state of Punjab.<ref name="ETV Bharat">{{cite news |title=Sat Paul Sharma, Rajinder Gupta take oath as newly elected members of Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/bharat/sat-paul-sharma-rajinder-gupta-take-oath-as-newly-elected-members-of-rajya-sabha-enn25110603932 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref>

== Early life and business career ==
Gupta was born on 2 January 1959 in Bathinda, Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=Meet Man Who Dropped Out Of School, Made Cement Pipes For Rs 30 Per Day—Now Richest In Ludhiana, Net Worth Will Shock You |url=https://zeenews.india.com/photos/business/meet-man-who-dropped-out-of-school-made-cement-pipes-for-rs-30-day-now-richest-in-ludhiana-net-worth-will-shock-you-2939991 |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> He began his entrepreneurial career in the 1980s with the establishment of Abhishek Industries, a fertiliser manufacturing venture founded in 1985. He later entered the textile sector in 1991 with the establishment of a yarn manufacturing unit in [[Barnala]], Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP RS pick with rags-to-riches story, Rajinder Gupta's stock has always soared in Punjab politics |url=https://theprint.in/politics/aap-rs-pick-with-rags-to-riches-story-rajinder-guptas-stock-has-always-soared-in-punjab-politics/2758162/ |work=The Print}}</ref>

The business was rebranded as the Trident Group in 2011 and expanded into home textiles, paper, chemicals and power generation. The group operates manufacturing facilities in Punjab and Madhya Pradesh and exports its products internationally.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Trident Group |url=https://www.tridentindia.com/company |publisher=Trident Group}}</ref>

In 2022, Gupta stepped down from executive responsibilities and assumed the role of Chairman Emeritus, citing health and family reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajinder Gupta steps down as Chairman-cum-MD of Trident Limited |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rajinder-gupta-steps-down-as-chairman-cum-managing-director-of-trident-limited/articleshow/93460540.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2025, he was fielded by the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] as a candidate for the Rajya Sabha by-election from Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP fields industrialist Rajinder Gupta for Rajya Sabha bypoll from Punjab |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/aap-fields-industrialist-rajinder-gupta-for-rajya-sabha-bypoll-from-punjab/article70127412.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He was elected unopposed following the resignation of [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]] in October 2025 and was sworn in as a Member of Parliament on 6 November.<ref name="ETV Bharat"/>

Prior to his election, Gupta resigned from public positions, including his role as Vice-Chairman of the Punjab State Economic Policy and Planning Board.<ref>{{cite news |title=Industrialist Rajinder Gupta likely to be AAP choice for Rajya Sabha bypoll |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/industrialist-rajinder-gupta-likely-to-be-aap-choice-for-rajya-sabha-bypoll-101759606498478.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

According to declarations reported by The Times of India, Gupta disclosed assets worth over ₹5,000 crore in his election affidavit.<ref>{{cite news |title=The billionaire Aam Aadmi with Rs 5,053 cr assets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/the-billionaire-aam-aadmi-with-rs-5053cr-assets-rajinder-gupta-2nd-richest-in-rajya-sabha/articleshow/124675681.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

On 24 April 2026, he defected to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] along with 6 other Rajya Sabha MPs including [[Raghav Chadha]] and [[Swati Maliwal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swati Maliwal, Harbhajan Singh: Raghav Chadha Names 7 AAP MPs Joining BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/raghav-chadha-bjp-aap-swati-maliwal-harbhajan-singh-among-aap-mps-joining-bjp-what-we-know-so-far-11403355 |website=NDTV}}</ref>

== Public and institutional roles ==
Gupta has held several public and institutional roles, including:
* Vice-Chairman, Punjab State Economic Policy and Planning Board<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajinder Gupta is vice-chairperson of Punjab Economic Policy and Planning Board |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/rajinder-gupta-is-vice-chairperson-of-punjab-economic-policy-and-planning-board-101657632354573.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
* Chairman, Board of Governors, [[Punjab Engineering College]] (Deemed University), Chandigarh<ref>{{cite web |title=Chairman Board of Governors PEC Rajinder Gupta honoured |url=https://pec.ac.in/events/chairman-board-of-governors-pec-rajinder-gupta-honored-in-time-magazines-december-edition |publisher=Punjab Engineering College}}</ref>
* Chairman, Advisory Council for Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh and Himachal Pradesh, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI)<ref>{{cite web |title=FICCI State Advisory Council |url=https://ficci.in/state/punjab-haryana-himachal-pradesh/chair |publisher=FICCI}}</ref>
* Member, Governing Council - Chandigarh Citizens Foundation<ref>{{cite web |title=Chandigarh Citizen's foundation Governing Council |url= https://chandigarhcitizensfoundation.com/governing-council/ |publisher=chandigarhcitizensfoundation}}</ref>

He has also been involved in sports administration and served as president of the [[Punjab Cricket Association]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab Cricket Association elects new president amid nepotism claims |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/punjab-cricket-association-elects-new-president-amid-nepotism-claims-1121864 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
* [[Padma Shri]] (2007) – Awarded by the [[Government of India]] for contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="Government of India"/>
* Vastra Ratna (Special Achiever) Award – Conferred by the Textile Export Promotion Council (TEXPROCIL).<ref>{{cite web |title=Vastra Ratna Awards |url=https://www.texprocil.org/VastraRatnaAwardsPhotos.php |publisher=TEXPROCIL}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{S-par|in-rs}}
{{Rajya Sabha succession box | state= Punjab | before= [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]] | after= Incumbent| years= 2025–present}}
{{s-end}}
{{Rajya Sabha members from Punjab}}
{{Rajya Sabha}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Rajinder}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Aam Aadmi Party]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]

2024 in Indian public domain

2026-04-27T03:16:57Z

Collegevidya: starting new pg

{{Short description|none}}
{{one source|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox recurring event
|name = 
|nickname = [[Public Domain Day]]
|image =
|image_size =
|alt =
|caption =
|date = {{start date|2024|1|1}}
|frequency = Annually
|country = India
|years_active = 
|first = 
|founder_name = 
|last = 
|prev =
|next =
}}
When a work's [[copyright]] expires, it enters the [[public domain]]. The following is a list of creators whose works enter the public domain in 2025 as per [[Copyright law of India]].

== List of works that are entering into public domain in India ==

=== Works entering public domain after 60 years from author's death ===

These works enter the public domain 60 years after the author's death (or, in the case of a multi-author work, the death of the last surviving author), counted from the beginning of the following calendar year<ref name="india_copyright">[https://copyright.gov.in/Documents/Copyright_Act_1957.pdf Indian Copyright Act, 1957]</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Birth
! Death
! Occupation(s)
|-
| Pingali Venkayya
| 1876-08-02
| 1963-07-04
| writer, designer
|-
| A. S. Subbaraj
| 1914-10-28
| 1963-02-22
| politician
|-
| Karam Chand Thapar
| 1900-01-01
| 1963-01-01
| banker
|-
| Swami Ramdas
| 1884-04-10
| 1963-08-02
| guru
|-
| Lala Shri Ram
| 1884-04-27
| 1963-01-11
| businessperson
|-
| Laxminarayan Sahu
| 1890-01-01
| 1963-01-18
| politician, historian, writer, poet, journalist
|-
| F. G. Natesa Iyer
| 1880-11-11
| 1963-01-23
| actor, film actor
|-
| G. Ramanathan
|
| 1963-01-01
| actor, composer
|-
| Bernard Spencer
| 1909-11-09
| 1963-09-11
| poet
|-
| Jaganath Rao Bhonsle
| 1907-12-10
| 1963-05-14
| leader, politician, military personnel
|-
| Prasad Das Roy
| 1888-09-02
| 1963-04-18
| writer, children's writer
|-
| Baba Kharak Singh
| 1868-06-20
| 1963-10-06
| political activist
|-
| Chilakalapudi Seeta Rama Anjaneyulu
| 1907-07-11
| 1963-10-08
| actor, film director
|-
| Rahul Sankrityayan
| 1893-04-09
| 1963-04-14
| autobiographer, writer, linguist, biographer, freedom fighter
|-
| M. Govinda Pai
| 1883-03-23
| 1963-09-06
| poet
|-
| Raghu Vira
| 1902-12-30
| 1963-05-14
| politician, linguist
|-
| Acharya Shivpujan Sahay
| 1893-08-09
| 1963-01-21
| writer, novelist
|-
| Kavalam Madhava Panikkar
| 1895-06-03
| 1963-12-10
| scientist, barrister, politician, historian, university teacher, author, journalist, diplomat
|-
| Babu Gulabrai
| 1888-01-17
| 1963-04-13
| writer, philosopher, essayist, literary critic, literary scholar
|-
| Devudu Narasimha Sastri
| 1896-01-01
| 1963-01-01
| writer, journalist
|-
| Chintaman Vinayak Joshi
| 1892-01-19
| 1963-11-21
| writer
|-
| Sabu Dastagir
| 1924-01-27
| 1963-12-02
| actor, film actor
|-
| Sivananda Saraswati
| 1887-09-08
| 1963-07-14
| writer, philosopher, yoga instructor, autobiographer
|-
| Amar Nath Kak
| 1889-01-01
| 1963-01-01
| writer
|-
| Jai Narayan Vyas
| 1899-02-18
| 1963-03-14
| politician
|-
| Saifuddin Kitchlew
| 1888-01-15
| 1963-10-09
| barrister, politician
|-
| Syed Abdul Rahim
| 1909-08-17
| 1963-06-11
| association football player, association football manager
|-
| B. A. Saletore
| 1902-01-01
| 1963-01-01
| historian, author
|-
| Rajendra Prasad
| 1884-12-03
| 1963-02-28
| lawyer, politician
|-
| C. S. Ranga Iyer
| 1895-01-01
| 1963-01-01
| author, journalist
|-
| Annie Mascarene
| 1902-06-06
| 1963-07-19
| politician, freedom fighter
|-
| Ralph Griffith
| 1882-03-04
| 1963-12-11
| politician, diplomat
|-
| Gopal Singh Nepali
| 1926-01-01
| 1963-04-17
| writer, poet, lyricist
|-
| Athar-Ali Fysee
| 1883-08-28
| 1963-11-03
| tennis player, table tennis player
|-
| Anasuya Shankar
| 1928-01-01
| 1963-01-01
| author
|}

=== Works entering public domain after 60 years from publication ===

These works enter the public domain 60 years after the date of first publication, counted from the beginning of the following calendar year:<ref name="india_copyright"/>
* Anonymous works
* Photographs
* Cinematographic works (aka movies/films)
* Sound recordings
* Government works
* Works of corporate authorship or of international organizations

==== Movies ====

== See also ==
* [[2024 in public domain]]
* [[Copyright law of India]]
* [[1963 in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Years_in_Public_Domain_in_India}}

[[Category:2024 in India]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Intellectual property law in Asia]]
[[Category:Public domain in India]]
[[Category:Public domain by year|India]]

Yachuli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:44Z

Collegevidya: starting entry - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Arunachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yachuli
| map_image = Yachuli Assembly constituency map.svg
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Keyi Panyor district|Keyi Panyor]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Arunachal West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal West]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = Toko Tatung
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party }}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 17,521
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 16
}}
'''Yachuli''' is one of the 60 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoarunachal-ACs>{{cite web |url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html |title=GIS Maps of State, Districts & ACs|website=ceoarunachal.nic.in |access-date= 27 June 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627145610/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/gismaps.html}}</ref>

It is part of [[Keyi Panyor district]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title=Arunachal: Pema Khandu inaugurates new district 'Keyi Panyor' |url=https://arunachal24.in/arunachal-pema-khandu-inaugurates-new-district-keyi-panyor/ |access-date=2024-03-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Taba Tedir]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=results2019/>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Neelam Taram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Jotom Toko Takam || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Nikh Kamin]]
|-
| [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Likha Saaya]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Taba Tedir]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Toko Tatung]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yachuli">{{cite news |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yachuli |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0216.htm |accessdate=20 May 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=2 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520104312/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGen2ndJune2024/candidateswise-S0216.htm |archivedate=20 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=India TV News |last2= |first2= |date=2 June 2024 |title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024: Complete list of constituency-wise winners |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603080244/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-list-of-constituency-wise-leading-winning-candidates-parties-bjp-congress-pema-khandu-updates-2024-06-02-934271 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |access-date=3 June 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Toko Tatung]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=8,255 |percentage=50.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Taba Tedir]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,027 |percentage=49.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=42 |percentage=0.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=228 |percentage=1.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,324 |percentage=93.17% |change= {{increase}}93.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,521 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11675-arunachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Arunachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2019 - Arunachal Pradesh - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= 24 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="In Arunachal, BJP candidate elected unopposed">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=In Arunachal, BJP candidate elected unopposed |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/in-arunachal-bjp-candidate-elected-unopposed/article26645809.ece |access-date=20 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=26 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520105727/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/in-arunachal-bjp-candidate-elected-unopposed/article26645809.ece |archive-date=20 May 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Taba Tedir]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,976 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,976 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813080618/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2014/Stat_Rep_Arunachal_Pradesh_2014.pdf|archive-date=13 August 2021|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Likha Saaya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,685 |percentage=47.96% |change={{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Taba Nirmali |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,615 |percentage=47.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Debiatara |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=569 |percentage=4.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=69 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=70 |percentage=0.50% |change= {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,938 |percentage=91.87% |change= {{increase}}9.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,171 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404184244/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/stat_AR_Aug2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Likha Saaya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,638 |percentage=41.58% |change={{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Kamin |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=5,596 |percentage=41.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jotam Toko Takam |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,324 |percentage=17.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=42 |percentage=0.31% |change= {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,558 |percentage=82.35% |change= {{increase}}0.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,463 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324145008/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AR_2004.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Kamin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,191 |percentage=54.39% |change={{increase}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Likha Maj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,099 |percentage=44.79% |change={{increase}}6.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talla Joram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=93 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,092 |percentage=9.59% |change= {{increase}}4.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,383 |percentage=80.80% |change= {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,987 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AR99.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jotom Toko Takam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,816 |percentage=43.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Taram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,358 |percentage=38.35% |change={{decrease}}40.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nikh Kamin |party=Arunachal Congress |votes=1,583 |percentage=18.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=458 |percentage=5.23% |change= {{decrease}}52.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,757 |percentage=79.75% |change= {{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,281 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.43 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144239/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-AR95.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Taram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,933 |percentage=79.03% |change={{increase}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bida Taba Goyee |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,574 |percentage=20.97% |change={{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,359 |percentage=58.07% |change= {{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,507 |percentage=79.37% |change= {{increase}}3.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,689 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}2.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yachuli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statistical%20Report%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Neelam Taram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,683 |percentage=77.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joram Tajing |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,691 |percentage=22.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,992 |percentage=54.14% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,374 |percentage=75.67% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,940 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Lower Subansiri district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord|27.51|93.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Lower Subansiri district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)

2026-04-18T11:01:40Z

Collegevidya: adding some entry needs work

{{Short description|Indian freedom movement (1921-22)}}
{{Other uses|Non-cooperation movement}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Colonial India}}{{Indian people sidebar|history}}

The '''non-cooperation movement''' was a [[political campaign]] launched on 4 September 1920 by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to have [[Indian people|Indians]] revoke their cooperation from the [[British Raj|British government]], with the aim of persuading them to grant [[swaraj|self-governance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture And Heritage - Freedom Struggle - The Non Cooperation Movement - Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/freedom-struggle/the-non-cooperation-movement.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207074357/http://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/freedom-struggle/the-non-cooperation-movement.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 December 2017|access-date=2021-08-11|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">"[https://www.britannica.com/event/noncooperation-movement Noncooperation movement]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15 December 2015. Retrieved 2021-08-10.</ref><ref name=":1">Wright, Edmund, ed. 2006. "[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100237329 non-cooperation (in British India)]." ''A Dictionary of World History'' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192807007.</ref>

This came as result of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) withdrawing its support for British reforms following the ''[[Rowlatt Act]]'' of 18 March 1919 – which suspended the rights of [[political prisoner]]s in [[sedition]] trials,<ref name=Tharoor2003p.26-36/> and was seen as a "''political awakening''" by Indians and as a "threat" by the British<ref name="Wagner2019p.59">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=rowlatt Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919'' (2019) p.59]</ref>—which led to the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of 13 April 1919.<ref name="Tharoor2003p.26-36">Tharoor, ''Nehru: The Invention of India'' (2003) p.26-36</ref><ref name="Wagner2019p.243">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=non-cooperation Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919'' (2019) p.243]</ref>

The movement was one of Gandhi's first organized acts of large-scale ''[[satyagraha]]''.<ref name="renamed_from_67_on_20250620101050"/> Gandhi's planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and also economy in India,"<ref name="Ghosh2017" /> including British industries and educational institutions.<ref name="Ghosh2017">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/gentlemanly-terrorists/reforms-of-1919-montaguchelmsford-the-rowlatt-act-jails-commission-and-the-royal-amnesty/D97CA2DF6D0AEBDD9AD2066DB1504C04/core-reader#|chapter=The Reforms of 1919: Montagu–Chelmsford, the Rowlatt Act, Jails Commission, and the Royal Amnesty|last=Ghosh|first=Durba|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists|date=July 2017|website=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919–1947|pages=27–59|doi=10.1017/9781316890806.003|isbn=9781316890806|s2cid=157075881 |language=en|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> Through non-violent means, or ''[[ahimsa]]'', protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, and picket liquor shops.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=India and the Contemporary World - II Textbook in History for Class X|publisher=NCERT|isbn=978-81-7450-707-5|pages=38|chapter=Nationalism in India|year=2007|chapter-url=https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/jess303.pdf}}</ref> In addition to promoting "self-reliance" by spinning [[khadi]], buying Indian-made goods only, and boycotting British goods, Gandhi's non-cooperation movement also called for stopping planned dismemberment of Turkey ([[Khilafat Movement]]) and the end to [[untouchability]]. This resulted in publicly-held meetings and strikes ([[Hartal|''hartals'']]), which led to the first arrests of both [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his father, [[Motilal Nehru]], on 6 December 1921.<ref name="Tharoor2003p.41-42">Tharoor, ''Nehru: The Invention of India'' (2003) p.41-42</ref>

The non-cooperation movement was among the broader [[Indian independence movement|movement for Indian independence]] from British rule<ref name="CulturalIndia">{{Cite web |url=https://learn.culturalindia.net/non-cooperation-movement-history-causes-result-importance.html |title=Essay on Non-Cooperation Movement : Data Points |access-date=1 December 2018 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024622/https://learn.culturalindia.net/non-cooperation-movement-history-causes-result-importance.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ended, as Nehru described in [[An Autobiography (Nehru)|his autobiography]], "suddenly" on 4 February 1922 after the [[Chauri Chaura incident]].<ref name=Nehru1936p.81>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98834/page/n99 Nehru. ''An Autobiography'' (1936). p.81]</ref> Subsequent independence movements were the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] and the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name=CulturalIndia/>

Though intended to be non-violent, the movement was eventually called off by Gandhi in February 1922 following the [[Chauri Chaura incident]]. After police opened fire on a crowd of protesters, killing and injuring several, the protesters followed the police back to their station and burned it down, killing the shooters and several other police inside.<ref name=":1" /> Nonetheless, the movement marked the transition of [[Indian nationalism]] from a middle-class basis to the masses.<ref name=":0" />

== Factors leading to the non-cooperation movement ==
The non-land movement was a reaction towards the oppressive policies of the [[British Raj|British Indian government]] such as the ''[[Rowlatt Act]]'' of 18 March 1919, as well as the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh Massacre]] of 13 April 1919.{{fact|date=October 2024}}

Although the ''Rowlatt Act'' of 1919, which suspended the rights of [[political prisoner]]s in [[sedition]] trials,<ref name="Tharoor2003p.26-36" /> was never invoked and declared void just a few years later,<ref name="Wagner2019p.243" /> it motivated Gandhi to conceive the idea of ''[[satyagraha]]'' (truth), which he saw as synonymous with independence.{{fact|date=October 2024}}

Motivation for Gandhi's movement was further solidified following the events of [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|13 April 1919]], when a large crowd had gathered at [[Jallianwala Bagh]] near the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] to protest against the arrest of [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]] and Dr. [[Satyapal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Distribution of the number of articles on the Punjab disturbances published by the Indian Mirror in pamphlet form to members of Parliament and in America |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/archives/distribution-number-articles-punjab-disturbances-published-indian-mirror-pamphlet-form |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> while others had come to attend the annual [[Vaisakhi|Baisakhi festival]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=India and contemporary world II|publisher=NCERT|year=2007|location=India}}</ref> The civilians were fired upon by soldiers under the command of Brigadier-General [[Reginald Dyer]], resulting in killing and injuring thousands of protesters. The outcry generated by the massacre led to thousands of unrests and more deaths by the hands of the police. The bagh became the most infamous event of British rule in India.{{fact|date=October 2024}}

Gandhi, who was a preacher of [[nonviolence]], was horrified. He lost all faith in the goodness of the British government and declared that it would be a "sin" to cooperate with the "satanic" government. Likewise, the idea of ''satyagraha'' was subsequently authorised by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], for who the massacre also endorsed "the conviction that nothing short of independence was acceptable."<ref name="Tharoor2003p.26-36" />

Gandhi derived his ideologies and inspiration from ongoing non-cooperation movements, particularly that by [[Ram Singh Kuka|Satguru Ram Singh]], who is credited as being the first [[Indian people|Indian]] to use [[Civil disobedience|non-cooperation]] and boycott of British merchandise and services as a political weapon.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram Singh {{!}} Indian philosopher|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ram-Singh|access-date=14 June 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><ref>Press Information Bureau, Government of India issued on 16 December 2016</ref>

In response to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and other violence in [[Punjab]], the movement sought to secure ''[[Swaraj]]'', independence for India. Gandhi promised Swaraj within one year if his non-cooperation programme was fully implemented. The other reason to start the non-cooperation movement was that Gandhi lost faith in constitutional methods and turned from cooperator of British rule to non-cooperator campaigning for Indian independence from colonialism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bipan Chandra |title=India's struggle for independence: 1857-1947 |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Mridula |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Aditya |last4=Panikkar |first4=Kandiyur Narayana |last5=Mahajan |first5=Sucheta |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4 |edition=Nachdruck |location=Gurgaon}}</ref>

Other causes include economic hardships to the common Indian citizen, which the [[Indian nationalism|nationalists]] attributed to the economic exploitation of India under colonial rule, the hardships faced Indian artisans due to British factory-made goods replacing handmade goods, and [[conscription]] being employed by the [[British Indian Army]] to gather enough recruits during the [[World War I|First World War]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bipan Chandra |title=India's struggle for independence: 1857-1947 |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Mridula |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Aditya |last4=Panikkar |first4=Kandiyur Narayana |last5=Mahajan |first5=Sucheta |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-010781-4 |edition=Nachdruck |location=Gurgaon}}</ref>

== Movement ==
The non-cooperation movement aimed to challenge the colonial economic and power structure, and British authorities would be forced to take notice of the demands of the independence movement.

Gandhi's call was for a nationwide protest against the ''Rowlatt Act''. In promoting "self-reliance," his planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and also economy in India,"<ref name="Ghosh2017" /> including British industries and educational institutions.<ref name="Ghosh2017" />

Through non-violent means, or ''[[ahimsa]]'', protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts (by spinning [[khadi]], etc.), and picket liquor shops.<ref name=":2" /> Moreover:<ref>[https://aeon.co/essays/the-shame-of-sir-british-honours-and-decolonisation Titles, Medals and Ribbons]</ref>

* all offices and factories would be closed;
* Indians would be encouraged to withdraw from Raj-sponsored schools, police services, the military, and the civil service, and lawyers were asked to leave the Raj's courts;
* public transportation and English-manufactured goods, especially clothing, was boycotted; and
* Indians returned honours and titles given by the government and resigned from various posts like teachers, lawyers, civil and military services.

Gandhi's non-cooperation movement also called for the end to [[untouchability]].

For Gandhi, the use of charkha to spin khadi and abandoning foreign clothes was important for the movement. According to Shashi Tharoor in the Inglorious Empire, the British Empire enriched itself by exploiting India’s cotton: raw cotton was bought cheaply, shipped to Manchester for processing, and sold back in India through the railways, while heavy duties of 70–80% crippled Indian textiles—so much so that historian H. H. Wilson admitted Manchester could not have competed otherwise. India’s share in global textile trade collapsed by 25%, master weavers were reduced to beggars, and British exports of cotton goods skyrocketed from 60 million yards in 1830 to nearly a billion by 1870. Gandhi’s call for the charkha and khadi became both an economic and symbolic weapon against colonialism, embodying simplicity and self-reliance. In India’s Struggle for Independence, historian Bipan Chandra recounted an episode from 1921, when students in Madurai complained khadi was costly, Gandhi shed his [[kurta]] and [[dhoti]], donning only a langot(loincloth) as he felt that the problem could be solved by wearing less clothes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Gandhi’s khadi to Modi’s ‘no matter the colour of investment’: A new shade of Swadeshi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/gandhis-khadi-to-modis-no-matter-the-colour-of-investment-a-new-shade-of-swadeshi-10214836/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Publicly-held meetings and strikes ([[Hartal|''hartals'']]) during the movement ultimately led to the first arrests of both [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his father, [[Motilal Nehru]], on 6 December 1921.<ref name="Tharoor2003p.41-42" /> The calls of early political leaders like [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] (Congress Extremists) were called major public meetings. They resulted in disorder or obstruction of government services. The British took them very seriously and imprisoned him in [[Mandalay]] in [[Burma]] and [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai|V. O.Chidambaram Pillai]] received 40 years of imprisonment.

Veterans such as [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]], and [[Annie Besant]] opposed the idea outright. The [[All India Muslim League]] also criticized the idea. However, the younger generation of Indian nationalists was thrilled and backed Gandhi, whose plans were adopted by the [[Congress Party (India)|Congress Party]] in September 1920 and launched that December.<ref name=":0" />

Gandhi strengthened the movement by supporting the contemporaneous [[Khilafat Movement]], the Muslim campaign to restore the status of the [[Khalifa]] and protest the dismemberment of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after [[World War I]]. As such, Gandhi received extensive support from [[Indian Muslims|Indian-Muslim]] leaders like [[Maulana Azad]], [[Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari]], [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], [[Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi]],<ref name="Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav">{{cite web|last1=Ministry of Culture|first1=Government of India|title=Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi|url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?138|website=amritmahotsav.nic.in}}</ref> [[Abbas Tyabji]], [[Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar]] and [[Maulana Shaukat Ali]].<ref name=":0" />

The eminent [[Hindi]] writer, poet, playwright, journalist, and nationalist [[Rambriksh Benipuri]], who spent more than eight years in prison campaigning for India's independence, wrote:

{{Blockquote|When I recall Non-Cooperation era of 1921, the image of a storm confronts my eyes. From the time I became aware, I have witnessed numerous movements, however, I can assert that no other movement upturned the foundations of Indian society to the extent that the Non-Cooperation movement did. From the most humble huts to the high places, from villages to cities, everywhere there was a ferment, a loud echo.<ref>{{cite book
| editor-first = Lata Singh
| editor-last = Biswamoy Pati
| title = Colonial and Contemporary Bihar and Jharkhand (Chapter 7. Lata Singh, ''Nationalism in Bihar, 1921-22: Mapping Resistances'' quoting Suresh Sharma (ed.) ''Benipuri Granthavali'', vol. IV, 1998, p.38)
| publisher =[[Primus Books]]
| year = 2014
| isbn = 978-93-80607-92-4
| page = 264 (at p. 127)
}}</ref>}}

== Impact and suspension ==
The impact of the revolt was a total shock to British authorities and a massive support to millions of Indian nationalists. Unity in the country was strengthened and many Indian schools and colleges were created. Indian goods were encouraged.<ref name="CulturalIndia"/>
On 4 February 1922 a massacre took place at [[Chauri Chaura incident|Chauri Chaura]], a small town in the district of [[Gorakhpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. A police officer had attacked some volunteers picketing a liquor shop. A whole crowd of peasants that had gathered there went to the police ''chowki'' (station). The mob set fire to the police ''chowki'' with some 22 policemen inside it. Around 30 mobs were there for this incident. This cruelty made Gandhi think to end the movement.

Mahatma Gandhi felt that the revolt was veering off-course, and was disappointed with the rise of violent nature of the movement. Before the non-cooperation movement there had been some instances of violence due to Rowlatt Satyagraha, one of which made the pretext for Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. During the non-cooperation movement, various incidents of violence emerged, including some major ones. In 1921, there had been [[Prince of Wales riots]] where Parsis, Jews and Anglo-Indians were attacked by a Hindu-Muslim mob which caused large scale destruction. [[Malabar rebellion|Moplah Rebellion]] of 1921 had veered away from non-violent methods. Chauri Chaura incident was the final shock to him. Gandhi thought that Indian masses hadn't still internalised the importance of non-violence in his movements. Mahatma Gandhi did not want the movement to degenerate into a contest of violence, with police and angry mobs attacking each other back and forth, victimizing civilians in between. Gandhi appealed to the Indian public for all resistance to end, went on a fast and on 12 February 1922 called off the non-cooperation movement.

=== End of non-cooperation movement ===
The non-cooperation movement was withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident.
Although he had stopped the national revolt single-handedly, on 12 February 1922, Mahatma Gandhi was arrested. On 18 March 1922, he was imprisoned for six years for publishing seditious materials. This led to the suppression of the movement and was followed by the arrest of other leaders.

Although most Congress leaders remained firmly behind Gandhi, the determined leaders broke away, including the Ali brothers ([[Shaukat Ali (politician)|Shaukat Ali]] and [[Mohammad Ali Jouhar]]). [[Motilal Nehru]] and [[Chittaranjan Das]] formed the [[Swaraj Party]], rejecting Gandhi's leadership. Many nationalists had felt that the non-cooperation movement should not have been stopped due to isolated incidents of violence, and most nationalists while retaining confidence in Gandhi, were discouraged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Traboulay |first=David M.|year=1997 |title=Mahatma Gandhi's Satyagraha and NonViolent Resistance |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1092&context=si_pubs |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=CUNY Academic works |publisher=[[City University of New York]] |page=184}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Gandhi's commitment to nonviolence was redeemed when, between 1930 and 1934, tens of millions again revolted in the [[Salt Satyagraha]] which made India's cause famous worldwide for its unerring adherence to non-violence. The Satyagraha ended in success. The demands of Indians were met and the Congress was recognized as a representative of the Indian people. The ''[[Government of India Act 1935]]'' also gave India its first taste in democratic self-governance. The success of the Salt Satyagraha demonstrated Gandhi’s deliberate use of strategic retreat during the non-cooperation movement, reflecting his broader non-violent strategy of ‘Struggle–Truce–Struggle’ (S-T-S).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-21 |title=Marching to his own beat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/Marching-to-his-own-beat/article12861059.ece |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Gandhi had promoted Swadeshi campaign during this movement, which made good results. 62% of cloth sold in India was being made locally by 1936, rising to 76% by 1945. His promotion of the charkha enabled people to produce their own yarn, striking at the heart of British economic dominance while rallying anti-colonial sentiment, and this Gandhian influence on self-reliance has manifested in different forms in post-independence India as well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-27 |title=Gandhi’s khadi to Modi’s ‘no matter the colour of investment’: A new shade of Swadeshi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/gandhis-khadi-to-modis-no-matter-the-colour-of-investment-a-new-shade-of-swadeshi-10214836/ |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Champaran Satyagraha]] (1917)
* [[Rowlatt Satyagraha]]
* [[Civil disobedience movement|Civil-disobedience Movement]] (1930)
* [[Quit India Movement]] (1942)
* [[Bhoodan movement]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Biography==
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98834 ''Jawaharlal Nehru An Autobiography'']. [[Oxford University Press]] (1936)
*Tharoor, Shashi. [https://archive.org/details/nehruinventionof00thar ''Nehru: The Invention of India'']. Arcade Publishing (2003). New York. First edition. {{isbn|9781559706971}}
*Jawaharlal Nehru and [[Nayantara Sahgal]]. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85772500 Before freedom, 1909–1947 : Nehru's letters to his sister]. [[Roli Books]] (2004). {{isbn|8174363475}} {{oclc|85772500}}
*Wagner, Kim, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&q=non-cooperation ''Amritsar 1919: An Empire of Fear and the Making of a Massacre'']. [[Yale University Press]] (2019). {{ISBN|9780300200355}}
*Anand, Anita, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mk7ptwEACAAJ&q=satypal ''The Patient Assassin: a true tale of massacre, revenge, and India's quest for independence''], Simon & Schuster (2019), {{ISBN|978-1-5011-9570-9}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author-link=Charles Freer Andrews |first=C. F |last=Andrews |url=http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NS0xMDQ= |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131130110336/http://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/fundamental_workdetail/NS0xMDQ= |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 November 2013 |title=Non-Co-Operation |location=Madras |publisher=Ganesh & Co. |year=1920 |access-date=10 March 2015 }}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051326?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents "The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement--1920-1922"]. D. A. Low (1966)

{{Gandhi| state=expanded}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Non-Cooperation Movement}}
[[Category:1920 in India]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Nonviolent resistance movements]]
[[Category:Protests in British India]]
[[Category:Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]
[[Category:Civil disobedience in India]]
[[Category:History of Siwan district]]

Dhumnath Temple

2026-03-29T20:44:18Z

Collegevidya: added first place needs work

{{Infobox temple|image=Sargaon Dhoomnath Dhumeswari temple Chhattisgarh - 1.jpg|location=Sargaon}}

'''Dhumnath Temple''' (also known as '''Dhoomnath''', '''Dhumesvari''', or '''Dhoomeshwari''') is a [[Shiva]] temple located in Sargaon village, in the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. It is listed as a [[State Protected Monuments of India|state protected monument]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zltAulpXhLwC&q=dhumnath+temple+sargaon |title=Approaches to the Art & Archaeology of Madhya Pradesh |date=1994 |publisher=Commissioner, Archaeology & Museums, Government of Madhya Pradesh |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Mangalanand |url=https://bharatavani.in/home/book?id=%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%20%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%20%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%20%7C%20Dakshin%20Koshal%20Ke%20Kalchuri%20Kalin%20Mandir |title=दक्षिण कोशल के कलचुरि कालीन मन्दिर |year=2008 |pages=170–171 |language=hi |trans-title=Some Kalachuri-era temples of Dakshina Kosala}}</ref> and was built during the reign of the [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Kalachuris of Ratanpura]].<ref name=":0" />

The temple is situated in the middle of the village, with several houses encroaching upon the hall and ante-chamber towards the east. The eastern wall of the sanctum is incorporated as a courtyard wall in one of the surrounding houses.{{Sfn|Manwani|1984|p=108}} The temple is of the [[Bhumija]] variety. It features a curvilinear ''[[shikhara]]'' (temple tower) in the [[Nagara Style|Nagara]] style. The ''shikhara'' used to be topped by an ''[[amalaka]]'', which is now lost. The temple has three [[Ratha (architecture)|''rathas'']], and reliefs on the exterior walls are divided into two sections by a band. These reliefs consist of Hindu gods as well as erotic imagery depicting various poses described in the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' and other ancient Indian texts.{{Sfn|Manwani|1984|p=108}}

The right wall contains images of [[Brahma]], [[Chamunda]], [[Durga|Mahishasuramardini]], as well as dance and musical scenes carved in relief. The left wall has images of [[Uma–Maheshvara|Shiva-Parvati]], [[Ganesha]], and [[Kartikeya]]. Mahishasuramardini is present in the upper niche. The next panel contains an image of a male figure displaying his penis with his legs raised, which is an unusual depiction.{{Sfn|Manwani|1984|pp=109-110}} The entrance is raised at a height of about {{Convert|5|ft|m}} above ground and is accessed by three steps. However, the interior of the shrine is situated below ground level, reachable by descending six steps. The doorway to the sanctum has [[Shiva]] on the [[lintel]]. On the left of Shiva is Brahma, and on the right is a mutilated figure, which might be Vishnu. The shrine contains a [[Lingam|Shiva lingam]].{{Sfn|Manwani|1984|p=112}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Sargaon Dhoomnath Dhumeswari temple Chhattisgarh - 45 (cropped).jpg|An image of a male figure displaying his penis with his legs raised.
File:Sargaon Dhoomnath Dhumeswari temple Chhattisgarh - 61.jpg|Doorway to the santum, with the deity inside.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Manwani |first=S N |year=1984 |chapter=The Kalachuri Temples - North of Mahanadi |title=Temple Art of the Kalachuris of Ratanpur |pages=107–112}}

{{Coord|type:landmark_region:IN-CG|format=dms|display=title}}

[[Category:Erotic art]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Kalachuris of Ratnapura]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments in Chhattisgarh]]

M. A. Chidambaram Stadium

2026-03-25T15:34:15Z

Collegevidya: adjusted section based on references

{{short description|Cricket stadium in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = M. A. Chidambaram Stadium
| nickname = Chepauk Stadium
| image = M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023
| country = India
| location = [[Chepauk]], [[Chennai]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|03|46|N|80|16|46|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=it}}
| map = {{Infobox mapframe}}
| establishment = {{start date and age|1916}}
| seating_capacity = 38,200<ref>{{cite web |title=Cricket Venues and Grounds |url=https://www.bcci.tv/venues |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |access-date=22 December 2023 |archive-date=19 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119181159/https://www.bcci.tv/venues |url-status=live }}</ref>
| architect = East Coast Constructions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/know-about-chepauk-stadium-named-after-m-a-chidambaram-9623.html/page/2|title=Know about Chepauk stadium named after M. A. Chidambaram|work=India.com|date=17 November 2013 |access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> [[Hopkins Architects]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Construction Begins at Chennai|work=[[Hopkins Architects]]|date=27 November 2009|url=http://www.hopkins.co.uk/news/2009/74/|access-date=16 October 2011|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225014713/https://www.hopkins.co.uk/news/2009/74/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| operator = [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]
| tenants =
| end1 = V. Pattabhiraman Gate End
| end2 = Anna Pavilion End

| year1 = 1934–
| club1 = [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]]
| year2 = 1997–
| club2 = [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]]
| year3 = 1916–
| club3 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]]
| year4 = 2006–
| club4 = [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team]]
| year5 = 2008–
| club5 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| year6 = 2016–
| club6 = [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]]

| international = true
| firsttestdate = 10–13 February
| firsttestyear = 1934
| firsttesthome = India
| firsttestaway = England
| lasttestdate = 19–23 September
| lasttestyear = 2024
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = Bangladesh

| firstodidate = 9 October
| firstodiyear = 1987
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = Australia
| lastodidate = 27 October
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = Pakistan
| lastodiaway = South Africa

| firstt20idate = 11 September
| firstt20iyear = 2012
| firstt20ihome = India
| firstt20iaway = New Zealand
| lastt20idate = 26 February
| lastt20iyear = 2026
| lastt20ihome = India
| lastt20iaway = Zimbabwe

| firstwtestdate = 7–9 November
| firstwtestyear = 1976
| firstwtesthome = India
| firstwtestaway = West Indies
| lastwtestdate = 28 June – 1 July
| lastwtestyear = 2024
| lastwtesthome = India
| lastwtestaway = South Africa

| firstwodidate = 23 February
| firstwodiyear = 1984
| firstwodihome = India
| firstwodiaway = Australia
| lastwodidate = 7 March
| lastwodiyear = 2007
| lastwodihome = Australia
| lastwodiaway = New Zealand

| firstwt20idate = 23 March
| firstwt20iyear = 2016
| firstwt20ihome = South Africa
| firstwt20iaway = Ireland
| lastwt20idate = 9 July
| lastwt20iyear = 2024
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = South Africa
| date = 1 October 2024
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58008.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''M. A. Chidambaram Stadium''', commonly known as the '''Chepauk Stadium''', is a [[cricket stadium]] in [[Chepauk]], [[Chennai]]. It is named after [[M. A. Chidambaram]], a former [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|president]] of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]], and is managed by the [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] (TNCA). It was established in 1916 and is the second oldest [[List of international cricket grounds in India|international cricket stadium in the country]] after the [[Eden Gardens]], still being used to host [[Test Cricket]].

The stadium hosts matches of the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] and the [[India women's national cricket team|Indian women's cricket team]] apart from conducting matches during major international cricketing events organised by the [[International Cricket Council]]. It serves as the home ground of the [[Tamil Nadu cricket team]] and [[Tamil Nadu women's cricket team]] for [[Cricket in India|domestic matches]]. The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) team [[Chennai Super Kings]] plays its home matches at the stadium and the venue hosted the finals of the IPL in [[2011 Indian Premier League|2011]], [[2012 Indian Premier League|2012]], and [[2024 Indian Premier League|2024]]. It is also used as a venue for the [[Tamil Nadu Premier League]], a [[Twenty20]] tournament organised by the TNCA.

Chepauk hosted its first cricket match in February 1934, when India played a test match against [[England national cricket team|England's]] during the later's [[English cricket team in India in 1933–34|tour of India]]. It subsequently hosted the first match of the inaugural [[Ranji Trophy]] in November of the same year. The India cricket team recorded its first ever Test victory at the venue in a match against [[English cricket team in India in 1951-52|England in 1952]]. The venue was also the host of the second-ever [[Tied test|tied Test match]] in the history of the game during [[Australia national cricket team|Australia's]] [[Australian cricket team in India in 1986–87|tour of India in 1986]].

The Indian women's team played its second-ever [[Women's Test cricket|Test match]] against the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]] in November 1976 at the Chepauk. The stadium hosted its first [[One Day International]] during the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]] match between India and Australia. It subsequently served as one of the venues when India hosted the [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]], [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]], [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]], the [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup]], and the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]]. {{As of|December 2025}}, the ground has hosted more than 85 international cricket matches.

== History ==
=== Early years ===
In 1846, a cricket ground designed by [[Henry Irwin]] was established by [[Alexander John Arbuthnot|Alexander Arbuthnot]] in the Chepauk palace grounds.<ref name="FL">{{cite web|title=The Madras that was|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article6331271.ece/photo/31/|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105135057/https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article6331271.ece/photo/31/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DT">{{cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2019/10/20/those-were-the-days-the-day-chepauk-spun-india-into-cricket-history|title=Those Were The Days: The day Chepauk spun India into cricket history|date=20 October 2019|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[DT next]]|archive-date=18 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518073720/https://www.dtnext.in/city/2019/10/20/those-were-the-days-the-day-chepauk-spun-india-into-cricket-history|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1859, the [[Madras Presidency]] acquired the Chepauk palace from the [[Nawab of Carnatic]]. In 1865, a new pavilion was constructed and it became the home of the [[Madras Cricket Club]] (MCC).<ref name="FL"/><ref name="RN">{{cite web|last1=V.|first1=Ramnarayan|title=An MCC of our own |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/an-mcc-of-our-own-566331|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=26 May 2012|access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref> The original Chisholm pavilion located in the southwestern corner of the ground was badly damaged in a cyclone in 1889, and a new pavilion was constructed to replace the same in 1892. The new Irwin pavilion was built in [[Anglo-Indian architecture]].<ref name="RN"/> The venue hosted a match between the touring Europeans versus the Indians Presidency in 1908.<ref name="SM">{{cite web|last1=Menon|first1=Suresh|title=Indian cricket's spiritual home|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suresh-menon-on-chennai-cricket-481262|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130201903/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/suresh-menon-on-chennai-cricket-481262|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium was formally established in 1916 when the presidency matches were planned as an annual event.<ref name="DT"/><ref name="SM"/><ref name="Cric">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|title=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206170647/https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricket-grounds/ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-58008|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== International venue ===
Chepauk hosted its first [[cricket test]] match in February 1934 during [[England national cricket team|England's]] [[English cricket team in India in 1933–34|tour of India]] which was won by England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/14/14910.html|title=England vs India, third test, 1933-34|work=Cricket Archive|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205151638/https://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/14/14910.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the second oldest [[List of international cricket grounds in India|international cricket stadium in India]] that is still in use after the [[Eden Gardens]] in [[Kolkata]].<ref name="ICC">{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/venues/ma-chidambaram-stadium|title=M. A. Chidamabaram Stadium|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=30 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830103446/https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/cricketworldcup/venues/ma-chidambaram-stadium|url-status=live}}</ref> It subsequently hosted the first match of the inaugural [[Ranji Trophy]] between [[Madras cricket team|Madras]] and [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]] in November of the same year.<ref name="Cric"/><ref name="ICC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1934-35/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MADRAS_MYSORE_RJI_04NOV1934.html|title=Madras v Mysore, November 5, 1934|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114071827/https://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1934-35/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MADRAS_MYSORE_RJI_04NOV1934.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1946, the first attempts were made to build a larger stadium by [[Anthony de Mello (cricket administrator)|Anthony De Mello]], which was accepted by the MCC subject to the approval of the [[Indian government]].<ref name="SM"/> The stadium played host to the fifth test of the series when [[English cricket team in India in 1951-52|England toured India in 1951-52]]. In February 1952, [[Indian national cricket team|India]] recorded its first-ever test win when it beat England by an innings and eight runs.<ref name="Cric"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-1951-52-61800/india-vs-england-5th-test-62729/full-scorecard|title=India vs England, 5th Test at Chennai, Feb 06 1952 - Full Scorecard|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604144944/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-tour-of-india-1951-52-61800/india-vs-england-5th-test-62729/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref>

When [[M. A. Chidambaram]] became the president of the [[Madras Cricket Association]] (MCA) in 1956, the association wanted to occupy the ground permanently. However, the MCC was reluctant to loan the use of the ground, fearing that regular use would lead to deterioration of the facilities. Hence, after India's first test victory in 1952, test matches in [[Madras]] were hosted at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|corporation stadium]] till January 1967.<ref name="SM"/> When the 30-year lease of the stadium held by the MCC ended in 1966, the MCA obtained the least from the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Madras government]].<ref name="MAC">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chidambaram-and-his-stadium-for-cricket/article67475703.ece|title=M.A. Chidambaram and his stadium for cricket|date=1 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106153911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chidambaram-and-his-stadium-for-cricket/article67475703.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Permanent structure and renaming ===
The MCA changed its name to [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]] (TNCA) after the state was renamed from Madras State to Tamil Nadu. The TNCA wanted to build a permanent structure as the stadium still hosted matches with temporary stands and the foundation stone for the new stadium structure was laid in 1971.<ref name="MAC"/> The Government of Tamil Nadu gave {{INRconvert|1.5|m}} with Chidambaram donating a similar amount from his wealth and the Madras Race Club donated {{INRconvert|0.5|m}}. The remaining amount of {{INRconvert|14|m}} was loaned by the banks. The construction was completed in 1981.<ref name="MAC"/>

Beginning in the late 1960s till the late 1980s, the stadium hosted a Test match in the second week of January which was termed the Pongal Test, as it coincided with the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] harvest festival.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pongal Test – The history of India's own Boxing Day cricket match|url=https://thebridge.in/cricket/pongal-test-history-indias-boxing-day-cricket-match/|work=The Bridge|date=13 January 2021|access-date=20 February 2021|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117090831/https://thebridge.in/cricket/pongal-test-history-indias-boxing-day-cricket-match/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Indian women's team played their second-ever [[Women's Test cricket|women's test]] in [[West Indies women's cricket team in India in 1976–77|November 1976]] against the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]] at Chepauk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-tour-of-india-1976-77-62212/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-2nd-test-67453/full-scorecard|title=2nd Test, Chennai, November 07 - 09, 1976, West Indies Women tour of India|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240126020041/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-tour-of-india-1976-77-62212/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-2nd-test-67453/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium was renamed from Madras Cricket Club Ground to M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 1986.<ref name="ICC"/><ref name="MAC"/> The venue was the host of the second ever [[Tied test|tied test match]] in the history of the game during [[Australian cricket team in India in 1986–87|Australia's tour in 1986]].<ref name="Cric"/><ref name="ICC"/> The stadium hosted its first [[One Day International]] match between India and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] during the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="SM"/> It further hosted matches during the subsequent [[1996 Cricket World Cup]] and [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="WC">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/CricketIreland/Grounds/961_wc.html|title=World Cup matches at Cheupak|work=Cricket Archive|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Major venue and further upgrades ===
[[File:New stands with fabric tensile rooves at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium.jpg|thumb|Renovated stands with fabric roofs]]

A major reconstruction work was undertaken at the cost of {{INRConvert|1.75|b}} in 2010 ahead of the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|title=N Srinivasan unanimously elected TNCA President|url=http://cricket.zeenews.com/fullstory.aspx?nid=21399|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707094319/http://cricket.zeenews.com/fullstory.aspx?nid=21399|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 July 2012|work=[[Zee News]]|date=28 June 2009|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Upgradation and modernisation of M.A.Chidambaram Stadium|url=http://www.tnca.in/LiveSite/DisplayActivity.aspx|work=[[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association]]|access-date=16 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019155218/http://www.tnca.in/LiveSite/DisplayActivity.aspx|archivedate=19 October 2011}}</ref> The plan consisted of constructing three new reinforced concrete stands which would accommodate an additional 12,000 spectators and the addition of 24 hospitality boxes.<ref>{{cite news|title=New Chepauk stands ready for Pakistan ODI|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2012|url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/top-stories/35913256_1_tnca-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-statutory-bodies|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130126075356/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-19/top-stories/35913256_1_tnca-tamil-nadu-cricket-association-statutory-bodies|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|access-date=25 December 2012}}</ref> The renovation also included the construction of new translucent [[Polytetrafluoroethylene|PTFE]] roofs to replace the old roofs supported by pillars that blocked the view of spectators and the redesigning of the stands at a gradient of 36°, which would let the sea breeze into the ground.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/chepauk-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chennai-csk-venue-info-odi-world-cup-stats-seats-pitch/article67307026.ece|title=2023 ODI World Cup venues: Chepauk Stadium — capacity, pitch info and areas that need attention|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=16 September 2023|access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Dinakar|first=S.|title=Chepauk's new innings|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 February 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1461105.ece|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref> The stadium hosted four matches during the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]], which was won by India.<ref name="WC"/>

[[File:MA Chidambaram Stadium In the Night during a CSK Game.jpg|thumb|left|View of the stadium in 2023]]

On 31 March 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that the renovation violated regulations relating to public safety.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/demolish-unauthorised-construction-in-ma-chidambaram-stadium-sc/537290-78.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401051206/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/cricketnext/demolish-unauthorised-construction-in-ma-chidambaram-stadium-sc/537290-78.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2015|title=Demolish unauthorised construction in MA Chidambaram stadium says SC|work=[[IBN Live]]|date=31 March 2015|access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricketnews/supreme-court-orders-srinivasan-led-tn-cricket-body-to-demolish-three-chepauk-stands/article1-1332694.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401214532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/cricketnews/supreme-court-orders-srinivasan-led-tn-cricket-body-to-demolish-three-chepauk-stands/article1-1332694.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 April 2015|title=Supreme court orders TN to demolish three cheupak stadiums|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=1 April 2016|access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref> The court further ruled that the parts of the renovation which violate the regulations must be demolished and ordered the new stands to be sealed then.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/demolish-unauthorised-construction-at-chepauk-stadium-sc_1570884.html|title=Demolish unauthorised construction at Chepauk says SC|work=[[Zee news]]|date=31 March 2015|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222103/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/demolish-unauthorised-construction-at-chepauk-stadium-sc_1570884.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/chepauk-the-wait-for-planning-permissions/article7055516.ece|title=Chepauk waits for planning permissions|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 April 2015|access-date=26 February 2016}}</ref> The stands remained sealed as the MCC gymnasium had to be demolished to adhere to the safety regulations laid down by the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] and the MCC was reluctant to do so. After the lease agreement between the government and TNCA ended in 2016, the agreement was renewed in 2019 for 21 years with revised conditions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tnca-owes-government-rs-2081-crore-rent-for-chepauk-stadium/articleshow/59677888.cms|title=TNCA owes government Rs 2,081 crore rent for Chepauk stadium|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411175453/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tnca-owes-government-rs-2081-crore-rent-for-chepauk-stadium/articleshow/59677888.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Open">{{cite news|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/112718/three-stands-de-sealed-and-opened-in-chepauk|title=Three stands de-sealed and opened in Chepauk|date=14 March 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref> The stands were finally de-sealed and opened in March 2020.<ref name="Open"/>

Further renovation works were planned in 2021-22 ahead of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]. In December 2021, the old Anna pavilion, some of the stands and the MCC clubhouse were demolished to make way for a new pavilion and new stands.<ref name="Ren">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=C Santhosh|date=25 November 2021|title=Renovated Chepauk stadium likely to be ready for new season|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/251121/renovated-chepauk-stadium-likely-to-be-ready-for-new-season.html|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|archive-date=17 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230417005228/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/251121/renovated-chepauk-stadium-likely-to-be-ready-for-new-season.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The demolition temporarily reduced the capacity to 31,140.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sundaram|first=Ram|title=Chepauk Stadium Expansion Plan Gets Green Nod; 5k Seats To Be Added|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 March 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chepauk-stadium-expansion-plan-gets-green-nod-5k-seats-to-be-added/articleshow/90279003.cms|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222041915/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chepauk-stadium-expansion-plan-gets-green-nod-5k-seats-to-be-added/articleshow/90279003.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The renovations were done at a cost of {{INRconvert|1.39|b}} and following its completion, the permanent seating capacity of the stadium expanded to 38,000.<ref name="Ren"/><ref>{{cite news|title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup 2023|url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf|work=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120033125/https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/11/03/278e3b3a-d6cb-4511-b7df-75fc1428f096/ICC-Men-s-Cricket-World-Cup-2023-Media-Guide-v7.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Renovated Chepauk stadium getting ready to be opened on March 17|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2023/mar/09/renovated-chepauk-stadium-getting-ready-to-be-opened-on-march-17-2554563.html|access-date=21 December 2023|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=9 March 2023}}</ref> The new stand which housed the Anna Pavilion was named after former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|chief minister]] [[M. Karunanidhi]] and was inaugurated on 17 March 2023.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chauhan|first=Anukul|date=10 March 2023|title=Ahead of IND vs AUS Chennai ODI, CSK skipper MS Dhoni & Tamil Nadu CM MK Stalin to inaugurate new stand at MA Chidambaram Stadium named after M Karunanidhi|url=https://www.insidesport.in/ipl-2023-ahead-of-ind-vs-aus-chennai-odi-csk-skipper-ms-dhoni-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-to-inaugurate-new-stand-at-ma-chidambaram-stadium-named-after-m-karunanidhi-on-march-17-check-all-details/|work=InsideSport|access-date=10 March 2023|archive-date=10 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310020346/https://www.insidesport.in/ipl-2023-ahead-of-ind-vs-aus-chennai-odi-csk-skipper-ms-dhoni-tamil-nadu-cm-mk-stalin-to-inaugurate-new-stand-at-ma-chidambaram-stadium-named-after-m-karunanidhi-on-march-17-check-all-details/|url-status=live}}</ref> The stadium hosted five matches during the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref name="WC"/> In late 2025, the grass surface and the pitch was relaid as a part of planned renovation before the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!sports/iconic-chepauk-cricket-stadium-is-getting-a-makeover-enn25071406420|title=Iconic 'Chepauk' Cricket Stadium Is Getting A Makeover|work=ETV|date=14 July 2025|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> The stadium is the planned venue for seven matches during the World Cup to be held in February 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/11253/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026/matches|title=ICC Mens T20 World Cup 2026|work=[[Cricbuzz]]|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref>

== Location and access ==
The stadium is located close to the [[Marina Beach]] and can be accessed from [[Wallajah Road, Chennai|Wallajah Road]] in the north, Bells Road in the west, and Victoria Hostel Road parallel to the [[Buckingham Canal]] in the east.<ref name="IPL">{{cite web|url=https://www.iplt20.com/venues/1/M-A-Chidambaram-Stadium|title=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|work=[[Indian Premier League]]|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref> The [[Chennai MRTS]] line abuts the stadium and the [[Chepauk (Chennai MRTS)|Chepauk MRTS Railway Station]] is located to the south-east.<ref name="IPL"/><ref name="HT">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-a-complete-guide-for-travellers-and-fans-in-chennai-101696582429357.html|title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2023: A complete guide for travellers and fans in Chennai|date=8 October 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111174420/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-a-complete-guide-for-travellers-and-fans-in-chennai-101696582429357.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The nearest station of the [[Chennai Metro]] is the [[Government Estate metro station|Government Estate station]].<ref name="HT"/>

== Notable records ==
* The stadium was one of the venues of [[Indian national cricket team|India's]] first-ever [[English cricket team in India in 1933–34|home series against England in 1934]].<ref name="Cric"/><ref name="ICC"/>
* The first match of the inaugural [[Ranji Trophy]] was held on 4 November 1934 between [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] and [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]] at Chepauk.<ref name="Cric"/><ref name="ICC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15236.html|title=Scorecard, Madras v Mysore|work=Cricket Archive|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208043138/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/15/15236.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* India recorded their first Test victory [[English cricket team in India, Pakistan and Ceylon in 1951–52|against England]] at Chepauk in February 1952.<ref name="Cric"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1950S/1951-52/ENG_IN_IND/|title=England in India, 1951–52|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=20 September 2006|archive-date=21 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321085039/http://www1.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/1950S/1951-52/ENG_IN_IND/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sunil Gavaskar]] scored [[List of international cricket centuries by Sunil Gavaskar|his 30th test match century]] against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] [[West Indian cricket team in India in 1983–84|in 1983]] breaking the record for [[List of cricketers by number of international centuries scored|most centuries in Test cricket]] held by [[Don Bradman]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131228/sports-cricket/article/when-sunil-gavaskar-upstaged-don-bradman|title=When Gavaskar upstaged Bradman|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=28 December 2013|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040341/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131228/sports-cricket/article/when-sunil-gavaskar-upstaged-don-bradman|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The second-ever [[Tied Test]] in cricket history was played here between [[Australian cricket team in India in 1986–87|India and Australia in 1986]].<ref name="Cric"/><ref name="ICC"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Where history is made|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/travel/content/current/story/482178.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>
*[[Narendra Hirwani]] took 8 [[wickets]] for 61 [[run (cricket)|runs]] against the West Indies in January 1988, which are the best [[Bowling analysis|bowling figures]] by an Indian on Test debut and the third best overall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Best figures in a innings on debut|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283346.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730150857/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283346.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His match figures of 16 wickets for 136 runs in the match are a record for any bowler on debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Best figures in a match on debut|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283352.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=2 July 2023|archive-date=9 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141209213630/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283352.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Saeed Anwar]] of [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] scored 194 against India in 1997, then the [[List of highest individual scores in One Day International cricket|highest individual score in ODIs]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/south-africa-in-india-2010/top-stories/Sachin-becomes-first-batsman-to-score-200-in-an-ODI/articleshow/5611817.cms|title=Sachin becomes first batsman to score 200 in an ODI|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2010|access-date=24 November 2010|archive-date=3 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703144954/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/series-tournaments/south-africa-in-india-2010/top-stories/Sachin-becomes-first-batsman-to-score-200-in-an-ODI/articleshow/5611817.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cricketworld4u.com/articles/sachin-becomes-1st-batsman-to-score-200-3510.php|title=Sachin break Anwar's Record|work=Cricketworld4u.com|access-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506081814/http://www.cricketworld4u.com/articles/sachin-becomes-1st-batsman-to-score-200-3510.php|archivedate=6 May 2010}}</ref>
* On 15 October 2004, [[Shane Warne]] surpassed [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]'s tally of 532 Test wickets to become the [[List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket|highest wicket-taker]] during the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2004/oct/16/cricket.indiacricketteam|title=Warnes' glory but India's day|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=16 October 2004|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
* [[Virender Sehwag]] scored 319 runs off 278 balls against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in the [[South African cricket team in India in 2007–08|home series in April 2008]], the [[List of Test cricket triple centuries|fastest triple century]] in Test history. He also became only the third batsman after Bradman and [[Brian Lara]] to score two triple centuries in Test Cricket. He scored 257 runs the third day of the match, which was the most runs scored by an individual batsman on a single day of a Test match since 1954. [[Rahul Dravid]] completed 10,000 Test runs in the same match.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/344333.html|title=The day the records tumbled|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=17 April 2008|access-date=19 March 2016|archive-date=24 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224001546/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/344333.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]] has scored the most Test runs of any other venue in India in Chepauk with 876 runs in nine Tests at an average of 87.60.<ref>{{cite news|title=India v England, 1st Test, Chennai, 5th day: A fourth-innings special|url=http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/indveng/content/current/story/382317.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|date=15 December 2008|access-date=25 January 2009|archive-date=7 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207114534/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/indveng/content/current/story/382317.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* India scored 387/4 in the fourth innings of the first Test [[English cricket team in India in 2008–09|against England in December 2008]], which is the second-highest successful run chase for India in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/west-indies-to-australia-highest-successful-run-chase-in-test-cricket-here-124092100366_1.html|title=India to Australia: Highest successful run chase in Test cricket history|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921093925/https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/west-indies-to-australia-highest-successful-run-chase-in-test-cricket-here-124092100366_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the [[2011 Indian Premier League final|final]] of the [[2011 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) held at the venue, [[Chennai Super Kings]] defeated [[Royal Challengers Bengaluru]] to become the first team to win an IPL final at their home ground and successfully defend an IPL title.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 May 2011|title=IPL Final: Chennai Super Kings vs Royal Challengers Bangalore - CSK win by 58 runs|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket-fest-2011/story/chennai-vs-bangalore-ipl-final-match-report-134597-2011-05-27|access-date=11 June 2025|work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
*[[M S Dhoni]] scored 224 in the first test of the [[2012–13 Border–Gavaskar Trophy]] against Australia on 24 February 2013. He became the first Indian [[wicket-keeper]] to score a [[double century]] in Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/cricket/indian-wicket-keepers-most-centuries-test-cricket-202409|title=Top 6 Indian wicket-keepers with most centuries in test cricket|date=19 October 2024|access-date=21 October 2024|work=mykhel}}</ref>
*India scored 759 runs in their first innings of the fifth test against England in the [[English cricket team in India in 2016–17|home series]] in December 2016 with [[Karun Nair]] scoring 303 [[not out]]. This was India's highest team total in Test cricket and Nair became the second Indian after Sehwag to score a [[triple century]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-innings-totals-283966|title=Highest totals in Tests|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815133755/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/highest-innings-totals-283966|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-triple-hundreds-in-a-career-282944|title=Triple hundreds in career|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421215810/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-triple-hundreds-in-a-career-282944|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Joe Root]] scored 218 runs in the first test against India during [[English cricket team in India in 2020–21|England's tour of India]] in February 2021, which was the highest score by an English cricketer in India, and the highest score in the 100th Test of any individual.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ind vs Eng: Joe Root scores 200 in 100th Test, breaks multiple records|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-england/news/ind-vs-eng-1st-test-chennai-joe-root-100th-test-200-double-century-hundred-records-broken-runs/article33766757.ece|access-date=7 February 2021|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=6 February 2021|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206083030/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-england/news/ind-vs-eng-1st-test-chennai-joe-root-100th-test-200-double-century-hundred-records-broken-runs/article33766757.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Statistics ==
=== Overall ===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=6|Men's Test Matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=1;id=291;type=ground |title=Statistics / Test matches / Results records / MA Chidambaram |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
!width=120|Team
!width=20 | {{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|D|Draw}}
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|{{cr|IND}}
|35||16||7||1||11
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|ENG}}
|11||4||6||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|AUS}}
|7||1||3||1||2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|WIN}}
|7||1||4||0||2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|4||1||1||0||2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|NZ}}
|2||0||1||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|SRI}}
|2||0||0||0||2
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|RSA}}
|1||0||0||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|BAN}}
|1||0||0||1||0
|}

