https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Coin45bazzarBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-07-27T19:54:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syed_Abdullah_Mohammed_Taher&diff=549785Syed Abdullah Mohammed Taher2026-05-15T13:36:14Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Starting new page.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Politician of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Syed Abdullah Mohammed Taher<br />
| native_name = {{nobold|সৈয়দ আবদুল্লাহ মোহাম্মদ তাহের}}<br />
| native_name_lang = bn<br />
| image = Syed Abdullah Muhammad Taher 2025 (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Taher in 2025<br />
| country = [[Bangladesh]]<br />
| order = 7th<br />
| office = Deputy Leader of the Opposition in Jatiya Sangsad{{!}}Deputy Leader of the Opposition<br />
| prime_minister = [[Tarique Rahman]]<br />
| leader = [[Shafiqur Rahman]]<br />
| term_start = 17 February 2026<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = [[Anisul Islam Mahmud]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Comilla-11]]<br />
| term_start1 = 17 February 2026<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Mujibul Haque Mujib]]<br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = [[Comilla-12]]<br />
| term_start2 = 10 October 2001<br />
| term_end2 = 29 October 2006<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Mujibul Haque Mujib]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Mujibul Haque Mujib]]<br />
| office3 = General Secretary of [[International Islamic Federation of Student Organizations]]<br />
| term_start3 = 1992<br />
| term_end3 = 1998<br />
| predecessor3 = [[Mustafa Osman Ismail]]<br />
| successor3 = Dr. Ömer Faruk Korkmaz<br />
| office4 = President of [[Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir]]<br />
| term_start4 = 1986<br />
| term_end4 = 1987<br />
| predecessor4 = Muhammad Tasneem Alam<br />
| successor4 = [[Shamsul Islam (Chittagong politician)|Shamsul Islam]]<br />
| party = [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1956|01|01|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Comilla District|Comilla]], [[East Bengal]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]<br /><small>(now [[Bangladesh]])</small><br />
| spouse = Dr. Habiba Akhter Chowdhury<br />
| alma_mater = [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]]<br />
| occupation = [[Politician]]<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]<br />
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]] <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Syed Abdullah Mohammed Taher''' ({{langx|bn|সৈয়দ আবদুল্লাহ মোহাম্মদ তাহের}}; born 1958) is a Bangladeshi physician, politician, Islamic scholar, and social worker. He is the Nayeb-e-Ameer (Vice President) of [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] and a member of its Central Working Committee.<br />
<br />
He previously served as a Member of Parliament from the [[Comilla-12]] constituency during the [[2001 Bangladeshi general election|seventh parliamentary elections]] from 2001 to 2006. Following constituency re-delimitation, Comilla-12 is now known as [[Comilla-11]].<br />
<br />
According to user-provided information, he again became a Member of Parliament from the [[Comilla-11]] constituency on 13 February 2026, succeeding [[Mujibul Haque Mujib]].<br />
<br />
He was elected General Secretary of the Dhaka Medical College Student Union (DMCSU).<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Dr. Taher was nominated as Secretary General of the Islami Chatra Shibir and finally led the organisation as its Central President for two consecutive terms during 1985-86 and 1986–87.<ref name=shibircentral>{{cite web |title=Shibir Central Page: Ex president Profile of Dr. Syed Abdullah Mohammad Taher |url=http://www.shibir.org.bd/news/category/25/312 |website=[[Islami Chhatra Shibir]]|language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819201700/http://www.shibir.org.bd/news/category/25/312 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Taher was elected as a Member of Parliament in Bangladesh from 2001 to 2006<ref name="elections">{{cite web | url=http://www.amardesh.info/EADetailsYear.php?sol=251&Year=2001 | title=Bangladesh election results for Comilla-12 constituency, 2001 | publisher=[[Amar Desh]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907172550/http://www.amardesh.info/EADetailsYear.php?sol=251&Year=2001 | archive-date=7 September 2014 | access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="electionadam">{{cite web | url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/b/bangladesh/bangladesh20019.txt | title=Seventh Parliamentary Bangladesh Elections, 2001: Psephos Adam Carr's Election Archive | publisher=Psephos Adam Carr's Election Archive | access-date=7 September 2014 | author=Psephos Adam Carr}}</ref><ref name="electioncommission">{{cite web | url=http://www.ecs.gov.bd/MenuExternalFilesEng/124.pdf | title=Statistical Report: 8TH Jatiya Shangsad Election, 2001 | publisher=[[Election Commission Bangladesh]] | access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> and was part of two parliamentary bodies, the Public accounts committee and the Public undertaking committee.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
<br />
Taher was also arrested by joint forces on allegations of extortion, looting and grabbing during the tenure of the military backed [[2006–08 Bangladeshi political crisis|caretaker government]] on 7 March 2007. Later he was released & he was the first person in the country to get corruption free certificate from government.<ref name="taherdailystar">{{cite news | title=Ex-Jamaat MP Taher freed on bail | url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/print_news.php?nid=49478 | newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]] | date=8 August 2014 | access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Taher was imprisoned several times, He was arrested on 2 January 2013,<ref name="financialexpress">{{cite news | title=Jama'at leader Taher arrested | url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/old/index.php?ref=MjBfMDFfMDNfMTNfMV8zXzE1NTUxNQ== | newspaper=[[The Financial Express (Bangladesh)]] | location=[[Dhaka]] | date=3 January 2013 | access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> by [[Rapid Action Battalion|RAB]] personnel, in connection with various allegations, including arson attacks, attacks on police and conspiracy against the government. He was later released on bail. His most recent imprisonment was on 25 July 2024 in July uprising and later he was released on 5 August 2024 after coup.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
[[File:Muhammad Yunus with Syed Abdullah Muhammad Taher.jpg|thumb|Syed Abdullah Mohammad Taher is seen exchanging greetings with [[Muhammad Yunus]].]]<br />
Taher met with the First Political Secretary at the United States Embassy Matthew Bay on 16 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 October 2023 |title=Is the US fanning BNP-Jamaat violence in Bangladesh? |url=https://en.somoynews.tv/news/2023-10-30/is-the-us-fanning-bnp-jamaat-violence-in-bangladesh |access-date=18 September 2024 |work=[[Somoy TV]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{commons}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Taher, Syed Abdullah Muhammad}}<br />
[[Category:Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami politicians]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Dhaka Medical College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chauddagram Upazila]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]<br />
[[Category:13th Jatiya Sangsad members]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryada:_Lekin_Kab_Tak%3F&diff=516650Maryada: Lekin Kab Tak?2026-05-07T18:27:17Z<p>Coin45bazzar: creating new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Maryada- Lekin Kab Tak?.jpeg<br />
| runtime = 24 minutes<br />
| director = [[Waseem Sabir]] <br> [[Imtiaz Punjabi]] <br> [[Iqbal Rizvi]] <br> [[Khalid Akhtar (director)|Khalid Akhtar]]<br />
| creative_director = Raaj Shetty <br> [[Damini Kanwal Shetty]] <br> Manjari Mukul <br>Pooja Tiwari<br />
| producer = [[Tony Singh (director)|Tony Singh]] <br> Deeya Singh<br />
| writer = [[Damini Kanwal Shetty]] <br> [[Raaj Shetty]] <br> [[Sanjay Shabd Kumar]]<br />
| starring = [[Raqesh Bapat]] <br> [[Riddhi Dogra]] <br> [[Kamya Panjabi]]<br />
| network = [[Star Plus]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| company = [[DJ's a Creative Unit]]<br />
| location = <br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2010|10|18|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2012|04|13|df=yes}}<br />
| num_episodes = 396<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Maryada...Lekin Kab Tak?''''' ({{Translation|''Keeping Our Limits... But Until When?''}}) is an Indian television drama that premiered on 18 October 2010 and ended on 13 April 2012 on [[Star Plus]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chatter Box|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chatter-box/698916/|website=The Indian Express|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512113502/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/chatter-box/698916/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Maryada-gets-an-extension/articleshow/11525274.cms|title=Maryada gets an extension|website=Times of India|date=17 January 2012 }}</ref> The show is produced by Tony and Deeya Singh of [[DJ's a Creative Unit]].<br />
<br />
The show centres on the lives of four women from the same family: Priya, Devyani (eventually Priya's mother-in-law), Uttara (Devyani's sister) and Vidya (Devyani's daughter-in-law). Initially, it focuses on the character of Uttara and the trials she faces in her abusive marriage to her alcoholic husband. The show later revolves around Brahmanand Jakhar, a corrupt police officer and Uttara's betrayal to her sister by marrying Brahmanand religiously.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Uttara Bindra is married to Rishabh Raheja and has a teenage daughter Tara. Due to an accident Rishabh becomes abusive and alcoholic. In order to protect her daughter Uttara sends Tara to hostel who remains unaware of the truth. Still in danger, Uttara is consoled and saved by her elder sister Devyani. She ends up killing Rishabh after suffering severe abuse. She is freed of all charges by Devyani's corrupt and immoral husband SSP Brahmanand Jakhar, who also takes bribes. Uttara is welcomed in Jakhar house against Tara's wish but she eventually forgives her mother.<br />
<br />
Vidya who has recently married Gaurav (Devyani's eldest son) is struggling to save her marriage. Despite Gaurav's respect and concern for her she is unable to understand why he doesn't love her. Initially misunderstanding he loves his friend Aarti, she soon learns that he is gay. Despite being devastated and even attempting suicide (where she is rescued by Priya's brother Gagan) she accepts his truth and understands Devyani's reason for hiding it (after Brahmanand tries to kill Gaurav during an argument). Gagan returns after the incident and falls in love with Vidya. Despite Gaurav's support he faces rejection as she still loves Gaurav and remains loyal to him. Respecting her decision he leaves after apologizing to her.<br />
<br />
Brahmanand and Devyani's son Aditya falls in love with a girl priya who happened to be Brahmanand's victim in the past. Brahmanand had tried to molest Priya which caused a major change in her personality. However she regains her confidence with Adtiya's help and despite Brahmanand's best efforts they end up getting married.<br />
<br />
Everyone is aware of Brahmanand's immoral and corrupt ways except Aditya and his sister Sweety. Post marriage Priya decides to fight against Brahma's evil actions. She realizes that Devyani is aware of everything but remains quiet fearing her children's safety. She manages to give her courage and with priya's support Devyani opposes Brahmanand. Things go haywire when Uttara and Brahma start fall in love and begin an affair.<br />
<br />
Devyani finally learns about Uttara and Brahma's affair. Brahmanand accepts Uttara as his wife although they don't marry legally or religiously (official ceremony). Uttara disbelieves her sister when she warns her of Brahma's corrupt practices and womanizing tendencies. Brahma threatens to divorce Devyani and marry Uttara, to control her, but Devyani makes Brahma enraged as she decides to go ahead with the divorce. With the help of Priya's lawyer friend Subhankar and the minister Roshni Devi (Gaurav's partner Karan's mother) she reveals all of his crimes in court due to which [[Chief Minister (India)|the CM]] gives a suspension threat. This leads to a rift in Aditya and Priya's relationship who disbelieves the accusations towards Brahmanand.<br />
<br />
Later, Uttara, who regrets her affair decides to leave him when it is revealed that Brahma's crimes will be taken to a [[Indian criminal law|criminal court of law]]. Blaming Priya for all this, Brahma kidnaps and tries to rape her but gets arrested. Shocked and devastated Aditya finally realizes Brahma's evil truth and severs ties with him. The family and Tara forgive Uttara and learn that Uttara is pregnant with Brahma's child, though Tara is still unaware of the pregnancy. Priya and Aditya mend their relationship. Brahmand meets with and accident and is believed to be dead. He returns on Holi festival seemingly broken and mentally disabled but it is soon revealed that it was his plan all along to become DIG once again. He attempts to blackmail Roshni devi for this but fails due to Priya and Devyani. He kidnaps Vidya after Aditya prevents him from molesting her but Uttara and Devyani save her. Brahmanand tries to escape by kidnapping Priya but she manages to escape with Aditya. Enraged and realizing that he has lost he attempts to take revenge by killing them but instead accidentally drives off a cliff and dies.<br />
<br />
Aditya is a hugely successful party leader of his political party. Pregnant, Priya is a successful lawyer. Uttara is working as a designer and has delivered Shravan, her and Brahma's son who becomes heir to Brahma's fortune. Gaurav is happily living abroad with Karan and Vidya has opened an NGO finding peace with Gaurav's memories. Subhankar accepts Devyani's request to remain friends despite his feelings for her. The show ends on a happy note with all four women of the Jakhar household finding peace.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Raqesh Bapat]] as Aditya Brahmanand Jakhar: Brahmanand and Devyani's son; Uttara's nephew; Gaurav and Sweety's brother; Tara's cousin; Shravan's half-brother; Priya's husband (2010–2012)<br />
* [[Riddhi Dogra]] as Priya Aditya Jakhar (née Pradhan): Prabhat's daughter; Gagan's sister; Aditya's wife (2010–2012)<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* [[Indrani Haldar]] as Devyani Brahmanand Jakhar (née Bindra): Uttara's sister; Brahmanand's widow; Aditya, Gaurav and Sweety's mother; Tara and Shravan's aunt (2010–2012)<br />
* [[Kamya Panjabi]] as Uttara Rishabh Raheja (née Bindra): Devyani's sister; Rishabh's murderer and widow; Brahmanand's sister in law, ex-lover and ex-mistress; Tara and Shravan's mother; Aditya, Gaurav and Sweety's aunt (2010–2012)<br />
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Brahmanand "Brahma" Jakhar: Devyani husband, Uttara's brother in law and ex-lover; Gaurav, Aditya Sweety and Shravan's father; Tara's uncle (2010–2012)<br />
* [[Vindhya Tiwari]] as Vidya Gaurav Jakhar: Gaurav's ex-wife (2010–2012)<br />
* [[Dakssh Ajit Singh]] as Gaurav Brahmanand Jakhar: Brahmanand and Devyani's son; Uttara's nephew; Aditya and Sweety's brother; Tara's cousin; Shravan's half-brother; Karan's boyfriend; Vidya’s ex-husband (2010–2012)<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ajit Singh quits TV show Maryada|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ajit-Singh-quits-TV-show-Maryada/articleshow/11806796.cms|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2012 |access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727094739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Ajit-Singh-quits-TV-show-Maryada/articleshow/11806796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Navika Kotia]] as Tara Rishabh Raheja: Rishabh and Uttara's daughter; Devyani's niece; Aditya, Gaurav Sweety's cousin; Shravan's half-sister (2010–2012)<br />
* [[Susheel Parashar]] as Prabhat Pradhan: Priya's and Gagan's father (2010–2012)<br />
* Karan Singh as Karan Roy: Gaurav’s boyfriend; Roshni Devi's son (2010–2012)<br />
* Nivin Ramani as Gagan "Cheenu" Prabhat pradhan: Prabhat's son, Priya's brother; Vidya's friend<br />
* [[Arun Bali]] as Baauji: Brahmanad's father; Aditya, Gaurav, Sweety's and Shravan's grandfather<br />
* [[Shashwita Sharma]] as Imli: Jakhar household help; Jaggi's wife<br />
* [[Fenil Umrigar]] as Sweety Brahmanad Jakhar: Brahmanad and Devyani's daughter; Aditya and Gaurav's sister; Shravan's half sister; Tara's cousin<br />
* Amit Dhawan as Rishabh Raheja: Uttara's late husband; Tara's father (2010)<br />
* [[Diwakar Pundir]] as Shubhankar: A lawyer; Priya's mentor and friend; Devyani's friend and one-sided lover<br />
* [[Nishant Tanwar]]as Vidya's Brother<br />
* [[Mona Ambegaonkar]]as Roshni Devi; former minister; Karan's Mother<br />
<br />
===Guests===<br />
*[[Abhishek Bachchan]] as ACP Vishnu Kamat: To promote his film [[Dum Maaro Dum (film)|Dum Maaro Dum]] (2011)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Abhishek, Rana to enter 'Maryada'|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/abhishek-rana-to-enter-maryada-366587.html|website=News 18 India|date=18 April 2011|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182215/https://www.news18.com/news/india/abhishek-rana-to-enter-maryada-366587.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*[[Rana Daggubati]] as Joki Fernandez: To promote his film Dum Maaro Dum (2011)<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
The series is remembered as the first show on [[Indian soap opera|Indian television]] to have a gay storyline shown crucial screenspace.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Out of the box: Gay characters on Indian TV|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/out-of-the-box-gay-characters-on-indian-tv/articleshow/9072891.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209081727/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/out-of-the-box-gay-characters-on-indian-tv/articleshow/9072891.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 February 2021|access-date=|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=TV's having a gay time|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-s-having-a-gay-time/story-Uh7FhraWq1draiQYMxq4WJ.html|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209182218/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-s-having-a-gay-time/story-Uh7FhraWq1draiQYMxq4WJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Kshama Rao'' of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' quoted the series as 'Bold and edgy', writing, "What works for the story is each episode is reasonably fast paced and has tension writ all over it. The performances especially by the four women are good. The men put in decent performances. It shows you a different side to women who are probably in every other family carrying their own crosses!"<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rao|first=Kshama|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/bold-and-edgy/|title=Bold and Edgy|website=The Indian Express|date=26 November 2010|url-access=limited|access-date=9 December 2023|archive-date=29 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829064555/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/bold-and-edgy/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ratings===<br />
The series which was aired initially at a late night slot of 11:30 pm and shifted to 11:00 pm ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) in March 2011, had a good viewership in its slot.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Will Uttara face trouble in 'Maryada'|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-rishabh-dies-in-maryada-1878256.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214125910/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-rishabh-dies-in-maryada-1878256.html|archive-date=14 February 2021|access-date=|website=Daily Bhaskar|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Who is the prime-time leader?|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/who-is-the-primetime-leader-/823649/0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418211445/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/who-is-the-primetime-leader-/823649/0|archive-date=18 April 2023|access-date=|website=The Indian Express|url-status=live}}</ref> In its first month of telecast, the series garnered 1 TVR. In May 2011 it rose to 1.2 TVR after the introduction of homosexuality track while during July in week 29 of 2011, it spiked to 1.8 TVR and in November 2011 it was garnering 1.6 TVR.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20111107-homosexuality-on-indian-television-749481-2011-10-29 |title=Prime time soap on homosexuality wow Indian audiences |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210209073928/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20111107-homosexuality-on-indian-television-749481-2011-10-29 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |access-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{IMDb title|id=7762818}}<br />
<br />
{{Star Plus Shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:StarPlus original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2010s LGBTQ-related drama television series]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raj_Mamodia&diff=528283Raj Mamodia2026-05-07T09:35:14Z<p>Coin45bazzar: made new info from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{notability|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{short description|Indian American technology executive (born 1971)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Raj Mamodia<br />
| image = Raj_Mamodia.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|7|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jaipur, Rajasthan]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Northwestern University]] <br> [[Kellogg School of Management]] <br> [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad]]<br />
| occupation = Founder, Chairman & CEO, [[Brillio]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Raj Mamodia''' (born July 18, 1971) is an Indian-American technology executive. He served as the CEO of [[Collabera]] in 2013, and founded [[Brillio]] in 2014, a technology company spun off from Collabera,<ref name="CEO2013">{{Cite news |title= Collabera appoints Raj Mamodia as new CEO |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/announcements/collabera-appoints-raj-mamodia-as-new-ceo/articleshow/23535481.cms |date= October 4, 2013 |work= The Economic Times |access-date= September 7, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/277478 |title= Two Years Post Spin-Off, This CEO Now Aims His Company To Add $50000 Mln In Revenue By 2020 |author= Sneha Banerjee |date= June 14, 2016 |work= Entrepreneur India |access-date= September 7, 2021 |language=en}}</ref> where he is serving as chairman and CEO.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-29 |title=In conversation with Raj Mamodia: The Founder & CEO of Brillio |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/in-conversation-withraj-mamodia-the-founder-ceo-of-brillio/articleshow/87974337.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news | date=2022-08-02 | title= NYSE Floor Talk: Raj Mamodia, Founder & CEO, Brillio | work=New York Stock Exchange | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKeySrhRuUE}} </ref>He has been awarded American Business Award and the Mid-Market Social Impact Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceoconnection.com/social-impact/|title=Social Impact Award {{!}} CEO Connection|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Raj Mamodia was born on July 18, 1971, in [[Jaipur]], in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<br />
<br />
He studied mechanical engineering at [[Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad]] and earned an MBA from [[Northwestern University]] [[Kellogg School of Management]].<ref name="profile">{{cite news |title= Rethink and Reboot |work= Profile Magazine |date= 2014 |author= Mary Kenny |url= http://profilemagazine.com/2014/brillio |access-date= September 7, 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Before assuming the position of CEO at Collabera in 2013, Mamodia worked at information technology company [[Cognizant]].<ref name="CEO2013" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Courting the Next Big Thing: Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.wsj.com/video/courting-the-next-big-thing-artificial-intelligence/6F74FC4F-5348-4033-A7E7-D2DA5C57F4AE.html |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=www.wsj.com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2014, the consulting division was separated from the parent company and incorporated as Brillio. Mamodia served as Founder, Chairman, and CEO.<ref name="profile" /><br />
<br />
Mamodia has led Brillio’s focus on serving customers through AI, cloud, and mobile. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Columbus |first=Louis |title=Brillio's Founder And CEO Raj Mamodia On How Technology Improves Customer Experiences |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2019/11/19/brillios-founder-and-ceo-raj-mamodia-on-how-technology-improves-customer-experiences/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He oversaw investments in Brillio by Bain Capital and the Orogen Group, in 2019 and 2023 respectively. <ref>https://www.baincapital.com/news/brillio-announces-investment-bain-capital-private-equity</ref> <ref>https://www.baincapital.com/news/brillio-announces-investment-orogen-group</ref><br />
<br />
He is the founder of a philanthropic organization.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Columbus |first=Louis |title=Brillio's Founder And CEO Raj Mamodia On How Technology Improves Customer Experiences |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/louiscolumbus/2019/11/19/brillios-founder-and-ceo-raj-mamodia-on-how-technology-improves-customer-experiences/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
* American Business Award (2017)<br />
* Mid-Market Social Impact Award (2017)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Bradt |first=George |title=What Uber's Incoming CEO Can Learn From GoDaddy's Outgoing CEO |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/georgebradt/2017/09/06/what-ubers-incoming-ceo-can-learn-from-godaddys-outgoing-ceo/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamodia, Raj}}<br />
[[Category:1971 births]]<br />
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]<br />
[[Category:American chief executives]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Kellogg School of Management alumni]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyclone_Ditwah&diff=495078Cyclone Ditwah2026-04-24T05:14:04Z<p>Coin45bazzar: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|North Indian Ocean cyclonic storm in 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox weather event<br />
| name = Cyclonic Storm Ditwah<br />
| image = Ditwah 2025-11-29 0905Z.jpg<br />
| caption = Ditwah near peak intensity shortly after landfall in [[Sri Lanka]] on 29&nbsp;November<br />
| formed = 26 November 2025<br />
| remnant-low = 3 December 2025<br />
| dissipated = 4 December 2025<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD<br />
| winds = 40<br />
| pressure = 1000<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/JTWC<br />
| winds = 35<br />
| pressure = 1002<br />
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects<br />
| fatalities = 647<br />
| injuries = 21<br />
| missing = 183<br />
| year = 2025<br />
| damage = 1640000000<br />
| damage-prefix = ><br />
| areas = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[Southern India]]}}<br />
| damage-suffix = <br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox weather event/Footer<br />
| season = [[2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Cyclonic Storm Ditwah'''{{efn|The name ''Ditwah'' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: ديطوح, [[Help:IPA/Arabic|[diːtˤ.waħ]]]) was contributed by [[Yemen]] and refers to [[Detwah Lagoon]] in [[Arabic language|Arabic]].}} was a weak but catastrophic [[tropical cyclone]] that brought heavy rain to [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southern India]] in late November and early December 2025. The fourteenth [[tropical depression]] and fourth cyclonic storm of the [[2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Ditwah originated from a well-marked low before steadily intensifying into a cyclonic storm and making landfall in Sri Lanka. Ditwah then moved off Sri Lanka and entered the [[Bay of Bengal]], where it re-intensified and began to parallel the [[Coromandel Coast]] of India. On 30 November, the system began to weaken due to increasingly unfavorable conditions. It lingered off to the coast of [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Pondicherry]]. It weakened into a deep depression later that day, and by 2 December, the system further weakened into a depression before becoming a remnant low on 3 December.<br />
<br />
Most of the impact of Ditwah was concentrated in Sri Lanka. The storm caused heavy flooding and landslides, killing over 600 people and causing over [[United States dollar|US$]]1.6 billion dollars of damage in the country. It was the deadliest natural disaster in the country since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].<br />
<br />
==Meteorological history==<br />
{{Storm path|Ditwah 2025 path.png|colors=new}}<br />
<br />
At 18:00 UTC on 26 November 2025, the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD) began to track a [[Low-pressure area|depression]] formed from a well marked low just offshore the southeastern coast of Sri Lanka, due to favourable conditions such as high sea surface temperatures and mid-level vertical wind shear being low (10–15 knots).<ref>{{cite web |title=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Cyclone Advisory|website=rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in |date=26 November 2025 |url=https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_0e5bdc_TROPICAL_CYCLONE_ADVISORY_NO.7_based_1800_UTC_of_26.11.2025.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126215156/https://rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/uploads/archive/2/2_0e5bdc_TROPICAL_CYCLONE_ADVISORY_NO.7_based_1800_UTC_of_26.11.2025.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2025 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> The depression would intensify further, first into a deep depression at 00:00 UTC on 27 November, then into a Cyclonic Storm at 06:00 UTC, when it received the name Ditwah.<ref name="Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre" /> Ditwah's clouds soon became increasingly organised into a curved band pattern.<ref name="Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre">{{cite web |title=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Cyclone Advisory|via=the Internet Archive |url=http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127162606/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php |archive-date=27 November 2025 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Over the next few days, Ditwah crossed [[Sri Lanka]] while maintaining cyclonic storm intensity, then moved into the [[Bay of Bengal]] on 29 November and headed northward. Ditwah slightly intensified once back over water, before beginning to weaken on 30 November due to increased [[wind shear]], inflow of dry air, and cooler sea-surface temperatures. Later that day, Ditwah weakened to a deep depression at 12:00 UTC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php |website=mausam.imd.gov.in |access-date=29 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251129213227/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php |archive-date=29 November 2025 |title=DEMS-RSMC special tropical cyclones New Delhi dated 29.11.2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre - Tropical Cyclones, New Delhi Tropical Cyclone Advisory|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|website=mausam.imd.gov.in|access-date=30 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130140036/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|archive-date=30 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cyclone|url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|website=mausam.imd.gov.in|access-date=30 November 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130181746/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php|archive-date=30 November 2025|language=en}}</ref> The system then continued to slowly parallel to the coast of Southern India as a Deep Depression into 1 December.<ref>{{cite web | title=DEMS-RSMC special tropical cyclones New Delhi dated 1.12.2025 | website=mausam.imd.gov.in | url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201062511/https%3A%2F%2Fmausam.imd.gov.in%2Fimd_latest%2Fcontents%2Fcyclone.php | archive-date=1 December 2025 | url-status=dead | ref={{sfnref|mausam.imd.gov.in}} | access-date=1 December 2025}}</ref> That evening at 18:00 UTC, Ditwah made a turn and began to travel southwestwards. By 2 December, Ditwah had weakened to a depression.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TROPICAL WEATHER OUTLOOK FOR THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN FOR 2.12.2025 AT 10:00 UTC |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251202212154/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php |archive-date=2 December 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=mausam.imd.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Ditwah became a well-marked low pressure area on 3 December before making a landfall on the [[Tamil Nadu|North Tamil Nadu]] coast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TROPICAL WEATHER OUTLOOK FOR THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN FOR 3.12.2025 AT 03:00 UTC |url=https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php#. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203231749/https://mausam.imd.gov.in/imd_latest/contents/cyclone.php#. |archive-date=3 December 2025 |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=mausam.imd.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Effect of climate change ===<br />