{{Col-3}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=6|Men's ODI Matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=291;type=ground|title=Statistics / ODI / Results records / MA Chidambaram|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=27 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627015526/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=291;type=ground|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!width=120|Team
!width=20 | {{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|NR|No Results}}
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|{{cr|IND}}
|15||8||6||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|WIN}}
|7||2||5||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|AUS}}
|7||5||2||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|NZ}}
|6||3||2||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|ENG}}
|3||2||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|PAK}}
|4||2||2||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|KEN}}
|2||1||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|RSA}}
|3||1||2||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|BAN}}
|2||0||2||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|AFG}}
|2||1||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|ZIM}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|[[Asia XI]]
|2||2||0||0||0
|-
|align="left"|[[Africa XI]]
|2||0||2||0||0
|}

{{Col-3}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=6|Men's T20I Matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=291;type=ground|title=Statistics / T20I / Results records / MA Chidambaram |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
!width=120|Team
!width=20 | {{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|NR|No Results}}
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|NZ}}
|4||4||0||0||0
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|{{cr|IND}}
|3||2||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|ENG}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|WIN}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|AFG}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|UAE}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|USA}}
|1||1||0||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|NED}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{cr|CAN}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|}
{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-3}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=6|Women's Test Matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-match-results/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/women-s-test-matches-8|title=List of match results (by season) in WTESTs at IND: MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=29 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729203828/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-match-results/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/women-s-test-matches-8|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!width=120|Team
!width=20 | {{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|D|Draw}}
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|{{crw|IND}}
|2||1||0||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|WIN}}
|1||0||0||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|RSA}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|}
{{Col-3}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=6|Women's ODI Matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-results-summary/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/women-s-one-day-internationals-9|title=Result summary in WODIs at IND: MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>
|-
!width=120|Team
!width=20 | {{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|NR|No Result}}
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|{{crw|IND}}
|8||4||4||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|AUS}}
|4||3||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|NZL}}
|4||3||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|ENG}}
|4||0||4||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|IRE}}
|1||1||0||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|DEN}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|}
{{Col-3}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan=6|Women's T20I Matches<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-match-results/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10|title=List of match results (by season) in WT20Is at IND: MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812091433/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-match-results/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/women-s-twenty20-internationals-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!width=120|Team
!width=20 | {{Abbr|Pld|Played}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|W|Won}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|L|Lost}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|T|Tied}}
!width=20 | {{Abbr|NR|No Result}}
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|RSA}}
|4||2||1||0||1
|- bgcolor="#ddeeff"
|align="left"|{{crw|IND}}
|3||1||1||0||1
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|PAK}}
|2||0||2||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|WIN}}
|2||2||0||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|BAN}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|ENG}}
|1||1||0||0||0
|-
|align="left"|{{crw|IRE}}
|1||0||1||0||0
|}
{{Col-3}}
{{Col-end}}

=== Individual ===
{{See also|List of international cricket centuries at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium|List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at M. A. Chidambaram Stadium}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most Test runs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=291;orderby=runs;template=results;type=batting|title=Statistics / Test matches / Batting records / MA Chidambaram / Runs scored|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411173951/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=291;orderby=runs;template=results;type=batting|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Runs !! style="width:170px;"|Player !! style="width:100px;"|Period
|-
!1018
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Gavaskar]] || 1973–1987
|-
!970
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || 1993–2013
|-
!785
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gundappa Viswanath]] || 1969–1982
|-
!729
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]] || 2002–2013
|-
!708
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Dev]] || 1979–1993
|}

{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest individual scores in Tests<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=291;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Test matches / Batting records / MA Chidambaram Stadium / Runs scored in an innings |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Runs !! style="width:200px;"|Player !! style="width:150px;"|Opposition !!style="width:100px;"|Year
|-
!319
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Virender Sehwag]] || {{cr|RSA}} || 2008
|-
!303[[not out|*]]
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Karun Nair]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 2016
|-
!236[[not out|*]]
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Gavaskar]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 1983
|-
!224
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[MS Dhoni]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 2013
|-
!222
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Gundappa Viswanath]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 1982
|}

{{Col-end}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most Test wickets<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=291;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling|title=Statistics / Test matches / Bowling records / MA Chidambaram / Wickets|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Wickets !! style="width:200px;"|Player !! style="width:100px;"|Period
|-
!48
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Kumble]] || 1993–2008
|-
!42
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Harbhajan Singh]] || 2001–2013
|-
!40
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Kapil Dev]] || 1979–1993
|-
!36
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] || 2013–2024
|-
!36
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Erapalli Prasanna]] || 1967–1977
|}

{{Col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best individual figures in Tests<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/bowling-best-figures-innings/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/test-matches-1|title=Best bowling figures in an innings in Tests at IND: MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=17 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Figures !! style="width:170px;"|Player !! style="width:150px;"|Opposition !!style="width:100px;"|Year
|-
!8/55
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Vinoo Mankad]] || {{cr|ENG}} || 1952
|-
!8/61
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Narendra Hirwani]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 1988
|-
!8/75
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Narendra Hirwani]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 1988
|-
!8/84
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Harbhajan Singh]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 2001
|-
!7/48
|| {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Anil Kumble]] || {{cr|AUS}} || 2004
|}

{{Col-end}}

== Notable matches ==
This stadium has hosted 12 men's one-day matches across four [[Cricket World Cup]]s, a single [[WODI]] match during the [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup]], and seven T20I matches during the [[2026 Men's T20 World Cup]].<ref name="WC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/england-women-vs-new-zealand-women-2nd-semi-final-66988/full-scorecard|title=2nd Semi-Final, Chennai, December 26, 1997, Hero Honda Women's World Cup|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926030842/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/hero-honda-women-s-world-cup-1997-98-61222/england-women-vs-new-zealand-women-2nd-semi-final-66988/full-scorecard|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cricket World Cup ===
==== 1987 Cricket World Cup ====
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 9 October 1987
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 270/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 269 (49.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| runs1 = [[Geoff Marsh]] 110 (141)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 2/47 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Navjot Sidhu]] 73 (79)
| wickets2 = [[Craig McDermott]] 4/56 (10 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150630.html Australia won by 1 run]
| report = [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65093.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[David Archer (umpire)|David Archer]] and [[Dickie Bird]]
| motm = [[Geoff Marsh]]
}}
----{{Limited overs matches
| date = 13 October 1987
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| score1 = 235/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 139 (49.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| runs1 = [[Allan Border]] 67 (88)
| wickets1 = [[Kevin Curran (cricketer)|Kevin Curran]] 2/29 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kevin Curran (cricketer)|Kevin Curran]] 30 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Simon O'Donnell]] 4/39 (9.4 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150632.html Australia won by 96 runs]
| report = [http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65096.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Khizer Hayat]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Steve Waugh]]
}}

==== 1996 Cricket World Cup ====
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 March 1996
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 286/9 (50 overs)
| score2 = 289/4 (47.5 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| runs1 = [[Chris Harris (cricketer)|Chris Harris]] 130 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Glenn McGrath]] 2/50 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mark Waugh]] 110 (112)
| wickets2 = [[Dion Nash]] 1/44 (9 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151231.html Australia won by 6 wickets]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65189.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Cyril Mitchley]] and [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan|S. Venkataraghavan]]
| motm = [[Mark Waugh]]
}}

==== 2011 Cricket World Cup ====
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 February 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|KEN}}
| score1 = 69 (23.5 overs)
| score2 = 72/0 (8 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|NZL}}
| runs1 = [[Rakep Patel]] 16 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Hamish Bennett (cricketer)|Hamish Bennett]] 4/16 (5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Martin Guptill]] 39[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Thomas Odoyo]] 0/25 (3 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/502044.html New Zealand won by 10 wickets]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433559.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] and [[Rod Tucker]]
| motm = [[Hamish Bennett (cricketer)|Hamish Bennett]]
}}
----{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 March 2011
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 171 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 165 (47.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|RSA}}
| runs1 = [[Ravi Bopara]] 60 (98)
| wickets1 = [[Imran Tahir]] 4/38 (8.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hashim Amla]] 42 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Stuart Broad]] 4/15 (6.4 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/504435.html England won by 6 runs]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433579.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Simon Taufel]] and [[Amiesh Saheba]]
| motm = [[Ravi Bopara]]
}}
----{{Limited overs matches
| date = 17 March 2011
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 243 (48.4 overs)
| score2 = 225 (44.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Jonathan Trott]] 47 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 4/49 (8 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 49 (46)
| wickets2 = [[James Tredwell]] 4/48 (10 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/506646.html England won by 18 runs]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup201/engine/match/433593.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]]
| motm = [[James Tredwell]]
}}
----{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 March 2011
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| score1 = 268 (49.1 overs)
| score2 = 188 (43 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Singh]] 113 (123)
| wickets1 = [[Ravi Rampaul]] 5/51 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Devon Smith]] 81 (97)
| wickets2 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 3/26 (6 overs)
| result = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/507223.html India won by 80 runs]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup201/engine/match/433599.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Simon Taufel]] and [[Steve Davis (umpire)|Steve Davis]]
| motm = [[Yuvraj Singh]]
}}

==== 2023 Cricket World Cup ====
{{Single-innings cricket match|date=8 October 2023|time=14:00|daynight=y
|team1={{cr-rt|AUS}}
|team2={{cr|IND}}
|score1= 199 (49.3 overs)
|runs1= [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 46 (71)
|wickets1= [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/28 (10 overs)
|score2=201/4 (41.2 overs)
|runs2= [[KL Rahul]] 97* (115)
|wickets2= [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/38 (9 overs)
|result=India won by 6 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384396.html Scorecard]
|umpires=[[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)|motm=[[KL Rahul]] (Ind)
|toss=Australia won the toss and elected to bat first}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
|date=13 October 2023
|time=14:00
|day=
|team1={{cr-rt|BAN}}
|team2={{cr|NZ}}
|score1=245/9 (50 overs)
|runs1=[[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 66 (75)
|wickets1=[[Lockie Ferguson]] 3/49 (10 overs)
|score2=248/2 (42.5 overs)
|runs2=[[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 89* (67)
|wickets2=[[Mustafizur Rahman]] 1/36 (10 overs)
|result=New Zealand won by 8 wickets
|report=[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384402.html Scorecard]
|umpires=[[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
|motm=[[Lockie Ferguson]] (NZ)
|toss=New Zealand won the toss and elected to field first
|daynight=y}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 288/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] 71 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Naveen-ul-Haq]] 2/48 (8 overs)
| score2 = 139 (34.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rahmat Shah]] 36 (62)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 3/19 (7 overs)
| result = New Zealand Won by 149 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384407.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] (NZ)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.
| round =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 282/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Azam]] 74 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Noor Ahmad]] 3/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 286/2 (49 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] 87 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]] 1/44 (10 overs)
| result = Afghanistan Won by 8 Wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384413.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] (Afg)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = This was Afghanistan's first win against Pakistan in international cricket.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/pak-vs-afg-afghanistan-chase-down-283-to-register-first-ever-odi-win-vs-pakistan-2452813-2023-10-23|title=PAK vs AFG, World Cup 2023: Afghanistan chase down 283 to register first-ever ODI win over Pakistan|work=[[India Today]]|date=23 October 2023|access-date=23 October 2023|archive-date=23 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023164558/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/pak-vs-afg-afghanistan-chase-down-283-to-register-first-ever-odi-win-vs-pakistan-2452813-2023-10-23|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 October 2023
| time = 14:00
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 270 (46.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saud Shakeel]] 52 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] 4/60 (10 overs)
| score2 = 271/9 (47.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 91 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Shaheen Afridi]] 3/45 (10 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 1 wicket
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1384417.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] (SA)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| round =
| rain =
| notes = [[Usama Mir]] (Pak) replaced [[Shadab Khan]] as [[Substitute (cricket)#Concussion substitute|a concussion substitute]] during the second innings of the match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-bring-in-concussion-sub-for-injured-shadab-khan-1405705 |title=Pakistan bring in Usama Mir named as concussion sub for Shadab Khan |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=27 October 2023}}</ref>
}}

=== Women's Cricket World Cup ===
==== 1997 Women's Cricket World Cup ====
{{Limited Overs Matches
| date = 26 December 1997
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZL}}
| score1 = 175/6 (50 overs)
| score2 = 155 (47.5 overs)
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| runs1 = [[Debbie Hockley]] 43 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Karen Smithies]] 3/40 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Janette Brittin]] 32 (88)
| wickets2 = [[Clare Nicholson]] 2/29 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 20 runs
| report = [http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66988.html Scorecard]
| umpires = N Muralidaran and P Venkatesan
| motm = [[Debbie Hockley]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand women won the toss and elected to bat
| rain =
}}

=== Men's T20 World Cup ===
==== 2026 Men's T20 World Cup ====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round =
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|08}}
| time = 11:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 182/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gulbadin Naib]] 63 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 2/40 (4 overs)
| score2 = 183/5 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tim Seifert]] 65 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] 2/31 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512722.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Tim Seifert]] (NZ)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Gulbadin Naib]] (Afg) scored his 1,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulbadin Naib achieves major landmark during T20 World Cup clash against New Zealand |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/53170-gulbadin-naib-achieves-major-landmark-during-t20-world-cup-clash-against-new-zealand |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=[[Geo Super]] }}</ref>
* [[Tim Seifert]] (NZ) scored his 2,000th run in T20Is.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 February 2026 |title=T20 World Cup: Tim Seifert becomes fifth New Zealand batter to reach 2,000 T20I runs |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/t20-world-cup-tim-seifert-becomes-fifth-new-zealand-batter-to-reach-2000-t20i-runs/articleshow/128068996.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 February 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
* This was New Zealand's highest run chase in the T20 World Cup.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/new-zealand-beat-afghanistan-t20-world-cup-highest-chase-spin-test-2864978-2026-02-08 |title=New Zealand pass Afghanistan spin test in Chennai to lay down early marker |work=[[India Today]] |date=8 February 2026| access-date=8 February 2026}}</ref>
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| round =
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|10}}
| daynight = y
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 173/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Muhammad Waseem (cricketer)|Muhammad Waseem]] 66[[not out|*]] (45)
| wickets1 = [[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]] 2/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 175/0 (15.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Tim Seifert]] 89[[not out|*]] (42)
| result = New Zealand won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512729.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Roland Black]] (Ire)
| motm = [[Tim Seifert]] (NZ)
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = This was the UAE's highest innings total in the T20 World Cup (173).<ref name="ESPN">{{cite news |last=Muthu |first=Alagappan |date=10 February 2026 |title=Seifert, Allen fifties help New Zealand gallop to record-breaking win against UAE |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/new-zealand-vs-united-arab-emirates-11th-match-group-d-1512729/match-report |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
*[[Tim Seifert]] and [[Finn Allen]] (NZ) both hit their 100th six in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bandarupalli |first=Sampath |date=10 February 2026 |title=Stats – Allen the fastest to 5000 T20 runs |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-tim-seifert-and-finn-allen-s-smash-records-from-the-top-1523308 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref>
*[[Tim Seifert]] and [[Finn Allen]]'s 175-run partnership was the [[Men's T20 World Cup records#Highest partnerships (any wicket)|highest partnership ever in the T20 World Cup]].<ref name="ESPN"/>
* This was New Zealand's [[List of New Zealand Twenty20 International cricket records#Greatest win margins (by wickets)|fourth 10-wicket win in T20Is]] and the [[Men's T20 World Cup records#Greatest win margin (by wickets)|seventh overall in T20 World Cups]].<ref>{{cite web |date=10 February 2026 |title=New Zealand openers smash T20 World Cup record in 10-wicket rout of UAE |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/new-zealand-openers-smash-t20-world-cup-record-10-wicket-rout-uae-2026-02-10/ |work=[[Reuters]] |access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref>
}}
----{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|13}}
| night = y
| time = 19:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 196/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saiteja Mukkamalla]] 79 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Bas de Leede]] 3/37 (4 overs)
| score2 = 103 (15.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bas de Leede]] 23 (17)
| wickets2 = [[Harmeet Singh (USA cricketer)|Harmeet Singh Baddhan]] 4/21 (4 overs)
| result = United States won by 93 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512739.html Scorecard]
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Harmeet Singh (USA cricketer)|Harmeet Singh Baddhan]] (USA)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = This was the largest winning margin in a T20 World Cup match by an [[List of International Cricket Council members|associate member]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Debayan |date=14 February 2026 |title=USA Break Nepal's Associate Record with Dominant 93-Run Triumph In T20 World Cup 2026 |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/usa-break-nepals-associate-record-with-dominant-93-run-triumph-in-t20-world-cup-2026-413523.html |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=Mykhel }}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|15}}
| daynight = y
| time = 15:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 199/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sanjay Krishnamurthi]] 68[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Willem Myburgh]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 168/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Louren Steenkamp]] 58 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Shadley van Schalkwyk]] 2/30 (4 overs)
| result = United States won by 31 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512744.html Scorecard]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Sanjay Krishnamurthi]] (USA)
| toss = United States won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Monank Patel]] (USA) became the first player for the United States to score 1000 runs in T20Is.<ref>{{cite news |date=15 February 2026 |title=T20 WC: Monank, Sanjay hit fifties as USA post 199/4 against Namibia |work=Australia Indian News |url=https://indianews.com.au/t20-wc-monank-sanjay-hit-fifties-as-usa-post-199-4-against-namibia/ |access-date=15 February 2026 |language=en-AU}}</ref>
* [[Zane Green]] (Nam) became the first player to be [[retired out]] in the 2026 tournament and second overall in the T20 World Cup history.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-namibia-s-zane-green-becomes-first-batter-to-be-retired-out-in-2026-t20-world-cup-1524333 |title=Namibia's Green becomes first batter to be retired out in 2026 T20 WC |date=15 February 2026 |access-date=16 February 2026 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=16 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260216065638/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-namibia-s-zane-green-becomes-first-batter-to-be-retired-out-in-2026-t20-world-cup-1524333 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round =
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|17}}
| time = 11:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|CAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 173/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Yuvraj Samra]] 110 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Jacob Duffy]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/2 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] 76[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets2 = [[Saad Bin Zafar]] 1/29 (3 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512749.html Scorecard]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Sharfuddoula]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] (NZ)
| toss = Canada won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = This was the first time Canada and New Zealand faced each other in T20Is.<ref>{{cite news |title=New Zealand and Canada will face each other for the first time in T20Is in Chennai on Monday |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/icc-t20-world-cup/t20-world-cup-2026-nz-vs-can-pitch-report-and-ma-chidambaram-stadium-stats-126021600720_1.html |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
* [[Yuvraj Samra]] and [[Dilpreet Bajwa]]'s 116-run partnership is the highest for any wicket for Canada in the T20 World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Centuries in T20 World Cup 2026: Pathum Nissanka, Yuvraj Samra Make Headlines |url=https://www.latestly.com/sports/cricket/list-of-centuries-in-t20-world-cup-2026-7317440.html |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=Latestly }}</ref>
* [[Yuvraj Samra]] became the youngest player to score a century in the history of the [[Men's T20 World Cup]] and the first player from an associate nation to score a century in a T20 World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuvraj Samra becomes first player from Associate nation to score a T20 World Cup hundred, reaches three figures vs New Zealand |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/yuvraj-samra-associate-first-century-vs-new-zealand/article70641893.ece |date=17 February 2026 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Canada’s 19-year-old Yuvraj makes history with 58-ball T20 World Cup century vs New Zealand |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/yuvraj-samra-century-canada-new-zealand-t20-world-cup-youngest-10536205 |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samra becomes second centurion of T20 World Cup 2026, leads Canada's to 173-4 |url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Cricket/935882-samra-becomes-second-centurion-of-t20-world-cup-2026-leads-canadas |access-date=17 February 2026 |work=[[Dunya News]]}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|19}}
| night = y
| time = 19:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|CAN}}
| score1 = 200/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] 95[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets1 = Jaskaran Singh 3/52 (4 overs)
| score2 = 118/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harsh Thaker]] 30 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 4/7 (4 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 82 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512757.html Scorecard]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Gazi Sohel]] (Ban)
| motm = [[Ibrahim Zadran]] (Afg)
| toss = Canada won the toss and elected to field.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| round =
| date = {{Start date|df=y|2026|02|26}}
| night = y
| time = 19:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 256/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma]] 55 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 1/29 (3 overs)
| score2 = 184/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brian Bennett (cricketer)|Brian Bennett]] 97[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 72 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1512766.html Scorecard]
| attendance =
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| notes = [[Suryakumar Yadav]] (Ind) completed 4,000 international runs during the match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/india-vs-zimbabwe-super-8-t20-match-live-cricket-updates-online-from-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chennai-1031807|title=IND vs ZIM Live cricket score: Hardik Pandya key, India four down in Chennai|work=[[India TV]]|date=26 February 2026|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
* India recorded its highest total and the second highest total ever in T20 World Cups.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 February 2026 |access-date=26 February 2026 |title=IND vs ZIM: India records its highest score in T20 World Cups, second best total in tournament history |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-highest-total-t20-world-cup-record-ind-vs-zim-stats/article70680591.ece |work=[[Sportstar]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/trophy/team-highest-innings-totals/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-89|title=Highest totals For ICC Men's T20 World Cup |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
* India recorded the highest T20I total at the M.A. Chidambaram Stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/ind-ma-chidambaram-stadium-chepauk-chennai-291/twenty20-internationals-3|title=Highest totals in T20Is at IND: MA Chidambaram Stadium, Chepauk, Chennai|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]|access-date=26 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

== See also ==
*[[List of international cricket grounds in India]]
*[[List of stadiums in India]]
*[[List of cricket grounds by capacity]]

{{Portal bar|India|Sports|Cricket}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.cricschedule.com/venue/chennai.php Upcoming Matches at Chennai]
*[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58008.html M. A. Chidambaram Stadium at ESPNcricinfo]

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Indian Premier League}}
{{Chennai Super Kings}}

[[Category:Test cricket grounds in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Chennai]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cricket in Chennai]]
[[Category:1916 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1916]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Tibetic languages

2026-03-25T01:17:42Z

Collegevidya: minor refine citations and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Subfamily of the Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Infobox language family
| name = Tibetan
| altname = Tibetic Central Bodish
| ethnicity = [[Tibetan people]] and other Tibetic-speaking peoples
| region = China ([[Tibet Autonomous Region]], [[Qinghai]], [[Sichuan]], [[Gansu]], [[Yunnan]]); India ([[Ladakh]], [[Sikkim]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Assam]]); Pakistan ([[Gilgit-Baltistan]]); [[Nepal]]; [[Bhutan]]; [[Myanmar]] ([[Kachin State]])
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages|Tibeto-Kanauri]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Bodish languages|Bodish]]
| ancestor = [[Old Tibetan]]
| ancestor2 = [[Classical Tibetan]]
| child1 = [[Central Tibetan language|Central Tibetan]]
| child2 = [[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]]
| child3 = [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]]
| child4 = [[Dzongkha]]–Lhokä
| child5 = [[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi–Balti]]
| child6 = [[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Lahuli–Spiti]]
| child7 = [[Kyirong–Kagate languages|Kyirong–Kagate]]
| child8 = [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]
| child9 = [[Jirel language|Jirel]]
| glotto = oldm1245
| glottorefname = Early Old Tibetan
| map = Tibet provinces.png
| mapcaption = Division of Tibetic Cultural Areas
| speakers = 6 million
| date = 2014
| ref = <ref name=speakers/>
}}

The '''Tibetan languages''' or '''Tibetic languages''' are a branch of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] in the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] [[language family]].<ref name= "Tournadre2014">Tournadre, Nicolas. 2014. "The Tibetic languages and their classification." In ''Trans-Himalayan linguistics, historical and descriptive linguistics of the Himalayan area''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</ref> Descending from [[Old Tibetan]], there are 50 recognized Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight [[Dialect continuum|dialect continua]].<ref name= "Tournadre2014" /> These Tibetic languages are spoken in parts of [[China]], [[Pakistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]] and [[Myanmar]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023}} [[Classical Tibetan]] is the major literary language, particularly for its use in [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] scriptures and literature.

Tibetan languages are spoken by some 6 million people, not all of whom are [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]].<ref name=speakers>{{cite book |given= Nicolas |surname= Tournadre |chapter= The Tibetic languages and their classification |pages= 103–129 |title= Trans-Himalayan Linguistics: Historical and Descriptive Linguistics of the Himalayan Area |editor1-given=Thomas |editor1-surname=Owen-Smith |editor2-given=Nathan W. |editor2-surname=Hill |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2014 |isbn= 978-3-11-031074-0 }} ([http://www.nicolas-tournadre.net/wp-content/uploads/multimedia/2014-The_Tibetic_languages.pdf preprint])</ref> With the worldwide spread of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], the Tibetan language has also spread into the western world and can be found in many [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist publications]] and prayer materials, while western students also learn the language for the translation of Tibetan texts. Outside of [[Lhasa]] itself, [[Lhasa Tibetan]] is spoken by approximately 200,000 exiled Tibetans who have moved from Tibet to [[India]], [[Nepal]] and other countries. Tibetan is also spoken by groups of ethnic minorities in [[Tibet]] who have lived in close proximity to Tibetans for centuries, but nevertheless retain their own languages and cultures.

Although the [[Qiang people]]s of [[Kham]] are classified by [[China]] as ethnic [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], the [[Qiangic languages]] are not Tibetan, but rather form their own branch of the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language family]].

[[Classical Tibetan]] was not a [[tone (linguistics)|tonal language]], but many varieties such as [[Central Tibetan|Central]] and [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]] Tibetan have [[Tonogenesis|developed]] tone registers. [[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]] and [[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi-Balti]] are without tone. Tibetan [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] can generally be described as [[agglutination|agglutinative]].

==Terminology==
Although the term "Tibetic" had been applied in various ways within the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] research tradition, [[Nicolas Tournadre]] defined it as a phylum derived from [[Old Tibetan]].<ref name= "Tournadre2014"/> Following Nishi (1987){{sfn|Nishi|1987|p=849}} and Beyer (1992),{{sfn|Beyer|1992|p=7}} he identified several lexical innovations that can be used as a diagnosis to distinguish Tibetic from the other languages of the family, such as {{bo-textonly|བདུན}} {{transliteration|bo|bdun}} "seven".<ref name= "Tournadre2014"/>{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=654}}

The "Tibetic languages" in this sense are a substitute for the term "Tibetan languages/dialects" used in the previous literature; the distinction between "language" and "dialect" is not straightforward, and labeling varieties of Tibetic as "Tibetan dialects" could be misleading not only because those "dialects" are often [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually-unintelligible]], but also the speakers of Tibetic do not necessarily consider themselves as ethnic [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]], as is the case with [[Sherpa people|Sherpas]], [[Ladakhis]], [[Balti people|Baltis]], [[Lahaula]]s, [[Sikkimese people|Sikkimese]] and [[Ethnic groups in Bhutan|Bhutanese]].<ref name= "Tournadre2014"/>{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=66}}

==Origins==
Marius Zemp (2018)<ref>Zemp, Marius. 2018. [http://hdl.handle.net/2433/235316 On the origins of Tibetan]. ''Proceedings of the 51st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics (2018)''. Kyoto: Kyoto University.</ref> hypothesizes that Tibetan originated as a [[pidgin]] with the [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish]] language [[Zhangzhung language|Zhangzhung]] as its [[superstratum]], and [[Rgyalrongic languages|Rgyalrongic]] as its [[Substrata (linguistics)|substratum]] (both languages are part of the broader [[Sino-Tibetan]] family). However, there are many grammatical differences between the Rgyalrongic and Tibetic languages; Rgyalrongic tend to use prefixes such as *kə-, *tə-, etc., while Tibetic languages use suffixes such as -pa/-ba, -ma, -po/-bo, -mo, etc.{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=660}}

Similarly, [[Tamangic languages|Tamangic]] also has a West Himalayish superstratum, but its substratum is derived from a different [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] branch.

Only a few language clusters in the world are derived from a common language which is identical to or closely related to an old literary language. This small group includes the Tibetic languages, as descendants from [[Old Tibetan]] (7th–9th centuries), but also the [[Romance languages]] with [[Latin]], the [[Arabic languages]] (or "dialects") with [[Classical Arabic]], the [[Sinitic languages]] with [[Old Chinese]], the modern [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indic languages]] with [[Vedic Sanskrit]].<ref name="Tournadre2014"/>

==Classification==

[[File:"TIBETO-BURMAN" GROUPS 1967 map with group key, "COMMUNIST CHINA ETHNOLINGUISTIC GROUPS" by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Intelligence, Office of Basic Geographic Intelligence, 1967 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Ethnolinguistic map of Tibet]]

The more divergent languages are spoken in the north and east, likely due to [[language contact]] with the [[Qiangic languages|Qiangic]], [[Rgyalrongic languages]]. The divergence exhibited in [[Khalong Tibetan language|Khalong]] may also be due to [[language shift]]. In addition, there is [[Baima language|Baima]], which retains an apparent Qiangic [[Stratum (linguistics)|substratum]], and has multiple layers of [[Loanword|borrowing]] from [[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]], [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]], and [[Zhongu Tibetan language|Zhongu]], but does not correspond to any established branch of Tibetic.<ref>Katia Chirkova, 2008, "On the position of Báimǎ within Tibetan", in Lubotsky et al. (eds), ''Evidence and Counter-Evidence'', vol. 2.</ref>

The two major Tibetic languages used for broadcasting within China are [[Standard Tibetan]] and [[Amdo Tibetan]].

===Tournadre & Suzuki (2023)===
[[Nicolas Tournadre|Tournadre]] & Suzuki (2023) recognize 8 geographical ''sections'', each with about 7-14 ''groups'' of Tibetic dialects.{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023}} This classification is a revision of Tournadre (2014).<ref name="Tournadre2014"/>

{{tree list}}
*'''Tibetic'''
**'''[[Khams Tibetan|South-eastern]]''' section (14 groups):
***[[Nagqu|Nagchu]] (traditionally called Hor dialects)
***Drachen/Bachen
***Kyegu
***Pämbar
***Khyungpo
***Rongdrak
***Minyak Rabgang
***Northern route（[[Chamdo]]） (Chab-mdo), （[[Dêgê County|Derge]]） (sde-dge), （[[Garzê County|Kandze]]） (dkar-mdzes)
***Southern route ([[Barkam|Markham]], [[Batang County|Bathang]], [[Litang County|Lithang]])
***[[Zayü County|Dzayül]]
***Derong-nJol
***Chagthreng
***Pomborgang
***Semkyi Nyida
**'''Eastern''' section (11 groups):
***[[Choni language|Čone]]
***[[Thewo language|Thewo-tö]]
***[[Thewo language|Thewo-mä]]
***[[Drugchu language|Drugchu]]
***Pälkyi/Pashi
***Khöpokhok
***Sharkhok
***Thromjekhok
***[[Zhongu Tibetan language|Zhongu]]
***Throchu
***[[Baima language|Baima]]
**'''[[Amdo Tibetan|North-eastern]]''' section (14 groups):
***Tsho Ngönpo (or Kokonor)
***Tsongkha
***Labrang-Rebgong
***Rwanak (Banak) pastoralist group
***[[Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture|Ngawa]]
***Arik
***Hwari (Pari)
***Mewa pastoralists’ group (with settlements in Kham)
***Washül pastoralists’group (with migrations into Kham)
***Gorkä (divergent)
***[[Gyalrongic languages|Gyälrongo]]-spheric Amdo (divergent)
***Dungnak and rTarmnyik (near [[Western Yugur language|Western Yughur]] in [[Gansu]]) (divergent)
**'''[[Central Tibetan|Central]]''' section (8 groups):
***Ü
***Tsang
***Phänpo
***Tö pastoralists’ dialects (Drogpä Tö-kä)
***Eastern Tö cultivators’ dialects (Sharchok Rongpä Tö-kä)
***Western Tö cultivators’ dialects (Nubchok Rongpä Tö-kä)
***[[Kongpo]]
***Lhokha
**'''Southern''' section (7 groups):
***[[Dzongkha]]
***Lhoke
***Choča-ngača (also called Tsamang-Tsakhaling)
***[[Brokpa language|Brokpa]] (Mera Sakteng pastoralists’ dialect)
***Dur pastoralists’ dialect
***[[Lakha language|Lakha]] or Säphuk pastoralists’ dialect
***[[Chumbi Valley|Dromo]]
**'''South-western''' section (9 groups):
***[[Humla language|Humla]] (or Limirong)
***Karmarong (Mugu)
***[[Dolpo language|Dölpo]] and [[Tichurong language|Tichyurong]]
***Lo-Mönthang (often called Lokä/[[Mustang District|Mustang]])
***[[Kyirong language|Kyirong]]-[[Yolmo language|Yolmo]]
***[[Jirel language|Jirel]]
***[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]]
***[[Lhomi]]
***[[Walung people|Gola]]
**'''Western''' section (8 groups):
***[[Lahuli–Spiti language|Spiti]]
***Khunu-Töt
***[[Stod Bhoti|Garzha]]
***Pangi
***Paldar
***Durbuk Jangpa dialect
***Nyoma Jangpa dialect
***Jadang (or Dzathang) dialect
**'''North-western''' section (7 groups):
***[[Balti language|Balti]]
***[[Purgi language|Purik]]
***[[Nubra]]
***Sham
***[[Leh]] (Central Ladakh)
***Zanhar
***Kharu
{{tree list/end}}

===Tournadre (2014)===
[[Nicolas Tournadre|Tournadre]] (2014)<ref name="Tournadre2014"/> classifies the Tibetic languages as eight [[Dialect continuum|geolinguistic continua]], consisting of 50 languages and over 200 dialects. This is an updated version of his work in 2008.<ref name="2008Tournadre">{{cite book|first=Nicolas|last=Tournadre|date=2008|chapter=Arguments against the Concept of 'Conjunct'/'Disjunct' in Tibetan|title=Chomolangma, Demawend und Kasbek: Festschrift für Roland Bielmeier zu Seinem 65. Geburtstag, Vol. 1 |editor=B. Huber |editor2=M. Volkart |editor3=P. Widmer |editor4=P. Schwieger|chapter-url=http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2008-Conjunct.pdf|pages=282–283|location=Halle|publisher=International Institute for Tibetan and Buddhist Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720224934/http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2008-Conjunct.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> The Eastern and Southeastern branches have lower internal [[mutual intelligibility]], but it is more limited in the Northwestern branch and between certain southern and northern [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]] dialects. These continua are spread across five countries with one exception, this being Sangdam, a [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]] dialect in [[Kachin State|Kachin]], [[Myanmar]].

{{tree list}}
*'''Tibetic'''
**'''North-Western''': [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Zangskari language|Zangskari]], [[Balti language|Balti]], [[Purki language|Purki]]
**'''Western''': [[Lahuli–Spiti language|Spiti]], [[Stod Bhoti|Garzha]], [[Khunu]], [[Jad language|Jad]]
**'''Central''': [[Central Tibetan language|Dbus]], [[Tsang language|Tsang]], [[Phenpo]], [[Lhokha]], [[Tö language|Tö]], [[Kongpo language|Kongpo]] (in （Kongpo） with [[Basum language|Basum]])
**'''South-Western''': [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Jirel language|Jirel]]; other languages/dialects along the Sino-Nepalese border: [[Humla language|Humla]], [[Mugom dialect|Mugu]], [[Dolpo language|Dolpo]], [[Loke language|Lo-ke]], [[Nubri language|Nubri]], [[Tsum language|Tsum]], [[Langtang language|Langtang]], [[Kyirong language|Kyirong]], [[Yolmo language|Yolmo]], [[Gyalsumdo language|Gyalsumdo]], [[Kagate language|Kagate]], [[Lhomi]], [[Walung people|Walungge]], [[Walung people|Tokpe Gola]].
**'''Southern''': [[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Drengjong]], [[Chochangachakha language|Tsamang]], [[Groma language|Dhromo Lakha]], [[Brokkat language|Dur Brokkat]], [[Brokpa language|Mera Sakteng Brokpa-ke]]
**'''South-Eastern''': [[Khams Tibetan|Hor Nagchu]], [[Khams Tibetan|Hor Bachen]], [[Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture|Yushu]], Pembar, Rongdrak, Minyak, [[Zayü County|Dzayul]], Derong-Jol, Chaktreng, Muli-Dappa, Semkyi Nyida
***'Northern route' dialects: '[[Chamdo]] (Chab-mdo), [[Dêgê County|Derge]] (sde-dge), and [[Garzê County|Kandze]] (dkar-mdzes)
***'Southern route' dialects: [[Barkam|Markham]] (smar-khams), [[Batang County|Bathang]] ('ba'-thang), [[Litang County|Lithang]] (li-thang)
**'''Eastern''': [[Drugchu language|Drugchu]], [[Khöpokhok language|Khöpokhok]], [[Choni language|Thewo-Chone]], [[Baima language|Baima]], [[Sharkhok language|Sharkhok]], [[Palkyi language|Palkyi]] (or Pashi; four [[dialect]]s, including Chos-rje), and [[Zhongu Tibetan language|Zhongu]]
**'''North-Eastern'''
***[[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]]
***'''Gser-Rdo''':<ref name="Sun">Sun, Jackson T.-S. 2021. ''[https://www.academia.edu/47755528/Gser_Rdo_A_New_Tibetic_Language_Across_the_Rngaba_Dkarmdzes_Border Gser-Rdo: A New Tibetic Language Across the Rngaba-Dkarmdzes Border]''.</ref> [[Gserpa language|Gserpa]], [[Khalong language|Khalong]]
{{tree list/end}}

===Tournadre (2005, 2008)===
[[Nicolas Tournadre|Tournadre]] (2005)<ref>N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." ''Lalies'', 2005, n°25, p. 7–56 [http://tournadre.nicolas.free.fr/fichiers/2005-aire.pdf]</ref> classifies the Tibetic languages as follows.

{{tree list}}
*'''Tibetic'''
**'''[[Central Tibetan language|Central Tibetan]]'''
***The basis of [[Standard Tibetan]] that includes various Nepalese varieties
**'''[[Khams Tibetan|Khams]]'''
**'''[[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]]'''
**'''Dzongkha–Lhokä'''
***[[Dzongkha]], [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], [[Lakha language|Lakha]], [[Naapa language|Naapa]], [[Chocangaca language|Chocangaca]], [[Brokkat language|Brokkat]], [[Brokpa language|Brokpa]] and probably [[Groma language|Groma]]
**'''[[Ladakhi–Balti languages|Ladakhi–Balti]]'''
***[[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Burig]], [[Zangskari language|Zangskari]], [[Balti language|Balti]]
**'''[[Lahuli–Spiti languages|Lahuli–Spiti]]'''
**'''[[Kyirong–Kagate language|Kyirong–Kagate]]'''
**'''Sherpa–Jirel'''
***[[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Jirel language|Jirel]]
{{tree list/end}}

The other languages ([[Choni language|Thewo-Chone]], [[Zhongu language|Zhongu]], [[Khalong language|Khalong]], [[Dongwang language|Dongwang]], [[Gserpa language|Gserpa]], [[Zitsadegu language|Zitsadegu]], [[Drugchu language|Drugchu]], [[Baima language|Baima]]) are not [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]], but are not known well enough to classify. [[mDungnag language|mDungnag]], a Tibetan language spoken in [[Gansu]], is also divergent and is not mutually intelligible with either [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]] or [[Amdo Tibetan|Amdo]].<ref name="Shao2018">Shao, Mingyuan 邵明园 (2018). ''Hexi Zoulang binwei Zangyu Dongnahua yanjiu'' 河西走廊濒危藏语东纳话研究 [Study on the mDungnag dialect, an endangered Tibetan language in Hexi Corridor]. Guangzhou: Zhongshan University Publishing House 中山大学出版社.</ref>

Tournadre (2013) adds [[Tseku language|Tseku]] and [[Khampa Tibetan|Khamba]] to [[Khams Tibetan|Khams]], and groups [[Choni language|Thewo-Chone]], [[Zhongu language|Zhongu]], and [[Baima language|Baima]] as an Eastern branch of Tibetic.

===Bradley (1997)===
According to Bradley,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070623162537/http://www.isw2.unibe.ch/tibet/Dialects.htm Bradley (1997)]</ref> the languages cluster as follows (dialect information from the ''Tibetan Dialects Project'' at the University of Bern):

{{tree list}}
*'''Tibetic'''
**'''Western Archaic Tibetan''' (non-tonal), including [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Balti language|Balti]] and [[Burig]]
**'''[[Amdo Tibetan]]''' (including [[Choni language|Thewo-Chone]]) (non-tonal)
**'''[[Khams Tibetan]]''' (tonal)
**'''[[Lahuli–Spiti language|Western Innovative Tibetan]]''' (Lahuli–Spiti) (slightly tonal)
***Dialects of Upper [[Ladakh]] and [[Zanskar]], of the Northwest Indian Border Area ([[Lahaul and Spiti district]] and [[Uttarakhand]]), and of [[Zanda County]] (westernmost Tibet)
**'''[[Central Tibetan language|Central Tibetan]]''' (slightly tonal)
***Most dialects of [[Ngari Prefecture]] in western Tibet, of the northern Nepalese border area in Nepal, [[Ü-Tsang|Tsang]] dialects of [[Shigatse Prefecture]], and [[Ü (region)|Ü]] dialects ([[Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture|Lhokha]], [[Lhasa]], etc.). The basis of [[Standard Tibetan]].
**'''Northern Tibetan''' (slightly tonal)
***Dialects of [[Gêrzê County|Gêrzê]], of [[Nagqu Prefecture]] in north-central Tibet, and of [[Nangqên County]] in South [[Qinghai]] (Considered dialects of Khams by Tournadre)
**'''Southern Tibetan''' (slightly tonal)
***[[Groma language]] of [[Chumbi Valley]] in southern Tsang, [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] in India, [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] and [[Jirel language|Jirel]] in Nepal, and various languages of [[Bhutan]]: [[Dzongkha]], [[Brokkat language|Brokkat]], [[Brokpa language|Brokpa]], [[Chocangaca language|Chocangaca]], [[Lakha language|Lakha]], [[Laya dialect]], [[Lunana dialect]].
{{tree list/end}}

;Other
Some classifications group Khams and Amdo together as Eastern Tibetan (not to be confused with [[East Bodish languages|East Bodish]], whose speakers are not ethnically Tibetan). Some, like Tournadre, break up Central Tibetan. Phrases such as 'Central Tibetan' and 'Central Bodish' may or may not be synonymous: Southern (Central) Tibetan can be found as Southern Bodish, for example; 'Central Tibetan' may mean dBus or all tonal lects apart from Khams; 'Western Bodish' may be used for the non-tonal western lects while 'Western Tibetan' is used for the tonal lects, or 'Bodish' may even be used for other branches of the [[Tibeto-Kanauri languages]].<ref name="z870">{{cite book | last=Minahan | first=J.B. | title=Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | series=Ethnic Groups of the World | year=2014 | isbn=978-1-61069-018-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YhXHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 | access-date=2024-05-12 | page=188}}</ref>

=== Lexical similarity ===
Amdo Tibetan has 70% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan and Khams Tibetan, while Khams Tibetan has 80% lexical similarity with Central Tibetan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=China |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909075938/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/CN/languages |archive-date=2016-09-09 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Nineteenth Edition}}</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
The Tibetic-speaking area spans six countries: [[China]] (PRC), [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]].<ref name= "Tournadre2014" />{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=49}} Tibetan is also spoken in [[Tibetan diaspora|diaspora communities]] in [[Europe]], [[North America]] (e.g. [[Little Tibet, Toronto]]), [[Asia]] and [[Australia]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=78}}

=== China ===
Within [[China]], the great majority of Tibetic speakers are [[List of ethnic groups in China|officially classified]] into the [[Tibetan people|Tibetan ethnicity]] which however includes speakers of other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Trans-Himalayan]] languages such as [[Gyalrongic languages|Rgyalrongnic]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=62}} Aside from [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], there are several [[autonomous prefecture]]s for the ethnicities in [[Sichuan]], [[Qinghai]], [[Gansu]], and [[Yunnan]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|pp=81-83}}

=== Nepal ===
[[Lhasa Tibetan]], or more technically, Standard Tibetan (natively called {{bo-textonly|སྤྱི་སྐད}} {{transliteration|bo|spyi skad}}) is used among post-1950s Tibetan emigrants to [[Nepal]].<ref name= "Tournadre2014" /> Other Tibetic varieties such as [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], [[Jirel language|Jirel]] and [[Yolmo language|Yolmo]] are spoken in [[List of districts of Nepal|districts]] along the [[China-Nepal border]].{{sfn|Denwood|1999|p=34}}{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=54}}

=== Bhutan ===
The [[national language]] of [[Bhutan]] is [[Dzongkha language|Dzongkha]], a Tibetic language originally spoken in the western region.{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=54}} Although non-Tibetic languages ([[Tshangla language|Tshangla]], [[East Bodish languages|East Bodish]]) are dominant in many parts of the country, Dzongkha is also widely used there as a second-language.{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=54}} Other Tibetic varieties of Bhutan include Choča-ngača, [[Brokpa language|Brokpa]] and [[Lakha language|Lakha]].{{sfn|Denwood|1999|p=36}}

=== Pakistan ===
Within areas administrated by [[Pakistan]], [[Balti language|Balti]] is spoken in [[Gilgit-Baltistan]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=54}}

=== India ===
Within areas administrated by [[India]], some Tibetic varieties are spoken in [[Ladakh]], [[Sikkim]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] ([[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]], [[Lahaul and Spiti district|Lahul and Spiti]]), [[West Bengal]] ([[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] and [[Kalimpong]]), as well as [[Uttarakhand]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=54}}{{sfn|Denwood|1999|pp=33-34}} As with [[Bhutan]] and [[Nepal]], there reside a number of [[Tibetan diaspora|Tibetan refugees]] across the country, notably in [[Dharamshala]] where the headquarters of the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] is located.{{sfn|Izzard|2015}}

=== Myanmar ===
In [[Myanmar]], a variant of [[Khams Tibetan]] is spoken near the [[Hkakabo Razi]], [[Kachin State]] which is adjacent to [[Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture]], [[Yunnan]] and [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].{{sfn|Tournadre|Suzuki|2023|p=50}} Suzuki (2012) describes the phonology of the Sangdam dialect, as well as giving a brief overview of Tibetic varieties in the country.

He estimates there are about 300 Khams Tibetan speakers inhabiting at least four villages in Dazundam Village Tract, Pannandin Sub-township, [[Nogmung Township|Nogmong Township]], [[Putao District]], Kachin State.{{sfn|Suzuki|2012|p=38}} The four villages he mentions are [[Tahaundam]], "Shidudan" {{Nihongo||シドゥダン||lead=yes}}, Sandam, Madin, the second of which he provides no romanization because the placename is uncharted on the map available to him.{{sfn|Suzuki|2012|p=38}} According to Suzuki's [[Informant (linguistics)|consultant]], they migrated from [[Zayu County]], Tibet more than a century ago although they still have contact with relatives living there, and there are few differences between the dialects of the four villages .{{sfn|Suzuki|2012|p=39}}

Since [[Nung Rawang|Rawang people]] are the [[ethnic majority]] of the area, the Tibetans also have a command of [[Rawang language|Rawang]], which is mainly used for interethnic communication; those with primary education can speak and write [[Burmese language|Burmese]] as well, while they are illiterate in their own language.{{sfn|Suzuki|2012|p=39}}

{{see also|Tibetans in Burma}}

== Writing systems ==
{{Main|Tibetan script|Tibetan braille}}

Most Tibetic languages are written in one of two [[Indic script]]s. [[Standard Tibetan]] and most other Tibetic languages are written in the [[Tibetan script]] with a historically conservative orthography (see below) that helps unify the Tibetan-language area. Some other Tibetan languages (in India and Nepal) are written in the related [[Devanagari]] script, which is also used to write [[Hindi]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and many other languages. However, some [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]] and [[Balti language|Balti]] speakers write with the [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu script]]; this occurs almost exclusively in [[Pakistan]]. The Tibetan script fell out of use in Pakistani [[Baltistan]] hundreds of years ago upon the region's adoption of [[Islam]]. However, increased concern among [[Balti people]] for the preservation of their [[Balti language|language]] and traditions, especially in the face of strong [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] cultural influence throughout Pakistan, has fostered renewed interest in reviving the Tibetan script and using it alongside the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]. Many shops in Baltistan's capital [[Skardu]] in Pakistan's "Northern Areas" region have begun supplementing signs written in the Perso-Arabic script with signs written in the Tibetan script. Baltis see this initiative not as separatist but rather as part of an attempt to preserve the cultural aspects of their region which has shared a close history with neighbours like [[Kashmiris]] and Punjabis since the arrival of Islam in the region many centuries ago.

== Historical phonology ==
{{main|Sound correspondences between Tibetic languages}}

[[Old Tibetan]] phonology is rather accurately rendered by the script. The finals were pronounced devoiced although they are written as voiced, the prefix letters assimilated their voicing to the root letters. The graphic combinations ''hr'' and ''lh'' represent voiceless and not necessarily aspirate correspondences to ''r'' and ''l'' respectively. The letter ' was pronounced as a voiced guttural fricative before vowels but as homorganic prenasalization before consonants. Whether the gigu ''verso'' had phonetic meaning or not remains controversial.

For instance, ''Srongbtsan Sgampo'' would have been pronounced {{IPA|[sroŋpʦan zɡampo]}} (now pronounced {{IPA|[sɔ́ŋʦɛ̃ ɡʌ̀mpo]}} in Lhasa Tibetan) and '''babs'' would have been pronounced {{IPA|[mbaps]}} (pronounced {{IPA|[bapˤ]}}{{Dubious|date=February 2009}} in Lhasa Tibetan).

Already in the 9th century the process of cluster simplification, [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|devoicing]] and [[Tone (linguistics)|tonogenesis]] had begun in the central dialects, as can be shown by Tibetan words transliterated into other languages, particularly [[Middle Chinese]] but also [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]].

The combination of the abovementioned evidence enables us to form the following outline of the evolution of Tibetan. In the 9th century, as shown by the bilingual Tibetan–[[Chinese language|Chinese]] treaty of 821–822 found in front of [[Lhasa]]'s [[Jokhang]], the complex initial clusters had already been reduced, and the process of tonogenesis was likely well underway.

The next change took place in Tsang (Gtsang) dialects: The ''ra''-tags were altered into [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]] consonants, and the ''ya''-tags became palatals.

Later on the superscribed letters and finals ''d'' and ''s'' disappeared, except in the east and west. It was at this stage that the language spread in Lahul and Spiti, where the superscribed letters were silent, the ''d'' and ''g'' finals were hardly heard, and ''as'', ''os'', ''us'' were pronounced ''ai'', ''oi'', ''ui''. The words introduced from Tibet into the border languages at that time differ greatly from those borrowed at an earlier period.

Other changes are more recent and restricted to Ü and Tsang. In Ü, the vowel sounds ''a'', ''o'', ''u'' have now mostly [[Umlaut (diacritic)|umlauted]] to ''ä'', ''ö'', ''ü'' when followed by the coronal sounds ''i'', ''d'', ''s'', ''l'' and ''n''. The same holds for Tsang with the exception of ''l'', which merely lengthens the vowel. The medials have become [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirate]] tenues with a low intonation, which also marks words having a simple initial consonant; while the former aspirates and the complex initials simplified in speech are uttered with a high tone, shrill and rapidly.

==Reconstruction==
===Proto-Tibetic===
Proto-Tibetic, the hypothetical [[proto-language]] ancestral to the Tibetic languages, has been reconstructed by Tournadre (2014).<ref name="Tournadre2014"/> Proto-Tibetic is similar to, but not identical to, written [[Classical Tibetan|Classical Literary Tibetan]]. The following phonological features are characteristic of Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113).
*The prefixes <nowiki>*s(ǝ)-, *d(ǝ)-/g(ǝ)-, *m(ǝ)-, and *b(ǝ)-</nowiki>, which have been retained from [[Proto-Tibeto-Burman]]. *s(ǝ)- is primarily used with animals and body parts, as well as *d(ǝ)-/*g(ǝ)- and *m(ǝ)-/*r(ǝ)-.
*[[Palatalization (sound change)|Palatalization]] of [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[alveolar consonant]]s before ''y'' (/j/).
*Consonant change from [[lateral consonant|lateral]] to [[dental consonant|dental]] position after /m/ (e.g., *ml > *md).
*Distinctive aspirated initial stops. This phenomenon is attested by alternating aspirated and non-aspirated consonants in [[Old Tibetan]] orthography. Examples include gcig ~ gchig (གཅིག་ ~ གཆིག་) 'one'; phyin-chad ~ phyin-cad (ཕྱིན་ཆད་ ~ ཕྱིན་ཅད་) 'from now on'; ci ~ chi (ཅི་ ~ ཆི་) 'what'; and cu ~ chu (ཅུ་ ~ ཆུ་) 'water'.

Reconstructed Proto-Tibetic forms from Tournadre (2014) include:
{{refbegin|20em}}
* *g(ǝ)-tɕik 'one'
* *g(ǝ)-nyis 'two'
* *g(ǝ)-su- 'three'
* *b(ǝ)-ʑi 'four'
* *l(ǝ)-ŋa 'five'
* *d(ǝ)-ruk 'six'
* *b(ǝ)-dun 'seven'
* *b(ǝ)-rgyat 'eight'
* *d(ǝ)-gu 'nine'
* *b(ǝ)-tɕu 'ten'
* *s(ǝ)-dik-pa 'scorpion'
* *s(ǝ)-bal 'frog'
* *s(ǝ)-tak 'tiger'
* *s(ǝ)-b-rul 'snake'
* *s(ǝ)-pra 'monkey'
* *s(ǝ)-kra 'hair'
* *s(ǝ)-nyiŋ 'heart'
* *s(ǝ)-na 'nose'
* *d(ǝ)-myik 'eye'
* *m(ǝ)-go 'head'
* *r(ǝ)-na 'ear'
{{refend}}

===Pre-Tibetic===
Pre-Tibetic is a hypothetical pre-formation stage of Proto-Tibetic.<ref name="Tournadre2014"/>

<nowiki>*ty-, *ly-, *sy-</nowiki> were not palatalized in Pre-Tibetic, but underwent [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] in Proto-Tibetic (Tournadre 2014: 113-114).<ref name="Tournadre2014"/> Posited [[sound change]]s from Pre-Tibetic to Proto-Tibetic include *ty- > *tɕ-, *sy- > *ɕ-, *tsy- > *tɕ-, and *ly- > *ʑ-. However, Tournadre (2014: 114) notes that many [[Bodish languages]] such as [[Basum language|Basum]], [[Tamang language|Tamang]], and [[Kurtöp language|Kurtöp]] ([[East Bodish languages|East Bodish]]) have not undergone these changes (e.g., Bake ([[Basum language|Basum]]) ''ti'' 'what' vs. Proto-Tibetic *tɕ(h)i and Bake ''tɨ'' 'one' vs. Proto-Tibetic *g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik; Kurtöp ''Hla:'' 'iron' and [[Bumthang language|Bumthap]] ''lak'' 'iron' vs. Proto-Tibetic *ltɕaks).