{{Further|Tropical cyclones and climate change}}<br />
<br />
In the aftermath of the storm, scientists at the World Weather Attribution group studied the storm to determine how much human-caused climate change influenced Cyclone Ditwah. They found that, around Sri Lanka, heavy precipitation events are "about 28% to 160% more intense" due to global warming. They further wrote that higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs) made more energy available for tropical storm development. "Without the trend related to the 1.3°C rise in global temperatures, the SSTs would have been about one degree colder and below the 1991-2020 normal."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Increasing heavy rainfall and extreme flood heights in a warming climate threaten densely populated regions across Sri Lanka and the Malacca Strait – World Weather Attribution |url=https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/increasing-heavy-rainfall-and-extreme-flood-heights-in-a-warming-climate-threaten-densely-populated-regions-across-sri-lanka-and-the-malacca-strait/ |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=World Weather Attributior |language=en-GB |quote=To assess the role of climate change, we first examine whether there is a trend in the observations associated with the warming up until today of 1.3°C. Although different observations-based datasets show a wide range of trends, they all agree on the direction of change, suggesting that extreme rainfall spells are becoming more intense, in both study regions. For the Malacca Strait region, the increase in extreme rainfall associated with rising GMST is estimated at about 9% to 50%. Over Sri Lanka, the trends are even stronger; heavy 5 day precipitation events, such as those associated with Cyclonic Storm Ditwah, are now about 28% to 160% more intense due to the warming to date.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Preparations==<br />
<br />
===Sri Lanka===<br />
The Sri Lankan government was criticized for its perceived failure to react to act in a timely manner to early warnings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Lanka cyclone tragedy exposes government failures – DW – 12/02/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/sri-lanka-cyclone-tragedy-exposes-government-failures/a-74985337 |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===India===<br />
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) issued red alerts for parts of north Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, warning of extremely heavy rainfall and strong winds as the system tracked along the coast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Ditwah: IMD issues red alert for north Tamil Nadu, Puducherry — Top developments |work=The Times of India |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cyclone-ditwah-imd-issues-red-alert-for-north-tamil-nadu-puducherry-top-10-developments/articleshow/125667701.cms}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chennai International Airport pre-emptively cancelled dozens of flights, and schools and colleges were closed in affected districts.<ref>{{cite news |title=54 Flights Cancelled, Schools Shut: Cyclone Ditwah Affects Tamil Nadu |work=NDTV |date=29 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tamil-nadu-news/sri-lanka-floods-india-humanitarian-aid-to-sri-lanka-imd-forecast-cyclone-ditwah-disrupts-tamil-nadu-as-f}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) deployed multiple teams across Tamil Nadu and issued port and marine advisories in coordination with state authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=NDRF teams deployed across Tamil Nadu for precautionary operations ahead of Cyclone Ditwah |work=The Economic Times |date=29 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/ndrf-teams-deployed-across-tamil-nadu-for-precautionary-operations-ahead-of-cyclone-ditva/articleshow/125628877.cms}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin:0 1em 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+Casualties <!--and damage--> by country<br />
!Country<br />
!Deaths<br />
!Injuries<br />
!Missing<br />
!Damage<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sri Lanka]]<br />
| {{center|644}}<br />
| {{center|18}}<br />
| {{center|183}}<br />
| {{ntsp|1600000000||$}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[India]]<br />
| {{center|3}}<br />
| {{center|3}}<br />
| {{center|—}}<br />
| >{{ntsp|40600000||$}}<br />
|-<br />
! Total<br />
! 647<br />
! 21<br />
! 183<br />
! >{{ntsp|1641000000||$}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sri Lanka===<br />
Heavy rains and landslides resulted in at least 643 deaths, 18 injuries, and 183 people missing,<ref name="Disaster Management Centre-2025"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2025 |title=Death toll from Sri Lanka landslides and floods rises to 69 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/28/sri-lanka-landslides-floods-death-toll-rises-to-56-offices-schools-shut |access-date=30 November 2025 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> making Ditwah the deadliest natural disaster in Sri Lanka since the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kuruwita |first1=Rathindra |title=As Cyclone Ditwah Recedes, Sri Lanka Confronts the Failures That Made a Disaster Inevitable |url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/12/as-cyclone-ditwah-recedes-sri-lanka-confronts-the-failures-that-made-a-disaster-inevitable/ |access-date=6 December 2025 |work=The Diplomat |date=3 December 2025}}</ref> There were 234 deaths and 81 missing in [[Kandy District]], 89 deaths and 37 missing in [[Nuwara Eliya District]], 90 deaths and 11 missing in [[Badulla District]], 61 deaths and 11 missing in [[Kurunegala District]], 37 deaths and 2 missing in [[Puttalam District]], 32 deaths and 39 missing in [[Kegalle District]], 28 deaths and 9 missing in [[Matale District]], 16 deaths and 1 missing in [[Gampaha District]], 13 deaths in [[Anuradhapura District]], 9 deaths and 1 missing in [[Colombo District]], 8 deaths in [[Ampara District]], 4 deaths in [[Monaragala District]], 3 deaths in [[Jaffna District]], 2 deaths in [[Vavuniya District]], 2 deaths in [[Mannar District]], 2 deaths in [[Batticaloa District]], 2 deaths in [[Polonnaruwa District]] and a single death in [[Galle District]], [[Hambantota District]] and [[Ratnapura District]].<ref name="Disaster Management Centre-2025"/> Additionally, a [[Bell 212]] helicopter of the [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] crashed in [[Wennappuwa]] during relief operations, killing the pilot and injuring four others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title=Air Force pilot killed in helicopter crash in Wennappuwa |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/breaking-news/Air-Force-pilot-killed-in-helicopter-crash-in-Wennappuwa/108-326540 |access-date=30 November 2025 |newspaper=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Flooding and landslides destroyed 6,200 homes and damaged 96,545 others nationwide.<ref name="Disaster Management Centre-2025">{{cite web |work=Disaster Management Centre |date=11 December 2025 |access-date=11 December 2025 |title=Disaster Management Center Situation Report on 2025.12.16 at 0600 hrs |url=https://www.dmc.gov.lk/images/dmcreports/Situation_Report_at_0600hrs_on_2025__1765845711.pdf}}</ref><br />
Military units rescued 69 people from a flooded bus in [[Anuradhapura District]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2025 |title=Sri Lanka Declares Emergency As Cyclone Ditwah Death Count Hits 132 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/sri-lanka-declares-emergency-as-cyclone-ditwah-death-count-hits-132-9721877 |access-date=29 November 2025 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> A landslide in [[Gangoda (Udunuwara Divisional Secretariat, Kandy District)|Gangoda]] buried 20 people.<ref name=adaderana>{{cite news |work=Ada Derana |title=Death toll due to adverse weather climbs to 47 in Sri Lanka, 21 missing |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115235 |date=27 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> Three people were killed in [[Sainthamaruthu]], [[Ampara District]] after their car was swept away by floodwaters.<ref>{{cite news |title=Three killed as car topples into canal in Sainthamaruthu |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/11/27/three-killed-as-car-topples-into-canal-in-sainthamaruthu/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=Newswire |date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Mavil Aru bund breach caused flooding across Trincomalee District, while train services in hill regions were suspended after mud and debris blocked tracks.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Associated Press]] |title=Heavy rains trigger landslides and floods in Sri Lanka, leaving more than 40 dead |url=https://apnews.com/article/sri-lanka-weather-landslides-floods-ef3a2354448a7ec58cfe4ac5d8f750d1 |date=27 November 2025 |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref> Cities along the [[Kelani River]] including [[Kaduwela, Western Province|Kaduwela]], [[Kolonnawa]], and [[Hanwella]] remained inundated for days after the storm.<ref name="Ada Derana-2025" /><br />
<br />
Residents living near reservoirs were ordered to evacuate as water levels rose. The Disaster Management Centre issued advisories for communities downstream of the [[Mavil Aru]] tank in [[Trincomalee District]], where the bund later breached in several places.<ref>{{cite news |title=Residents near Mavil Aru Reservoir ordered to evacuate |work=Daily Mirror |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Residents-near-Mavil-Aru-Reservoir-ordered-to-evacuate/108-326500}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mavil Aru Tank breaches safety levels; Evacuation urged |work=Newswire |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/11/30/mavil-aru-tank-breaches-safety-levels-evacuation-urged/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka's Mavil Aru Reservoir bund breached in multiple places |work=EconomyNext |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://economynext.com/sri-lankas-mavil-aru-reservoir-bund-breached-in-multiple-places-250778/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Power outages affected about 30 percent of the country, and major hydropower plants such as [[Kotmale]] and [[Rantembe Dam|Rantambe]] were temporarily shut down.<br />
An estimated 1.46 million people (407,594 families) were affected, with 59,000 families sheltered in 1,529 emergency centres.<ref name="Ada Derana-2025">{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=2 December 2025 |title=Sri Lanka's death toll due to Ditwah rises to 410 |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115481 |website=[[Ada Derana]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Economic loss estimates ranged from US$1.6 billion to as high as US$7 billion, according to Bloomberg, lawmakers, and government officials.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jiao |first1=Claire |last2=Clark |first2=Aaron |last3=Hui |first3=Mary |date=4 December 2025 |title=Losses Top $20 Billion in Asia Floods as Climate Risks Grow |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-04/deadly-floods-20-billion-toll-shows-asia-s-rising-climate-risk |access-date=4 December 2025 |work=Bloomberg |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/12/04/sri-lankas-cyclone-ditwah-damage-could-exceed-usd-3b-says-harsha-de-silva/ |title=Sri Lanka's Cyclone Ditwah damage could exceed USD 3B, says Harsha de Silva |work=Newswire |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2025 |title=Sri Lanka counts cyclone cost as death toll hits 465 |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/sri-lanka-floods-cyclone-counts-costs-toll-hits-465-5530166 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]] |language=en |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===India===<br />
At least three people and 149 cattle were killed in rain-related incidents in Tamil Nadu, where Ditwah brought widespread flooding and agricultural losses. Two people died when walls collapsed in [[Thoothukudi]] and [[Thanjavur]], and one in [[Mayiladuthurai]] from electrocution. About 57,000 hectares of farmland and 234 huts were damaged.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title=Cyclone Ditwah: 3 killed as heavy rains lash Tamil Nadu, 234 huts damaged |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cyclone-ditwah-3-killed-as-heavy-rains-lash-tamil-nadu-234-huts-damaged-101764494382406.html |access-date=30 November 2025 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Preliminary losses in coastal Tamil Nadu were estimated at ₹3.5 billion (US$40.6 million).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2025/Dec/02/delta-coastal-tn-suffered-rs-350-crore-loss-due-to-dmks-poor-rain-preparedness-eps |title=Delta, coastal TN suffered Rs 350 crore loss due to DMK's poor rain preparedness: EPS |work=The New Indian Express |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=3 December 2025}}</ref> Heavy rain also affected parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the latter experiencing a brief cold spell as temperatures dropped after the storm.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title=Cyclone Ditwah Tracker Live: 3 dead in Tamil Nadu; flight services hit at Chennai airport amid heavy rainfall |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/cyclone-ditwah-tracker-live-updates-cyclone-impact-in-tamil-nadu-andhra-pradesh-puducherry-heavy-rain-warning-latest-news/liveblog/125667898.cms |access-date=30 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 November 2025 |title=Telangana Sees Sharp Chill as Temps Dip Due to Cyclone Ditwah |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/telangana-sees-sharp-chill-as-temps-dip-due-to-cyclone-ditwah-1920753 |access-date=30 November 2025 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Aftermath==<br />
Government offices and schools were closed as heavy rains intensified, with the Ministry of Education confirming temporary nationwide closures and authorising university administrations to decide on higher-education shutdowns.<ref>{{cite news |title=Offices and schools closed in Sri Lanka as the island nation grapples with floods and landslides |work=Euronews |date=28 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.euronews.com/2025/11/28/offices-and-schools-closed-in-sri-lanka-as-the-island-nation-grapples-with-floods-and-land}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Instructions from the Prime Minister to prepare immediate contingency plans regarding the conduct of the G.C.E. Advanced Level Examination amidst adverse weather conditions |website=Ministry of Education (Sri Lanka) |date=2 December 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://moe.gov.lk/en/instructions-from-the-prime-minister-to-prepare-immediate-contingency-plans-regarding-the-conduct-of-the-g-c-e-advanced-level-examination-amidst-adverse-weather-conditions/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=International schools instructed to close |work=Sri Lanka Mirror |date=27 November 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://srilankamirror.com/news/international-schools-instructed-to-close/}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] deployed more than 25,000 personnel for relief work. This included [[Search and rescue|SAR]] missions using the four operational [[Bell 212]], [[Bell 206]] and [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopters in its fleet, resulting in the use of [[Bell 412]] used for VIP transport. The [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] carried out surveillance operations using [[Beechcraft Super King Air|KA-360ER]] and airlifting dry rations, HADR equipments using [[Harbin Y-12|Y-12]]. [[Sri Lanka Army]] deployed its Unicorn/Uni Buffel vehicles, WMZ/BTR vehicles of the and the [[Sri Lanka Navy]] deployed boats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka declares State of Public Emergency |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115329 |access-date=30 November 2025 |publisher=[[TV Derana]] |date=29 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SLAF Bell 212 rescues three persons stranded by floods in Mahawa (Ella) |url=https://www.airforce.lk/news.php?news=7706 |access-date=30 November 2025 |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Air Force]] |date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka Army Continues Rescue and Relief Operations for People Affected by the Emergency Disaster Situation |url=https://www.army.lk/news/sri-lanka-army-continues-rescue-and-relief-operations-people-affected-emergency-disaster |access-date=30 November 2025 |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Army]] |date=29 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka Navy mobilizes for ongoing disaster relief following adverse weather |url=https://news.navy.lk/operation-news/2025/11/29/202511291000/ |access-date=30 November 2025 |publisher=[[Sri Lanka Navy]] |date=29 November 2025}}</ref>{{overcite|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
On 28 November, president [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] declared a nationwide [[state of emergency]] to expedite disaster-response coordination and resource mobilisation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka PAD Situation Report #003: Emergency—Cyclone Ditwah (28–29 November 2025) |website=ReliefWeb |publisher=UN OCHA |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-pad-situation-report-003-emergency-cyclone-ditwah-28th-29th-november-2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement on the Declaration of Emergency and Emergency Regulations (28.11.2025) |website=Centre for Policy Alternatives |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 |url=https://www.cpalanka.org/statement-on-the-declaration-of-emergency-and-emergency-regulations-promulgated-on-the-28-11-2025/}}</ref><br />
<br />
While conducting disaster relief operations, a Sri Lanka Air Force Bell 212 helicopter crashed in the Wennappuwa area, killing the pilot and injuring four other Air Force personnel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Air-Force-pilot-killed-in-helicopter-crash-in-Wennappuwa/108-326540|title=Air Force pilot killed in helicopter crash in Wennappuwa |website=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]]}}</ref> Five Sri Lanka Navy personnel died while conducting flood-mitigation operations at [[Chalai Lagoon]] near Chundikkulam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/12/01/flood-mitigation-mission-turns-fatal-as-five-navy-personnel-die/|title=Flood-mitigation mission turns fatal as five Navy personnel die|date=30 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Body of one of five missing navy personnel found |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115601 |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[Ada Derana]] |date=4 December 2025 |location=Colombo, Sri Lanka}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[SpaceX]] satellite internet service [[Starlink]] announced that it would provide free satellite internet to new and existing customers in areas of Sri Lanka and Indonesia affected by flooding from Cyclone Ditwah through the end of December 2025, and stated that it was working with the Sri Lankan government to support restoration of connectivity in badly hit districts.<ref name="StarlinkFlood">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2025 |title=Indonesia and Sri Lanka Flood Response |url=https://starlink.com/support/article/e7fdec09-75e5-4483-1b9e-3d9394d18dec |access-date=5 December 2025 |publisher=Starlink}}</ref><ref name="DailyMirror-StarlinkDitwah">{{cite news |title=Starlink offers free connectivity as Indonesia and Sri Lanka reel from deadly cyclone Ditwah flooding |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/breaking-news/Starlink-offers-free-connectivity-as-Indonesia-and-Sri-Lanka-reel-from-deadly-cyclone-Ditwah-flooding/108-326509 |work=Daily Mirror |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Humanitarian response ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Party<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Countries<br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Australia}}<br />
|Australia initially pledged [[Australian dollar|AU$]] 1 million to support immediate response and recovery efforts in Sri Lanka following the devastating impacts of Cyclone Ditwah.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia Pledges AUD 1 Million for Sri Lanka's Flood Relief|url=https://english.newsfirst.lk/2025/11/30/australia-pledges-aud-1-million-for-sri-lanka%e2%80%99s-flood-relief|access-date=30 November 2025|language=en|website=News First}}</ref> On December 4th, Australia announced an additional AU$ 2.5 million, bringing the total contribution to AU$ 3.5 million to help with the ongoing response and recovery efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Australia pledges additional $2.5 Mn for Sri Lanka victims |access-date=7 December 2025 |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/12/04/australia-pledges-additional-2-5-mn-for-sri-lanka-victims/ |date=4 December 2025 |work=Newswire.lk}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{BAN}}<br />
|The [[Government of Bangladesh]] sent C130J of [[Bangladesh Air Force]] with humanitarian aid and essential relief items to Sri Lanka on 3 December.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BANGLADESH AIR FORCE C-130J AIRCRAFT ARRIVES WITH HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE |access-date=4 December 2025 |url=https://www.airforce.lk/news.php?news=7723 |date=3 December 2025 |work=Airforce.lk}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Bhutan}}<br />
|Bhutan contributed US$ 200,000 to aid Sri Lanka’s recovery efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhutan donates US$ 200,000 to support Sri Lanka's disaster recovery |access-date=10 December 2025 |url=https://dailynews.lk/2025/12/09/local/911208/bhutan-donates-us-200000-to-support-sri-lankas-disaster-recovery/ |date=9 December 2025 |work=dailynews.lk}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{CHN}}<br />
|The [[Government of China]] announced a humanitarian aid package for Sri Lanka's disaster recovery efforts, reaffirming solidarity. The assistance includes [[United States dollar|US$]]1 million in cash and [[Renminbi|RMB]]10 million worth of relief supplies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=$1 Million Cash + RMB 10 Million Aid for Sri Lanka From China |access-date=3 December 2025 |url=https://english.newsfirst.lk/2025/12/02/1-million-cash-rmb-10-million-aid-for-sri-lanka-from-china |date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Newsfirst]]}}</ref> Additionally, an [[Air China Cargo]] [[Boeing 747-400F]] carrying relief supplies worth Rs. 400 million landed in Sri Lanka on 8 December.<ref>https://dailynews.lk/2025/12/08/local/910283/cargo-plane-brings-chinese-disaster-relief-to-sri-lanka/</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|India}}<br />
|Operation Sagar Bandhu is India's rapid [[Humanitarian Assistance]] and [[Disaster Relief]] (HADR) mission to support Sri Lanka following the cyclone. Seven [[Indian Navy]] ships: {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}, {{INS|Udaygiri|2022|6}}, {{INS|Sukanya}}, {{INS|Gharial}} and three [[Mk. IV LCU]]s (LCU 51, 54, 57), delivered a total of over 1,030 tonnes of relief materials. Additionally, two [[C-130J]] and an [[Il-76]] of the [[Indian Air Force]] airlifted 31.5&nbsp;tonnes of materials to the nation. A [[C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]] transferred two [[field hospitals]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-02 |title=IAF C-17 Lands in Colombo with Modular Field Hospital: EAM Dr Jaishankar |url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/iaf-c-17-lands-in-colombo-with-modular-field-hospital-eam-dr-jaishankar/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=[[All India Radio]]}}</ref> supported by personnel from the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|Shatrujeet Brigade]] of the [[Indian Army]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=Indian Army deploys Integrated Task Force to provide critical relief, restore essential services in Sri Lanka |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/12/02/indian-army-deploys-integrated-task-force-to-provide-critical-relief-restore-essential-services-in-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref> to Sri Lanka. The Il-76 also moved two [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) teams of 80 personnel along with four [[Dogs in warfare|canines]] for [[search and rescue]] operations. While the Indian Navy initially deployed two [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] helicopters from ''Vikrant'', they were replaced by two [[Mil Mi-17|Mi-17 V5]] helicopters which carried out daily operations for a week in the country, delivering 8&nbsp;tonnes of materials and rescuing 65 people.<ref name=":3">{{Cite press release |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu continues providing Emergency HADR Support to Sri Lanka following Cyclone Ditwah |date=2025-12-09 |publisher=[[Indian Ministry of External Affairs]] |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40420/Operation_Sagar_Bandhu_Continues_providing_Emergency_HADR_Support_to_Sri_Lanka_following_Cyclone_Ditwah |access-date=2025-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251210022026/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/40420/Operation_Sagar_Bandhu_Continues_providing_Emergency_HADR_Support_to_Sri_Lanka_following_Cyclone_Ditwah |archive-date=2025-12-10}}</ref> The Indian Army with [[airlift]] support from the IAF transferred four [[Bailey bridge|Bailey bridges]] to Sri Lanka, two of which are being deployed in [[Jaffna District]] and [[Chilaw]] as of 8 December.<ref name=":7" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Ireland}}<br />
|The [[Government of Ireland]] committed [[Euro|€]]500,000 in humanitarian funding to assist relief efforts in Sri Lanka following Cyclone Ditwah. The funds will support the work of the [[International Federation of Red Cross]], the [[Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRC) and the Sri Lanka Red Cross Society to provide essential support to affected communities.<ref name="IErelief2025">{{cite web |title=Ireland responds to devastation caused by Cyclone Ditwah |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/department-of-foreign-affairs/press-releases/ireland-responds-to-devastation-caused-by-cyclone-ditwah/ |website=Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland) |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Japan}}<br />
|The [[Government of Japan]] decided to dispatch an assessment team to Sri Lanka through the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) in response to massive damages in Sri Lanka caused by Cyclone Ditwah.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Ditwah' Disaster Relief: Govt. of Japan Steps Forward|url=https://english.newsfirst.lk/2025/11/29/ditwah-disaster-relief-govt-of-japan-steps-forward|access-date=30 November 2025|language=en|website=News First}}</ref> 30+ Japanese emergency disaster management experts and medical professionals established medical camp in [[Chilaw]] after the floods crippled the main hospital. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thirty-one Japanese disaster management experts arrive|url=https://dailynews.lk/2025/12/03/local/907066/thirty-one-japanese-disaster-management-experts-arrive/|access-date=10 December 2025|language=en|website=News First}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Maldives}}<br />
|Maldives Public Service Media (PSM), with 37 media outlets, held a live telethon from 30 November 2025 into 2 December, raising MVR 11,015,854.65 and USD 43,681.31.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Azeez |first=Azhaar Abdul |date=1 December 2025 |title=Maldivian telethon raises over MVR 11.6 million to aid Sri Lanka after Cyclone Ditwah |url=https://en.sun.mv/101207 |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=Sun}}</ref> These efforts contributed to the Maldives emerging as one of Sri Lanka’s largest donors in the Cyclone Ditwah recovery, with total contributions amounting to USD 2.4 million through government aid, private donations, and in‑kind support such as 25,000 cases of canned fish.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thaufeeq |first=Shazma |date=6 December 2025 |title=Maldives contributes largest share of foreign aid to Sri Lanka following cyclone Ditwah |url=https://edition.mv/news/46503 |access-date=12 December 2025 |work=[[The Edition]]}}</ref> PSM Managing Director Abdullah Yameen said funds had been deposited, with more expected from unopened boxes.<ref name="PSM News-2025">{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=Minister Khaleel Estimates Total Funds Raised to Aid Sri Lanka to Cross USD 2.4 Million |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/169910 |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[PSM News]]}}</ref> Donations came via a Bank of Maldives account and collection boxes in [[Malé]], including contributions from the PNC parliamentary group, [[Bank of Maldives]], Stelco, Sun Siyam Group, Road Development Corporation employees, and Crown & Champa Resorts.<ref name="PSM News-2025" /> The [[Government of Maldives]] pledged USD 50,000 and 25,000 cases of canned [[tuna]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 December 2025 |title=Maldives Government Hands Over USD 50,000 to Sri Lanka for Cyclone Ditwah Relief |url=https://psmnews.mv/en/169919 |access-date=3 December 2025 |work=[[PSM News]]}}</ref> Sri Lanka’s High Commissioner Mohamed Rizvi Hassen thanked the Maldives for its swift response.<ref name="PSM News-2025" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Myanmar}}<br />
|A [[Shaanxi Y-8]] of [[Myanmar Air Force]] with relief supplies arrived in Colombo 6 December, carrying relief supplies that include medical items, hygiene products and other essential goods. The consignment was delivered alongside a delegation from the Government of Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar military aircraft carrying relief supplies arrives in Sri Lanka|url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115677|website=Ada Derana|date=7 December 2025|access-date=7 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Nepal}}<br />
|Nepal extended its condolences to Sri Lanka over the floods and announced US$200,000 in assistance for relief and recovery efforts. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Nepal)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] issued a statement saying "Nepal stands firmly with Sri Lanka during this difficult time."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt expresses sorrow over devastating floods in Sri Lanka|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/govt-expresses-sorrow-over-devastating-floods-in-sri-lanka|website=The Himalayan Times|date=30 November 2025|access-date=30 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}<br />
|[[Pakistan]] deployed [[PNS Saif (F253)]]'s [[Harbin Z-9]] for search and rescue operations in Sri Lanka. [[Pakistan Air Force]] C130 Aircraft arrived in Sri Lanka in 3 December with 47-member specialised [[Pakistan Army]] search and rescue unit, along with 6.5 tonnes of essential equipment,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakistan sends fresh relief cargo and Elite Rescue Team to Sri Lanka|url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115566|website=Ada Derana |access-date=4 December 2025|language=en}}</ref> Additionally Pakistan has dispatched 80 tons of humanitarian assistance to Sri Lanka through the Pakistan National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), in coordination with SriLankan Airlines <ref>{{cite web | title=Pakistan sends 80 tons of humanitarian aid to Sri Lanka | url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115599 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Russia}}<br />
|Russia sent [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Russia)|EMERCOM]] [[Ilyushin Il-76]] with 35 tonnes of humanitarian aid to Sri Lanka on 10th December. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Russia sends aid to Sri Lanka after devastating cyclone|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/russia-sends-aid-sri-lanka-after-devastating-cyclone-2025-12-09/|website=Reuters |access-date=10 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}<br />
|The [[Government of Switzerland]] dispatched a humanitarian relief consignment to Sri Lanka through the [[Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation]] (SDC) in response to the severe impacts of Cyclone Ditwah. A specialised shipment of approximately 2.6&nbsp;metric&nbsp;tons of equipment, including water-purification units and other essential WASH supplies, was flown from [[Zurich]] to [[Bandaranaike International Airport]].<ref name="SwissAid2025">{{cite web |title=Disaster relief shipment from Switzerland arrives in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/Disaster-relief-shipment-from-Switzerland-arrives-in-Sri-Lanka/108-327163 |website=Daily Mirror |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{nobr|{{UAE}}}}<br />
|The UAE launched an urgent humanitarian response for Sri Lankan flood victims. The [[Emirates Red Crescent]] and Joint Operations Command (JOC) coordinated the aid, which included search/rescue teams and delivery of essential supplies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UAE launches urgent humanitarian aid for flood- and landslide-hit Sri Lanka |access-date=2 December 2025 |url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115477 |date=2 December 2025 |work=[[Ada Derana]]}}</ref> Three [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster III]] flights of [[United Arab Emirates Air Force]] and charted flight arrived with Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) team and relief cargo.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UAE sends urgent aid to flood-hit Sri Lanka |access-date=2 December 2025 |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/uae-sends-urgent-aid-to-flood-hit-sri-lanka-1.500365943 |date=1 December 2025 |work=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=UAE sends new relief shipment to Sri Lanka |newspaper=Daily Mirror | url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/UAE-sends-new-relief-shipment-to-Sri-Lanka/108-326873 }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|{{GBR}}<br />
|The UK pledged $890,000 ([[£]]675,000) in urgent humanitarian aid, delivered with the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|Red Cross]] and [[UN]], for Sri Lanka's Cyclone Ditwah recovery. The aid provides essential life-saving supplies, including food, shelter, and medical care.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UK provides $890,000 in emergency aid to Sri Lanka after cyclone Ditwah |access-date=2 December 2025 |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/breaking-news/UK-provides-890-000-in-emergency-aid-to-Sri-Lanka-after-cyclone-Ditwah/108-326642 |date=1 December 2025 |work=[[Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)|Daily Mirror]]}}</ref>The UK later increased its total humanitarian support to £1,000,000 (approximately US$1.32 million) to expand relief operations across the most affected regions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK boosts Cyclone Ditwah aid to Sri Lanka|url=https://www.themorning.lk/articles/UwEXLuth7L34ORubA5Mu|website=The Morning|date=7 December 2025|access-date=8 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United States}}<br />
|The United States pledged $2 million to assist urgent relief efforts in Sri Lanka. On 7 December, two USAF [[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Super Hercules]] arrived in Sri Lanka with the teams from teams from the [[374th Airlift Wing]], [[36th Wing|the 36th Contingency Response Group]], and the [[III Marine Expeditionary Force]] to enhance airlift, logistics and rapid response operations with Sri Lanka Air Force.<ref>{{Cite web|title=US pledges $2 million to support Sri Lanka flood relief efforts|url=https://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=115326|website=Ada Derana|access-date=30 November 2025|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNITED STATES AIR FORCE C-130 AIRCRAFT ARRIVE IN SRI LANKA TO SUPPORT CYCLONE DITWA RELIEF OPERATIONS|url=https://www.airforce.lk/news.php?news=7735|website=Air Force.lk|access-date=8 December 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Organizations <br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|European Union}}<br />
|EU releases 1.8 million euros in emergency aid for Sri Lanka’s flood response. Alongside financial support, the EU is sending in-kind relief through its Civil Protection Mechanism. [[Germany]] has contributed 4,600 shelter items, while [[France]] is dispatching more than 3,400 emergency supplies. [[Italy]] is deploying a team of engineering experts to assist with recovery work and infrastructure safety. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2025 |title=EU releases 1.8 million euros in emergency aid for Sri Lanka's flood response |url=https://www.newswire.lk/2025/12/10/eu-releases-1-8-million-euros-in-emergency-aid-for-sri-lankas-flood-response/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Newswire |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Flag|United Nations}}<br />
|[[United Nations]] entities such as [[UNICEF]], the [[World Health Organization]] and the [[International Organization for Migration]] coordinated their disaster relief efforts with government agencies and humanitarian organisations to provide food, shelter and emergency assistance. The United Nations in Sri Lanka also called for the activiation of the emergency coordination system in order to mobilize its teams to support relief efforts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2025 |title=Cyclone Ditwah brings worst flooding in decades to Sri Lanka, killing hundreds |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166474 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref><ref>[https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/02-12-2025-who-provides-emergency-funds-to-scale-up--health-response-in-cyclone-hit-sri-lanka World Health Organization, "WHO provides emergency funds to scale up health response in cyclone-hit Sri Lanka"], 2 December 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.iom.int/news/iom-mobilizes-emergency-response-cyclone-ditwah-displaces-209k-people-across-sri-lanka International Organization for Migration, "IOM Mobilizes Emergency Response as Cyclone Ditwah Displaces 209K People Across Sri Lanka"] 1 December 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon image|Emblem_of_the_IFRC.svg}} [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|IFRC]]<br />
|The [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies]] (IFRC) launched an emergency appeal to help 500,000 people affected by the flooding, focusing on shelter, health and community support.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-tropical-cyclone-ditwah-emergency-appeal-no-mdrlk023 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, "Sri Lanka: Tropical Cyclone Ditwah − Emergency Appeal №: MDRLK023"], 4 December 2025. Retrieved 4 December 2025.</ref><br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Companies<br />
|-<br />
|[[Binance]]<br />
|Binance Holdings Ltd., through its subsidiary Binance Charity, pledged [[Sri Lankan Rupee|LKR]] 61.6 million ([[USD]] 200,000) to the Sri Lanka Red Cross Society to support urgent relief and recovery efforts in the country.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Binance]] |title=Binance Charity Pledges around LKR 61.6 Million With Red Cross for Cyclone Ditwah Recovery in Sri Lanka |date=1 December 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025 |url=https://www.binance.com/en/blog/charity/4289021877850296007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Binance Contributes LKR ~61.6 Million for Flood Relief in Sri Lanka |work=[[TV Derana|Ada Derana Biz]] |accessdate=4 December 2025 |date=2 December 2025 |url=https://bizenglish.adaderana.lk/binance-contributes-lkr-61-6-million-for-flood-relief-in-sri-lanka/}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Bybit]]<br />
|Bybit pledged [[USD]] 100,000 in humanitarian aid for Sri Lanka’s relief. Despite warnings against [[cryptocurrencies]], the firm is coordinating with the [[Central Bank of Sri Lanka]] to ensure effective distribution to victims.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Operation Sagar Bandhu (India) ===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| perrow = 2<br />
| total_width = 400<br />
| image1 = Indian Air Force Ilyushin Il-76MD.jpg<br />
| image2 = Operation Sagar Bandhu.jpg<br />
| image3 = Indian Air Force Lockheed C-130J Hercules.jpg<br />
| image4 = Operation Sagar Bandhu 2.jpg<br />
| footer = Indian Air Force Il-76MD and C-130J aircraft preparing for relief operations in Sri Lanka<br />
}}<br />
On 28 November, India launched Operation Sagar Bandhu, a [[Humanitarian Assistance]] and [[Disaster Relief]] (HADR) mission to support Sri Lanka following the devastating Cyclone Ditwah.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
* On the first day itself, the [[Indian Navy]] mobilised its [[aircraft carrier]], {{INS|Vikrant|2013|6}}, and [[Guided missile frigate|frigate]], {{INS|Udaygiri|2022|6}}, which were already in [[Port of Colombo]] for the International Fleet Review 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2025-11-28 |title=Cyclone Ditwah in Sri Lanka: PM Modi announces assistance under 'Operation Sagar Bandhu' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cyclone-ditwah-in-sri-lanka-pm-modi-announces-assistance-under-operation-sagar-bandhu/article70335028.ece |access-date=2025-11-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1994354525306863739 |user=DrSJaishankar |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu commences... INS Vikrant and INS Udaygiri hand over relief material at Colombo. Further steps are underway. |first=Subrahmanyam |last=Jaishankar |author-link=S. Jaishankar |date=2025-11-28 |access-date=2025-11-29}}</ref> Two ship-borne [[HAL Chetak|Chetak]] helicopters<ref name=":3" /> were also deployed for [[aerial reconnaissance]] during [[search & rescue]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy extends Humanitarian Assistance to Sri Lanka in wake of Cyclone Ditwah |date=2025-12-02 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2197802&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref> The ships delivered 9.5&nbsp;tons of emergency dry rations.<ref name=":3" /><br />
* On 29 November, at 10&nbsp;am local time, a [[C-130J]] aircraft of the [[Indian Air Force]] supplied 12&nbsp;tonnes of materials.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-29 |title='Operation Sagar Bandhu': India flies 12 tonnes of aid to flood-hit Sri Lanka; island battered by Cyclone Ditwah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sagar-bandhu-india-flies-12-tonnes-of-aid-to-flood-hit-sri-lanka-island-battered-by-cyclone-ditwah/articleshow/125650341.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, an [[Il-76]] aircraft transported further 9&nbsp;tonnes of relief material with a complement of over 80 personnel from the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF) with four search-and-rescue dogs, and 8&nbsp;tonnes of specialised equipment.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1994623826609799454 |user=IAF_MCC |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu {{!}} Humanitarian Assistance |date=2025-11-29 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-30 |title=Two IAF transport aircraft deliver aid, INS Sukanya on way to Sri Lanka |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/11/30/two-iaf-transport-aircraft-deliver-aid-ins-sukanya-on-way-to-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Both the [[Military transport aircraft|airlifters]] were dispatched from the [[Hindan Air Force Station]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-30 |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu: IAF choppers rescue civilians in flood-hit Sri Lanka; C-130 joins relief operations - Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/operation-sagar-bandhu-iaf-choppers-rescue-civilians-in-flood-hit-sri-lanka-c-130-joins-relief-operations-watch/articleshow/125671118.cms |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
* Additionally, two IAF [[Mi-17]] helicopters were deployed in Sri Lanka for over a week. The helicopters delivered 8&nbsp;tonnes of relief materials and operated daily for [[search and rescue]] operations.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2025-12-03 |title=Cyclone Ditwah impact: India sends mobile field hospital, over 70 medical personnel to Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/cyclone-ditwah-sri-lanka-death-toll-india-field-hospital-medical-aid-updates-december-3-2025/article70352174.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
* On 30 November, another C-130J landed in Colombo taking the total relief materials airlifted to 31.5&nbsp;tonnes and overall relief materials transferred to 53&nbsp;tonnes.<ref name=":3" /><br />
* On 1 December, {{INS|Sukanya}}, a [[patrol vessel]], reached [[Trincomalee]] to supply 12&nbsp;tonnes of relief materials.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
* On 2 December, one of the IAF's [[C-17 Globemaster]] transported two fully equipped [[field hospitals]] along with two BHISHM Modular Trauma Cubes<ref name=":3" /> to [[Ratmalana Airport|Colombo Airport]] which were set up in [[Mahiyangana]] and [[Welimada]]. They are being served by 73 professionals from the [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|Shatrujeet Brigade]]<ref name=":2" /> including doctors and physicians among others. So far, the two IAF [[Mi-17]] helicopters evacuated 65 survivors while the NDRF rescued 43 people.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
* On 6 December, three [[Mk. IV LCU]]s including LCU 51, LCU 54 and LCU 57, carrying 352&nbsp;tons of relief material, were dispatched from India's [[Tuticorin]] and arrived in Colombo on 7 December.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu - Indian Navy deploys four more warships to deliver 1000 tons of HADR material to Sri Lanka |date=2025-12-08 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2200316&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2025-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-12-08 |title=India ramps up humanitarian efforts in Sri Lanka under Operation Sagar Bandhu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ramps-up-humanitarian-efforts-in-sri-lanka-under-operation-sagar-bandhu/article70372962.ece |access-date=2025-12-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
* On 7 December, {{INS|Gharial}}, carrying 645&nbsp;tons of relief material, was dispatched from India's [[Chennai]] and arrived in Trincomalee on 8 December.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><br />
* Between 3 and 9 December, four modular [[bailey bridge]] systems were airlifted by four C-17 Golbemaster [[Military transport aircraft|airlifters]] to Sri Lanka to ensure rapid and critical connectivity in landslide and flood-affected regions.<ref name=":3" /> The last one took off from the [[Pathankot Air Force Station]] at 0900 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]].<ref name=":7" /><br />
* By 8 December, the [[Indian Army]]'s [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Engineer Task Force]] (ETF) begun retrieval of the damaged Puliyampokkanai Bridge and a {{Convert|120|ft|abbr=on}} dual carriageway in [[Jaffna]], using a wheeled excavator to support Sri Lanka’s [[Road Development Authority]] (RDA). The first bailey bridge likely to be launched by 13 December. Another such bridge has also reached [[Chilaw]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Shivani |date=2025-12-09 |title=Army speeds up bridge repairs, medical aid in Sri Lanka under Op Sagar Bandhu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/army-speeds-up-bridge-repairs-medical-aid-in-sri-lanka-under-operation-sagar-bandhu-2832986-2025-12-09 |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, the ETF is also rebuilding the [[A35 road (Sri Lanka)|A35 road]] in [[Kilinochchi]] along with [[Sri Lanka Engineers]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-08 |title=Operation Sagar Bandhu rebuilds links, restores lives in cyclone-hit Sri Lanka |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/operation-sagar-bandhu-rebuilds-links-restores-lives-in-cyclone-hit-sri-lanka/articleshow/125827915.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-10 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
* On 17 January 2026, the ETF completed the installation of a third {{Convert|120|ft|abbr=on}} bailey bridge at KM 15 on the [[List of B-Grade highways in Sri Lanka|B-492 highway]] located in the [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central Province]]. This will connect the [[Nuwara Eliya District|Nuwara Eliya]] and [[Kandy District|Kandy region]]. The earlier bridges were employed in the [[Jaffna District|Jaffna]] and Kandy districts.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=ANI |date=2026-01-17 |title=Indian Army successfully builds third 120-feet-long Bailey bridge in Sri Lanka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indian-army-successfully-builds-third-120-feet-long-bailey-bridge-in-sri-lanka/article70517993.ece |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-18 |title=Op Sagar Bandhu: Indian Army constructs third Bailey bridge in cyclone-hit Sri Lanka |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/news/op-sagar-bandhu-indian-army-constructs-third-bailey-bridge-in-cyclone-hit-sri-lanka/articleshow/126627664.cms |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
* On 6 February, the Indian Army and the Indian Navy, in partnership with [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]], delivered 10 extra-wide modular [[bailey bridge]] systems onboard INS ''Gharial''. The Indian Army and Sri Lanka’s Road Development Authority are undertaking damage assessment for seven critical bridge sites across Central, [[Uva Province|Uva]] and [[Sabaragamuwa Province]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=Indian Army transports ten extra-wide bridges under Operation Sagarbandhu to Sri Lanka |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/indian-army-transports-ten-extra-wide-bridges-under-operation-sagarbandhu-to-sri-lanka/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Records and statistics==<br />
United Nations agencies and the IFRC characterised the flooding and landslides associated with Ditwah as among the worst disasters to affect Sri Lanka in recent decades, with between one and 1.5 million people impacted across the country. The catastrophe prompted large-scale evacuations, the opening of more than 1,500 emergency shelters, and multiple rounds of international appeals for relief and early recovery support.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cyclone Ditwah brings worst flooding in decades to Sri Lanka, killing hundreds |work=UN News |publisher=United Nations |date=30 November 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2025/11/cyclone-ditwah-brings-worst-flooding-in-decades-to-sri-lanka-killing-hundreds/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IFRC launches emergency appeal as Sri Lanka faces worst floods in decades |work=IFRC |publisher=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies |date=4 December 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |url=https://www.ifrc.org/press-release/ifrc-launches-emergency-appeal-sri-lanka-faces-worst-floods-decades}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Donmez |first=Beyza Binnur |title=Red Cross warns of worsening crisis in Sri Lanka as Cyclone Ditwah hits 1.5M people |work=Anadolu Agency |date=5 December 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/red-cross-warns-of-worsening-crisis-in-sri-lanka-as-cyclone-ditwah-hits-15m-people/3763107}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Support Flood Relief in Sri Lanka |work=Sri Lanka Muslim Association of California |date=3 December 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |url=https://slmac.net/f/support-flood-relief-in-sri-lanka}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones|Sri Lanka}}<br />
* [[Cyclone Nisha (2008)]]<br />
* [[Tropical cyclones in 2025]]<br />
* [[Tropical cyclones in India]]<br />
* [[Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka]]<br />
* [[Weather of 2025]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links == <br />
{{Commons}}<br />
* [https://www.bmkg.go.id/ Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics] {{In lang|id}}<br />
* [https://www.metoc.navy.mil/jtwc/jtwc.html Joint Typhoon Warning Center]<br />
<br />
{{Deadliest meteorological events in 2025}}<br />
{{2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ditwah}}<br />
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]<br />
[[Category:2025 disasters in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:2025 floods in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:2025 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]<br />
[[Category:November 2025 in India]]<br />
[[Category:November 2025 in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Floods in India]]<br />
[[Category:Floods in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasenahalli&diff=495679Dasenahalli2026-04-21T12:31:33Z<p>Coin45bazzar: data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
'''Dasenahalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Listofvillagesandtowns.aspx|access-date=2021-08-02|website=censusindia.gov.in|series=Village code- 624722}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dasenahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dasenahalli,+Karnataka+562111/@13.2659699,77.2765002,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bb1d5d575aeaeaf:0xadf5e75e049e3289!8m2!3d13.2657341!4d77.2836151?shorturl=1|access-date=2021-08-02|website=Dasenahalli · Karnataka 562111, India|language=en}}</ref> It is located in the [[Nelamangala]] [[taluk]] of [[Bangalore Rural district]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Village & Panchayats {{!}} Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka {{!}} India|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/village-panchayats/|access-date=2021-08-02|language=en-US}}</ref> {{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dasenahalli<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| governing_body = Nelamangala Poursabha<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 562111<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bangalore<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Village Panchayat<br />
| website = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.2657341|N|77.2836151|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| government_type = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore Rural]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluk]]s<br />
| parts = Nelamangala<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Dasenahalli had population of 772 of which 390 are males while 382 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.<ref name=Census75>https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2929_PART_B_DCHB_BANGALORE%20RURAL.pdf Page-75</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
The total geographical area of village is 395.13 hectares.<ref name=Census75 /><br />
<br />
== Bus route from Bengaluru City ==<br />
[[Yeswanthpur|Yeshwantapura]] - Darasahalli - [[Nelamangala]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Giriyanapalya]]<br />
* [[Bengaluru Rural District]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://bangalorerural.nic.in/en/|title=Bangalore Rural District, Government of Karnataka &#124; City of Silk production &#124; India|website=bangalorerural.nic.in|access-date=2021-08-02}}<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Bangalore Rural district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bangalore Rural district]]<br />
<br />
{{BangaloreRural-geo-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kireeti_Damaraju&diff=510032Kireeti Damaraju2026-04-19T16:34:58Z<p>Coin45bazzar: adding a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Telugu film actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|{{citation style|date=January 2017}}{{unreliable sources|date=January 2017}}}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kireeti Damaraju<br />
| image = Kiriti Damaraju.jpg<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| spouse = <br />
| yearsactive = 2011{{ndash}}present<br />
}}<br />
'''Kireeti Damaraju''' is an Indian actor who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has learned acting and done theatre before venturing into films. He has played supporting roles in films such as ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (2013), ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]'' (2015), ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' (2017) and ''[[Mental Madhilo]]'' (2017). He was also a contestant in the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss Telugu 2|Bigg Boss 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Girl |first1=Gossip |title=Movie Releases This Week |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-02-26/Movie-Releases-This-Week/133988 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en |date=26 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boyzone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/boyzone/article5460560.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=14 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meeku Meere Maaku Meme Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Meeku-Meere-Maaku-Meme/movie-review/52798304.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Kireeti Damaraju started his acting career by learning acting and doing few Theatre shows and then started acting on screen with the short films ''Ontiganta'' and ''Anukokunda''. ''Anukokunda'', which was selected for Cannes gave him the jump start to land in the role of "Subbarao" in the movie ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Exclusive Interview – Kireeti : Trivikram is a blessing for TFI |url=http://www.123telugu.com/interviews/exclusive-interview-kireeti-trivikram-is-a-blessing-for-tfi.html |website=123telugu.com |language=en |date=12 December 2013}}</ref> In ''[[Bham Bolenath]]'', Damaraju plays the role of a drug addict with [[Naveen Chandra]] and [[Idlebrain.com]] Jeevi remarks that "Pradeep and Kireeti's characters remind us of Ramesh-Suresh duo from Cadbury ads."<ref>{{cite web |title=Bham Bolenath review by jeevi - Telugu cinema review - Navdeep, Naveen Chandra & Pooja Zaveri |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/bhambolenath.html |website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref> He also acted in ''Many Happy Returns'', a sitcom directed by [[Gangaraju Gunnam|Gunnam Gangaraju]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunnam Gangaraju helms a new comedy, Many Happy Returns |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-new-sitcom-by-Gunnam-Gangaraju/article14384545.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=4 June 2016}}</ref> Srividya Palaparthi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised Damaraju saying "While Tarun and Avanthika's acting skills were evidently amateur, Kireeti Damaraju stood out in terms of acting, and comic timing."<br />
<br />
Before venturing into films, Damaraju worked for [[Electronic Arts]], [[Hyderabad]]. He is also an avid gamer and a usability engineering expert. A lot of his thought process and philosophy in life have been inspired from his deep interests in Japanese anime and manga.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Ontiganta''<br />
|Kiriti<br />
| rowspan="2" |Short film<br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
| ''Anukokunda''<br />
| Adil Ravindra<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2013<br />
| ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]''<br />
| Murali<br />
| Feature film debut<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]''<br />
| Subbarao<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" | 2015<br />
| ''[[Yevade Subramanyam]]''<br />
| Kireeti <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bham Bolenath]]''<br />
| Roshan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Size Zero]]'' || Prospective Groom<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thanu Nenu]]'' ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
| ''[[Meeku Meere Maaku Meme]]''<br />
| Kireeti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2017<br />
| ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]''<br />
| Sai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mental Madhilo]]''<br />
| Saki<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2018<br />
|''[[Touch Chesi Chudu]]''<br />
| Shalini's friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]''<br />
| Surya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vijetha (2018 film)|Vijetha]]''<br />
| Ram's friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Premaku Raincheck]]'' <br />
| Naresh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]''<br />
| Doctor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
| [[NTR: Kathanayakudu|''NTR: Kathanayakudu'']]<br />
| Pandit<br />
| Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2020<br />
| ''[[Pressure Cooker (2020 film)|Pressure Cooker]]''<br />
| Manohar Rao<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Valayam''<br />
| Madhu Nandhan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[47 Days]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Run (2020 Indian film)|Run]]'' || Rahul ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2021<br />
| ''[[Zombie Reddy]]''<br />
| Bhadram<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanabadutaledu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vivaha Bhojanambu (2021 film)|''Vivaha Bhojanambu'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''<br />
|Groom<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022 ||''[[DJ Tillu]]'' ||Rohit ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bloody Mary (2022 film)|Bloody Mary]]'' ||Basha ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dhamaka (2022 film)| Dhamaka]]'' ||Subbu’s fiance ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2023<br />
|''[[Amigos (film)|Amigos]]''<br />
|Walking Google<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chakravyuham:The Trap]]''<br />
|Hacker<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Breakout''<br />
|Arjun<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2024<br />
|[[Swag (film)|''Swag'']]<br />
|Nishkalmasha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Laggam]]''<br />
|Shivaji<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shivam Bhaje]]''<br />
|Sagar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2025<br />
|''[[Eleven (film)|Eleven]]''<br />
|Surendar and Sudhakar <br />
|Dual role; Telugu-Tamil bilingual film<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chiranjeeva]]''<br />
|Rao<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Santhana Prapthirasthu]]''<br />
|Rakesh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Premante]]''<br />