Some Pre-Tibetic reconstructions, along with reconstructed Proto-Tibetic forms and orthographic Classical Literary Tibetan, from Tournadre (2014: 114-116) are listed below.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Gloss !! Pre-Tibetic !! Proto-Tibetic !! [[Classical Tibetan|Classical Literary Tibetan]]
|-
| one || *g(ǝ)-tyik || *g(ǝ)-tɕ(h)ik || gcig / gchig གཅིག་ / གཆིག ([[Old Tibetan]])
|-
| big || *tye || *tɕ(h)e || che ཆེ་ (Old Tibetan)
|-
| ten || *b(ǝ)-tyu || *b(ǝ)-tɕu || bcu / bchu བཅུ་ / བཆུ་ (Old Tibetan)
|-
| what || *tyi || *tɕ(h)i || ci / chi ཅི་ / ཆི་ (Old Tibetan)
|-
| flesh || *sya || *ɕa || sha ཤ་
|-
| know || *syes || *ɕes || shes ཤེས་
|-
| wood || *sying || *ɕiŋ || shing ཤིང་
|-
| to cut (past stem) || *b(ǝ)-tsyat || *b(ǝ)-tɕat || bcad བཅད་
|-
| spittle || *m(ǝ)-tsyil-ma || *m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)il-ma || mchil-ma མཆིལ་མ་
|-
| liver || *m(ǝ)-tsin-pa || *m(ǝ)-tɕ(h)in-pa || mchin-pa མཆིན་པ
|-
| four || *b(ǝ)-lyi || *b(ǝ)ʑi || bzhi བཞི་
|-
| field || *lying || *ʑiŋ || zhing ཞིང་
|-
| flea || *ldi || *ldʑi || lji ལྗི་, 'ji ་འཇི་
|-
| iron || *s(ǝ)-lak(s) > *l-sak(s) > *l-tsyak(s) || *ltɕaks || lcags ལྕགས་
|-
| arrow || || *mda || mda' མདའ་
|-
| to suppress || *bnans || *mnans || mnand (Old Tibetan)
|-
| to listen || *bnyan || *nyan || mnyand
|-
| eye || || *d(ǝ)myik || dmyig དམྱིག་ (Old Tibetan); mig
|-
| flower || || *mentok || men-tog མེན་ཏོག (Old Tibetan); ་me-tog
|}

== Comparison of numerals ==
The [[numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] in different Tibetan/Tibetic languages are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Sino-Tibetan.htm |title=Bodish Numerals (Eugene Chan). |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030131/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/numeral/Sino-Tibetan.htm |archive-date=2012-03-05}}</ref>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2| GLOSS
! colspan=7| Ü-Tsang (Middle)
! rowspan=2| Amdo
! rowspan=2| Khams
! rowspan=2| CLASSICAL TIBETAN
|-
! Lhasa !! Cheng Zhang !! Dolpo !! Jirel !! Mugom !! Sherpa !! Yohlmo
|-
| '1' || ʨiʔ53 || ʨi53 || ʂik || dokpoi || ʧɪk || ʦɪk55 || ʨīː || xʨɨx || ʨi55 || *xʨik ''gtšig''
|-
| '2' || ȵi55 || ȵi55 || ɲiː || ŋi || ŋi || ŋi55 || ɲìː || ɦȵi || ɲɯ53 || *gnis ''gnis''
|-
| '3' || sum55 || sɔ̃53 || sum || sum || sum || sum55 || sūm || sɘm || sũ53 || *xsum ''gsum''
|-
| '4' || ɕi13 || ɣɯ31 || ɕi̤ː || si || ɕi || ʣi55 || ʑì̤ || ɦʑɘ || ʐə33 || *βʑi ''bži''
|-
| '5' || ŋa53 || ɴɐ53 || ŋa || ŋa || ŋá || ŋɑ55 || ŋɑ̀ || ɦŋa || ŋɑ53 || *ɬŋɑ ''lŋa''
|-
| '6' || tʂʰuʔ13 || tʂu31 || ʈṳk || tʰuk || duk || ɖʊk11 || ʈṳ̀ː || tʂəx || tʂo33 || *dɽuk ''drug''
|-
| '7' || tỹ15 || dɛ̃24 || ty̤n || duin || dun || dɪn55 || t̪ì̤n || ɦdɘn || dĩ33 || *βdun ''bdun''
|-
| '8' || ɕɛʔ13 || dʑe31 || ce̤ʔ || get || ket || gæ55 || cē̤ː || ɦdʑʲɛ || ʑe33 || *βɽgjat ''brgyad''
|-
| '9' || ku13 || ɡɯ31 || kṳ || gu || gu || gu55 || kṳ̀ || ɦgɘ || gə33 || *dgu ''dgu''
|-
| '10' || ʨu53 || ʨɯ53 || tɕu || ʦutʰambaː || ʧú || ʦi55tʰɑm11ba11 || ʨʉ̄ || ʨɘ || ʨə55 || *ɸʨu ''btšu''
|}

For the Central or Eastern Tibetic languages:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
! rowspan=2| GLOSS
! colspan=2| Dzongkha-Lakha
! colspan=5| Balti-Ladakhi
! rowspan=2| Spiti bhoti
|-
! Dzongkha !! Sikkimese !! Balti !! Changthang !! Ladakhi !! Purik !! Zangskari
|-
| '1' || ʨí || ʧi || ʧik || ʧik || ʧik || ʧik || ʧiʔ || ʧík
|-
| '2' || ɲí || ni || ɲis || ɲis || ɲis || ɲis || ɲiː || ɲiː
|-
| '3' || súm || súm || xsum || sum || sum || sum || sum || súm
|-
| '4' || ʃi̤ || ʒe || βʒi || zi || zi || ʒi || ʒi || ʒì
|-
| '5' || ŋə || ŋa || ɣɑ || ŋa || ʂŋa || ʂŋə || ŋa || ŋá
|-
| '6' || dʑo || tʰu || truk || ɖruk || ʈuk || ʈuk || ʈuʔ || ʈùk
|-
| '7' || ty̤n || dĩ || βdun || dun || rdun || rdun || ðun || dùn
|-
| '8' || kæ̤ || gɛ || βgyʌt || gʲat || rgʲat || rgyət || ʝət || ɟèt
|-
| '9' || kṳ || go || rgu || gu || rgu || rgu || ɣu || gù
|-
| '10' || ʨu tʰam || ʧɔːmba || ɸʧu || ʧu || rʧu || rču || ʧu || ʧú
|}

== References ==
*{{cite book
| last = Beyer
| first = Stephan V.
| title = The Classical Tibetan Language
| publisher = SUNY Press
| year = 1992
| isbn = 0-7914-1099-4}}
*{{cite book |last=Denwood |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Denwood |title=Tibetan |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |year=1999 |isbn=90-272-3803-0}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Izzard |first=Jeff Robert |year=2015 |title=Language attitudes and identity in the Tibetan Dharamsala diaspora |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/22824/ |degree=Ph.D|publisher=SOAS University of London|access-date=2024-02-20}}
*{{cite journal
| last = Nishi
| first = Yoshiro
| author-link = Yoshio Nishi
| year = 1987
| title = Gendei Tibet-go hoogen no bunrui
| script-title=ja:現代チベット語方言の分類
| trans-title = A Classification of Tibetan Dialects
| journal = Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology
| volume = 11
| issue = 4
| pages = 837–900
| hdl = 10502/2932
}}
* {{citation
| surname1 = Sagart | given1 = Laurent | author1-link = Laurent Sagart
| surname2 = Jacques | given2 = Guillaume | author2-link = Guillaume Jacques
| surname3 = Lai | given3 = Yunfan
| surname4 = Ryder | given4 = Robin
| surname5 = Thouzeau | given5 = Valentin
| surname6 = Greenhill | given6 = Simon J.
| surname7 = List | given7 = Johann-Mattis
| title = Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan
| journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
| volume = 116 | issue = 21 | pages = 10317–10322 | year = 2019
| doi = 10.1073/pnas.1817972116 | doi-access = free | pmid = 31061123 | pmc = 6534992
| postscript = .
}}
*{{Citation
| last = Suzuki
| first = Hiroyuki
| title = Kamutibetto-go Sangdam hoogen no onsei bunseki to sono tokutyoo
|script-title=ja:カムチベット語 Sangdam 方言の音声分析とその方言特徴
|trans-title=Khams Tibetan Sangdam Dialect: Phonetic and Dialectal Analysis
| journal = Journal of Asian and African Studies
| volume = 83
| year = 2012
| pages = 37–58
| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339786552
| postscript = .
}}
*{{cite book |last1=Tournadre |first1=Nicolas |author-link=Nicolas Tournadre |last2=Suzuki |first2=Hiroyuki |date=2023 |title=The Tibetic Languages: an introduction to the family of languages derived from Old Tibetan |url=https://lacito.cnrs.fr/en/tibetic-languages/ |location=Paris |publisher=LACITO |isbn=978-2-490768-08-0}}
*{{cite press release |date=May 6, 2019 |title=Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research |website=ScienceDaily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/05/190506151822.htm}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
| first=Philip
| last=Denwood
| chapter=The Language History of Tibetan
| title=Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond
|editor-first=Roland |editor-last=Bielmeier
|editor-first2=Felix |editor-last2=Haller
| publisher=Walter de Gruyter
| pages=47–70
| year= 2007
| isbn=978-3-11-019828-7 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Dpal ldan bkra shis |title=Amdo Tibetan Language: An Introduction to Normative Oral Amdo |lccn=2008944256 |issn=1925-6329 |journal=Asian Highland Perspectives |volume=43 |year=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160628052350/http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/file/view/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf/586186877/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf |archive-date=2016-06-28 |url=http://tibetanplateau.wikischolars.columbia.edu/file/view/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf/586186877/AHP43AmdoTibetanLanguage_An%20Introduction%20to%20Normative%20Oral%20Amdo_text.pdf}}
*{{cite book
| last = van Driem
| first = George
| author-link = George van Driem
| title = Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language
| publisher = Brill
| year = 2001
| isbn = 9004103902}}

== External links ==
{{Wikibooks|Research on Tibetan Languages: A Bibliography}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120219054239/http://www.himalayanlanguages.org/cdtd Comparative Dictionary of Tibetan Dialects (CDTD)]}}
*[http://www.thdl.org/xml/show.php?xml=/collections/langling/languages/index.xml&l=9 Languages on the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas] — Nicolas Tournadre
*[http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8964/1/Hill_2010_overview_of_Old_Tibetan_phonology.pdf Overview of Old Tibetan Synchronic phonology] by Nathan Hill
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120318215914/http://lacito.vjf.cnrs.fr/colloque/deserts/videos_gestion/nt.htm L'évolution des langues et les facteurs écolinguistiques : le cas des langues d'éleveurs et des langues d'agriculteurs sur le Haut Plateau tibétain] at CNRS-LACITO
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140324094654/http://thetibetpost.com/en/outlook/opinions-and-columns/3811-chinas-tibet-policy-continued-attempt-at-erasing-tibetan-language China's Tibet policy continued attempt at erasing Tibetan language]

{{Clear}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Bodic languages}}
{{Tibetan language}}
{{Tibet related articles}}
{{Portal bar|China|Asia|Languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tibetan languages}}
[[Category:Languages attested from the 7th century]]
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Central Bodish languages| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Tibet]]
[[Category:Languages of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Languages of Nepal]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]

Lord's

2026-03-24T17:27:36Z

Collegevidya: updated details

{{short description|Cricket venue in St John's Wood, UK}}
{{About|the cricket ground||Lords (disambiguation){{!}}Lords}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Lord's Cricket Ground
| nickname = ''The Home of Cricket''
| logo_image = [[File:Lord's Cricket Ground logo.svg|200px]]
| image = Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Lord's Pavilion
| country = United Kingdom
| location = [[St John's Wood]], [[Westminster|London NW8]], England
| coordinates = {{Coord|51.5294|N|0.1727|W|type:landmark_scale:2000_region:GB|display=it}}
| establishment = {{start date and age|df=yes|1787}} at ''[[Lord's Old Ground]]''; {{start date|1811}}; at ''Lord's Middle Ground''; {{start date and age|df=yes|1814}} at the present ''Lord's Cricket Ground''
| seating_capacity = 31,100<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thecricketpaper.com/latest-news-international-news-2/381441/lords-cleared-to-have-full-capacity-for-england-pakistan-odi/ |title=Lord's cleared to have full capacity for England-Pakistan ODI |work=The Cricket Paper |date=2 July 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524195449/https://www.thecricketpaper.com/latest-news-international-news-2/381441/lords-cleared-to-have-full-capacity-for-england-pakistan-odi/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| owner = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| tenants = [[England and Wales Cricket Board]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.lords.org/|lords.org}}
| end1 = Nursery End [[File:LordsCricketGroundPitchDimensions.svg|200px]]
| end2 = Pavilion End
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 21–23 July
| firsttestyear = 1884
| firsttesthome = England
| firsttestaway = Australia
| firsttestawayvar = colonial
| lasttestdate = 10–14 July
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttesthome = England
| lasttestaway = India
| firstodidate = 26 August
| firstodiyear = 1972
| firstodihome = England
| firstodiaway = Australia
| lastodidate = 4 September
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodihome = England
| lastodiaway = South Africa
| firstt20idate = 5 June
| firstt20iyear = 2009
| firstt20ihome = England
| firstt20iaway = Netherlands
| lastt20idate = 29 July
| lastt20iyear = 2018
| lastt20ihome = Nepal
| lastt20iaway = Netherlands

| firstwtestdate =
| firstwtestyear =
| firstwtesthome =
| firstwtestaway =
| lastwtestdate =
| lastwtestyear =
| lastwtesthome =
| lastwtestaway =


| firstwodidate = 4 August
| firstwodiyear = 1976
| firstwodihome = England
| firstwodiaway = Australia
| lastwodidate = 19 July
| lastwodiyear = 2025
| lastwodihome = England
| lastwodiaway = India
| firstwt20idate = 21 June
| firstwt20iyear = 2009
| firstwt20ihome = England
| firstwt20iaway = New Zealand
| lastwt20idate = 17 July
| lastwt20iyear = 2024
| lastwt20ihome = England
| lastwt20iaway = New Zealand
| year2 = 1877 – present
| club2 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| year1 = 1814 – present
| club1 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| date = 15 June
| year = 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/global/content/ground/57129.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Lord's Cricket Ground''', better known as '''Lord's''', is a [[cricket]] [[List of Test cricket grounds|venue]] at [[St John's Wood]], historically in [[Middlesex]] and now in the [[City of Westminster]], [[North London|London NW8]]. Named after its founder, [[Thomas Lord]], it is owned by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and serves as the home of [[Middlesex County Cricket Club]], the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB), [[ICC Europe]] and, until August 2005, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC).

Lord's is widely referred to as the "home of cricket"<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=22 August 2009|archive-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911140641/http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and houses the world's oldest sporting museum.<ref>[http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-museum/ MCC museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212164502/http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-museum/ |date=12 February 2007 }} Lords.org webpage</ref>

Lord's today is not on its original 18th-century site; it is the third of three [[Cricket field|grounds]] which Thomas Lord established between 1787 and 1814. His first ground, now referred to as [[Lord's Old Ground]], was where [[Dorset Square]] now stands. Lord's Middle Ground was in use from 1811 to 1813, before being abandoned for the construction of [[Regent's Canal]] which carved its way through the outfield. Lord's present ground is about {{convert|250|yd}} north-west of the previous Middle Ground site. The ground can hold 31,100 spectators, its capacity increasing between 2017 and 2022 as part of MCC's ongoing redevelopment plans.

==History==
===Background===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Dorset square plaque.jpg
| width1 = 130
| alt1 =
| image2 = Lord's Cricket Ground (4644557952).jpg
| width2 = 130
| alt2 =
| footer = Plaques commemorating the locations of Lord's Old Ground (left) and Middle Ground (right)
}}
Acting on behalf of members of the [[White Conduit Club]] underwritten by [[George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea|George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea & Nottingham]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/george-finch-9th-earl-of-winchilsea-a-founding-father-of-mcc-623125/ |title=George Finch 9th Earl of Winchilsea, a Founding Father of MCC |access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330131627/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/george-finch-9th-earl-of-winchilsea-a-founding-father-of-mcc-623125/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Colonel the Hon. Charles Lennox]], Thomas Lord opened his [[Lord's Old Ground|first cricket ground]] in May 1787 on [[Dorset Square|Dorset Fields]], a site leased from the [[Portman Estate|Portman estate]].{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=17–18}} White Conduit Club members, discontent with the ground maintenance of [[White Conduit Fields]], moved from [[Islington]] to Marylebone soon afterwards reconstituting themselves as [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC). The establishment of Lord's new ground was a welcome prospect offering more privacy for its members, with White Conduit Fields considered too far from London's fashionable [[Oxford Street]] and the [[West End of London|West End]].<ref name="FIRSTS">{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Philip|year=2014|title=Lord's Firsts|publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|location=[[Stroud]]|isbn=9781445633299}}</ref> The first match played at the new ground saw [[Middlesex county cricket team (pre-1864)|Middlesex]] play [[Essex county cricket team (1732–1794)|Essex]].<ref name="WISG">{{cite book|last=Powell|first=William|year=1989|title=The Wisden Guides To Cricket Grounds|publisher=[[Stanley Paul|Stanley Paul & Co. Ltd]]|location=London|pages=14–7|isbn=009173830X}}</ref>{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=18}} In 1811, feeling obliged to relocate because of a rise in rent, Lord removed the turf to a nearby interim site. The Middle Ground lay on the route decreed by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|parliament]] for the [[Regent's Canal]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk/the-regents-canal/ |title=The Regent's Canal|access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=4 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804133231/https://www.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk/the-regents-canal/ |url-status=live }}</ref> in addition to its location being unpopular with patrons.{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=18}}<ref name="WISG"/>

Lord's Middle Ground's tenure on the Eyre family estate being short-lived,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eyre-estate.co.uk/our-heritage|title=Our Heritage|website=Eyre-estate.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> Colonel Henry Samuel Eyre offered another plot nearby, where [[Thomas Lord|Lord]] was to relay his cricket turf. The new ground at [[St John's Wood]], leased from the Eyres, previously featured a [[duck pond]] and was situated on an incline, hence the Lord's [[Cricket pitch|pitch]]es famous slope,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/caaa0342-7261-11de-ba94-00144feabdc0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caaa0342-7261-11de-ba94-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Grounded on terra firma|first=Harry|last=Eyres|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=18 July 2009|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> which at the time was recorded as sloping down {{Convert|6|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} from north-west to south-east, though in actuality the slope is {{Convert|8|ft|1|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="REM">{{cite book|last=Levison|first=Brian|year=2016|title=Remarkable Cricket Grounds|publisher=[[Pavilion Books]]|location=London|isbn=9781911216599}}</ref> The new ground was opened in the 1814 season, with MCC playing [[Hertfordshire County Cricket Club|Hertfordshire]] in the first match at Lord's on 22 June 1814.{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=19}}<ref name="WISG"/>

===Early years===
[[File:LordsRelocationMap.png|thumb|Progression of Lord's ground's locations]]
Lord's [[Tavern]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/lord-s-experience/lord-s-tavern|title=Lord's Tavern – A British Pub with a Cricket Flavour at Lord's|website=Lords.org|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> was built in 1813–14,<ref name="FORSIX">Green 2010, p. 46</ref> followed by a wooden [[Cricket pavilion|pavilion]] in 1814.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Pelham |author1-link=Pelham Warner |title=Lord's 1787–1945 |year=1987 |orig-year=First published 1946|publisher=Pavllion Books |location=London |isbn=1851451129 |page=28}}</ref> [[First-class cricket]] was first played on the present ground in July 1814, with the MCC playing [[St John's Wood Cricket Club]].<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_f.html|title=First-Class Matches played on Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211425/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_f.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first [[century (cricket)|century]] to be scored at the ground in first-class cricket was made by [[Frederick Woodbridge (cricketer)|Frederick Woodbridge]] (107) for [[Epsom Cricket Club|Epsom]] against Middlesex, with Epsom's [[Felix Ladbroke]] (116) recording the second century in the same match.<ref name="FIRSTS"/> The annual [[Eton v Harrow]] [[Game|match]], which had first been played at Lord's Old Ground in 1805, returned to the present ground on 29 July 1818. From 1822, the fixture became almost an annual event at Lord's.{{sfn|Altham|1962|p=67}}

Lord's witnessed the first double-century to be made in first-class cricket when [[William Ward (cricketer, born 1787)|William Ward]] scored 278 for the MCC against [[Norfolk county cricket team (1764–1875)|Norfolk]] in 1820.<ref name="FIRSTS"/> The original Lord's [[Cricket pavilion|Pavilion]], which had recently been renovated at great expense,<ref name="FIRSTS"/> was destroyed by fire on the night of 28 July 1825, following the first [[Winchester College|Winchester]] v [[Harrow School|Harrow]] match which had been completed that day. MCC's records and archives, including countless unique documents, were lost in the fire.{{sfn|Haygarth|1996|p=522}} The Pavilion was promptly rebuilt by Lord.<ref>{{cite book |last=Green |first=Benny |year=1987 |title=The Lord's Companion |publisher=[[Pavilion Books]] |location=London |page=31 |isbn=978-18-51451-32-6}}</ref> In 1825, the future of the ground was placed in jeopardy when Lord proposed redeveloping the ground with housing at a time when St John's Wood was seeing rapid development. This was prevented by William Ward,<ref name="WISG"/> who purchased the ground from Lord for £5,000. His purchase was celebrated in the following anonymous poem:

<blockquote>
:And of all who frequent the ground named after Lord,
:On the list first and foremost should stand Mr Ward.
:No man will deny, I am sure, when I say
:That he's without rival first bat of the day,
:And although he has grown a little too stout,
:Even Matthews is bothered at bowling him out.
:He's our life blood and soul in this noblest of games,
:And yet on our praises he's many more claims;
:No pride, although rich, condescending and free,
:And a well informed man and a City MP.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris, 4th Baron Harris|first1=George|last2=Ashley-Cooper|first2=A. S.|year=1920|title=Lord's and the M. C. C.: A Cricket Chronicle of 137 Years|publisher=H. Jenkins Limited|page=48}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The first [[The University Match (cricket)|University Match]] between [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge]] was held at Lord's in 1827,<ref name="SEVEN">Green 2010, p. 7</ref> at the instigation of [[Charles Wordsworth]], establishing what would be the oldest first-class fixture in the world until 2020. The ground remained under the ownership of Ward until 1835, after which it was handed over to [[James Dark]]. The Pavilion was refurbished in 1838, with the addition of [[gas lighting]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 35</ref> Around this time Lord's could still be considered a country ground, with open countryside to the north and west.<ref>Green 2010, p. 37</ref> Lord's was described by [[Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe|Lord Cottesloe]] in 1845 as being a primitive venue, with low benches put in a circle around the ground at a good distance providing seating for spectators.<ref name="FTYONE">Green 2010, p. 41</ref> Improvements to the ground were gradually made, with the introduction of a telegraph scoreboard in 1846. The Pavilion was extended on its north side in 1848 with an annex providing a separate entrance to the cricket field for [[Players cricket team|professional players]]. In the same year [[Scorecard (cricket)|scorecard]]s were introduced for the first time, from a portable press, and drainage was installed in 1849–50.<ref name="FTYONE"/>

An [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|Australian Aboriginal cricket team]] toured England in 1868, with Lord's hosting one of their matches to a mixed response, with ''[[The Times]]'' describing the tourists as "a travestie upon cricketing at Lord's" and "the conquered natives of a convict colony". Dark proposed to part with his interest in the ground in 1863, for the fee of £15,000 for the remaining {{frac|29|1|2}} years of his lease. An agreement was reached in 1864, with Dark, who was seriously ill,<ref name="B44">Green 2010, p. 44</ref> selling his interests at Lord's for £11,000.<ref name="SEVEN"/><ref name="WISG"/> The landlord of the ground, Isaac Moses,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG157342|title=Collections Online | British Museum|website=Britishmuseum.rg|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> offered to sell it outright for £21,000 in 1865, which was reduced to £18,150. [[William Nicholson (distiller)|William Nicholson]], who was a member of the MCC Committee at the time advanced the money on a mortgage, with his proposal for the MCC to buy the ground being unanimously passed at a [[Extraordinary general meeting|special general meeting]] on 2 May 1866.<ref name="SEVEN"/> Following this purchase, a number of developments took place. These included the addition of [[cricket nets]] for members to practice and the construction of a grandstand designed by the architect [[Charles Allom|Arthur Allom]], which was built in the winter of 1867–68 and also provided accommodation for [[the press]].<ref name="FTYFIVE">Green 2010, p. 45</ref><ref>Green 2010, p. 51</ref><ref name="LBH">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-a-brief-timeline-208553|title=Lord's – A brief timeline|date=3 May 2005|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627121421/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-a-brief-timeline-208553|url-status=live}}</ref> The stand was funded by a private syndicate of MCC members, purchased by the club in 1869.<ref name="GRA">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1998-the-new-grand-stand-is-completed|title=The New Grand Stand is completed|website=Lords.org|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184734/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1998-the-new-grand-stand-is-completed|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Wicket#The pitch|wicket]] at Lord's was heavily criticised in the 1860s due to its poor condition, with [[Frederick Gale]] suggesting that nine cricket grounds out of ten within 20 miles of London would have a better wicket;<ref name="FTYFIVE"/> the condition was deemed so poor as to be dangerous that [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] refused to play there in 1864.<ref name="FORSIX"/>

===Continued developments===
By the 1860s and 1870s, the great social occasions of the season were the public school match between Eton and Harrow, the Varsity Match between Oxford and Cambridge, and the [[Gentlemen v Players]], with all three matches attracting great crowds. Crowds became so large that they encroached on the playing area, which necessitated the introduction of the [[Boundary (cricket)|boundary]] system in 1866.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 57–8</ref> Further crowd control measures were initiated in 1871, with the introduction of [[turnstile]]s.<ref>Green 2010, p. 59</ref> The Pavilion was expanded in the mid-1860s and shortly thereafter it was decided to replace the original tavern with a new construction commencing in December 1867.<ref name="FORSIX"/> At this time a nascent [[County Championship#Development of county cricket|county game]] was beginning to take shape.<ref>Green 2010, p. 52</ref> With Lord's hosting more county matches, the pitches subsequently improved with [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]] overseeing their preparation.<ref>Green 2010, p. 60</ref>

[[Middlesex County Cricket Club]], which had been founded in 1864, began playing their home games at Lord's in 1877 after vacating [[Prince's Cricket Ground|Prince's ground in Chelsea]],<ref name="WISG"/> which had been considered a serious rival to Lord's given its noble backers.<ref>Green 2010, p. 78</ref> In 1873–74, an embankment was built which could accommodate 4,000 spectators in four rows of seats. Four years later a new lodge and was constructed to replace an older lodge, along with a new workshop, stables and a store room at a cost of £1,000.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 59–60</ref> To meet the ever-increasing demand of accommodating more spectators, a temporary stand was constructed on the eastern side of the ground.<ref>Green 2010, p. 63</ref> After many years of complaints regarding the poor condition of the Lord's pitch, the MCC took action by installing Percy Pearce as [[Groundskeeping|Ground Superintendent]] in 1874. Pearce had previously held the same position at the [[County Ground, Hove]]. His appointment vastly improved the condition of the wicket, with ''[[Evening Standard|The Standard]]'' describing them as "faultless".<ref>Green 2010, p. 76</ref>
[[File:Lord's Pavilion.jpg|thumb|left|Lord's Pavilion, designed by the architect [[Thomas Verity]] and built in 1889–90]]
The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian cricket team]] captained by [[Dave Gregory (cricketer)|Dave Gregory]] first visited Lord's on 27 May 1878, defeating their MCC hosts by 9 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2171.html|title=Marylebone Cricket Club v Australians, 1878|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 June 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=27 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527213748/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2171.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This was considered a shock result and established not only the fame of the Australian team, but also the ongoing rivalry between England and Australia.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 81–4</ref> Lord's hosted its first [[Test cricket|Test match]] during [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884|The 1884 Ashes]], becoming the third venue in England to host Test cricket after [[The Oval]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]].<ref>Powell 1989, pp. 14–5</ref> The match was won by [[England cricket team|England]] by an innings and 5 runs, with England's [[A. G. Steel]] and [[Edmund Peate]] recording the first Test [[century (cricket)|century]] and [[five-wicket haul]] at Lord's respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2861.html|title=England v Australia, 1884|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=28 June 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628170035/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2861.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As part of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee Celebrations for Queen Victoria]] in 1887, the [[King]]s of [[Leopold II of Belgium|Belgium]], [[Christian IX of Denmark|Denmark]], [[Albert, King of Saxony|Saxony]], and [[Luís I of Portugal|Portugal]] attended Lord's. It was noted that none of them had any grasp of cricket. In the same year Lord's hosted the MCC's hundredth anniversary celebrations, with MCC playing a celebratory match against [[England cricket team|England]].<ref>Green 2010, pp. 94–5</ref> With only a two-tiered covered grandstand and both increasing membership and spectator numbers, it was decided to build a new pavilion at a cost of £21,000.<ref name="LBH"/> Construction of the new [[Lord's Pavilion]], which was designed by [[Thomas Verity]], took place in 1889–90.<ref name="PO15">Powell 1989, p. 15</ref> The pavilion it replaced was relocated and painstakingly rebuilt on an estate in [[Sussex]], where it lived out its days as a glorified garden shed.<ref name="PAV">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1890-thomas-verity-s-new-pavilion-is-completed|title=Thomas Verity's new Pavilion is completed|website=Lords.org|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714105554/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1890-thomas-verity-s-new-pavilion-is-completed|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after this, the MCC purchased the land to the east, known today as the Nursery Ground; this had previously been a [[market garden]] known as Henderson's Nursery<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stjohnswoodmemories.org.uk/content/new-contributions/garden-nurseries|title=Garden Nurseries | Places, New contributions | St John's Wood Memories|website=Stjohnswoodmemories.org.uk|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> which grew pineapples and tulips.<ref name="PO15"/><ref name="LBH"/><ref>Baker 2014, p. 129</ref> The ground was subsequently threatened by the [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]]'s attempts to purchase land in the area for their line into [[Marylebone Station]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 132</ref> After considering the company's offer, the MCC relinquished a strip of land bordering Wellington Road and was given in exchange the [[Clergy Support Trust|Clergy Orphan School]] to the south.<ref name="PO15"/> In order to facilitate the railway into Marylebone Station, the Nursery Ground had to be dug up to allow tunnels to be built between 1894 and 1898 using the [[Tunnel#Cut-and-cover|cut-and-cover method]]. Once completed the MS&LR Company laid a new pitch.<ref name="BAT">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43993471|title=Battle over rail tunnels at Lord's cricket ground rumbles on|first=Bill|last=Wilson|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=8 August 2018|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709200848/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43993471|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:"W.G.", cricketing reminiscences and personal recollections (1899) (14784598082).jpg|thumb|right|Cricket being played at Lord's in 1899]]
It was rumoured that subsequent [[tunnel]]ling under Wellington Road provided the banking for the Mound Stand, which was constructed in 1898–99 on an area previously occupied by [[Lawn tennis|tennis]] and [[Rackets (sport)|rackets]] courts. The rapid development of Lord's was not well met by some, with critics mooting Thomas Lord would "turn in his grave" at the ground's expansion.<ref name="PO15"/> 1899 saw [[Albert Trott]] hit a [[Boundary (cricket)#Six runs|six]] over the Pavilion while playing for MCC against the touring Australians, remaining as of {{year}} the only batsman to do so.<ref>Green 2010, p. 162–3</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |date=19 June 2010 |title=Albert Trott's mighty hit |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1899-albert-trott-s-mighty-hit-463786 |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110709/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1899-albert-trott-s-mighty-hit-463786 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Cricket Council|Imperial Cricket Conference]] was founded by England, Australia and [[South African national cricket team|South Africa]] in 1909, headquartered at Lord's.<ref name="PO16">Powell 1989, p. 16</ref>

Lord's hosted three of the nine Test matches for the ill-fated [[1912 Triangular Tournament]] which was organised by the South African millionaire [[Sir Abe Bailey]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 190</ref> The ground's centenary was commemorated in June 1914 with a match between MCC, whose team was selected from the touring party from England's recent [[English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14|tour of South Africa]], and a Rest of England team. The Rest of England won the three-day match by an innings and 189 runs.<ref>Warner 1987, pp. 169–170</ref> Lord's was requisitioned by [[British Army|the Army]] during the [[First World War]], accommodating the [[Army Reserve (United Kingdom)|Territorial Army]] (TA), [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] (RAMC) and [[Royal Army Service Corps]] (RASC). Both cooking and wireless instruction classes were held at the ground for military personnel. Once the RAMC departed, the [[War Office]] used the Nursery Ground and other buildings as a training centre for [[Royal Artillery]] [[Officer cadet|cadet]]s. The Pavilion and its Long Room were used throughout the war for the manufacture of hay nets for horses on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 193-4</ref> Though requisitioned, Lord's held several charity cricket matches during the war, featuring military teams from the various dominions of the [[British Empire]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 193–206</ref> These matches were well attended and one such match in 1918 between England and the [[Dominions cricket team|Dominions]] was attended by [[George V]] and the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://royalascotcc.com/presidents/ |title=Presidents |access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123152750/https://royalascotcc.com/presidents/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Warner 1987, p. 171</ref>

===Inter-war years and WWII===
[[File:Lord's weathervane.jpg|thumb|''[[Father Time (Lord's)|Father Time]]'' (pictured) incurred damage from an RAAF Barrage Balloon during World War Two.]]
First-class cricket returned to Lord's in 1919, with a series of two-day matches in the [[1919 English cricket season#County Championship|County Championship]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 207</ref> 1923 saw the installation of the [[Grace Gates]], a tribute to [[W. G. Grace]] who had died in 1915.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1246985|desc=Grace Gates at Lord's Cricket Ground|date=7 February 1996|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> They were inaugurated by [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Sir Stanley Jackson]], who proposed including the words THE GREAT CRICKETER in the dedication.{{sfn|Midwinter|1981|p=154}} These gates replaced the ground's earlier, less decorative, entrance. With attendances growing in number, it was suggested that Lord's should aim to accommodate crowds of up to 40,000 for Test matches; however, its stands were considered inadequate with the Grandstand described as "hopelessly out of date".<ref>Green 2010, p. 214</ref> To accommodate these crowds, the Old Grandstand was demolished and a new one was built in its place in 1926, designed by the architect [[Herbert Baker|Sir Herbert Baker]]. Completion of the stand was delayed due to the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|1926 General Strike]].<ref name="GRA"/> Upon its completion, Baker presented MCC with a [[weather vane]] of ''[[Father Time (Lord's)|Father Time]]'' removing the [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] from the [[Stump (cricket)|stumps]], which was placed on top of the Grandstand. The full weathervane is {{Convert|6|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} tall, with the figure of ''Father Time'' standing at {{Convert|5|ft|4|in|abbr=on}}. Baker further contributed to the landscape of Lord's by designing the Q (''now'' [[Gubby Allen|Allen]]) Stand next to the Pavilion in 1934, while at the Nursery End Stands were also erected. Careful consideration was taken to preserve the [[treeline]] dividing the main ground from the Nursery Ground.<ref name="PO16"/> The [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] under the captaincy of [[Karl Nunes]] played their first Test match at Lord's in 1928.<ref>Warner 1987, p. 195</ref> The ground later hosted the first [[TV|televised]] Test match during the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938|Second Test of The 1938 Ashes series]].<ref name="LBH"/>

The 1935 season saw the Lord's pitches badly affected by [[Tipuloidea|crane fly]] larvae, known as leatherjackets. The larvae caused bald patches to appear on the pitch and had to be removed by the ground staff, although spin bowlers did gain some benefit from the bare surfaces.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cranefly |url=https://www.gwct.org.uk/wildlife/species-of-the-month/2009/september/ |publisher=Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183538/https://www.gwct.org.uk/wildlife/species-of-the-month/2009/september/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contrast to the First World War, Lord's was only partially requisitioned by the military during the [[Second World War]]. Lord's hosted matches throughout the war for the [[London Counties cricket team]], amongst others, which attracted large crowds. The ground was spared major damage from [[the Blitz]]. An [[Incendiary device|oil bomb]] landed on the Nursery Ground in 1940, with a high-explosive bomb also narrowly missing the Nursery End Stands in December of the same year. The Grandstand and the Pavilion were hit by incendiary bombs, damaging their roofs. [[Auxiliary Fire Service|AFS]] [[firefighter]]s stationed at Lord's reacted quickly and limited the damage. As the war progressed, the threat came not from the [[Luftwaffe]] but the newly developed [[V-1 flying bomb]]. Lord's had several near misses from these missiles in 1944, with one bomb landing {{convert|200|yd}} short of the ground near to [[Regent's Park]].<ref name="WAR">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-under-attack-246297|title=Lord's under attack|first=Martin|last=Williamson|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 May 2006|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182435/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-under-attack-246297|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nursery Ground had been requisitioned by the [[Royal Auxiliary Air Force]] and converted into a [[barrage balloon]] site.<ref name="PO16"/><ref>Warner 1987, p. 245</ref> The most high-profile war damage was that to ''Father Time'', when one such balloon broke loose and drifted toward the Grandstand, catching ''Father Time'' and depositing it into the seating at the front of the stand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rafa.org.uk/blog/2020/10/13/barrage-balloons-in-the-second-world-war/ |title=Barrage Balloons in the sEcond World War|access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=5 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250805022940/https://rafa.org.uk/blog/2020/10/13/barrage-balloons-in-the-second-world-war/ |url-status=live }}</ref> International cricket resumed at the end of the war, with Lord's hosting one of the [[Victory Tests]] (although not accorded Test status) between the [[Australian Services cricket team]] and England.<ref name="WAR"/>

===Post-war years===
Following the end of the [[WWII|war]] attendances at cricket matches grew. The gross attendance of 132,000 and the gate receipts of £43,000 at the Lord's [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second Test of The 1948 Ashes series]] was a record for a Test match in England at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Test Match England v Australia|author=Hayter, R. J.|work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]|year=1949|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152895.html|publisher=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=10 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810225353/http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152895.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This demand necessitated further expansion of the ground, with the construction of the [[Pelham Warner|Warner]] Stand in 1958, which included snack bars and a press box.<ref name="PO16"/><ref name="LBH"/> This stand was the work of the architect Kenneth Peacock and replaced an area of raised ground lined with trees from where it was traditionally possible to watch a match from the comfort of one's own [[carriage]]. Prior to the construction of the Warner Stand, all stands at the ground were identified by letters of the alphabet.<ref name="WARN">{{Cite web|title=The New Warner Stand is opened|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2017-the-new-warner-stand-is-opened-by-hrh-the-duk|website=Web.archive.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190406/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2017-the-new-warner-stand-is-opened-by-hrh-the-duk|url-status=live}}</ref>

The record numbers of spectators who attended [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[County Championship]] matches began to decline by the end of the 1950s and cricket in England found itself from a position of 2.2 million paid County Championship spectators in 1947, dropping to 719,661 by 1963. To arrest this decline, [[List A cricket|List A one-day cricket]] was introduced in 1963, with Lord's hosting its first List A match in the [[1963 Gillette Cup]] between Middlesex and [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] and later hosted the [[1963 Gillette Cup Final|final of the competition]] between Sussex and [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] in front of a sell-out 24,000 crowd. It was the first such final held anywhere in the world.<ref name="pandora">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |date=20 April 2013 |title=Opening Pandora's one-day box |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1963-opening-pandora-s-one-day-box-630566 |access-date=1 July 2021 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221111447/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1963-opening-pandora-s-one-day-box-630566 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lord's Tavern and its adjoining buildings were demolished in 1968 to make way for the construction of the Tavern Stand, again designed by Peacock.<ref name="LBH"/> The tavern was subsequently re-sited next to the Grace Gates and was complemented with a banqueting hall.<ref name="PO16"/> Lord's hosted its first [[One Day International]] (ODI) in 1972,<ref name="ODI">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_o.html|title=ODI Matches played on Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182410/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_o.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with Australia defeating England by 5 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32841.html|title=England v Australia, Prudential Trophy 1972 (2nd ODI)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201032/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32841.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Three years later Lord's hosted the final of the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|inaugural men's World Cup]], with the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] triumphing over Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cozier |first=Tony |title=West Indies victory heralds a new era |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/west-indies-victory-heralds-a-new-era-264375 |access-date=2 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110190011/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/west-indies-victory-heralds-a-new-era-264375 |url-status=live }}</ref> Four years later, Lord's held the [[1979 Cricket World Cup Final|final of the 1979 World Cup]], with the West Indies once against triumphing, this time against England.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tony|last=Cozier|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150321.html|title=England v West Indies|work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111093802/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150321.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first women's cricket match at Lord's took place in August 1976 when England and Australia played a 60-over ODI which [[England women's cricket team|England]] won by eight wickets. The opportunity to play a women's match at Lord's resulted from lobbying by [[Rachael Heyhoe Flint]], and was given extra impetus by England's victory in the [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup]]. England's Women XI had to wait another 11 years to play their second match at Lord's.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Jenny |title=Storming cricket's bastion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/storming-cricket-s-bastion-142657 |publisher=Espncricinfo |access-date=19 July 2021 |date=14 July 2005 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719165747/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/storming-cricket-s-bastion-142657 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ground hosted the final of the [[ICC Women's Cricket World Cup]] in [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup Final|1993]] with England beating New Zealand to win the World Cup. The ground was not fully opened for the game with only 5,000 spectators attending.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williamson |first1=Martin |title=When women took over Lord's |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/when-women-took-over-lord-s-396113 |publisher=Espncricinfo |access-date=23 July 2021 |date=20 March 2009 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723113627/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/when-women-took-over-lord-s-396113 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lord's Cricket Ground Grand Stand.jpg|thumb|right|Lord's Grand Stand (pictured), 1998]]
A new indoor cricket school was completed in 1973 at the Nursery End, launched with £75,000 from [[Jack Hayward|Sir Jack Hayward]] and additional funds raised by the [[Lord's Taverners]] and [[Sport England#The Sports Council Archives|the Sports Council]].<ref name="SCHOOL">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1977-first-indoor-school-at-lord-s-officially-open|title=First Indoor School at Lord's opened|website=Lords.org|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182451/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1977-first-indoor-school-at-lord-s-officially-open|url-status=live}}</ref> The West Indies appeared in their [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|third successive World Cup final]] in 1983, but were defeated by 43 runs by [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150434.html|title=India defy the odds|date=2 June 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510212632/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150434.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mound Stand's roof was removed in 1985 to make way for a new upper tier designed by [[Hopkins Architects|Michael Hopkins & Partners]], which opened in time for the MCC's bicentenary in 1987.<ref>Green 2010, p. 448</ref> That bicentenary was celebrated with a [[MCC Bicentenary match|five-day match between MCC and a Rest of the World XI]] in August 1987, which ended in a draw after the final day was rained off.<ref>{{cite web|title=MCC v Rest of the World, Lord's, August 20–25 1987|date=7 July 2005|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/212881.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184429/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/212881.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Graham Gooch]] made the first Test triple-century at Lord's, scoring 333 against India in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Graham Gooch scores 333|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1990-graham-gooch-333-first-test-triple-century-at|website=Lords.org|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184833/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1990-graham-gooch-333-first-test-triple-century-at|url-status=live}}</ref> The final decade of the 20th–century saw rapid redevelopment of Lord's. The [[Denis Compton|Compton]] and [[Bill Edrich|Edrich]] Stands were completed in 1991, having run over time and budget.<ref name="LBH"/> Its indoor school closed in 1994 being replaced by the new state-of-the-art Lord's Indoor Cricket Centre which opened in 1995.<ref name="SCHOOL"/> The old grandstand was demolished in 1996, with its replacement designed by [[Nicholas Grimshaw|Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners]] being completed in 1998. From 1997, Lord's was home to the [[European Cricket Council]] (ECC) till 2010, and remains home to ICC Europe, which administers cricket outside of the European [[List of International Cricket Council members|full-member]] nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1796206.stm|title=From Iceland to Azerbaijan|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 February 2002|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=16 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216111246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/1796206.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> With Lord's hosting three matches in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cup]], including the [[1999 Cricket World Cup Final|final]], the MCC set about improving press facilities by constructing the Media Centre at the Nursery End between the Compton and Edrich Stands, offering commanding views towards the Pavilion from behind the bowler's arm. Lord's Media Centre was opened in April 1999 by then MCC president [[Tony Lewis]].<ref name="MED">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|title=The 20th anniversary of the Media Centre|date=27 April 2019|website=Lords.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185354/https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st-century developments===
[[Image:2025 Hundred Final at Lord's.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Lord's has hosted the final of [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] since 2021.]]
Lord's hosted its one-hundredth Test match in June 2000, with England defeating the West Indies by two wickets; the match was also notable for the 21 wickets which fell on the second day, the most to fall in a day at a Lord's Test since 1888.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2000-england-beat-west-indies-in-the-100th-lord-s|title=England beat West Indies in 100th Lord's Test|website=Lords.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190927/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2000-england-beat-west-indies-in-the-100th-lord-s|url-status=live}}</ref> The ground also hosted the University Match over three days for the last time in 2000, after which the match alternated between [[Fenner's]] at Cambridge and [[University Parks#Cricket ground|University Parks]] at Oxford.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630947.cricket-varsity-game-may-switch-lords/|title=Cricket: Varsity game may switch from Lord's|date=7 July 2000|work=[[Oxford Mail]]|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190335/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630947.cricket-varsity-game-may-switch-lords/|url-status=live}}</ref> This fixture continues at Lord's since 2001 as a one-day limited overs match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630332.cricket-lords-varsity-one-day/|title=Cricket: Lord's Varsity to be one-day|date=24 July 2000|work=[[Oxford Mail]]|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185902/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630332.cricket-lords-varsity-one-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the start of the 21st-century, the Lord's slope which offers advantage to both [[Seam bowling|seam]] and [[Swing bowling|swing bowlers]] from the Pavilion and Nursery Ends respectively, was under threat of being levelled due to the advent of [[Cricket pitch#Drop-in pitches|drop-in pitches]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/4776895/Slopes-future-in-balance.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/4776895/Slopes-future-in-balance.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live|title=Slope's future in balance|first=Simon|last=Briggs|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=19 May 2001|access-date=1 January 2015|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, the MCC resisted these calls as levelling the pitch would require the rebuilding of Lord's and would mean Test cricket would not be able to be played there for five years. The [[outfield]] was notorious for becoming waterlogged due to its clay soil, resulting in considerable lost match time. The entire outfield was relaid in the winter of 2002 with the clay soil being replaced with sand, which has improved drainage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pitchcare.com/news-media/mallinsons-win-bali-principal-award.html|title=Mallinsons win BALI Principal Award|first=David|last=Saltman|website=Pitchcare.com|date=27 November 2003|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184644/https://www.pitchcare.com/news-media/mallinsons-win-bali-principal-award.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lord's hosted its first [[Twenty20|T20 match]] in the second edition of the [[Twenty20 Cup]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/warwickshire/3256040.stm|title=Lord's admits Twenty20 Cup|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=2 December 2003|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509081246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/warwickshire/3256040.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005 the [[International Cricket Council]] (formerly the Imperial Cricket Conference) headquarters, which had been located at Lord's since its foundation in 1909,<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC ponders Lord's move |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/3532281.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=5 July 2021 |date=4 March 2004 |archive-date=3 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603043435/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/3532281.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> were closed and moved to the [[Dubai Sports City]] in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cricket chiefs move base to Dubai |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4326601.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=5 July 2021 |date=7 March 2005 |archive-date=18 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218140252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4326601.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Lordsatnight.jpg|thumb|left|Lord's floodlit [[Twenty20]] match between Middlesex and Kent in 2009]]
Temporary [[Floodlights (sport)|floodlights]] were installed at the ground in 2007, but were removed in 2008 after complaints of [[light pollution]] from local residents. In January 2009, [[Westminster City Council]] approved the use of new 48-metre high retractable floodlights designed to minimise light spillage into nearby residences. Council approval stipulated a five-year trial period during which up to 12 matches and 4 practice matches could be played under lights between April and September, with the lights being dimmed to half-strength at 9.50 pm and switched off by 11 pm. The floodlights were first used successfully on 27 May 2009 during the Twenty20 Cup match between Middlesex and [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/sport/cricket/lords-floodlights-just-isnt-cricket-6007403|title=Lord's floodlights just 'isn't cricket'|work=Get West London|date=2 June 2009|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801003956/https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/sport/cricket/lords-floodlights-just-isnt-cricket-6007403|url-status=live}}</ref> Two weeks after the first use of the floodlights, Lord's hosted its first [[Twenty20 International]] in the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] between England and the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]], which resulted in a shock last-ball win for the [[ICC Europe|ICC associate nation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2009-335113/england-vs-netherlands-1st-match-group-b-355991/match-report|title=de Grooth leads Netherlands to famous win|first=Andrew|last=McGlashan|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 June 2009|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228190029/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2009-335113/england-vs-netherlands-1st-match-group-b-355991/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Lord's held the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Final]] between [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], which Pakistan won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/21/pakistan-sri-lanka-world-twenty20-final|title=Pakistan v Sri Lanka – as it happened|first=Rob|last=Smyth|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 June 2009|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184914/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/21/pakistan-sri-lanka-world-twenty20-final|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008 plans were drawn up by the MCC Committee to fund the future £250 million development of the ground by constructing residential apartments and a luxury hotel along the Wellington Road and Grove End Road.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/new-housing-set-to-pay-for-250m-redeveloped-lord-s-7649424|title=New housing set to pay for £250m redeveloped Lord's|publisher=[[Archant#Weekly paid newspapers|Ham & High]]|date=4 July 2008|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184640/https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/new-housing-set-to-pay-for-250m-redeveloped-lord-s-7649424|url-status=live}}</ref>
Lord's Masterplan was unveiled in 2013, being a twenty-year plan to redevelop the ground and improve its facilities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/archive/lords-reveals-200-million-populous-designed-redevelopment-plans|title=Lord's reveals £200 million Populous-designed redevelopment plans|website=Architectsjournal.co.uk|date=2 May 2013|access-date=3 January 2026}}</ref> The first phase of its Masterplan involved the demolition and replacement of the Warner Stand with a new stand, which was built between 2015 and 2017. The new stand has improved facilities for [[Umpire (cricket)|match officials]] and reduced the number of restricted-view spectator seats from 600 to 100.<ref name="MAS">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|title=The Masterplan|website=Lords.org|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620043117/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|url-status=live}}</ref> Phase two of Lord's Masterplan involved the demolition of the Compton and Edrich Stands in 2019, with their replacements being completed in 2021; these provided an extra 2,000 seats and for the first time were linked by a walkway bridge.<ref name="MAS"/>

Lord's celebrated the [[Bicentenary Celebration match|two-hundredth anniversary]] of its present ground in 2014. To mark the occasion, an MCC XI captained by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] played a [[World XI (cricket)|Rest of the World XI]] led by [[Shane Warne]] in a 50-over match.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://cricket.yahoo.com/news/sachin-tendulkar-rahul-dravid-unite-063408729.html|url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003921/http://cricket.yahoo.com/news/sachin-tendulkar-rahul-dravid-unite-063408729.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |title = Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid re-unite; to face off against Shane Warne again|date = 6 February 2014|work = Yahoo! Cricket}}</ref>

Two matches of note were played at Lord's Cricket Ground in July 2019. The first of these was [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|2019 World Cup Final]] between England and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], which ended as a tie with both sides each making 241 runs after 50 overs. The final was then decided by a [[Super Over]], which also resulted in a tie. Thus, the winner was decided on the number of boundaries scored in the game and Super Over; this was England's first World Cup triumph.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/england-vs-new-zealand-final-1144530/match-report|title=Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count|first=Alan|last=Gardner|date=14 July 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712100707/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/england-vs-new-zealand-final-1144530/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> A second match of note followed four days later when [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] played [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|their first Test match at Lord's]], where they bowled England out for 85 on the first morning of the match with [[Tim Murtagh]] taking 5 for 13. Despite this, in their second innings Ireland were dismissed for 38, the lowest Test total at Lord's and lost the match by 143 runs.<ref name="Lowest">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18774/report/1152839/day/3/england-vs-ireland-only-test-ireland-tour-of-england-2019|title=Chris Woakes and Stuart Broad wreck Ireland dream in a session|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 July 2019|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726111020/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18774/report/1152839/day/3/england-vs-ireland-only-test-ireland-tour-of-england-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2022 the ground's East Gate was renamed the Heyhoe Flint Gate in honour of [[Baroness Heyhoe Flint]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord's gate dedicated to cricket captain Rachael Heyhoe Flint unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-62577636 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=22 August 2022 |date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821160913/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-62577636 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2026, it was reported that Lord's would undergo an overhaul of the Nursery End which would see the brick "prison" wall removed and a glass-fronted pavilion developed, along with two 12-storey apartment blocks to fund the redevelopment of the Tavern Stand. Potentially, a new Lord's museum, a roof over the currently open-air Compton and Edrich Stands, and transformation of the Thomas Lord building into a café and shop were also ideas considered in the plan as well.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2026/02/27/lords-redevelopment-plans-set-out/|title=Lord's redevelopment plans set out|first=Rob|last=Ridley|date=27 February 2026}}</ref>

==Ground features and facilities==
===Stands===
As of {{year}}, the stands at Lord's are (anti-clockwise from the Pavilion):<ref name="Ground">{{cite web|url = https://www.lords.org/assets/ground-map-of-lords-2012-10872.pdf|title = Lord's Ground|access-date = 6 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062611/https://www.lords.org/assets/ground-map-of-lords-2012-10872.pdf|archive-date = 27 February 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Lords Labels 2021.svg|Lord's ground map
File:Lords match in progress.jpg|[[Gubby Allen|Allen]] Stand (right)
File:Lords Cricket Ground, London (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|Tavern Stand
File:Lords south stands.jpg|Mound Stand (left)
File:Lords Edrich Stand Oct 2021.jpg|[[Bill Edrich|Edrich]] Stand
File:Lords Compton Stand Oct 2021.jpg|[[Denis Compton|Compton]] Stand
File:Lord's Cricket Ground Grand Stand.jpg|Grand Stand
File:Lords 6.jpg|[[Pelham Warner|Warner]] Stand
</gallery>

Many of the stands were rebuilt in the late 20th century. In 1987 the new Mound Stand, designed by [[Hopkins Architects|Michael Hopkins & Partners]], was opened, followed by the Grand Stand, designed by [[Nicholas Grimshaw|Sir Nicholas Grimshaw]], in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lords.org/history/lords-history/lords-milestones/|title = Lord's milestones|access-date = 6 January 2015|archive-date = 9 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109171707/http://www.lords.org/history/lords-history/lords-milestones/|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Lord's Media Centre|Media Centre]], opposite the Pavilion between the [[Denis Compton|Compton]] and [[Bill Edrich|Edrich]] Stands, was added in 1999. Designed by [[Future Systems]], it won the Royal Institute of British Architects' [[Stirling Prize]] for 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architecture.com/StirlingPrize/RIBAStirlingPrizeWinners/LordsMediaCentre%281999%29.aspx|title = LORD'S MEDIA CENTRE (1999)|access-date = 6 January 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150106021449/http://www.architecture.com/StirlingPrize/RIBAStirlingPrizeWinners/LordsMediaCentre%281999%29.aspx|archive-date = 6 January 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The redevelopment of the Compton and Edrich Stands was completed in 2021, adding 2,600 seats and bringing the ground capacity to 31,100 spectators.<ref>Tennant I (2021) [https://www.thetimes.com/sport/cricket/article/bitter-feud-over-expansion-of-lords-stands-revealed-v70cdbbv8 Bitter feud over expansion of Lord's stands revealed], ''[[The Times]]'', 26 May 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021. {{subscription required}}</ref> The two ends of Lord's pitch are the Pavilion End (south-west), for MCC members, and the Nursery End (north-east), dominated by the Media Centre.<ref name="Ground"/>

The current Grand Stand replaced that built in 1926 by [[Sir Herbert Baker]]. Although the stand was described as "truly a thing of beauty, loved by all who gazed upon it", it did have limitations for spectators: 43% of the seats had an obstructed view of the playing area and the structure itself was becoming rotten.

===Pavilion===
{{main|Lord's Pavilion}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Lord's Pavilion.jpg
| width1 = 120
| alt1 =
| image2 = Lords Long Room.jpg
| width2 = 120
| alt2 =
| footer = The Victorian-era Lord's Pavilion (left) and historic Long Room (right)
}}


The current Lord's Pavilion is the ground's third and is its principal surviving Victorian edifice, having been built in 1889–90. It has been a [[Listed building#Examples of Grade II* listed buildings|Grade II* listed building]] since September 1982.<ref name="NHLE">{{NHLE|num=1235992|desc=The Pavilion at Lord's Cricket Ground|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> The Pavilion was constructed using brick with ornate terracotta facing, which includes terracotta gargoyles, such as "The Patriarch" which is understood to represent [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Lords Through Time|last=Meredith|first=Anthony|year=2012|publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|location=Stroud|isbn=978-1445611341|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kF2oAwAAQBAJ|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011607/https://books.google.com/books?id=kF2oAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The building consists of a long, two-storey centre section with covered seating between two end-towers which are capped with pyramidal roofs which have ornate wrought and cast iron lanterns.<ref name="NHLE"/> Running the full length behind the Upper Tier is the Pavilion's Roof Terrace, which affords panoramic views of the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/pavilion-roof-terrace|title=Pavilion Roof Terrace|website=Lords.org|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714224414/https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/pavilion-roof-terrace|url-status=live}}</ref> It underwent an £8 million refurbishment programme in 2004–05. The Pavilion provides inside and outdoor seating for MCC members to watch cricket including in the Long Room, the Bowlers' Bar as well as many other vantage points. Middlesex County Cricket Club and visiting counties' members can enjoy use by reciprocity of Lord's Pavilion on match days. The Pavilion also comprises the players' [[dressing room]]s with respective viewing balconies.

The Long Room on the ground floor has been described by ''Wisden's'' [[Lawrence Booth (cricket writer)|Lawrence Booth]] as "the most evocative four walls in world cricket".<ref name="Booth">Arm-Ball to Zooter, Lawrence Booth, Penguin 2006, {{ISBN|0-14-051581-X}}, p.150-1</ref> Players proceed through the Long Room on their way from the dressing room to the [[cricket pitch]]; this walk can be notoriously long and complex at Lord's. On his Test debut in 1975, [[David Steele (cricketer)|David Steele]] got lost when going out to bat "and ended up in the Pavilion's basement toilets".<ref>{{cite book |title=If The Cap Fits |last=Bateman |first=Colin |year=1993 |publisher=Tony Williams Publications |isbn=1-869833-21-X |page=155}}</ref> Upon entering via the Long Room's rear door players take approximately 30 paces before reaching the steps leading onto the playing field.<ref>{{cite book|title=Luck: A Fresh Look at Fortune|last=Smith|first=Ed|year=2013|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781408830604|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otCS17ftZMgC|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030109/https://books.google.com/books?id=otCS17ftZMgC|url-status=live}}</ref> The Long Room is adorned with paintings of famous cricket scenes and distinguished cricket administrators and players from the 18th century to the present day, featuring many English cricketers as well as those from overseas by rotation. For an overseas cricketer to have their portrait hang in the Long Room is considered a great honour, among whom are four Australians: [[Sir Donald Bradman]], [[Keith Miller]], [[Victor Trumper]] and [[Shane Warne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia/story/0,,1325266,00.html|title=Obituary: Keith Miller|first=Mike|last=Selvey|author-link=Mike Selvey|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=12 October 2004|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524195448/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/oct/12/guardianobituaries.cricket|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Lord's honours board_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|[[Lord's honours boards]], historically celebrating English cricketers, were replaced in 2019.]]
Displayed in the dressing rooms are the [[Lord's honours boards]], commemorating [[century (cricket)|centuries]], [[five-wicket haul|five-wicket]] and [[ten-wicket haul]]s for cricket internationals. Two honours boards for batting and bowling commemorate England players in the home dressing room,<ref>{{cite web|first=Andy|last=Wilson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/17/stuart-broad-england-west-indies|title=Stuart Broad says joining Lord's bowling elite is a 'huge honour'|work=The Guardian|date=17 May 2012|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713222426/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/17/stuart-broad-england-west-indies|url-status=live}}</ref> while the batting and bowling honours boards commemorating overseas international players can be seen in the away dressing room.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Selvey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/20/west-indies-england-first-test-day-four|title=First Test day four report|work=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713222426/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/20/west-indies-england-first-test-day-four|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally only these achievements in Test matches were commemorated, but in 2019 Lord's introduced an honours board for ODIs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/02/26/lords-honour-womens-achievements-first-time-new-board-added/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/02/26/lords-honour-womens-achievements-first-time-new-board-added/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live|title=Lord's to honour women's achievements for first time as new board is added for ODIs|last=Hoult|first=Nick|date=26 February 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=13 July 2021|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As of {{year}} [[List of international cricket centuries at Lord's#Test centuries|167 players have made 240 Test centuries at Lord's]] and [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Lord's#Test match five-wicket hauls|130 players have taken 186 five-wicket hauls]]. In ODI's [[List of international cricket centuries at Lord's#One Day International centuries|29 players have made 32 centuries at Lord's]] and [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Lord's#One Day International five-wicket hauls|14 players have taken a five-wicket haul]]. A separate "neutral" honours board was created in 2010 to coincide with Lord's hosting a [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in England in 2010|Test match between Australia and Pakistan]]. Australians [[Warren Bardsley]] and [[Charlie Kelleway]] were the first two names added to this board, commemorating their centuries against South Africa in 1912. They were joined by the Australians [[Shane Watson]] and [[Marcus North]], who both took five-wicket hauls against Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/aussies-get-on-honour-board-at-lords-20100413-s7t1.html|title=Aussies get on honour board at Lord's|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=13 April 2010|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150655/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/aussies-get-on-honour-board-at-lords-20100413-s7t1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[dress code]] in the Pavilion remains notoriously strict. Men are required to wear "ties and tailored coats and acceptable trousers with appropriate shoes" and women are required to wear "dresses; or skirts or trousers worn with blouses, and appropriate shoes".<ref>{{cite news|last=Alderson|first=Andrew|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1571968/MCCs-Brearley-wants-relaxed-dress-for-Lords.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1571968/MCCs-Brearley-wants-relaxed-dress-for-Lords.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=MCC's Brearley wants relaxed dress for Lord's|work=The Telegraph|date=9 December 2007 |access-date=17 July 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Until 1999 ladies – with the exception of Club Patron [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] – were not permitted to enter the Pavilion during play, due to MCC's longstanding gender-based membership policy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sport/cricket/59842.stm|title=Modernisers stumped in MCC vote|publisher=BBC News|date=24 February 1998|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/cricket/59842.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/297853.stm|title=MCC delivers first 10 maidens|publisher=BBC News|date=16 March 1999|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719162158/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/297853.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> MCC's 1998 decision to admit female members represented a historic modernisation for Lord's Pavilion and similar [[Gentlemen's club|clubs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/181759.stm|title=Lord's and ladies?|publisher=BBC News|date=28 September 1998|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=8 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108060940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/181759.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media Centre===
[[File:Nat West media centre cropped.jpg|thumb|left|Lord's futuristic Media Centre (pictured)]]
The decision to build the Media Centre was made during a meeting of the MCC Committee in 1995.<ref name="MEDIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|title=The 20th anniversary of the Media Centre|website=Lords.org|date=29 April 2019|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185354/https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|url-status=live}}</ref> These plans sought to remove the previously inadequate media arrangements mostly concentrated in the Warner Stand which could accommodate 90 journalists, along with wooden shacks dotted around the ground for commentators,<ref name="SPORT">{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Matthew|year=2007|title=Sport and the Media|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|page=115|isbn=978-1136364976}}</ref> and replace them with a new purpose-built facility. It was then approved by members of the MCC at a special general meeting in December 1996.<ref name="MEDIA"/> A gap between the Compton and Edrich Stands was selected, with space limitations requiring the centre to stand {{convert|15|m}} above ground level on reinforced supports from the structure around its two lift shafts. This design allowed for uninterrupted access between Lord's Main Ground and the Nursery Ground, while also allowing the movement of ground staff and their equipment.<ref name="MEDIA"/>

It was designed by the [[Future Systems]] architectural practice led by Czech architect [[Jan Kaplický]] and was the first all-aluminium, [[Monocoque|semi-monocoque]] building in the world, costing about £5 million. Construction began in January 1997 and was completed in time for the 1999 World Cup. It was built in 32 sections and fitted out by Pendennis Shipyard at [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] in combination with [[Centraalstaal]] from the Netherlands.<ref name=nce>{{cite web|url=http://www.nce.co.uk/winner-building-sponsored-by-bsi-natwest-media-centre-lords-cricket-ground-london-nw8/838275.article|title=Winner Building Sponsored by BSI NatWest Media Centre, Lord's Cricket Ground, London NW8|website=Newcivilengineer.com|date=21 October 1999|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204951/http://www.nce.co.uk/winner-building-sponsored-by-bsi-natwest-media-centre-lords-cricket-ground-london-nw8/838275.article|url-status=live}}</ref> These pieces were then delivered to Lord's where they were lowered into place during the [[1998 English cricket season|1998 season]].<ref name="MEDIA"/> The glazing on the front of the Media Centre is inclined 25° so as to eliminate reflections and glare on the pitch to minimise the visual barrier between the media and the players. The lower tier of Lord's Media Centre provides accommodation for 118 journalists, with two hospitality boxes either side which accommodate 18 people each. The top tier has radio and television commentary boxes, consisting of two television studios, two large commentary and radio commentary boxes, each holding up to six people.<ref name="SPORT"/> The centre's only opening window is in the broadcasting box used by BBC [[Test Match Special]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.building.co.uk/the-lords-test/915.article|title=The Lord's test | Magazine Features|last=Alexander|first=Gus|website=Building.co.uk|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703000122/http://www.building.co.uk/the-lords-test/915.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The building won eight architectural awards, including the [[RIBA Stirling Prize]] for architecture in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Laura |date=6 October 2015 |title=Twenty years of the RIBA Stirling Prize |url=https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/twenty-years-of-the-riba-stirling-prize |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=The Architects’ Journal |language=en |archive-date=30 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130232937/https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/twenty-years-of-the-riba-stirling-prize |url-status=live }}</ref> The Media Centre was originally sponsored by [[NatWest]], with sponsorship being taken over by [[Investec]] in 2007. From 2011, [[JPMorgan Chase|J. P. Morgan]] was sponsor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/latest-news/news-archive/new-media-centre-sponsor-jp-morgan,2037,NS.html|title=New Media Centre sponsor: JP Morgan|website=Lords.org|date=31 May 2011|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312001401/http://www.lords.org/latest-news/news-archive/new-media-centre-sponsor-jp-morgan,2037,NS.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and since 2025, [[Barclays]] sponsors Lord's Media Centre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/barclays-becomes-new-principal-partner-of-lord-s |title=Barclays Becomes New Principal Partner of Lord's|access-date=2 October 2025 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614114003/https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/barclays-becomes-new-principal-partner-of-lord-s |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Nursery Ground===
[[File:Nursery Ground, Lord's - geograph.org.uk - 3430343.jpg|thumb|right|Lord's Nursery Ground (pictured)]]
Purchased in two parts by the MCC in 1838 and 1887, the ground is primarily used as a practice ground and is considered to have some of the best grass [[Cricket nets|nets]] in the world.<ref name="NUR">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57132.html|title=Lord's Nursery Ground|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191911/https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57132.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1895 the [[Queen Victoria's Rifles|Middlesex Volunteers]] requested the use of the Nursery Ground as a drill ground, but this was declined by the MCC.<ref name="BEN36"/> The Nursery Pavilion, which was constructed in 1999, overlooks the playing area of the Nursery Ground and is one of London's largest venues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/nursery-pavilion|title=Nursery Pavilion|website=Lords.org|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190511/https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/nursery-pavilion|url-status=live}}</ref> The ground has hosted one first-class cricket match in 1903, when the MCC played [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/598_f.html|title=First-Class Matches played on Lord's Nursery Ground, St John's Wood|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184417/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/598_f.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the match was originally to be played on Lord's main ground, but heavy rain had fallen and in the week leading up to the match this had led to the abandonment of a match between the MCC and Nottinghamshire. The heavy rain persisted during the MCC v Yorkshire match, with the players spending the first two days of the three-day match sitting in the pavilion. However, it was deemed that the playing surface on the Nursery Ground was suitable for the third day of the match to be played there,<ref>Barker 2014, p. 129</ref> with both sides each batting for an innings and Yorkshire's [[Wilfred Rhodes]] making an [[not out|unbeaten]] 98.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/6/6152.html|title=Marylebone Cricket Club v Yorkshire, 1903|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185725/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/6/6152.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[The University Match|Women's University Match]] was played on the Nursery Ground from 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/varsity-cricket-a-one-day-wonder|title=Varsity cricket – a one-day wonder?|website=Cam.ac.uk|date=6 June 2001|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711201251/https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/varsity-cricket-a-one-day-wonder|url-status=live}}</ref> however following calls for gender equality, the 20-over fixture is played on the main Lord's ground since 2022 alongside the men's fixture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-varsity-match-set-for-full-lord-s-debut-after-universities-reach-agreement-1263728|title=Women's Varsity match set for full Lord's debut after universities reach agreement|first=George|last=Dobell|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 May 2021|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711201232/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-varsity-match-set-for-full-lord-s-debut-after-universities-reach-agreement-1263728|url-status=live}}</ref> On big match days crowds are allowed onto the outfield. The Cross Arrows Cricket Club play their home matches at the Nursery Ground towards the end of each cricket season.<ref name="NUR"/> The construction of the new Compton and Edrich Stands, beginning in August 2019, encroached on the Nursery Ground's playing area. In order to reclaim the playing area lost to the redevelopment of the stands, the temporary Nursery Pavilion will be demolished in 2025–26 and the playing area will be extended up to the perimeter wall running beside the Wellington Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|title=The Future of Lord's|website=Lords.org|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620043117/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|url-status=live}}</ref>