|Madhi’s friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|''[[Ustaad Bhagat Singh]]''<br />
|Journalist<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Role<br />
!Network<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''Ee Office Lo''<br />
|Subhash<br />
|[[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]]<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Sasimadhanam]]''<br />
|Groom<br />
|[[ETV Win]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|5057686}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Damaraju, Kireeti}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1986 births]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu male actors]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tral_Assembly_constituency&diff=541779Tral Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:26:53Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made basic details nd citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Tral<br />
| mla = [[Rafiq Ahmad Naik]]<br />
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| district = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 33<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tral Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Tral is part of [[Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Tral Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/tral.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
| [[A. G. Trali]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan=2|[[Ali Muhammad Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[Muhammad Subhan Bhat]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]<br />
| [[Ali Muhammad Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
| [[Ghulam Nabi Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| [[Ali Muhammad Naik]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
| [[Ghulam Nabi Bhat]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
| rowspan=2Z|[[Mushtaq Ahmad Shah]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| [[Rafiq Ahmad Naik]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tral|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0833.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709155131/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0833.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rafiq Ahmad Naik]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,710 |percentage=24.69% |change={{decrease}}13.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,250 |percentage=23.63% |change={{increase}}12.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Bhat]] |party=Independent politician |votes=9,778 |percentage=22.54% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbaksh Singh Sassan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,557 |percentage=19.73% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,445 |percentage=3.33% |change={{increase}}1.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushvinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=766 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Gojar |party=All Jammu and Kashmir Liberal Democratic Party |votes=709 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Gojjer |party=Independent politician |votes=461 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zahid Iqbal |party=Independent politician |votes=444 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=460 |percentage=1.06% |change= {{decrease}}11.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=43,378 |percentage=44.19% |change= {{increase}}5.97 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,156 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.53 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}13.87 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mushtaq Ahmad Shah]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=12,415 |percentage=38.56% |change={{increase}}10.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,305 |percentage=25.80% |change={{increase}}7.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gh Mohammed Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,649 |percentage=11.33% |change={{increase}}2.69 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avtar Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,945 |percentage=9.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,222 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sheikh Ab Rashid |party=Independent politician |votes=1,649 |percentage=5.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=717 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=291 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,110 |percentage=12.77% |change= {{increase}}2.34 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,193 |percentage=38.22% |change= {{decrease}}10.47 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,231 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.32 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}10.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mushtaq Ahmad Shah]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,393 |percentage=28.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ashraf Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=6,586 |percentage=18.04% |change={{decrease}}29.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=3,733 |percentage=10.22% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,158 |percentage=8.65% |change={{decrease}}34.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Sheikh |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=2,997 |percentage=8.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmad Badana |party=Independent politician |votes=1,369 |percentage=3.75% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Bhat]] |party=Independent politician |votes=1,229 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gh Mohi Udin Shah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,070 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Reshi |party=Independent politician |votes=809 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javaid Ahmad Lone |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front (Secular) |votes=764 |percentage=2.09% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,807 |percentage=10.43% |change= {{increase}}5.93 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,510 |percentage=48.69% |change= {{increase}}37.14 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,992 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.92 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}18.83 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Bhat]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,253 |percentage=47.30% |change={{decrease}}30.63 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,944 |percentage=42.80% |change={{increase}}39.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjeet Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=681 |percentage=9.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=309 |percentage=4.49% |change= {{decrease}}66.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,878 |percentage=11.55% |change= {{decrease}}42.64 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,555 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.64 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Muhammad Naik]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,732 |percentage=77.92% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Singh |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=2,127 |percentage=7.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ali Mohammed |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,863 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Ahad Wani |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,351 |percentage=4.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Silender Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,099 |percentage=3.77% |change={{decrease}}31.40 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,605 |percentage=70.63% |change= {{increase}}67.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,172 |percentage=58.30% |change= {{decrease}}31.45 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,830 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.95 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}42.76 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Naik |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,629 |percentage=35.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Sultan |party=Independent politician |votes=12,274 |percentage=31.67% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Muhammad Naik]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,171 |percentage=28.82% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwal Nain Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,683 |percentage=4.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,355 |percentage=3.50% |change= {{decrease}}18.61 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,757 |percentage=87.45% |change= {{decrease}}0.83 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,254 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.26 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}25.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Muhammad Naik]] |party=Independent politician |votes=21,283 |percentage=61.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Subhan Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,578 |percentage=38.95% |change={{decrease}}7.10 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,705 |percentage=22.10% |change= {{increase}}17.07 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,861 |percentage=88.32% |change= {{increase}}4.04 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,313 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.94 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Subhan Bhat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,315 |percentage=46.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Muhammad Naik]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,859 |percentage=41.02% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Rasool |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,685 |percentage=9.29% |change={{decrease}}3.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=1,054 |percentage=3.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,456 |percentage=5.04% |change= {{decrease}}35.87 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=28,913 |percentage=84.72% |change= {{increase}}10.31 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,073 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.86 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}18.05 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Muhammad Naik]] |party=Independent politician |votes=11,594 |percentage=64.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hassan Beg |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,195 |percentage=23.19% |change={{decrease}}4.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hakim Ghulam Nabi |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=2,299 |percentage=12.71% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,399 |percentage=40.91% |change= {{decrease}}3.38 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,088 |percentage=75.09% |change= {{decrease}}4.90 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,078 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.03 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. M. Naik |party=Independent politician |votes=12,781 |percentage=72.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. G. Trali |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,935 |percentage=27.86% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,846 |percentage=44.29% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,716 |percentage=78.99% |change= {{increase}}77.03 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,000 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}9.59 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Tral<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=A. G. Trali |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,441 |percentage= |change= ''New''}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,441 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Tral]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|33.93|75.11|display=title}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Pulwama district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nabha_Assembly_constituency&diff=519718Nabha Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:00:26Z<p>Coin45bazzar: creating new article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Nabha<br />
| map_image = 109-Nabha.svg<br />
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]<br />
| district = [[Patiala district|Patiala]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Patiala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Patiala]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 109<br />
| mla = [[Gurdev Singh Dev Mann]]<br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:184623}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Nabha''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016}}</ref> It is part of [[Patiala district|Patiala]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1997 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|1997]] <br />
| Narinder Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br />
| rowspan=2|Randeep Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}} <br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2007]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]] <br />
| rowspan=2| [[Sadhu Singh Dharamsot]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br />
| [[Gurdev Singh Dev Mann]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}} <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
<!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Nabha<ref name="Results">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Gurdev Singh Dev Mann]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|votes = {{formatnum:82053}}<br />
|percentage = 58.0<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Kabir Dass]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:29453}}<br />
|percentage = 20.80<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Sadhu Singh Dharamsot]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref><br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18251}} <br />
|percentage = 12.78<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Gurpreet Singh Shahpur<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:6444}}<br />
|percentage = 4.51<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Sanyukt Sangharsh Party<br />
|candidate = Barinder Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3014}}<br />
|percentage = 2.11<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1424}}<br />
|percentage = 0.8<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:52600}} <br />
|percentage = 36.83<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:142819}}<br />
|percentage = 77.1<br />
|change = <br />
}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:185308}} <br />
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Aam Aadmi Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/><br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
<!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Nabha<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Sadhu Singh Dharamsot]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:60861}}<br />
|percentage = 42.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Gurdev Singh Dev Mann]]<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:41866}}<br />
|percentage = 29.4<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Kabir Dass<br />
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:32482}}<br />
|percentage = 22.8<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1280}}<br />
|percentage = 0.7<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18995}}<br />
|percentage = 13.5<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:141152}}<br />
|percentage = 81.1<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors<br />
|reg. electors ={{formatnum:175673}} <br />
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Patiala district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}} <br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}<br />
{{coord|30.38|76.15|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Patiala district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in East Punjab]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suresh_Kumar_Neotia&diff=538580Suresh Kumar Neotia2026-04-15T18:33:33Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made some bio nd citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian industrialist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Suresh Kumar Neotia<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|09|08}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2015|05|07|1936|09|08}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates = <br />
| occupation = {{UBL |[[Industrialist]] |Entrepreneur |Art collector |Philanthropist }}<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| known for = [[Ambuja Cements]]<br />
| spouse = Gayatri<br />
| children = <br />
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]]<br/>[[Harvard Business School]]-[[Economic Times Awards|Economic Times Award]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Suresh Kumar Neotia''' (8 September 1936 – 7 May 2015) was an Indian industrialist, entrepreneur, art collector, philanthropist and the co-founder of [[Ambuja Cements]] and associated companies.<ref name="Founder promoters exit Ambuja Cements completely">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/founder-promoters-exit-ambuja-cements-completely/article2721118.ece | title=Founder promoters exit Ambuja Cements completely | publisher=The Hindu - Business Line | date=16 December 2011 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Ambuja's Suresh Neotia on Letting Go">{{cite web | url=http://forbesindia.com/article/zen-garden/gujarat-ambujas-suresh-neotia-on-letting-go/33280/1 | title=Gujarat Ambuja's Suresh Neotia on Letting Go | work=Forbes India | date=9 July 2012 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> He was the chairman of the Group till 2009 when he relinquished the position in favor of his co-founder, [[Narotam Sekhsaria]], and was chairman emeritus until his death.<ref name="N.S. Sekhsaria is the new Chairman of Ambuja Cements">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/n-s-sekhsaria-is-the-new-chairman-of-ambuja-cements-109092300107_1.html | title=N.S. Sekhsaria is the new Chairman of Ambuja Cements | publisher=Business Standard | date=23 September 2009 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 2008, for his contributions to trade and industry.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Neotia, who was born on 8 September 1936<ref name="History of the Group">{{cite web | url=http://www.ambujaneotia.com/aboutus/history-of-the-group.aspx | title=History of the Group | publisher=Ambuja Neotia | date=2016 | access-date=23 June 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620141104/http://www.ambujaneotia.com/aboutus/history-of-the-group.aspx | archive-date=20 June 2016 }}</ref> in a century-old business family in [[Kolkata]] and graduated in commerce from [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]] of [[Calcutta University]],<ref name="Death">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150508/jsp/calcutta/story_18867.jsp#.V2t5grh97IV | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510210422/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150508/jsp/calcutta/story_18867.jsp#.V2t5grh97IV | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 May 2015 | title=Death | publisher=The Telegraph | date=8 May 2015 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
He started his career attending to the family business along with his younger brother, Vinod Neotia, in the 1950s.<ref name="Cement industry doyen Suresh Neotia passes away">{{cite web | url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/cement-industry-doyen-suresh-neotia-passes-away-161 | title=Cement industry doyen Suresh Neotia passes away | publisher=My Digital FC | date=8 May 2015 | access-date=23 June 2016 | archive-date=13 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813181611/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/cement-industry-doyen-suresh-neotia-passes-away-161 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he teamed with [[Narotam Sekhsaria]], who was related to his sister-in-law, [[Bimla Poddar]] (wife of his eldest brother, Bimal Kumar Poddar, who had been adopted by their maternal grandfather), and started [[Ambuja Cements Limited|Gujarat Ambuja Cements Limited]] (GACL) in 1983.<ref name="Suresh Neotia : a tribute by Prof. Aloke Kumar">{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/12326514 | title=Suresh Neotia : a tribute by Prof. Aloke Kumar | publisher=Academia | date=2016 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
A decade and a half later, he took over [[ACC Limited]] (then known as Associated Cement Companies), adding the company to Ambuja Neotia Group and reportedly led the Group to make it one of the market leaders in Indian cement industry, with a production capacity of over 22 million tonnes and a market capitalization of over {{INR}}152 billion.<ref name="N.S. Sekhsaria is the new Chairman of Ambuja Cements" /> He served as the chairman of the Group till his retirement from the post in 2009 but continued as one of the executive directors for two more years when he relinquished all executive posts, only to retain the position as the Chairman Emeritus of the Group.<ref name="Founder promoters exit Ambuja Cements completely" /> A 2005 listing by [[Business Standard]] daily placed him at 35 among the richest Indians.<ref name="Richest Indians">{{cite web | url=http://www.business-standard.com/special/bill2005/bill-05_01.pdf | title=Richest Indians | publisher=Business Standard | date=2005 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Other interests and recognition ==<br />
Neotia was the chairman of Balrampur Chini Mills Limited and sat on the boards of several companies, including the India International Centre, IIT Gandhinagar, NDIMAmbuja Educational Institute, Dwarikesh Sugar Industries, RKBK Limited, Ganpati Medical Institute, Heritage Palaces and Sarais and Boutique Hotels India Limited.<ref name="Cement industry doyen Suresh Neotia passes away" /> He was involved with many educational institutions such as [[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]], [[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|IIT Gandhinagar]], [[Banaras Hindu University]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and [[New Delhi Institute of Management]] as a trustee or board member. He was a member of the Board of the [[Reserve Bank of India]],<ref name="A businessman’s true calling">{{cite web | url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2008/08/2289 | title=A businessman's true calling | publisher=Hard News Media | date=2016 | access-date=23 June 2016 | author=Sanjay Kapoor | archive-date=28 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428093348/http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2008/08/2289 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Ananta Aspen Centre, [[Asiatic Society]] and Victoria Memorial Trust.<ref name="Executive Profile">{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=8398709&privcapId=881144 | title=Executive Profile | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2016 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> <br />
<br />
He was one of the promoters of ''Jnana-Pravaha'', a cultural institution founded by [[Bimla Poddar]], and served as its chairman.<ref name="History of the Group" /> It is at Jnana Pravaha campus where his art collections are housed,<ref name="Suresh Neotia's Art Collection">{{cite web | url=http://www.kamat.com/umbrella/suresh_neotia.htm | title=Suresh Neotia's Art Collection | publisher=Kamat | date=2016 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> which have since been compiled into a book, under the title, ''Indian Art Treasures - Suresh Neotia Collection''.<ref name="Indian Art Treasures - Suresh Neotia Collection">{{cite book | url=http://www.buybooksindia.com/indian-art-treasures-suresh-neotia-collection-9788190277631-215158.htm | title=Indian Art Treasures - Suresh Neotia Collection | publisher=DK Printworld | author=R. C. Sharma, Kamal Giri | year=2006 | pages=263 | isbn=9788190277631}}</ref> His philanthropic activities were channeled via two trusts, Neotia Foundation and Sri Govind Deo Ji Trust, through which he maintained his association with institutions such as CII-Suresh Neotia Centre for Excellence, [[Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering]] (NITMAS), Bhagirathi Neotia Women and Child Care Centre, Udayan Care, Apne Aap World Wide, Bharatiya Yuva Shakti Trust and the [[Indian Institute of Crafts and Design]], Jaipur.<ref name="Shri (Padmabhushan) Suresh Neotia, Chairman Emeritus, Ambuja Cements Group">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndimdelhi.org/index.php/corporate-visitor/345 | title=Shri (Padmabhushan) Suresh Neotia, Chairman Emeritus, Ambuja Cements Group | publisher=New Delhi Institute of Management | date=2016 | access-date=23 June 2016 | archive-date=13 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813024731/http://www.ndimdelhi.org/index.php/corporate-visitor/345 | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was a recipient of the [[Harvard Business School]] - [[Economic Times Awards|Economic Times Award]] and the Government of India awarded him the civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2008.<ref name="Padma Awards" /><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He suffered from renal problems and cancer in his latter years and died in Kolkata on 7 May 2015,<ref name="Suresh Neotia passes away in Kolkata">{{cite web | url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20150508/282235189225592/TextView | title=Suresh Neotia passes away in Kolkata | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=8 May 2015 | access-date=23 June 2016}}</ref> at the age of 78, survived by his wife Gayatri (they had no children) and by his younger brother, Vinod Kumar Neotia, father of [[Harshavardhan Neotia|Harshvardhan Neotia]].<ref name="Death" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Narotam Sekhsaria]]<br />
* [[Ambuja Cements]]<br />
* [[Harshavardhan Neotia]]<br />
* [[Bimla Poddar]]<br />
* [[Institute of Technology and Marine Engineering]]<br />
* [[Indian Institute of Crafts and Design]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/a-gem-of-a-human-being/story-c9rnB5zSs8sAPchyqR2GvJ.html | title=A Gem of a Human Being (Munnu Kasliwal - A Tribute) | publisher=Hindustan Times | work=Web article | date=4 September 2012 | access-date=22 June 2016 | author=Suresh Neotia}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=Indian Art Treasures - Suresh Neotia Collection | publisher=DK Printworld | author=R. C. Sharma, Kamal Giri | year=2006 | pages=263 | isbn=9788190277631}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://reliefweb.int/videos/single/CIICloud/fbORIxTpdRE | title=Shri Suresh Kumar Neotia: A Tribute | publisher=Relief Web | work=Web video | date=10 September 2015 | access-date=22 June 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neotia, Suresh Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]<br />
[[Category:1936 births]]<br />
[[Category:2015 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian art collectors]]<br />
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sindhu_Bairavi_Kacheri_Arambam&diff=536013Sindhu Bairavi Kacheri Arambam2026-04-11T13:59:24Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made initial post added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{copy edit|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Romantic drama]]<br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| writer = Sahul Priyadharshini Shajagan<br />
| screenplay = Sahul Priyadharshini Shajagan<br />
| director = Francis Kathiravan<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Pavithra B. Naik<br />
* Dhiraviam Rajakumaran<br />
* Aarthi Subash<br />
* Anandha Krishnan<br />
}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = Ilayavan<br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 200+<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/dhiraviam-rajakumaran-and-pavithra-naik-starrer-sindhu-bhairavi-completes-200-episodes-deets-inside/articleshow/124760613.cms|title=Dhiraviam Rajakumaran and Pavithra Naik starrer 'Sindhu Bhairavi' completes 200 episodes|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 October 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
| producer = Rajavelu<br />
| company = A Tele Factory<br />
| opentheme = <br />
| cinematography = Ramesh Durai<br />
| editor = S. K. Abdul Suhel<br />
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]<br />
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode<br />
| channel = [[Star Vijay]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|1|20|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sindhu Bairavi Kacheri Arambam''''' ({{translation|Sindhu Bairavi Performance Begins}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] television series starring Pavithra B. Naik, alongside Dhiraviam Rajakumaran, Aarthi Subash and Anandha Krishnan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2024|title=Vijay TV's New Launch 'Sindhu Bairavi Kacheri Arambam' Promo Out|url=https://www.southmoviez.com/tamil/tamil-tv/sindhu-bairavi-serial-cast/|website=South Moviez}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 December 2024|title=விஜய் டிவியில் விரைவில் ஒளிபரப்பாக போகும் புதிய சீரியல் சிந்து பைரவி... புரொமோ இதோ|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vijay-tv-sindhu-bhairavi-new-serial-promo-1735010567|website=Cineulagam}}</ref> The series is produced by Rajavelu under the banner of A Tele Factory. It premiered on [[Star Vijay]] on 20 January 2025 and is also available on the digital platform [[JioHotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 December 2024|title=விஜய் டிவியில் வரப்போகுது புது சீரியல்: "Sindhu Bairavi Kacheri Arambam"|url=https://www.kollywoodglam.com/tv/sindhu-bairavi-kacheri-arambam-vijaytv-new-serial-promo/|website=Kollywood Glam}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The series follows the story of two sisters, Sindhu and Bairavi. Sindhu falls in love with Siva, who initially rejects her, yet circumstance force them into marriage. On the wedding day, Sindhu deceives Siva into completing the marriage ceremony, while Bairavi is compelled to marry Aarumugam for the sake of family honor. The narrative explores the lives of these four individuals as they navigate marriages entered into against their will.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* Pavithra B. Naik as Sindhu Siva: Siva's wife and love interest and Bairavi's sister<br />
* Dhiraviam Rajakumaran as Dr. Siva: Sindhu's husband and love interest, Mahalakshmi's son, and Sneha's ex lover.<br />
* Aarthi Subash as Bairavi Aarumugam: Aarumugam's wife and love interest and Sindhu's sister, Sanjay's one sided obsession.<br />
* Anandha Krishnan as Aarumugam: Bairavi's husband and love interest, Annapoorani's son, and Gayathri's brother.<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* Sumalatha Madhan as Annapoorani: Mahalakshmi and Isacci's sister; Aarumugam and Gayathri's mother <br />
* Gaayathri Krishnan → Neepa Siva as Mahalakshmi: Annapoorani and Isakki's sister,Siva and Aishu's mother<br />
* Ramesh as Vasudevan: Siva and Aishu's father <br />
* Sahana Shetty as Gayathri; Isacci's wife, Annapoorani's daughter, Aarumugam's sister.<br />
* Anitha Venkat as Saradha: Sindhu and Bairavi's mother<br />
* Jeganathan as Sathyaraj: Sindhu and Bairavi's father.<br />
* Lailaa as Aishwariya "Aishu": Mahalakshmi's daughter. Siva's sister. <br />
* Suganya Vish as Sneha: Siva's ex-lover<br />
* Nimesh Sagar as DSP Sanjay: Bairavi's love interest<br />
* --- as Devaraj: Sneha's father <br />
* Praveen Devasagayam (2025) → Aron Sanjay (Oct.2025–present) as Isacci: Gayathri's husband, Annapoorani and Mahalakshmi's brother<br />
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as Rajakili<br />
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Lawyer Ambika<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
The show was produced by Rajavelu under the banner of A Tele Factory. The series was directed by ''[[Chellamma (TV series)|Chellamma]]'' fame Francis Kathiravan.{{cn|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
===Casting===<br />
After ''[[Eeramana Rojave (TV series)|Eeramana Rojave 2]]'', Dhiraviam Rajakumaran made a comeback through this series as "Siva", whilst newcomer actress Pavithra B. Naik was cast in the female lead role of Sindhu after her notable performances in Telugu serial ''[[Nuvvu Nenu Prema]]''. Actor Anandha Krishnan was cast in second male lead as Aarumugam, his notable performances in ''Sivagami''. Initially, actress [[Raveena Daha]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2025|title='சிந்து பைரவி' சீரியல் துவங்கும் முன்பே ஜூட் விட்ட ரவீனா தாஹா! வில்லியை ஹீரோயினாக்கிய விஜய் டிவி!|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/raveena-daha-quit-sindhu-bairavi-kacheri-arambam-vijay-tv-serial-mma-splpzw|website=[[Asianet News|Asianet News Tamil]]}}</ref> was chosen and approached to play the another female lead but after first promo release, she left resulting in Aarthi Subash to play the role as Bairavi.<ref>{{cite web|author= V Vasanthi|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/raveena-taha-exits-vijay-tvs-upcoming-serial-sindhu-bhairavi-kacheri-arambam-668691.html|title=விஜய் டிவி சீரியலில் இருந்து விலகிய ரவீனா தாஹா! இனி புதிய ஹீரோயின் இந்த வில்லி நடிகையா?|website=[[Oneindia]]|date=3 January 2025|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
Actor Praveen Devasagayam was cast as Isacci, but in October 2025, Praveen quit the series to participate in ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 9|Bigg Boss Tamil season 9]]'',<ref>{{cite web|author= V Vasanthi|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/05/bigg-boss-tamil-season-9-is-this-the-final-list-of-contestants-for-this-season|title=Bigg Boss Tamil Season 9: Is this the final list of contestants for this season?|website=www.cinemaexpress.com|date=5 October 2025|language=en}}</ref> so he was replaced by actor Aron Sanjay.<ref>{{cite web|author= V Vasanthi|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Oct/08/sindhu-bhairavi-series-cast-change|title=பிக் பாஸ் சென்ற பிரபலம்! சிந்து பைரவி தொடர் நடிகர் மாற்றம்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=8 October 2025|language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
Actress [[Raveena Daha]] was initially selected to play the role of Bhairavi in the serial and the first series promo of her performance was released. But she was suddenly left from the series due to. Following her departure, reports emerged suggesting that she had been issued a 'red card' potentially barring her from acting in future Television shows and serials.<ref>{{cite web|author= Sharath Bose|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2025/actress-raveena-daha-breaks-silence-on-red-card-controversy-after-exit-from-vijay-tv-serial-452859.html|title=Actress Raveena Daha Breaks Silence On 'Red Card' Controversy After Exit From Vijay TV Serial|website=www.filmibeat.com|date=3 April 2025|language=en}}</ref> As a result, she was unable to participate in the 'Chinnathirai Nadigar Sangam' election.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== Broadcast history ==<br />
It began airing on [[Star Vijay]] on 20 January 2025 from Monday to Friday at 22:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]), replacing [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin]]]. Starting on 20 April 2026, it shifted to the afternoon slot at 19:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/ramayanam-new-serial-telecasting-may-13-in-suntv-anandha-ragam-serial-timing-changed-181977|title=சன் டிவியில் மீண்டும் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் "இராமாயணம்" .. முக்கிய சீரியலின் நேரம் மாற்றம்!|date=7 May 2024 |publisher=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>. Again it was shifted to 6:00PM from 20 April 2026.<br />
<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt38569616}}<br />
<br />
{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}<br />
[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palvai_Sravanthi_Reddy&diff=524000Palvai Sravanthi Reddy2026-04-11T12:49:42Z<p>Coin45bazzar: made new post w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| image = Palvai Sravanthi Reddy.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| birth_place = Idikuda, [[Nalgonda district]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|04|18|df=y}}<br />
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Palvai Sravanthi Reddy''' (born 18 April 1973) is an Indian politician from the state of [[Telangana ]]. She is a member of the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] party from the [[Munugode]] Assembly constituency.<ref name=a>{{cite web | url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/telangana/who-munugode-bypolls-congress-candidate-palvai-sravanthi-reddy-160736 | title=Who is Munugode Bypolls Congress Candidate Palvai Sravanthi Reddy | date=9 September 2022 }}</ref><br />
Sravanthi Reddy is the daughter of former Minister and MLA [[Palvai Govardhan Reddy]], who was elected to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] for five terms between 1967 and 1999. Considered close to the Gandhi family, he was a [[Rajya Sabha]] member during his sudden demise.<ref name=b>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/people-expect-more-from-me-and-i-will-deliver-that-cong-munugode-bypoll-candidate-palvai-sravanthi-5934889.html |title='People Expect More from Me and I Will Deliver That': Cong Munugode Bypoll Candidate Palvai Sravanthi |publisher=News18.com |date= 11 September 2022|accessdate=2022-09-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Palvai Sravanthi Reddy was born in Idikuda village, [[Chandur, Telangana|Chandur]] Mandal in [[Nalgonda]] district. She has a dual postgraduate degree in law and management.<ref name=c>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2022/sep/10/palvai-sravanthi-reddy-congressscandidate-for-munugode-bypoll-2496671.html | title=Palvai Sravanthi Reddy, Congress's candidate for Munugode bypoll }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
She is an [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] member and a practising advocate at the [[Telangana High Court]]. She canvassed for her father [[Palvai Govardhan Reddy]] for the first time in the year 1994. Her active political career was in 1999 when she served as a campaign manager for her father when he was contesting from [[Munugode]].<ref name=d>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/palvai-sravanth-to-be-congress-candidate-in-munugode/article65870236.ece |title=Palvai Sravanthi is Munugode Congress |work=The Hindu |date=2022-09-09 |access-date=2023-01-24}}</ref><br />
She has been a [[Pradesh Congress Committee|PCC]] member for more than 20 years and an [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] member since 2005.<ref name=e>{{cite web|author=TNN / Updated: Sep 10, 2022, 07:40 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/palvai-sravanthi-congress-candidate-for-munugode-bypoll/articleshow/94107470.cms |title=Palvai Sravanthi Congress candidate for Munugode bypoll &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2022-09-10 |accessdate=2022-09-19}}</ref><br />
She had contested the 2014 assembly elections in Telangana, as an independent candidate and stood second with 27,441 votes by defeating [[BJP]] candidate G Manohar Reddy who was relegated to the third place, followed by [[CPI]] and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]] candidates who secured fourth and fifth places in the election.<ref name=f>{{cite web | url=https://telanganatoday.com/palvai-sravanthi-is-congress-candidate-for-munugode-by-election | title=Palvai Sravanthi is Congress candidate for Munugode by-election | date=9 September 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Congress president Smt. [[Sonia Gandhi]] approved the candidature of Palvai Sravanthi Reddy on September 9, 2022 for the upcoming [[Munugode]] by-election.<ref name=g>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EmG7aMtGac |title=Congress Announce Munugode Bypoll Candidate Palvai Sravanthi Reddy &#124; Revanth Reddy &#124; SumanTV |publisher=YouTube |date=2022-09-09 |accessdate=2022-09-19}}</ref> This constituency in [[Nalgonda]] district has fallen vacant after the sitting Congress MLA [[Komatireddy Rajagopal Reddy]] moved to the BJP. She will be soon contesting against former MLA [[Komatireddy Rajagopal Reddy]], who is the official BJP candidate for this by-election.<ref name=h>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19F8KMCgNBo |title=Congress Announce Munugode Bypoll Candidate Palvai Sravanthi Reddy &#124; Revanth Reddy &#124; YOYO TV Channel |publisher=YouTube |date=2022-09-09 |accessdate=2022-09-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Palvai Sravanthi}}<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]<br />
[[Category:Women in Telangana politics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arindam_Bagchi&diff=487423Arindam Bagchi2026-04-08T04:48:47Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Creating A Pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Senior Indian diplomat}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Arindam Bagchi<br />
| native_name = <!--The person's name in their own language, if different.--><br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| image = [[File:Golden Notes Commemorating 50 years of India-WIPO Collaboration (54641207527) (cropped).jpg|200px]]<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Permanent Representative of India to [[United Nations Office at Geneva|the UN at Geneva]]<br />
| status = [[Incumbent]]<br />
| term_start = 22 January 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=New Permanent Representative of India Presents Credentials to the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva |url=https://www.ungeneva.org/en/news-media/presentation-of-credentials/2024/01/new-permanent-representative-india-presents |publisher=United Nations Office at Geneva |date=22 January 2024 |access-date=28 October 2025}}</ref><br />
| term_end = <br />
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
| predecessor = Indra Mani Pandey<br />
| successor = <br />
| office1 = [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]]<br />
| minister1 = [[S. Jaishankar]]<br />
| term_start1 = 21 March 2021<br />
| term_end1 = 3 January 2024<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Anurag Srivastava]]<br />
| successor1 = [[Randhir Jaiswal]]<br />
| office2 = Ambassador of India to Croatia<br />
| term_start2 = November 2018<br />
| term_end2 = June 2020<br />
| predecessor2 = Sandeep Kumar<br />
| successor2 = Raj Kumar Srivastava<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|03|05}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Science|B. Sc]] (Mathematics), [[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]]<br>[[Delhi University]]<br>[[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arindam Bagchi''' (born 5 March 1972) is an Indian diplomat of [[Indian Foreign Service]]. He was appointed the [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs]] in March 2021 and served there till 3 January 2024. On 16 October 2023, he was appointed India's Permanent Representative to the [[United Nations Office at Geneva|United Nations at Geneva]]. He has succeeded Indra Mani Pandey and assumed the charge on 5 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=MEA spokesperson Arindam Bagchi appointed India's ambassador to UN in Geneva |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mea-spokesperson-arindam-bagchi-appointed-indias-ambassador-to-un-in-geneva/article67429328.ece |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=17 October 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Bagchi had been an investment banker for two years before joining the Indian Foreign Service. He has done his graduation in mathematics from the [[St. Stephen’s College]], and post-graduation in management from the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-13 |title=Embassy of India, Zagreb, Croatia : Ambassador Profile |url=http://www.indianembassyzagreb.gov.in/page/amb-profile |access-date=2022-04-08 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813085045/http://www.indianembassyzagreb.gov.in/page/amb-profile |archive-date=13 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He has previously served as Indian ambassador to [[Croatia]] from November 2018 to June 2020. His previous assignments include deputy high commissioner to [[Sri Lanka]], and director in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2021-03-18 |title=Arindam Bagchi to be new spokesperson of Ministry of External Affairs |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/arindam-bagchi-to-be-new-spokesperson-of-ministry-of-external-affairs-121031801635_1.html |access-date=2022-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-11 |title=Embassy of India, Zagreb, Croatia |url=https://www.indianembassyzagreb.gov.in/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811092832/https://www.indianembassyzagreb.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 August 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> As the Official Spokesperson of the Ministry, he has handled various critical issues and development like [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|eastern Ladakh border standoff]], [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|India's COVID-19 responses]] and [[2023 G20 New Delhi summit|India's G20 presidency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Foreign Ministry spokesperson Arindam Bagchi appointed as India's permanent representative to UN in Geneva |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/foreign-ministry-spokesperson-arindam-bagchi-appointed-as-indias-permanent-representative-to-un-in-geneva-402275-2023-10-17 |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=Business Today |date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Anurag Srivastava]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bagchi, Arindam}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Diplomats for India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Croatia]]<br />
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations in Geneva]]<br />
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Spokespersons for the Ministry of External Affairs of India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-diplomat-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Narmada&diff=490163Battle of Narmada2026-04-04T21:02:02Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Creating New Data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|618 battle between the Chalukyas and Pushyabhutis}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = <br />
| width = <br />
| partof = <br />
| image = Depiction of the Battle of Narmada.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Modern painting depicting the Battle of Narmada in Bengaluru<br />
| date = Sometime between October 618 and February 619<br />
| place = [[Narmada River|Narmada]]<br />
| coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --><br />
| map_type = <br />
| map_relief = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_marksize = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_label = <br />
| territory = Pulakeshin claimed the northernmost part of Deccan till the river Narmada<br />
| result = [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan]] victory<br />
| status = <br />
| combatants_header = <br />
| combatant1 = [[Chalukya dynasty]]<br />
| combatant2 = [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]]<br />
| combatant3 = <br />
| commander1 = [[Pulakeshin II]]<br />
| commander2 = [[Harshavardhana]]<br />
| commander3 = <br />
| units1 = <br />
| units2 = <br />
| units3 = <br />
| strength1 = Unknown<br />
| strength2 = Unknown <br />
| strength3 = <br />
| casualties1 = <br />
| casualties2 = <br />
| casualties3 = <br />
| notes = <br />
| campaignbox = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Battle of Narmada''' ({{langx|kn|ನರ್ಮದೆ ಕದನ}}) was fought between king [[Pulakeshin II]] of [[Chalukya dynasty]] and king [[Harshavardhana]] of [[Pushyabhuti dynasty]] on the banks of the river [[Narmada]], [[India]] in the winter of 618–19. The battle resulted in the great victory of Pulakeshin II and the retreat of Harsha and his forces.<br />
<br />
== Battle ==<br />
The [[Aihole]] inscription of Pulakeshin highlights the ''Harsha'' (mirth) of Harsha melted away by fear, as his elephants fell in the battle.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=80}} The only other inscription from his reign that mentions this battle is the Bijapur-Mumbai inscription. {{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=209}}<br />
<br />
The [[Rashtrakuta]]s, who ultimately overthrew the Chalukyas several years after Pulakeshin's death, also highlights that they defeated the dynasty that claimed victory over Harshavardhana, thus indirectly confirming Pulakeshin's achievement.{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=80}}<br />
<br />
The Aihole inscription poetically states that Pulakeshin's elephants had to avoid the neighborhood of the [[Vindhyas|Vindhya mountains]] beside the Narmada River, because they "by their bulk, rivaled the mountains".{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=555}} Historian K. A. Nilakanta Sastri interprets to mean that Pulakeshin "did not send his elephant forces into the difficult Vindhya terrain", and guarded the passes with infantry.{{sfn|K. A. Nilakanta Sastri|1960|p=214}} According to Shreenand L. Bapat and Pradeep S. Sohoni, the inscription suggests that Pulakeshin's army subsequently tried to cross the [[Vindhyas]], in a bid to invade Harsha's kingdom, but was unsuccessful, which may explain why only two inscriptions from Pulakeshin's reign mention his conflict with Harsha. {{sfn|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017|p=209}}<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
The title of Paramesvara, i.e., ‘the great lord or the lord of lords’, was adopted by Pulakesin II after defeating Harshavardhana of the North. The Rashtrakuta records also narrate that they defeated the army of Vallabha, or the Karnata Bala, which was renowned for its victories over the Pallavas, Pandyas, Cholas, Harshavardhana(Pushyabhuti) and Vajrata, thus indirectly confirming the claim of the Chalukyan inscriptions defeating Harsha{{sfn|Durga Prasad Dikshit|1980|p=98}}<br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
Several [[Kannada people|Kannadiga]] communities celebrate this victory as a great event of overthrowing the suzerainty of the North. Current Chief Minister of Karnataka [[Siddaramaiah]] has also mentioned it to be a powerful victory and deriding for the ‘northern imports’ are among attempts to brand himself as a strong southern satrap, following the 7th-century Chalukya king Pulakeshin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Siddaramaiah wants to follow an ancient king & halt Modi juggernaut from reaching the south |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/siddaramaiah-wants-to-follow-ancient-king-halt-modi-juggernaut-from-reaching-the-south/56881/}}</ref> Kannada actor [[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] also said he is not interested in statues but people should read about Pulikeshi II and king Pulakeshin II is one of the inspirations for him and for the Kannadiga community<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Dhananjaya said he is not interested in statues but people should read about Pulikeshi II |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/top-karnataka-stories/seeing-beyond-shivaji-activists-push-for-pulikeshi-ii-1055994.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Pulakeshin painting bengaluru.jpg|thumb|Painting of Pulakeshin in Karnataka capital [[Bengaluru]]]]<br />
[[File:Pulakeshin statue, badami.png|thumb|Statue of Pulakeshin in Badami (former Chalukyan capital)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography === <br />
* {{cite book |author=Durga Prasad Dikshit |title=Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEB11tKmCgcC&pg=PA152 |year=1980 |publisher=Abhinav |oclc=8313041 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |author-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |chapter=The Chaḷukyās of Bādāmi |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan |volume=I-VI |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K1ZDAAAAYAAJ |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=174404606 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |author1=Shreenand L. Bapat |author2=Pradeep S. Sohoni |title=The Bijapur-Mumbai copperplate grant of Călukya ruler Pulakeśin II, dated April 04, 619 CE, mentioning his triumph over emperor Harṣavardhana |editor1=S. S. Bahulkar |editor2=Shilpa Sumant |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=XCIII |year=2017 |pages=205–209 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34011338 |ref={{harvid|P. S. Sohoni|S. L. Bapat|2017}} }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GW5Gx0HSXKUC&pg=PA554 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:7th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Chalukya dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:Pushyabhuti dynasty]]<br />
[[Category:619]]<br />
[[Category:610s conflicts]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinivasa_Perumal_Temple,_Tirukulandhai&diff=454168Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai2026-03-28T04:42:38Z<p>Coin45bazzar: updated details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox temple<br />
| name = Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple<br />
| image = Thirukulandhai1.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|8|38|30.5|N|77|59|38.2|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| district = [[Tuticorin]]<br />
| location = [[Perungulam]]<br />
| elevation_m = 34 <br />
| deity = Srinivasa Perumal<br>([[Vishnu]])<br />
Alamelu Mangai Tayar<br>([[Lakshmi]])<br />
Mayakoothan<br>[[Vishnu]]<br />
<br />
| facade_direction = <br />
| temple_tank = Perungulam<br />
| tower = Ananda Nilaya<br />
| Prathyaksham = <br />
| festivals= <br />
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]<br />
| temple_quantity = <br />
| monument_quantity= <br />
| inscriptions = <br />
| year_completed = <br />
| creator = <br />
| website = <br />
}}{{Short description|Perumal temple in Thoothukudi district Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Srinivasa Perumal Temple''' or '''Sri Mayakoothar Permual Temple''' is one of the [[Nava Tirupathi|Nava Tirupatis]], nine [[Hindu]] temples dedicated to [[Vishnu]] located [[Perungulam]] along [[Tiruchendur]]-[[Tirunelveli]] route, [[Tamil Nadu]], India in the southern bank of [[Thamiraparani]] river. It is located 5 km from Alvar Thirunagari. All these 9 temples are classified as ''[[Divya Desams]]'', the 108 temples of Vishnu revered by the 12 poet-saints of [[Sri Vaishnavism]] called the [[Alwars|Alvars]].<ref>''108 Vaishnavite Divya Desams: Divya desams in Pandya Nadu''. M. S. Ramesh, Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanam.</ref> The temple is referred to as ''Shani sthalam'', a location for the planet deity, [[Shani]] (Saturn). Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Mayakoothar and his consort [[Lakshmi]] as Kulandhaivalli Tayar.<br />
<br />
A granite wall surrounds the temple, enclosing all its shrines. The ''[[gopuram|rajagopuram]]'', the temple's gateway tower, is three-tiered in structure. The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship. Six daily rituals and three yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the ten-day annual [[Vaikuntha Ekadashi]] during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Margali'' (December - January) and the Nammalvar birth celebrations with Garudasevai with all nine temple of Nava Tirupati, being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<br />
<br />
==Legend==<br />
[[File:Thirukulandhai5.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Image of the gopuram]]<br />
This [[Sthala purana|temple history]] describes Vishnu's power to perform miracles to serve his devotees. Once one [[asura]] abducted Vishnu devotee named Vedasaran's wife Kumudhavalli. The asura performed magic tricks but was vanquished by Vishnu who danced on his head as Koothar. And he restored Kumudhavalli to her husband.<ref name="temple">{{cite book|title=Adinathar Alwar thirukkoil Sthala varalaru|publisher= Temple publication| page =6,7}}</ref> As per another legend, a childless couple named Devasaran and Kumudavalli were residing at a forest named Thadakavanam near Tholavallimangalam. On account of their devotion to Vishnu, they got a girl named Kamaladevi. Kamala was also a very ardent devotee and started doing penance. In spite of many convincing her against it, she was firm and wanted to attain Vishnu as her husband. Since a small girl performed penance at this place, the place came to be known as Palikavanam. From then, the place came to be known as Thirukulanthai.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Dasavatharam and Navagrahas in Historical Perspective|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4271461#|pages=42-4|journal=Tamil Journal of Temple Studies|volume=1|year=2020|last1=A.|first1=Radha|last2=Dr. G.|first2=Paranthaman}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture==<br />
The temple has two ''[[prakarams]]'' (closed precincts of a temple). The temple has an image of [[Vishu]] facing east direction. ''Kulam'' refers to tank in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language. The name of the village is derived from the same. The temple is located in [[Tiruchendur]]-[[Tirunelveli]] route, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]] in the banks of [[Thamiraparani]] river, in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple is constructed in [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]]. All the shrines of the temple are located in a rectangular granite walls, pierced by a three-tiered [[gopuram]]. The presiding deity is sported in a sitting posture with Sridevi and Bhudevi on either of his sides. The images of Bhudevi and Sridevi along with the festival images are located inside the sanctum. Since Garuda helped Vishnu in the war, he is always sported carrying both Vishnu and Lakshmi.<ref name=M/> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|pages=244}}</ref> The temple is one of the places where Vishnu has four consorts namely [[Lakshmi|Sridevi]], [[Bhudevi]], [[Niladevi]], and Kamaladevi.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|pages=478-9}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Festival and religious practices==<br />
[[File:Thirukulandhai.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Temple umbrella]]<br />
The ''[[Garuda]] Sevai utsavam'' (festival) in the month of Vaikasi (May-Jun) witnesses 9 ''[[Garuda]]sevai'', a spectacular event in which festival image idols from the Nava Tirupatis shrines in the area are brought on ''[[Garuda]] [[vahana]]'' (sacred vehicle). An idol of [[Nammalvar]] is also brought here on an ''Anna Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''pasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these 9 temples are recited. The ''[[utsavar]]'' (festival deity) of [[Nammalvar]] is taken in a palanquin to each of the 9 temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The ''pasurams'' (poems) dedicated to each of the 9 [[Divyadesam]]s are chanted in the respective shrines. This is the most important of the festivals in this area, and it draws thousands of visitors.<ref>{{cite book|title=Jothirlingam: The Indian Temple Guide|publisher=Partridge Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781482847864|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CE55CgAAQBAJ&q=navathirupathi&pg=PT100|last=Suriya}}</ref><ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=33–43|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
The temple follows the traditions of the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnava tradition and follows ''Pancharathra aagama''. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] community, from the Brahmin class. The temple rituals are performed six times a day: ''Kalasanthi'' at 8:00&nbsp;a.m., ''Uchikalam'' at 12:00&nbsp;p.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00&nbsp;p.m., and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 8:00&nbsp;p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Mayakoothar and Thirukulandhai Nachiyar. During the last step of worship, ''[[nagaswaram|nadasvaram]]'' (pipe instrument) and ''[[tavil]]'' (percussion instrument) are played, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Mayakoothar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=573|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Religious significance==<br />
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center<br />
|align=right<br />
| total_width = 300<br />
| width1 = 2560 | height1 = 1536<br />
| width2 = 2560 | height2 = 1536<br />
|direction=horizontal<br />
|image1=Thirukulandhai3.jpg<br />
|image2=Thirukulandhai4.jpg<br />
|footer=Sculpture in the temple<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''The [[Brahmanda Purana]]'' one of the eighteen sacred texts of Hinduism written by [[Veda Vyasa]] contains a chapter called Navathirupathi Mahatmeeyam. ''Vaikunta Mahatmeeyam'' is another work in [[Sanskrit]] that glorifies the temple and is a part of ''Tamraparani Sthalapurana'' available only in palm manuscripts.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|pages=8–9}}</ref> The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Nammazhwar|Nammalvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. Nammalvar makes a reference about the temple in his works in his ''[[Tiruvaymoli]]''. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupati Antati'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar. The temple also forms a series of [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temples]] where each of the nine planetary deities of one of the temples of Nava Tirupati. The temple is associated with the planet [[Shani]] (Saturn).<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=155–159|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Amazing posture at Srivaikuntam|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501310400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030129161601/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/15/stories/2002111501310400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2003|date=15 November 2001|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=25 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|20em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai}}<br />
<br />
{{Nava Tirupathi}}<br />
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thoothukudi district]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Consent_Act,_1891&diff=484827Age of Consent Act, 18912026-03-25T18:00:06Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislation enacted in British India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| short_title = Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1891<br />
| long_title = An Act to amend the Indian Penal Code and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882. <br />
| citation = <br />
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council]]<br />
| date_enacted = 19 March 1891<br />
| date_assented = <br />
| date_signed = <br />
| date_commenced = <br />
| date_repealed = 26 January 1950<br />
| bill = Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, 1882 Amendment Bill<br />
| bill_citation = <br />
| bill_date = 9 January 1891<br />
| introduced_by = Sir Andrew Scoble<br />
| 1st_reading = <br />
| 2nd_reading = March, 1891<br />
| 3rd_reading = <br />
| white_paper = <br />
| committee_report = <br />
| amendments = <br />
| repeals = <br />
|repealed_by = Act 1 of 1938<br />
| related = <br />
| summary = <br />
| keywords = <br />