===MCC Museum and Library===
[[File:Ashes Urn.jpg|thumb|left|[[The Ashes urn]] on display at the Lord's Museum]]
Lord's is the home of the MCC Museum, which is the oldest sports museum in the world, and contains the world's most celebrated collection of cricket [[Sports memorabilia|memorabilia]], including [[The Ashes urn]].<ref name="MUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/heritage-collections/what-we-do|title=MCC Museum|website=Lords.org|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727180322/https://www.lords.org/mcc/heritage-collections/what-we-do|url-status=live}}</ref> MCC has been collecting memorabilia since 1864, its collection being originated by [[Spencer Ponsonby-Fane|Sir Spencer Ponsonby-Fane]], who subsequently became the Club Treasurer.<ref name=barc>''Barclay's World of Cricket – 2nd Edition'', 1980, Collins Publishers, {{ISBN|0-00-216349-7}}, p47</ref> These items were originally displayed in the Pavilion, limiting access to the collection to MCC members. Following the Second World War the collection had outgrown its home in the Pavilion, with a decision made to relocate the collection and open it to the public. The MCC moved the collection to a disused rackets court, which had fallen into disrepair during the war, with this location also acting as a memorial to the fallen members of the MCC from the two World Wars.<ref name="MUSLIB">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1953-hrh-the-duke-of-edinburgh-opens-the-imperial|title=HRH The Duke of Edinburgh opens the MCC Museum|website=Lords.org|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715100724/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1953-hrh-the-duke-of-edinburgh-opens-the-imperial|url-status=live}}</ref> MCC appointed [[Diana Rait Kerr]], "to whom the game owes a great debt", as the first full-time founding curator of its museum and library, a position she held from 1945 to 1968.<ref name=barc/> The museum was officially opened to the public as the Imperial Memorial Collection by the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] in 1953. During her tenure as curator, Rait Kerr secured donations of pictures, cricket equipment and other artefacts from around the world.<ref name="MUSLIB"/> Rait Kerr was succeeded as curator by Stephen Green in 1968.<ref name=barc/> The museum today welcomes around 50,000 visitors per year.<ref name="MUSLIB"/>

Amongst the items on display include cricket kit used by [[Victor Trumper]], [[Jack Hobbs]], [[Don Bradman]], [[Shane Warne]], and others; many items related to the career of [[W. G. Grace]]; and curiosities such as the [[Taxidermy|stuffed]] [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]] that was 'bowled out' by [[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]] of Cambridge University in delivering a ball to [[T. N. Pearce]] batting for the MCC on 3 July 1936. It also contains the battered copy of [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|''Wisden'']] that helped to sustain [[E. W. Swanton]] through his captivity in a Japanese [[Prisoner-of-war camp#Conditions in Japanese camps|prisoner-of-war camp]] during the Second World War. It continues to collect historic artefacts and also commissions new paintings and photography.<ref name="MUSLIB"/> It contains the [[Brian Johnston]] [[Memorial]] [[Theatre]], a cinema which screens historical cricket footage for visitors. The museum collaborates with a number of national museums and schools through active loans, in addition to community and tour programmes. It is a member of the [[Sporting Memories Network|Sporting Heritage]] network.<ref name="MUS"/>

Lord's also has one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of books and publications dedicated to cricket. The MCC Library includes over 20,000 volumes and grows by around 400 volumes a year, and encourages donations from authors and publishers. It operates as a private library for MCC members on match days, but is open by appointment on non-match days.<ref name="MUS"/> It was expanded in the 1980s with the opening of a new library in the tennis court block to the rear of the pavilion,<ref>Meredith 2012, p. 47</ref> having previously been housed in the Pavilion's Old Library before relocating to a small dedicated office space.<ref name="G436">Green 2010, p. 436</ref> In 2010, a selection of 100 duplicates from MCC's library collection was offered for auction by [[Christie's]] with proceeds going to its support.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4329|title=Release: Christie's to offer a selection of items from the MCC collections|website=Christies.com|date=21 October 2010|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225711/http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4329|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Gardens===
[[File:Lord's Cricket Ground Lord Harris Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial tablet (pictured) to [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] in the Harris Garden]]
Lord's has two gardens, the Harris Garden and the Coronation Garden. The Coronation Garden was created behind the A Stand (Warner Stand) in 1952 to celebrate the [[coronation of Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peebles |first1=Ian |author1-link=Ian Peebles |last2=Rait Kerr |first2=Diana |author2-link=Diana Rait Kerr |title=Lord's 1946–1970 |year=1987 |publisher=Pavilion Books |location=London |isbn=1851451412 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIVLAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113607/https://books.google.com/books?id=yIVLAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It contains [[Fraxinus|weeping ash]] and other trees, providing a shaded area under which benches are found. Preserved in the Coronation Garden is one of the first models of mass-produced, cast iron, [[Roller (agricultural tool)#Cricket pitch use|heavy rollers]] dating from the 1880s, which was in use at Lord's until 1945.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Roger D. C. |title=Cricket Grounds: The Evolution, Maintenance and Construction of Natural Turf Cricket Tables and Outfields |year=1991 |publisher=[[Sports Turf Research Institute]] |location=[[Bingley]] |isbn=1873431007 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBEK7CB5Xg8C |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113604/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBEK7CB5Xg8C |url-status=live }}</ref> A large bronze statue of W. G. Grace stands in the Coronation Garden. The garden is popular with picnickers during major matchdays.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Simon |author1-link=Simon Hughes (cricketer) |title=And God Created Cricket |year=2010 |publisher=[[Transworld Publishers|Transworld]] |location=[[Ealing]] |isbn=9781446422472 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-n8jsCTWIUC |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113609/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-n8jsCTWIUC |url-status=live }}</ref> The Harris Garden, formerly tennis courts, was created as a [[rose garden]] in 1934 in memory of [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]].<ref>Barker 2014, p. 112</ref><ref>Fay 2005, p. 28</ref> The garden was restored and re-launched in 2018. The restoration included the exposing of the flint wall which runs along the back of the garden,<ref name="GAR">{{cite news|url=https://www.conference-news.co.uk/news/lords-re-launches-harris-garden|title=Lord's re-launches Harris Garden|first=Martin|last=Fullard|publisher=ConferenceNews|date=6 August 2018|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210007/https://www.conference-news.co.uk/news/lords-re-launches-harris-garden|url-status=live}}</ref> and displays a memorial to Lord Harris. The flower beds in the Harris Garden were replanted in 2018 with a floral design featuring flowers from all the [[Test cricket#Test status|Test-playing nations]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=Lawrence |title=The Shorter Wisden 2018 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=9781472953582 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hu5UDwAAQBAJ |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524195450/https://books.google.com/books?id=hu5UDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Harris Garden is available for private hire and can host up to 300 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/harris-garden|title=Harris Garden|website=Lords.org|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727204154/https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/harris-garden|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GAR"/>

==Other sports==
[[File:Base-ball in England - the match on Lord's cricket grounds between the Red Stockings and the Athletics - from a sketch by Abner Crossman. LCCN2008677252.tif|thumb|left|Lord's 1874 [[baseball]] match between the [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Red Stockings]] and [[Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876)|Philadelphia Athletics]]]]
[[Sir Pelham Warner]] was of the opinion that the only other sport which had any proper standing at Lord's was [[real tennis]].<ref name="WAR292">Warner 1987, p. 292</ref> A real tennis court began construction in October 1838, with the court's foundation stone being laid by [[Benjamin Aislabie]].<ref name="WAR28">Warner 1987, p. 28</ref> The court was built at a cost of £4,000, which at the time was exceptionally high.<ref>Meredith 2012</ref> A real tennis competition was later established in 1867.<ref name="WAR28"/> The tennis court was demolished in 1898 to make way for the Mound Stand, with a replacement court being built behind the Pavilion in 1900 in the back garden of number 3 Grove End Road. By 2005 the MCC had a real tennis playing membership of 200.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fay|first=Stephen|year=2005|title=Tom Graveney at Lord's|pages=102–3|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|location=London|isbn=0413775305|url=https://archive.org/details/tomgraveneyatlor0000fays}}</ref> The playing of [[Rackets (sport)|rackets]] at Lord's dates from 1844 and is currently played in the tennis block.<ref name="WAR28"/> Lord's hosted the Public Schools Championship in 1866, with Harrow School triumphing. Since then the Championship has been held at [[Prince's Club]], before moving to [[Queen's Club]].<ref name="WAR292"/>

With the advent of [[lawn tennis]], a decision was made at the annual general meeting of the MCC in May 1875 to construct a tennis court, although there was strong opposition from some members.<ref>Warner 1987, p. 69</ref> A suggestion to standardise the rules of tennis was made at Lord's by [[John Moyer Heathcote|J. M. Heathcote]], who was himself a pre-eminent real tennis player. On 3 March 1875 the MCC, in its capacity as the governing body for rackets and real tennis, convened a meeting at Lord's to determine the various versions of lawn tennis which existed with the aim to fully standardise the game's rules.<ref name="RULES">{{cite book|author=[[Bodleian Library]]|year=2011|title=The Original Rules of Tennis|pages=29–34|publisher=Victory Books|location=Melbourne|isbn=978-0522858389|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0hwrwZqMDYC|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011605/https://books.google.com/books?id=d0hwrwZqMDYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Amongst the various versions of lawn tennis which were demonstrated were [[Walter Clopton Wingfield|Major Clopton Wingfield's]] ''Sphairistikè'', and [[John Hale (cricketer)|John H. Hale's]] ''Germains Lawn Tennis''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=John|author-link=John Barrett (tennis)|title=Wimbledon – Serving Through Time|year=2003|publisher=Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum|location=London|pages=29, 30|isbn=978-0-906741-32-0}}</ref> After the meeting, the MCC Tennis Committee was tasked with framing the rules. On 29 May 1875 the MCC issued the ''Laws of Lawn Tennis'', the first unified rules for lawn tennis, which were adopted by the club on 24 June.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Somerset|editor-first=Henry|title=Tennis, Lawn Tennis, Rackets, Fives |series=Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes |year=1894 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |location=London |edition=3st |editor-link=Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort |pages=133, 134|url=https://archive.org/details/tennis00ainggoog |oclc=558974625 |ol=6939991M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=John|author-link=John Barrett (tennis)|title=Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships|year=2001|page=1|publisher=CollinsWillow|location=London|isbn=0-00-711707-8}}</ref> These rules were amended by the [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] for the [[1877 Wimbledon Championship]], with the dimensions of the tennis courts being based on those at Lord's; the courts on which these were based are no longer used for tennis and now form part of the Harris Garden.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/harris-gardens-hosting-tennis-at-lords-since-1838-and-where-rules-of-lawn-tennis-was-standardised-861597|title=Harris Garden, hosting tennis at Lord's since 1838 and where rules of lawn tennis were standardised|first=Jamie|last=Alter|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 October 2017|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724113600/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/harris-gardens-hosting-tennis-at-lords-since-1838-and-where-rules-of-lawn-tennis-was-standardised-861597|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Green 2010, p. 435</ref>

The original intention for the purchase of the northern part of the Nursery Ground in 1838 was for it to serve as an [[archery]] venue.<ref>Green 2010, p. 43</ref> Archery is recorded as having been played at Lord's as far back as August 1844, when visiting [[Iowa people|Ioway Indians]] camped at Lord's and demonstrated their archery skills.<ref>Green 2010, p. 40</ref> Lord's was one of London's venues for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], hosting the [[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics|archery competition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-on-hold-as-lords-hosts-archery|title=Cricket on hold as Lord's hosts archery|publisher=Wisden India|date=26 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731044741/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-on-hold-as-lords-hosts-archery|archive-date=31 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 2012 Olympics Archery competition took place in front of the Pavilion, where the archers were positioned, with the targets placed 70 metres away just past the [[Cricket pitch|square]] and before Lord's Media Centre. Either side of the square temporary stands holding up to 5,000 spectators were erected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2012-lord-s-hosts-the-olympic-archery-tournament|title=Lord's hosts Olympic Archery|website=Lords.org|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715213604/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2012-lord-s-hosts-the-olympic-archery-tournament|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Lacrosse]] was first played at Lord's in 1833 by Canadian pioneers of the sport.<ref name="G347">Green 2010, p. 347</ref> Lacrosse returned to Lord's in 1876, when a team of Canadian Gentlemen Amateurs led by [[William George Beers]] played an exhibition match at the ground against the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Indians]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vennum|first=Thomas|year=2013|title=American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War|page=269|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore]]|isbn=9780801887642|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySIIyex5nboC}}</ref> A Canadian lacrosse team toured Great Britain again in 1883, with one exhibition match being staged at Lord's in front of several thousand spectators.<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Joseph Edmund|year=1884|title=Canada under the administration of Lord Lorne|page=526|publisher=Rose Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYhjqs1LZC4C|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113605/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYhjqs1LZC4C|url-status=live}}</ref> It was then played again at Lord's in October 1953 when the Kenton and Old Thorntonians Lacrosse Clubs met in a lacrosse championship match, with further fixtures following in November of the same year.<ref name="G347"/>
[[File:Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men.jpg|thumb|Lord's [[archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]]]
[[Baseball]] was first played at Lord's in 1874 when the MCC hosted a touring party of 22 baseball players from the [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Red Stockings]] and [[Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876)|Philadelphia Athletics]], being the two leading American baseball teams of the time.<ref>Green 2010, p. 65</ref><ref>Barker 2014, p. 120</ref> The Red Stockings defeated the Athletics 24–7 in front of a crowd of 5,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite book|last=Felber|first=Bill|year=2013|title=Inventing Baseball: The 100 Greatest Games of the 19th Century|pages=84–5|publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]]|location=[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]|isbn=9781933599427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdgAAgAAQBAJ|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011608/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdgAAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> A baseball game was held at Lord's during the First World War to raise money for the Canadian Widows' and Orphans' Fund. A Canadian baseball team then played a team of American London residents in a match attracting 10,000 spectators.<ref>Green 2010, p. 195</ref><ref>Barker 2014, p. 155</ref>

Lord's hosted London's 1967 pre-[[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympics]] [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]] tournament.<ref name="HOCK">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/aipsueps/world-hockey-returns-to-lords/|title=World hockey returns to Lord's|first=Bill|last=Colwill|publisher=[[Sports Journalists' Association]]|date=6 November 2006|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715221043/https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/aipsueps/world-hockey-returns-to-lords/|url-status=live}}</ref> One match saw [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] play [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]], broadcast live on the BBC which at the time was unprecedented for [[field hockey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-asia-cup-2017-india-versus-pakistan-is-an-age-old-rivalry-where-emotions-take-over-skills-and-tactics-4142161.html|title=Hockey Asia Cup 2017: India versus Pakistan is an age-old rivalry where emotions take over skills and tactics|first=Jitendra Nath|last=Misra|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 October 2017|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524195522/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-asia-cup-2017-india-versus-pakistan-is-an-age-old-rivalry-where-emotions-take-over-skills-and-tactics-4142161.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pakistan won the match 1–0,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/vid%C3%A9o/field-hockey-match-between-indian-and-pakistan-at-the-lords-vid%C3%A9o/mr_00103145?uiloc=thumbnail_same_series_adp|title=Montage: Field hockey match between Indian and Pakistan at the Lord's Cricket Ground in London|date=16 April 2013|publisher=[[Getty Images]]|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=24 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524195453/https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/video/field-hockey-match-between-indian-and-pakistan-at-stock-video-footage/mr_00103145?uiloc=thumbnail_same_series_adp|url-status=live}}</ref> while Pakistan also went on to defeat [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]] later in the warm-up tournament,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/hockey-match-aka-pre-olympic-hockey-tournament-aka/query/field+hockey|title=Hockey Match Aka Pre-Olympic Hockey Tournament AKA Hockey At Lords 1967|publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathe]]|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731074748/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/hockey-match-aka-pre-olympic-hockey-tournament-aka/query/field%2Bhockey|url-status=live}}</ref> before becoming Olympic Champions the following year. Lord's hosted further international hockey matches during the 1970s.<ref name="HOCK"/> The [[University Match (hockey)|University Match]] between Oxford and Cambridge Hockey Clubs took place at Lord's for twenty one years beginning in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsityhockeymatch.com/history-of-the-varsity-match---venues|title=Varsity Match – Past Venues|website=Varsityhockeymatch.com|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191011/https://www.varsityhockeymatch.com/history-of-the-varsity-match---venues|url-status=live}}</ref> [[England men's national field hockey team|England]] beat [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|World Champions]] India for the first time ever at this venue, in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |title=England Score Historic Triumph |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780313-1.1.22 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |agency=Reuters |date=13 March 1978 |page=22 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171016/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780313-1.1.22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other sports played at Lord's include [[lawn bowls]] and [[English billiards|billiards]]. In 1838,<ref name="WAR29"/> a [[bowling green]] was constructed at the western end of the ground, and then a [[billiard room]] with two tables was added to the old Tavern,<ref name="WAR29">Warner 1987, p. 29</ref><ref name="B44"/><ref name="BEN36">Green 2010, p. 36</ref> where professional billiards players competed on Mondays during the cricket season;<ref name="WAR292"/> In the late 1840s and early 1850s, Lord's held [[Galloway pony]] [[Horse racing|races]] after the cricket season was over, with races starting at the Tavern and finishing twenty yards south of the Pavilion.<ref>Warner 1987, p. 31</ref>

== Test cricket records ==
[[File:Joe_root.jpg|thumb|Joe Root holds the record for most career runs at Lord's.]]

=== Batting ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=runs;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Runs
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''2,166''' (42 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Root]]
|2013–2025
|-
|'''2,015''' (39 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Graham Gooch]]
|1975–1994
|-
|'''1,937''' (47 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Alastair Cook]]
|2006–2018
|-
|'''1,562''' (31 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Strauss]]
|2004–2012
|-
|'''1,476''' (37 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Alec Stewart]]
|1990–2003
|}
[[File:Warren_Bardsley_1926.jpg|thumb|Warren Bardsley holds the record for most career runs at the ground by a non-Englishman.]]
[[File:Graham_Gooch_01.jpg|thumb|Graham Gooch scored 333 against India in 1990, the highest score at the ground.]]
[[File:Anderson_at_Edgbaston,_2009_(cropped).jpg|thumb|James Anderson has taken the most wickets at the ground, with 123.]]
[[File:Richard_Hadlee_bowling_and_Ian_Botham_(non-striker).jpg|thumb|Richard Hadlee (pictured bowling) and Glenn McGrath took 26 wickets, the most by non-Englishmen.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career runs (non-England)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=runs;team=140;team=2;team=25;team=29;team=3;team=4;team=40;team=5;team=6;team=7;team=8;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting |access-date=17 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Runs
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''760''' (9 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Warren Bardsley]]
|1909–1926
|-
|'''571''' (9 innings)
|{{Flagicon|WIN}} [[Garfield Sobers]]
|1957–1973
|-
|'''551''' (8 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Don Bradman]]
|1930–1948
|-
|'''525''' (9 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
|2010–2023
|-
|'''512''' (9 innings)
|{{Flagicon|WIN}} [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]
|2000–2012
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest individual scores<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=batted_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting;view=innings |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Runs
!Player
!Date
|-
|'''333''' v. India
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Graham Gooch]]
|26 July 1990
|-
|'''259''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|SA}} [[Graeme Smith]]
|31 July 2003
|-
|'''254''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Don Bradman]]
|27 June 1930
|-
|'''240''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Wally Hammond]]
|24 June 1938
|-
|'''226''' v. Bangladesh
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Jonathan Trott]]
|27 May 2010
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most centuries<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=hundreds;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Centuries
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''8''' (42 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Root]]
|2013–2025
|-
|'''6''' (19 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Vaughan]]
|2000–2008
|-
|'''6''' (39 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Graham Gooch]]
|1975–1994
|-
|'''5''' (25 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Kevin Pietersen]]
|2005–2013
|-
|'''5''' (31 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Andrew Strauss]]
|2004–2012
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest batting average (3+ matches)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batting records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=batting_average;qualmin2=3;qualval2=matches;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=batting |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Average
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''129.33''' (5 innings, 2 [[Not out|NO]])
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Joe Hardstaff Jr]]
|1936–1946
|-
|'''115.50''' (5 innings, 3 NO)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Steve Waugh]]
|1989–2001
|-
|'''–''' (115 runs, 3 innings, 3 NO)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Dennis Lillee]]
|1972–1981
|-
|'''108.57''' (9 innings, 2 NO)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Warren Bardsley]]
|1909–1926
|-
|'''107.00''' (5 innings, 2 NO)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[David Boon]]
|1985–1993
|}

=== Bowling ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Wickets
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''123''' (56 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]
|2003–2024
|-
|'''113''' (55 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Stuart Broad]]
|2008–2023
|-
|'''69''' (26 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Botham]]
|1978–1992
|-
|'''63''' (24 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Fred Trueman]]
|1952–1965
|-
|'''47''' (16 innings)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Bob Willis]]
|1973–1984
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Most career wickets (non-England)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=wickets;team=140;team=2;team=25;team=29;team=3;team=4;team=40;team=5;team=6;team=7;team=8;team=9;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Wickets
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''26''' (8 innings)
|{{Flagicon|NZ}} [[Richard Hadlee]]
|1978–1990
|-
|'''26''' (6 innings)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
|1997–2005
|-
|'''24''' (9 innings)
|{{Flagicon|NZ}} [[Tim Southee]]
|2008–2022
|-
|'''22''' (7 innings)
|{{Flagicon|SA|variant=1910}} [[Sid Pegler]]
|1912–1924
|-
|'''20''' (5 innings)
|{{Flagicon|WIN}} [[Malcolm Marshall]]
|1984–1991
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best innings figures<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=bowling;view=innings |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Figures
!Player
!Date
|-
|'''8/34''' v. Pakistan
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Botham]]
|15 June 1978
|-
|'''8/38''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
|19 June 1997
|-
|'''8/43''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Hedley Verity]]
|22 June 1934
|-
|'''8/51''' v. Pakistan
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Derek Underwood]]
|8 August 1974
|-
|'''8/53''' v. England
| rowspan="2" |{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bob Massie]]
| rowspan="2" |22 June 1972
|-
|'''8/84''' v. England
|-
|'''8/103''' v. West Indies
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Ian Botham]]
|28 June 1984
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Best match figures<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=match |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo |archive-date=24 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124183335/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=wickets;template=results;type=bowling;view=match |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Figures
!Player
!Date
|-
|'''16/137''' v. England
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Bob Massie]]
|22 June 1972
|-
|'''15/104''' v. Australia
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Hedley Verity]]
|22 June 1934
|-
|'''13/71''' v. Pakistan
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Derek Underwood]]
|8 August 1974
|-
|'''12/101''' v. South Africa
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Roy Tattersall]]
|21 June 1951
|-
|'''12/106''' v. West Indies
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Gus Atkinson]]
|10 July 2024
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lowest strike rate (4+ innings)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=bowling_strike_rate;qualmin2=4;qualval2=innings_bowled;template=results;type=bowling |access-date=18 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Strike rate
!Player
!Period
|-
|'''15.9''' (19 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Gus Atkinson]]
|2024–2024
|-
|'''24.9''' (10 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Graham Onions]]
|2009–2009
|-
|'''25.9''' (15 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]]
|1886–1888
|-
|'''27.3''' (26 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Glenn McGrath]]
|1997–2005
|-
|'''28.8''' (9 wickets)
|{{Flagicon|PAK}} [[Mudassar Nazar]]
|1978–1987
|}

=== Team records ===
[[File:Don_Bradman_1946-10-31.jpg|thumb|Bradman topscored with 254, as Australia totalled 729/6d in 1930.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest innings scores<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=team;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Score
!Team
!Date
|-
|'''729/6d'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. England
|27 June 1930
|-
|'''682/6d'''
|{{Flagicon|SA}} [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] v. England
|31 July 2003
|-
|'''653/4d'''
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. India
|26 July 1990
|-
|'''652/8d'''
|{{Flagicon|WIN}} [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] v. England
|23 August 1973
|-
|'''632/4d'''
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. England
|17 June 1993
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Lowest completed innings<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;orderbyad=reverse;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=team;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Team records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;orderbyad=reverse;qualmin1=8;qualval1=team_wickets;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=team;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Score
!Team
!Date
|-
|'''38'''
|{{cr|Ireland}} v. England
|24 July 2019
|-
|'''42'''
|{{Flagicon|IND}} [[India national cricket team|India]] v. England
|20 June 1974
|-
|'''47'''
|{{Flagicon|NZ}} [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] v. England
|19 June 1958
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''53'''
|{{Flagicon|ENG}} [[England cricket team|England]] v. Australia
|16 July 1888
|-
|{{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] v. England
|22 June 1896
|}

=== Partnership records ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest partnerships<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Runs
!Wicket
!Players
!Match
!Date
|-
|'''370'''
|3rd
|[[Denis Compton]] (208) & [[Bill Edrich]] (189)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|South Africa|1928}}
|21 June 1947
|-
|'''332'''
|8th
|[[Jonathan Trott]] (184) & [[Stuart Broad]] (169)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|Pakistan}}
|26 August 2010
|-
|'''308'''
|3rd
|[[Graham Gooch]] (333) & [[Allan Lamb]] (139)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|India}}
|26 July 1990
|-
|'''291'''
| rowspan="2" |2nd
|[[Rob Key]] (221) & [[Andrew Strauss]] (137)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|West Indies}}
|22 July 2004
|-
|'''287*'''
|[[Gordon Greenidge]] (214*) & [[Larry Gomes]] (92*)
|{{cr|West Indies}} v. {{cr|England}}
|28 June 1984
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Highest partnerships by wicket<ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax1=1;partnership_wicketval1=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=2;partnership_wicketmin2=2;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=3;partnership_wicketmin2=3;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=4;partnership_wicketmin2=4;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=5;partnership_wicketmin2=5;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=6;partnership_wicketmin2=6;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=7;partnership_wicketmin2=7;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=8;partnership_wicketmin2=8;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmax2=9;partnership_wicketmin2=9;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Partnership records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=fow_score;partnership_wicketmin2=10;partnership_wicketval2=partnership_wicket;template=results;tournament_type=2;tournament_type=3;type=fow;view=innings |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
!Runs
!Wicket
!Players
!Match
!Date
|-
|'''268'''
|1st
|[[Jack Hobbs]] (211) & [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] (122)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|South Africa|1912}}
|28 June 1924
|-
|'''291'''
|2nd
|[[Rob Key]] (221) & [[Andrew Strauss]] (137)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|West Indies}}
|22 July 2004
|-
|'''370'''
|3rd
|[[Denis Compton]] (208) & [[Bill Edrich]] (189)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|South Africa|1928}}
|21 June 1947
|-
|'''286'''
|4th
|[[Ian Bell]] (199) & [[Kevin Pietersen]] (152)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|South Africa}}
|10 July 2008
|-
|'''216'''
|5th
|[[Allan Border]] (196) & [[Greg Ritchie]] (94)
|{{cr|Australia}} v. {{cr|England}}
|27 June 1985
|-
|'''274*'''
|6th
|[[Garfield Sobers]] (163*) & [[David Holford]] (105*)
|{{cr|West Indies}} v. {{cr|England}}
|16 June 1966
|-
|'''174'''
|7th
|[[Colin Cowdrey]] (152) & [[Godfrey Evans]] (82)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|West Indies}}
|20 June 1957
|-
|'''332'''
|8th
|[[Jonathan Trott]] (184) & [[Stuart Broad]] (169)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|Pakistan}}
|26 August 2010
|-
|'''130'''
|9th
|[[Steve Waugh]] (152*) & [[Geoff Lawson (cricketer)|Geoff Lawson]] (74)
|{{cr|Australia}} v. {{cr|England}}
|22 June 1989
|-
|'''83'''
|10th
|[[Ray Illingworth]] (113) & [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]] (9*)
|{{cr|England}} v. {{cr|West Indies}}
|26 June 1969
|}
Last updated 19 October 2025.

==Limited overs international cricket records==
===One-Day International===
* Highest team total: 334/4 (60 overs) by England v [[India national cricket team|India]], 1975<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in ODI cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190353/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 107 all out (32.1 overs) by [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] v England, 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;runsmax1=199;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=team;view=innings|title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185350/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;runsmax1=199;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=team;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 138[[not out|*]] by [[Viv Richards]] for West Indies v England, 1979<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Centuries in ODI cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185958/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 6/24 by [[Reece Topley]] for England v India, 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Four Wickets in an Innings in ODI cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185217/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Twenty20 International===
* Highest team total: 199/4 (20 overs) by West Indies v [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|ICC World XI]], 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011604/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 93 all out (17.3 overs) by the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] v Pakistan, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011955/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 78 by [[Mahela Jayawardene]] for Sri Lanka v Ireland, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Statsguru / Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011617/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 4/11 by [[Shahid Afridi]] for Pakistan v the Netherlands, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Four Wickets in an Innings in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011606/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All records correct as of {{date}}.

==Domestic records==
=== First-class ===
* Highest team total: 655 by [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] v Glamorgan, 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Cricket Records in ENG: Lord's, London in FC matches |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/eng-lord-s-london-10/first-class-matches-4 |publisher=ESPNCricincfo |access-date=9 April 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409135702/https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/ground/team-highest-innings-totals/eng-lord-s-london-10/first-class-matches-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 15 by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) v Surrey, 1839<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182452/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 335[[not out|*]] by [[Sam Northeast]] for [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]] v Middlesex, 2024<ref>{{cite web |last1=Webb |first1=Nick |title=County Championship: Glamorgan's Sam Northeast hits Lord's record 335 against Middlesex |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/68749184 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406222215/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/68749184 |archive-date=6 April 2024 |date=6 April 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Three bowlers have taken a ten-wicket haul in an innings where the exact bowling figures are not recorded; however it is known they conceded less than 20 runs: they are [[Edmund Hinkly]], [[William Lillywhite]] and [[John Wisden]]; the best bowling figures in an innings where the records are complete are by [[Samuel Butler (cricketer)|Samuel Butler]] with 10/38 for Oxford University v Cambridge University in 1871<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Seven Wickets in an Innings in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183101/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*William Lillywhite took the most wickets in a match with 18, for the [[Amateur status in first-class cricket|Gentlemen]] in the [[Gentlemen v Players]] fixture of 1837, though his exact bowling figures are not recorded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Match.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Most Wickets in a Match in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182831/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Match.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== List A ===
* Highest team total: 368/2 (50 overs) by [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] v Middlesex, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183659/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 57 (27.2 overs) by [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] v Lancashire, 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190302/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 187[[not out|*]] by [[Alex Hales]] for Nottinghamshire v Surrey, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – 150 Runs in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183225/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 7/22 by [[Jeff Thomson]] for Middlesex v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]], 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Five Wickets in an Innings in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183646/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Twenty20 ===
* Highest team total: 223/7 (20 overs) by [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] v Middlesex, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184517/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 90 (14.4 overs) by [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] v Middlesex, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183240/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 102[[not out|*]] by [[Stephen Eskinazi]] for Middlesex v Essex, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Centuries in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182246/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 6/24 by [[Tim Murtagh]] for Surrey v Middlesex, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Four Wickets in an Innings in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181752/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All records correct as of {{date}}.

==See also==
*[[List of cricket grounds by capacity]]
*[[Lists of stadiums]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Altham|first=Harry|author-link=Harry Altham|title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)|year=1962|publisher=George Allen & Unwin}}
* {{cite book |last=Haygarth |first=Arthur |author-link=Arthur Haygarth |title=Scores & Biographies, Volume 1 (1744–1826) |publisher=Frederick Lillywhite |location=Kennington |year=1996 |orig-year=1862 |isbn=978-19-00592-23-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Midwinter|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Midwinter|title=W. G. Grace: His Life and Times|year=1981|publisher=George Allen & Unwin}}
*{{cite book|last=Moorhouse|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Moorhouse|year=1983|title=Lord's|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|isbn=034028210X}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rait Kerr|first1=Diana|author-link1=Diana Rait Kerr|last2=Peebles|first2=Ian|author-link2=Ian Peebles|year=1987|orig-year=First published 1971|title=Lord's 1946-1970|publisher=Pavilion Books|location=London|isbn=1851451153}}
*{{cite book|last=Warner|first=Pelham|author-link=Pelham Warner|title=Lord's 1787–1945|year=1946|publisher=Harrap}}

==Further reading==
* Rice, Jonathan (2001). ''One Hundred Lord's Tests''. Methuen Publishing Ltd.
* Wright, Graeme (2005). ''Wisden at Lord's''. John Wisden & Co. Ltd.

==External links==
{{Commons category }}
* {{official website}}
* [http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html Profile – Lord's] at the [[CricInfo]]

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{S-start-collapsible|header={{S-sta|et}}}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Cricket World Cup]] [[List of Cricket World Cup finals|Final Venue]]
| before = None
| after = [[Eden Gardens]]
| years = [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]], [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Cricket World Cup]] [[List of Cricket World Cup finals|Final Venue]]
| before = [[Gaddafi Stadium]]
| after = [[Wanderers Stadium]]
| years = [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Cricket World Cup]] [[List of Cricket World Cup finals|Final Venue]]
| before = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] 
| after = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]]
| years = [[1999 Cricket World Cup|2019]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Lord's}}
{{Middlesex CCC}}
{{Sunrisers (women's cricket)}}
{{Test Cricket Grounds ENG}}
{{English cricket venues to 1825}}
{{2012 Summer Olympics venues}}
{{Olympic venues archery}}
{{London landmarks}}
{{Cricket in England}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lord's| ]]
[[Category:1814 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1814]]
[[Category:St John's Wood]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:History of Middlesex]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club]]
[[Category:Middlesex County Cricket Club]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in London]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Middlesex]]
[[Category:Cricket in London]]
[[Category:Sports venues in London]]
[[Category:Sport in the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:English cricket venues in the 18th century]]
[[Category:English cricket venues in the 19th century]]
[[Category:National stadiums|United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in England]]
[[Category:Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic archery venues]]
[[Category:Real tennis venues]]
[[Category:Archery venues]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in London]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the City of Westminster]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in England]]
[[Category:History museums in London]]
[[Category:1814 in London]]

Religious education in Kerala

2026-03-23T19:37:38Z

Collegevidya:

{{Short description|Religious education in Kerala through education system of Gurukula}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}

'''Religious education in [[Kerala]]''' was historically influenced by traditional Indian religions like Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism through the ancient education system of [[Gurukula]]. Abrahamic religions were practiced in Kerala through the early days of maritime trade.<ref name="Menon57">{{cite book |author=A Sreedhara Menon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C&pg=PA57 |title=A Survey Of Kerala History |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=DC Books |isbn=978-81-264-1578-6 |pages=57–58 |access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="Beth Hillel 19772">Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973; David de Beth Hillel, 1832; Lord, James Henry 1977.</ref> Buddhism added educational vocabulary, including ''Namostu Jinatam'', ''Ezhuthu Palli'', and ''Pallikoodam''{{Clarify|reason=What do these words mean?|date=September 2022}} to the [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam language]].{{citation needed|reason=other claims exists|date=June 2024}} [[Madrasa|Madrasa institutions]], coordinated by various Madarasa education boards referred to as ''Othupalli'' or ''Palli Dar'' since the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]]. Modern Christian education began in the early 19th century.

== Hinduism ==
{{See also|Diksha|Kingdom of Cochin#Traditional rituals}}

According to Sudha Nambudiri, Thanthra Vidyapeedam, a low profile [[Vedas|Vedic]] and ''tantric pathshala'' (ritual school) in [[Aluva]] founded by Kalpuzha Divakaran Namboodiripad and P. Madhavji in 1972 taught students in Kerala's temple shastra, Kerala's form of temple rituals, which follows [[Adi Shankara]] traditions in the [[Education in India|Gurukulam]] system.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Nambudiri |first=Sudha |date=11 June 2022 |title=Idolatry is a discipline |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/idolatry-is-a-discipline/ |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=Times of India |language=en-US}}</ref> Namboodiripad says Vidyapeedam only admits ten [[Secondary School Certificate|tenth standard]] passed boys with prior academic knowledge of the [[Sanskrit language]], selected on the basis of their individual [[horoscopes]] every year. The seven year curriculum includes theoretical and practical studies in temple rituals based on Tantra Samuchayam, authored by Chennas Narayanan Nampoothiri, the [[Vedas]], the [[Sanskrit language]], [[Vaastu Shastra]], [[Hindu astrology|Jyothisha]], [[Yoga]] and meditation.<ref name=":9" /> When completed, students are awarded a postgraduate level degree known as ''Thanthraratna'' in Sanskrit by [[Ujjain]]'s [[Maharishi Sandipani Rashtriya Ved Vidya Pratishthan]] and promotes students to temple priests or Sanskrit language teachers.<ref name=":9" /> '''Aarsha Vidya Samajam''' founded by '''Aacharya Sri K R Manoj''' Ji at 1999 is an educational institution for preaching of Pancha Kartavyas; five duties: Adhyayana (Study), Anushthana (Practice), Pracharana (Promotion), Adhyapana (Teaching) and Samrakshana (Protection) of Sanathana Dharma. This institution was born with the Anugraha and Ashirwada of great Gurus for achieving the motto of Krinwantho Vishwamaryam; to make the whole world noble, through right education of Sanathana Dharma, which was not merely a divine call, but also a vision of the Aarsha Guru Paramparas, prayer of the Sadhaks, dream of our ancestors, and the birth purpose of our nation itself.

== Buddhism ==
{{Off topic|date=September 2022}}
Buddhism has historical influences on educational culture in Kerala.<ref>Gopalakrishnan, P K. ''Keralthinte Samskarika Charithram''. Tvm: Kerala Bhasha Institute, 2001.</ref> The origin of the names ''Ezhuthu Palli'' and ''Pallikoodam'' trace back to the roots of Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=P.K. |title=Keralathinte Samskarika Charithram |publisher=Kerala Basha Institute |year=1991 |isbn= |location=Tvm. |pages=256}}</ref> Until the end of the 18th century, the word ''Namostu Jinatam'' (Namotu Chinatam) was used in the beginning of Kerala's education courses for praying to the Buddha. At that time, the script of Kerala was called ''Nanam Manam''. It is an abbreviation of the Pali verses ''Naanam'', ''Monam'', ''Ettanam'', ''Thuvanam'', ''Jeenam'', ''Ennanam'', ''Thanam'' and ''Ummanam'', corresponding to the eight noble ways: the right perspective, the right goal, the right speech, the right action, the right way of life, the right focus, the right concentration, and the right effort.<ref>Panikassery, Velayudhan. ''Kerala Charitratinte Ullarakalileku''. Thrissur, Current, 2012.</ref>

== Christianity ==

In 1815, British resident Colonel [[John Munro, 9th of Teaninich|John Munro]] founded a [[Orthodox Pazhaya Seminary|seminary]] in [[Kottayam]] for the theological education of Jacobite Christian priests and invited the [[Anglican Communion|Anglican]] missionaries to teach there. From there, a connection was formed between the [[Church Mission Society]] and the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of the ''Puthenkuttukar,'' or New Allegiance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC |title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780521548854 |location=Cambridge |author-link=Stephen Neill |orig-year=1984}}</ref> Restrictions were imposed on Saint Thomas Christian parishes in order to start new schools, and later on the Travancore Diwan after they attempted to take over the schools owned by the community.<ref name="Devika">{{cite book |last1=Devika |first1=J. |url=http://cds.edu/download_files/wp427.pdf |title=To Survive or to flourish? Minority rights and Syrian Christian assertions in 20th century Travancore |last2=Varghese |first2=V. J. |date=March 2010 |publisher=Centre for Development Studies |location=Trivandrum |access-date=27 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526104825/http://cds.edu/download_files/wp427.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The St. Joseph's LP School in Koonammavu was the first Catholic school for girls, and the first convent in Kerala was established in 1868 in a bamboo-mat house by [[Eliswa Vakayil|Mother Eliswa]], who later established more schools for girls.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Surendranath |first=Nidhi |date=18 July 2013 |title=A saint who pioneered girls' education remembered |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi//article60041454.ece |access-date=18 June 2022 |issn=0971-751X |quote=.. The first convent was a simple bamboo-mat house at Koonammavu, on the land once administered by Vareed Vakayil. The congregation, under Mother Eliswa, was given the task of teaching girls who had no means to pursue education. St. Joseph's LP School at Koonammavu was set up in 1868 as the first Catholic school for girls in Malabar. Mother Eliswa's mission in life was to educate young girls and she set up several girls' schools here. ..}}</ref>

== Islam ==
According to K. Mohammed Basheer, Kerala has one of the oldest ''madrasa'' (''[[Malayalam]]'': ''othupalli / Palli Dar'') education systems in India which has been reformed in modern times to include non-religious and religious subjects.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Basheer |first=K. Mohammed |title=Quality enhancement in Madrasa education : an exploratory study |date=2016 |isbn=978-1-4438-5685-0 |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |pages=18 |oclc=966288166}}</ref> Muslim communities, specifically [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]], form literate communities amongst Muslims in India. Historically, madrasas used to impart primary education about the mosque and the [[imam]]s in it. Madrasas were non-residential, whilst residential facilities supported by mosques and the Muslim village community were called ''Palli Dar''.<ref name=":1" /> During the [[British Raj|British colonisation of India]], madrasas were upgraded to centres of primary education. Post-independence, madrasas hold religious education classes before or after regular schools.<ref name=":1" /> The All Kerala Islamic Education Board were the first organization to conduct centralized examinations; subsequently, different schools of Islamic beliefs came forward to form their own Islamic education boards to train teachers and conduct centralized examinations: the Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board (SKIMVB), the Dakshiana Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board (DKIMVB), the Samastha Kerala Sunni Vidyabhyasa Board (SKSVB) and the Samastha Kerala Islamic Education Board (SKIEB). They are all grounded in [[Sunnah|''Ahl'' as-''Sunnah'']], whereas the Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen Vidyabhyasa Board (KNM) and The Council for Islamic Education and Research (CIER) are rooted in ''[[Ahl-i Hadith]]''. The Majlis al ''Ta'alim al Islami Kerala'' (Majlis) represent [[Jamaat-e-Islami]].<ref name=":1" />

Although the Kerala government does not have its own centralizing Madrasa board, Kerala madrasas affiliate themselves to various madrasa boards backed by various religious institutions, based on different ideologies. Among them, the Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board (SKIMVB) is the largest, with 80 percent of madrasa stating they are connected to Kerala.<ref name=":1" />

Since the 20th century, Arabic language classes have been implemented in Kerala for advanced religious education.<ref name=":1" />

Islamic universities operate in Kerala, including [[Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya]] and [[Darul Huda Islamic University]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board ===
The SKIMVB has affiliation of around ten thousand madrasas that account to around one million students and fifty thousand teachers, mainly from Kerala. It is headquartered at [[Kozhikode]], Kerala, along with regional offices in [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bengal]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board Islamic Education |url=https://samastha.in/ |access-date=17 May 2022 |website=samastha.in}}</ref>

The Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidyabhyasa Board is affiliated to [[Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (EK Sunnis)|Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama]].

== See also ==

* [[Education in Kerala]]
* [[Religion in Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham]]
* [[Dinkoism]]
* [[Basel Evangelical Mission Parsi High School, Thalassery]]

== Bibliography ==

* Dr. A. Antony, Teacher and Education in Indian Society. N.p., Notion Press, 2016. {{ISBN|9781945497780}}
* {{cite journal |jstor=27856176|title=Religion, education and the politics of recognition: A critique and a counter-proposal |last1=Kamat |first1=Sangeeta |last2=Mathew |first2=Biju |journal=Comparative Education |year=2010 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=359–376 |doi=10.1080/03050068.2010.503746 |s2cid=144742448 }}
* Mohammed, U.. Educational Empowerment of Kerala Muslims: A Socio-historical Perspective. India, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2007. P.P. 69 {{ISBN|9788190388733}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohammed |first=U. |title=Educational empowerment of Kerala Muslims : a socio-historical perspective |date=2007 |publisher=Indian Council of Historical Research |isbn=978-81-903887-3-3 |location=New Delhi |oclc=288383030}}</ref>
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1017/S0026749X07003198|title=Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India |year=2008 |last1=Osella |first1=Filippo |last2=Osella |first2=Caroline |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=42 |issue=2–3 |pages=317–346 |s2cid=143932405 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/5176/1/osella_ModAsianStuds.PDF }}
* Sexuality, Abjection and Queer Existence in Contemporary India. India, Taylor & Francis, 2021.
* Sikand, Yoginder. Bastions of the Believers: Madrasas and Islamic Education in India. India, Penguin Books India, 2005. P.P. 129 {{ISBN|9780144000203}}
* A Study of the Christian Colleges in Kerala: Report of the Commission for Christian Colleges, 1980–81. India, Kerala Educational Research Centre, 1982.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Religion in Kerala]]
[[Category:Madrasas in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Education in Kerala]]

Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai

2026-03-23T13:37:20Z

Collegevidya: small changes

{{Short description|College in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

[[File:Institute of forensic science.png|thumb|200px|Institute of Forensic Science]]
The '''Institute of Forensic Science, Mumbai''' (IFSC Mumbai) is an institute of higher education in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint Director, Higher Education Mumbai Region, Mumbai, Maharashtra State |url=https://jdhemumbai.org.in/instituteforscience.html |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=jdhemumbai.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-07-30 |title=These courses can help you become a forensic scientist and solve crimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/these-courses-can-help-you-become-a-forensic-scientist-and-solve-crimes/articleshow/65197016.cms |access-date=2026-03-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The Institute of Forensic Science was established in 2009 by the Department of Higher and Technical Education of the State Government of Maharashtra. The institute offers courses leading to a [[BSc]] degree in [[forensic science]] and a [[Master of Forensic Sciences|Master of Forensic Science]] (two years) with specialisations in Forensic Serology and DNA Analysis, Toxicology, Ballistics, and Digital and Cyber Forensics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title=Beyond Engineering and Medicine: 15 Non-Traditional Courses to Pursue in India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/colleges/beyond-engineering-and-medicine-non-traditional-courses-to-pursue-in-india-clga-1870000147-1 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> It also offers [[postgraduate diploma]] in forensic science and related law, and a postgraduate diploma in digital and cyber forensic and related law. The Institute of Forensic Science is affiliated with [[University of Mumbai|Mumbai University]].

IFSC Mumbai is housed on the grounds of the [[The Institute of Science, Mumbai|Institute of Science]], an institute for postgraduate teaching and research.
== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*{{official website|https://ifsm.ac.in/}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Education in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Forensics organizations]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]

{{India-edu-stub}}

Swami Vivekananda

2026-03-21T18:13:56Z

Collegevidya: slightly refined structure for clarity additionally and improved wording per sources

{{Short description|Indian monk and philosopher (1863–1902)}}
{{Redirect|Vivekananda|other uses|Swami Vivekananda (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Narendranath Dutta|Indian physician|Narendra Nath Dutta}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Vivekananda
| honorific prefix = [[Swami]]
| image = Swami Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg
| alt = Black and white image of Vivekananda, facing left with his arms folded and wearing a turban
| caption = Vivekananda in Chicago, September 1893. In note on the left Vivekananda wrote: "One infinite pure and holy – beyond thought beyond qualities I bow down to thee".<ref name="World fair 1893 circulated photo">{{cite web|title=World fair 1893 circulated photo|url=https://vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-september-harrr.htm|publisher=vivekananda.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224201648/https://vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/chicago-1893-september-harrr.htm |access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=24 December 2023 }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1863|01|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| birth_name = Narendranath Datta
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1902|7|4|1863|1|12|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Belur Math]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (present-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| guru = [[Ramakrishna]]
| disciples = {{hlist|[[Ashokananda]]|[[Swami Virajananda|Virajananda]]|[[Swami Paramananda|Paramananda]]|[[Alasinga Perumal]]|[[Abhayananda]]|[[Sister Nivedita]]|[[Swami Sadananda]]}}
| citizenship = [[British subject]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| school = {{hlist|[[Vedanta]]|[[Yoga]]}}
| lineage = [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vedanta.gr/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/SwBhajan_4BasicPrincAdvVed_ENA4.pdf|title=Bhajanānanda (2010), ''Four Basic Principles of Advaita Vedanta'', p.3|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref>{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}} [[Rāja Yoga]]{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}}
| founder = {{ubl|[[Ramakrishna Mission]] (1897)|[[Ramakrishna Math]]}}
| literary_works = {{ubl|''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]''|''[[Karma Yoga (book)|Karma Yoga]]''|''Bhakti Yoga''|''[[Jnana Yoga (book)|Jnana Yoga]]''|''[[My Master (book)|My Master]]''|''[[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]]''}}
| signature = Narendra Nath Datta-Signature-Transparent.png
| era = [[Modern philosophy]]
* [[19th-century philosophy]]
| region = [[Eastern philosophy]]
* [[Indian philosophy]]
| native_name = Svāmī Vivekānanda
| influences = {{flatlist|
* [[Debendranath Tagore|Tagore]]
* [[Ramakrishna]]
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen|Sen]]
* [[H. Spencer|Spencer]]
*[[Max Müller]]
}}
}}
{{quote box
| title = Quotation
| quote="[[Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached]]" ([[q:Swami Vivekananda|more]] on [[Wikiquote]])
| width = 27em
}}
'''Swami Vivekananda''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|w|ɑː|m|i|_|ˌ|v|ɪ|v|eɪ|ˈ|k|ɑː|n|ə|n|d|ə}}){{efn|{{langx|bn|স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ}}; {{IPA|bn|ʃami bibekanɔndo|pron}}; {{audio|Swami Vivekananda.ogg|listen}}; [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Svāmī Vivekānanda''}} (12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born '''Narendranath Datta''',{{efn|{{lang|bn|নরেন্দ্রনাথ দত্ত}}; {{IPA|bn|nɔrendronatʰ dɔto|pron}}}} was an Indian [[Hindus|Hindu]] monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian mystic [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.oneindia.com/feature/swami-vivekananda-a-short-biography-1980622.html |title=Swami Vivekananda: A short biography |work=OneIndia |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html |title=Life History & Teachings of Swami Vivekanand |access-date=3 May 2017 |archive-date=9 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509141232/http://www.culturalindia.net/reformers/vivekananda.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Vivekananda was a major figure in the introduction of [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] to the Western world,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/international-yoga-day-2017-how-swami-vivekananda-helped-popularise-the-ancient-indian-regimen-in-the-west-4715411/ |title=International Yoga Day: How Swami Vivekananda helped popularise the ancient Indian regimen in the West |date=21 June 2017 |publisher=The Indian Express}}</ref>{{sfn|Feuerstein|2002|p=600}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Syman |first=Stefanie |title=The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America |year=2010 |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus, and Giroux]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-374-23676-2 |page=59}}</ref> and is credited with raising [[Interfaith dialogue|interfaith]] awareness and elevating [[Hinduism]] to the status of a major world religion.{{sfn|Clarke|2006|p=209}}

Vivekananda showed an early inclination towards religion and spirituality. At the age of 18, he met Ramakrishna and became his devoted disciple, and later took up the vows of a ''[[sannyasin]]'' (renunciate). Following Ramakrishna’s death, Vivekananda travelled extensively across the [[Indian subcontinent]] as a wandering monk, gaining first-hand knowledge of the often harsh living conditions endured by the Indian masses under then [[British India]], he sought a way to alleviate their suffering by establishing social services but lacked capital. In 1893, he travelled to the [[United States]] to participate in the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]] in [[Chicago]], where he delivered a landmark speech beginning with the words "Sisters and brothers of America...". His powerful message introduced Hindu spiritual thought and advocated for both religious tolerance and universal acceptance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Barrows |first=John Henry |date=1893 |title=The World's Parliament of Religions |publisher=The Parliament of Religions Publishing Company |page=101}}</ref>{{sfn|Dutt|2005|p=121}} The speech made a profound impression; an American newspaper described him as "an orator by divine right and undoubtedly the greatest figure at the Parliament".<ref>{{cite news |title=Sisters and brothers of America — full text of Swami Vivekananda's iconic Chicago speech |publisher=ThePrint |url=https://theprint.in/india/sisters-and-brothers-of-america-full-text-of-swami-vivekanandas-iconic-chicago-speech/257916/ |date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

Following his success in Chicago, Vivekananda lectured widely across the United States, the [[United Kingdom]], and [[continental Europe]], disseminating the essential principles of Hindu philosophy. He established the [[Vedanta Society of New York]] and the Vedanta Society of San Francisco (now the [[Vedanta Society of Northern California]]),{{sfn|Jackson|1994|p=115}} both of which became the foundations for later [[Vedanta Societies]] in the [[Western world|West]]. In India, he founded the [[Ramakrishna Math]], a monastic order for spiritual training, and the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], dedicated to social services, education, and humanitarian work.{{sfn|Feuerstein|2002|p=600}}

Vivekananda is widely regarded as one of the greatest modern Indian thinkers. He was a prominent philosopher, social reformer, and the most successful proponent of Vedanta philosophy abroad. He played a crucial role in the Hindu revivalist movement and contributed significantly to the rise and development of Indian nationalism in colonial India.{{sfn|Von Dense|1999|p=191}} Celebrated as a patriotic saint, his birth anniversary is observed in India as [[National Youth Day (India)|National Youth Day]].<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2022 |title=Know About Swami Vivekananda on National Youth Day 2022 |url=https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/national-youth-day/ |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=SA News Channel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=12 January 2022 |title=National Youth Day 2022: Images, Wishes, and Quotes by Swami Vivekananda That Continue to Inspire us Even Today! |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/national-youth-day-2022-images-wishes-and-famous-quotes-by-swami-vivekananda-that-continue-to-inspire-us-even-today-4645769.html |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=News18}}</ref>

==Early life (1863–1888)==

{{multiple image
| direction = horizontal
|total_width = 360
| image1 = Bhuvaneshwari-Devi-1841-1911.jpg
| caption1 = Bhubaneswari Devi (1841–1911); "I am indebted to my mother for the efflorescence of my knowledge."{{Sfn|Virajananda |2006|p=21}} – Vivekananda
| alt1 = A Bengali woman, sitting
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House & Cultural Centre Door - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6073.JPG
| caption2 = 3, Gourmohan Mukherjee Street, birthplace of Vivekananda, now converted into a museum and cultural centre
| alt2 = Vivekananda as a wandering monk
}}

===Birth and childhood===
[[File:Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre (birthplace of Swami Vivekananda; now a museum and cultural centre, inaugurated by the President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam) at Gourmohan Mukherjee Street.jpg|thumb|Statue of Vivekananda at the [[Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre]]]]
Vivekananda was born as Narendranath Datta (name shortened to Narendra or Naren){{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=5}} in an aristocratic [[Bengali Kayastha]] family{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=1}}<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SKKDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|title=Rescued from the Nation: Anagarika Dharmapala and the Buddhist World|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2015|page=236|author=Steven Kemper|isbn=978-0-226-19910-8}}</ref> in his ancestral home at [[Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre|3 Gourmohan Mukherjee Street]] in Calcutta,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/devdutt-pattanaik-dayanand--vivekanand/17911158|title=Devdutt Pattanaik: Dayanand & Vivekanand|date=15 January 2017}}</ref> the capital of British India, on 12 January 1863 during the [[Makar Sankranti]] festival.{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=2}} He was one of nine siblings.{{Sfn|Mukherji|2011|p=5}} His father, [[Vishwanath Datta]], was an attorney at the [[Calcutta High Court]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=1}}{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=3}} Durgacharan Datta, Narendra's grandfather was a [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] scholar{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=4}} who left his family and became a monk at age twenty-five.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=2}} His mother, Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=4}} The progressive, rational attitude of Narendra's father and the religious temperament of his mother helped shape his thinking and personality.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}}{{Sfn|Sen|2003|p=20}} Narendranath was interested in spirituality from a young age and used to [[Meditation|meditate]] before the images of deities such as [[Shiva]], [[Rama]], [[Sita]], and [[Hanuman]].{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}} He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks.{{Sfn|Sen|2003|p=20}} Narendra was mischievous and restless as a child, and his parents often had difficulty controlling him. His mother said, "I prayed to Shiva for a son and he has sent me one of his demons".{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=2}}

===Education {{anchor|Early and college education}}===
In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath enrolled at [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]'s [[Vidyasagar College|Metropolitan Institution]], where he went to school until his family moved to [[Raipur]] in 1877.{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p={{page needed|date=August 2020}}}} In 1879, after his family's return to Calcutta, he was the only student to receive first-division marks in the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] entrance examination.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=4}} He was an avid reader in a wide range of subjects, including philosophy, religion, history, social science, art and literature.{{Sfn|Arrington|Chakrabarti|2001|pp=628–631}} He was also interested in [[Hindu texts|Hindu scriptures]], including the [[Vedas]], the [[Upanishads]], the [[Bhagavad Gita]], the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Puranas]]. Narendra was trained in [[Indian classical music]],{{Sfn|Sen|2003|p=21}} and regularly participated in physical exercise, sports and organised activities. He studied Western logic, [[Western philosophy]] and [[History of Europe|European history]] at the [[Scottish Church College, Calcutta|General Assembly's Institution]] (now known as the Scottish Church College).{{Sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–14}} In 1881, he passed the [[Fine art|Fine Arts]] examination, and completed a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1884.{{Sfn|Sen|2003|pp=104–105}}{{Sfn|Pangborn|Smith|1976|p=106}} Narendra studied the works of [[David Hume]], [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Johann Gottlieb Fichte]], [[Baruch Spinoza]], [[Georg W. F. Hegel]], [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], [[Auguste Comte]], [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Charles Darwin]].{{Sfn|Dhar|1976|p=53}}{{Sfn|Malagi|Naik|2003|pp=36–37}} He became fascinated with the [[evolutionism]] of [[Herbert Spencer]] and corresponded with him.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=233}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=7–9}} He translated Spencer's book ''[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.272074|Education]]'' (1861) into Bengali.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=31}} While studying Western philosophers, he also learned Sanskrit scriptures and [[Bengali literature]].{{Sfn|Malagi|Naik|2003|pp=36–37}}

[[William Hastie]] (the principal of Scottish Church College, Calcutta, from where Narendra graduated) wrote of him: "Narendra is really a genius. I have travelled far and wide but I have never come across a lad of his talents and possibilities, even in German universities, among philosophical students. He is bound to make his mark in life".<ref>{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopaedia of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dNOT9iYxcMC&pg=PA1066|page=1066|editor1=K.R.Gupta|editor2=Amita Gupta|publisher=Atlantic|year=2006|isbn = 978-81-269-0639-0}}</ref> He was known for his prodigious memory and speed reading ability, and a number of anecdotes attest to this.{{sfn|Banhatti|1995 |pp=156, 157}} Some accounts have called Narendra a ''shrutidhara'' (a person with a prodigious memory).<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/swami-vivekanandas-114th-death-anniversary-lesser-known-facts-about-this-monk-327208-2016-07-04 Swami Vivekananda's 114th death anniversary: Lesser known facts about the spiritual leader]. ''India Today''. 4 July 2016.</ref>

===Initial spiritual forays===
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda and meditation}}

In 1880, Narendra joined [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]'s ''[[Nava Vidhan]]'', which was established by Sen after meeting [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] and reconverting from Christianity to Hinduism.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=99}} Narendra became a member of a [[Freemasonry]] lodge "at some point before 1884"{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=100}} and of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] in his twenties, a breakaway faction of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] led by [[Keshab Chandra Sen]] and [[Debendranath Tagore]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=99}}{{sfn| Sen|2006|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=20}} From 1881 to 1884, he was also active in Sen's [[Band of Hope]], which tried to discourage youths from smoking and drinking.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=99}}

It was in this cultic milieu that Narendra became acquainted with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=19-90, 97–100}} His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which denounced polytheism and caste restrictions,{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} and proposed a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the ''Upanisads'' and of the Vedanta."{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=46}} [[Ram Mohan Roy|Rammohan Roy]], the founder of the Brahmo Samaj who was strongly influenced by [[unitarianism]], strove towards a [[Universalism|universalistic]] interpretation of Hinduism.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=46}} His ideas were "altered [...] considerably" by Debendranath Tagore, who had a [[romanticism|romantic]] approach to the development of these new doctrines, and questioned central Hindu beliefs like reincarnation and karma, and rejected the authority of the ''Vedas''.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=46-47}} Tagore, and later Sen, also brought this "neo-Hinduism" closer in line with western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=47}} Sen was influenced by [[transcendentalism]], an American philosophical-religious movement strongly connected with unitarianism, which emphasised personal [[religious experience]] over mere reasoning and [[theology]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=81}} Sen's focus on creating "an accessible, non-renunciatory, everyman type of spirituality" that introduced "lay systems of spiritual practice" was an influence on the teachings Vivekananda later popularised in the west.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=49}}

Not satisfied with his knowledge of philosophy, Narendra came to "the question which marked the real beginning of his intellectual quest for God."{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}} He asked several prominent Calcutta residents if they had come "face to face with God", but none of their answers satisfied him.{{sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–13}}{{sfn|Pangborn|Smith|1976|p=106}} At this time, Narendra met Debendranath Tagore (the leader of Brahmo Samaj) and asked if he had seen God. Instead of answering his question, Tagore said, "My boy, you have the ''[[Yogi]]''{{'}}s eyes."{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=31}} According to Banhatti, it was Ramakrishna who first truly answered Narendra's question, by saying "Yes, I see Him as I see you, only in an infinitely intenser sense."{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}} De Michelis, however, suggests that Vivekananda was more influenced by the Brahmo Samaj and its new ideas than by Ramakrishna.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=49}} According to De Michelis, it was Sen's influence that brought Vivekananda fully into contact with western esotericism, and it was via Sen that he met Ramakrishna.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=50}} [[Swami Medhananda]] agrees that the Brahmo Samaj was a formative influence,{{sfn|Medhananda|2022|p=17}} but affirms that "it was Narendra's momentous encounter with Ramakrishna that changed the course of his life by turning him away from Brahmoism."{{sfn|Medhananda|2022|p=22}}