| status = repealed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Age of Consent Act, 1891''' (Act X of 1891) was a statute enacted in [[British India]] on 19 March 1891 which raised the [[age of consent]] for sexual intercourse for all girls, married or unmarried, from ten to twelve years in all jurisdictions, its violation subject to criminal prosecution as rape.<ref name="Sinha1995">{{cite book|last=Sinha|first=Mrinalini|title=Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA138|year=1995|publisher=Manchester University Press |location=Manchester|isbn=978-0-7190-4653-7|page=138}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For text of the Act, see: {{cite book|last=Cranenburgh|first=D. E.|title=Unrepealed Acts of the Governor-General in Council, Volume III, Containing acts from 1883 to 1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FESAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA864|year=1894|publisher=Law Publishing Press|location=Calcutta|page=864}}|group=nb}} The act was an amendment of the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure, Section 375, 1882, ("Of Rape"),{{#tag:ref|For the text of the amended section 375, see {{cite book|last=Agnew|first=William Fischer|title=The Indian penal code: and other acts of the Governor-general relating to offences, with notes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9u8SAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212|year=1898|publisher=Thacker, Spink, Co.|location=Calcutta|page=212}}|group=nb}} and was introduced as a bill on 9 January 1891 by Sir [[Andrew Scoble]] in the [[Imperial Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] of the [[Governor-General of India]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="heimsath1962">{{Citation|last=Heimsath|first=Charles H.|title=The Origin and Enactment of the Indian Age of Consent Bill, 1891|journal=Journal of Asian Studies|volume=21|issue=4 |year=1962|pages=491–504|jstor=2050879|doi=10.2307/2050879}}, pages 502&ndash;503.</ref> It was debated the same day and opposed by council member Sir [[Romesh Chunder Mitter]] (from [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]]) on the grounds that it interfered with orthodox Hindu code, but supported by council member Rao Bahadur Krishnaji Lakshman Nulkar (from [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]]) and by the President of the council, the Governor-General and Viceroy [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]].<ref name="heimsath1962"/><ref name="Sinha1995-p146">{{cite book|author=Mrinalini Sinha|title=Colonial masculinity: the 'manly Englishman' and the' effeminate Bengali' in the late nineteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RQNAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA146|year=1995|publisher=Manchester University Press ND|isbn=978-0-7190-4653-7|page=146}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|For the abstract of the debate, see: {{cite book|author= Imperial Legislative Council, India|title=Abstract of the proceedings of the Council of the Governor-General of India assembled for the purpose of making laws and regulations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IAZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA8|year=1892|publisher=Office of the Supt. of Govt. Print., India.|location=Calcutta|pages=8–27}}|group=nb}}<br />
<br />
While an 1887 case in a [[Bombay]] high court of a child-bride [[Rukhmabai]] renewed discussion of such a law, it was the death of a ten-year-old Bengali girl, [[Phulmoni Dasi rape case|Phulmoni Dasi]], due to forceful intercourse by her 35-year-old husband in 1889 that drove intervention by the British.<ref name="sarkar">Sarkar, Tanika. "[http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28757682_ITM A Prehistory of Rights: The Age of Consent Debate in Colonial Bengal, Feminist Studies]." 2000.</ref> The act was passed in 1891. It received support from Indian reformers such as [[Behramji Malabari]] and women social organisations. The law was never seriously enforced and it is argued that the real effect of the law was reassertion of Hindu patriarchal control over domestic issues as a nationalistic cause.<ref name="veer" /><br />
<br />
In 1884, Rukhmabai, a 20-year-old woman was taken to Bombay high court by her husband Bhikaji after she refused to live with him. Having married him at the age of 11 years, never having [[Consummation|consummated]] the marriage and having lived separately for nearly 8 years she refused to move back with him. She was ordered by the court to live with her husband or face a six month imprisonment. She refused to comply and the rising costs of the trial forced Bhikaji to withdraw the case in July 1888 upon a settlement of 2000 rupees.<ref name="sudhirchandra1">{{cite journal|title=Rukhmabai: Debate over Woman's Right to Her Person| author=Chandra, Sudhir| journal=Economic and Political Weekly| volume=31| issue=44| year=1996| pages=2937–2947| jstor=4404742}}</ref><ref name="plassey">Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara. ''From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India.'' Orient Blackswan, 2004. 237-238. {{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}} ([https://books.google.com/books?id=0oVra0ulQ3QC&q=From+Plassey+to+Partition Google book search])</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Burton, Antoinette |title=Disorder in the Court. Trials and Sexual Conflict at the Turn of the Century |publisher=Macmillan Press |year=1999 |editor1=Robb, George |pages=33–56 |chapter=Conjugality on Trial: the Rukhmabai Case and the Debate on Indian child-marriage in late-Victorian Britain |editor2=Erber, Nancy}}</ref> This trial was one of the precursors for the passage of this legislation.<ref name="disorder">George Robb and Nancy Erber, eds. ''Disorder in the Court: Trials and Sexual Conflict at the Turn of the Century''. New York University Press, 1999. 33-35. {{ISBN|0-8147-7526-8}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1889, the death of a 10-year-old married Hindu girl, Phulmoni Dasi, after being brutally raped by her 35-year-old husband, Hari Mohan Maitee, served as a catalyst for its legislation.<ref name="veer">Van der Veer, Peter. ''Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain.'' Princeton, 2001. 96. ([https://books.google.com/books?id=vuOQkWMuWkYC&q=Imperial+Encounters+van+der+veer Google book search])</ref><ref name="silent">Majumdar, Rochona. "[http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?issueid=24&id=1659&option=com_content&task=view Silent no longer]." ''India Today'' 26 October 2007.</ref> Hari Mohan Maitee was acquitted on charges of rape, but found guilty on causing death inadvertently by a rash and negligent act.<ref name="sarkar" /><br />
<br />
A committee consisting of influential British and Anglo-Indian statesmen established in London had submitted recommendations to the colonial government including the change in age of consent. The law was signed on 19 March 1891 by the government of [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Lord Lansdowne]] raising the [[age of consent]] for [[Consummate|consummation]] from ten to twelve years.<ref name="plassey" /><ref name="malabari">Karkarjkia, Rustomji Pestonji. ''India: Forty Years of Progress and Reform, Being a Sketch of the Life and Times of Behramji M. Malabari.'' H. Frowde, 1896. 128. ([https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213204 <!-- quote=India, Rustomji Pestonji Karkaria. --> Google book search])</ref><ref name="sudhirchandra1" /><br />
<br />
== Support ==<br />
{{Main|Rukhmabai|Phulmoni Dasi rape case}}<br />
[[Behramji Malabari]], a [[Parsi]] reformer and a journalist from Bombay advocated for this legislation. He published his messages in "Notes on Infant marriage and enforced widowhood" in 1884. Although a Parsi, he claimed to be as critical of Hindu customs and domestic practices as the British.<br />
<br />
Though women were not consulted for determining the effect of child-marriage, women in Bombay presidency including Rukhmabai and [[Pandita Ramabai]] made a cogent case for the ban on child-marriage in their magazines and social reform organisations. [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]], a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] woman who also happened to be the first female medical doctor in [[India]] advocated interference of the [[United Kingdom|British]] Government in child marriage.<ref name="disorder" /><br />
<br />
==Opposition==<br />
The Bill was opposed by many orthodox leaders who believed it as an interference in the [[Hindu]] religion. [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] opposed the bill stating: {{blockquote|We would not like that the government should have anything to do with regulating our social customs or ways of living, even supposing that the act of government will be a very beneficial and suitable measure.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601080200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030710212458/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/05/26/stories/2003052601080200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 July 2003 | title=Lokmaya Tilak (1856 - 1920): He proclaimed self-rule as birth right | date=26 May 2003 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=20 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="Khan1992">{{cite book|author=Mohammad Shabbir Khan|title=Tilak and Gokhale: A Comparative Study of Their Socio-politico-economic Programmes of Reconstruction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3N7tT5kmOsC&pg=PA36|year=1992|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7024-478-3|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=Girl-Brides and Socio-Legal Change: Age of Consent Bill (1891) Controversy. | author=Meera Kosambi | author-link=Meera Kosambi | journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] | year=1991 | volume=26 |issue = 31/32| pages=1857–1868|jstor = 41498538}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The Bill was also opposed by revivalist nationalists who were against any colonial interference.<ref name="Menski2008">{{cite book|author=Werner Menski|title=Hindu Law: Beyond Tradition and Modernity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-H8yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT471|year=2008|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-908803-4|page=471}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group=nb}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1891 in Indian law|Age of Consent Act]]<br />
[[Category:Sex laws in India]]<br />
[[Category:Legal history of India]]<br />
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]<br />
[[Category:Age of consent]]<br />
[[Category:Child marriage in India]]<br />
[[Category:Marriage law in India]]<br />
[[Category:Repealed Indian legislation]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Yar&diff=484937Ahmad Yar2026-03-23T06:00:52Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Creating A Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Punjabi poet and historian (1768–1845)}}<br />
'''Aḥmad Yār''' (1768–1845) was a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] poet and historian from [[Gujrat city|Gujrat]]. He served as a court poet for Maharaja Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yasmeen |first=Robina |date=December 2025 |title=Unlocking the Daftar: Unexplored Archives of the Sikh Empire in Lahore (1801–1849) |url=https://www.academia.edu/145773998/Unlocking_the_Daftar_Unexplored_Archives_of_the_Sikh_Empire_in_Lahore_1801_1849 |journal=Pakistan Vision |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=1–14 |via=academia.edu}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Ahmad Yar was born in 1768 at [[Salamgarh|Islamgarh]] in [[Gujrat District]]. His date of birth is based on his own comment that he was seventy when he was appointed to write ''Shāhnāma-yi Ranjīt Singh'' in 1838.{{sfnp|Shackle|2007}} At his youth, he left Islamgarh to live in [[Murala]], where he spent most of his life and died in 1845.{{sfnp|Kanwar|1987}}{{sfnp|Shackle|2007}}<br />
<br />
==Literary works==<br />
Ahmad Yar was a prolific writer, producing more than forty [[Punjabi Qisse]] during his lifetime. He was also a [[polyglot]], and wrote in [[Punjabi language |Punjabi]], [[Arabic]], [[Persian language |Persian]] and [[Braj Bhasha]] on a variety of subjects including medicine (''Ṭibb-i Aḥmad-Yārī''), history (''Shāhnāma'', a Persian chronicle of [[Ranjit Singh]]’s court), Islam (''Jang-e-Aḥmad''), and romance (''[[Hir Ranjha|Hīr Rāṃjhā]]'', ''[[Sohni Mahiwal|Sohńī Mahīṃwāl]]'', ''[[Layla and Majnun|Laila-Majnun]]'' and ''[[Sassui Punnhun|Sassī Punnūṃ]]'', among others). Although he wrote a number of devotional poems such as ''Sharḥ duʿā suryānī'', ''Ḥulya mubārak Rasūl-i maqbūl'' and ''Miʿrāj-nāma'', there is no evidence that Ahmad Yar was affiliated to any [[Sufi order]].{{sfnp|Shackle|2007}}{{sfnp|Mir|2010|pages=38–}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{EI3|last= Shackle|first=Christopher |authorlink=Christopher Shackle|year=2007|title=Aḥmad Yār|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_SIM_0246|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_SIM_0246}}<br />
* {{Cite thesis|chapter=Panegyric |title=The Broken Spell: The Romance Genre in Late Mughal India |url=https://doi.org/10.7916/D8BG2W2C |publisher=Columbia University |date=2013 |doi=10.7916/d8bg2w2c |language=en |first=Pasha Mohamad |last=Khan|pages=141–175}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Mir |first=Farina |author-link=Farina Mir |url=https://www.ucpress.edu/book/9780520262690/the-social-space-of-language |title=The Social Space of Language: Vernacular Culture in British Colonial Punjab |date=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-26269-0 |series=South Asia across the Disciplines |location=Berkeley |pages= |oclc=}}<br />
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Kanwar |first=P. S. |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofin0001amar/page/107/mode/1up|editor=Datta, Amaresh|editor-link=Amaresh Datta |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature]]|volume=I: A to Devo |date=1987 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-0-8364-2283-2 |language=en|title=Ahmad Yar|url-access=registration}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yar, Ahmad}}<br />
[[Category:1768 births]]<br />
[[Category:1845 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pigeon_pea&diff=446037Pigeon pea2026-03-16T18:39:33Z<p>Coin45bazzar: minor update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of perennial legume}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| name = Pigeon pea<br />
| image = Cajanus cajan Blanco1.167-cropped.jpg<br />
| image_upright = 0.7<br />
| image_caption = Botanical illustration of the morphological details of a ''C.{{nbsp}}cajan'' specimen<br />
| image2 = Cajanus cajan Leaf, flowers and fruits.png<br />
| image2_caption = Botanical image depicting the foliage characteristics and differing pod and flower phenotypes<br />
| genus = Cajanus<br />
| species = cajan<br />
| authority = (L.) Huth<br />
}}<br />
The '''pigeon pea'''<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 2019-05-19}}</ref> (''Cajanus cajan'') or '''toor dal''' is a perennial [[legume]] from the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Fabaceae]] native to the [[Eastern Hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-397935-3.00008-6 |chapter=Pigeonpea |title=Genetic and Genomic Resources of Grain Legume Improvement |date=2013 |last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Hari D. |last2=Sharma |first2=Shivali |last3=Reddy |first3=K.N. |last4=Saxena |first4=Rachit |last5=Varshney |first5=Rajeev K. |last6=Gowda |first6=C.L. Laxmipathi |pages=181–202 |isbn=978-0-12-397935-3 |chapter-url=http://oar.icrisat.org/7096/1/BC_Pigeonpea_183-202_2013.pdf }}</ref> The pigeon pea is widely cultivated in tropical and semitropical regions around the world, being commonly consumed in [[South Asia]], [[Southeast Asia]], [[Africa]], [[Latin America]] and the [[Caribbean]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2320 |chapter=Pigeon Pea: Origins and Development |title=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology |date=2014 |last1=Kingwell-Banham |first1=Eleanor |last2=Fuller |first2=Dorian Q. |pages=5941–5944 |isbn=978-1-4419-0426-3 }}</ref>{{rp|page=5941}}<br />
<br />
==Etymology and other names==<br />
[[File:Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth); branch with flowers an Wellcome V0042649.jpg|thumb|Botanical inscription of ''C.&nbsp;cajan'' from [[Hendrik van Rheede]] transcribed in [[Devanagari]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]], [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and the [[Latin alphabet]] from "[[Hortus Malabaricus]]" (1686)<ref>{{cite web |title=Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth): branch with flowers and pods, separate flower, sectioned flower and seed. Coloured line engraving. |url=https://wellcomecollection.org/works/hueafe7v |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=Wellcome Collection |language=en}}</ref>]]<br />
<br />
===Scientific epithet===<br />
The scientific name for the [[genus]] ''Cajanus'' and the [[species]] ''cajan'' derive from the [[Malay language|Malay]] word {{Lang|ms|katjang}} (modern spelling: {{Lang|ms|kacang}}) meaning [[legume]] in reference to the bean of the plant.<ref>{{cite web|date=2018-01-14|title=Cajanus cajan etymology|url=https://antropocene.it/es/2018/01/14/cajanus-cajan/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Un Mondo Ecosostenibile|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Common English names===<br />
In [[English language|English]] they are commonly referred to as '''pigeon pea''' which originates from the historical utilization of the pulse as [[Columbidae|pigeon]] [[fodder]] in [[Barbados]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How the Pigeon Pea Became Such a Kitchen Staple Around the World |url=https://matadornetwork.com/read/pigeon-pea-became-kitchen-staple-around-world/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Matador Network |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2013-08-20 |title=Pigeon peas: A sweet summer addition to the edible garden |url=https://www.latimes.com/home/la-lh-pigeon-peas-20130820-story.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> The term '''Congo pea''' and '''Angola pea''' developed due to the presence of its cultivation in Africa and the association of its utilization with those of African descent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Angola pea etymology |url=https://www.wordnik.com/words/angola%20pea}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Congo pea |url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Congo+pea |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=TheFreeDictionary.com}}</ref> The names '''no-eye pea''' and '''red gram''' both refer to the characteristics of the seed, with '''no-eye pea''' in reference to the lack of a [[Hilum (biology)|hilum]] blotch on most varieties, unlike the [[black-eyed pea]], and '''red gram''' in reference to the red color of most Indian varieties and gram simply referring to the plant being a [[legume]].<ref>{{cite web |title=gram in Hindi - gram meaning in Hindi |url=https://www.hindlish.com/gram/gram-meaning-in-hindi-english |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.hindlish.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Internationally===<br />
====Africa====<br />
<br />
In [[Benin]] the pigeon pea is locally known as {{lang|fon|klouékoun}} in [[Fon language|Fon]], {{lang|ife|otinin}} in [[Ede language|Ede]] and {{lang|ajg|eklui}} in [[Adja language|Adja]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kinhoégbè |first1=Géofroy |last2=Djèdatin |first2=Gustave |last3=Loko |first3=Laura Estelle Yêyinou |last4=Favi |first4=Abraham Gnimansou |last5=Adomou |first5=Aristide |last6=Agbangla |first6=Clément |last7=Dansi |first7=Alexandre |title=On-farm management and participatory evaluation of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millspaugh) diversity across the agro-ecological zones of the Republic of Benin |journal=Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine |date=December 2020 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1186/s13002-020-00378-0 |doi-access=free |pmid=32404139 |pmc=7218501 }}</ref> In [[Cape Verde]] they are called {{lang|kea|Fixon Kongu}} in [[Cape Verdean Creole|Cape Verdean creole]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Congo bean - Arca del Gusto |url=https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/congo-bean/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Slow Food Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Comoros]] and [[Mauritius]] they are known as {{lang|zdj-Latn|embrevade}} or {{lang|swb-Latn|ambrebdade}} in [[Comorian languages|Comorian]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Food and drink in Comoros |url=https://www.worldtravelguide.net/guides/africa/comoros/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=World Travel Guide |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Mauritian Creole|Morisyen]], respectively, in return originating from the [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] term for the plant {{lang|mg|amberivatry}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malagasy Dictionary and Madagascar Encyclopedia: amberivatry |url=https://en.mondemalgache.org/bins/teny2/amberivatry |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=en.mondemalgache.org |archive-date=2022-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101233127/https://en.mondemalgache.org/bins/teny2/amberivatry }}</ref> In [[Ghana]] they are known as {{lang|dag|aduwa}} or {{lang|dag|adowa}} in [[Dagbani language|Dagbani]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dagbani » Download |url=https://www.webonary.org/dagbani/download/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-03 |title=Adowa Beans|url=https://techrisemedia.com/adowa-beans-african-street-food-tour-discovered-beans-food-business-ideas-in-africa-ghana/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=techrisemedia |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] they are known as {{lang|sw|mbaazi}} in [[Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Iwu |first=Maurice M. |url=https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b16292-4#sec3_36 |title=Pharmacognostical Profile of Selected Medicinal Plants |date=2014-02-04 |publisher=Routledge Handbooks Online |isbn=978-1-4665-7197-6 |language=en |doi=10.1201/b16292-4}}</ref> In [[Malawi]] they are called {{lang|ny|nandolo}} in [[Chewa language|Chichewa]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nandolo in English. Nandolo Meaning and Chichewa to English Translation |url=https://www.indifferentlanguages.com/translate/chichewa-english/nandolo |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.indifferentlanguages.com}}</ref> In [[Nigeria]] pigeon peas are called {{lang|ig|fiofio}} or {{lang|ig|mgbụmgbụ}} in [[Igbo language|Igbo]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Obidike |first=Jennifer |date=2020-08-01 |title=Pigeon peas (fio-fio): 6 Proven Health Benefits and Nutrition |url=https://www.healthfulwonders.com/pigeon-peas-fio-fio-6-proven-health-benefits-and-nutrition-healthful-wonders/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Healthful Wonders |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526140907/https://www.healthfulwonders.com/pigeon-peas-fio-fio-6-proven-health-benefits-and-nutrition-healthful-wonders/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lois |date=2014-02-10 |title=The many names of the pigeon pea… |url=https://loiselsden.com/2014/02/10/12962/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Lois Elsden |language=en}}</ref> {{langx|ha|waken-masar|lit=Egyptian bean|label=none}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hausa Names for Plants and Trees |url=https://www.yumpu.com/it/document/read/24396103/hausa-names-for-plants-and-trees-roger-blench |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=yumpu.com |language=it}}</ref> or {{langx|ha|waken-turawa|lit=foreigner bean|label=none}}<ref>{{cite web |title=waken-turawa |url=https://www.englishraven.com/What-Is-Fio-Fio-Called-In-English/#3 |access-date=2022-05-13 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> in [[Hausa language|Hausa]],<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pigeon pea Archives |url=https://t.guardian.ng/tag/pigeon-pea/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-13 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and {{lang|yo|òtílí}} in [[Yoruba language|Yoruba]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-07-08 |title=Pigeon peas and Nutrition - Tasty 9ja - Benefits of Fiofio |url=https://tastynigerianrecipes.com/pigeon-peas/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Tasty Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> In [[Sudan]] they are known as {{transliteration|ar|adaseya}}, {{transliteration|ar|adasy}} or {{transliteration|ar|adasia}} ({{langx|ar|عدسيه}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=Agricultural plant names in Sudan |url=https://aplusasud.com/agriculturalcommodities/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pigeon pea in Sudan |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201806040584.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=العدسية - Sudanese Pigeon Peas|url=https://samasimgroup.com/ar/product/sudanese-pigeon-peas/|language=ar|website=Smasim Investment |access-date=2025-08-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Asia====<br />
{{More citations needed|1=sub-section|date=August 2024}}<br />
[[File:Pigeon peas dried with ruler.jpg|thumb|Pigeon peas displayed next to a ruler from the Ereke market in [[Buton|Buton Island]], [[Indonesia]]]]<br />
<br />
In [[India]] the plant is known by various different names such as <br />
* {{langx|as|ৰহৰ মাহ}} {{transliteration|as|rohor mah}}, {{lang|as|মিৰি মাহ}} {{transliteration|as|miri-mah}}<br />
* {{langx|bn|অড়হর}} {{transliteration|bn|arahar}}<br />
* {{langx|gu|તુવેર}} {{transliteration|gu|tuver}}<br />
* {{langx|hi|अरहर}} {{transliteration|hi|arhar}}, {{lang|hi|तुवर}} {{transliteration|hi|tuvar}} <br />
* {{langx|kn|ತೊಗರಿ ಬೇಳೆ}} {{transliteration|kn|togari bele}}, {{lang|kn|ತೊವರಿ}}, {{lang|kn|ತೊಗರಿ ಕಾಳು}} {{transliteration|kn|togari kalu}}<br />
* {{langx|kok|तोरी}} {{transliteration|kok|tori}}<br />
* {{langx|ml|ആഢകി}} {{transliteration|ml|adhaki}} or {{lang|ml|തുവര}} {{transliteration|ml|tuvara}} <br />
* {{langx|mni|মাইৰোংবী}} {{transliteration|mni|mairongbi}} <br />
* {{langx|mr|तूर}} {{transliteration|mr|tur}} <br />
* {{langx|ne|रहर}} {{transliteration|ne|rahar}}<br />
* {{langx|or|ହରଡ଼}} {{transliteration|or|harada}}, {{lang|or|କାକ୍ଷୀ}} {{transliteration|or|kakhyi}}, {{lang|or|ତୁବର}} {{transliteration|or|tubara}}<br />
* {{langx|pa|ਦਿੰਗੇਰ}} {{transliteration|pa|dinger}}<br />
* {{langx|ta|ஆடகி}} {{transliteration|ta|adhaki}}, {{lang|ta|இருப்புலி}} {{transliteration|ta|iruppuli}}, {{lang|ta|காய்ச்சி}} {{transliteration|ta|kaycci}} and {{lang|ta|துவரை}} {{transliteration|ta|tuvarai}} <br />
* {{langx|te|కంది}} {{transliteration|te|kandi}}, {{citation needed span|{{lang|te|ఆఢకి}} {{transliteration|te|adhaki}}, {{lang|te|తొగరి}} {{transliteration|te|togari}}, {{lang|te| తువరము}} {{transliteration|te|tuvaramu}} |date=August 2024}}<br />
* [[Lhasa Tibetan|Tibetan]]: {{transliteration|bo|tu ba ri}} <br />
* {{langx|ur|ارهر}} {{transliteration|ur|arhar}}, {{lang|ur|توأر}} {{transliteration|ur|tuar}}<br />
*{{langx|sa| तुवरी }} {{transliteration|sa| tuvaree}}, आढकी {{transliteration|sa| Aadhakee}}<br />
<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change |url=https://biosafety.icar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/biology_of_cajanus_cajan_pigeon_pea_REVISED-1.pdf |access-date=2020-06-21 |archive-date=2020-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806095012/https://biosafety.icar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/biology_of_cajanus_cajan_pigeon_pea_REVISED-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cajanus cajan |url=https://www.tropicalforages.info/text/entities_app/cajanus_cajan.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210075111/https://www.tropicalforages.info/text/entities_app/cajanus_cajan.htm |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.tropicalforages.info }}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Persian language|Persian]], it is known as {{lang|fa|شاخول}} {{transliteration|fa|shakhul}} and is popular in dishes.<br />
In the [[Philippines]] they are known as {{lang|fil|Kadios}} in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and {{lang|tl|Kadyos}} in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-05-08 |title=Kadyos (Kadios): Tagalog-English Dictionary Online |url=https://www.tagaloglang.com/kadyos/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=TAGALOG LANG |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kadios or pigeon pea in Filipino |date=27 July 2010 |url=https://www.pinoy-entrepreneur.com/2010/07/27/pigeon-pea-or-kadios-production/}}</ref><br />
<br />
====The Americas====<br />
In [[Latin America]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2015-01-12|title=What Are Gandules?|url=https://culinarylore.com/specialty-foods:what-are-gandules/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=CulinaryLore|language=en-US}}</ref> they are known as {{lang|es|guandul}} or {{lang|es|gandul}} in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], and {{lang|pt-BR|feijão andu}} or {{lang|pt-BR|gandu}} in [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]] all of which derive from [[Kongo language|Kikongo]] {{lang|kg|wandu}} or from [[Kimbundu]] {{lang|kmb|oanda}}; both names referring to the same plant.<ref>{{cite web|date=2011-08-27|title=Gracias a las manos africanas|url=https://listindiario.com/ventana/2011/08/27/201259/gracias-a-las-manos-africanas|access-date=2021-08-12|website=listindiario.com|language=ES}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2016-08-15|title=Culture: How the African Diaspora Left It's Mark on the DR|url=http://www.unavainabienspanish.com/african-diaspora-dominican-republic/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Una Vaina Bien Spanish|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803170905/http://www.unavainabienspanish.com/african-diaspora-dominican-republic/|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=Cocina Dominicana – Anexo 2|url=https://mipais.jmarcano.com/socio-cultural/artes/cocina/cocina-deive/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=mipais.jmarcano.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=African Origin of Papiamentu Plant names|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322696358|access-date=2021-08-12|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[English-speaking world|Anglophone]] regions of the [[Caribbean]], like [[Jamaica]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamaican Ingredient: Gungo Peas – Cook Like a Jamaican|url=https://cooklikeajamaican.com/amp/gungo-peas/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=cooklikeajamaican.com}}</ref> they are known as ''Gungo peas'', coming from the more archaic [[English language|English]] name for the plant ''congo pea,'' given to the plant because of its popularity and relation to [[Sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=PlantFiles: Cajanus Species, Congo Pea, Gungo Pea, Pigeon Pea Bush, Red Gram|url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/116685/|access-date=2021-08-12|website=Dave's Garden|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Carney, J. A 2009">Carney, J. A. and Rosomoff, R. N. (2009) ''In the Shadow of Slavery. Africa's Botanical legacy in the Atlantic World''. Berkeley: University of California Press</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Geographical distribution of French speakers|Francophone]] regions of the Caribbean they are known as {{lang|fr|pois d' angole}},<ref>{{cite web |title=Pigeon peas (Pois d'Angole) |url=https://azmartinique.com/en/all-to-know/fruits-vegetables/pigeon-peas-pois-d-angole |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=AZ Martinique |language=en}}</ref> {{lang|acf|pwa di bwa}} in [[Antillean Creole|Antillean creole]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHy8PxhjodMC&dq=pwa+di+bwa&pg=PA334 |title=Dictionnaire pratique du créole de Guadeloupe. Suivi d'un Index français-créole |date=2009-02-01 |publisher=Karthala Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-3020-6 |language=fr}}</ref> and {{lang|ht|pwa kongo}} in [[Haitian Creole|Haitian creole]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yurnet-Thomas |first=Mirta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giQaoQz8N0AC&dq=pwa+congo&pg=PA26 |title=A Taste of Haiti |date=2004 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-0998-6 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Suriname]] they are known as {{lang|nl|wandoe}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Wandoe|date=2022-06-04|url=https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/wandoe|author=Instituut voor de Nederlandse taal|website=etymologiebank.nl|publisher=Instituut voor de Nederlandse taal|language=nl}}</ref> or {{lang|nl|gele pesi}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://etymologiebank.nl/trefwoord/pesi|title=Pesi|date=2022-06-04|author=Instituut voor de Nederlandse taal|website=etymologiebank.nl|publisher=Instituut voor de Nederlandse taal|language=nl}}</ref> the former of which is derived from the same source as its Spanish and Portuguese counterparts, the latter of which literally translates to 'yellow pea' from Dutch and [[Sranan Tongo]].<br />
<br />
====Oceania====<br />
In [[Hawaii]] they are known as {{langx|haw|pi pokoliko|lit=Puerto Rican pea|label=none}} or {{langx|haw|pi nunu|lit=pigeon pea|label=none}} in the [[Hawaiian language]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Pigeon Peas |url=https://foodprint.org/real-food/pigeon-peas/ |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=FoodPrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History and origin ==<br />
[[File:Cajanus cajan, flowers.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Pigeon pea flowers]]<br />
[[File:Pollen grains of Pigeon pea.jpg|thumb|[[Pollen]] grains of pigeon pea]]<br />
<br />
===Origin===<br />
The closest relatives to the cultivated pigeon pea are ''[[Cajanus cajanifolia]]'', ''[[Cajanus scarabaeoides]]'', and ''[[Cajanus kerstingii]]'', native to India and the latter West Africa respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cajanus kerstingii (Flora of the WAP complex - legumes) · iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/491035 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=iNaturalist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cajanus scarabaeoides |url=http://oar.icrisat.org/344/1/ArthroPlantInter3_3_151-161_2009.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cajanus cajanifolius (Haines) Maesen {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:942590-1 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> Much debate exist over the geographical origin of the species, with some groups claiming origin from the [[Nile|Nile river]] and [[West Africa|Western Africa]], and the other Indian origin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pigeon pea history and origin |url=https://www.ikisan.com/ka-redgram-History.html#:~:text=Its%20actual%20place%20of%20origin,the%20world%20and%20to%20India. |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.ikisan.com |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204181120/https://www.ikisan.com/ka-redgram-History.html#:~:text=Its%20actual%20place%20of%20origin,the%20world%20and%20to%20India. }}</ref> The two epicenters of genetic diversity exist in both Africa and India, but India is considered to be its primary center of origin with West Africa being considered a second major center of origin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Winrock International - Cajanus cajan: It's More than Just a Pulse Crop |url=https://winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/cajanus-cajan-its-more-than-just-a-pulse-crop/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204173816/https://winrock.org/factnet-a-lasting-impact/fact-sheets/cajanus-cajan-its-more-than-just-a-pulse-crop/ |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=winrock.org |language=en-US }}</ref><br />
<br />
===History===<br />
By at least 2800''&nbsp;''BCE in peninsular India,<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the cultivation and domestication of Cajanus cajan (Pigeon pea) |url=https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/plsc451/files/Lecture%20Notes%202010/Veg%20Crops-Lesson%2021%20Pea,%20Bean.pdf |website=uidaho.edu}}</ref> where its presumptive closest wild relatives ''Cajanus cajanifolia'' occurs in tropical [[Deciduous|deciduous woodlands]], its cultivation has been documented.<ref>Van der Maeson, L. J. G. (1995). "Pigeonpea ''Cajanus cajan''", pp. 251–5 in Smartt, J. and Simmonds, N. W. (eds.), ''Evolution of Crop Plants. Essex'': Longman.</ref> Archaeological finds of pigeon pea cultivation dating to about [[14th century BC|14th century BCE]] have also been found at the [[Neolithic]] site of [[Sanganakallu]] in [[Bellary]] and its border area [[Tuljapur]] (where the cultivation of African domesticated plants like [[pearl millet]], [[Eleusine coracana|finger millet]], and [[Lablab]] have also been uncovered),<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian |last2=Korisettar |first2=Ravi |last3=Venkatasubbaiah |first3=P.C. |last4=Jones |first4=MartinK. |title=Early plant domestications in southern India: some preliminary archaeobotanical results |journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany |date=June 2004 |volume=13 |issue=2 |page=115 |doi=10.1007/s00334-004-0036-9 |bibcode=2004VegHA..13..115F |s2cid=8108444 }}</ref> as well as in [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur]] and other [[South India|South Indian states]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Fuller | first1 = D. Q. | last2 = Harvey | first2 = E. L. | doi = 10.1179/174963106x123232 | title = The archaeobotany of Indian pulses: Identification, processing and evidence for cultivation | journal = Environmental Archaeology | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 219–246 | year = 2006 | bibcode = 2006EnvAr..11..219F | s2cid = 59135495 }}</ref><br />
<br />
From India it may have made its way to [[Northeast Africa|North-East Africa]] via Trans-Oceanic Bronze Age trade that allowed cross-cultural exchange of resources and agricultural products.<ref>{{cite web |last=Fuller |first=Dorian |title=Across the Indian Ocean: the prehistoric movement of plants and animals |url=http://www.sealinksproject.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Fuller_et_al_2011_Antiquity.pdf}}</ref> The earliest evidence of pigeon peas in Africa was found in [[Ancient Egypt]] with the presence of seeds in Egyptian tombs dating back to around 2200''&nbsp;''BCE.<ref>{{cite web |title=USDA - National Agricultural Statistics Service - Puerto Rico - Ag History of Pigeon Peas |url=https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Puerto_Rico/Publications/Ag_History_of_Pigeon_Peas/index.php |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.nass.usda.gov}}</ref> From eastern Africa, cultivation spread further west and south through the continent, where by means of the [[Atlantic slave trade|Trans-Atlantic slave trade]], it reached the [[Americas]] around the 17th century.<ref name="Carney, J. A 2009"/><br />
<br />
Pigeon peas were introduced to Hawaii in 1824 by [[James Macrae (botanist)|James Macrae]] with a few specimens becoming naturalized on the islands, but they wouldn't gain much popularity until later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cajanus cajan |url=https://plantpono.org/pono-plants/cajanus-cajan-pigeon-pea/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Plant Pono |language=en-US}}</ref> By the early 20th century [[Filipinos in Hawaii|Filipinos]] and [[Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii|Puerto Ricans]] began to emigrate from the [[American Philippines]] and [[Puerto Rico]] to [[Hawaii]] to work in [[Sugar plantations in Hawaii|sugarcane plantations]] in 1906 and 1901, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |first=Diana |last=Duff |date=2020-02-02 |title=Plant of the Month: Pidgeon pea, a multipurpose tree for a small garden |url=https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2020/02/02/features/plant-of-the-month-pidgeon-pea-amultipurpose-tree-for-a-small-garden/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=West Hawaii Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Filipinos in Hawaii, UHM Center for Philippine Studies |url=https://www.hawaii.edu/cps/hawaii-filipinos.html#:~:text=A%20Brief%20History%20of%20Filipinos%20in%20Hawaii&text=Today%27s%20Filipino%20community%20in%20Hawaii,then%20US%20Territory%20of%20Hawaii. |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.hawaii.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How The First Puerto Ricans Arrived On Hawaiʻi Island {{!}} Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños |url=https://centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu/centrovoices/chronicles/how-first-puerto-ricans-arrived-hawai%E2%80%99i-island#:~:text=They%20arrived%20on%20O%27ahu,plantations%20in%20the%20Kohala%20area.&text=While%20they%20had%20hoped%20to,was%20not%20pleasant%20or%20easy. |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu |archive-date=2022-07-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703144537/https://centropr-archive.hunter.cuny.edu/centrovoices/chronicles/how-first-puerto-ricans-arrived-hawai%E2%80%99i-island#:~:text=They%20arrived%20on%20O%27ahu,plantations%20in%20the%20Kohala%20area.&text=While%20they%20had%20hoped%20to,was%20not%20pleasant%20or%20easy. }}</ref> Pigeon peas are said to have been popularized on the island by the Puerto Rican community where by the [[World War I|First World War]] their cultivation began, to expand on the island where they are still cultivated and consumed by locals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pigeon peas hawaii |url=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/B-46.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Infobox nutritional value<br />
| name=Pigeon peas, immature, raw<br />
| image=Pigeon peas.jpg<br />
| caption=Pigeon peas in [[Trinidad and Tobago]]<br />
| kJ=569<br />
| protein=7.2 g<br />
| fat=1.64 g<br />
| carbs=23.88 g<br />
| fiber=5.1 g<br />
| sugars=3 g<br />
| calcium_mg=42<br />
| iron_mg=1.6<br />
| magnesium_mg=68<br />
| phosphorus_mg=127<br />
| potassium_mg=552<br />
| sodium_mg=5<br />
| zinc_mg=1.04<br />
| manganese_mg=0.574<br />
| vitC_mg=39<br />
| thiamin_mg=0.4<br />
| riboflavin_mg=0.17<br />
| niacin_mg=2.2<br />
| pantothenic_mg=0.68<br />
| vitB6_mg=0.068<br />
| folate_ug=173<br />
| choline_mg=45.8<br />
| vitE_mg=0.39<br />
| vitK_ug=24<br />
| source_usda = 1<br />
| note=[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/170025/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]<br/>'''Values for Choline, Vit. E/K available'''<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox nutritional value<br />
| name = Pigeon peas, mature, raw<br />
| image = Cajanus cajan Steve Hurst 1.jpg<br />
| caption = Seeds of the pigeon pea<br />
| kJ = 1435<br />
| protein = 21.7 g<br />
<!-- amino acids -->| tryptophan = 212 mg<br />
| threonine = 767 mg<br />
| isoleucine = 785 mg<br />
| leucine = 1549 mg<br />
| lysine = 1521 mg<br />
| methionine = 243 mg<br />
| cystine = 250 mg<br />
| phenylalanine = 1858 mg<br />
| tyrosine = 538 mg<br />
| valine = 937 mg<br />
| arginine = 1299 mg<br />
| histidine = 774 mg<br />
| alanine = 972 mg<br />
| aspartic acid = 2146 mg<br />
| glutamic acid = 5031 mg<br />
| glycine = 802 mg<br />
| proline = 955 mg<br />
| serine = 1028 mg<br />
| hydroxyproline = 0 mg<br />
| fat = 1.49 g<br />
| carbs = 62.78 g<br />
| fiber = 15 g<br />
| sugars = n/a<br />
| calcium_mg = 130<br />
| iron_mg = 5.23<br />
| magnesium_mg = 183<br />
| phosphorus_mg = 367<br />
| potassium_mg = 1392<br />
| sodium_mg = 17<br />
| zinc_mg = 2.76<br />
| manganese_mg = 1.791<br />
| thiamin_mg = 0.643<br />
| riboflavin_mg = 0.187<br />
| niacin_mg = 2.965<br />
| pantothenic_mg = 1.266<br />
| vitB6_mg = 0.283<br />
| folate_ug = 456<br />
| source_usda = 1<br />
| note = [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/172436/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]<br/>'''Values for Choline, Vit. E/K ''unavailable'''''<br />
}}<br />
==Nutrition==<br />
<br />
Pigeon peas contain high levels of [[protein]] and the important [[amino acid]]s [[methionine]], [[lysine]], and [[tryptophan]].<ref>[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts/legumes-and-legume-products/4369/2 "Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Pigeon peas (red gram), mature seeds, raw"]</ref><br />
<br />
The following table indicates completeness of nutritional profile of various amino acids within mature seeds of pigeon pea.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Essential Amino Acid !!Available mg/g of Protein !! Min. Required mg/g of Protein <br />
|-<br />
<br />
| [[Tryptophan]] || 9.76 || 7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Threonine]] || 32.34 || 27<br />
|-<br />
| [[Isoleucine]] || 36.17 || 25<br />
|-<br />
| [[Leucine]] || 71.3 || 55<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lysine]] || 70.09 || 51<br />
|-<br />
| [[Methionine]]+[[Cystine]] || 22.7 || 25<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phenylalanine]]+[[Tyrosine]] || 110.4 || 47<br />
|-<br />
| [[Valine]] || 43.1 || 32<br />
|-<br />
| [[Histidine]] || 35.66 || 18<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Methionine + cystine combination is the only limiting amino acid combination in pigeon pea. In contrast to the mature seeds, the immature seeds are generally lower in all nutritional values, however they contain a significant amount of vitamin''&nbsp;''C (39&nbsp;mg per 100''&nbsp;''g serving) and have a slightly higher fat content. Research has shown that the protein content of the immature seeds is of a higher quality.<ref name="PMID 363219">{{cite journal |last1=Bressani |first1=Ricardo |last2=Gómez-Brenes |first2=Roberto A. |last3=Elías |first3=Luiz G. |title=Calidad nutricional de la proteína de gandul, tierno y maduro, y su valor suplementario a los cereales |trans-title=Nutritional quality of pigeon pea protein, immature and ripe, and its supplementary value for cereals |language=es |journal=Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutrición |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=108–116 |date=March 1986 |pmid=3632193 |oclc=69765297 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Nutrient contents of common foods}}<br />
<br />
==Cultivation==<br />
[[File:Cap-Vert-Pois secs.jpg|thumb|Harvested pigeon peas from Cape Verde]]<br />
<br />
Pigeon peas can be of a perennial variety, in which the crop can last three to five years (although the seed yield drops considerably after the first two years), or an annual variety more suitable for seed production.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilello |first=Stanley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZc_DQAAQBAJ&dq=Pigeon+peas+can+be+of+a+perennial+variety,+in+which+the+crop+can+last+three+to+five+years+(although+the+seed+yield+drops+considerably+after+the+first+two+years),+or+an+annual+variety+more+suitable+for+seed+production.&pg=PA103 |title=21st Century Homestead: Nitrogen-Fixing Crops |date=2016-10-10 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-365-45290-1 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Global production===<br />
[[File:Chã das Caldeiras-Pois (1).JPG|thumb|Naturalized pigeon peas growing on [[Chã das Caldeiras|Cha das Caldeiras]] on [[Fogo, Cape Verde|Fogo island]] in Cape Verde]]<br />
<br />
World production of pigeon peas is estimated at 4.49&nbsp;million tons.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Fatokimi |first1=Esther Olawumi |last2=Tanimonure |first2=Victoria Adeyemi |date=2021 |title=Analysis of the current situation and future outlooks for pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan) production in Oyo State, Nigeria: A Markov Chain model approach |journal=Journal of Agriculture and Food Research |volume=6 |article-number=100218 |doi=10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100218 |issn=2666-1543|doi-access=free }}</ref> About 63% of this production comes from India.{{cn|date=December 2024}} The total number of hectares grown to pigeon pea is estimated at 5.4&nbsp;million.<ref name=":0" /> [[India]] accounts for 72% of the area grown to pigeon pea or 3.9&nbsp;million hectares. [[Africa]] is the secondary centre of diversity and at present it contributes about 21% of global production with 1.05&nbsp;million tons. [[Malawi]], [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]], [[Mozambique]] and [[Uganda]] are the major producers in Africa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Products (Pigeon peas) |url=http://amago-tanzania.com/pigeon-peas.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=amago-tanzania.com}}</ref> Malawi's Nandolo Farmers' Association is supported by [[international aid]] via the charity [[Christian Aid]].<ref>[[Christian Aid]] (2023), [https://www.christianaid.ie/sites/default/files/2023-03/caw23-daily-devotional-roi.pdf Unwavering hope: A daily devotional], page 2, accessed on 8 October 2025</ref><br />
<br />
The pigeon pea is an important [[legume]] crop of [[rainfed agriculture]] in the [[semiarid tropics]]. The Indian subcontinent, Africa and [[Central America]], in that order, are the world's three main pigeon pea-producing regions. Pigeon peas are cultivated in more than 25 tropical and subtropical countries, either as a sole crop or intermixed with [[cereal]]s, such as [[sorghum]] (''[[Sorghum bicolor]]''), [[pearl millet]] (''Pennisetum glaucum''), or [[maize]] (''Zea mays''), or with other legumes, such as [[peanut]]s (''Arachis hypogea''). Being a legume capable of [[symbiosis]] with [[Rhizobia]], the bacteria associated with the pigeon pea enrich soils through symbiotic [[nitrogen fixation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=pigeon pea cultivation |url=http://asapglobe.com/Download_File.aspx?chap=Y2hhcHRlcjUucGRm&bisbn=OTc4OTM4NjI4MzUyOA== |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=asapglobe.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The crop is cultivated on marginal land by resource-poor farmers, who commonly grow traditional medium- and long-duration (5–11 months) [[landrace]]s. Short-duration pigeon peas (3–4 months) suitable for multiple cropping have recently been developed. Traditionally, the use of such input as fertilizers, weeding, irrigation, and pesticides is minimal, so present yield levels are low (average = {{cvt|700|kg/ha|lb/acre|disp=or}}). Greater attention is now being given to managing the crop because it is in high demand at remunerative prices.<br />
<br />
Pigeon peas are very drought-resistant and can be grown in areas with less than 650&nbsp;mm annual rainfall. With the maize crop failing three out of five years in drought-prone areas of [[Kenya]], a consortium led by the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) aimed to promote the pigeon pea as a drought-resistant, nutritious alternative crop.<ref>{{cite web |title={{!}}{{!}} ICRISAT {{!}}{{!}} Impact |url=http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/Icrisat-impacts-55.htm |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.icrisat.org |archive-date=2022-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102135856/http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/Icrisat-impacts-55.htm }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Nitrogen fixation ===<br />
Legumes, which provide highly nutritious products and contribute to soil fertility through biological [[nitrogen fixation]], are one of the most important crops in mixed crop-livestock systems.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ramya |first1=S. |last2=Pandove |first2=Gulab |date=2019-05-24 |title=Integrated nutrient management in cowpea with the application of microbial inoculants |url=http://arccjournals.com/journal/legume-research-an-international-journal/LR-4102 |journal=Legume Research |volume=44 |issue= 3|pages=243–251 |doi=10.18805/LR-4102 |issn=0976-0571|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> ''Cajanus cajan'' is an important legume crop with a high N-fixation ability (79 % N derived from the atmosphere).<ref name=":0" /> Plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), together with strains of [[Rhizobium]], can enhance growth and nitrogen fixation in pigeon pea by colonizing thenselves in the plant [[Root nodule|nodules]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tilak |first1=K. V. B. R. |last2=Ranganayaki |first2=N. |last3=Manoharachari |first3=C. |date=February 2006 |title=Synergistic effects of plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria and Rhizobium on nodulation and nitrogen fixation by pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ) |url=https://bsssjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00771.x |journal=European Journal of Soil Science |language=en |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2389.2006.00771.x |bibcode=2006EuJSS..57...67T |issn=1351-0754|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These [[Microbial inoculant|bioinoculants]] can be added as a single species but also as combined communities. Using a single bioinoculant shows benefits, but mixed communitites of different bioinoculatns have a greater positive impact on nodulation, plant dry mass, as well as shoot and root length.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=Rashi |last2=Bisaria |first2=Virendra S. |last3=Sharma |first3=Shilpi |date=2016-07-01 |title=Response of rhizospheric bacterial communities of Cajanus cajan to application of bioinoculants and chemical fertilizers: A comparative study |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1164556316300152 |journal=European Journal of Soil Biology |volume=75 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1016/j.ejsobi.2016.02.008 |bibcode=2016EJSB...75..107G |issn=1164-5563|url-access=subscription }}</ref> These different community species have different functions for the pigeon pea:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Bioinoculant <br />
!Function <br />
|-<br />
|''[[Azotobacter chroococcum]]''<br />
|promotes plant growth as a biofertilizer<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Richa |last2=Shrivas |first2=Vijay Laxmi |last3=Sharma |first3=Shilpi |date=2021-03-01 |title=Effect of substitution of chemical fertilizer by bioinoculants on plant performance and rhizospheric bacterial community: case study with Cajanus cajan |journal=Brazilian Journal of Microbiology |language=en |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=373–386 |doi=10.1007/s42770-020-00418-7 |issn=1678-4405 |pmc=7966636 |pmid=33415718}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bacillus megaterium]]''<br />
|produces nematode-targeting antibiotics and potentially influencing cytokinin signaling and supports the nitrogen yield of the plant especially during flowering and maturity stages <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pseudomonas fluorescens]]''<br />
|produces bioactive metabolites and siderophores that combat plant pathogens and supports the denitrification process <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trichoderma harzianum]]''<br />
|promotes soil health by production of enzymes and secondary metabolites that enhibit harmful soilborne pathogens and nutrient cycling by promoting root development<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Pests and diseases ===<br />
Pigeon pea is affected by a variety of pests and insects that can significantly impact crop yield and quality. They can infest the plant from seedling stage till harvest, therefore pests and diseases are the primary cause for low yields.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Pande |first1=Suresh |last2=Sharma |first2=Mamta |last3=Naga Mangla |first3=U. |last4=Ghosh |first4=Raju |last5=Sundaresan |first5=G. |date=2011-08-01 |title=Phytophthora blight of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]: An updating review of biology, pathogenicity and disease management |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026121941100130X |journal=Crop Protection |language=en |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=951–957 |doi=10.1016/j.cropro.2011.03.031|bibcode=2011CrPro..30..951P }}</ref> The major pests are moths include the gram pod borer (''[[Helicoverpa armigera]]''), which causes defoliation and pod damage; the blue butterfly (''[[Lampides boeticus]]''), which infests buds, flowers, and young pods; and the spotted pod borer (''[[Maruca vitrata]]''), known for webbing together infested pods and flowers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shanower |first1=T. G. |last2=Romeis |first2=J. |last3=Minja |first3=E. M. |date=1999-01-01 |title=Insect Pests of Pigeonpea and Their Management |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.77 |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |language=en |volume=44 |issue= |pages=77–96 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.77 |pmid=15012370 |issn=0066-4170|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Volp |first1=Trevor M |last2=Zalucki |first2=Myron P |last3=Furlong |first3=Michael J |date=2024-04-02 |title=Pigeon pea crop stage strongly influences plant susceptibility to ''Helicoverpa armigera'' (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) |url=https://academic.oup.com/jee/article/117/3/973/7639345 |journal=Journal of Economic Entomology |volume=117 |issue=3 |pages=973–981 |doi=10.1093/jee/toae050 |issn=0022-0493 |pmc= 11163456|pmid=38564410}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Jagadish |first1=K. S. |title=Screening Pigeon Pea, Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Against Major Insect Pests |date=2019 |work=Experimental Techniques in Host-Plant Resistance |pages=97–105 |editor-last=Kumar Chakravarthy |editor-first=Akshay |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_12 |access-date=2024-11-10 |place=Singapore |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-981-13-2652-3_12 |isbn=978-981-13-2652-3 |last2=Singh |first2=Ranvir |last3=Ghosh |first3=Pritha |last4=Domkak |first4=Korrakot |editor2-last=Selvanarayanan |editor2-first=Venkatesan|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The tur pod bug (''[[Clavigralla gibbosa]]'') is another significant pest of pigeon pea, causing substantial damage to pods and seeds.{{cn|date=January 2025}} Current resistance efforts focus on breeding pigeon pea varieties with enhanced resistance to these pests. However, the presence of multiple pest species and the variability in pest pressure across regions pose challenges to achieving consistent resistance.<ref name=":12">{{Citation |last1=Keerthi |first1=M. C. |title=Development of Biotic-Stress Resistant Pigeonpea |date=2022 |work=Genomic Designing for Biotic Stress Resistant Pulse Crops |pages=309–351 |editor-last=Kole |editor-first=Chittaranjan |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-91043-3_6 |access-date=2024-12-01 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-91043-3_6 |isbn=978-3-030-91043-3 |last2=Manjunatha |first2=L. |last3=Bhargavi |first3=H. A. |last4=Mahesha |first4=H. S. |last5=Puyam |first5=Anita |last6=Dasgupta |first6=Debarshi|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Effective management techniques include [[integrated pest management]] (IPM) strategies such as [[crop rotation]], [[intercropping]] with non-host plants, timely sowing, and the use of biological control agents like [[parasitoid]]s and [[Predation|predators]].<ref>{{Citation |last1=Raj |first1=S. K. |title=Diseases of Pigeon Pea |date=2020 |work=Handbook of Vegetable and Herb Diseases |pages=1–32 |editor-last=Elmer |editor-first=Wade H. |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-3-030-35512-8_25-1 |access-date=2024-12-01 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-35512-8_25-1 |isbn=978-3-030-35512-8 |last2=Singh |first2=Rachana |last3=Srivastava |first3=Ashish |last4=Srivastava |first4=Suchi |editor2-last=McGrath |editor2-first=Margaret |editor3-last=McGovern |editor3-first=Robert J.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Chemical control measures, including the application of insecticides like neem-based products and synthetic [[pyrethroid]]s, are also employed when necessary.<ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
Common diseases of pigeon pea:<ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
# Fusarium wilt (''Fusarium udum''){{cn|date=January 2025}}<br />
# Dry root rot (''[[Macrophomina phaseolina]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Basandrai |first1=Ashwani K. |last2=Pandey |first2=Abhay K. |last3=Somta |first3=Prakit |last4=Basandrai |first4=Daisy |date=2021-08-01 |title=Macrophomina phaseolina –host interface: Insights into an emerging dry root rot pathogen of mungbean and urdbean, and its mitigation strategies |url=https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ppa.13378 |journal=Plant Pathology |language=en |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1263–1275 |doi=10.1111/ppa.13378 |bibcode=2021PPath..70.1263B |issn=0032-0862|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
# Phytophthora blight (''[[Phytophthora drechsleri]]'')<ref name=":02" /><br />
# Alternaria leaf spot (''[[Alternaria alternata]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=M. |last2=Ghosh |first2=R. |last3=Mangla |first3=U. N. |last4=Saxena |first4=K. B. |last5=Pande |first5=S. |date=2012-06-01 |title=Alternaria tenuissima Causing Alternaria Blight on Pigeonpea in India |url=https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-01-12-0060-PDN |journal=Plant Disease |volume=96 |issue=6 |page=907 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-01-12-0060-PDN |pmid=30727370 |bibcode=2012PlDis..96..907S |issn=0191-2917|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
# Powdery mildew (''[[Leveillula taurica]]'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fondevilla |first1=S. |last2=Rubiales |first2=D. |date=2012-04-01 |title=Powdery mildew control in pea. A review |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13593-011-0033-1 |journal=Agronomy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=401–409 |doi=10.1007/s13593-011-0033-1 |bibcode=2012AgSD...32..401F |issn=1773-0155}}</ref><br />
# Sterility mosaic disease (''Pigeon pea sterility mosaic virus'') <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manjunatha |first1=Lakshamaiah |last2=Ramappa |first2=Honnaghatta Krishnappa |last3=Puyam |first3=Anita |last4=Srinivasa |first4=Nagappa |date=2021-12-01 |title=Pigeonpea Sterility Mosaic Virus: a threatening virus of pigeonpea, current scenario and its control |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42360-021-00397-1 |journal=Indian Phytopathology |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=885–891 |doi=10.1007/s42360-021-00397-1 |issn=2248-9800|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
# Yellow mosaic virus (''[[Mungbean yellow mosaic virus]]'')<ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
===Breeding===<br />
<br />
Pigeonpea is unique among legumes in that its flowers support both cross-pollination and [[self-pollination]]. The bright, nectar-rich flowers attract pollinating insects, allowing natural [[outcrossing]], which averages about 20% but varies with location due to pollinator populations. This level of outcrossing can lead to [[genetic contamination]] of parental lines and complicate the selection of lines by reducing the homozygosity of progeny. To mitigate these effects, breeders use techniques such as enclosing flowers in [[muslin]] bags or nets to prevent insect pollination. However, natural outcrossing also results in genetically diverse landraces and requires two to three generations of selfing before parental lines can be used in hybridisation programmes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Saxena |first=K. B. |date=June 2008 |title=Genetic Improvement of Pigeon Pea — A Review |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12042-008-9014-1 |journal=Tropical Plant Biology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=159–178 |doi=10.1007/s12042-008-9014-1 |bibcode=2008TroPB...1..159S |issn=1935-9756|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
Over 50 years of pigeonpea breeding has resulted in genetic improvements, disease-resistant varieties, a reduction in crop maturity from 300 to less than 90 days, and the introduction of the first legume hybrid technology, which has increased yields by 30–50%. Despite these advances, yield per unit area has remained stable, with improved stability and diversification for farmers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Saxena |first1=Kulbhushan |last2=Bohra |first2=Abhishek |last3=Choudhary |first3=Arbind K. |last4=Sultana |first4=Rafat |last5=Sharma |first5=Mamta |last6=Pazhamala |first6=Lekha T. |last7=Saxena |first7=Rachit K. |date=February 2021 |editor-last=Xu |editor-first=Pei |title=The alternative breeding approaches for improving yield gains and stress response in pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ) |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbr.12863 |journal=Plant Breeding |language=en |volume=140 |issue=1 |pages=74–86 |doi=10.1111/pbr.12863 |bibcode=2021PBree.140...74S |issn=0179-9541}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[John Spence (scientist)|John Spence]], a [[botanist]] and politician from [[Trinidad and Tobago]], developed several varieties of dwarf pigeon peas which can be harvested by machine, instead of by hand.<ref name="niherst">{{cite news|url=http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-1/69-john-spence.htm|title=John Spence (1929) Plant Pathologist|work=[[National Institute of Higher Education, Research, Science and Technology]]|access-date=2015-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225055330/http://www.niherst.gov.tt/icons/tt-icons-1/69-john-spence.htm|archive-date=2015-02-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Genome sequence===<br />