===Meeting Ramakrishna===

{{Main|Relationship between Ramakrishna and Swami Vivekananda}}
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda's prayer to Kali at Dakshineswar}}
Narendra first met Ramakrishna in 1881. When Narendra's father died in 1884, Ramakrishna became his primary spiritual focus.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=101}}

Narendra's introduction to Ramakrishna occurred in a literature class at General Assembly's Institution, when Professor William Hastie was lecturing on [[William Wordsworth]]'s poem, ''[[The Excursion]]''.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} While explaining the word "trance" in the poem, Hastie suggested that his students visit Ramakrishna of [[Dakshineswar]] to understand the true meaning of trance. This prompted Narendra, among others in the class, to visit Ramakrishna.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=43}}{{Sfn|Ghosh|2003|p=31}}{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=18}}

They probably first met personally in November 1881,{{refn|group=note|The exact date of the meeting is unknown. Vivekananda researcher Shailendra Nath Dhar studied the ''Calcutta University Calendar of 1881—1882'' and found in that year, examination started on 28 November and ended on 2 December{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=30}}}} though Narendra did not consider this their first meeting, and neither man mentioned this meeting later.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=43}} At the time, Narendra was preparing for his upcoming F. A. examination. [[Ram Chandra Datta]] accompanied him to [[Surendra Nath Mitra]]'s house where Ramakrishna had been invited to deliver a lecture.{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=21}} According to Makarand Paranjape, at this meeting Ramakrishna asked Narendra to sing. Impressed by his talent, he asked Narendra to come to Dakshineshwar.{{Sfn|Paranjape|2012|p=132}}

Narendra went to Dakshineswar in late 1881 or early 1882 and met Ramakrishna.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=43}} This meeting proved to be a turning point in his life.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=232}} Although he did not initially accept Ramakrishna as his teacher and rebelled against his ideas, he was attracted by his personality and frequently visited him.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=10–13}} He initially saw Ramakrishna's ecstasies and visions as "mere figments of imagination"{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}} and "hallucinations".{{Sfn|Rolland|1929a| pp = 169–193}} As a member of Brahmo Samaj, he opposed idol worship, [[polytheism]], and Ramakrishna's worship of [[Kali]].{{Sfn|Arora|1968|p=4}} He even rejected the [[Advaita Vedanta]] teaching of "identity with the absolute" as blasphemy and madness, and often ridiculed the idea.{{Sfn|Rolland|1929a| pp = 169–193}} Ramakrishna was unperturbed and advised him: "Try to see the truth from all angles".{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=10–13}}

Narendra's father's sudden death in 1884 left the family bankrupt; creditors began demanding the repayment of loans, and relatives threatened to evict the family from their ancestral home. Once the son of a well-to-do family, Narendra became one of the poorest students in his college.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=8}} His attempts to find work were unsuccessful. He questioned God's existence,{{Sfn|Sil|1997|p=38}} but found solace in Ramakrishna, and his visits to Dakshineswar increased.{{Sfn|Sil|1997|pp=39–40}}

One day, Narendra asked Ramakrishna to pray to the goddess Kali for his family's financial welfare. Ramakrishna instead suggested he go to the temple himself and pray. Narendra went to the temple three times, but did not pray for any kind of worldly necessities. He ultimately prayed for true knowledge and devotion from the goddess.{{Sfn|Kishore|2001|pp=23–25}}{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|pp=25–26}}{{Sfn|Sil|1997|p=27}} He gradually became ready to renounce everything for the sake of realising God, and accepted Ramakrishna as his [[Guru]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=10–13}}

In 1885, Ramakrishna developed [[Head and neck cancer|throat cancer]]. He was transferred to Calcutta and then to a garden house in [[Cossipore]]. Narendra and Ramakrishna's [[Disciples of Ramakrishna|other disciples]] took care of him during his last days, and Narendra's spiritual education continued. At Cossipore, he experienced ''[[Nirvikalpa]] [[samadhi]]''.{{Sfn|Isherwood|1976|p=20}} Narendra and several other disciples received [[ochre]] robes from Ramakrishna, forming his first monastic order.{{Sfn|Pangborn|Smith|1976|p= 98}} He was taught that service to men was the most effective worship of God.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}}{{Sfn|Isherwood|1976|p=20}} Ramakrishna asked him to take care of the other monastic disciples, and likewise asked them to see Narendra as their leader.{{Sfn|Rolland| 1929b| pp= 201–214}} Ramakrishna died in the early morning hours of 16 August 1886 in Cossipore.{{Sfn|Rolland| 1929b| pp= 201–214}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=17}}

===Founding of Ramakrishna Math===
{{Main|Baranagar Math}}
After Ramakrishna's death, support from devotees and admirers diminished. Unpaid rent accumulated, forcing Narendra and the other disciples to look for a new place to live.{{Sfn|Sil|1997|pp=46–47}} Many returned home, adopting a ''[[Grihastha]]'' (family-oriented) way of life.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=18}} Narendra decided to convert a dilapidated house at [[Baranagar]] into a new ''math'' (monastery) for the remaining disciples. Rent for the Baranagar Math was low, and was raised by ''mādhukarī'' (holy begging). It became the first building of the [[Ramakrishna Math]], the monastery of the [[Monasticism|monastic order]] of [[Ramakrishna]].{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=232}} Narendra and other disciples used to spend many hours practicing [[meditation]] and religious austerities every day.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|p=40}} Narendra recalled the early days of practice in the monastery:{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|p=38}}
{{blockquote|We used to get up at 3:00 am and become absorbed in ''[[japa]]'' and meditation. What a strong spirit of detachment we had in those days! We had no thought even as to whether the world existed or not.}}

In 1887, Narendra compiled a Bengali song anthology named ''[[Sangeet Kalpataru]]'' with Vaishnav Charan Basak. Narendra collected and arranged most of the songs in this compilation, but unfavourable circumstances prevented its completion.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=33}}

===Monastic vows===
In December 1886, the mother of one of the monks, Baburam, invited Narendra and his brother monks to [[Antpur]] village. In Antpur, on the Christmas Eve of 1886, the 23 year old Narendra and eight other disciples took formal monastic vows at the [[:File:Radha Gobind Jiu Temple Antpur West Bengal.jpg|Radha Gobinda Jiu temple]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/bengals-village-where-swami-vivekananda-took-sanyas | title=Aatpur – Bengal's village where Swami Vivekananda took Sanyas }}</ref>{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|p=40}} They decided to live their lives as their master lived.{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1953|p=40}}

=={{anchor|As a monk wandering in India (1888–93)}}Travels in India (1888–1893)==
{{Main|Swami Vivekananda's travels in India (1888–1893)}}
In 1888, Narendra left the monastery as a ''Parivrâjaka'' – a wandering monk, "without fixed abode, without ties, independent and strangers wherever they go".{{Sfn|Rolland|2008|p=7}} His sole possessions were a [[kamandalu]] (water pot), staff and his two favourite books: the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' and ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]''.{{Sfn|Dhar|1976|p=243}} Narendra travelled extensively in India for five years, visiting centres of learning and acquainting himself with diverse religious traditions and social patterns.{{Sfn|Richards|1996|pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p= 12}} He developed sympathy for the suffering and poverty of the people, and resolved to uplift the nation.{{Sfn|Richards|1996|pp=77–78}}{{Sfn|Rolland|2008|pp=16–25}} Living primarily on [[bhiksha]] (alms), he travelled on foot and by railway. During his travels he met and stayed with Indians from all religions and walks of life: scholars, ''[[dewans]]'', [[raja]]s, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, ''[[paraiyar]]s'' (low-caste workers) and government officials.{{Sfn|Rolland|2008|pp=16–25}} On the suggestion of his patron, friend and disciple Raja [[Ajit Singh of Khetri]], he adopted the name "Vivekananda"–a conglomerate of the Sanskrit words: ''[[viveka]]'' and ''[[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ānanda]]'', meaning "the bliss of discerning wisdom". As Vivekananda he departed [[Bombay]] for Chicago, on 31 May 1893, intending to participate in the World's Parliament of Religions.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=24}}{{Sfn|Gosling|2007|p=18}}

==First visit to the West (1893–1897)==
{{see also|Swami Vivekananda at the Parliament of the World's Religions}}
Vivekananda visited several cities in [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (including Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama, Osaka, Kyoto and Tokyo),{{Sfn|Paranjape | 2005 | pp = 246–248}} [[Qing Dynasty|China]] and [[Canada]] en route to the United States,{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=15}} reaching Chicago on 30 July 1893.{{Sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=158}}{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=15}} The "[[Parliament of Religions]]" took place in September 1893.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=110}} An initiative of the [[Swedenborgianism|Swedenborgian]] layman and Illinois Supreme Court judge [[Charles C. Bonney]],<ref name="interfaith">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinterfaithobserver.org/journal-articles/2012/6/15/charles-bonney-and-the-idea-for-a-world-parliament-of-religi.html|title=Charles Bonney and the Idea for a World Parliament of Religions|website=The Interfaith Observer|date=15 June 2012 |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://people.bu.edu/wwildman/bce/worldparliamentofreligions1893.htm|title=World Parliament of Religions, 1893 (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology)|website=people.bu.edu|access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> the Congress sought to gather all the religions of the world, with the aim of showing "the substantial unity of many religions in the good deeds of the religious life."<ref name="interfaith" /> The Brahmo Samaj and the [[Theosophical Society]] were invited as representative of [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=112}}

Vivekananda wished to participate, but learned that only individuals with credentials from a ''[[bona fide]]'' organisation would be accepted as delegates.{{Sfn|Minor|1986|p=133}} Disappointed, he contacted Professor [[John Henry Wright]] of [[Harvard University]], who had invited him to speak at Harvard.{{Sfn|Minor|1986|p=133}} Vivekananda wrote of the professor: "He urged upon me the necessity of going to the [[Parliament of Religions]], which he thought would give an introduction to the nation".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=16}} On hearing that Vivekananda lacked the credentials to speak at the Parliament, Wright said: "To ask for your credentials is like asking the sun to state its right to shine in the heavens".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=16}} Vivekananda submitted an application introducing himself as a monk "of the oldest order of ''sannyāsis'' ... founded by Sankara".{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=112}} The application was supported by the Brahmo Samaj representative [[Protap Chandra Mozoomdar]], who was also a member of the Parliament's selection committee.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=112}}

===Parliament of the World's Religions===

The Parliament of the World's Religions opened on 11 September 1893 at the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], as part of the [[World's Columbian Exposition]].{{Sfn|Houghton|1893|p=22}}{{Sfn|Bhide|2008|p=9}}{{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=33}} On this day, Vivekananda gave a brief speech representing India and [[Hinduism]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=27}} He bowed to [[Saraswati]] (the Hindu goddess of learning) and began his [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Addresses at The Parliament of Religions/Response to Welcome|speech]] with "Sisters and brothers of America!".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=17}}{{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=33}} At these words, Vivekananda received a two-minute standing ovation from the crowd of seven thousand.{{Sfn|Paul|2003|p=34}} When silence was restored he began his address, greeting the youngest of the nations on behalf of "the most ancient order of monks in the world, the Vedic order of sannyasins, a religion which has taught the world both tolerance and universal acceptance".{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=17}}{{refn|group=note |McRae quotes "[a] sectarian biography of Vivekananda,"{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=16}} namely Sailendra Nath Dhar ''A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda, Part One'', (Madras, India: Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra, 1975), p. 461, which "describes his speech on the opening day".{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=34, note 20}}}} Vivekananda quoted one illustrative passage from the "[[Shiva mahimna stotram]]" (Verse 7): "As the different streams having their sources in different places all mingle their water in the sea, so, O Lord, the different paths which men take, through different tendencies, various though they appear, crooked or straight, all lead to Thee!" and another from the Bhagavad Gita (4.11) "Whosoever comes to Me, through whatsoever form, I reach him; all men are struggling through paths that in the end lead to Me."{{sfn|McRae|1991|pp=18}} According to Sailendra Nath Dhar, "it was only a short speech, but it voiced the spirit of the Parliament."{{Sfn|McRae|1991|pp=18}}{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}}

Parliament President [[John Henry Barrows]] said, "India, the Mother of religions was represented by Swami Vivekananda, the Orange-monk who exercised the most wonderful influence over his auditors".{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=17}} Vivekananda attracted widespread attention in the press, which called him the "cyclonic monk from India". The ''New York Critique'' wrote, "He is an orator by divine right, and his strong, intelligent face in its picturesque setting of yellow and orange was hardly less interesting than those earnest words, and the rich, rhythmical utterance he gave them". The ''[[New York Herald]]'' noted, "Vivekananda is undoubtedly the greatest figure in the Parliament of Religions. After hearing him we feel how foolish it is to send [[Christian missionary|missionaries]] to this learned nation".{{Sfn|Farquhar|1915|p = 202}} American newspapers reported Vivekananda as "the greatest figure in the parliament of religions" and "the most popular and influential man in the parliament".{{Sfn|Sharma|1988|p=87}}
The ''[[Boston Evening Transcript]]'' reported that Vivekananda was "a great favourite at the parliament... if he merely crosses the platform, he is applauded".{{Sfn|Adiswarananda|2006|pp=177–179}} He spoke [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Addresses at The Parliament of Religions|several more times]] "at receptions, the scientific section, and private homes"{{sfn|McRae|1991|p=17}} on topics related to Hinduism, [[Buddhism]] and harmony among religions. Vivekananda's speeches at the Parliament had the common theme of universality, emphasising religious tolerance.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=18}} He soon became known as a "handsome oriental" and made a huge impression as an orator.{{Sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=74–77}} Hearing Vivekananda speak, Harvard psychology professor [[William James]] said, "that man is simply a wonder for oratorical power. He is an honor to humanity."<ref>{{cite web|title=When East Met West – in 1893|url=https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met-west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda|website=The Attic|access-date=5 November 2019|archive-date=20 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420050443/https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2019/9/6/when-east-met-west-in-1893?rq=Vivekananda|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==={{anchor|Lecturing tours in America and England}}Lecture tours in the UK and US===

After the Parliament of Religions, Vivekananda toured many parts of the US as a guest. His popularity gave him an unprecedented opportunity to communicate his views on life and religion to great numbers of people.{{Sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=74–77}} During a question-answer session at Brooklyn Ethical Society, he remarked, "I have a message to the West as [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] had a message to the East." On another occasion he described his mission thus:<blockquote>I do not come to convert you to a new belief. I want you to keep your own belief; I want to make the [[Methodist]] a better Methodist; the [[Presbyterian]] a better Presbyterian; the [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] a better Unitarian. I want to teach you to live the truth, to reveal the light within your own soul.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|2001|p=419}}</blockquote>

Vivekananda spent nearly two years lecturing in the eastern and central United States, primarily in [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Boston]], and [[New York City|New York]]. He founded the [[Vedanta Society]] of New York in 1894.{{Sfn|Gupta|1986|p=118}} His demanding schedule eventually began to affect his health,{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}} and in Spring 1895 he ended his lecture tours and began giving free, private classes in Vedanta and [[yoga]]. Beginning in June 1895, he gave [[Inspired Talks|private lectures]] to a dozen of his disciples at [[Thousand Island Park, New York]] for two months.{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}} Vivekananda was offered academic positions in two American universities (one the chair in [[Eastern Philosophy]] at [[Harvard University]] and a similar position at [[Columbia University]]); he declined both, since his duties would conflict with his commitment as a monk.{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}}

Vivekananda travelled to the United Kingdom in 1895 and again in 1896.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=30}} In November 1895 he met an Irish woman, Margaret Elizabeth Noble, who would become one of his closest disciples, known as [[Sister Nivedita]] (a name given her by the Swami, meaning "dedicated to God").{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}} On his second visit, in May 1896, Vivekananda met [[Max Müller]], a noted [[Indologist]] from [[Oxford University]] who wrote Ramakrishna's first biography in the West.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}} From the UK, he visited other European countries. In Germany, he met [[Paul Deussen]], another renowned Indologist.{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|pp=49–50}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width = 380
| image1 = Vivekananda Image August 1894.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Vivekananda in [[Green Acre|Greenacre]], Maine (August 1894)<ref>{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda Know Photos America 1893–1895 |url=http://www.vivekananda.net/photos/1893-1895TN/pages/green_acre-1894-august-4.htm |publisher=vivekananda.net|access-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda at Mead sisters house, South Pasadena.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Vivekananda at Mead sisters' house, [[South Pasadena, California|South Pasadena]], in 1900
}}

Vivekananda's success led to a change in mission, namely the establishment of Vedanta centres in the West.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=120}} He adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his western audiences, who were more familiar with western esoteric traditions and movements.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=119-123}} An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his "four yogas" model, based in [[Raja yoga]], which offered a practical means to realise the divine force within, a central goal of modern western esotericism.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=119-123}} In 1896, his book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'', an interpretation and adaptation of [[Patanjali]]'s [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]],{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=123-126}} was published, becoming an instant success; it became highly influential in the western understanding of [[yoga]], in [[Elizabeth de Michelis]]'s view marking the beginning of [[modern yoga]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=125-126}}{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=149-180}}

Vivekananda attracted followers and admirers in the US and Europe, including [[Josephine MacLeod]], [[Betty Leggett]], [[Alberta Montagu, Countess of Sandwich|Lady Sandwich]], [[William James]], [[Josiah Royce]], [[Robert G. Ingersoll]], [[Lord Kelvin]], [[Harriet Monroe]], [[Ella Wheeler Wilcox]], [[Sarah Bernhardt]], [[Nikola Tesla]], [[Emma Calvé]] and [[Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz]].{{Sfn|Nikhilananda|1964}}{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}}{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|pp=49–50}}{{Sfn|Chetananda|1997|p=47}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bardach |first1=A. L. |title=What Did J.D. Salinger, Leo Tolstoy, and Sarah Bernhardt Have in Common? |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303404704577305581227233656 |access-date=31 March 2022 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=30 March 2012}}</ref> He initiated several followers, including Marie Louise (a French woman) who became [[Swami Abhayananda]], and Leon Landsberg who became Swami Kripananda,{{Sfn|Burke|1958|p=618}} so that they could serve the mission of the Vedanta Society.{{Sfn|Thomas|2003|pp=78–81}} He also initiated Christina Greenstidel of Detroit, who became [[Sister Christine]],{{sfn|Vrajaprana|1996|p=7}} with whom he developed a close father–daughter relationship.<ref name="Sarada society">{{cite journal |title=A Monumental Meeting | periodical= Sri Sarada Society Notes |last=Shack | first=Joan |url=http://www.srisarada.org/notes/512.pdf |location=Albany, New York |year= 2012 |volume=18 |issue=1}}</ref>

While in America, Vivekananda was given land to establish a retreat for Vedanta students, in the mountains to the southeast of [[San Jose, California]]. He called it "Peace retreat", or ''Shanti Asrama''.{{Sfn|Wuthnow|2011|pp=85–86}} There were twelve main centres established in America, the largest being the Vedanta Society of Southern California in Hollywood. There is also a Vedanta Press in Hollywood which publishes books about Vedanta and English translations of Hindu scriptures and texts.{{Sfn|Rinehart|2004|p=392}}

From the West, Vivekananda revived his work in India. He regularly corresponded with his followers and brother monks, offering advice and financial support. His letters from this period reflect his campaign of social service,{{Sfn|Kattackal|1982|p=219}} and were strongly worded.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1963|p=577}} He wrote to [[Akhandananda]], "Go from door to door amongst the poor and lower classes of the town of Khetri and teach them religion. Also, let them have oral lessons on geography and such other subjects. No good will come of sitting idle and having princely dishes, and saying "Ramakrishna, O Lord!"—unless you can do some good to the poor".{{Sfn|Burke|1985|p=417}}{{Sfn|Sharma|1963|p=227}} In 1895, Vivekananda founded the periodical ''[[Vedanta Kesari|Brahmavadin]]''.{{Sfn|Sheean|2005|p=345}} His translation of the first six chapters of ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]'' was published in ''Brahmavadin'' in 1899.{{Sfn|Sharma|1988|p=83}} Vivekananda left for India from England on 16 December 1896, accompanied by his disciples Captain and Mrs. Sevier and J.J. Goodwin. On the way, they visited France and Italy, and set sail for India from Naples on 30 December 1896.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=33–34}} He was followed to India by Sister Nivedita, who devoted the rest of her life to the education of Indian women and the goal of India's independence.{{Sfn|Isherwood|Adjemian|1987|pp=121–122}}{{Sfn|Dhar|1976|p=852}}

==Back in India (1897–1899)==
Vivekananda arrived in [[Colombo]], [[British Ceylon]] (now [[Sri Lanka]]) on 15 January 1897,{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=33–34}} and received a warm welcome. In Colombo, he gave his [[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 3/Lectures from Colombo to Almora/First Public Lecture in the East (Colombo)|first public speech in the East]]. He travelled from [[Colombo]] to [[Pamban]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Ramnad]], [[Madurai]], [[Kumbakonam]] and [[Madras]], delivering lectures. Common people and rajas gave him an enthusiastic reception. During his train travels, people often sat on the rails to force the train to stop, so they could hear him.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=33–34}} From [[Madras]] (now Chennai), he continued his journey to Calcutta and [[Almora]]. While in the West, Vivekananda spoke about India's great spiritual heritage; in India, he repeatedly addressed social issues: uplifting the people, eliminating the [[Caste system in India|caste system]], promoting science and industrialisation, addressing widespread poverty, and ending colonial rule. The lectures, published as ''[[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]]'', demonstrated his fervent nationalism and spiritual ideology.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=20}}

On 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, Vivekananda founded the [[Ramakrishna Mission]], an institution dedicated to social service, with ideals based on ''[[s:The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda/Volume 1/Karma-Yoga|Karma Yoga]]''.{{Sfn|Thomas|1974|p=44}}{{Sfn|Miller|1995 |p=181}} Its governing body consists of the trustees of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] (which conducts religious work).{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=34–35}} Both Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission have their headquarters at [[Belur Math]].{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}}{{Sfn|Ganguly|2001|p=27}} Vivekananda founded two other monasteries: one in Mayavati in the [[Himalayas]] (near [[Almora]]), the ''[[Advaita Ashrama]]'' and another in [[Madras]] (now Chennai). Two journals were founded: ''[[Prabuddha Bharata]]'' in English and ''Udbhodan'' in Bengali.{{Sfn|Kraemer|1960|p=151}} That year, [[famine]]-relief work was begun by [[Swami Akhandananda]] in the [[Murshidabad]] district.{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=234}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=34–35}}

Vivekananda earlier inspired [[Jamsetji Tata]] to set up a research and educational institution when they travelled together from [[Yokohama]] to Chicago on Vivekananda's first visit to the West in 1893. Tata now asked him to head his [[IISc|Research Institute of Science]]; Vivekananda declined the offer, citing a conflict with his "spiritual interests".{{Sfn|Prabhananda|2003|p=235}}<ref>{{cite news|title=IISc looks to Belur for seeds of birth|last=Lulla|first=Anil Buddy |date=3 September 2007|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=6 May 2009|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020030412/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070903/asp/nation/story_8268384.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>{{Sfn|Kapur|2010|p=142}} He visited [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], attempting to mediate an ideological conflict between [[Arya Samaj]] (a reformist Hindu movement) and ''sanatan'' (orthodox Hindus).{{Sfn|Virajananda |2006|p=291}} After brief visits to [[Lahore]],{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=34–35}} [[Delhi]] and [[Khetri]], Vivekananda returned to Calcutta in January 1898. He consolidated the work of the math and trained disciples for several months. Vivekananda composed "[[Khandana Bhava–Bandhana]]", a prayer song dedicated to Ramakrishna, in 1898.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=35–36}}

==Second visit to the West and final years (1899–1902)==
{{See also|Swami Vivekananda in California}}

Despite declining health, Vivekananda left for the West for a second time in June 1899.{{Sfn|Virajananda |2006|p=450}} On this occasion, he was accompanied by Sister Nivedita and [[Swami Turiyananda]]. After a brief stay in England, he went to the United States where he established [[Vedanta Society|Vedanta Societies]] in San Francisco and New York and founded a ''shanti ashrama'' (peace retreat) in California. He travelled to Paris for the Congress of Religions in 1900.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=xv}} His lectures at the Congress concerned the worship of the ''[[lingam]]'' and the authenticity of the [[Bhagavad Gita]]. Vivekananda then visited [[Brittany]], [[Vienna]], [[Istanbul]], [[Athens]] and [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]]. The French philosopher [[Jules Bois]] was his host for most of this period. Vivekananda returned to Calcutta on 9 December 1900.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=41–42}}

After a brief visit to the [[Advaita Ashrama]] in Mayavati, Vivekananda settled at Belur Math, where he continued co-ordinating the works of the Ramakrishna Mission, the math, and the initiatives in England and the US. He had many visitors, including royalty and politicians. Due to deteriorating health, Vivekananda was unable to attend the Congress of Religions in Japan in 1901, but he made pilgrimages to [[Bodhgaya]] and [[Varanasi]].{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=43–44}} His health problems, including [[asthma]], [[diabetes]] and chronic [[insomnia]], restricted his activity.{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|pp=45–46}}

==Death==
On 4 July 1902 (the day of his death),{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|pp=218, 274, 299}} Vivekananda awoke early, went to the monastery at Belur Math and meditated for three hours. He taught ''[[Yajurveda|Shukla-Yajur-Veda]]'', Sanskrit grammar and the philosophy of yoga to pupils, later discussing with colleagues a planned Vedic college in the Ramakrishna Math.{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=283}}{{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=46}} At 7:00 pm Vivekananda went to his room, asking not to be disturbed; he died at 9:20 p.m. while meditating.{{Sfn|Bharathi|1998b|p=25}} The rupture of a blood vessel in his brain was reported as a possible cause of death.{{Sfn|Virajananda |1918|p=81}} According to his disciples, the rupture was due to his ''[[brahmarandhra]]'' (an opening in the crown of his head) being pierced when he attained ''[[mahasamādhi]]''.{{Sfn|Sen|2006|p= 27}} Vivekananda fulfilled his prophecy that he would not live forty years.{{Sfn|Virajananda|2006|pp=645–662}} He was cremated on a sandalwood [[funeral pyre]] on the bank of the [[Ganga]] in Belur, opposite where Ramakrishna was cremated sixteen years earlier.<ref>{{cite web|title=Towards the end |work=Vivekananda A Biography |publisher=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda_biography/13_towards_the_end.htm |access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref>

==Teachings and philosophy==
{{Main|Teachings and philosophy of Swami Vivekananda}}

{{See also|Neo-Vedanta#Vivekananda (1863–1902)|l1=Neo-Vedanta|Muscular Hinduism}}

Vivekananda synthesised and popularised various strands of Hindu thought, most notably [[classical yoga]] and [[Advaita Vedanta]]. As a young man, he had been influenced by western ideas such as [[Universalism]], via [[Unitarianism|Unitarian]] missionaries who collaborated with the [[Brahmo Samaj]].{{sfn|King|2002}}{{sfn|Kipf|1979}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1994}}{{sfn|Halbfass|1995}}{{sfn|Rinehart|2004}} His initial beliefs were shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included belief in a formless God, the deprecation of [[idolatry]],{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=5}}{{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=29}} and, according to Michelis, a "streamlined, rationalized, monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a selective and modernistic reading of the ''Upanisads'' and of the Vedanta".{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=46}}

Influenced by Ramakrishna, he came to see the Vedanta as providing the ontological basis for ''śivajñāne jīver sevā'' – the spiritual practice of serving human beings as actual manifestations of the divine.{{sfn|Maharaj|2020|p=177}} For Vivekananda, the practice of remembering the presence of the divine in all people, regardless of social status, promoted social harmony and helped develop the capacity for love.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=258}}

===Vedanta and yoga===

Vivekananda thought that the essence of Hinduism was best expressed in [[Adi Shankara]]'s Advaita Vedanta philosophy.{{Sfn|Jackson|1994|pp=33–34}} He adhered to Ramakrishna's teaching that the Absolute is both immanent and transcendent.{{refn|group=note |According to Michael Taft, Ramakrishna reconciled the dualism of form and formless,{{sfn|Taft|2014}} regarding the Supreme Being to be both Personal and Impersonal, active and inactive.<ref name="GM" /> Ramakrishna: "When I think of the Supreme Being as inactive – neither creating nor preserving nor destroying – I call Him Brahman or Purusha, the Impersonal God. When I think of Him as active – creating, preserving and destroying – I call Him Sakti or Maya or Prakriti, the Personal God. But the distinction between them does not mean a difference. The Personal and Impersonal are the same thing, like milk and its whiteness, the diamond and its lustre, the snake and its wriggling motion. It is impossible to conceive of the one without the other. The Divine Mother and Brahman are one."<ref name="GM">{{cite book |title=Sri Ramakrisha The Great Master |author=Swami Saradananda |translator=Swami Jagadananda |edition=5th |volume=1 |pages=558–561 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |location=Madras. |isbn=978-81-7823-483-0 |url= http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/ |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103006/http://www.chennaimath.org/istore/product/sri-ramakrishna-the-great-master/ |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>}} According to Anil Sooklal, Vivekananda's neo-Vedanta "reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism," viewing [[Brahman]] as "one without a second" yet both ''saguna'' (qualified) and ''nirguna'' (qualityless).{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}{{refn|group=note |Sooklalmquoytes Chatterjee: "Sankara's Vedanta is known as Advaita or [[non-dualism]], pure and simple. Hence it is sometimes referred to as Kevala-Advaita or unqualified monism. It may also be called abstract monism in so far as Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is, according to it, devoid of all qualities and distinctions, nirguna and nirvisesa [...] The Neo-Vedanta is also Advaitic inasmuch as it holds that Brahman, the Ultimate Reality, is one without a second, ''ekamevadvitiyam''. But as distinguished from the traditional Advaita of Sankara, it is a synthetic Vedanta which reconciles Dvaita or dualism and Advaita or non-dualism and also other theories of reality. In this sense it may also be called concrete monism in so far as it holds that Brahman is both qualified, ''saguna'', and qualityless, ''nirguna'' (Chatterjee, 1963 : 260)."{{sfn|Sooklal|1993|p=33}}}} According to Jackson, the Vedanta acquires a modern and Universalistic form in Vivekananda's summary, showing also the influence of classical yoga:{{sfn|Jackson|1994|pp=33–34}}
{{blockquote|Each soul is potentially divine. The goal is to manifest this Divinity within by controlling nature, external and internal. Do this either by work, or worship, or mental discipline, or philosophy—by one, or more, or all of these—and be free. This is the whole of religion. Doctrines, or dogmas, or rituals, or books, or temples, or forms, are but secondary details.}}

Vivekananda's emphasis on ''nirvikalpa samadhi'' was preceded by medieval yogic influences on Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=5}} In line with Advaita Vedanta texts like ''[[Dŗg-Dŗśya-Viveka]]'' (14th century) and ''[[Vedantasara (of Sadananda)]]'' (15th century), Vivekananda saw [[samadhi]] as a means to attain liberation.{{sfn|Comans|1993}}{{refn|group=note|The Advaita Vedanta tradition in medieval times was influenced by, and incorporated elements from, the yogic tradition and texts like the ''[[Yoga Vasistha]]'' and the ''Bhagavata Purana''.{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4-5}} The ''Yoga Vasistha'' became an authoritative source text in the Advaita vedanta tradition in the 14th century, while Vidyāraņya's ''Jivanmuktiviveka'' (14th century) was influenced by the ''(Laghu-) Yoga-Vasistha'', which in turn was influenced by [[Kashmir Shaivism]].{{sfn|Madaio|2017|p=4}}}}

An important element in his adaptation of Hindu religiosity was the introduction of his four yogas model, which includes [[Raja yoga]], his interpretation of Patanjali's ''[[Yoga Sutras]]''.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=123-126}} This offered a practical means to realise the divine force within, a central idea in modern Western esotericism.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119–123}} His book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'' was highly influential in the Western understanding of yoga.{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=125–126}}{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=149–180}}

===Western esotericism===

Via his affiliations with [[Keshub Chandra Sen]]'s ''[[Nava Vidhan]]'',{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}} the [[Freemasonry]] lodge,{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=100}} the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]],{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=99}}{{sfn|Sen|2006|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=8}}{{sfn|Badrinath|2006|p=20}} and Sen's [[Band of Hope]], Vivekananda became acquainted with Western [[Western esotericism|esotericism]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=19-90, 97-100}} His knowledge of Western esotericism aided his success in Western esoteric circles, beginning with his speech in 1893 at the Parliament of Religions. He adapted traditional Hindu ideas and religiosity to suit the needs and understandings of his Western audiences, particularly those familiar with Western esoteric traditions and movements such as [[Transcendentalism]] and [[New Thought]].{{sfn|Michelis|2004|p=119-123}}

Vivekananda's notion of [[Involution (esoterism)|involution]] was probably influenced by western [[Theosophy|Theosophists]], Darwin's notion of evolution, and possibly also the [[Samkhya]] term ''[[Satkaryavada|sātkarya]]''.{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}} According to Meera Nanda, "Vivekananda uses the word involution exactly how it appears in Theosophy: the descent, or the involvement, of divine consciousness into matter."{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}} Theosophic ideas on involution have "much in common" with "theories of the descent of God in Gnosticism, Kabbalah, and other esoteric schools".{{sfn|Heehs|2020|p=175}} With spirit, Vivekananda refers to ''[[prana]]'' or ''[[purusha]]'', derived from Samkhya and [[classical yoga]] as presented by [[Patanjali]] in the [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yoga Sutras]].{{sfn|Nanda|2010|p=335}}

===Moral and social philosophy===

Vivekananda linked [[morality]] with control of the mind, seeing truth, purity and unselfishness as traits which strengthened it.{{Sfn|Bhuyan|2003|p=93}} He advised his followers to be holy, unselfish and to have ''shraddhā'' (faith). Vivekananda supported ''[[brahmacharya]]'',{{Sfn|Seifer |2001|p=164}} believing it the source of his physical and mental stamina and eloquence.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|2001|loc=Conversations and Dialogues, Chapter "VI – X Shri Priya Nath Sinha", Vol '''5'''}}

Nationalism was a prominent theme in Vivekananda's thought. He believed that a country's future depends on its people, and his teachings focused on human development.{{Sfn|Vivekananda|1996|pp=1–2}} He wanted "to set in motion a machinery which will bring noblest ideas to the doorstep of even the poorest and the meanest".<ref name="Swami Vivekananda life and teaching">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda life and teaching|url=http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|publisher=Belur Math|access-date=23 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm|archive-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>

==Influence and legacy==
{{Main|Influence and legacy of Swami Vivekananda}}

Swami Vivekananda was one of the most influential philosophers and social reformers in his contemporary India. He is considered to be the most successful and influential missionary of [[Vedanta]] to the [[Western world]].<ref name="Mohapatra p14">{{Harvnb|Mohapatra|2009|p=14}}</ref><ref name="Piazza p59">{{Harvnb|Piazza|1978|p=59}}</ref>

===Neo-Vedanta===
Vivekananda is considered to be a representative of [[Neo-Vedanta]] – a modern interpretation of certain aspects of Hinduism that are thought to be compatible with [[Western esotericism|western esoteric traditions]], such as [[Transcendentalism]], [[New Thought]] and [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|Theosophy]].{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}} His reinterpretation created a new understanding and appreciation of Hinduism inside and outside India,{{sfn|De Michelis|2005}} and paved the way for the enthusiastic reception of other forms of Indian spiritual self-improvement in the West, such as yoga and [[Transcendental Meditation]].{{Sfn|Dutta|2003|p=110}} According to [[Agehananda Bharati]]: "...modern Hindus derive their knowledge of Hinduism from Vivekananda, directly or indirectly".{{Sfn|Rambachan|1994|pp=6–8}} Vivekananda espoused the idea that all sects within Hinduism (and all religions) are different paths to the same goal.{{Sfn|Shattuck|1999|pp=93–94}}

However, more recent scholarship advises caution against presenting Vivekananda as a Neo- Vedantin, as it could overstate the innovativeness of his theology. James Madaio observes that features often attributed to Vivekananda's Neo- Vedanta, such as the reduced centrality of scripture and emphasis on direct spiritual experience, are already present in medieval Advaitic literature such as the ''[[Vivekacūḍāmaṇi]]'' (VCM 59, 474).{{sfn|Madaio|2017|pp=2–9}}

===Indian nationalism===
Vivekananda's nationalism gave unprecedented substance to the emerging [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] ideal of British-ruled India. According to social reformer [[Charles Freer Andrews]], "The Swami's intrepid patriotism gave a new colour to the national movement throughout India. More than any other single individual of that period Vivekananda had made his contribution to the new awakening of India".{{Sfn|Bharathi|1998b|p=37}} Vivekananda drew attention to the extent of poverty in the country, and maintained that addressing such poverty was a prerequisite for national awakening.{{Sfn|Bharathi|1998b|pp=37–38}} His nationalistic ideas influenced many Indian thinkers and leaders. [[Sri Aurobindo]] regarded Vivekananda as the one who awakened India spiritually.{{Sfn|Bhide|2008|p=69}} [[Mahatma Gandhi]] counted him among the few Hindu reformers "who have maintained this Hindu religion in a state of splendor by cutting down the dead wood of tradition".{{Sfn|Parel|2000|p=77}}

===Name-giving===
In September 2010, the then Union Finance Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]], who later became [[President of India]], approved in principle the Swami Vivekananda Values Education Project at a cost of {{INRConvert|1|b}}. The project's objectives included publishing Vivekananda's works in a number of languages, and involving youth with competitions, essays, discussions and study circles.<ref name="National implementation committee approves funds for Swami Vivekananda values education project">{{cite web|title=National implementation committee approves funds for Swami Vivekananda values' education project|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html#|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510132548/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2131107461.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2013|access-date=14 April 2012|date=6 September 2010}}</ref> In 2011, the West Bengal Police Training College was renamed the Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy, West Bengal.<ref name="Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy">{{cite web|title=Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy|url=http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/unit/ptc/ptcstat.php|publisher=Swami Vivekananda State Police Academy|access-date=9 January 2013|archive-date=4 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804070401/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/unit/ptc/ptcstat.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The state technical university in [[Chhattisgarh]] has been named the [[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csvtu.ac.in/index.htm |title=Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University |publisher=Csvtu.ac.in |date=19 November 2012 |access-date=7 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115075542/http://www.csvtu.ac.in/index.htm |archive-date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Raipur]] airport was renamed [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]].<ref name="The Hindu Airport">{{cite news|title=Pranab hopes Raipur airport's new terminal will support Chhattisgarh's growth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece|access-date=7 February 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117075114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/pranab-hopes-raipur-airports-new-terminal-will-support-chhattisgarhs-growth/article4075110.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Celebrations===
National Youth Day in India is observed on Vivekananda's birthday (12 January). The day he delivered his speech at the Parliament of Religions (11 September) is observed as "World Brotherhood Day".<ref name=natyouthday>{{cite web|title=National Youth Day|work=National Portal of India|url=http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/2539.pdf|publisher=Government of India|date=10 January 2009|access-date=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=Zee>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/blog/remembering-swami-vivekananda_381.html|title= Remembering Swami Vivekananda|date= 11 January 2011|access-date=9 September 2013|publisher=Zee News.India}}</ref> The [[150th birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda]] was celebrated in India and abroad. The Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports in India, officially observed 2013 as the occasion in a declaration.<ref name="PTI declaration">{{cite web|title=2013–14 Declared the Year for Skill Development of the Youth Parliamentary Consultative Committee Attached to Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports Meets|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=92824|publisher=PTI|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

===Films===
Indian film director Utpal Sinha's 2013, ''[[The Light: Swami Vivekananda]]'', was a tribute for his 150th birth anniversary.<ref name="Year-long events to mark Vivekananda's 150th birthday">{{cite news|title=Year-long events to mark Vivekananda's 150th birthday|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/mumbai/36160847_1_ramakrishna-mission-sachin-pilot-tripura-governor|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511020214/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-05/mumbai/36160847_1_ramakrishna-mission-sachin-pilot-tripura-governor|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref> Other Indian films about his life include: ''Swamiji'' (1949) by [[Amar Mullick]], ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1955 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1955) by Amar Mullick, ''[[Bireswar Vivekananda|Birieswar Vivekananda]]'' (1964) by Modhu Bose, ''Life and Message of Swami Vivekananda'' (1964) documentary film by [[Bimal Roy]], ''[[Swami Vivekananda (1998 film)|Swami Vivekananda]]'' (1998) by [[G. V. Iyer]], ''[[Swamiji (film)|Swamiji]]'' (2012) [[Laser show|laser light]] film by [[Manick Sorcar]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref> ''Sound of Joy'', an Indian 3D-[[animated short film]] directed by Sukankan Roy depicts the spiritual journey of Vivekananda. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film]] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swamiji's story in 3D animation |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/swamiji-s-story-in-3d-animation/cid/1278558 |website=[[Telegraph India]]}}</ref>

=={{anchor|Literary Works}}Works==
{{Main|Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Lectures from Colombo to Almora front cover 1897 edition.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 = Lectures from Colombo to Almora front cover 1897 edition
| caption1 = Lectures from Colombo to Almora front cover 1897 edition
| image2 = Vedanta Philosophy An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society 1901 cover page.jpg
| width2 = 155
| alt2 = Vedanta Philosophy An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society 1901 cover page
| caption2 = Vedanta Philosophy An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society 1901 cover page
}}

Although Vivekananda was a powerful writer in English and Bengali,{{Sfn|Das|1991|p=530}} most of his published works were based on lectures given at various places around the world. Since most of these lectures were delivered spontaneously and with minimal preparation, his written style often retained the variability characteristic of his speech, and could be "in turn discursive or expository, conversational or declamatory."{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=150}} His main work, ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'', consists of his own reworking of a series of talks delivered in New York.{{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=149-150}}

''[[Bartaman Bharat]]'', meaning "Present-day India",{{sfn|Mittra|2001|p=88}} is a Bengali-language essay, first published in the March 1899 issue of ''Udbodhan'', the Bengali-language magazine of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. The essay was reprinted as a book in 1905 and later included in the fourth volume of ''The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda''.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=118}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vivekananda |first1=Swami |title=Modern India (Complete Works of Vivekananda - Volume IV - Translations: Prose) |url=https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_4/translation_prose/modern_india.htm |website=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref> In this essay, Vivekananda's refrain to the readers is to honour every Indian as a brother, regardless of poverty, social status or caste.{{sfn|Dalal|2011|p=465}}

===Publications===
{{div col}}
;Published in his lifetime<ref name="Vivekananda Library online Works">{{cite web|title=Vivekananda Library online|url=http://www.vivekananda.net/BooksBySwami.html|publisher=vivekananda.net|access-date=22 March 2012}}</ref>
* ''[[Sangeet Kalpataru]]'' (1887, with Vaishnav Charan Basak){{Sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1999|p=33}}
* ''[[Karma Yoga (book)|Karma Yoga]]'' (1896){{sfn|De Michelis|2005|p=124}}{{Sfn|Kearney|2013|p=169}}
* ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]'' (1896 [1899 edition]){{Sfn|Banhatti|1995|p=145}}
* ''[[Vedanta Philosophy: An address before the Graduate Philosophical Society]]'' (1896)
* ''[[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]]'' (1897)
* ''[[Bartaman Bharat]]'' {{in lang|bn}} (March 1899), Udbodhan
* ''[[My Master (book)|My Master]]'' (1901), The Baker and Taylor Company, New York
* ''Vedânta philosophy: lectures on Jnâna Yoga'' (1902) Vedânta Society, New York {{OCLC|919769260}}
* ''Jnana yoga'' (1899)

;Published after his death (1902)<ref name="Vivekananda Library online Works" />
* ''Addresses on Bhakti Yoga''
* ''Bhakti Yoga''
* ''The East and the West'' (1909){{Sfn|Urban|2007|p=314}}
* ''[[Inspired Talks]]'' (1909)
* ''Narada Bhakti Sutras – translation''
* ''Para Bhakti or Supreme Devotion''
* ''Practical Vedanta''
* ''Speeches and writings of Swami Vivekananda; a comprehensive collection''
* ''Complete Works'': a collection of his writings, lectures and discourses in a set of nine volumes<ref name="CWSV">{{cite web |last1=Vivekananda |first1=Swami |title=Complete Works - Index - Volumes |url=https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm |website=www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
* ''Seeing Beyond the Circle'' (2005)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vivekananda |first1=Swami |title=Seeing beyond the circle : the lectures of Swami Vivekananda on a universal approach to meditation |date=2005 |publisher=Temple Universal Pub |location=[United States |isbn=9780977483006}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{reflist|group=note|40em}}

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin|40em}}

* {{citation |editor-last=Adiswarananda |editor-first=Swami |title=Vivekananda, world teacher: his teachings on the spiritual unity of humankind |year=2006 |publisher=SkyLight Paths Pub |location=Woodstock, Vermont |isbn=1-59473-210-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UY5wPUBjGbAC&pg=PA179 }}
* {{Citation |last1=Arrington |first1=Robert L. |first2=Tapan Kumar |last2=Chakrabarti |title=A Companion to the Philosophers |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2001 |chapter=Swami Vivekananda |isbn=978-0-631-22967-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Arora |first=V. K. |title=The social and political philosophy of Swami Vivekananda |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1968 |chapter=Communion with Brahmo Samaj}}

* {{cite book|last=Badrinath|first=Chaturvedi|title=Swami Vivekananda, the Living Vedanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC|year=2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306209-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Banhatti |first=G.S. |title=[[Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda]] |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=1995 |url= |isbn=978-81-7156-291-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Banhatti |first=G.S. |title=The Quintessence of Vivekananda |year=1963 |publisher=Suvichar Prakashan Mandal |oclc=1048955252 |location=Pune, India}}
* {{Citation |last=Bharathi |first=K.S. |title=Encyclopaedia of eminent thinkers |volume=8 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1998b |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7022-709-0}}
* {{Citation |last=Bhide |first=Nivedita Raghunath |year=2008 |title=Swami Vivekananda in America |publisher=Vivekananda Kendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGvPCzkjoc0C |isbn=978-81-89248-22-2 }}
* {{Citation |last=Bhuyan |first=P. R. |title=Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZLmFDRortS0C&pg=PR1 |year=2003 |isbn=978-81-269-0234-7 |location=New Delhi }}
* {{Citation |last=Burke |first=Marie Louise |author-link=Marie Louise Burke |title=Swami Vivekananda in America: New Discoveries |year=1958 |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-0-902479-99-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Burke |first=Marie Louise |author-link=Marie Louise Burke |year=1985 |title=Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries (in six volumes) |edition=3rd |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |location=Kolkata |isbn=978-0-87481-219-0}}

* {{Citation |last=Chattopadhyaya |first=Rajagopal |title=Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA285 |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1586-5 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Chetananda|first=Swami|title=God lived with them: life stories of sixteen monastic disciples of Sri Ramakrishna|publisher=Vedanta Society of St. Louis|location=St. Louis, Missouri|year=1997|isbn=0-916356-80-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Clarke |first=Peter Bernard |title=New Religions in Global Perspective |publisher=Routledge |year=2006}}
* {{Citation | last=Comans | first=Michael | year=1993 | title=The Question of the Importance of Samadhi in Modern and Classical Advaita Vedanta. In: Philosophy East and West Vol. 43, No. 1 (January 1993), pp. 19-38. | url=http://www.realization.org/page/doc2/doc200.html }}

* {{cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA465|date=October 2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1800–1910, Western impact : Indian response |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&pg=PA530 |year=1991 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-006-5 }}
* {{Citation |last=Von Dense |first=Christian D. |title=Philosophers and Religious Leaders |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1999}}
* {{Citation |last=Dhar |first=Shailendra Nath |year=1976 |title=A Comprehensive Biography of Swami Vivekananda |edition=2nd |publisher=Vivekananda Prakashan Kendra |location=Madras, India |oclc=708330405}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Krishna |title=Calcutta: a cultural and literary history |year=2003 |publisher=Signal Books |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-56656-721-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Dutt |first=Harshavardhan |title=Immortal Speeches |page=121 |year=2005 |publisher=Unicorn Books |isbn=978-81-7806-093-4 |location=New Delhi}}

* {{Citation |last=Farquhar |first=J. N. |title=Modern Religious Movements in India |publisher=Macmillan |year=1915 |location=London}}
* {{Citation | last=Flood | first=Gavin D. | year=1996 | title=An Introduction to Hinduism | publisher=Cambridge University Press }}

* {{Citation |last=Ganguly |first=Adwaita P. |title=Life and Times of Netaji Subhas: From Cuttack to Cambridge, 1897–1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbdgnHO6NgQC&pg=PA27 |year=2001 |publisher=VRC Publications |isbn=978-81-87530-02-2 }}
* {{Citation |first=Georg |last=Feuerstein |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |title=The Yoga Tradition |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2002 |location=Delhi}}
* {{cite book|last=Ghosh|first=Gautam|title=The Prophet of Modern India: A Biography of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ThLiJ4cplZwC&pg=PT31|year=2003|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0149-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Gosling|first=David L.|title=Science and the Indian Tradition: When Einstein Met Tagore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6-8-tkr5MIC&pg=PA18|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-14333-7}}
* {{citation |last=Gupta |first=Raj Kumar |title=The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literary and Cultural Relations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S720d-apN-kC&pg=PA118 |access-date=19 December 2012 |year=1986 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-211-6 |location=Delhi }}

* {{Citation |last=Halbfass |first=Wilhelm |year=1995 |title=Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedānta |publisher=SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Heehs | first =Peter | year =2020 | chapter =Sri Aurobindo's Theory of Spiritual Evolution | editor-last =Mackenzie Brown | editor-first =C. | title =Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts | publisher =Springer Nature}}
* {{citation |edition=3rd |title=The parliament of religions and religious congresses at the World's Columbian exposition |editor-last=Houghton |editor-first=Walter Raleigh |publisher=Frank Tennyson Neely |year=1893 |ol=14030155M}}

* {{Citation |last=Isherwood |first=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Isherwood |title=Meditation and Its Methods According to Swami Vivekananda |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, California |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-87481-030-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/meditationitsmet00vive }}
* {{Citation |last1=Isherwood |first1=Christopher |author-link=Christopher Isherwood |last2=Adjemian |first2=Robert |title=The Wishing Tree |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-06-250402-9 |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, California |chapter=On Swami Vivekananda}}

* {{Citation |last=Jackson |first=Carl T |title=Vedanta for the West: the Ramakrishna movement in the United States |publisher=Indiana University Press |location=Indianapolis, Indiana |year=1994 |chapter=The Founders |isbn=978-0-253-33098-7}}

* {{Citation |last=Kashyap |first=Shivendra |title=Saving Humanity: Swami Vivekanand Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkzL6loGmEIC&pg=PA12 |year=2012 |publisher=Vivekanand Swadhyay Mandal |isbn=978-81-923019-0-7 }}
* {{citation |last=Kapur |first=Devesh |title=Diaspora, development, and democracy: the domestic impact of international migration from India |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-691-12538-1 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey}}
* {{Citation |last=Kattackal |first=Jacob |title=Religion and ethics in Advaita |publisher=St. Thomas Apostolic Seminary |location=Kottayam, Kerala |isbn=978-3-451-27922-5 |year=1982}}
* {{cite book|last=Kearney|first=Richard|title=Anatheism: Returning to God After God|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8J4ntz59PgwC&pg=PT169|date=13 August 2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51986-1}}
* {{Citation |last=King |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East" |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Citation |last=Kipf |first=David |year=1979 |title=The Brahmo Samaj and the shaping of the modern Indian mind |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri}}
* {{cite book|last=Kishore|first=B. R.|title=Swami Vivekanand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XR_aR1bUd5EC|year=2001|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-81-7182-952-1}}
* {{Citation |last=Kraemer |first=Hendrik |title=World cultures and world religions |chapter=Cultural response of Hindu India |asin=B0007DLYAK |publisher=Westminster Press |location=London |year=1960}}

* {{Citation | last=Madaio | first=James | year=2017 | title=Rethinking Neo-Vedānta: Swami Vivekananda and the Selective Historiography of Advaita Vedānta | journal=Religions |volume=8 |issue=6 |page=101 | doi=10.3390/rel8060101 | doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Maharaj |first1=Ayon |title=Śivajñāne jīver sevā: Reexamining Swami Vivekananda's Practical Vedānta in the Light of Sri Ramakrishna |journal=Journal of Dharma Studies |date=2020 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=175–187 |doi=10.1007/s42240-019-00046-x|s2cid=202387300 }}
* {{Citation |last=Majumdar |first=Ramesh Chandra |title=Swami Vivekananda Centenary Memorial Volume |publisher=Swami Vivekananda Centenary |location=Kolkata |asin=B0007J2FTS | year=1963 |page=577}}
* {{Citation |last1=Malagi |first1=R.A. |first2=M.K. |last2=Naik |title=Perspectives on Indian Prose in English |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2003 |chapter=Stirred Spirit: The Prose of Swami Vivekananda |isbn=978-81-7017-150-8}}
* {{Citation |last=McRae |first=John R. |year=1991 |title=Oriental Verities on the American Frontier: The 1893 World's Parliament of Religions and the Thought of Masao Abe |journal=Buddhist-Christian Studies |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press | volume=11 |pages=7–36 |doi=10.2307/1390252 |jstor=1390252}}
* {{Cite book|last=Medhananda|first=Swami|date=2022|title=Swami Vivekananda's Vedāntic Cosmopolitanism|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-762446-3|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGibzgEACAAJ}}
* {{Citation | last=Michelis | first=Elizabeth De | year=2004 | title=A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism | publisher=Continuum |isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=De Michelis|first=Elizabeth|author-link=Elizabeth De Michelis|title=A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHBBDq_Ul3sC&pg=PA124|date=8 December 2005|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-8772-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Miller |first=Timothy |title=America's Alternative Religions |isbn=978-0-7914-2398-1 |year=1995 |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany, New York |chapter=The Vedanta Movement and Self-Realization fellowship |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/americasalternat00mill }}
* {{Citation |last=Minor |first=Robert Neil |title=Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-88706-297-1 |location=Albany, New York |chapter=Swami Vivekananda's use of the ''Bhagavad Gita'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/modernindianinte0000unse }}
* {{cite book|last=Mittra|first=Sitansu Sekhar|title=Bengal's Renaissance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WPFeBY9YEAQC&pg=PA88|year=2001|publisher=Academic Publishers|isbn=978-81-87504-18-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Mohapatra|first=Amulya Ranjan|title=Swaraj - Thoughts of Gandhi, Tilak, Aurobindo, Raja Rammohun Roy, Tagore & Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGgF5HeIBOgC&pg=PA14|year=2009|publisher=Readworthy|isbn=978-81-89973-82-7}}
* {{Citation |last=Mukherji |first=Mani Shankar |year=2011 |title=[[The Monk as Man|The Monk As Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda]] |publisher=Penguin Books India |url= |isbn=978-0-14-310119-2}}

* {{Citation | last =Nanda |first =Meera | year =2010 |chapter =Madame Blavatsky's Children: Modern Hindu Encounters with Darwinism | editor-last1 =Lewis | editor-first1 =James R. | editor-last2 =Hammer | editor-first2 =Olav | title =Handbook of Religion and the Authority of Science | publisher =BRILL}}
* {{Citation |last=Nikhilananda |first=Swami |date=April 1964 |title=Swami Vivekananda Centenary |journal=Philosophy East and West |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=73–75 |doi=10.2307/1396757 |jstor=1396757}}
* {{Citation | last=Nikhilananda | first=Swami | year=1953 | title=Vivekananda: A Biography | url=http://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/BiographybyNikhilananda.pdf | publisher=Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center | location=New York | isbn=0-911206-25-6 | access-date=19 March 2012 }}

* {{Citation |last1=Pangborn |first1=Cyrus R. |first2=Bardwell L. |last2=Smith |title=Hinduism: New Essays in the History of Religions |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1976 |chapter=The Ramakrishna Math and Mission}}
* {{Citation | last=Paranjape | first=Makarand | title=Penguin Swami Vivekananda Reader | publisher=Penguin India | year=2005 | isbn=0-14-303254-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Paranjape|first=Makarand R.|title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC|year=2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-4661-9}}
* {{Citation |last=Parel |first=Anthony |year=2000 |title=Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-Rule |publisher=Lexington Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sErf-DzVI9EC&q=gandhi+on+vivekananda&pg=PA77 |isbn=978-0-7391-0137-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Paul|first=Dr S.|title=Great Men Of India : Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KekbVbtSnJcC|year=2003|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-9138-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Piazza|first=Paul|title=Christopher Isherwood: Myth and Anti-Myth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JyoPkIUAnIIC&pg=PA59|year=1978|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-51358-6}}
* {{Citation |last=Prabhananda |first=Swami |s2cid=162659685 |date=June 2003 |title=Profiles of famous educators: Swami Vivekananda |journal=Prospects |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=Netherlands |volume=XXXIII |issue=2 |pages=231–245 |doi=10.1023/A:1023603115703 |url=http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf |access-date=20 December 2008 |archive-date=10 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010111951/http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/archive/publications/ThinkersPdf/vivekane.pdf |url-status=dead }}

* {{Citation |last=Rambachan |first=Anantanand |title=The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas |year=1994 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-1542-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Richards |first=Glyn |title=A Source-Book of Modern Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |year=1996 |pages=77–78 |isbn=978-0-7007-0317-3 |chapter=Vivekananda}}
* {{cite book|last=Rinehart|first=Robin|title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA392|date=1 January 2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-905-8}}
* {{Citation | last=Rolland | first=Romain | title=The Life of Ramakrishna | year=1929a | pages=169–193 | isbn=978-81-85301-44-0 |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, California | chapter=Naren the Beloved Disciple}}
* {{Citation | last=Rolland | first=Romain | title=The Life of Ramakrishna | year=1929b | pages=201–214 | isbn=978-81-85301-44-0 |publisher=Vedanta Press |location=Hollywood, California | chapter=The River Re-Enters the Sea}}
* {{Citation | last=Rolland | first=Romain | year=2008 | title=The Life of Vivekananda and the Universal Gospel | publisher=Advaita Ashrama | edition=24th | page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328 328] | isbn=978-81-85301-01-3 | url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofvivekanand00roll/page/328 }}

* {{citation | last=Seifer |first=Marc |title=Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla : Biography of a Genius | publisher=Citadel |isbn=978-0-8065-1960-9 |year=2001}}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Amiya | author-link=Amiya Prosad Sen | title=Swami Vivekananda | publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi | year=2003 |editor-last=Gupta |editor-first=Narayani |isbn=0-19-564565-0 }}
* {{Citation |last=Sen |first=Amiya |author-link=Amiya Prosad Sen |title=Indispensable Vivekananda: anthology for our times |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-130-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C }}
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |title=Neo-Hindu Views of Christianity |year=1988 |isbn=978-90-04-08791-0 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |chapter=Swami Vivekananda's Experiences}}
* {{Citation |last=Sharma |first=Benishankar |title=Swami Vivekananda: A Forgotten Chapter of His Life |publisher=Oxford Book & Stationary Co. |location=Kolkata |year=1963 |asin=B0007JR46C}}
* {{Citation |last=Shattuck |first=Cybelle T. |title=Hinduism |publisher=Routledge |location=London |year=1999 |chapter=The modern period ii: forces of change |isbn=978-0-415-21163-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Sheean |first=Vincent |title=Lead, Kindly Light: Gandhi and the Way to Peace |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |year=2005 |chapter=Forerunners of Gandhi |isbn=978-1-4179-9383-3}}
* {{Citation |last=Shetty |first=B. Vithal |title=World as seen under the lens of a scientist |publisher=Xlibris Corporation | location=Bloomington, Indiana |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4415-0471-5}}
* {{Citation | last=Sil | first=Narasingha Prosad | year=1997 | title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment | publisher=Susquehanna University Press | location=Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania | isbn=0-945636-97-0}}
* {{Citation | last=Sooklal | first=Anil | year=1993 | title=The Neo-Vedanta Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda | journal=Nidan | volume=5 | url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA10165320_85 }}
* {{Citation | last=Taft | first=Michael | year=2014 | title=Nondualism: A Brief History of a Timeless Concept | publisher=Cephalopod Rex}}
* {{Citation | last=Thomas | first=Abraham Vazhayil | title=Christians in Secular India
| publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |location=Madison, New Jersey | year=1974 |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Wendell|title=Hinduism Invades America 1930|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UK1zdGslGCQC|date=1 August 2003|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-0-7661-8013-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Urban|first=Hugh B.|title=Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics and Power in the Study of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvtLClojU_4C&pg=PA314|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|isbn=978-81-208-2932-9}}
* {{Citation |editor-last=Virajananda |editor-first=Swami |year=2006 |orig-year=1910 |title=The Life of the swami Vivekananda by his eastern and western disciples... in two volumes |edition=6th |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |publication-place=Kolkata  | isbn=81-7505-044-6}}
* {{citation |last=Virajananda |first=Swami |title=The Life of the Swami Vivekananda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CAMAQAAMAAJ |access-date=21 December 2012 |volume=4 |year=1918 |publisher=Prabuddha Bharata Office, Advaita Ashrama }}
* {{Citation |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda |publisher=Advaita Ashrama |volume=9 Volumes |year=2001 |orig-year=1907 |isbn=978-81-85301-75-4 |url=http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/complete_works.htm }}
* {{Citation |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |title=My India : the India eternal |year=1996 |publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta |isbn=81-85843-51-1 |pages=1–2 |edition=1st |editor=Swami Lokeswarananda}}
* {{cite book|last=Vrajaprana|first=Pravrajika|title=A portrait of Sister Christine|year=1996|publisher=Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture|location=Calcutta|isbn=978-81-85843-80-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Wuthnow|first=Robert|title=America and the Challenges of Religious Diversity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxltPmukv0gC&pg=PA64|date=1 July 2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3724-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Wolffe|first=John|title=Religion in History: Conflict, Conversion and Coexistence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-QedEtzRncC&pg=PA158|year=2004|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-7107-2}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Bibliography'''
{{Main|Bibliography of Swami Vivekananda}}

* {{Cite book|last=Sister Nivedita|title=[[Notes of Some Wanderings with the Swami Vivekananda]]|publisher=The Brahmachari Gonendranath Udbodhan Office|year=1913|editor-last=Swami Saradananda|editor-link=Saradananda|location=Calcutta|author-link=Sister Nivedita}}
* {{Cite book|last=Burke|first=Marie Louise|title=[[Swami Vivekananda in the West: New Discoveries]]|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|year=1957|location=Kolkata|author-link=Sister Gargi}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sambudhdhananda|first=Swami|title=[[Swami Vivekananda on Himself]]|publisher=[[Advaita Ashrama]]|year=1963|isbn=81-7505-280-5|location=Kolkata}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Gokhale |first=B. G. |date=January 1964 |title=Swami Vivekananda and Indian Nationalism |journal=[[Journal of Bible and Religion]] |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=35–42 |jstor=1460427 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{Cite book|last=Banhatti|first=G. S.|title=[[Life and Philosophy of Swami Vivekananda]]|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=1989|isbn=978-81-7156-291-6|location=New Delhi}}
* [[R. C. Majumdar|Majumdar, R. C.]] (1999). ''Swami Vivekananda: A historical review''. Calcutta: [[Advaita Ashrama]].
* {{Cite book|last=King|first=Richard|year=2002|title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East"|publisher=[[Routledge]] |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bhuyan|first=Pranaba Ranjan|title=Swami Vivekananda: Messiah of Resurgent India|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|year=2003|isbn=978-81-269-0234-7|location=New Delhi|ref=none}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Mani Shankar|title=Achena Ajana Vivekananda|publisher=[[Penguin Books India]]|year=2011|trans-title=[[The Monk as Man: The Unknown Life of Swami Vivekananda]]|author-link=Sankar (writer)|orig-year=2003}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abnish Singh |title=Swami Vivekananda: Select Speeches |year=2004 |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |isbn=978-81-7977-466-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chauhan |first=Abnish Singh |year=2006 |title=Speeches of Swami Vivekananda and Subhash Chandra Bose: A Comparative Study |publisher=Prakash Book Depot |isbn=978-81-7977-149-5 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IdjPPgAACAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Jyotirmaya |year=2013 |title=A Restatement of Religion: Swami Vivekananda and the Making of Hindu Nationalism |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-19740-2 |url=https://www.academia.edu/18844967 |author-link=Jyotirmaya Sharma }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |title=Indra's Net: Defending Hinduism's Philosophical Unity| last=Malhotra| first=Rajiv| author-link=Rajiv Malhotra| date=2016| edition=revised| location=Noida, India| publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers India]]| isbn= 978-93-5177-179-1}} {{ISBN|93-5177-179-2}}

'''Other sources'''
* {{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt|title=A Cricket Match in Bengal's Chinsurah and its Fascinating Connection to the 1857 Revolt|first1=Sarbajit|last1=Mitra|website=thewire.in|publisher=The Wire|location=Kolkata|date=22 October 2023|access-date=24 October 2023|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022083154/https://m.thewire.in/article/history/a-cricket-match-in-bengals-chinsurah-and-its-fascinating-connection-to-the-1857-revolt}}
* {{Cite web|title=When Swami Vivekananda claimed seven wickets and other Eden Gardens tales|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|access-date=17 November 2021|website=newindianexpress.com|agency=Express News Service|date=4 May 2019|location=Kolkata|first1=Atreyo|last1=Mukhopadhyay|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416020605/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/may/04/when-swami-vivekananda-claimed-seven-wickets-and-other-eden-gardens-tales-1972482.html|archive-date=16 April 2023}}

==External links==
{{Commons|Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2012}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/subjects/person:vivekananda_swami_(1863-1902) Works about Vivekananda] via the [[Open Library]]
* [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL154597A/Vivekananda Works by Vivekananda] via the [[Open Library]]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Swami Vivekananda}}
* {{Librivox author |id=1306}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120330175816/http://www.belurmath.org/swamivivekananda.htm Biography] at [[Belur Math]]'s official website
*[https://media.belurmath.org/category/quotes/ Quotations] at [[Belur Math]]'s courtesy and references of their official website
* [http://cwsv.belurmath.org/ Complete Works of Vivekananda, Belur Math publication] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221125350/http://cwsv.belurmath.org/ |date=21 February 2018 }}
* WBEZ Chicago [https://www.wbez.org/curious-city/2024/05/09/how-are-honorary-street-signs-created-in-chicago Curious City podcast]: In response to a listener question, a reporter explains Swami Vivekananda's Chicago connection while tracking down his missing honorary street sign.

{{Swami Vivekananda}}
{{Navboxes
|title= Articles related to Swami Vivekananda
|list1=
{{Ramakrishna}}
{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Modern yoga}}
{{Modern yoga gurus}}
{{Religious pluralism}}
{{Social and political philosophy}}
}}

{{Subject bar|book1= Swami Vivekananda|book2= Hindu Religious Leaders|portal2= Biography |portal3= Philosophy |portal4=Hinduism |portal5=India |portal6=Religion |b=y|commons=y|q=y|s=y|d=yes|d-search=Q47478}}

{{Ramakrishna}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vivekananda, Swami}}
[[Category:Swami Vivekananda| ]]
[[Category:1863 births]]
[[Category:1902 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu new religious movements]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Hindu ascetics]]
[[Category:Revivalists]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu missionaries]]
[[Category:Indian theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Monastic disciples of Ramakrishna]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Indian Freemasons]]
[[Category:Anti-caste activists]]
[[Category:People associated with Shillong]]
[[Category:Indian public speakers]]
[[Category:Hindu monks]]
[[Category:New Thought people]]

Mirage (2025 film)

2026-03-18T05:21:34Z

Collegevidya: Put up some post w/ refs

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{other uses|Mirage (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mirage
| image = Mirage 2025.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| writer = {{ubl|Srinivasan Abrol|Jeethu Joseph}}
| story = Aparna R. Tarakad
| producer = {{ubl|Mukesh R. Mehta|Jatin M. Sethi|C. V. Sarathi|Vikram Mehra|Siddharth Anand Kumar}}
| starring = [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] [[Aparna Balamurali]] [[Hakim Shahjahan]] [[Hannah Reji Koshy]]
| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
| editing = V. S. Vinayak
| music = Vishnu Shyam
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* E4 Enertainment
* [[Saregama]]
* Seven 1 Seven Productions
* Naad Studios
* Bedtime Stories
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|09|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2025 |title=''Mirage'' [M] |url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/mirage-10 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=[[Australian Classification Board]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mirage''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery thriller]] film co-written and directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]]. The film stars [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Aparna Balamurali]], [[Hakim Shahjahan]] and [[Hannah Reji Koshy]].<ref name="jan">{{Cite web |date=2025-01-07 |title=Asif Ali, Aparna Balamurali’s film with Jeethu Joseph titled 'Mirage' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/07/asif-ali-aparna-balamuralis-film-with-jeethu-joseph-titled-mirage |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was released on 19 September 2025, and received mixed reviews from critics.

This movie was a [[box-office bomb]].

== Plot ==
Abirami ([[Aparna Balamurali]]) is left in turmoil when her fiancé, Kiran (Hakim Shahjahan), mysteriously disappears while travelling to [[Palakkad]]. Prior to vanishing, Kiran was involved with a financial consultancy that seems to be hiding dark secrets. As Abirami searches for clues about his whereabouts, she realizes that the situation is much more complicated than she anticipated

Desperate to unravel the mystery, Abirami teams up with Aswin ([[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]), an online investigative journalist from [[Chennai]]. Together, they chase leads—secret documents, elusive connections, and double identities. In their quest, they uncover that Kiran had a hidden side, possibly entangled in nefarious dealings, and that powerful forces want to keep the truth buried.

As the layers unravel, Abirami and Aswin find themselves navigating betrayals, unexpected allies, and shocking revelations. The title ''Mirage'' (with the tagline “Fades as you get closer”) reflects how truth and illusion intertwine—the closer they get to the answers, the more things slip away.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Aswin Kumar / Anand Shankar
* [[Aparna Balamurali]] as Abirami / Anjali
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Kiran / Amal
* [[Hannah Reji Koshy]] as Rithika
* [[Saravanan (actor)|Saravanan]] as Rajkumar
* [[Sampath Raj]] as [[Superintendent of police|SP]] Y. Aarumugam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Deepak Parambol]] as Prakash
* Arjun Syam Gopan as Anandu
* Aruvi Madhan as Riyas
}}

==Production==
The project was officially announced on 6 January 2025.<ref name="jan" /> A [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony was held on 20 January 2025 in [[Kozhikode]] as part of commencing the shoot with [[principal photography]] commencing the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Akhila |date=2025-01-20 |title=Mirage: Asif Ali, Aparna Balamurali’s film starts rolling |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mirage-asif-ali-aparna-balamuralis-film-starts-rolling-major-updates-out/77b9086155459 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Jeethu’s film with Asif, Aparna commences |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Jan/21/jeethus-film-with-asif-aparna-commences |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Release==
===Theatrical===
The first look poster of the film was released on 23 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-24 |title=‘Mirage’: First look of Jeethu Joseph’s next, starring Asif Ali and Aparna Balamurali, out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mirage-jeethu-joseph-asif-ali-aparna-balamurali/article69730816.ece |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The second look poster was released on 1 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-02 |title=Asif Ali-Aparna Balamurali film Mirage gets second look |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Aug/02/asif-ali-aparna-balamurali-film-mirage-gets-second-look |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The film's teaser was released on 17 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=2025-08-17 |title= Mirage: Teaser of Jeethu Joseph's film hints at another intricate thriller starring Asif Ali & Aparna Balamurali |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mirage-teaser-of-jeethu-joseph-film-hints-at-another-intricate-thriller-starring-asif-ali-aparna-balamurali/c042644fbf728 |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

''Mirage'' was released theatrically on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=September 11, 2025 |title= Jeethu Joseph on Asif Ali’s Mirage: It was meant to be a Hindi film, but… |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jeethu-joseph-on-asif-alis-mirage-it-was-meant-to-be-a-hindi-film-but/9ccddfe521621 |access-date=September 11, 2025 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film began streaming on [[SonyLIV]] from 23 October 2025, a month after its theatrical release on 19 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mirage OTT release date: When, where to watch Asif Ali, Aparna Balamurali’s thriller online |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mirage-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-asif-ali-aparna-balamuralis-thriller-online/c7662da8f5677 |website=OTTplay |date=30 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by Vishnu Shyam.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ilavenal Poove
| length1 = 3:08
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra1 = [[Najim Arshad]]
}}

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
Gopika Is of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film "makes it a passable crime thriller at best." She stated that the film has a slow pace, with the plot taking a long time to unfold. She also states that the film "struggles to connect the audience with its characters." She pointed out that the plot has multiple "twists and turns" and a "surprising ending," but many plot points are revealed abruptly without proper foreshadowing, and the numerous twists don't lead to a substantial conclusion. She noted that Aparna Balamurali's acting was "believable" in some points but "lacked intensity." She criticised the dialogues, the word choices and delivery as it "robbed all the intensity it deserved".<ref>{{cite news |last=Is |first=Gopika |date=September 19, 2025 |title=Mirage Movie Review: Jeethu Joseph's magical touch is missing in this crime thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/miragereview/movie-review/124004620.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=September 20, 2025}}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' criticises the film's weak screenplay and its over-reliance on excessive and unbelievable plot twists, which drains the film of any impact. He further criticises that instead of a "perfect thriller climax," the film resulted in a complicated and predictable narrative. He also noted that the film fails to maintain an intriguing pace despite approaching the mystery straight away. According to the review, the "dramatic" presentation, "stilted" dialogue, and "obvious" character reveals make the film's twists "almost laughable." He wrote: "The absence of a coherent, believable screenplay and the compulsion to deliver one shocking twist after another drains 'Mirage' of any impact."<ref>{{cite news |last=Praveen |first=S. R. |date=September 19, 2025 |title='Mirage' movie review: Jeethu Joseph drowns the viewer in the mirage of a perfect thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mirage-movie-review-jeethu-joseph-drowns-us-in-the-mirage-of-a-perfect-thriller/article70069612.ece/ |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=September 20, 2025}}</ref>

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' praised the cast performance, stating that Aparna Balamurali and Asif Ali share an "honest and natural chemistry." She notes that the twists were "compelling", while some scenes were "predictable." She also notes that the film's climax is somewhat underwhelming due to an overindulgence in suspense, and the female character's backstory motifs are "repetitive". She felt the background score "blends with the narrative" but found it was a "bit underwhelming." She praised the cinematography as "clean and unfussy." She wrote: "Overall, Mirage works as an engaging watch, with Jeethu delivering his trademark twists. But the burden of expectations and a tendency to overplay surprises hold the film back from becoming truly memorable."<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=September 19, 2025 |title='Mirage' review: Jeethu Joseph rains down twists in a suspense-packed narrative |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/09/19/jeethu-joseph-thriller-legacy-mirage-movie-review.html |work=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=September 20, 2025}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated ''Mirage'' 1.5 out of 5 stars and criticised the screenplay being "hollow" despite having frequent twists. He states that the film relies heavily on dialogue rather than visual storytelling. Despite having many twists, he points out that none of them are sufficiently surprising or emotionally engaging, which fails to hold the audience's attention. He criticised the weak characterisation of the characters as they seem "flat". He also gave a mixed review of the cast performance. He criticised the cinematography as "weird camera angles," and the music fails to uplift meaningfully. He wrote: "In the Asif Ali and Aparna Balamurali-starer, director Jeethu Joseph has tried to inflate a wafer-thin plot and an equally papery script by slipping in ineffectual twists very frequently."<ref>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=September 19, 2025 |title=Mirage movie review: Jeethu Joseph and Asif Ali test the limits of ‘how many twists are too many twists’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mirage-movie-review-jeethu-joseph-and-asif-ali-test-the-limits-of-how-many-twists-are-too-many-twists-10258548/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=September 20, 2025}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|35019435}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeethu Joseph]]

Ramaswamy Parameshwaran

2026-03-14T17:42:14Z

Collegevidya: minor expand lead for accuracy and updated info after review

{{Short description|Indian army officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| name = Ramaswamy Parameswaran
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vir Chakra|PVC]]
| image = Major R Parameshwaran.jpg
| image_size = 250 px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1946|09|13}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|11|25|1946|09|13}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay State]], [[British India]]
| death_place = [[Sri Lanka]]
| nickname =
| servicenumber = SS-25573 (short-service commission)<ref name="SSC"/> IC-32907 (regular commission)
| unit = [[File:Mahar Regiment Insignia (India).svg|20px]] [[Mahar Regiment|8 Mahar Regiment]] attached to [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|IPKF]]
| branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]
| serviceyears = 1972–1987
| rank = [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]
| Service Number: =
| battles = {{tree list}}
* '''[[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]]'''
** [[Operation Pawan]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Param-Vir-Chakra-ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Param Vir Chakra]]|
}}
'''Ramaswamy Parameswaran''' (13 September 1946, [[Mumbai]] – 25 November 1987, [[Sri Lanka]]) was an Indian [[Officer (armed forces)|military officer]], a major who was awarded the [[Param Vir Chakra]], India's highest military decoration, for his bravery during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]].

==Career==
Parameshwaran was born in a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family and he was granted a Short Service Commission as a second lieutenant in the 15th Battalion [[Mahar Regiment]] on 16 January 1972.<ref name="SSC">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1292 |date=23 November 1974|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1974/O-1255-1974-0047-55620.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> Promoted to lieutenant on 16 January 1974,<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=469 |date=29 March 1975 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> he was subsequently granted a regular commission, and was promoted to captain on 12 October 1979 and to major on 31 July 1984.<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=899 |date=11 June 1983|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1983/O-0882-1983-0024-38767.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1077 |date=3 August 1985|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/1985/O-0781-1985-0031-34608.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2020}}
On 25 November 1987, while he was returning from search operation in [[Sri Lanka]] late at night, his column was ambushed by a group of militants which had five rifles. He was shot in the chest and continued to give orders until he died. Five militants were killed.

== Namesake apartment ==
The Army Welfare Housing Organization (AWHO) built a colony in 1998 in Arcot Road Chennai named A.W.H.O Parameshwaran Vihar in honor of Parameswaran.
[[File:Major R Parameswaran statue at Param Yodha Sthal Delhi.jpg|thumb|Parameswaran's statue at ''Param Yodha Sthal'', [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]], New Delhi]]

==See also==
*[[Indian Army]]
*[[Param Vir Chakra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110305135901/http://jaihindjaibharat.com/?p=127 Jai Hind Jai Bharat]}}

{{Param Vir Chakra recipients}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parameshwaran, Ramaswamy}}
[[Category:Indian Army personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vir Chakra]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Mumbai]]

Sarjana Sharma

2026-03-13T10:56:30Z

Collegevidya: starting a biography

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sarjana Sharma
| image=
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|03|18}}
| birth_place = [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = Master in Political science, Master in Journalism & Mass Communications, P.G Diploma in translation, Deploma in Indian Art & Culture.
| occupation = Creative Head in Kabir Communication
| alias = Sarjana Sharma
}}
'''Sarjana Sharma''' (born 18 March 1959) is a senior Indian [[journalist]] who began her career at a time when there were very few women in working [[Hindi media]]. She has assisted in direction and production of many documentaries about topics such as women in non-conventional professions and women prisoners. These documentaries were shown at festivals in India, the former [[USSR]] and the [[United States]]. She was Deputy Executive Producer at [[Zee News]].<ref name=zeenews>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =Zee News' Sarjana Sharma wins prestigious award |publisher=Zee News|url =http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/zee-news-sarjana-sharma-wins-prestigious-award_730710.html |date=10 September 2011|accessdate = 22 April 2016}}</ref> In present She is Creative Head in Kabir Communication.

==Biography==
Sarjana Sharma was born in Saharanpur on 18 March 1959 in Uttar Pradesh to Krishan & Prem Lata Sharma. She finished Education with [[Master's degree]] in [[Political science]], a post-graduate degree in [[Mass communication]], diplomas in translation and in Indian art and culture and a photography course, Sarjana has worked in various media houses and on different beats.<ref name=parikalpnakosh>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =सर्जना शर्मा|trans-title=Sarjana Sharma|publisher=Parikalpna Kosh|url =http://parikalpnakosh.org/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE |accessdate = 22 April 2016|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==Career==
During her 31-year journalistic career she worked with major [[Indian media]] houses and reputed international organisations like [[BBC]] and [[United States Information Agency]]. In 1995 she was key person in producing a 45 minutes TV women magazine ASMITA - this women's magazine was a trend setter which showcased Indian women in a very positive perspective.<ref name=Srijangatha>{{cite web|last=|first=|authorlink=|title=भूटान में ब्लागर्स मिले|trans-title=Bloggers met in Bhutan|publisher=Srijanagatha|url=http://www.srijangatha.com/Halchal-24JAn2015|accessdate=22 April 2016|language=Hindi}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

She had a long stint with [[Zee News]] between 1998 and 2013, when she worked in different capacities, right from news desk, reporting in the field, producing special programs on news and current affairs. Among some of the popular programs that she was associated with were, Newszee Countdown, Mystery Unfolds, Ek Aur Nazaria, Vivavh Manthan. Besides, Sarjana was intensely involved in key roles for the coverage of the several general elections, and state assembly elections during her stint. In the last leg in Zee News produced directed and scripted an internationally famed program—Manthan – on great Indian heritage, culture, religion fairs festivals of India.
She was chosen one of the jury member by Prasar Bharti for Kissan Channel content selection committee (April–May 2015).<ref name=zeenews2>{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | title =Zee News' Sarjana Sharma wins Dr Sadhna Award |publisher=Zee News|url =http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/zee-news-sarjana-sharma-wins-dr-sadhna-award_691025.html |date= 5 March 2011|accessdate = 22 April 2016}}</ref>

She was engaged by Indian Council for Cultural Relation as media coordinator for 27-day-long International Dance Festival. She was the main link between international dance troupes, media and embassies. This festival got wide coverage in media.<ref name=Deshnama>{{cite web|last=|first=|authorlink=|title=सर्जना शर्मा का सम्मान, ब्लॉग जगत का बढ़ा मान|trans-title=Sharma honor creativity, increase the value of the blog world.|publisher=Deshnama|url=http://www.deshnama.com/2011/09/blog-post_06.html|accessdate=22 April 2016|language=Hindi|archive-date=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508190449/http://www.deshnama.com/2011/09/blog-post_06.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She is the first [[Electronic media]] women journalist to go to the –[[Kailash Mansarovar]] (Lord Shiva's abode in Tibet). In 17 days long journey she covered each and every aspect of the most Holy Yatra. She also produced almost 140 minute programme on [[Kailash Manasarovar Yatra]]. She has been associated with The [[Times of India]] Group and Sunday Mail while also freelancing for various newspapers and magazines. As mentioned earlier, she had a stint in the Hindi Cell of the [[United States Information Agency]]. She has written scripts for All India Radio and also worked with [[NCERT]] (National Council for Education Research and Training). Her brush with the [[electronic media]] started with a production house Aakriti. Her work has covered a wide range of issues from [[art]] and [[culture]], [[travel]] and [[tourism]], [[environmentalism|environment]], women issues, human interest stories, organisations of the [[United Nations]] and more. Her best stories so far are the ones on [[Tihar Jail]], women in non-conventional professions and the condition of [[folk art|folk]] artistes.<ref name=zeenews/><ref name=zeenews2/>

She has won several laurels in her long and illustrious career for her contribution to [[mass media|media]]. Among these are Bharat Nirman Award, the 32nd Pandit Durga Prasad Dubey Award for serving Hindi (2011), Dr Sadhana International Empowerment Award and the Vedic Rattan Award 2010.<ref name=zeenews2/>

She writes her blog – RASBATIYAN <ref>http://rasbatiya.blogspot.in/ {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref> a widely read Hindi blog. For best blogging she was honoured with two international awards – Parikalpna SAARC AWARD -2015 and the Blog Bhushan Award -2014.<ref name=zeenews2/>

Currently she works with Kabir Communications, a private production house as the [[creativity|creative]] head and [[freelancing]] for [[Newspapers]] and [[DD Kisan]].<ref name=zeenews/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Sarjana}}
[[Category:Indian women television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Journalists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]

IIEST, Shibpur

2026-03-12T09:43:40Z

Collegevidya: small changes

{{Short description|Research university in West Bengal, India}}
{{distinguish|Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur
| image = IIEST Shibpur Logo.svg
| image_upright = .7
| motto = {{lang|sa|Uttiṣṭhata jāgrata prāpya varān nibodhata}}
| mottoeng = [[Arise, awake, and stop not till the goal is reached]]
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[technical university|technological]] [[research university]]
| established = {{start date and age|df=yes|1856|11|24}}
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]] | [[Council of NITSER]] | [[Institute of National Importance|INI]]}}
| budget = {{INRConvert|245|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2026{{ndash}}27)}}<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| chairperson = [[Tejaswini Ananth Kumar]]
| director = V. M. S. R. Murthy<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Dipawali |date=20 April 2024 |title=IIEST Gets New Full-Time Director |work=[[The Times of India]] 20 April 2024, 04:14 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-gets-new-full-time-director/articleshow/109445607.cms|access-date=20 April 2024}}</ref>
| academic_staff = 279 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 4,179 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2025 |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/uploads/nirf/2025/OVERALL25.pdf |publisher=IIEST Shibpur}}</ref>
| undergrad = 2,872 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 560 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 747 ({{small|2025}})<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Shibpur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|22|33|21|N|88|18|20|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title, inline}}
| campus_type = [[Metropolis]] {{convert|123|acre|ha}}
| colours = {{color box|330080}} {{color box|ffcc00}} Violet & Gold
| nickname = ''BE college''
| mascot = [[Clock tower]]
| logo = IIEST, Shibpur Wordmark Logo.svg
| website = {{Official URL}}
|}}

[[File:IIEST, Howrah, India.jpg|thumb|IIEST main entrance in Shibpur, Howrah.]]

'''Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur'''{{pronunciation|Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology Shibpur.ogg|pronunciation|(}} ([[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''IIEST Shibpur''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[technical university|technological]] [[research university]] located at [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], India. Founded in 1856,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/History |access-date=20 August 2022 |website=Our History IIEST}}</ref> it is one of the [[Institute of National Importance|Institutes of National Importance]] funded by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Gazette of India |url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158429.pdf |access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Higher Education {{!}} Government of India, Ministry of Education |url=https://www.education.gov.in/hi/institutions-national-importance-hi |access-date=17 January 2021 |website=www.education.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research (Amendment) Act, 2014 |url=http://nitcouncil.org.in/data/pdf/nit-acts/nitser_2014.pdf |access-date=17 April 2023 |website=Council of NITSER}}</ref> It is regulated by the [[Council of NITSER]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Council of NITs {{!}} COVID-19 Research at NITs & IIEST, Shibpur |url=http://nitcouncil.org.in/index.php/site/console/siteAboutCouncil |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=nitcouncil.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Identity crisis hurdle to IIEST success |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/identity-crisis-hurdle-to-iiest-success/cid/1416862 |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Education, Government of India |url=https://www.mhrd.gov.in/nits |access-date=24 August 2020 |website=www.mhrd.gov.in }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> It is the fourth oldest engineering institute in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghatol |first=A. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwTrvZ6hDC0C&pg=PA53 |title=Industry Institute Interaction |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-486-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In October 2010, the [[Union Cabinet]] approved the proposal for the conversion of the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) at Shibpur to India's first Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST). IIEST is a member of the [[Association of Indian Universities]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsbpa.org/images/AIU-MEMBERS.pdf |title=Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology {{!}} Association of Indian Universities |website=www.aiu.ac.in |language=en |access-date=August 17, 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Bishop's College, Howrah, 1880.jpg|thumb|240x240px|left|Bishop's College, Howrah]]
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="width:22em;"
! style="white-space: nowrap; background:#008081; text-align:center;color:white;padding:.2em;"| Directors
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* '''Ajoy Kumar Ray''', 2014–2018
* '''Parthasarathi Chakrabarti''', 2018–2024
* '''Vemavarapu M. S. R. Murthy''', 2024–present
|}
The university was founded as the Civil Engineering College on 24 November 1856, in the [[Writers' Building]], Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]).<ref name="CUP Archive">{{Cite book|last1=Rose|first1=John Holland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA337|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|last2=Newton|first2=Arthur Percival|last3=Dodwell|first3=Henry|last4=Benians|first4=Ernest Alfred|date=1929|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Our History {{!}} IIEST">{{Cite web|title=Our History {{!}} IIEST|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/History|access-date=9 August 2021|website=www.iiests.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Director's Desk {{!}} IIEST|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/DirectorDesk|access-date=9 August 2021|website=www.iiests.ac.in}}</ref> The college was established as an independent entity in 1880 as ''Government College, Howrah'', on the premises of Bishop's College in Shibpur, Howrah. In 1921, the name of the college was changed to ''Bengal Engineering College''. B.E. College was previously affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]]. At that time, it contained only civil and mechanical engineering departments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History {{!}} IIEST|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/History|website=IIEST, Shibpur|access-date=3 May 2020}}</ref> Classes used to be held in the [[Writers' Building]]. Later, from 1865 to 1869, the college was affiliated to [[Presidency College Calcutta|Presidency College, Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-04 |title=Writers' Building was the cradle of West Bengal's first engineering college: Can you guess the name? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/from-writers-building-to-national-importance-here-is-the-story-of-west-bengals-first-engineering-college/articleshow/122250605.cms |access-date=2025-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Several other departments were created subsequently over the years, the last among them being that of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics in 2010.

Following an endorsement from a UGC Expert Committee, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] designated the institution as a [[Deemed University]] in 1992, marking a significant milestone in its academic evolution.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 Mar 2023 |title=UGC Annual Report 1992-1993 |url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/pub/annualreport/1992-93.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321145809/https://www.ugc.gov.in/oldpdf/pub/annualreport/1992-93.pdf |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=21 Mar 2023 |website=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] |page=73 |language=English |type=Annual Report |publication-place=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

Established in November 2003, the [[Shri Krishna Joshi|S.K. Joshi]] Committee was mandated by the Government of India to evaluate and shortlist premier engineering institutions for potential elevation to the status of an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT). Ultimately, the committee identified seven candidate institutions for this strategic upgradation, most notably including the Bengal Engineering College.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Upadhyaya |first=Yogesh K |date=23 Mar 2005 |title=The making of new IITs |work=[[Rediff.com]] March 23, 2005 12:23 IST |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm |url-status=live |access-date=23 Mar 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050324101034/https://www.rediff.com/money/2005/mar/23iit.htm |archive-date=24 Mar 2005}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 Mar 2005 |title=Joshi Committee identifies 7 Institutions for Upgradation |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=8074 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724060524/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=8074 |archive-date=24 Jul 2023 |access-date=23 Mar 2023 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]] 23-March, 2005 13:4 IST}}</ref>

On 1 October 2004, the institution was conferred the status of a full-fledged [[State university (India)|state university]].<ref name="TheUniversity">{{cite web |url=http://www.becs.ac.in/ |title=Bengal Engineering And Science University, Shibpur – The University |work=becs.ac.in |access-date=20 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207114639/http://www.becs.ac.in/ |archive-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> It was formally inaugurated as ''Bengal Engineering and Science University'' by [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], the President of India, on 13 July 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teqip-ii.iiests.ac.in/|title=The Institute}}</ref>

=== Post 2010 ===
In October 2010, the [[Union Cabinet]] ratified the 2006 [[Munirathna Anandakrishnan|M. Anandakrishnan]] Committee’s proposal to transform the Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU), Shibpur, into India’s inaugural Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST).
This strategic evolution was designed to establish an institution of international prestige, dedicated to cultivating elite human capital for the nation’s strategic sectors. Beyond technical training, the mandate envisioned the development of advanced research laboratories and the nurturing of distinguished educators to elevate the standards of engineering and science education nationwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 Oct 2010 |title=Upgradation of BESU, Shibpur to an IIEST, Shibpur at Howrah, West Bengal |work=[[Press Information Bureau]] 12-October, 2010 17:52 IST |publisher=[[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=66290 |url-status=live |access-date=12 Oct 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701145441/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=66290 |archive-date=1 Jul 2023}}</ref> An amount of ₹ 592.20 crore was earmarked for the project, and it was to be completed over a period of five years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2010 |title=Now, an Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology |work=[[Education Times]] October 14, 2010 05:34 PM |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/69557607/now-an-indian-institute-of-engineering-science-and-technology |url-status=live |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701144420/https://www.educationtimes.com/article/newsroom/69557607/now-an-indian-institute-of-engineering-science-and-technology |archive-date=1 Jul 2023}}</ref>

In March 2014, the institute was conferred the status of an [[Institute of National Importance|INI]] and was renamed ''Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur'' by the Govt. of India by suitably amending the National Institutes of Technology and Science Education and Research Act, 2007. The conversion process of BESU to IIEST was mentored by [[IIT Kanpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/pranab-nod-to-besu-upgrade/cid/1213434|title=Pranab nod to Besu upgrade|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=66290|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> The President of India, [[Pranab Mukherjee]], inaugurated it as IIEST on 24 August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |title=Inauguration of IIEST, Shibpur by Shri Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India on 24th August 2014 |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325211936/http://www.becs.ac.in/component/content/article/123-vcspeaks/2931-inauguration-of-iiest-shibpur-by-shri-pranab-mukherjee-the-president-of-india-on-24th-august-2014-article |archive-date=25 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103246/http://www.presidentofindia.nic.in/press-release-detail.htm?1060 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |title=Press Releases Detail - The President of India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the Government of West Bengal formally inaugurated the [[Indian Institute of Information Technology Kalyani]]. Concurrently, the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, was appointed as its mentor institution to provide foundational academic and administrative guidance during its establishment.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Bengals-first-IIIT-in-Kalyani-to-start-from-July/articleshow/37153741.cms|title=Bengal's first IIIT in Kalyani to start from July – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iiitkalyani.edu.in/about-iiit.html#about-row2|title=IIIT Kalyani :: About IIIT|access-date=10 August 2014|archive-date=13 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813031326/http://www.iiitkalyani.edu.in/about-iiit.html#about-row2|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In December 2014, the institute's founding director Ajoy Kumar Ray, in a sorrowful tone, said, "We have the fund now, but land-space crunch is the biggest problem. We have 121 acres of land with us and we need 100 acres more. Otherwise, the institute's expansion would be pretty critical."<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Dec 2014 |title=IIEST has money, but can't find land for expansion |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iiest-has-money-but-cant-find-land-for-expansion/articleshow/45358302.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704055045/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/education/iiest-has-money-but-cant-find-land-for-expansion/printarticle/45358302.cms |archive-date=4 Jul 2025 |access-date=3 Dec 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]] Dec 03, 2014, 12:49:00 PM IST |location=[[Kolkata]] |language=English |issn=0972-0685 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref>

== Campus ==
A master plan proposed along with the existing campus layout was presented. Five new infrastructure projects were planned, and some are ongoing, including a 1000-seat girls' hostel, an academic block, a research and innovation park, and an auditorium and convention hall. The total estimated cost is ₹ 787 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Dipawali |date=17 May 2025 |title=IIEST master plan: Focus on capacity boost, global look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-master-plan-focus-on-capacity-boost-global-look/articleshowprint/121219108.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517042816/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-master-plan-focus-on-capacity-boost-global-look/articleshowprint/121219108.cms |archive-date=17 May 2025 |access-date=17 May 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] May 17, 2025, 03.07 AM IST |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=978-1-948147-14-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Subhankar |date=1 Dec 2020 |title=Union education ministry sanctions funds for IIEST hostel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/central-funds-for-iiest-hostel/cid/1799123 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129204404/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/central-funds-for-iiest-hostel/cid/1799123 |archive-date=29 Nov 2022 |access-date=1 Dec 2020 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] 01.12.2020 03:46 AM}}</ref>

=== Salt Lake campus ===
During the institute’s convocation in December 2024, the Governor formally announced the establishment of a secondary IIEST campus in Salt Lake, Sector III. Spanning 38.5 kattahs, this strategic expansion is designed to bridge the gap between theory and practice by fostering robust academia-industry collaborations.
The facility will serve as a specialized hub for innovation, offering tailored part-time programs and professional development courses curated specifically for working professionals. By situating this annex in a prominent commercial district, the institute aims to cultivate a dynamic ecosystem where academic research and industrial application converge to drive regional technological advancement.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Dipawali |date=21 Dec 2024 |title=IIEST to get 2nd campus in Salt Lake for industry tie-ups, part-time courses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-to-get-2nd-campus-in-salt-lake-for-industry-tie-ups-part-time-courses/articleshowprint/116514200.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221142717/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-to-get-2nd-campus-in-salt-lake-for-industry-tie-ups-part-time-courses/articleshow/116514200.cms |archive-date=21 Dec 2024 |access-date=21 Dec 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] Dec 21, 2024, 12.00 AM IST}}</ref>

== Organisation and administration ==

===Governance===
Like all NITs, the institute follows an organizational structure where the [[President of India]] is the ex officio visitor of IIEST Shibpur, at the top of the hierarchy. Directly under the president is the [[Council of NITSER]]. Under the Council of NITSER is the Board of Governors of IIEST, Shibpur. The Board of Governors consists of the chairperson, director, and twelve members, which include government, industry, alumni, and faculty representation. The Senate Standing Committee comprises the director, the Secretary to the Senate, deans, department heads, and the registrar. In September 2023, [[Tejaswini Ananth Kumar]] was appointed as chairperson of the Board of Governors of the Institution for a period of three years.<ref name=jm>{{Cite news |last1=Mazumdar |first1=Jhinuk |last2=Chowdhury |first2=Subhankar |last3=Rakesh |first3=K.M. |date=5 September 2023 |title=Karnataka BJP leader's appointment as IIEST-Shibpur board chairperson draws criticism from teachers |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/karnataka-bjp-leaders-appointment-as-chairperson-of-iiest-board-draws-criticism-from-teachers/cid/1963879 |access-date=20 June 2024}}</ref>

The Board of Governors is the apex body, responsible for setting the strategic direction and overseeing the institute's overall performance. This board comprises individuals from academia, industry, and government. Complementing the Board of Governors is the Academic Council, which focuses on academic policies, curriculum development, and the maintenance of educational standards. The council ensures that the institute's programs remain relevant and aligned with the latest advancements in technology and science. Financial management is handled by the Finance Committee, which oversees budgeting, resource allocation, and financial planning.{{citation needed|date=September 2025}}

===Departments===
{{clear}}

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background: transparent; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;" class=skin-invert
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Departments of IIEST, Shibpur'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
*[[Aerospace Engineering]] and [[Applied Mechanics]]
*[[Architecture]] and [[Planning]]
*[[Chemistry]]
*[[Civil Engineering]]
|
*[[Computer Science and Technology]]
*[[Earth Sciences]]
*[[Electrical Engineering]]
*[[Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering]]
|
*[[Human Resource Management]]
*[[Humanities]] and [[Social Sciences]]
*[[Information Technology]]
*[[Mathematics]]
|
*[[Mechanical Engineering]]
*[[Metallurgy and Materials Engineering]]
*[[Mining Engineering]]
*[[Physics]]

|}

===Schools===
Eight 'schools of excellence' in IIEST are:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/Schools|title= Schools of Excellence}}</ref>
{{clear}}

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background: transparent; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;" class = skin-invert
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Schools of IIEST, Shibpur'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
* School of Advanced Materials, Green Energy and Sensor Systems
* Purabi Das School of Information Technology
* School of Community Science and Technology
* School of Disaster Mitigation Engineering
|
* School of Ecology, Infrastructure and Human Settlement Management
* School of Management Sciences
* School of Mechatronics and Robotics
* School of VLSI Technology

|}

===Centres===
Following are the multi-disciplinary centers located in IIEST Shibpur:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/Centers|title= Multi-Disciplinary Centers}}</ref>
* Center of Healthcare Science and Technology

==Academics==
[[File:Clock Tower - Bengal Engineering and Science University - Sibpur - Howrah 2013-06-06 8569.JPG|thumb|150 px|The Clock Tower, IIEST]]

===Ramanujan Central Library===
The institute's Ramanujan Central Library occupies {{convert|3000|m2|ft2|abbr=on}} and houses 158,000 books, 41,000 bound volumes of journals, and a collection of documents, such as patents, standards, technical reports, and pamphlets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newlibrary.iiests.ac.in/|title=Library, IIESTS|website=newlibrary.iiests.ac.in}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The library has old and rare books and journals of the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ramanujan Central Library |url=http://library.iiests.ac.in:30000/dqpas/?view=featured |website=library.iiests.ac.in |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921161102/http://library.iiests.ac.in:30000/dqpas/?view=featured |url-status=dead }}</ref>As a member of the e-ShodhSindhu consortium, the library provides access to over 6,500 full-text e-journals. This includes major databases such as IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), and Scopus.

=== Admission procedure ===
Undergraduate programs to the various engineering disciplines (4-year B.Tech. programs) and architecture (5-year B.Arch. program) are granted via [[JEE Main]], taking 50% students from the home state (West Bengal)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Somdatta |date=7 May 2015 |title=IIEST keeps 50% seats for Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-keeps-50-seats-for-bengal/articleshow/47182408.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216223130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-keeps-50-seats-for-bengal/articleshow/47182408.cms |archive-date=16 Feb 2016 |access-date=7 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] May 7, 2015, 04.05 AM IST |location=[[Kolkata]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and 50% from other states.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/Admission/?id=Mg== |title= Admissions- Undergraduate}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Joint Seat Allocation Authority 2020 |url=https://josaa.nic.in/seatinfo/root/InstProfile.aspx?instcd=417 |website=josaa.nic.in |access-date=2 February 2021}}</ref> For PG programs, admission is through the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]] for M.Tech. courses and the [[Joint Admission Test for Masters]] for [[MSc.]] programs in [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Applied mathematics|Applied Mathematics]], [[Applied geology|Applied Geology]], [[Food processing|Food Processing]], and [[Nutrition Science]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iiests.ac.in/IIEST/Admission/?id=NQ==|title= Admissions- Masters of Science}}</ref> Students are also admitted in Ph.D. programs twice a year through online applications.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oldwww.becs.ac.in/academics/programme/phd-programme|title=Ph.D Programme|website=oldwww.becs.ac.in|access-date=24 July 2020|archive-date=6 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706204114/http://oldwww.becs.ac.in/academics/programme/phd-programme|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Ranking and reputation ===
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University

| QS_A_2025 = 541-560<ref>https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/EngineeringRanking.html</ref>

|NIRF_E_2025=54|NIRF_A_2025=4}}

IIEST Shibpur was ranked in the 401–450 band among the top universities in the Asia category by the QS Asia Ranking 2024.

In India, IIEST Shibpur was ranked 49th among engineering institutes by the [[NIRF]] ([[National Institutional Ranking Framework]]) rankings in 2024 and 4th in Architecture & Planning.<ref>{{Cite news |last=K Guna |first=Sahiti |date=12 August 2024 |title=IIEST Shibpur NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://engineering.careers360.com/articles/iiest-shibpur-nirf-ranking |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=Careers360 Aug 12, 2024 06:34 PM IST}}</ref>

=== Academic collaboration ===
In November 2016, IIEST Shibpur and [[Hiroshima University]] (HU) formally established an International Exchange Agreement to enhance academic and research cooperation. Represented by Professor Hafizur Rahaman and HU President Mitsuo Ochi, the partnership builds on existing links through the HiSENS Research Center and the TAOYAKA Program. This collaboration focuses on semiconductor technology, sensor research, and doctoral human resource development, fostering a robust innovation bridge between India and Japan that continues through joint symposiums like ISDCS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 Nov 2016 |title=We signed an International Exchange Agreement with Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur (India) |url=https://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en/news/36920 |url-status=live |access-date=26 Nov 2016 |website=[[Hiroshima University]]}}</ref>
In 2017, the institute collaborated with the [[US]]-based [[University of California, Irvine]], and signed an MoU to offer dual degree programmes from both universities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 Jan 2017 |title=2-varsity degree on anvil at Indian institute of engineering science and technology shibpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/2-varsity-degree-on-anvil-at-iiest/articleshow/56300876.cms |access-date=3 Jan 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] Jan 3, 2017, 09:03 IST}}</ref>

== Research ==
IIEST, Shibpur remains a premier hub for interdisciplinary research in India. Its research ecosystem is characterized by a shift toward sustainable infrastructure, green energy, and advanced healthcare technology, supported by significant recent private endowments and government grants.
In May 2017, the [[Ministry of Ayush|Ministry of AYUSH]] authorized an ₹11 crore grant for the establishment of the ''Dr. Bholanath Chakroborty Fundamental Research Laboratory on Homeopathy''. This strategic investment aims to bolster the scientific infrastructure of homeopathic medicine, facilitating advanced empirical research and academic inquiry into its foundational principles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mukherjee Pandey |first=Jhimli |date=6 May 2017 |title=IIEST starts cancer research based on homeopathy tenets |work=[[The Times of India]] May 6, 2017, 02:23 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-starts-cancer-research-based-on-homeopathy-tenets/articleshow/58542256.cms |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506161221/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/iiest-starts-cancer-research-based-on-homeopathy-tenets/articleshow/58542256.cms |archive-date=6 May 2017}}</ref>

In a landmark moment for the IIEST, Shibpur, the institute received a significant private endowment of ₹8.6 crore ($1 million) in January 2025. This generous contribution was made by Dr. Arun Deb, a distinguished 1957 Civil Engineering alumnus and former faculty member, to establish the ''Arun and Dhriti Deb Center of Water and Environmental Studies (ADDCWES)''.The center’s mandate encompasses critical areas such as groundwater arsenic mitigation, wastewater recycling, and sustainable sanitation solutions.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Dipawali |date=1 January 2025 |title=Alumnus pledges Rs 8.6 crore to set up water research centre at IIEST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/alumnus-donates-rs-86-crore-for-water-research-centre-at-iiest/articleshowprint/116848966.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102162712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/alumnus-donates-rs-86-crore-for-water-research-centre-at-iiest/articleshowprint/116848966.cms |archive-date=2 Jan 2025 |access-date=1 Jan 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] Jan 1, 2025, 12.00 PM IST |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

Chirasree Centre for Sustainable Infrastructure Development (CCSID) is a cutting-edge, multidisciplinary research hub at IIEST Shibpur. Formally inaugurated on March 29, 2025, it was established to tackle the urgent global challenges of climate change and rapid urbanization through "frugal" and sustainable engineering.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Shrabana |date=29 Mar 2025 |title=IIEST launches two research centres with alumni donations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/iiest-launches-two-research-centres-with-alumni-donations/article69390542.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250329161218/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/iiest-launches-two-research-centres-with-alumni-donations/article69390542.ece |archive-date=29 Mar 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] March 29, 2025 08:37 pm IST |location=[[Kolkata]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2026, the institute has emerged as a critical player in the Partnerships for Accelerated Innovation and Research (PAIR) program. This initiative, launched by the Anusandhan National Research Foundation (ANRF), is a flagship "Hub-and-Spoke" model designed to elevate the research standards of Indian universities through strategic mentorship. Through the [[IISc]]-led PAIR network, IIEST Shibpur is actively involved in [[Transdisciplinarity|transdisciplinary]] research.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 Apr 2025 |title=Pondicherry University secures ANRF-PAIR grant as Spoke Institute |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/pondicherry-university-secures-anrf-pair-grant-as-spoke-institute/article69509508.ece#:~:text=According%20to%20an%20official%20release,NIT%20Nagaland%2C%20Calicut%20University%2C%20Bangalore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430232828/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/pondicherry-university-secures-anrf-pair-grant-as-spoke-institute/article69509508.ece |archive-date=30 Apr 2025 |access-date=30 Apr 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] April 30, 2025 07:42 pm IST}}</ref>

== Institute-Industry partnership ==
In April 2017, an MoU was signed between the Institute and the ''Indian Paint Association'' for a Master's Programme in Coating Sciences & Technology from the academic session 2017. Joint research projects would also be undertaken.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=7 April 2017 |title=IIEST-Shibpur and Indian Paint Association sign MoU for masters programme in coating sciences & technology |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/education/iiest-shibpur-and-indian-paint-association-sign-mou-for-masters-programme-in-coating-sciences-technology/articleshow/58067236.cms?from=mdr |access-date=7 April 2017 |work=[[The Economic Times]] Apr 07, 2017, 05:55:00 PM IST}}</ref> In October 2020, an MoU was signed between the Institute and [[IBM]] for collaboration on research, development of learning content, software, and faculty training.
To promote research and innovation, particularly in the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises sector in the state of [[West Bengal]], a collaboration MoU was signed between the institute and the state-based advocacy group [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]] at the Bengal Chamber Premises.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 Aug 2024 |title=MoU Signing and Exchange between IIEST Shibpur and BCC&I |url=https://agm24.bengalchamber.com/other-programmes/1726998989 |access-date=26 Aug 2024 |website=[[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry|BCC&I]]}}</ref>

==Student Life==
Established in 1932, '''REBECA''' (Reunion and Bengal Engineering College Annuals) stands as the crown jewel of IIEST Shibpur’s cultural legacy, distinguished as India's oldest student-led festival. It serves as a rhythmic bridge between the institute’s storied past and its vibrant present, uniting a global alumni network with the current student body.
Spanning four days, the festival traverses a diverse sonic landscape—from the soul-stirring depth of Classical Night to the high-octane energy of Bollywood and Bangla Rock finales. Beyond the spectacle of "Pro-shows," REBECA is an emotional homecoming, fostering a unique "BEing" spirit through intellectual debates, musical battles, and nostalgic reunions under the iconic Clock Tower.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 April 2025 |title=Rebeca 2025 Kicks Off Today: IIEST Shibpur's Iconic Fest Returns with Music and Magic |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/campus/iiest-shibpur-to-host-its-84th-edition-of-rebeca-from-april-10-to-13-celebrating-music-and-magic/cid/2093367 |access-date=10 April 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] 10 Apr 2025 10:07 AM}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
=== Notable faculty ===
* [[John Samuel Slater]], principal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mhs.ox.ac.uk/collections/imu-search-page/narratives/?irn=10134&index=1 |title=Narratives: J.S. Slater |website=Museum of the History of Science |access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[Sankar Sen]], professor of the electrical engineering department.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/former-bengal-power-minister-sankar-sen-passes-away/1729891
|title=Former Bengal power minister Sankar Sen passes away |date=9 February 2020|access-date=9 February 2020|website=Outlook}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Allen Stein]], professor and head of the Department of Architecture<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/know-your-architects/a299-life-and-works-of-joseph-allen-stein/|title=Life and works of Joseph Allen Stein|date=31 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Notable alumni ===
{{Alumni|date=July 2020}}
*[[Bimal Kumar Bose]], scholar in Power Electronics, Chondra Chair of Excellence in Power Electronics, professor emeritus at the [[University of Tennessee]], member of [[National Academy of Engineering]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/37272761100|title= Bimal K. Bose - IEEE Author Details}}</ref>
*[[Rajen Mookerjee]], industrialist, co-founder of [[Martin Burn|Martin Burn & Co.]] and founder of [[IISCO Steel Plant|Indian Iron & Steel Co. Ltd.]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Sir Rajen Mookerjee |url= http://mookerjeesofbengal.4t.com/rajen.html |access-date= 25 August 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160109130642/http://mookerjeesofbengal.4t.com/rajen.html |archive-date= 9 January 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
*[[Satish Chandra Samanta]], foremost freedom fighter, revolutionary, established the [[Tamralipta Jatiya Sarkar]] during the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhowmik |first=Arindam |title=সতীশচন্দ্র সামন্ত {{!}} Satish Chandra Samanta {{!}} सतीश चन्द्र समन्ता |url=https://www.midnapore.in/people/satish-chandra-samanta.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.midnapore.in |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Gagan Chandra Biswas]], industrialist, engineer, businessman and [[Zamindar]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Saṃsada Bāṅālī caritābhidhāna. Saṃyojana-khaṇḍa, Āgasṭa 1980 paryanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQweAQAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8+%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE|publisher=Sāhitya Saṃsada|date=1981|language=bn|first=Subodh Chandra Sen|last=Gupta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-15 |title=নিজস্ব ডিজাইনে জলদা তিস্তা জলঢাকা নদীর ওপর স্ক্রু পাইলিং করে ব্রিজ নির্মাণ করেছিলেন গগনচন্দ্র বিশ্বাস {{!}} Bangla Amar Pran - The glorious hub for the Bengal |url=https://banglaamarpran.in/untold-story-of-one-great-engineer-gaganchandra-biswas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309100911/https://banglaamarpran.in/untold-story-of-one-great-engineer-gaganchandra-biswas/ |archive-date=2021-03-09 |access-date=2025-12-06 |work=Bangla Amar Pran - The glorious hub for the Bengal |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Shankar Nath Rimal]], Nepalese civil engineer, designer of the modern [[Flag of Nepal|Nepalese flag]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=रातोपाटी |title=यसरी बनेको थियो राष्ट्रिय झण्डाको डिजाइन्, चन्द्र–सूर्य र त्रिकोणको अर्थ के ? |url=https://ratopati.com/story/100828/2019/9/18/national-flag |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=RatoPati |language=Nepali}}</ref>
*[[Jatindranath Sengupta]], poet and writer.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Sengupta, Jatindranath |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sengupta,_Jatindranath |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
*[[Fazlur Rahman Khan]], called the "Father of Structural Engineering" by the American Society of Civil Engineers.<ref>{{cite web |title= Fazlur Rahman Khan |url= https://alumni.iiests.ac.in/}}</ref>
* [[Renuka Dasgupta]], singer
* [[Abhijit Chowdhury]], film director and writer
*[[Narayan Sanyal]], Academy Award winner and famous writer of [[Biswasghatak]], "Dandak Shabari", and "Shyatakam"<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni Website of IIESTS |url= https://alumni.iiests.ac.in/}}</ref>
*[[Binoy Majumdar]], Bengali poet, author, winner of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=An unsung hero of Bengali poetry|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/an-unsung-hero-of-bengali-poetry-1503137982.html|website=The Statesman|date=2022-12-11|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en|first=Statesman News|last=Service}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur}}
*{{Official website|http://www.iiests.ac.in/}}

{{Universities in West Bengal}}
{{Scientific Research in West Bengal}}
{{Howrah topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Education in Howrah]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1856]]
[[Category:1856 establishments in British India]]

New Bongaigaon Junction railway station

2026-03-11T13:28:41Z

Collegevidya:

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] NEW BONGAIGAON JUNCTION
| type = [[Regional Rail]] & [[Commuter Rail]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = New Bongaigaon Junction Railway Station, Assam.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Dangtol Road, [[New Bongaigaon Railway Colony]], [[New Bongaigaon]]-783381, [[Assam]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.4757|N|90.5630|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|58|m|ft}}
| line = * [[Barauni-Guwahati line]]
* [[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]]
* [[New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section]]
*[[New Bongaigaon–Jogihopa–Kamakhya line]]
| other = Auto-rickshaw Stand
| structure = [[Intersection (road)#At grade railways|At grade]]
| platform = '''7''' (1, 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5)
| tracks = 12
| parking = {{rint|park}} Available
| bicycle = {{rint|bicycle}} Available
| opened = 1965
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = [[File:Electric.svg|40px]] Yes
| accessible = {{Accessicon|20px}} Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NBQ
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| division = {{rwd|Rangiya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| services = [[File:Waiting_Room_-_The_Noun_Project.svg|20px|Waiting Room]] [[File:AB-Autobahnkiosk.svg|20px|Cafeteria]] [[File:Baggage claim ecomo.svg|30px|Cloak Room]][[File:Elevator_(AIGA_based).svg|15px|Elevator]] [[File:Surveillance_camera.svg|40px|CCTV Surveillance]] [[File:BSicon REST.svg|20px]] [[File:Wifiservice.svg|15px|Wifi]] [[File: Font_Awesome_5_solid_bed.svg|20px|Retiring Room]]
| former = [[Assam Bengal Railway]]
| passengers = 50K/Day
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system = {{increase}} {{color|#fc5|high}}
| map_type = India#India Assam#India
| map_dot_label = New Bongaigaon Junction
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location with New Bongaigaon
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-caption = Interactive map of New Bongaigaon Junction
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
}}
'''New Bongaigaon Junction''' is a railway junction station of [[Barauni–Guwahati line]] and [[New Bongaigaon–Jogihopa–Kamakhya line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]]. It is the one and only railway station in [[India]] which is located over the Tunia River. It is the largest railway station with Carriage & Wagon Workshop in [[Rangiya railway division]].

==History==
Construction of the {{convert|265|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}-long {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] Siliguri–Jogihopa line, between 1963 and 1965, brought broad-gauge railways to Assam. It also was the reason for setting up the New Bongaigaon railway station.<ref>{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=v21-4YYgocUC&q=Muri-Chandrapura+line&pg=PA60 |title = Transport Geography of India: Commodity Flow and the Regional Structure of Indian Economy| work= page 60|last= Moonis Raza & Yash Aggarwal|year = 1986|publisher= Concept Publishing Company, A-15/16 Commercial Block, Mohan Garden, New Delhi – 110059| isbn = 81-7022-089-0|access-date = 12 May 2013}}</ref>

A new railway track from New Bongaigaon to Guwahati was commissioned in 1984.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html |title =IR History: Part V (1970–1995)|publisher= IRFCA|access-date = 12 May 2013}}</ref>

[[Saraighat Bridge]] opened in 1962, initially carrying a metre-gauge track, which was later replaced by broad gauge.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/50-years-of-Saraighat-bridge/articleshow/17121361.cms | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103140000/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/guwahati/34971728_1_bridge-stretches-assam-governor-brahmaputra | url-status = live | archive-date = 3 January 2013 |title = 50 years of Saraighat bridge|date=7 November 2012| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date = 12 May 2013}}</ref>

==Electrification==
Electrification of the Barauni–Katihar–Guwahati line was sanctioned in 2008.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.projectstoday.com/News/CCEA-approves-Rs506-crore-for-Barauni-Katihar-Guwahati-section|title = CCEA approves Rs. 506 crores for Barauni–Katihar–Guwahati section |publisher= Projects Today|access-date = 12 May 2013}}</ref> In the document on Vision 2020 – A Blue Print for Railway Electrification Programme, in the list of ongoing projects the entire route km (836) is shown as balance work as on 1 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |title=Vision 2020 – A Blue Print for Railway Electrification Programme |publisher=Ministry of Railways, Government of India |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710212957/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/planning/downloads/vision_2020_blue_050411.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The entire electrification project is scheduled to be completed by 2022.<ref name=parlquestion>{{cite web|url = http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/quest.asp?qref=185965|title = Rajya Sabha unstarred question no. 1677 to be answered on 7 December 2012|publisher = Ministry of Railways|access-date = 12 May 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160114013450/http://164.100.47.5:8080/members/website/quest.asp?qref=185965|archive-date = 14 January 2016|url-status = dead}}</ref>

==Track doubling==
Doubling of the track between New Bongaigaon and Kamakhya via Rangia was approved in the [[Railway Budget]] for 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.firstpost.com/economy/rail-budget-2013-wait-for-electric-trains-in-indias-north-east-gets-longer-640672.html |title =Rail budget 2013: Wait for electric trains in India's North-East gets longer |publisher=First post economy |access-date = 12 May 2013}}</ref> A double-line track is there between {{stnlnk|Samuktala Road}} and New Bongaigaon.<ref name=parlquestion/>

==Amenities==
New Bongaigaon has two double-bedded retiring rooms, computerized railway reservation system, waiting room and vegetarian and non vegetarian food stalls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/retiring/retnefr1.jsp |title=Retiring rooms in Northeast Frontier Railway |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119052312/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/retiring/retnefr1.jsp |archive-date=19 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Workshop==
The Carriage and Wagon Workshop is located about 2 km west of New Bongaigaon railway station. It was set up in sixties and has maintenance, as well as manufacturing facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cwmnbq.com/Wc48bc1ce2faa3.htm |title=C&W Workshop, New Bongaigaon |publisher=C&W Workshop |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103040547/http://cwmnbq.com/Wc48bc1ce2faa3.htm |archive-date=3 November 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed heights=140px>
File:New_Bongaigaon_Junction_railway_station_2016.jpg|Front of the station from another side
File: New Bongaigaon Station Night.jpg|New Bongaigaon Junction station night view with decorated light
File:Plateform No. 2 or 3, New Bongaigaon.jpg|Platform No. 3/2 of New Bongaigaon Junction Station
</gallery>

==Major trains ==
#'''[[Kamakhya–Howrah Vande Bharat Sleeper Express]]'''
# '''[[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Vande Bharat Express]]'''
# '''[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|Dibrugarh - New Delhi Rajdhani Express (Via New Tinsukia)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via New Tinsukia)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-via-new-tinsukia-12423/1326/7288/664|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=15 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715033930/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-via-new-tinsukia-12423/1326/7288/664|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# '''[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|Dibrugarh - New Delhi Rajdhani Express (Via Moranhat)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via Moranhat)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-via-moranhat-20503/7974/7288/664|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030222907/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-via-moranhat-20503/7974/7288/664|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# '''[[Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express|Dibrugarh - New Delhi Rajdhani Express (Via Rangapara North)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Delhi–Dibrugarh Rajdhani Express (Via Rangapara North)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-dibrugarh-rajdhani-express-via-rangapara-north-20506/1340/664/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031193948/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-new-delhi-dibrugarh-rajdhani-express-via-rangapara-north-20506/1340/664/7288|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#'''[[Sairang–Anand Vihar Terminal Rajdhani Express]]'''
#'''[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal –Agartala Humsafar Express|Agartala - Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal Humsafar Express]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=SMVT Bangalore-Agartala Humsafar Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bengaluru-cantt-agartala-humsafar-express-12503/23116/996/3651|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103155342/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bengaluru-cantt-agartala-humsafar-express-12503/23116/996/3651|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#'''[[Arunachal AC Superfast Express|Naharlagun - Anand Vihar Terminal AC Superfast Express]]'''
#'''[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya AC Express|Kamakhya - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus AC Superfast Express]]'''
#'''[[Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal–Kamakhya AC Superfast Express|Kamakhya - Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal AC Superfast Express]]'''
#[[Dibrugarh - Gomti Nagar Amrit Bharat Express]]
#[[Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express|Guwahati - New Delhi Poorvattar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]]
#[[Silchar–New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express|Silchar–New Delhi Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Superfast Express]]
#[[Aronai Express|Silchar - Thiruvananthapuram Aronai Superfast Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tiruvananthapuram-Silchar Aronai Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-aronai-express-12507/579/59/1053|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Silchar-Coimbatore Express|Silchar - Coimbatore Superfast Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Silchar-Coimbatore Express|url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/train-schedule/12516-SCL-CBE-EXPRESS|website=confirmtkt.com}}</ref>
#[[Sealdah–Silchar Kanchenjunga Express|Silchar - Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Silchar Kanchanjunga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kanchanjunga-express-13175/40941/325/1053|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express]]
#[[New Tinsukia–Tambaram Express|New Tinsukia–Chennai Tambaram Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Tinsukia Tambaram Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dibrugarh-tambaram-weekly-express-15930/279/7288/780|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[New Tinsukia–Amritsar Express]]
#[[Jivachh Link Express|New Tinsukia - Darbhanga Jivacch Link Express]]
#[[Dibrugarh–Chandigarh Express]]
#[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus - Dibrugarh Express|Dibrugarh - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Superfast Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lokmanya Tilak Terminus-Guwahati Express via Katihar|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-ltt-guwahati-express-via-katihar-15645/587/466/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Avadh Assam Express|Dibrugarh-Lalgarh Avadh Assam Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=15609⇒15909/Avadh Assam Express (PT)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-avadh-assam-express-15909/95/546/336|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Dibrugarh–Kolkata Superfast Express]]
#[[Kamrup Express|Dibrugarh-Howrah Kamrup Express via Guwahati]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Howrah Kamrup Express via Guwahati|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamrup-special-via-guwahati-05959/128197/1/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Kamrup Express|Dibrugarh–Howrah Kamrup Express Via Rangapara North]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Howrah Kamrup Express via Rangapara North|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamrup-express-via-rangapara-north-15961/161111/1/7288|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=15 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615151954/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamrup-express-via-rangapara-north-15961/161111/1/7288|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#[[Nagaon Express|Silghat Town - Tambaram Nagaon Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tambaram-Silghat Town Nagaon Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-nagaon-express-15630/278/9057/780|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Kolkata–Silghat Town Kaziranga Express|Silghat Town - Kolkata Kaziranga Express]]
#[[Tripura Sundari Express|Agartala - Firozpur Tripura Sundari Express]]
#[[Deoghar–Agartala Weekly Express|Agartala - Deoghar Weekly Express]]
#[[Sealdah–Agartala Kanchenjunga Express|Agartala - Sealdah Kanchanjunga Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sealdah Agartala Kanchanjunga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-agartala-sealdah-kanchanjunga-festival-special-03174/129105/3651/325|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[New Tinsukia–SMVT Bengaluru Superfast Express]]
#[[Dibrugarh–Rajendra Nagar Weekly Express]]
#[[Lohit Express|Guwahati - Jammu Tawi Lohit Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guwahati-Jammu Tawi Lohit Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-lohit-express-15651/1007/546/81|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Guwahati–Bengaluru Cantt. Superfast Express|Guwahati- Sir M. Visvesvaraya Terminal Kaziranga Superfast Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guwahati-Bengaluru Cantt Kaziranga Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-bengaluru-cantt-guwahati-express-12509/580/996/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Bikaner–Guwahati Express|Guwahati - Bikaner Express]]<ref name=IT1>{{cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/barmer-guwahati-express-tragedy-averted-barmer-railway-station-passengers-railway-authorities-level-crossings-157001-2013-03-25 | title=Train without engine travels 20 km in Barmer | publisher=India Today | first=Sudhanshu | last=Mishra | date=25 March 2013 | accessdate=19 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="ibtimes.co.in">[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bihar-1-injured-2-coaches-guwahati-bikaner-express-derails-659231 Bihar: AC coach of Guwahati-Bikaner Express derails after hitting truck]</ref>
#[[Dwarka Express|Guwahati - Okha Dwarka Express]]
#[[Barmer–Guwahati Express|Guwahati - Barmer Express]]
#[[Guwahati–Secunderabad Express]]
#[[Amarnath Express|Guwahati-Jammu Tawi Amarnath Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guwahati-Jammu Tawi Amarnath Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-guwahati-jammu-tawi-amarnath-express-15653/51/546/81|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Guwahati Express|Guwahati - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=15647/Mumbai LTT - Guwahati Express (Via Malda Town) (PT)|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-ltt-guwahati-express-via-malda-town-15647/588/466/546|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Saraighat Express|Guwahati-Howrah Saraighat Superfast Express]]
#[[Kolkata–Guwahati Garib Rath Express|Guwahati - Kolkata Garib Rath Express]]
#[[Kamakhya–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=15655/Kamakhya - Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamakhya-shri-mata-vaishno-devi-katra-express-15655/23108/547/10091|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Kamakhya–Gandhidham Express|Kamakhya–Gandhidham Superfast Express]]
#[[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Kamakhya Karmabhoomi Express|Kamakhya - Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Karmabhoomi Express]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamakhya Mumbai LTT Karmabhoomi Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamakhya-mumbai-ltt-karmabhoomi-express-22512/8615/547/466|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Kamakhya–Rohtak Amrit Bharat Express]]
#[[Charlapalli–Kamakhya Amrit Bharat Express|Kamakhya - Charlapalli Amrit Bharat Express]]
#[[Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express|Kamakhya - Udaipur City Kavi Guru Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udaipur City Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-udaipur-city-kamakhya-kavi-guru-express-19709/15564/158/547|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=12 September 2022|archive-date=2 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602101235/http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-udaipur-city-kamakhya-kavi-guru-express-19709/15564/158/547|url-status=dead}}</ref>
#[[Bhagat Ki Kothi–Kamakhya Express|Kamakhya - Jodhpur, Bhagat Ki Kothi Express]]
#[[Brahmaputra Mail|Kamakhya - Delhi Brahmaputra Mail]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dibrugarh Delhi Brahmaputra Mail|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-brahmaputra-mail-15955/225/7288/349|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar–Kamakhya Weekly Express|Kamakhya - Dr. Ambedkar Nagar Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dr-ambedkar-nagar-kamakhya-weekly-express-19305/64793/8/547|title=19305/Dr. Ambedkar Nagar - Kamakhya Weekly Express (PT) - Indore to Kamakhya WR/Western Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
#[[Ranchi–Kamakhya Express|Kamakhya - Ranchi Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo6">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-ranchi-kamakhya-weekly-express-15661/37/384/547|title=15661/Ranchi - Kamakhya Weekly Express - Ranchi to Kamakhya NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
#[[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Howrah)|Kamakhya - Puri Express via Howrah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Puri Kamakhya Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-puri-kamakhya-express-via-howrah-15643/7985/217/547|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
#[[Puri–Kamakhya Weekly Express (via Adra)|Kamakhya - Puri Express (via Adra)]]
#[[Kamakhya–Gaya Weekly Express|Kamakhya–Gaya Express]]
#[[Kamakhya–Anand Vihar Weekly Express|Kamakhya–Anand Vihar Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo2">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-kamakhya-anand-vihar-terminal-weekly-express-15621/22167/547/7322|title=15621/Kamakhya - Anand Vihar Terminal Weekly Express (PT) - Kamakhya to Anand Vihar Terminal NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
#[[North East Express|Kamakhya - Delhi Northeast Express]]
#[[Kamakhya - Gomti Nagar Express]]
#[[Capital Express (India)|Kamakhya - Rajendra Nagar Terminal Capital Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo5">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-rajendra-nagar-terminal-kamakhya-capital-express-13248/247/854/547|title=13248/Rajendra Nagar Terminal - Kamakhya Capital Express - Patna to Kamakhya ECR/East Central Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref>
#[[Alipurduar–Kamakhya Intercity Express|Kamakhya - Alipurduar Intercity Express]]
#[[New Jalpaiguri - Guwahati Express]]
#[[New Jalpaiguri - Bongaigaon Express]]
#[[Alipurduar–Silghat Town Rajya Rani Express]]
#[[Alipurduar–Lumding Intercity Express]]

==See also ==

* [[North Eastern Railway Connectivity Project]]
* [[North Western Railway zone]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IndiaRailInfo|549}}

{{external media
| float=right
| video1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160502072341/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7t0CM1tM6tI New Bongaigaon railway station]
}}
{{Adjacent stations|noclear=y
|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Dangtal|right=Bongaigaon|type=[[New Jalpaiguri–New Bongaigaon section]] and [[New Bongaigaon–Guwahati section]]
|line2=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left2=|right2=Majgaon|type2=[[Bongaigaon–Jogihopa–Amakhya line]]}}

{{Railway stations in Assam}}

[[Category:Railway junction stations in Assam]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Bongaigaon district]]
[[Category:Rangiya railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Bongaigaon]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1965]]

Thaali (1997 film)

2026-03-03T18:29:13Z

Collegevidya: starting a biography - done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thaali
| image = Thaali (1997 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = E. V. V. Satyanarayana
| screenplay = E. V. V. Satyanarayana
| producer = Maganti Venkateswara Rao
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| starring = [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] Swetha Sneha Swathi
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = Adusumilli Vijay Kumar
| editing = K. Ravindra Babu
| studio = MRC Movie Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|01|24}}
| runtime = 152 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Thaali''''' ({{translation|Wedding Chain}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Maganti Venkateswara Rao under the MRC Movie Creations banner and directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]. It stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], Swetha, Sneha and Swathi, with music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The film was a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Srikanth: Six films of the actor you can't miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/happy-birthday-srikanth-six-films-of-the-actor-you-cant-miss/articleshow/68534551.cms |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The film is set in a village where '''Bose Babu''' (played by [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] ) is a wealthy and influential man. He has a longstanding rivalry with '''Kota''' (played by [[Kota_Srinivasa_Rao|Kota Srinivasa Rao]]), who schemes to marry his daughter '''Swathi''' (played by [[Swathi_(actress)|Swathi]]) to Bose Babu in an attempt to gain control over him. However, Kota soon learns that Bose Babu's marriage has already been arranged with '''Sneha''' (played by Sneha), the daughter of '''Ramaraju''' (played by [[Murali_Mohan|Murali Mohan]]), who was Bose Babu's late father's close friend.

Bose Babu secretly visits Ramaraju's house and mistakenly assumes that '''Ganga''' (played by Swetha), an orphan raised by Ramaraju, is his fiancée. When Ramaraju discovers this, he becomes furious, as he is aware that Sneha is in love with '''Shivaji''' (played by [[Srihari_(actor)|Srihari]]), Kota’s son. To prevent Sneha from marrying Shivaji, Ramaraju forces her to marry Bose Babu. However, during the wedding, Sneha removes her wedding chain (''thaali'') and runs away, leaving Bose Babu and the guests in shock. The incident causes Ramaraju to collapse from distress. To uphold his honor, his loyal follower '''Ramu''' (played by [[Rajendra_Prasad_(actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]) persuades Ganga to step in as Bose Babu’s wife by wearing the wedding chain and entering his household. Meanwhile, Sneha is misled by Shivaji, who turns out to be a fraud, and eventually abandons her.

As time passes, Bose Babu slowly begins to develop feelings for Ganga, but she remains distant from him. Eventually, Ramaraju learns the truth and formally acknowledges Ganga as Bose Babu’s wife, leading to their acceptance as a married couple. Soon, Ganga becomes pregnant. However, things take a shocking turn when Bose Babu suddenly arrives with Sneha and introduces her as his wife. He then reveals the past events—how he found Sneha severely injured and, to ensure her medical treatment, declared her as his wife at the hospital. Unfortunately, she suffered from amnesia, so he brought her home.

Following several humorous and dramatic incidents, Ganga, feeling heartbroken, returns her wedding chain to Sneha and leaves with Ramu. Realizing the depth of his feelings, Bose Babu rushes after her. Meanwhile, Kota and Shivaji attempt to malign Ganga and Ramu’s relationship. At the same time, Sneha regains her memory after seeing Shivaji and realizes his deception. Ramaraju arrives and reveals the truth, just as Ganga gives birth to a baby boy. Bose Babu reunites with Ganga, and the entire family accepts her as his rightful wife. The film concludes on a happy note as Bose Babu ties the wedding chain to Ganga once again, affirming their marriage.

== Cast ==
*[[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Bose Babu
*Swetha as Ganga
*Sneha as Sneha
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Swathi
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Ramu
*[[Murali Mohan]] as Ramaraju
*[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Shivaji
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kota
*[[Brahmanandam]] as Suri Rao
*[[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]]
*[[Srividya]] as Seetaratnam

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thalli
| type = film
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1997
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = Supreme Music
| label = 33:54
| producer = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| prev_title = Akkum Bakkum
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title = [[Mama Bagunnava]]
| next_year = 1997
}}

Music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thaali |url=https://gaana.com/album/thaali |access-date=26 January 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref> The song "Guntalakaddi" was reused from composer's own track "Dheemtha Thakita" which he had composed for Tamil film ''[[Villadhi Villain|Villadhi villain]]''. The song "Ulle Ulele" was later remade by Vidyasagar for Tamil film ''Aahaa Enna Porutham''.

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Emaindo Emonamma
| length1 = 5:20
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela]]
| extra1 = [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| title2 = Papa Ninne Pattukona
| length2 = 5:02
| lyrics2 = Shanmukha Sarma
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Chitra
| title3 = Ulle Ulele
| length3 = 4:50
| lyrics3 = Shanmukha Sarma
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| title4 = Guppu Guppu Guppumandi
| length4 = 4:40
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela
| extra4 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]
| title5 = Muddugummaliddaru
| length5 = 4:10
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela
| extra5 = [[Gangadhara Sastry|Gangadhar]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| title6 = Guntalakadi Gummadi
| length6 = 5:12
| lyrics6 = Sirivennela
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha
| title7 = Ososi Kanne Sasi
| length7 = 4:40
| lyrics7 = Shanmukha Sarma
| extra7 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra
| total_length = 33:54
| title8 =
| length8 =
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
}}

==Awards==
*[[Nandi Award for Best Choreographer]] - Tharun Master<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1997 drama films]]

Sujanandini

2026-03-03T17:11:49Z

Collegevidya: starting post - done

{{short description|Early Malayalam newspaper from Paravur}}
{{italic title}}

'''''Sujanandini''''' (Malayalam: സുജാനന്ദിനി) was an early [[Malayalam]]-language newspaper published from Paravur (present-day [[Kollam district]]), Kerala, India. It began publication in 1891 and was managed by Paravoor V. Kesavanasan (Kesavan Asan), a social reformer and early journalist. The newspaper is noted in the history of early Malayalam journalism and print culture in Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Malayalam Journalism |author=K. M. George |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1992 |page=45}}</ref>

== History ==
Sujanandini is mentioned in studies of Malayalam print media as one of the early newspapers published from the Paravur–Quilon region during the late 19th century, a period when Malayalam journalism was in its formative stage.<ref>{{cite book |title=History of Malayalam Journalism |author=K. M. George |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1992 |pages=44–46}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Sujanandini is considered part of the early phase of Malayalam journalism and is cited in historical works dealing with the development of newspapers in Kerala.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Newspapers established in 1891]]
[[Category:History of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:1891 establishments in India]]

Barak–Brahmaputra Express

2026-03-03T14:08:57Z

Collegevidya: Revised and enhanced article content

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Barak Brahmaputra Express
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Assam]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2018|04|08}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Silchar}} (SCL)
| stops = 9
| end = {{rws|New Tinsukia}} (NTSK)
| distance = {{convert|566|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 14 hours 30 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 2 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC 3 Tier]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|Sleeper Class]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|General Unreserved]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15641 / 15642
| speed = {{convert|100|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|39|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 15641 / 15642 '''Barak Brahmaputra Express''' is a weekly [[Express trains in India|Express]] train, which runs between the [[Silchar railway station|Silchar]] and [[New Tinsukia Junction railway station|New Tinsukia]] stations in [[Assam]], India. It comes under the [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]. This train is named after Indian rivers [[Brahmaputra]] and [[Barak River|Barak]], both of which are two main rivers of Assam and also they are important for connectivity in Barak & Brahmaputra Valley.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/79427 indiarailinfo.com], Retrieved 27 May 2019.</ref>

==Overview==
This train was inaugurated on 8 April 2018. It was flagged off by [[Sarbananda Sonowal]] ([[Chief Ministers of Assam|former Chief Minister of Assam]]) and [[Rajen Gohain]] (former Minister of state of Railways), from Dibrugarh with a weekly frequency train service and it was run as Silchar–Dibrugarh Express. After 2 months in June 2018 this train name was given as Barak Brahmaputra Express.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam/assam-new-train-barak-brahmaputra-valley-sonowal-silchar-gohain-dibrugarh-5126530/ indianexpress.com], Retrieved 27 May 2019.</ref>

==Routes==
This train passes through every Major station including {{rws|Badarpur Junction}}, [[New Haflong railway station|New Haflong]], {{rws|Lumding Junction}}, {{rws|Dimapur}} & {{rws|Mariani Junction}} on both sides. Sometime for passes train has to stop at some small halt too, which sometime increase the journey time.

==Traction==
As the route is partially electrified, a [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Loco Shed]] based [[WDP-4|WDP-4 / WDP-4B / WDP-4D]] diesel locomotives pulls the train in both directions.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with 12507 [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express|Aronai Express]] and 12515/16 Coimbatore–Silchar Express.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barak-Brahmaputra Express}}
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Transport in Silchar]]
[[Category:Transport in Dibrugarh]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2018]]

Kiul Junction railway station

2026-02-26T06:32:17Z

Collegevidya: added structure further and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Railway station in Lakhisarai, Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px]] {{font color|blue|KIUL JUNCTION}}
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = File:Kiul Railway Station.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Kiul Junction railway station
| address = [[Lakhisarai]], [[Lakhisarai district]], [[Bihar]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|25|10|19|N|86|6|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|53|m|ft}}
| line = [[Howrah–Delhi main line]], [[Kiul–Khana Loop Line]], [[Gaya–Kiul line]], [[Barauni]]–[[Lakhisarai]] [[Section (rail transport)|Section]]
| connections = [[Howrah Junction]] [[Delhi Junction]] [[Bhagalpur Junction]] 
[[Gaya Junction]] [[Barauni junction]]
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 8
| tracks = 11
| parking = 2
| opened = {{start date and age|1864}}
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KIUL
| zone = [[East Central Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Danapur}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railways]]
| services_collapsible = yes
| route_map = {{Sahibganj loop|inline=y}}{{Gaya–Kiul line|inline=y}}
| status = Functioning
| former = Keul
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| map_locator =
| entrances =
| baggage_check =
}}

'''Kiul Junction railway station''' (station code: '''KIUL'''), is one of the major railway junctions in Danapur division of [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]]. Kiul is connected to [[metropolitan area]]s of India, by the [[Howrah–Delhi main line]] via Mugalsarai–Patna route which runs along the historic [[Grand Trunk Road]]. The [[Danapur railway division]]'s main line crosses [[Sahibganj loop]] line at the Kiul Junction.<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=About District|url=http://lakhisarai.bih.nic.in/AboutDistrict.htm#Transport|publisher=Official District website|access-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410053206/http://lakhisarai.bih.nic.in/AboutDistrict.htm#Transport|archive-date=10 April 2009|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=brandbihar>{{cite web|title=Lakhisarai|url=http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/lakhisarai/lakhisarai.html|work=Overview|publisher=BrandBihar|access-date=15 April 2012|archive-date=1 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301180059/http://www.brandbihar.com/english/districts/lakhisarai/lakhisarai.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The main line crosses the [[Kiul River]] between Kiul Junction and {{stnlnk|Lakhisarai Junction}}.<ref name="O'malley2007">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers : Monghyr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONw8apR5mVYC&pg=PR5|access-date=18 April 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-135-7|pages=5–}}</ref> The [[Gaya–Kiul line]] also starts from the Kiul Junction.<ref name="organic bihar">{{cite web|title=EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |url=http://www.organicbihar.com/about_munger.html |publisher=organicbihar |access-date=15 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025174520/http://www.organicbihar.com/about_munger.html |archive-date=25 October 2010 }}</ref>

Kiul is located on the bank of Kiul River in [[Lakhisarai district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. This is the place where [[Mahavira]], [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], achieved [[Kevala Jnana]]. The Kiul railway station is on [[Howrah–Delhi main line]]. Most of the [[Patna]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Barauni]] and [[Howrah]] bound express trains coming from [[Howrah]], [[Sealdah]], [[Ranchi]] and [[Tatanagar]] stop here. Kiul junction is a busy station in East Bihar and entry station of East Central Railway and Eastern Railway. There are five routes in the Station: [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Barauni]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Howrah]] and [[Patna]].

==Facilities==
The major facilities available are waiting rooms, computerized reservation facility, Vehicle parking.<ref name=computerized_list>{{cite web|title=List of Locations (Irrespective Of States) Where Computerized Reservation Facilities Are Available |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |publisher=Official website of the [[Indian Railways]] |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703033000/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/location_Alphabetically.html |archive-date= 3 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name=waitingroom>{{cite news|title=Rlys wants waiting rooms, retiring rooms vacated|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-25/patna/29702695_1_danapur-division-railway-premises-railway-quarters|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052713/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-25/patna/29702695_1_danapur-division-railway-premises-railway-quarters|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2011|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> The vehicles are allowed to enter the station premises. The station also has STD/ISD/PCO telephone booth, toilets, tea stall and book stall. Automatic ticket vending machines have been installed to reduce the queue for train tickets on the station.<ref name=toi_model>{{cite news|title=8 more stations to be made models|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/8-more-stations-to-be-made-models/articleshow/9606303.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103084612/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-05-12/patna/27114696_1_terminal-station-passengers-amenities-year-danapur|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 May 2002}}</ref> One of the two departmental catering units of [[Danapur]] division are located at Kiul Junction, the other being at {{stnlnk|Patna Junction}}.<ref name=catering>{{cite news|title=Rly catering services to be privatised|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-28/patna/27145336_1_catering-services-patna-junction-railway-earnings|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103120320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-11-28/patna/27145336_1_catering-services-patna-junction-railway-earnings|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=17 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 November 2004}}</ref>

===Platforms===
There are total eight platforms here. The platforms are interconnected with [[foot overbridge]] (FOB) towards JMP and Subway .<ref name="fob2">{{cite news |date=10 July 2005 |title=Plan to improve passenger amenities |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-10/patna/27863618_1_passenger-amenities-danapur-division-railways-plan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104072506/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-07-10/patna/27863618_1_passenger-amenities-danapur-division-railways-plan |archive-date=4 January 2013 |access-date=17 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Earlier the platforms were on ground type but now this railway station is on-going redevelopment and increased the height of platforms to elevated type with addition of two platforms from six to eight.

==Nearest airport==
The nearest airport to Kiul station are
#[[Gaya Airport]] {{Convert|141|km}}
#[[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] {{Convert|126|km}}
#[[Birsa Munda Airport]], [[Ranchi]] {{Convert|247|km}}
#[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]]
#[[Deoghar Airport]]

==Trains==
===Trains originating from Kiul===
* [[Malda Town–Kiul Intercity Express]]

While There are lot of Passenger and Express trains that has stop at Kiul.

== See also ==

*[[Lakhisarai]]
*[[Barauni]]
*[[East Central Railway zone]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/329 Kiul Junction Map]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180612164658/https://lakhisarai.nic.in/ Official website of the Lakhisarai district]

{{Munger Division topics}}
{{Railway stations in Bihar}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1864]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Lakhisarai district]]
[[Category:Railway junction stations in Bihar]]
[[Category:Danapur railway division]]

James McGuire (VC)

2026-02-25T16:51:13Z

Collegevidya:

{{Short description|Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=James McGuire
|honorific_suffix={{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|VC}}
|image= Victoria Cross Medal without Bar.png
|image_size= 125
|caption=
|birth_date= c. 1827
|death_date=22 December {{death year and age|1862|1827}}
|birth_place=[[Enniskillen]], [[County Fermanagh]], Ireland
|death_place=[[Derry]], Ireland
|placeofburial=Donagh Cemetery
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch=[[Bengal Army]]
|serviceyears=1849–1859
|rank=[[Sergeant]]
|unit=[[1st Bengal European Fusiliers]]
|commands=
|battles=
{{plainlist|
*[[Second Anglo-Burmese War]]
*[[Indian Mutiny]]
}}
|awards=[[Victoria Cross]] (forfeited)
}}

'''James McGuire''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|VC}} (c. 1827 – 22 December 1862) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest British military decoration. It was awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy. The VC was later forfeited.

==Details==
McGuire was about 30 years old and a [[sergeant]] in the [[101st Regiment of Foot (Royal Bengal Fusiliers)|1st Bengal European Fusiliers]] (later the [[Royal Munster Fusiliers]]), [[Bengal Army]], during the [[Indian Mutiny]] when the following deed took place on 14 September 1857 at [[Delhi]], for which he together with Drummer [[Miles Ryan]] was awarded the VC:
{{blockquote|Serjeant J. McGuire, Drummer M. Ryan 
Date of Act of Bravery, 14th September, 1857 
At the assault on Delhi on the 14th September, 1857, when the Brigade had reached the Cabul Gate, the 1st Fusiliers and 75th Regiment, and some Sikhs, were waiting for orders, and some of the Regiments were getting ammunition served out (three boxes of which exploded from some cause not clearly known, and two others were in a state of ignition), when Serjeant McGuire and Drummer Ryan rushed into the burning mass, and, seizing the boxes, threw them, one after the other, over the parapet into the water. The confusion consequent on the explosion was very great, and the crowd of soldiers and native followers, who did not know where the danger lay, were rushing into certain destruction, when Serjeant McGuire and Drummer Ryan, by their coolness and personal daring, saved the lives of many at the risk of their own.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22212|page=5519|date=24 December 1858}}</ref> }}

==Further information==
McGuire's VC was forfeited after he was convicted of stealing a cow, making him one of eight men to lose their VCs. He died in [[Derry]], Ireland, 22 December 1862.

==Medal's location==
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the [[National Army Museum]] in [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]], England.

==See also==
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (1981, 1988 and 1997)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Clarke |first=Brian D.H. |year=1986 |title=A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men |journal=[[The Irish Sword]] |volume=XVI |issue=64 |pages=185–287 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |author=Department of Economic Development |year=1995 |title=[[Ireland's VCs]] |isbn=1-899243-00-3 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Doherty |first=Richard |last2=Truesdale |first2=David |year=2000 |title=[[Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross]] |publisher=Four Courts Pr. |isbn= 978-1-85182-442-7 |ref=none}}
*{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=David |year=1999 |title=[[Monuments to Courage]] |edition=2 volumes | publisher= Kevin & Kay Patience |ref=none}}—{{oclc|59437297}}; {{oclc|59437300}}
* {{cite book|last=McCance |first=S. |title=History of The Royal Munster Fusiliers from 1861 to 1922|volume=1 |chapter=Appendix 'L' |page=222 |ref=none}}
*{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Iain |url=http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/nireland.htm |title=Grave Location for Holders of the Victoria Cross in: Northern Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716192304/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/nireland.htm |archive-date=16 July 2012 |ref=none}}—''Co. Fermanagh, Northern Ireland''
*{{cite web |url=http://www.royalmunsterfusiliers.org/e6mcguir.htm |title=Sergeant James McGuire V. C | website=royalmunsterfusiliers.org| date=29 October 2010 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130415201733/http://www.royalmunsterfusiliers.org/e6mcguir.htm | archive-date=15 April 2013}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McGuire, James}}
[[Category:Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Victoria Cross forfeitures]]
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1862 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Irish soldiers in the British East India Company Army]]
[[Category:People from Enniskillen]]
[[Category:Indian Rebellion of 1857 recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Anglo-Burmese War]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Fermanagh]]

Puri–Barbil Express

2026-02-25T11:21:27Z

Collegevidya: adding first data basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Puri-Barbil Express
| image=
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Puri}}
| stops = 28
| end = {{stnlnk|Barbil}}
| distance = {{convert|398|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours 52 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = general unreserved, AC Chair car, Chair car
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No
| observation = Rake sharing with 18403 / 18404 [[Chakradharpur–Barbil Intercity Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = Standard [[Indian Railways]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18416 / 18415
| speed = {{convert|42|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
| map = [[File:(Puri - Barbil) Express Route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 18416 / 15 '''Puri–Barbil Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] [[East Coast Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Puri}} and {{stnlnk|Barbil}} in India.

It operates as train number 18416 from Puri to Barbil and as train number 18415 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Odisha]] & [[Jharkhand]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Keonjhar-stir-forces-rly-to-cancel-trains/articleshow/46802756.cms], ''indiatimes.com'', 4 April 2015</ref>

==Coaches==
The 18416 / 15 Puri–Barbil Express has one AC Chair car, one Chair car, eight general unreserved & two SLR (seating with luggage rake) coaches. It does not carry a [[pantry car]].

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==
The 18416 Puri–Barbil Express covers the distance of {{convert|398|km|0|abbr=on}} in 10 hours 25 mins (38 km/h) and in 10 hours 40 mins as the 18415 Barbil–Puri Express (37 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is lower than {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per railway rules, its fare doesn't includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==
The 18416 / 15 Puri–Barbil Express runs from Puri via {{stnlnk|Khurda Road Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Cuttack Junction}}, [[Dangoaposi]] to Barbil.

==Traction==
As the route is electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Visakhapatnam|Visakhapatnam]]-based [[Indian locomotive class WAP-4|WAP-4]] electric locomotive pulls the train to its destination.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/puri-barbil-express-18416/2472/217/2890 18416 Puri–Barbil Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/barbil-puri-express-18415/2471/2890/217 18415 Barbil–Puri Express] at India Rail Info

{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Puri-Barbil Express}}
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]

Pratyush Prakash

2026-02-02T09:54:24Z

Collegevidya: adding initial entry v1

{{short description|Indian lyricist and poet (born 1991)}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Pratyush Prakash (2014).jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1991|12|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India
| alma_mater = [[D.A.V. Public School]] [[Bharath University]]
| occupation = Lyricist
}}

'''Pratyush Prakash''' (born 14 December 1991 in Odisha, India) is an Indian [[lyricist]], [[poet]] and [[Television Writer]] . He writes songs for [[Bollywood]] Movies. He is better known for being featured under the 'Best Original Song' category in the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] Contention List 2014 for [[Kamasutra 3D]].

== Early days ==
Pratyush Singh was born in [[Odisha]] to a middle-class family. His father works as a Foreman in Mahanadi Coalfield Limited and his mother is a homemaker. He carried out his schooling in Odisha. He attended [[D.A.V. Public School]], M.C.L. Kalinga Area (1995-2009) and studied Automobile Engineering at [[Bharath University]], Chennai (2009–2013). After completing his graduation, he went to work for an e-Learning company as an Instructional Designer.

== Career ==
Pratyush wrote his first album at the age of 18. Later he went on writing songs for short movies and albums. The big break in his career happened when he debuted in Bollywood at the age of 22, with one of the most awaited movie, [[Kamasutra 3D]]. He wrote two songs for the movie.

He also wrote for the Rajat Kapoor and Huma Qureshi starrer movie, "X", released in 2015. One of his recently released movie is Hum Bhi Akele Tum Bhi Akele starring Zareen Khan & Anshuman Jha.

Pratyush has also worked as a writer on non-fiction shows like Kaun Banega Crorepati Season-14, Indian Idol 14, Indian Idol 15, Indian Idol 16, India’s Got Talent 9-11, Hip Hop India for Amazon Mx Player, Zee Rishtey Awards, India’s best dancer season-3, Dance Plus 3,Rising Star, Dance Champions, High Fever, Dance plus 4, The Voice, Dance India Dance-Battle of the champions, Dance plus 5, Indian Pro Music League, Smart Jodi & Super Dancer Chapter 5.

== Personal ==
Pratyush currently{{when?|date=June 2022}} lives in Mumbai, Maharashtra.

== References ==
<ref>''[http://www.merinews.com/article/an-interview-with-young-indian-lyricist-pratyush-prakash-whose-song-got-oscar-nomination/15893760.shtml An Interview with Young Indian Lyricist Pratyush Prakash Whose Song got Oscar Nomination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140617065149/http://www.merinews.com/article/an-interview-with-young-indian-lyricist-pratyush-prakash-whose-song-got-oscar-nomination/15893760.shtml |date=2014-06-17 }}''</ref>
<ref>''[http://engineersadda.in/chit-chat-pratyush-prakash-engineer-cum-oscar-nominated-lyricist Chit-Chat with Pratyush Prakash !!-- Engineer Cum Oscar Nominated Lyricist... :) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803075204/http://engineersadda.in/chit-chat-pratyush-prakash-engineer-cum-oscar-nominated-lyricist/ |date=3 August 2014 }}''</ref>
<ref>''[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Kamasutra-3D-vying-for-Original-Song-Oscar/articleshow/27577572.cms 'Kamasutra 3D' vying for Original Song Oscar]'', retrieved 2014-05-08</ref>
<ref>''[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sheryln-chopra-starrer-kamasutra-3d-in-oscar-contention-in-3-categories-including-best-film-marathi-film-also-makes-the-cut-1936799 Sheryln Chopra-starrer 'Kamasutra 3D' in Oscar contention in 3 categories including best film, Marathi film also makes the cut]''</ref>
<ref>''[http://www.saddahaq.com/entertainment/IndianFilmsinOscar/two-indians-films-contending-for-oscar-nomination Two Indian films contending for Oscar Nomination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508172630/https://www.saddahaq.com/entertainment/IndianFilmsinOscar/two-indians-films-contending-for-oscar-nomination |date=2014-05-08 }}''</ref>
<ref>''[http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100017736-sherlyn_chopras_kamasutra_3d_in_oscar_race/ Sherlyn Chopra's Kamasutra 3D in Oscar Race] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219082639/http://www.apunkachoice.com/content/article/sid100017736-sherlyn_chopras_kamasutra_3d_in_oscar_race/ |date=2014-02-19 }}''</ref>
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Pratyush}}
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Musicians from Odisha]]

Jagdalpur

2026-01-25T05:46:39Z

Collegevidya: update

{{short description|City in Chhattisgarh, India}}
{{original research|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagdalpur
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Bastaria
| other_name = Jagatuguda
| settlement_type = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = The Chitrakote Falls.jpg
| photo2a = Kanger_valley_National_Park.png
| photo2b = The Sunrise (35731174).jpeg
| photo3a = Khapan waterfall.jpg
| photo3b = Tirathgarh,_Jagdalpur,_Bastar.jpg
| photo4a = Bastar Kgaon.JPG
| photo4b = Dokra from tribes of Bastar DSCN1172 01.jpg
| photo4c = Worship_Spot_inside_Kotumsar_Cave.jpg
| photo5a = Mendri-Ghumar Waterfalls taken on 27 Aug 2017.jpg
| photo6a = Bastar Dusshera Unexplored Bastar.jpg
| photo6b = Nagarnar Steel Plant - নগরনার ইস্পাত কারখানা ১.jpg
| photo7a = Sunset at Chirakoot Waterfall , District- Bastar , City- Jagdalpur , Chhattisgarh , India.jpeg
| photo7b =
| spacing = 1
| color_border = black
| color = black
| size = 250
| foot_montage = ''From top:'' "Left to right" [[Chitrakote Falls]], [[Kanger Ghati National Park]], [[Tamda Ghumar|Tamda Ghumar waterfalls]], [[Teerathgarh Falls]], Jagdalpur-Raipur highway, Dokra tribe metal craft,[[Kotumsar Cave|Shiv linga in Kotumsar Cave]], [[Danteshwari Temple|Danteswari Shakti Peeth]], [[Mendri Ghumar|Mendri Ghumar waterfalls]], [[Bastar Dussehra]], Amcho Bastar Sign, [[Nagarnar Steel Plant|NMDC Steel]], Sunset at [[Chitrakote Falls]]
}}
| image_caption =
| nicknames = Gateway to [[Bastar district|Bastar]], [[Mumbai]] of [[Chhattisgarh]], City of Crossroads
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.18|N|81.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bastar Division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bastar District]]
| established_title = 
| government_type =
| governing_body = Jagdalpur Nagar Nigam
| leader_party = [[BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Sanjay Pandey, ([[BJP]])
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Jagdalpur City'>{{cite web|title=Jagdalpur City|url=https://www.icra.in/Rationale/ShowRationaleReport/?Id=72170}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 193
| area_rank = 3rd(in chhattisgarh)
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 552
| population_total = 3,25,463
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Jagdalpur City'/>
| population_metro = 5,67,478
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=2015Cities/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 4th in Chhattisgarh & 155th in India
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 494001, 494005 (Dharampura)
| area_code = 07782-xxxxxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = CG-17
| unemployment_rate =
| website = {{URL|http://www.bastar.gov.in}}
| leader_title2 = Collector
| leader_name2 = Mr. Aakash Chhikara (IAS)
| leader_title3 = Police commissioner
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf |title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=2008 |access-date=25 December 2022 |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225172224/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act,_1957_no._5_of_1958,_date_24.01.1958.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Halbi language|Halbi]], [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]], [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
| official_name = Jagdalpur city
}}

'''Jagdalpur''' is a city located in the southern part of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]]. It is the administrative headquarters of the [[Bastar district]] and [[Bastar division]]. Before the [[Indian independence movement|independence of India]], it also served as the capital of the erstwhile [[princely state]] of [[Bastar state|Bastar]]. It is the fourth largest city of Chhattisgarh.

[[Bastar district]] has multiple scenic [[Tourism in Chhattisgarh#List of Waterfalls of Chhattisgarh#Bastar|waterfalls]] that are popular for tourists throughout India. The Ministry of Tourism, Government of [[India]] has identified Jagdalpur-[[Teerathgarh Falls|Teerathgarh]]-[[Chitrakote Falls|Chitrakoot]]-Barsur-[[Dantewada]] Circuit as one of the 45 Mega Tourist Destinations/Circuits in India on the basis of footfalls and their future tourism potential.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=79829|title=Development of Mega Destination and Tourist Circuit|website=PIB|date=28 April 2018}}</ref>

== Transport ==

===Road transport===
The road network in and around Jagdalpur can be seen from the [http://maps.google.co.in/maps?hl=en&sugexp=cfis&cp=6&gs_id=n&xhr=t&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.,cf.osb&biw=1280&bih=685&q=jagdalpur&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x3a30126bc5ae6beb:0xcae4d4ac10952ba7,Jagdalpur,+Chhattisgarh&gl=in&ei=rjWBT6-aFsitrAengunZBQ&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CDYQ8gEwAA/ road network map] of the area.

The [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] passing through Jagdalpur are [[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]] (connecting [[Raipur]] to [[Vijaywada]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] via [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]]), and [[National Highway 63 (India)|NH 63]] (connecting Jagdalpur to [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] in [[Telangana]]) while passing through [[Maharashtra]].

[[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]] at [[Raipur]] connects Jagdalpur to [[AH46|Asian Highway 46]] leading to [[Nagpur]] and [[Kolkata]].
[[National Highway 30 (India)|NH 30]] near [[Vijayawada]] connects Jagdalpur to [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH 65]] leading to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Pune]].

===Rail transport===
Jagdalpur is connected by rail to the eastern part of India. There are trains connecting [[Jagdalpur railway station]] to [[Howrah]], [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Visakhapatnam]]. The rail connectivity of Jagdalpur to [[Durg]] via [[Rayagada]] and [[Raipur]] is about 658 km long and takes 14.5 hours of travel time as compared to that by road which takes about 6–7 hours (distance 300 km).<ref>{{cite web |date=28 April 2018 |title=Train Departures from Jagdalpur |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/jagdalpur-jdb/2006 |website=IndianRailInfo}}</ref>

====Jagdalpur-Rowghat Rail Line====
{{Update|section|date=May 2025}}
BRPL and IRCON signed a project execution agreement in July 2017, under which IRCON will construct a railway line between Jagdalpur and Rawghat in [[Chhattisgarh]]. The railway line will have 13 new railway stations and the estimated project cost Rs 2,538 crore approximately.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2017 |title=NMDC JV to construct Rs 2,538 Crore rail corridor project with IRCON |url=http://www.railnews.in/bastar-railway-private-ltd-ircon-ink-mou-for-laying-jagdalpur-rawghat-rail-line-in-chattisgarh-nmdc/ |website=Railnews.in}}</ref>

Presently,{{when|date=September 2019}} the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for this section of the rail line has already been sanctioned by the Railways Board.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 2018 |title=Centre gives nod to 3 new trains for C'garh |url=http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/4/26/Centre-gives-nod-to-3-new-trains-for-C-garh.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429024123/http://thehitavada.com/Encyc/2018/4/26/Centre-gives-nod-to-3-new-trains-for-C-garh.aspx |archive-date=29 April 2018 |access-date=28 April 2018 |website=Hitavada}}</ref>

Survey work is currently underway and the target was earlier set to complete survey work of Jagdalpur-Kondagaon-Narayanpur by the month of March 2016 and of Narayanpur-Rowghat section by the month of May 2016, but there have been delays reported. In a government review carried out in February 2018,<ref>{{cite web |date=25 February 2018 |title=COMPLETE ALL SURVEY WORK FOR RLY PROJECT BY MARCH 15 |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/complete-all-survey-work-for-rly-project-by-march-15.html |website=Daily Pioneer}}</ref> it was reported that the survey work for Jagdalpur to Kondagaon railway track laying comprising length of 91.76 km had been completed for Jagdalpur-Rowghat Railway project. It was also reported that the survey work for Kondagaon to Rowghat for the 91.6 km to 140 km distance in under progress. The project team was directed by government to complete all the survey work for the project by 15 March 2018.

===Air transport===
[[Jagdalpur Airport|Maa Danteshwari Airport]] has started daily flight services between Jagdalpur, [[Raipur]], [[Hyderabad]] by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] under the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) – UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) of Government of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=24 April 2018 |title=Direct flights to three cities from May 15 |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/business/news/direct-flights-to-three-cities-from-may-15-790950 |website=PunjabKesari}}</ref> [[Jagdalpur Airport]] is spread over an area of 132 acres. [[IndiGo]] operates flights to Raipur and Hyderabad. Currently it is connected with Delhi via Jabalpur by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]].

==Climate==
Jagdalpur has a [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') with three main seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Summers last from March to May and are hot, with the average maximum for May reaching {{convert|38.1|°C|°F}}. The weather cools off somewhat for the monsoon season from June to September, which features very heavy rainfall. Winters are warm and dry.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}{{Weather box
| location = Jagdalpur (1991–2020, extremes 1909–2020)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 34.8
| Feb record high C = 38.7
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 43.3
| May record high C = 46.1
| Jun record high C = 45.5
| Jul record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 39.8
| Sep record high C = 34.2
| Oct record high C = 36.1
| Nov record high C = 34.1
| Dec record high C = 32.8
| year record high C = 46.1
| Jan high C = 28.8
| Feb high C = 31.6
| Mar high C = 35.2
| Apr high C = 37.2
| May high C = 37.9
| Jun high C = 33.3
| Jul high C = 29.2
| Aug high C = 28.7
| Sep high C = 30.2
| Oct high C = 30.8
| Nov high C = 29.7
| Dec high C = 28.5
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan mean C = 20.3
| Feb mean C = 23.1
| Mar mean C = 27.1
| Apr mean C = 29.7
| May mean C = 31.0
| Jun mean C = 28.4
| Jul mean C = 25.9
| Aug mean C = 25.5
| Sep mean C = 26.3
| Oct mean C = 25.4
| Nov mean C = 22.7
| Dec mean C = 19.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 11.8
| Feb low C = 14.7
| Mar low C = 18.8
| Apr low C = 22.4
| May low C = 24.2
| Jun low C = 23.9
| Jul low C = 22.8
| Aug low C = 22.5
| Sep low C = 22.4
| Oct low C = 20.1
| Nov low C = 15.6
| Dec low C = 11.3
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 2.8
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 8.5
| Apr record low C = 13.9
| May record low C = 17.2
| Jun record low C = 14.5
| Jul record low C = 18.3
| Aug record low C = 16.7
| Sep record low C = 17.6
| Oct record low C = 11.1
| Nov record low C = 5.6
| Dec record low C = 3.9
| year record low C = 2.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 10.7
| Feb rain mm = 6.8
| Mar rain mm = 18.8
| Apr rain mm = 54.4
| May rain mm = 79.4
| Jun rain mm = 234.9
| Jul rain mm = 369.1
| Aug rain mm = 366.8
| Sep rain mm = 246.4
| Oct rain mm = 93.5
| Nov rain mm = 22.4
| Dec rain mm = 4.7
| year rain mm = 1508.0
| Jan rain days = 0.9
| Feb rain days = 0.6
| Mar rain days = 1.4
| Apr rain days = 3.7
| May rain days = 5.3
| Jun rain days = 10.1
| Jul rain days = 17.4
| Aug rain days = 18.2
| Sep rain days = 11.7
| Oct rain days = 4.9
| Nov rain days = 1.3
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 75.9
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 48
| Feb humidity = 39
| Mar humidity = 34
| Apr humidity = 38
| May humidity = 45
| Jun humidity = 67
| Jul humidity = 82
| Aug humidity = 83
| Sep humidity = 79
| Oct humidity = 70
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 55
| year humidity = 58
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name="IMDnormals">{{cite web |url=https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2023 |title=Climatological Tables 1991–2020 |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=1 January 2023 |page=21}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M41
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>
| source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref name=TCC1>
{{cite web
| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43041
| title = Normals Data: Jagdalpur – India Latitude: 19.08°N Longitude: 82.03°E Height: 554 (m)
| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency
| access-date = 1 December 2022}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Jagdalpur (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion - Maharashtra|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW22C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|81.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Chhattisgarh|Christians]]|dodgerblue|9.44}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|#008000|5.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jains]]|brown|1.81}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhs]]|darkkhaki|1.27}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.36}}
}}
{{As of|2016|alt=As of the}} year 2021, town has a population of 325,463.<ref name="2015Cities">{{cite web
|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref> The Municipal Corporation have a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 985 females per 1,000 males and 19.0% of the population were under six years old.<ref name="2015Cities" /> Effective literacy was 90.44%; male literacy was 92.51% and female literacy was 88.37%.<ref name="2015Cities" />

At the time of the 2011 census, 81.80% of the population were Hindus, 9.44% Christians, 5.32% Muslims, 1.81% Jains, 1.27% Sikhs.<ref name="Religion" />

[[Hindi]] is the largest language, spoken by 54% of the population. Chhattisgarhi, Halbi, Bhatri and Gondi languages/dialects are also widely spoken. Odia is also spoken by the parts close to Odissa with heavy influence of Halbi.

==Industry and economy==
Jagdalpur has a primarily [[Agriculture|agrarian]] economy. It is the second biggest market after [[Raipur]] in the state. Furniture and rice mills are the largest industry. [[Nagarnar Steel Plant]], set up at its outskirts, was completed in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.patrika.com/bastar-news/by-the-end-of-the-year-bastar-will-come-good-days-read-this-news-1-2519071/|title=nagarnar to implant new|work=patrika|access-date=7 April 2018}}</ref><ref name="DailyPioneer">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/raipur/nmdcs-nagarnar-steel-plant-to-start-op-in-oct-cmd.html|title=NMDC's Nagarnar Steel Plant to Start Op in Oct: CMD|website=DailyPioneer|date=25 April 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Nagarnar_Steel_Plant_-_নগরনার_ইস্পাত_কারখানা_১.jpg|left|thumb|NMDC Steel Plant|197x197px]][[National Mineral Development Corporation]] (NMDC) built a steel plant in Nagarnar, located 16 km from Jagdalpur in [[Chhattisgarh]] state with an outlay of Rs 20000 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navpradesh.com/business/nmdc-ias-n-baijendra-kumar-mines-lease-renewal/|title=एनएमडीसी के 'संकट' मोचक बने आईएएस एन. बैजेंद्र कुमार|language=hi|trans-title=IAS N. becomes NMDC's 'crisis' freer Baijendra Kumar|date=19 November 2019}}</ref>

==Notable sites==
[[File:Mandawa WF, Bastar, CG.jpg|thumb|right|Mandawa WF, Bastar, CG]]
[[File:Indravati River Jagdalpur Chhattisgarh India.jpg|thumb|The Indravati River]]
Important landmarks in Jagdalpur include [[Chitrakote Falls]], [[Teerathgarh Falls]], [[Kotumsar Cave]], [[Tamda Ghumar]] waterfalls, [[Mendri Ghumar]] waterfalls, [[Kanger Ghati National Park]], [[Indravati National Park]], [[Danteshwari Temple]], the historic temples in Barsoor, Jagannath temple, Mavli temple, Laxmi-Narayan temple, and the Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple.<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/bastar.pdf|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Bastar District|publisher=MSME-Development Institute, Raipur (Ministry of MSME, Govt. of India)|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
{{cmn|
* [[Chitrakote Falls]]
* [[Danteshwari Temple]]
* [[Indravati National Park]]
* [[Kanger Ghati National Park]]
* [[Kotumsar Cave]]
* [[Mendri Ghumar]]
* [[Tamda Ghumar]]
* [[Teerathgarh Falls]]
* [[Tokapal]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage|Jagdalpur}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020406145058/http://bastar.nic.in/ Bastar District Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515143111/http://www.chhattisgarh.nic.in/ Official Website Govt. of Chhattisgarh]

{{Bastar district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jagdalpur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Bastar district]]

Konkani phonology

2026-01-14T16:53:33Z

Collegevidya: New Article

{{Short description|Phonology of the Konkani language of India}}
{{main|Konkani language}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

'''Konkani'''<ref group="note" >'''Disambiguation''': Konkani is a name given to a group of several cognate dialects spoken along the narrow strip of land called Konkan, on the west coast of India. This is, however, somewhat an over-generalisation. Geographically, Konkan is defined roughly as the area between the river Damanganga to the north and river Kali to the south, the north–south length being approx. {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} and east–west breadth about {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}}, going to around {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} in some places. A major part of Konkan is in Maharashtra and most people in the area speak some dialects of [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. But the language spoken in [[Goa]] and further south in [[Karavali|coastal Karnataka]] and in some parts of [[North Malabar|northern Kerala]] has its distinct features, and is rightly identified as a separate language called Konkani and whose phonology is within the purview of this article.</ref> is a southern [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family of languages spoken in the [[Konkan]] coastal region of India. It has approximately 3.6 million speakers.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

Konkani is the official language of the Indian state of [[Goa]] and a minority language in the [[Marathi-Konkani languages|Konkan Division of Maharashtra state]], and the Malabar Coast of Karnataka and Kerala states, where [[Konkani people|Konkani speakers]] emigrated during the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]], and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] conquests. It is also one of the [[Languages with official status in India|official languages of India]].{{cn|date=March 2024}}

This article is restricted to Konkani dialects spoken in the states of Goa, [[Karnataka]], and [[Kerala]], where the largest number of Konkani speakers are found.{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==Structure==

===Introduction===
====Dialects====

The Goan standard dialect of Konkani, the Antruz dialect{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}, is based on Goan Hindu Konkani which was originally the speech of the Hindus from the ''Novas Conquistas'',<ref group="note" >'''New Conquests''': Areas conquered by the Portuguese in the latter half of the eighteenth century</ref> but it is now spoken by Hindus all over Goa with minor variations. It is also spoken by the Christians of the New Conquests who form a small percentage of the [[Goan Christian]]s. The vast majority of Goan Christians live in areas called the ''Velhas Conquistas''.<ref group="note" >'''Old Conquests''': Areas conquered by the Portuguese in the first half of the sixteenth century</ref> Their speech varies considerably from the speech of the Goan Hindus. They also speak two considerably different dialects: Bardes Christian dialect, spoken in Bardes and Tiswadi which form the northern part of the Old Conquests and Saxtti Christian dialect, spoken in Sashti and Mormugao which form the southern part of the Old Conquests. However, these two dialects have certain common features which can be referred to as Goan Christian Konkani features. The major Konkani dialects of Karnataka are the [[Southern Saraswat Konkani|Saraswat]] dialect, spoken by the Saraswat Brahmins of the coastal districts of Karnataka, and Karnataka Christian dialect, spoken by Christians in the coastal districts of Karnataka. The Saraswats and Christians of Karnataka also speak considerably different dialects since they came to Karnataka from different parts of Goa and at different times. The Saraswats came from southern Old Conquests (Sashti and Mormugao)<ref name="Kapoor">{{cite book | title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific. Volume 5 | author=Subodh Kapoor | year=2002 | publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd | location=Coimbatore | pages=1489 | isbn=81-7755-257-0}}</ref> in the sixteenth century because of Portuguese religious persecution. The Christians came in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries mainly from Bardes and Tiswadi.

====Writings and Scripts====

A good number of writings are available in four of the dialects mentioned above: Goa Hindu, Bardes Christian, Canara Christian and Canara Saraswat. The Canara Saraswat dialect includes the speech of the Gaud Saraswats as well as that of the Chitrapur Saraswats as the differences between these two varieties of speech are minor. Sashti Christians generally use the Bardes dialect for writing. The Goan Hindus use the Devanagari script in their writings but the Goan Christians use the Roman script. The Saraswats of Karnataka use the Devanagari script in the North Canara district but the Kannada script in Udupi and South Canara . The Canara Christians use the Kannada script.<ref name="Kurzon ">{{cite book | title=Where East looks West: success in English in Goa and on the Konkan Coast | url=https://archive.org/details/whereeastlookswe00kurz | url-access=limited | author=Dennis Kurzon | year=2004 | publisher=Multilingual Matters | location=UK | pages=[https://archive.org/details/whereeastlookswe00kurz/page/n105 92] | isbn=1-85359-674-4}}</ref> The Devanagari script has been promulgated as the official script for Konkani in Goa.

===Vowel Rounding in Christian Dialects===

In the Christian dialects (Bardes Christian and Saxtti Christian), there are fewer vowel phonemes as the vowel '''ə''' has merged with '''o'''.
See table below:

{| class="wikitable"
! Bardes Christian !! Sashti Christian !! Standard Konkani !! Glossary
|-
| dhor || dhor || dhər || Hold
|-
| koḷo || koḷo || kəḷo || Bud
|}
{{cn|date=March 2024}}

==See also==
*[[Konkani script]]
*[[Konkani language]]
*[[Konkani Language Agitation]]

;Footnotes
<references group="note" />

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

{{Konkani language topics}}
{{language phonologies}}

[[Category:Konkani]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan phonologies]]

Pallavi Krishnan

2026-01-12T04:27:52Z

Collegevidya: adding new pg added tags

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Pallavi Krishnan''' (21 September 1968)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pallavi Krishnan Akademi Award: Mohiniattam |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1741078034_Pallavi%20Krishnan.pdf |website=www.sangeetnatak.gov.in}}</ref> is a leading exponent of the dance form, [[Mohiniyattam]]. She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] award for 2022 in Mohiniyattam from president Murmu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-03-06 |title=President gives away Sangeet Natak Akademi awards |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/president-gives-away-sangeet-natak-akademi-awards/article67921645.ece |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Krishnan was born in [[Durgapur]], West Bengal, but after her post-graduate studies in Kerala, she settled in Thrissur. She did her B.Sc. in Bioscience from Burdwan University of West Bengal. But she had no interest in academics and wanted to study dance. So she did a second under-graduate degree, B.Music from [[Shantiniketan]] in Kathakali, Manipuri and Rabindra Sangeeth, Viswa Bharathi University. She was spotted by guru Kalamandalam Shankaranarayanan, who felt that her abhinaya suits Mohiniyattam and initiated her into Mohiniyattam dance form.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2010-01-29 |title='Choreography should bloom like a flower' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/lsquoChoreography-should-bloom-like-a-flowerrsquo/article16812666.ece |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 1992, she moved to Thrissur and did her post-graduation at Kerala Kalamandiram under Bharati Shivaji and Kalamandalam Sugandhi.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Mariya |first=Merin |date=2018-12-03 |title=Pallavi enthuses effortless grace |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/Dec/03/pallavi-enthuses-effortless-grace-1906390.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
Pallavi Krishnan, originally from [[Durgapur]], [[West Bengal]], has been married to cultural scholar [[K.K. Gopalakrishnan]] since 1994.<ref name="NIEJourney">{{cite web
|title=For Pallavi, God is an intangible force
|work=The New Indian Express
|date=9 December 2009
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2009/Dec/09/for-pallavi-god-is-an-intangible-force-111211.html
|access-date=4 July 2025
}}</ref> The couple have a daughter, [[Priyamvada Krishnan]], who has pursued a career in [[acting]] and [[Indian classical dance|classical dancing]].<ref name="NIEJourney" />

Krishnan is deeply rooted in [[spiritual practice]]; she has stated that she prays daily and considers faith an 'important source of strength', particularly during overseas tours, identifying [[Shiva]](one of the [[Hindu deities|principal deities]] of [[Hinduism]]) as the central figure in her spiritual practice.<ref name="NIEJourney" />
== Career ==
In 1994, she started Lasya Academy of Mohiniyattam at Thrissur. In 2000, she started doing choreographies in Mohiniyattam. Her Ritu-Raga is a fusion of Bengali and Kerala forms, Rabindra Sangeeth with Kerala's Sopanam music.<ref name=":2" /> In February 2009, she conducted a workshop for Bangladeshi dancers at Dhaka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-21 |title=Mohiniyattam workshop in Dhaka |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/mohiniyattam-workshop-in-dhaka/story-m0aihjteX0oiUBVexODi8M.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In September 2013, she performed at Kochi in an event organised by the Bank Employee's cultural wing ‘BEAME’ in association with Ernakulam Karayogam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2013-09-23 |title=Dance show by Pallavi Krishnan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/Sep/23/dance-show-by-pallavi-krishnan-520716.html |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, she performed at Bharat Bhavan at Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-28 |title=Mohiniyattam performance by Pallavi Krishnan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/mohiniyattam-performance-by-pallavi-krishnan/articleshow/64782484.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In December 2018, she also performed at the Soorya dance and music fete, also at Thiruvananthapuram.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-26 |title=Pallavi Krishnan performs at Soorya Mohiniyattam festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kochi/pallavi-krishnan-performs-at-soorya-mohiniyattam-festival/articleshow/66970672.cms |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* In 2008, she received the Kerala Sangeet Natak Akademi award.<ref name=":1" />
* She received Sushree award of the Vichar-March, Kolkata.<ref name=":2" />
* On 6 March 2024, she received the National Sangeet Natak Akademi award for Mohiniyattam 2022 from president Murmu.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.pallavikrishnan.com/profile/ www.pallavikrishnan.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Madhulita}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Mohiniyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Educators from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]

Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi

2026-01-12T04:26:53Z

Collegevidya: New New Biography

{{Short description|Indian dancer and musician (1924–2014)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1 August 1924
| birth_place = Uripok Bachaspati Leikai, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| death_date = 12 June 2014
| death_place = [[Imphal]]
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates = {{coord|21.1030|72.4641|display=inline}}
| othername =
| occupation = Classical dancer, musician
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Haobam Amuba Singh
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = Koijam Bokul Singh
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] [[Government of Assam]] Birangana [[Government of Manipur]] Gold Medal Manipur State Kala Akademi Award Nirtya Bhushan Award [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi''' (1 August 1924 – 12 June 2014) was an Indian classical dancer and musician,<ref name="E Pao">{{cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=features.Profile_of_Manipuri_Personalities.Donny_Luwang.Haobam_Ongbi_Ngangbi_Art | title=E Pao | publisher=E Pao | date=23 April 2010 | access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref> known for her expertise in the [[Manipuri Dance]] forms of [[Lai Haraoba]] and ''Raas''.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi">{{cite web | url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/obituary/condolence_ShrimatiHaobamOngbiNgangbiDevi.htm | title=Sangeet Natak Akademi | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2014 | access-date=18 December 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219121005/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/obituary/condolence_ShrimatiHaobamOngbiNgangbiDevi.htm | archive-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article191697.ece?service=print | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224101420/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article191697.ece?service=print | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 December 2014 | title=Indian Express | publisher=Indian Express | date=7 April 2010 | access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="India online">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaonline.in/About/Personalities/DancersandMusicians/index.html | title=India online | publisher=India online | date=2014 | access-date=18 December 2014 | archive-date=13 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613142245/http://www.indiaonline.in/About/Personalities/DancersandMusicians/index.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Government of India]] awarded Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest Indian civilian award.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Economic Times">{{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/padma-awards-2010/haobam-ongbi-ngangbi-devi/slideshow/5771428.cms | title=Economic Times | publisher=Economic Times | date=2010 | access-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Lai haraoba.JPG|thumb|240px|Lai haraoba]]
Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi Devi was born on 1 August 1924<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /> at Uripok Bachaspati Leikai, [[Imphal]] in the Indian state of [[Manipur]] to Kijam Bokul Singh who was a locally known ''Sankirtan Pala''<ref name="Cultural History of Manipur: Sija Laioibi and the Maharas">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wLzDLsEYZGQC&q=Sankirtan+Pala&pg=PA71 | title=Cultural History of Manipur: Sija Laioibi and the Maharas | publisher=Mittal Publications | author=Jamini Devi | year=2010 | pages=140 | isbn=9788183243421}}</ref> performer.<ref name="E Pao" /> She started learning Manipuri dance and music from the age of five from ''Manipuri Sangeertan Sangh'' and debuted as an artiste at ''Jaipaiguri Festival'', in [[Kolkata]] in 1930. She, later, studied [[Lai Haraoba]], Raas and the ethnic dance forms of the hills under the tutelage of renowned teachers such as
Guru Atomba Singh, Yumnam Ojah Natum Singh, Guru M. Amubi Singh,<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/a-doer-who-was-devotee/article6107269.ece | title= A doer who was devotee | first=Tapati | last=Chowdhurie | newspaper=The Hindu | date=12 June 2014 | access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref> and Ngangom Ojah Jugindro Singh during the period from 1932 till 1940.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /> She also learnt classical music from Ustad Meisnam Bidhu Singh and Chingakham Radhacharan Singh.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /><ref name="E Pao" />

Ngangbi Devi, known as the first classical singer from [[Manipur]], started recording for the [[All India Radio]] and also sang playback for ''Mainu Pemcha'', the first feature film attempted by Manipuri,<ref name="Mainu Pemcha">{{cite web | url=http://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Cinema.html.. | title=Mainu Pemcha | publisher=E Pao | date=2014 | access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> in 1948.<ref name="E Pao" /> When [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] Manipur Dance Academy was established,<ref name="JNMDA">{{cite web | url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/jnmda.htm | title=JNMDA | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2014 | access-date=19 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219113820/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/jnmda.htm | archive-date=19 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ngangbi Devi was appointed as a faculty member in the departments of dance and music.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /> The Academy, an institution of moderate proportions in the beginning, grew over the years during Devi's tenure as a teacher of [[Lai Haraoba]] there.<ref name="JNMDA faculty">{{cite web | url=http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/jnmda-gurus.htm | title=JNMDA faculty | publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi | date=2014 | access-date=19 December 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219113336/http://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/jnmda-gurus.htm | archive-date=19 December 2014 }}</ref> She is reported to have researched on Lai Haraoba and is credited with preparing a syllabus for the institution. She also updated herself by continuing her studies at ''Lalit Kala Bhavan'' and worked as an actress for the Manipur Dramatic Union, Rupmahal Theatre and Aryan Theatre during the period from 1936 to 1945.<ref name="E Pao" />

Devi continued her work at the JNM Dance Academy where she rose in ranks to become the Head of the Department of Folk and Community Dance in 1966 and held the post of the vice principal of the Academy at the time of her retirement in 1985.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /><ref name="E Pao" /> Devi, during her active years, has participated in various national and international occasions and festivals such as the Republic Day Folk Dance Festival, National Dance Festival and Inter State Cultural Exchange Programs.<ref name="E Pao" />

Ngambi Devi married Haobam Amuba Singh in 1941 and the couple had a son.<ref name="E Pao" /> She died on 11 June 2014 at her residence Uripok Tourangbam Leikai, Imphal.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" />

==Awards and recognitions==
Ngangbi Devi, a recipient of ''Birangana'' title from the [[Government of Assam]] and a Gold Medal from the [[Government of Manipur]], was awarded the Manipur State Kala Akademi Award in 1980.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /><ref name="E Pao" /> Two years later, in 1985, Manipuri Sahitya Parishad honored her with the ''Nirtya Bhushan'' Award.<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /><ref name="E Pao" /> In 1993, she received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]].<ref name="India online" /> The [[Government of India]] included her, in 2010, in the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day honours]] list for the civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi" /><ref name="E Pao" /><ref name="India online" />

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Manipuri dance]]
* [[Lai Haraoba]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/padma-awards-2010/haobam-ongbi-ngangbi-devi/slideshow/5771428.cms | title=Economic Times | publisher=Economic Times | date=2010 | access-date=18 December 2014}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devi, Haobam Ongbi Ngangbi}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Manipuri dancers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:People from Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Dancers from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:Artists from Manipur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]

Janki Bai

2026-01-05T19:06:58Z

Collegevidya:

{{short description|Indian singer (1880–1934)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Janki Bai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name = Janki Begum
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1880}}
| birth_place = [[Benaras]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1934|05|18|1880|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]
| other_names = ''Janki Bai of Allahabad''
| occupation = {{Hlist | Singer | Poet | Classical Singer}}
| spouse = Sheikh Abdul Haq (ex-husband)
| children =
| years_active = 1893 – 1934
| relatives =
}}

'''Janki Bai''' (1880–1934), popularly known by her moniker '''Chhappan Chhuri''' (lit. "Fifty-six Knives"), was an Indian Hindustani classical singer, poet, and one of the earliest superstars of the gramophone era.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=IndianExpress/> A contemporary of [[Gauhar Jaan]], she was a pioneer of commercial recording in [[India]], producing over 250 songs across her career.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/intersections/columns/janki-bais-closet-of-beauty-and-pain-2497|title=Janki Bai's Closet of Beauty and Pain|website=The Voice of Fashion|date=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref name=IndianExpress/>

== Early life ==
Janki Bai was born in [[Benaras]] (now [[Varanasi]]) in 1880.<ref name=IndianExpress/> Her father, Shivbalakram, was a wrestler who abandoned the family, leading her mother, Manki, to seek refuge in [[Allahabad]].<ref name=IndianExpress/> There, they were sold into the city's courtesan culture (kotha).<ref name=IndianExpress/> Despite these circumstances, Janki received a multifaceted education, becoming proficient in Persian, Urdu, Sanskrit, and English.<ref name=ThePrint>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/treasured-tunes/janki-bai-singer-disfigured-by-56-stab-wounds-sold-more-records-than-her-contemporaries/243124/|title=Janki Bai, singer disfigured by 56 stab wounds sold more records than her contemporaries|website=The Print|date=June 2, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/heavily-fictionalised-tale-of-the-gramophone-era/cid/1675356|title=Heavily fictionalised tale of the gramophone era|website=The Telegraph India|date=November 15, 2018}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Musical career ===
Her formal musical training began under Ustad Hassu Khan.<ref name=TheHindu/> She excelled in various classical and light-classical genres, including thumri, dadra, khayal, ghazal, and kajri.<ref name=TheHindu/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/on-the-record-a-book-on-the-life-and-compelling-music-of-janki-bai-ilahabadi-5231774/|title=On the record: A book on the life and compelling music of Janki Bai Ilahabadi|website=Indian Express|date=June 25, 2018}}</ref>

=== Gramophone success ===
Janki Bai was a massive commercial success.<ref name=IndianExpress/> Her records often sold over 25,000 copies, and she commanded fees as high as ₹5,000 per performance.<ref name=ThePrint/> She was famous for her signature ending on recordings, where she would announce her name: "Mera naam Janki Bai Allahabad!".<ref name=ThePrint/>

=== Delhi Durbar ===
In 1911, she reached the height of her fame when she was invited to perform for Emperor [[George V]] at the [[Delhi Durbar]].<ref name=TheHindu/> Alongside [[Gauhar Jaan]], she sang a specially composed coronation song, ''"Yeh Jalsa Taajposhi Ka Mumbaarak Ho"''.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/star-of-the-gramophone-era/article24461033.ece|title=Star of the gramophone era|website=The Hindu|date=July 19, 2018}}</ref>

=== The name "Chhappan Chhuri" ===
Her nickname, Chhappan Chhuri, originated from a traumatic event in her youth. According to local legend, she survived a brutal knife attack—reputedly 56 stab wounds—inflicted by a rejected suitor or a miscreant.<ref name=TheHindu/> The resulting facial scars led her to perform behind a veil for much of her life, though she eventually embraced the name as a symbol of her resilience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chitreshdasinstitute.org/veilofjankibai|title=Veil of Janki Bai|website=Chitresh Das Institute|date=December 8, 2025}}</ref><ref name=TheHindu/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thefridaytimes.com/10-Jul-2020/chhappan-chhuri-kishwar-naheed-at-80|title=Chhappan Chhuri: Kishwar Naheed At 80|website=The Friday Times|date=July 10, 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Janki Bai was married for a time to a lawyer, Sheikh Abdul Haq, but the marriage ended after a few years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1420123|title=FICTION: THE SONG OF FIFTY-SIX KNIVES|website=Dawn Newspaper|date=July 15, 2018}}</ref><ref name=ThePrint/><ref name=IndianExpress/>

== Death ==
She died on May 18, 1934, in [[Allahabad]].<ref name=IndianExpress/>

== Literary work and philanthropy ==
Beyond music, Janki Bai was a recognized poet.<ref name=TheHindu/> She was mentored by the Urdu poet [[Akbar Allahabadi]] and published a collection of Urdu poems titled ''Diwan-e-Janki''.<ref name=TheHindu/> In her later years, she devoted her wealth to charity.<ref name=ThePrint/> She founded a trust in [[Allahabad]] (now [[Prayagraj]]) that continues to support needy students and provide for the poor.<ref name=ThePrint/>

== Legacy ==
Her life is the subject of the Sahitya Akademi Award-winning novel ''Requiem in Raga Janki'' (2018) by [[Neelum Saran Gour]].<ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/book-janki-bai-ilahabadi-chhappan-chhuri-sahitya-akademi-award-9095574/|title=A book on Janki Bai Ilahabadi, better known as Chhappan Chhuri — she of the 56 knife gashes – has won this year's Sahitya Akademi Award|website=Indian Express|date=January 4, 2024}}</ref> A monument known as ''Chhappan Chhuri Ki Mazaar'' exists in the Kaladanda Kabristaan in [[Prayagraj]].<ref name=ThePrint/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/books/2018/Jun/28/singing-up-a-storm-neelum-saran-gour-speaks-about-her-new-book-requiem-in-raga-janki-8444.html|title=Singing up a storm: Neelum Saran Gour speaks about her new book, Requiem in Raga Janki|website=Indulg Express|date=June 28, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Discogs artist|Janki Bai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bai, Janki}}
[[Category:1880 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women ghazal singers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Women Hindustani musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]

Uipo language

2026-01-01T23:16:49Z

Collegevidya: starting entry

{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language of Manipur, India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Uipo
| altname =Khoibu
| image =
| imagescale =
| imagecaption =
| region = eastern [[Manipur]]
| ethnicity = [[Khoibu people|Uipo]]
| speakers = 2,000
| date = 2024
| ref = <ref name="Schumann2024"/>
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)
| fam4 = [[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]]
| fam5 = [[Tangkhul–Maring languages|Tangkhul–Maring]]
| fam6 = [[Maringic languages|Maringic]]
| iso = nkb
| glotto = khoi1251
| glottorefname = Khoibu
}}

[[File:WIKITONGUES- Donyashel speaking Khoibu.webm|thumb|A Khoibu speaker recorded in [[India]].]]

'''Uipo''' (also known by the exonym '''Khoibu''') is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the [[Khoibu people|Khoibu]] people in [[Manipur]], India. It is related to the [[Tangkhulic languages]]. There are just under 2,000 speakers centered around the village of Kangshim in Manipur, located to the southeast of [[Imphal]].<ref name="Schumann2024">{{cite conference |title=Situating Uipo: evidence from stem alternations |last=Schumann |first=Freya |date=2024 |location=Taipei |conference=SEALS 33 (33rd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society)}}</ref>

==Distribution==
Uipo is spoken in Khoibu Khullen, Khangshim, Nungourok, Salemram, Yamolching, Thalem, Biyang, and Khadungyon in [[Chandel district]] and Thawai village in [[Ukhrul]] district.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schumann |first1=Freya |title=Uipo tonology |url=https://sites.google.com/view/hls26/program |website=26th Himalayan Languages Symposium |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=English |date=4–6 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203110013/https://sites.google.com/view/hls26/program|archive-date=3 December 2024| url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SangaiExpress">{{cite news |title=UNESCO misfires again : Khoibu dialect not on endangered list |url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..060910.sep10 |access-date=1 June 2025 |publisher=The Sangai Express |date=5 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610222927/https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..060910.sep10 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |location=Imphal |language=English |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Community research==
In 2020, the Uipo language activist Mosyel Syelsaangthyel Khaling became the first Indian citizen to receive the Excellence in Community Linguistics Award of the [[Linguistic Society of America]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Uipo Language Activist to Receive 2020 Excellence in Community Linguistics Award |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/news/2019/11/22/uipo-language-activist-receive-2020-excellence-community-linguistics-award|accessdate=10 June 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}
{{Languages of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Manipur]]
[[Category:Tangkhulic languages]]

{{st-lang-stub}}

Panjah

2025-12-02T06:28:42Z

Collegevidya: adding the info w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

{{Orphan|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Panjah
| settlement_type = village in [[Kalakote|tehsil Kalakote]]
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33|10|48|N|74|25|12|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of subdistricts in India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kalakote]]
| established_title = 
| government_type = [[Democracy|Democratic]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat Raj]]
| unit_pref = Metric| area_total_km2 = 3.23
| population_total = 756
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Gujari]], [[Pahari language|Pahari]] & [[English language|English]]
| demographics_type2 = Demographics
| demographics2_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics2_info1 = 54.10%
| demographics2_title2 = [[Sex ratio]]
| demographics2_info2 = 944
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 185201
| registration_plate = JK11
}}

'''Panjah''' is one of 69 villages of tehsil [[Kalakote]] of [[Rajouri district]] of [[Jammu region]] in the [[India]]n union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>
{{Cite web
|title = List of villages in tehsil Kalakote
|url = https://www.indiagrowing.com/Jammu_And_Kashmir/Rajouri/Kalakote
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140526234453/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Jammu_And_Kashmir/Rajouri/Kalakote
|url-status = usurped
|archive-date = 26 May 2014
|access-date = 2022-10-04
|website = India Growing
}}
</ref>

==Administration==
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raj Act, Panjah village is administrated by [[Sarpanch]] (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. Elections for Panchayat held after every 5 years.

==History==
Panjah was administrated by district [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Noweshra]] during 1960 but after that district status snatched by [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Noweshra]] and given to [[Rajouri district|Rajouri]] and [[Nowshera, Jammu and Kashmir|Noweshra]] became an eponymous tehsil with Kalakote region under it. But during 1970s [[Kalakote]] got tehsil status and is governing Panjah since then.

==Geography==
Panjah is located at {{coord|33.18|N|74.41|E|}}. Its area is 3.23 km sq. It has an average elevation of {{cvt|700|m}}. Panjah has a humid subtropical, dry climate. Its yearly temperature is 28.16 °C (82.69 °F) and it is 2.19% higher than India's averages. It typically receives about 22.15 millimeters (0.87 inches) of precipitation and has 28.48 rainy days (7.8% of the time) annually. Pincode of Panjah is 185201.

==Population==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], the location code of Kalakote is 001531. Panjah has a total population of 756 peoples, out of which male population is 389 while female population is 367. Literacy rate of Panjah is 54.10% out of which 59.90% are males and 40.10% are females. There are about 185 houses in Panjah.<ref>
{{Cite web
|title = Data Finder
|url = https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder
|access-date = 2022-10-04
|website = Census of India
}}
</ref>

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title= Sex Ratio of village
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Sex
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Male]]|#009000|51.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Female]]|#FF6600|48.55}} }}

==Religion==
Majority of village population is [[Hindu]]. About 63.36% of population is [[Hindu]] and 36.64% are [[Muslims]].

{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title= Religion in Panjah
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|#ff6600|63.36}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|#009000|36.64}} }}

==Education==
As of 2022, Panjah has only two schools. Government Middle School Panjah is only government school of village while Hidden Treasure Public School is only private school. There is no high school in Panjah. Students have to travel to [[Kalakote]] for their higher education. From a long time, people have high demand for promoting Government Middle School Panjah to Government High School Panjah, so that students can complete their matric education inter village.

==Healthcare==
Panjah has its own hospital but as of now it is not fully functional. Also, nearest hospital CHC Kalakote is not recommended for emergencies. For medical emergencies some have to go to GMC Rajouri which is around 36 km away or GMC Jammu which is around 107 km away.

==Transport==
Nearest Bus Station to village is at [[Kalakote]]. A 22 Kilometre single lane road that connects Kalakote town with National Highway at Siot pass through village which is main route of transportation. The nearest railway station to Panjah is [[Jammu Tawi railway station]] which is located at a distance of 108 kilometres from the village and is a 3.5 hr drive. [[Rajouri Airport]] is located 36 km from the village but currently is non-operational. The nearest airport to Panjah is [[Jammu Airport]] which located 109 kilometres from village and is a 3.5 hr drive.

==Tourism==
Mata Kali Mandir, temple of [[Kali]], is one tourism draw in the village. The temple contains a statue of Kali as well as a six foot long statue of [[Lord Hanuman]].

Symbal Devta, a tree in Panjah, is another tourist attraction. The tree who is believed to be a god by residents of Panjah and nearby villages. It is believed that this god will fulfil all their wishes in this location, and every year hundreds of [[Yajna|Yagya]] and [[Homa (ritual)|Havna]] are done there.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Villages in Rajouri district]]
[[Category:Villages in tehsil Kalakote]]

Sasikrishnan

2025-12-01T10:23:51Z

Collegevidya: starting a page - done

{{Short description|Indian artist}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox artist
| image = Sasikrishnan.jpg
| birth_name = 4 August 1966
| birth_place = [[Vatakara]], Kerala
}}
'''Sasikrishnan''' is an Indian artist, sculptor and the founder of the Philaesthoism art movement.

==Biography==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{Expand section|date=November 2025}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
}}
Sasikrishnan was born on 4 August 1966 in [[Vatakara]], Kerala. His parents, Krishnan and Kalyani, were social workers.

In the early 200s, he founded the artistic practice of Philaesthoism which underscores the need for incorporating the subtle elements of love and beauty found in human relations into art.

He is married to mathematician Beena Sasikrishnan and the couple have two sons, Anandu and Aditya.

==Selected exhibitions==
{{Unreferenced section|date=November 2025}}
*2015 IARTCO International Exhibition, Ahmedabad
* 2016 Mind, Space and Beauty - Lalitha Kala Academy, Durbar Hall, Cochin, Kerala
* 2016 Philaesthoism - Chithra Kala Parishath, Bangalore, Karnataka
* 2017 Marghazi Festival Exhibition, Chennai
* 2017 Incredible India Exhibition, Lulu Center, Kuwait
* 2017 Kuwait Art Association (organized by National Bank of Kuwait), Kuwait
*2018 Solo exhibition at Art Soul Life Gallery, Noida
*2018 World Environment Day Exhibition, Kuwait

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]

Bali Jatra

2025-11-05T07:22:50Z

Collegevidya:

{{Short description|Boita Bandana festival in Odisha, India}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Bali Jatra
|type = Cultural
|longtype = Cultural
|image = Balijatra cuttack.JPG
|caption = Cuttack Bali Jatra
|official_name = Bali Jatra
|nickname = ''Voyage to Bali''
|observedby = [[Odia people|Odia]]s
|date = [[Kartik Purnima]]
|begins = On [[Boita Bandana]] in the month of Kartika in [[Odia calendar]]
|ends = Various (usually in a week, or 9–10 days<ref>{{cite news |title=Cuttack Bali Yatra date extended, check latest order |url=https://odishatv.in/festivals-events/cuttack-bali-yatra-date-extended-check-latest-order-news-190276 |website=Odisha TV |last1=Sharma |first1=Vikash |date=15 November 2022}}</ref>)
|date2025 = 5 to 12 November
|frequency = Annual
|celebrations =
|observances =
|relatedto =
}}
'''Bāli Jātrā''', ({{Langx|or|ବାଲିଯାତ୍ରା|lit=Voyage to [[Bali]]}}) {{IPA|or|bali dʒat̪ɾa|pron}}, is the major [[Boita Bandana]] festival held at Cuttack on [[Kartik Purnima]] and lasts for 7 days or more, i.e. usually until [[Prathamastami]]. It is considered to be one of Asia's largest open trade fair.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Great Indian festive culinary trail for November |url=https://www.asianage.com/life/food/111019/the-great-indian-festive-culinary-trail-for-november.html |website=[[The Asian Age]] |last1=Vanjani |first1=Drishti |date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pandemic axe on Odisha's Bali Yatra |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/pandemic-axe-on-odishas-bali-yatra/cid/1796171 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |last1=Mohanty |first1=Subhashish |date=1 November 2020 }}</ref> The festival is held in [[Odisha]] (a state in eastern [[India]]), in the city of [[Cuttack]] at ''Gadagadia Ghata'' of the [[Mahanadi]] river, to mark the day when ancient [[Sadhaba]]s (Odia mariners) would set sail to distant lands of [[Bali]], as well as [[Java]] (at the time of the voyage known as "Yawadvipa"), [[Sumatra]], [[Borneo]] (all in [[Indonesia]]), and [[Sri Lanka]] (formerly Ceylon) for trade and cultural expansion. To commemorate this, the festival is celebrated every year from the day of Kartika Purnima (full moon day of the month of Kartika) to [[Prathamastami]] (eighth day of Margasira Krushna) according to the [[Odia calendar]].<ref name="Patnaik 1997 p.117 ">{{cite book | last=Patnaik | first=N.R. | title=Economic History of Orissa | publisher=Indus Publishing Company | year=1997 | isbn=978-81-7387-075-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AA9W9_4Z9gC | access-date=2019-05-30 | page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=|title=Orissa Review - Volume 45|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RgxDAAAAYAAJ&q=bali+jatra+festival|year=1988|publisher=Home Dept, Gov of Orissa}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Cuttack Bali Jatra: The Grand Festival Becomes Grander |publisher=OSAS |url=https://www.academia.edu/39138232 |author=Annapurna Pandey |journal=Odisha Society of the Americas Souvenir |date=2019 |access-date=13 February 2021 }}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Baliyatra.jpg|thumb|Cuttack Bali Jatra entrance gate (2010)]]
[[File:Balijatraa.jpg|thumb|I Love Bali Jatra Stand]]
On Kartika Purnima, which comes around the end of October and November, people of Odisha gather near banks of [[Mahanadi]], [[Brahmani river]], other river banks, ponds, water tanks and sea shores to float miniature toy boats, made of colored paper, dried banana tree barks, and cork, as a symbolic gesture of their ancestors' voyage. These toy boats, usually launched early in the morning contain traditional paan and small oil lamps, which are lit and placed inside them, to provide an attractive sight during the festival. People sing a song ''Aa ka ma boi, pan gua thoi...'' to remember the early [[maritime history of Odisha]]. The song tells about four months that are important for marine merchants of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]] (the earlier name of Odisha). This festival is also celebrated with great fanfare in [[Paradeep]]. Bali Jatra bears testimony to the rich maritime legacy of ancient Odisha. This is the specific time that was considered auspicious by the Sadhabas to begin their voyage in vessels called [[Boita]]s. The voyage began on ''Kartika Purnima'' to take advantage of the favorable wind blowing during this time. ''Ajhala'' or big fabric sails were used to harness the wind power to move the ''Boitas''.

Bali Jatra is also associated with ''Ta'apoi'' and rituals like ''Bhalukuni Osha'' or ''Khudurukuni Osha'' and ''Bada Osha''. ''Ta'apoi'' is closely associated with the Bali Jatra festival, which recalls traditional memories of young maidens waiting for the return of their sailor brothers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Patnaik|first=Durga Prasad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC|title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa|page=11|date=1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=81-7017-248-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{citation|last=Sahoo|first=Supriya Subhadarsini|url=https://papers.iafor.org/submission36829/|title=Tapoi Katha: A Reconstruction of History through an Odia Folk Travel Narrative|journal=European Conference on Arts & Humanities Official Conference Proceedings|date=2017|publisher=[[The International Academic Forum|IAFOR]]}}</ref>

==Cuttack==
In Cuttack, Bali Jatra is celebrated annually as a large open fair near the [[Barabati Fort]] area. There are several attractions for children like toy stalls, giant wheels, different games, maut ka kuan (literally well of death) and food stalls selling Odia delicacies (''Cuttack [[Dahibara Aludam|Dahibara Aludum]]'', ''Thunka puri'', ''[[Kulfi]]'', ''[[Panipuri|Gupchup]]'', ''Mathura Cake'', ''Banarasi Paan'' etc.) from different parts of the state, and other vendors selling toys, curiosities, and other gifts. Bali Jatra also witnesses a lot of cultural programs. Every year millions of people from all around the world visit Bali Jatra to experience it.
==Bali Jatra 2022==

Like most carnivals, Bali Jatra was also affected by the pandemic. Due to COVID-19 Bali Jatra was canceled in the year 2020 and 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahoo |first=Nitesh Kumar |title=Bali Yatra 2021: NO Bali Yatra In Cuttack This Year Too |url=https://odishatv.in/news/festivals-events/no-bali-yatra-in-cuttack-this-year-too-163528 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Bali Yatra 2021: NO Bali Yatra In Cuttack This Year Too |language=en}}</ref>

However, it came back in bigger and grander avatar in 2022. Under the leadership of new CMC Mayor [[Subhash Chandra Singh|Subhash Singh]], District Collector Bhabani Shankar Chaini and Commissioner Pawan Kalyan, Balijatra was extended to 100 Acres and included additional attractions like water sports in Mahanadi river, Laser show, Cuttack-in-Cuttack (a model of most popular attractions in Cuttack) etc.

There were two stages, one Baishnab Pani Manch for organizing traditional cultural programme and another for holding modern cultural events catering to the young crowd. In addition to it a special pavilion was set up for holding discussion on different themes regarding the cultural heritage of Odisha. It also featured World’s biggest sand and diya installation art on Boita by [[Sudarsan Pattnaik]].

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] also mentioned the grandeur of Bali Jatra in his G20 speech in Bali.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-15 |title="India is a ray of hope...": 10 points from PM Modi's address to Indian diaspora during G20 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/india-is-a-ray-of-hope-10-points-from-pm-modis-address-to-indian-diaspora-during-g20/articleshow/95524778.cms |access-date=2024-10-30 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Mention in Guinness Book of World Records==

In 2022, Bali Jatra etched its name in the Guinness Book of World Records at an event organised by the [[Cuttack Municipal Corporation]] under the leadership of Cuttack Mayor [[Subhash Chandra Singh|Subhash Singh]] and Commissioner Pawan Kalyan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://sambadenglish.com/cuttack-bali-jatra-enters-guinness-book-of-world-records-as-over-22000-paper-boats-made-in-35-mins/#:~:text=Cuttack%3A%20The%20famous%20Cuttack%20Bali%20Jatra%20today%20etched,boats%20in%2035%20minutes%2C%20creating%20the%20world%20record | title=Cuttack Bali Jatra enters Guinness Book of World Records as over 22,000 paper boats made in 35 mins | date=15 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://video.search.yahoo.com/search/video?fr=mcafee&ei=UTF-8&p=bali+yatra+Guinesse+book+of+world+record&type=E211US1485G0#id=1&vid=06c0a17d6ea0373122ad8c093b5e1b45&action=click | title=Bali yatra Guinesse book of world record - Yahoo Video Search Results }}</ref>

More than 2100 students of 22 schools made over 22,000 paper boats in 35 minutes, creating the world record.<ref>[https://sambadenglish.com/cuttack-bali-jatra-enters-guinness-book-of-world-records-as-over-22000-paper-boats-made-in-35-mins/]</ref>
[[File:Bali Jatra in Guinness Book of World Records - an initiative by CMC and Mayor Subhash Singh.jpg|thumb|alt=Guinness Book of World Records for Balijatra. Record Number of paper boats created under 35 mins. Initiative by CMC and Mayor Subhash Singh|264x264px|Guinness Book of World Record for Balijatra. Record Number of paper boats created under 35 mins. Initiative by CMC and Mayor Subhash Singh]]

==Other Bali Jatras==
Apart from the major Bali Jatra held at Cuttack, other Bali Jatras are also held across the state. Some notable ones held are Kalinga Bali Jatra held at Paradeep,<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalinga Baliyatra kicks off in Paradip |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/nov/08/kalinga-baliyatra-kicks-off-in-paradip-2516130.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=8 November 2022 }}</ref> Chelitola Bali Jatra at Tirtol.<ref>{{cite news |title=Baliyatra Prohibited In This Odisha District To Prevent Further Spread Of Covid |url=https://sambadenglish.com/baliyatra-prohibited-in-this-odisha-district-to-prevent-further-spread-of-covid/ |website=Sambad English |date=19 November 2020 }}</ref> The prominent Bali Jatra after Cuttack is the Kalinga Bali Jatra held at [[Paradeep]] since 1992. It was inaugurated by the then Chief Minister [[Biju Patnaik]] by flagging off the naval yacht INSV Samudra, which reached the port Benoa Harbour, [[Denpasar]] in [[Bali]] in 1993. The Kalinga Bali Jatra was an effort to recreate and revive the legacy of the historical and cultural links of the two regions which was connected by maritime trade.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalinga Bali Jatra and the Maritime Trade of Odisha |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2019/Nov/engpdf/41-45.pdf |website=Odisha Review |last=Nanda |first=R.K. |date=November 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Voyage to the Past |url=https://www.orissapost.com/voyage-to-the-past/ |website=Orissa Post |date=26 November 2018 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Greater India]], for more information about Indian cultural influence in Southeast Asia
* [[Suvarnabhumi]], a legendary eastern land of gold in classical Indian folklore located somewhere in Southeast Asia

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odia culture}}
[[Category:Maritime history of India]]
[[Category:Festivals in Odisha]]
[[Category:October observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Maritime culture]]

Boddu Srihari

2025-10-02T04:44:04Z

Collegevidya: added new info needs work

{{Short description|Indian track and field Para Athlete}}
{{orphan|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Boddu Srihari
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| education = [[High school graduate|Graduate]]
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Track & Field]]
| disability = Visual Impairment - Low Vision
| disability_class = T-13
| event = [[100m]], [[200m]], [[Long jump]]
| coach = Zaseem
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's athletics}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[6th Indian Open Para International Meet]] 2024}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Bengaluru]]|Long Jump}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Bengaluru]]|200m}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Bengaluru]]|100m}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Khelo India Para Games]] 2023}}
{{MedalGold|[[Delhi]]|Long Jump}}
}}

'''Boddu Sri Hari''' is an Indian [[track and field]] [[Para-athletics|Para Athlete]] from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Paralympic Committee of |date=2024-03-27 |title=Celebrating Excellence - 6th Indian Open Para Athletics International Championship |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/celebrating-excellence-6th-indian-open-para-athletics-international-championship |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Paralympic Committee of India |language=en}}</ref> Hari was born in Woollapalem Village of [[Singarayakonda mandal|Singarayakonda Mandal]] of [[Prakasam district|Prakasam District]]. He represents India in the Men's [[100 metres|100m]], [[200 metres|200m]] and [[long jump]] events. Hari was born with [[Visual impairment|Visual Impairment]] Disability.

== Childhood and early life ==
Boddu Srihari is from poor family. His parents earn through Agriculture Labour works. He plays Outdoor games like Hockey, Hand Ball, etc in his childhood days. He won Hockey tournament and many prizes in Hand ball during High School days.

== Career ==
Hari is one of the Top Para Athletes from Andhra Pradesh in Long Jump event. Currently he holds 2nd rank in India in the event Long Jump event under T13 category.

=== 6th Indian Open Para Athletics International Meet ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Category
!Result<ref>{{Cite web |title=6th Indian Open Para Athletics International Championships, 2024 results |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/result-book-6th-indian-open-para-athletics-international-championships-2024-bengaluru}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Bengaluru
|Long Jump
|T13
|Silver
|-
|2024
|Bengaluru
|200m
|T13
|Silver
|-
|2024
|Bengaluru
|100m
|T13
|Bronze
|}

=== [[Khelo India Para Games]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Category
!Result<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo India Para Athletics, 2023 results |url=https://para.kheloindia.gov.in/public/assets/landing_new/merit_certificate.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo India Para Games, 2023 results |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/khelo-india-para-athletics-result-book-2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khelo India Para Games, 2023 Participants list |url=https://kheloindia.gov.in/uploads/PARA%20Games%20Participation%202023.pdf}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Delhi
|Long Jump
|T13
|Gold
|}

=== 5th Indian Open Para Athletics International Championship ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Category
!Result<ref>{{Cite web |title=IOPAC 2023, Bengaluru - Result Book - Paralympic India |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/new/iopac-2023-bengaluru-result-book-pdf |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.paralympicindia.org.in}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|Bengaluru
|Long Jump
|T13
|Silver
|-
|2023
|Bengaluru
|200m
|T13
|Bronze
|}

=== IBSA Nationals, 2022 ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Category
!Result
|-
|2022
|Delhi
|Long Jumo
|T13
|Silver
|}

=== National Para Athletic Championships ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Category
!Result
|-
|2024
|Goa
|Long Jump
|T13
|Bronze
|-
|2023
|Pune
|Long Jump
|T13
|Silver<ref>{{Cite web |title=Results - 21st National Para Athletics - Paralympic India |url=https://www.paralympicindia.org.in/new/results-21st-national-para-athletics |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=www.paralympicindia.org.in|date=19 March 2023 }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references responsive="1"></references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Srihari, Boddu}}
[[Category:Indian athletes]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian long jumpers]]
[[Category:Indian runners]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Richa Sharma

2025-09-10T15:41:23Z

Collegevidya:

'''Richa Sharma''' is the name of:
* [[Richa Sharma (singer)]] (born 1974), Indian film playback singer and devotional singer
* [[Richa Sharma (actress)]] (1963–1996), Indian Bollywood actress
* [[Reecha Sharma]], Nepali actress

== See also ==
* [[Reecha (disambiguation)]]
* [[Sharma]], an Indian surname

{{hndis|Sharma, Richa}}

Nagpur broad-gauge Metro

2025-09-08T02:39:15Z

Collegevidya: created redirect

#redirect [[Maha Metro]]

{{RCS|
{{R with history}}
}}

S. Ramesan

2025-07-21T05:55:06Z

Collegevidya: adding first pg nd citations

{{Short description|Indian writer and orator (1952–2022)}}
{{for|the Malayalam lyricist|S. Ramesan Nair}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = S. Ramesan
| image = എസ്സ് രമേശൻ.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1952|2|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Vaikom]], [[Kottayam district]], [[Travancore–Cochin]], India
| nationality = Indian
| death_place = [[Pachalam]], [[Ernakulam district]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|1|13|1952|2|16|df=y}}
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Poet, orator
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Dr. T. P. Lela
| children = 2
| awards = [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Asan Memorial Poetry Prize]]
| influences =
| signature =
}}

'''S. Ramesan''' (16 February 1952 – 13 January 2022) was an Indian [[Malayalam language]] poet, orator and literary activist from [[Kerala]].

He received several awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] Award and Asan Memorial Poetry Prize.

==Biography==
S. Ramesan was born in Vaikom in the Kottayam District, on 16 February 1952. He started writing poems during his childhood.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|date=13 January 2022|title=Well-known Malayalam poet-orator S Ramesan passes away|language=en|work=|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/s-ramesan-malayalam-poet-orator-passes-away-7720971/|via=The Indian Express|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114044415/https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/s-ramesan-malayalam-poet-orator-passes-away-7720971/|url-status=live}}</ref> He had his primary education at St. Joseph LP School, Palliprathussery and Govt Boys High School, Vaikom.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> After that he studied at [[St. Michael's College, Cherthala]], [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]] and Ernakulam Law College.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> In 1972, he became the first student union chairman of [[Students' Federation of India]] at Maharaja's College.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Ramesan joined Kerala government service as Block Development Officer (BDO) in 1981 and retired as Additional Development Commissioner in 2007.<ref name="Indian Express"/> He previously worked at [[State Bank of Travancore]] also.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

He was the State Vice President of the ''[[Purogamana Kala Sahitya Sangham]]'' (Progressive Art Literary Society).<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=കവി എസ് രമേശന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/s-rameshan-expired/994814 |work=Deshabhimani |language=ml |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113082311/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/s-rameshan-expired/994814 |url-status=live }}</ref> He has served as state secretary of ''Purogamana Kala Sahithya Sangam'', Director of the ''Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam'' (Literary Working Co-operative Society), a member of the executive committee of the Kerala State Library Council, a director board member of the [[Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society]], president of Ernakulam Public Library and editor-in-chief of the ''Granthalokam'' Magazine.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |title=Malayalam poet S. Ramesan dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-poet-s-ramesan-is-dead/article38264941.ece |work=The Hindu |date=13 January 2022 |language=en-IN |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114044413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-poet-s-ramesan-is-dead/article38264941.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> From 1996 to 2001 he was the Additional Private Secretary in charge of the Kerala state Department of Culture under minister [[T. K. Ramakrishnan]].<ref name="Indian Express"/> He was a former member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] [[Ernakulam]] Area Committee.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

He and his wife T. P. Lela had two daughters.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=Malayalam Poet And Orator S Ramesan Dies In Ernakulam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/malayalam-poet-and-orator-s-ramesan-dies-in-ernakulam/articleshow/88886883.cms|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=14 January 2022|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114044413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/malayalam-poet-and-orator-s-ramesan-dies-in-ernakulam/articleshow/88886883.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He died at his residence in Pachalam, [[Ernakulam District]] on 13 January 2022, just a month before his 70th birthday.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

==Works==
*''Shithila chitrangal''<ref name="Indian Express"/>
*''Enikkarodum pakayilla''<ref name="Indian Express"/>
*''Asthishayya''<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*''Kalushithakalam''<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*''Karutha Kurippukal''<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*''S. Ramesante Kavithakal''<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>
*''Mala Kayarunnavar''<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=കവി എസ്. രമേശന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/noted-malayalam-poet-s-ramesan-passes-away-1.6356059 |work=Mathrubhumi |language=ml |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114044421/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/noted-malayalam-poet-s-ramesan-passes-away-1.6356059 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Hemanthathile Pakshi''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kerala Sahitya Academy announces awards|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2017/mar/29/kerala-sahitya-academy-announces-awards-1587160.html|access-date=2022-02-16|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*''Ee Thiruvasthram Njan Upekshikkukayanu''
*''On The Unquiet Coast''
*''Karutha Vavvalukal''

==Awards and honours==
*1999: [[Cherukad Award]] (''Karutha Kurippukal'')<ref name="Hindu"/>
*2014: [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] - Poetry (''Hemanthathile Pakshi'')<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/award-winners/article7369118.ece |title=Award winners |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/latest-news/478904 |title=അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref>
*[[2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards|2015]]: [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry]] (''Hemanthathile Pakshi'')<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2015 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/08-08-2016/Award2015.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=28 March 2017}}</ref>
*2019: [[Asan Smaraka Kavitha Puraskaram|Asan Memorial Poetry Prize]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/s-ramesan-aashan-memorial-award/838015 |title='യമുന'യിൽ സന്തോഷത്തിന്റെ ഓളങ്ങൾ; ആശാൻ പുരസ്‌കാര നിറവിൽ കവി എസ്‌ രമേശൻ |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=1 December 2019 |access-date=2 December 2019 |language=ml}}</ref>
*A. P. Kalakkad Award<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*Mooloor Award<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>
*Fokana Award<ref name="Indian Express Malayalam">{{cite news |title=കവി എസ്.രമേശന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/poet-s-ramesan-passed-away-604217/ |work=Indian Express Malayalam |language=ml |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114044413/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/kerala-news/poet-s-ramesan-passed-away-604217/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S., Ramesan}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Deaths from the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

Bichhiya, Madhya Pradesh

2025-06-28T07:21:30Z

Collegevidya: starting new pg!

{{Short description|Town in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bichhiya
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.44|N|80.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mandla District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Nagar panchayat
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10,427
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 51]]
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 481885
}}
'''Bichhiya''' is a [[Tehsil]] and a [[Nagar Panchayat]] in [[Mandla District]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is a part of [[Bichhiya Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mandla.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ | title=Subdivision | District Administration Mandla, Government of Madhya Pradesh | India }}</ref><ref>MANDLA 105.pdf</ref>

==Geography==
Bichhiya is Located on {{Coord|22.44|N|80.70|E}}. It has an average elevation of {{cvt|447|m}}. It is located at center of the country.<ref>http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/35/Bichhia2.html</ref>

==Demographics==
Aa per [[Census of India 2011]] Bichhiya Town has a population of 10,427 of which 5,336 are males while 5,091 are females. Bichhiya Nagar Panchayat has total administration over 2,364 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999</ref>

== Transportation ==
Bichhiya is well connected with roads. Daily bus runs from here.
Bichhiya is connected [[Mandla]], [[Dindori, Madhya Pradesh|Dindori]], Shahpura, [[Niwas, Madhya Pradesh|Niwas]], [[Balaghat]], and many cities with roadways.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jabalpur Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mandla district]]
[[Category:Mandla]]

Henri Jean de Rouvroy, Marquis of Saint-Simon

2025-03-11T13:18:39Z

Collegevidya: New Entry.

{{Short description|French diplomat and colonial administrator}}
[[File:Disderi - Henry Jean Victor de Rouvroy de Saint-Simon.jpg|thumb|]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
'''Henri Jean Victor de Rouvroy, [[Marquis]] of Saint-Simon''' (11 February 1782 – 18 March 1865) was a French diplomat and colonial administrator.

== Biography ==
As a young man, he fought in the [[French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars]] In Germany and in Spain. 
On the return of Louis XVIII, Viscount Saint-Simon joined the Bourbons. He served, in his rank of colonel, as second lieutenant of the [[Gardes du Corps du Roi (France)|King's bodyguards]], a cavalry unit that had just been reestablished. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Royal and Military [[Order of Saint-Louis]] on 5 July 1814, and the ribbon of officer of the Legion of Honour on 24 August.

He was Ambassador of France in Denmark between 1820 and 1832, and in Sweden between 1832 and 1833.
He served as [[Governor General]] for [[Inde française]] in the Second [[French Colonial Empire]] during the [[July Monarchy]] between 1835 and 1840.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brotonne |first1=Léonce de |title=Les sénateurs du consulat et de l'empire: Tableau historique des pairs de France 1789; 1814-1848. Les sénateurs du second empire |date=1895 |publisher=H. Champion |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DMFooycx0A0C&q=Henri-Jean-Victor+de+Rouvroy+de+Saint-Simon++11+f%C3%A9vrier+1782++18+mars+1865&pg=PA167 |accessdate=15 July 2018 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Dictionnaire universel des contemporains |date=1870 |publisher=Hachette et C.ie |page=1610 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXIRO9HGMwoC&q=Henri-Jean-Victor+de+Rouvroy+de+Saint-Simon+Inde&pg=PA1610 |accessdate=15 July 2018 |language=fr}}</ref>

From 1842, he called himself ''"Duke of Saint-Simon"''. Indeed, he was the nephew of [[Claude-Anne de Rouvroy]], Marquis of Saint-Simon, created Grandee of Spain of the first class by King Charles IV in 1803 and raised to the dignity of [[Duke of Saint-Simon]] by King Ferdinand VII in 1814. Claude-Anne died in Madrid on 3 January 1819, leaving only an unmarried daughter. Claude-Anne bequeathed his [[Grandee of Spain]] to his nephew, and probably also his Spanish Ducal title, which was however not recognised in France.

=== Publication of the Memoirs of the Duke de Saint Simon (1675-1755)===
In 1828, Henri Jean de Rouvroy brought together the 11 portfolios containing the 2,854 pages of the Memoirs of his distant relative the [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Duke of Saint-Simon]] (1675–1755). He published the work in 1829 and 1830 through publisher Auguste Sautelet, in 27 volumes, under the title ''Mémoires complets et authentiques du duc de Saint-Simon sur le siècle de Louis XIV et la Régence : publies pour la première fois sur le manuscrit originale écrit toute la main de l'auteur par le M[arqu]is de Saint-Simon''.<ref>[http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb350211000 Notice bibliographique des ''Mémoires complets et authentiques du duc de Saint-Simon sur le siècle de Louis XIV et la Régence : publiés pour la première fois sur le manuscrit original entièrement écrit de la main de l'auteur par le Mis de Saint-Simon'', éd. 1829 et 1830, sur catalogue.bnf.fr]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box | before= [[Auguste Jacques Nicolas Peureux de Mélay]] | title=[[Gouverneur Général de l'Inde française]] | after=[[Paul de Nourquer du Camper]]| years= 3 May 1835–April 1840}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Victor, Hubert Jean, Marquis De Saint-Simon}}
[[Category:1782 births]]
[[Category:1865 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of French India]]
[[Category:People of the July Monarchy]]
[[Category:Rouvroy family]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Denmark]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Sweden]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Portugal]]
[[Category:Dukes of Saint-Simon]]
[[Category:French marquesses]]

{{France-mil-bio-stub}}

Nallur Sundara Varadharaja Perumal Temple

2024-12-14T16:30:16Z

Collegevidya: Put up initial place from scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Sundara Varadharaja Perumal Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Sundara Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Nallur, [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.4086|N|79.6212|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]]
| location = Nallur, [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| elevation_m = 96.33
| deity = Sundara Varadharaja Perumal
| festivals = [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]]
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| year_completed = 500 years ago
}}

'''Varadharaja Perumal Temple''' is a 500 year old [[Vaishnavism|vaishnavite]] [[temple]] at [[Nallur, Tiruvannamalai|Nallur]] neighbourhood in [[Tiruvannamalai district|Tiruvannamalai]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nallur, Sundara Varadaraja Perumal temple |url=https://vasthurengan.com/koils/nallur-sundara-varadaraja-perumal-temple |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=vasthurengan.com}}</ref>

The presiding deity in this temple is Sundara Varadharaja Perumal and goddess is Sundaravalli Thaayaar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Sampradaya Sun - Independent Vaisnava News - Feature Stories - March 2018 |url=https://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/03-18/features3962.htm |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.harekrsna.com}}</ref> Garudaallhvar is at the feet of the main deity in worshipping posture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sundara Varadaraja Perumal temple - Nallur |url=https://telugudevotees.com/directory-temples/listing/sri-sundara-varadaraja-perumal-temple-nallur/ |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Telugu Devotees |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
This temple is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of {{coord|12.4086|N|79.6212|E}} in Tiruvannamalai.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvannamalai district]]

Antarang Museum

2024-11-12T02:13:17Z

Collegevidya:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
The '''Antarang – Sex Health Information Art Gallery''', also known as the '''Antarang Museum''', was dedicated to educating the young and old about the [[human body]], [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] and [[AIDS]]. It was the only museum of its kind in [[South Asia]]. The museum was founded in [[Mumbai]] in 2002 as a result of the joint efforts of the [[Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai]] (MCGM) and the Mumbai District Aids Control Society (MDACS) & Dr Prakash Sarang following an increase in AIDS cases. In 2008, the museum made plans to move to the tourist town of [[Goa]] where Sarang believes its mission will be better received.<ref name=mid>{{cite news|last=Coelho|first=Alicia|title=Shut in Mumbai, sex museum heads to Goa|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/jul/300708SexMuseum.htm|accessdate=2012-01-17|newspaper=Mid Day|date=2008-07-30}}</ref> However, as of 2013 it was still closed and seemed unlikely to reopen.<ref name=sic>{{cite news|last=Desai |first=Geeta |title=India's only sex museum: BMC opens it, shuts it and forgets it |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-india-s-only-sex-museum-bmc-opens-it-shuts-it-and-forgets-it-1880400 |accessdate=2019-06-05 |newspaper=DNA |date=2013-08-27 }}</ref>

The museum's collection includes a visual display of the [[Reproduction|reproductive process]], [[safe sex]] props and several full-blown images of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (STDs). In addition, 20 sculptures form part of the exhibition that educates visitors about the human form, [[sexual intercourse]] and AIDS.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} The free museum taught local groups about sex education and its regular client base grew to include prostitutes and their clients.<ref name=tf>{{cite book|last=Silverman|first=Lois H.|title=The Social Work of Museums|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-77521-2|pages=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvqYLb01_1MC&dq=Antarang+-+Sex+Health+Information+Art+Gallery&pg=PA77}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Coord|18.9674278|72.8243587|display=title}}
{{Sex museums}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Antarang - Sex Health Information Art Gallery}}
[[Category:Museums in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Science museums in India]]
[[Category:Sex museums]]
[[Category:Sexuality in India]]

{{India-museum-stub}}
{{sex-stub}}

P D'Mello Road

2024-10-15T19:56:45Z

Collegevidya: adding some pg more to come

{{Short description|Artery in Mumbai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|name= P D'Mello Road
|marker_image=
|map=
|length_mi=
|length_km= 6
|length_round=
|length_ref=
|established=
|direction_a= North
|terminus_a= [[Barrister Nath Pai Marg]] and Dockyard Road in [[Byculla]]
|junction= [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]] in Wadi Bandar [[Carnac Bridge]] in Masjid Bandar [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Road]] in Dana Bandar
|direction_b= South
|terminus_b= [[Colaba Causeway]] in [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)|Fort]]
|states= [[Maharashtra]]
|districts=[[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]
|cities= [[Mumbai]]
|maint = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
}}

'''P D'Mello Road''' is a 6 km long arterial north–south access road in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="indiatimes2007">{{cite news|author=Shalini Nair |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Hope-to-see-you-again-DMello/articleshow/2020369.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-09/mumbai/27877581_1_p-d-mello-road-senapati-bapat-marg-vijay-balamwar |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Hope to see you again, D'Mello |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2007-05-09 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/tanker-breakdown-clogs-p-dmello-road-for-12-hours/843254/ |title=Tanker breakdown clogs P D'Mello Road for 12 hours |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2011-09-08 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Mateen Hafeez |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Less-chaos-on-P-DMello-road/articleshow/4493115.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032633/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-07/mumbai/28154897_1_p-d-mello-road-chaos-ghatkopar |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Less chaos on P D'Mello road |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2009-05-07 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref> P D'Mello Road is the name of the 6 km stretch between the south-end of the [[Eastern Freeway (Mumbai)|Eastern Freeway]] and the north-end of the [[Colaba Causeway]].<ref name="indiatimes2007"/> The road comes under Mumbai's [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|B Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Pal |first=Somita |url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/sep/040910-B-Ward-P-D-Mello-Road-LT-Marg-reconstruction-roads-potholes.htm |title=These potholes won't be repaired |publisher=Mid-day.com |date=2010-09-04 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref>

{{As of|2009}}, daily traffic on the road averaged of 22,600 vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|author=Chittaranjan Tembhekar |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/283-lakh-vehicles-ply-Mumbais-roads-daily/articleshow/4360138.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210132600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-05/mumbai/28033178_1_pedder-road-vehicles-navi-mumbai |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-12-10 |title=2.83 lakh vehicles ply Mumbai's roads daily |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2009-04-05 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref>

==History==
The road has been named in honour of the [[socialism|socialist]] [[trade union]] leader [[Placid D’Mello]]. D'Mello, who hailed from the [[St. Joseph Church, Belman|Belman Parish]] in the erstwhile [[South Canara|South Canara District]], was a trade union leader who organised workers in [[Bombay]], India. He was the founder of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Mazdoor Union (MMU),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-s-last-prominent-union-falls-apart-senior-mazdoor-union-leaders-to-form-separate-outfit/story-bTBTLwZYgf6G5YyyvPHUZJ.html |title=Mumbai's last prominent union falls apart; senior Mazdoor Union leaders to form separate outfit | mumbai news | Hindustan Times |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327064434/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbai-s-last-prominent-union-falls-apart-senior-mazdoor-union-leaders-to-form-separate-outfit/story-bTBTLwZYgf6G5YyyvPHUZJ.html |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]] Workers Union, Taximen's Union, Transport and Dock Workers Union as well as the [[All India Port and Dock Workers Federation]]. D'Mello was also a mentor of [[George Fernandes]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-fierce-union-leader-who-showed-the-way-to-thousands-of-dock-workers-4533674/ |title=A fierce union leader who showed the way to thousands of dock workers | the Indian Express |website=indianexpress.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327064205/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/a-fierce-union-leader-who-showed-the-way-to-thousands-of-dock-workers-4533674/ |archive-date=27 March 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 23 January 2006, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that the [[Government of Maharashtra|State Government]] had decided to concretise, widen and remove [[slum]]s from P D'Mello Road, as part of ongoing road improvements in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Raze-slums-in-two-yrs-CM/articleshow/1526642.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628032641/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-05-12/mumbai/27823742_1_civic-officials-hutments-roads |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-06-28 |title=Raze slums in two yrs: CM |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2006-05-12 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref>

The BMC began clearing slums in May 2007.<ref name="indiatimes2007"/> The road was widened and the footpath was made narrower in an effort to keep the shanties from being rebuilt. The total cost for the widening was estimated to be {{INRConvert|51|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pandurang Mhaske |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/1564445/report-p-dmello-road-to-be-widened-by-1-5mts |title=P D'Mello Road to be widened by 1.5mts |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=2011-07-11 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]

Chawngtlai

2024-07-08T18:48:54Z

Collegevidya: added a stub w/ sources

{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chawngtlai
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.4484951|N|93.2087271|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khawzawl]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1398
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1638
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271322
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chawngtlai''' is a village in the [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Khawzawl]] [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf# |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Chawngtlai has 325 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 93.44%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |accessdate=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1638 || 847 || 791
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 250 || 123 || 127
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1629 || 843 || 786
|-
| Literates || 1297 || 678 || 619
|-
| Workers (all) || 967 || 507 || 460
|-
| Main workers (total) || 950 || 500 || 450
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 908 || 473 || 435
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 39 || 26 || 13
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 17 || 7 || 10
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 6 || 3 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 1 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 8 || 3 || 5
|-
| Non-workers || 671 || 340 || 331
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khawzawl block]]

Timeline of the premiership of Narendra Modi

2024-05-26T12:40:22Z

Collegevidya: enhance citations and improved wording after review

#REDIRECT [[Timeline of the Narendra Modi premiership]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Vanvas

2024-02-17T10:18:48Z

Collegevidya: fixed information additionally and corrected details for consistency

#REDIRECT [[Vanavasa]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Burmu block

2024-01-06T18:20:26Z

Collegevidya: corrected information for consistency and fixed typos for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Burmu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5746|N|85.1315|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 319.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 89,889
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835214
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06530
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 64.54%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Kanke (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kanke]]
| website = {{URL|ranchi.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Burmu block''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] in the [[Ranchi Sadar subdivision]] of [[Ranchi district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].

==Maoist activities, dissent==
Jharkhand is one of the states affected by [[Naxalite|Maoist]] activities. {{As of|2012}}, Ranchi district was among the highly affected districts in the state.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/maoist/Assessment/2013/Jharkhand.htm |title = Jharkhand Assessment 2013 | publisher= Satp | access-date = 4 September 2021}}</ref> "Areas of Tamar, Bundu, Sonahatu, Angarha, Sikidari Police Stations and Rahe O.P. have been widely affected by activities of CPI (Maoist) group till the end of year 2009. At the end of year 2010, The activities of CPI (Maoist) group has been minimized up to almost zero level."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi | title = District Police Profile Ranchi | work = Crime Trends – Specially Organised Crime Rural Area | publisher = Jharkhand Police | accessdate = 4 September 2021 | archive-date = 8 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi | url-status = dead }}</ref>

According to the Jharkhand Police spokesperson and Inspector General (IG) Saket Singh, as reported on 8 December 2020, "The activities of CPI-Maoist are now confined to small pockets in the state because of our efforts." Civilian fatalities, a key index of security in a region, declined from 20 in 2019, to 8 in 2020, the lowest in this category since 2000, when there were 13 such fatalities. The 28 total fatalities recorded in 2020 are also the lowest overall fatalities recorded in the state in a year since 2000, when they stood at 36.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/O/68556/jharkhand-dying-embers.html | title= Jharkhand: Dying Embers |publisher= India Blooms| access-date = 4 September 2021}}</ref>

==Geography==
Burmu is located at {{coord|23.5746|N|85.1315|E|display=inline}}.

Burmu CD block is located on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau#Ranchi Plateau|Ranchi plateau]] proper. It has an average elevation of {{convert|2140|ft}} above mean sea level and the land is undulating.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Ranchi, Series 21 Part XII A, Census of India 2011 | work = Page 9: Administrative Setup, Page 10: Physiography | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

Burmu CD block is bounded by the [[Barkagaon (community development block)|Barkagaon]] CD block in Hazaribagh district on the north, [[Patratu (community development block)|Patratu]] CD block in Ramgarh district and [[Kanke block|Kanke]] CD block on the east, [[Ratu block|Ratu]] and [[Mandar block|Mandar]] CD blocks the south, and [[Chanho block|Chanho]] and [[Khelari block|Khelari]] CD blocks on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ranchi.html | title = Ranchi CD block/ Tehsil map | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 28 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/hazaribagh.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Hazaribagh| publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 28 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/ramgarh.html | title = CD block/ Tehsil map of Ramgarh | publisher = Maps of India | accessdate = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

Burmu CD block has an area of 319.67 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 28: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 August 2021}}</ref>[[Burmu#Police station|Burmu]] police station serves Burmu CD block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| title = District Police Profile - Ranchi| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 28 August 2021| archive-date = 8 September 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210908124539/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/ranchi| url-status = dead}}</ref> The headquarters of Burmu CD block is located at [[Burmu]] village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Ranchi district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Burmu CD block had a total population of 89,889, all of which were rural. There were 45,663 (51%) males and 44,226 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 14,044. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 7,036 (7.83%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 35,245 (39.21%).<ref name=census2011/>

The only large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Burmu CD block is (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Ginjo Thakurgaon]] (5,862).<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2019_PART_B_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII B | work = Page 124,130| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | accessdate = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

===Literacy===
{{As of|2011}} census, the total number of literate persons in Burmu CD block was 48,954 (64.54% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 28,665 (74.41% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 20,289 (54.36% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 20.05%.<ref name=census2011/>

{{As of|2011}} census, literacy in Ranchi district was 77.13%. Literacy in Jharkhand was 67.63% in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_jharkhand.html | title= Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011: Jharkhand |work= Sr. No. 5, Sheet 2 |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 28 August 2021}}</ref> Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/data_files/india/Final_PPT_2011_chapter6.pdf |title=Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate: 2011|work= Page 110| publisher=Government of India| access-date = 28 August 2021}}</ref>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Ranchi district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Burmu CD block (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|61.47}}
{{bar percent|Others*|maroon|24.32}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|12.29}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.18}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.74}}
|caption=*mainly tribal religions like [[Sarnaism|Sarna]]
}}

In the block 55,259 (61.47%) are Hindus, 21,857 (24.32%) are other religions (mainly [[Sarna sthal|Sarna]]), 11,045 (12.29%) [[Muslims]], and 1,060 (1.18%) [[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christians]]<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook Ranchi, Series 20, Part XII A, 2011 census|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|access-date=28 August 2021|work=page 39: Religion data of Ranchi district during census 2011|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand}}</ref>

{{ Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Burmu block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Sadri language|Sadri]] |value1 = 79.37 |color1 = burlywood
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 7.84 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 5.48 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value4 = 2.99 |color4 = mediumseagreen
|label5 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value5 = 2.05 |color5 = darkturquoise
|label6 = [[Mundari language|Mundari]] |value6 = 1.31 |color6 = teal
|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.96 |color7 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 79.37% of the population spoke [[Sadri language|Sadri]], 7.84% [[Urdu]], 5.48% [[Hindi]], 2.99% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], 2.05% [[Santali language|Santali]] and 1.31% [[Mundari language|Mundari]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

[[Hindi]] is the official language in Jharkhand and [[Urdu]] has been declared as an additional official language.<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |pages= 35 |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=28 August 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date= 8 July 2016 }}</ref>

The percentage of Scheduled Tribes in Ranchi district, in 2011, was 47.67% of the population (rural) in the blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 56, Table 14: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) population in CD Blocks, 2011 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 August 2021}}</ref> The percentage of Scheduled Tribes, numbering 1,042,016, in the total population of Ranchi district numbering 2,914,253 in 2011, was 35.76%. The [[Kurukh people|Oraons]] forming 18.20% of the population and the [[Munda people|Mundas]] forming 10.30% of the population, were the main tribes. Other tribes included (percentage of population in brackets) Lohra (2.46), Bedia (1.32) and [[Mahli tribe|Mahli]] (1.09).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 39-40: Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of Cenus 2011 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 August 2021}}</ref>
==Rural poverty==
60-70% of the population of Ranchi district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 September 2021}}</ref> In 2011-12, the proportion of BPL population in Ranchi district came down to 27.82%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html | title = Spatial poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Mint| accessdate = 1 September 2021}}</ref> According to a study in 2013 (modified in 2019), "the incidence of poverty in Jharkhand is estimated at 46%, but 60% of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are still below poverty line."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/#:~:text=The%20incidence%20of%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20is%20estimated,are%20main%20causes%20for%20poverty%20in%20Jharkhand%20state. | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhand, India: An Empirical Study based on Panel Data| publisher = MPRA | access-date = 1 September 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Burmu CD block'''
|value1 = 52.12
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 33.80
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.07
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 12.01
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Burmu CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 21,241 and formed 52.12%, agricultural labourers numbered 13,776 and formed 33.80%, household industry workers numbered 845 and formed 2.07% and other workers numbered 4,893 and formed 12.01%. Total workers numbered 40,755 and formed 45.34% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 49,134 and formed 54.66% of the population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook 2011 Ranchi, Series 21, Part XII A| work = Tables 30 and 33, pages 67 and 71 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 1 September 2021}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 77 inhabited villages in Burmu CD block. In 2011, 43 villages had power supply. 3 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 77 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 76 villages had hand pumps, and all villages have drinking water facility. 18 villages had post offices, 9 villages had sub post offices, 3 villages had telephones (land lines), 34 villages had mobile phone coverage. 58 villages had pucca (paved) village roads, 18 villages had bus service (public/ private), 15 villages had [[Auto rickshaw|autos]]/ modified autos, 2 villages had taxi/vans, 21 villages had tractors. 3 villages had bank branches, 13 villages had agricultural credit societies, 2 villages had public library and public reading rooms. 8 villages had [[public distribution system]], 62 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 595-598, Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 2 September 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
In Ranchi district, 23% of the total area is covered with forests. "With the gradual deforestation of the district, more and more land is being brought under cultivation." Terraced low lands are called ''doin'' and the uplands are called ''tanr''. The hill streams remain almost dry, except in the rainy season, and does not offer much scope for irrigation.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 11:Forestry and Flora and Fauna, Page12: Soil and Cropping, Land and Land use pattern, tenancy and agriculture, Page 13: Irrigation | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 2 September 2021}}</ref>

In Burmu CD block, 35.76% of the total area was cultivable, in 2011. Out of this, 9.32% was irrigated land.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Ranchi, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Page 84, Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 2 September 2021}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Ranchi district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 3 September 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Burmu CD block had 9 villages with pre-primary schools, 71 villages with primary schools, 38 villages with middle schools, 7 villages with secondary schools, 1 village with senior secondary school, 1 village with non-formal training centre, 5 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url =https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2019_PART_A_DCHB_RANCHI.pdf | title= District Census Handbook Ranchi, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work= Pages 595-596 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 3 September 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Burmu CD block had 7 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 18 villages with primary health subcentres, 9 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 8 villages with allopathic hospitals, 3 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 2 villages with family welfare centres, 3 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Blocks of Ranchi district}}
{{South Chotanagpur Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Ranchi district]]

1979 Music 500 at Pocono

2023-09-10T11:39:05Z

Collegevidya: enhance intro per sources and added references as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[1979 Pocono 500]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

Pokhriabong

2023-04-04T01:32:21Z

Collegevidya: brief adjust information also and updated info per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pokhriabong
| native_name = Pokhrebong
| native_name_lang = Nepali
| other_name =
| nickname = Village surrounded by Nine Tea Gardens
| settlement_type = Small town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal# India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.9615|N|88.1806|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.11
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1684
| population_total = 3051
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Pahadi
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 734216
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| website = {{URL|darjeeling.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pokhriabong''' (also spelt as Pokhribong or Pokhrabong) is a village in the [[Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)|Jorebunglow Sukhiapokri]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in West Bengal, India.

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=320| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|26|54|0|N|88|14|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling district''' CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|26|57|10|N|88|14|17|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rongmook Ceder TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|56|20|N|88|10|40|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Mangarjung TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|57|58|N|88|17|40|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Sonada| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Sonada]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|10|1|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Sukhiapokhri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Sukhiapokhri]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|10|30|E}}| label-pos5=left |label5=Mirik| numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Mirik]] (M)| shape-color5=#800000
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|50|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Chamong TG| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Chamong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|55|35|N|88|11|40|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Dhajea TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Dhajea Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|1|10|N|88|15|30|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jorebungalow| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jorebungalow]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|58|10|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Pokhriabong| numbered9=R| mark-title9= Pokhriabong (R)|shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|0|20|N|88|11|39|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Poobong TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Poobong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|57|6|N|88|10|34|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Sungma TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sungma Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|10|31|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Tumsong TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Tumsong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|54|40|N|88|12|10|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Nagri Farm TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Nagri Farm Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|14|25|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Panighatta| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Panighatta]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Singbulli TG| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singbulli Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|52|0|N|88|12|40|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Soureni| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Soureni]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|25|N|88|12|38|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Avongrove TE| numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Avongrove Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|9|44|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Gopaldhara TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Gopaldhara Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Okayti TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Okayti Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|50|15|N|88|11|54|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Phuguri TE| numbered320=TE| mark-title20= [[Phuguri Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|59|14|N|88|13|22|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Pussimbing TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Pussimbing Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|50|N|88|9|50|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22=Thurbo TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Thurbo Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label23= Balason River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|30|N|88|11|0|E}}|label24= Mechi| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=70| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|44|30|N|88|11|20|E}}|label25= River| label-color25= #77A1CB| label-angle25=95| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|2|45|N|88|11|37|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26=Mariabong TG| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mariabong Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|48|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Location===
Pokhriabong is located at {{coord|26.9615|N|88.1806|E|display=inline}}.

Pokhriabong is located 29 kilometres from the town of [[Darjeeling]] on the '''Nagri spur''' which divides the waters of [[Balason River|Balason]] River from its tributary Rangbhang. Pokhriabong Rangbhang valley as it known has a total of eight Tea Estate. Pokhriabong has a very hospitable environment with summer temperatures reaching up to 24°C and winters with temperatures dropping down to -1°C/2°C. Pokhriabong has many villages within it and within the villages are many sub-villages and more. The region has a great production of tea fruits and vegetables. Pokhriabong valley has two main rivers. Flowing on the northeast is the River [[Balason River|Balason]] and on the southwest is the mighty River [[Rangbhang river|Rangbhang]]. Pokhriabong also attracts a wide number of tourists as it is very natural and people here are very friendly.
Languages spoken here are [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[English language|English]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]], [[Rai Languages|Rai]], [[Limbu language|limbu]], [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], [[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows a part of the southern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the Darjeeling district. In the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the [[Mirik subdivision]] 80.11% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 19.89% lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]]. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea| publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020}}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pokhriabong Khasmahal had a total population of 3,051 of which 1,511 (50%) were males and 1,540 (50%) were females. There were 252 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Pokhriabong Khasmahal was 2,473 (81.06% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 3 March 2020 }}</ref>

==Wildlife==
This area has a small population of the endangered [[Chinese pangolin]]. For the avid bird watcher, there is a plethora of Himalayan bird life in the area, [[treepie]]s, [[Megalaimidae|barbets]], [[pheasant]]s, [[Old World flycatcher|flycatcher]]s, [[sunbird]]s and [[Old World oriole|oriole]]s to name a few. Also different species of [[butterflies]] can be seen if one is lucky enough. There is also [[snakes]] [[wild boar]] [[black deer]] if lucky or unlucky one might get a chance to see a [[leopard]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Darjeeling District}}

[[Category:Villages in Darjeeling district]]

Moonnu Masangalkku Munpu

2022-07-28T01:32:20Z

Collegevidya: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Moonnu Masangalku Mumbu]]