The pigeon pea is the first seed legume plant to have its complete genome sequenced. The sequencing was first accomplished by a group of 31 Indian scientists from the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]. It was then followed by a global research partnership, the International Initiative for Pigeon pea Genomics (IIPG), led by [[ICRISAT]] with partners such as BGI–Shenzhen (China), US research laboratories like University of Georgia, University of California-Davis, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, and National Centre for Genome Resources, European research institutes like the National University of Ireland Galway. It also received support from the CGIAR Generation Challenge Program, US National Science Foundation and in-kind contribution from the collaborating research institutes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1492.htm#1|title=ICRISAT-led global team cracks pigeonpea genome|access-date=2014-12-21|archive-date=2020-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407211735/http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1492.htm#1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers| volume=30|issue=1|doi=10.1038/nbt.2022|pmid=22057054|date=January 2012|journal=Nat. Biotechnol.|pages=83–9 | last1 = Varshney | first1 = RK | last2 = Chen | first2 = W | last3 = Li | first3 = Y |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free }}</ref> It is the first time that a CGIAR-supported research center such as ICRISAT led the genome sequencing of a food crop. There was a controversy over this as CGIAR did not partner with a national team of scientists and broke away from the Indo American Knowledge Initiative to start their own sequencing in parallel.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The first draft of the pigeonpea genome sequence| doi=10.1007/s13562-011-0088-8|pmid=24431589|volume=21|pmc=3886394|year=2012|journal=J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol.|pages=98–112 | last1 = Singh | first1 = NK | last2 = Gupta | first2 = DK | last3 = Jayaswal | first3 = PK | last4 = Mahato | first4 = AK | last5 = Dutta | first5 = S | last6 = Singh | first6 = S | last7 = Bhutani | first7 = S | last8 = Dogra | first8 = V | last9 = Singh | first9 = BP | last10 = Kumawat | first10 = G | last11 = Pal | first11 = JK | last12 = Pandit | first12 = A | last13 = Singh | first13 = A | last14 = Rawal | first14 = H | last15 = Kumar | first15 = A | last16 = Rama Prashat | first16 = G | last17 = Khare | first17 = A | last18 = Yadav | first18 = R | last19 = Raje | first19 = RS | last20 = Singh | first20 = MN | last21 = Datta | first21 = S | last22 = Fakrudin | first22 = B | last23 = Wanjari | first23 = KB | last24 = Kansal | first24 = R | last25 = Dash | first25 = PK | last26 = Jain | first26 = PK | last27 = Bhattacharya | first27 = R | last28 = Gaikwad | first28 = K | last29 = Mohapatra | first29 = T | last30 = Srinivasan | first30 = R | last31 = Sharma | first31 = TR| issue=1| bibcode=2012JPBB...21...98S}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 616 mature [[microRNA]]s and 3919 [[Long non-coding RNA|long non-codingRNAs]] sequences were identified in the genome of pigeon pea.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nithin |first1=Chandran |last2=Thomas |first2=Amal |last3=Basak |first3=Jolly |last4=Bahadur |first4=Ranjit Prasad |title=Genome-wide identification of miRNAs and lncRNAs in Cajanus cajan |journal=BMC Genomics |date=December 2017 |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=878 |doi=10.1186/s12864-017-4232-2 |pmid=29141604 |pmc=5688659 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Dehulling==== <br />
[[File:Shelling pigeonpeas, Kenya.jpg|thumb|right|Kenyans shelling pigeon peas]]<br />
<br />
There are various methods of removing the pulse from its shell. In earlier days hand pounding was common. Several traditional methods are used that can be broadly classified under two categories: the wet method and the dry method. The Wet method Involves water soaking, sun drying and dehulling. The Dry method Involves oil/water application, drying in the sun, and dehulling. Depending on the magnitude of operation, large-scale commercial dehulling of large quantities of pigeon pea into its deskinned, split version, known as toor [[dal]] in Hindi, is done in mechanically operated mills.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ikisan.com/tg-redgram-harvesting-storage.html |title=''Harvesting And Storage'' |access-date=2017-11-24 |archive-date=2020-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407220514/http://www.ikisan.com/tg-redgram-harvesting-storage.html }}</ref><ref>[http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 ''Pigeonpea in Eastern and Southern Africa''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718193632/http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/eastern_and_southern_africa/887/329 |date=2014-07-18 }}, [[ICRISAT]] Posted 10 October 2012. Downloaded 26 January 2014.</ref><br />
<br />
==Uses==<br />
===Culinary use===<br />
Pigeon peas are both a food crop (dried peas, flour, or green vegetable peas) and a forage/cover crop. In combination with [[cereals]], pigeon peas make a well-balanced meal and hence are favored by nutritionists as an essential ingredient for balanced diets. The dried peas may be sprouted briefly, then cooked, for a flavor different from the green or dried peas. <br />
<br />
====Africa====<br />
[[File:São Filipe-Plat de petits pois.jpg|thumb|A bowl of Cape Verdean fixon Kongu]]<br />
<br />
In Cape Verde they make a soup with the dried pigeon peas called feijão Congo, after its own name, made with dried pigeon peas in a similar manner to Brazilian [[feijoada]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2021-02-20 |title=Feijão Congo: Cape Verdean Stewed Peas (ervilha seca) |url=https://www.crumbsnatched.com/feijao-congo-stewed-peas-cape-verde/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Crumb-Snatched |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Kenya and throughout the Swahili-speaking region of East Africa, pigeon peas are utilized in dishes such as {{lang|sw|mbaazi na [[mahamri]]}}, that is usually served for breakfast.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jammy |date=2016-03-05 |title=Swahili Breakfast: Mbaazi and Mahamri |url=https://lifeinmombasa.com/swahili-breakfast-mbaazi-mahamri/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Life in Mombasa |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520141006/https://lifeinmombasa.com/swahili-breakfast-mbaazi-mahamri/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nairobi - Make Your Own Swahili Breakfast - mbaazi na mahamri |url=https://www.heygo.com/tours/make-your-own-swahili-breakfast-mbaazi-na-mahamri |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.heygo.com |date=12 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Enugu State|Enugu state]] of Nigeria, an Igbo dish called [[Echicha|Ẹchịcha]] or ''Achịcha'' is made with [[palm oil]], cocoyam, and seasoning.<ref>{{cite web |title=Achicha Ede (Echicha Ede) |url=https://www.allnigerianrecipes.com/cocoyam/achicha-ede/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=All Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also similar to other dishes from the state such as ''ayarya ji'' and ''fio-fio''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Onyeakagbu |first=Adaobi |date=2021-08-31 |title=Fio Fio: How to prepare this spicy traditional Enugu dish |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/fio-fio-how-to-prepare-this-spicy-traditional-enugu-dish/97twdjl |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2020-07-08 |title=Ayaraya Oka, Pigeon peas, Fiofio and corn - Tasty 9ja |url=https://tastynigerianrecipes.com/ayaraya-oka/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Tasty Nigerian Recipes |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513065006/https://tastynigerianrecipes.com/ayaraya-oka/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-28 |title=Ayaraya Ji (Yam And Pigeon Peas) |url=https://guardian.ng/life/ayaraya-ji-yam-and-pigeon-peas/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-13 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Ethiopia]], the pods, the young shoots and leaves, are cooked and eaten.<ref>Zemede Asfaw, [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/500/ch08.htm "Conservation and use of traditional vegetables in Ethiopia"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707210646/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/publications/Web_version/500/ch08.htm |date=2012-07-07 }}, ''Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables in Africa'' (Nairobi, 29–31 August 1995)</ref><br />
<br />
====Asia====<br />
[[File:Dal Fry Tadka, Cumin Rice, Roasted Papad on the side.jpg|thumb|''Dal/pappu'' and rice, the twice-daily staple meal for most people in [[India]] and the Indian subcontinent]]<br />
<br />
In India, it is one of the most popular [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], being an important source of protein in a mostly vegetarian diet. It is the primary accompaniment to rice or [[roti]] and has the status of [[staple food]] throughout the length and breadth of India. In regions where it grows, fresh young pods are eaten as a vegetable in dishes such as [[Sambar (dish)|''sambar'']].<br />
<br />
In the [[Western Visayas]] region of the [[Philippines]], pigeon peas are the main ingredient of a very popular dish called "KBL"—an acronym for "Kadyos" (pigeon pea), "Baboy" (pork), and "Langka" (jackfruit). It is a savory soup with rich flavors coming from the pigeon peas, smoked pork preferably the legs or tail, and souring agent called [[Garcinia binucao|batuan]]. Raw [[jackfruit]] meat is chopped and boiled to soft consistency, and serves as an extender. The violet color of the soup comes from the pigment of the variety commonly grown in the region.<ref>{{cite web |title=KBL – Kadyos, Baboy at Langka |url=https://www.overseaspinoycooking.net/2009/03/kbl-kadyos-baboy-at-langka.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
====The Americas====<br />
In the Caribbean coast of [[Colombia]], such as the [[Atlántico Department|Atlántico department]] of Colombia, the [[sopa de guandú con carne salada]] (or simply "gandules") is made with pigeon peas, yam, plantain, yuca, and spices.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-07-13 |title=Sopa de Guandú {{!}} Colombia Buena |url=http://www.colombiabuena.com/colombia/sopa-de-guandu.html |access-date=2022-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713025114/http://www.colombiabuena.com/colombia/sopa-de-guandu.html |archive-date=2010-07-13 }}</ref> During the week of [[Holy Week|Semana santa]] a sweet is made out of pigeon peas called ''dulce de guandules'' which is made by mashed and sweetened pigeon peas with origins in the [[Maroons|maroon]] community of [[San Basilio de Palenque]].<ref name="Heraldo">{{cite web |title=Recetas EH {{!}} Aprenda a preparar tres dulces típicos para la Cuaresma |url=https://www.elheraldo.co/entretenimiento/recetas-eh-aprenda-preparar-tres-dulces-tipicos-para-la-cuaresma-465178 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=EL HERALDO |date=2 March 2018 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2016-10-02 |title=El dulce sabor de Palenque |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.co/suplementos/facetas/el-dulce-sabor-de-palenque-236759-KXEU344428 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.eluniversal.com.co |language=ES-es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=La dulzura de San Basilio de Palenque |url=https://bibliotecadigital.udea.edu.co/bitstream/10495/14711/1/PelaezSusan_2008_DulzuraSanBasilo.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Dominican Republic]], a dish made of rice and green pigeon peas called [[moro de guandules]] is a traditional holiday food. It is also consumed as guandules guisados, which is a savoury stew with coconut and squash served with white rice. A variety of [[sancocho]] is also made based on green pigeon peas that includes poultry, pork, beef, yams, yucca, squash, plantain and others. [[People of the Dominican Republic|Dominicans]] have a high regard for this legume and it is consumed widely.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pigeon Peas Rice With Sausage (Moro de Gandules y Salchichas) |url=https://hispanickitchen.com/recipes/pigeon-peas-rice-sausage-moro-de-guandules-y-salchichas/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014094243/http://hispanickitchen.com/recipes/pigeon-peas-rice-sausage-moro-de-guandules-y-salchichas/ |archive-date=October 14, 2016 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Hispanic Kitchen |language=en-US }}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Panama]], pigeon peas are used in a dish called ''Arroz con guandú y coco'' or "rice with pigeon peas and coconut" traditionally prepared and consumed during the end of year holidays.<ref>{{cite web |last=Israely |first=Ruth |title=Arroz con Guandú y Coco (Rice with Pigeon Peas and Coconut Milk) |url=https://jamiegeller.com/recipes/arroz-con-guand-y-coco/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Jamie Geller |date=June 2016 |language=en-us}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[Puerto Rico]], ''[[arroz con gandules]]'' is made with [[rice]] and pigeon peas and [[sofrito]] which is a traditional dish, especially during Christmas season.<ref>{{cite web |title=El Boricua, a bilingual , cultural publication for Puerto Ricans |url=http://www.elboricua.com/arroz_con_gandules.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510191038/http://www.elboricua.com/arroz_con_gandules.html |archive-date=May 10, 2000 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.elboricua.com }}</ref> Pigeon peas can also be made in to a stew called ''asopao de gandules'', with [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]] balls.<ref>{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=David |date=2021-06-15 |title=Asopao de Gandules ~ Pigeon Pea Stew |url=https://hispanicfoodnetwork.com/asopao-de-gandules-pigeon-pea-stew/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Hispanic Food Network |language=en-US}}</ref>'' [[Escabeche]] de gandules'' is a spicy pickled pigeon pea salad typically served with bread. Pigeon peas are also used to make [[hummus]] on the island and called ''hummus de gandules''.<br />
<br />
[[Jamaica]] also uses pigeon peas instead of kidney beans in their [[rice and peas]] dish, especially during the Christmas season.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hidden |first=Katie |date=2015-12-20 |title=Gungo Peas and Rice |url=https://tastetheislandstv.com/gungo-peas-and-rice/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Taste the Islands |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Trinidad and Tobago]] and [[Grenada]] have their own variant, called ''[[pelau]]'', which includes either beef or chicken, and occasionally pumpkin and pieces of cured pig tail.<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-03-21 |title=Pelau – A Popular and Historical Trinidadian Dish - New York Carib News |url=https://www.nycaribnews.com/articles/pelau-a-popular-and-historical-trinidadian-dish/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=New York Carib News -}}</ref><br />
<br />
Unlike in some other parts of the Greater Caribbean, in [[The Bahamas]] pigeon peas are used in dried form, light brown in color to make the heartier, heavier, signature Bahamian staple dish "Peas 'n Rice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trubahamianfoodtours.com/bites-of-nassau-food-tour/bahamian-must-eats-peas-n-rice/|title=Tru Bahamian Must Eats: Peas & Rice|website=Tru Bahamian Food Tours|access-date=12 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112042143/http://trubahamianfoodtours.com/bites-of-nassau-food-tour/bahamian-must-eats-peas-n-rice/|archive-date=12 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Oceania====<br />
In [[Hawaii]] they are used to make a dish called ''gandule rice,''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hawaii Hispanic News - History Of Hispanics in Hawaii |url=http://www.hawaiihispanicnews.org/history_of_hispanics_in_hawaii |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.hawaiihispanicnews.org |archive-date=2022-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520104259/http://hawaiihispanicnews.org/history_of_hispanics_in_hawaii }}</ref> also called ''godule rice,''<ref>{{cite web |title=Gondule rice hawaii |url=https://www.americastestkitchen.com/search?q=Gondule%20rice |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.americastestkitchen.com}}</ref> ''gundule rice'',<ref>{{cite web |title=Gundule Rice Recipes |url=https://recipes.sparkpeople.com/great-recipes.asp?food=gundule+rice |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=SparkRecipes |language=en}}</ref> and ''ganduddy rice''<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-07-13 |title=Puerto Rican Rice & Beans—By Way Of Hawaii |url=https://food52.com/blog/22721-puerto-rican-rice-beans-by-way-of-hawaii |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=Food52 |language=en-us}}</ref> originates on the island from the [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] community with historic ties to the island and is prepared in a similar manner to that of traditional Puerto Rican arroz con gandules.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arroz con Gandules Recipe (Gandule Rice) |url=https://www.pbs.org/food/recipes/arroz-con-gandules-gandule-rice |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=PBS Food |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other uses===<br />
====Agricultural====<br />
[[File:Poids d’engole murs dans les gousses dépose dans 1 plastiques jaune au Bénin.jpg|thumb|Harvested pods of pigeon peas in Benin]]<br />
<br />
It is an important ingredient of animal feed used in West Africa, especially in Nigeria, where it is also grown. Leaves, pods, seeds and the residues of seed processing are used to feed all kinds of livestock.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Delagarde R., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Pigeon pea (''Cajanus cajan'') seeds. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/329</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] pigeon peas are utilized as one of the main [[Forest gardening|food forest]] and soil improvement crops after using a [[Slash-and-burn|slash-and-burn fire]] technique called ''maala.''<ref>{{cite web |last=Bauer |first=Jean-Martin |date=2018-05-09 |title=Food and forests in Congo-Brazzaville |url=https://medium.com/world-food-programme-insight/food-and-forests-in-congo-brazzaville-3d201b9c264b |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=World Food Programme Insight |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pigeon peas are in some areas an important crop for [[green manure]], providing up to 90&nbsp;kg nitrogen per hectare.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adu-Gyamfi |first1=Joseph J. |last2=Myaka |first2=Fidelis A. |last3=Sakala |first3=Webster D. |last4=Odgaard |first4=Rie |last5=Vesterager |first5=Jens M. |last6=Høgh-Jensen |first6=Henning |title=Biological nitrogen fixation and nitrogen and phosphorus budgets in farmer-managed intercrops of maize–pigeonpea in semi-arid southern and eastern Africa |journal=Plant and Soil |date=June 2007 |volume=295 |issue=1–2 |pages=127–136 |doi=10.1007/s11104-007-9270-0 |bibcode=2007PlSoi.295..127A |s2cid=20000912 }}</ref> The woody stems of pigeon peas can also be used as firewood, fencing, thatch and as a source for rope fiber.<ref>{{cite web |title=Effects of Pre-Treatments on Pigeon Pea Stalk Fibers |url=https://www.europeanjournalofsciences.co.uk/ejs1901.pdf }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Medicinal====<br />
<br />
Pigeon pea has been valued for its medicinal properties since prehistoric times in various regions, including Africa, Egypt and Asia. Today, different countries use different parts of the plant to treat a range of diseases as an alternative medicine. In the [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of Congo]] the [[Kongo people|Kongo]], [[Lari people (Congo)|Lari]], and [[Dondo people]] use the sap of the leaves as an eyedrop for epilepsy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prelude Medicinal Plants Database - Browse by reference - HA 05 {{!}} Royal Museum for Central Africa - Tervuren - Belgium |url=https://www.africamuseum.be/en/research/collections_libraries/biology/prelude/view_reference?ri=HA%2005&cur_page=2 |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.africamuseum.be}}</ref> In Nigeria the leaves are used to treat malaria, while in India they are used to treat diabetes, stomach tumours and wounds. In Oman, pigeon pea is used to treat chronic diseases, and in traditional Chinese medicine it is used to relieve pain and control intestinal worms. In Africa, the seeds are used to treat hepatitis and measles. The widespread traditional medicinal use of the plant is attributed to its rich content of phenolic compounds, which have antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycaemic effects. The leaves also contain flavonoids, terpenoids, essential oils and coumarin, which further enhance its therapeutic potential in the fight against disease.<ref>Abdulmajid Haji u. a., "Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, Food Applications, and Health Benefits of Pigeon Pea ( CAJANUS CAJAN L. Millsp.): A Review", Legume Science 6, Nr. 2 (Juni 2024): e233, https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.233.</ref><br />
There are different studies looking at how the medicinal compounds of pigeon pea could be used in future. One study, using rats, found that a pigeonpea beverage could be used as an anti-diabetic functional drink. This drink would help to reduce plasma glucose and total cholesterol levels and increase plasma antioxidant status. Therefore, it could be used in future as an alternative strategy to maintain plasma glucose and cholesterol at normal levels and help prevent diabetes complications.<ref>Ariviani, S, D R Affandi, E Listyaningsih, und S Handajani. "The potential of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) beverage as an anti-diabetic functional drink". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 102 (Januar 2018): 012054. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/102/1/012054</ref><br />
Furthermore, pigeon pea could be used as a fermented food as this would increase its antioxidant levels and therefore, have an antiatherosclerotic effect. This would help to improve systolic blood pressure as well as diastolic blood pressure. This benefits cardiovascular health and could be developed as a new dietary supplement or functional food that prevents hypertension.<ref>Lee, Bao-Hong, Yi-Syuan Lai, und She-Ching Wu. "Antioxidation, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition Activity, Nattokinase, and Antihypertension of Bacillus Subtilis (Natto)-Fermented Pigeon Pea". Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 23, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2015): 750–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2015.06.008.</ref><br />
<br />
In Madagascar the branches have been used as a [[Teeth-cleaning twig|teeth cleaning twig]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Portères |first=Roland |date=1974 |title=Les baguettes végétales mâchées servant de frotte-dents (fin) |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/jatba_0021-7662_1974_num_21_4_3157 |journal=Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=111–150 |doi=10.3406/jatba.1974.3157}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |date=2021-09-05 |title=AMBREVADES OU POIDS D'ANGOLE |url=https://lidieousseniali.com/ambrevades-ou-poids-dangole/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=LIDIE OUSSENI-ALI |language=fr-FR}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of pigeon pea diseases]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons|Cajanus cajan}}<br />
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/s13562-011-0088-8| pmid = 24431589| pmc = 3886394| title = The first draft of the pigeonpea genome sequence| journal = Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology| volume = 21| pages = 98–112| year = 2011| last1 = Singh| first1 = Nagendra K.| last2 = Gupta| first2 = Deepak K.| last3 = Jayaswal| first3 = Pawan K.| last4 = Mahato| first4 = Ajay K.| last5 = Dutta| first5 = Sutapa| last6 = Singh| first6 = Sangeeta| last7 = Bhutani| first7 = Shefali| last8 = Dogra| first8 = Vivek| last9 = Singh| first9 = Bikram P.| last10 = Kumawat| first10 = Giriraj| last11 = Pal| first11 = Jitendra K.| last12 = Pandit| first12 = Awadhesh| last13 = Singh| first13 = Archana| last14 = Rawal| first14 = Hukum| last15 = Kumar| first15 = Akhilesh| last16 = Rama Prashat| first16 = G.| last17 = Khare| first17 = Ambika| last18 = Yadav| first18 = Rekha| last19 = Raje| first19 = Ranjit S.| last20 = Singh| first20 = Mahendra N.| last21 = Datta| first21 = Subhojit| last22 = Fakrudin| first22 = Bashasab| last23 = Wanjari| first23 = Keshav B.| last24 = Kansal| first24 = Rekha| last25 = Dash| first25 = Prasanta K.| last26 = Jain| first26 = Pradeep K.| last27 = Bhattacharya| first27 = Ramcharan| last28 = Gaikwad| first28 = Kishor| last29 = Mohapatra| first29 = Trilochan| last30 = Srinivasan| first30 = R.| issue = 1| bibcode = 2012JPBB...21...98S| display-authors = 1}}<br />
* [http://www.icar.org.in/node/3815 Decoding of the Pigeonpea (Arhar) Genome by Indian Scientists], Indian Council of Agricultural Research<br />
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nbt.2022 | pmid = 22057054 | title = Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers | journal = Nature Biotechnology | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 83–9 | year = 2011 | last1 = Varshney | first1 = Rajeev K | last2 = Chen | first2 = Wenbin | last3 = Li | first3 = Yupeng | last4 = Bharti | first4 = Arvind K | last5 = Saxena | first5 = Rachit K | last6 = Schlueter | first6 = Jessica A | last7 = Donoghue | first7 = Mark T A | last8 = Azam | first8 = Sarwar | last9 = Fan | first9 = Guangyi | last10 = Whaley | first10 = Adam M | last11 = Farmer | first11 = Andrew D | last12 = Sheridan | first12 = Jaime | last13 = Iwata | first13 = Aiko | last14 = Tuteja | first14 = Reetu | last15 = Penmetsa | first15 = R Varma | last16 = Wu | first16 = Wei | last17 = Upadhyaya | first17 = Hari D | last18 = Yang | first18 = Shiaw-Pyng | last19 = Shah | first19 = Trushar | last20 = Saxena | first20 = K B | last21 = Michael | first21 = Todd | last22 = McCombie | first22 = W Richard | last23 = Yang | first23 = Bicheng | last24 = Zhang | first24 = Gengyun | last25 = Yang | first25 = Huanming | last26 = Wang | first26 = Jun | last27 = Spillane | first27 = Charles | last28 = Cook | first28 = Douglas R | last29 = May | first29 = Gregory D | last30 = Xu | first30 = Xun | s2cid = 95294 | display-authors = 1 | url = http://oar.icrisat.org/3886/4/NB_30_1_83-89_2012.pdf | doi-access = free }}<br />
* [http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1492.htm#1 ICRISAT-led global team cracks pigeonpea genome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407211735/http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1492.htm#1 |date=2020-04-07 }}, Indian Council of Agricultural Research<br />
* [http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1584.htm#3 Pigeonpea a wonder crop for women farmers in Rajasthan, India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615091903/https://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/latest-news/happenings/happenings1584.htm#3 |date=2021-06-15 }}, Indian Council of Agricultural Research<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q632559}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Phaseoleae]]<br />
[[Category:Edible legumes]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]<br />
[[Category:Crops originating from India]]<br />
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]<br />
[[Category:Tropical agriculture]]<br />
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kozhikode_Sarada&diff=510722Kozhikode Sarada2026-03-14T17:24:32Z<p>Coin45bazzar: adding new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Malayalam actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1937<br />
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = 8 November 2021 <br />
| occupation = [[Actress]]<br />
| yearsactive = 1979–2021<br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kozhikode Sarada''' (1937 – 8 November 2021) was an Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] actress. She has appeared in over 90 Malayalam films in a career spanning over four decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നടി കോഴിക്കോട് ശാരദ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-kozhikode-sarada-passed-away-malayala-cinema-actress-1.6161712 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Mathrubhumi |date=9 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She started her career as a stage actress. Sarada made her debut in Malayalam films with the film [[Angakkuri]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=Malayalam actor Kozhikode Sarada passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-actor-kozhikode-sarada-passes-away-7614381/ |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She is known for appearing in films such as [[Kutty Srank|Kuttisrank]], [[Anyarude Bhoomi]], [[Sallapam]] [[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]], [[Ulsavapittennu]] and [[Kilichundan Mampazham|Kilichundan Mambapazham]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-09 |title=Veteran Malayalam actor Kozhikode Sarada passes away at 84 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-malayalam-actor-kozhikode-sarada-passes-away-84-157408 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Sarada's role in Sallapam as the mother of [[Manoj K. Jayan|Manoj K Jayan]] was praised by critics.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Malayalam actor Kozhikode Sharada passes away - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actor-kozhikode-sharada-passes-away/articleshow/87601386.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=The Times of India |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> She is also known for appearing in several Malayalam serials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ചികിത്സയിലിരുന്ന മുതിർന്ന നടി കോഴിക്കോട് ശാരദ അന്തരിച്ചു; മരണം ഹൃദയാഘാതത്തെ തുടർന്ന്! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/old-actress-kozhikode-sarada-passes-away/articleshow/87598678.cms |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> She is a recipient of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! lass="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1979 || ''[[Angakkuri]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2021-11-09 |title=Veteran Malayalam actres Kozhikode Sarada passes away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/091121/veteran-malayalam-actres-kozhikode-sarada-passes-away.html |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anyarude Bhoomi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 1985 || ''[[Anubandham (1985 film)|Anubandham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Idanilangal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Angadikkappurathu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1986 || ''[[Njan Kathorthirikkum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''[[Naalkavala]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1988 || ''[[Dhinarathrangal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mrithunjayam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || ''[[Ulsavapittennu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || ''[[Perumthachan (film)|Perumthachan]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 1992 || ''[[Sadayam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daivathinte Vikrithikal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || ''[[Naaraayam (film)|Naaraayam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''[[Thumboli Kadappuram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''[[Sallapam]]'' || Divakaran's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=8 | 1997 || ''[[Kudamattam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lelam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ikkareyanente Manasam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Siamese Irattakal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kalyanapittennu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Guru Sishyan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ''Thirakalkkappuram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || ''[[Kannezhuthi Pottum Thottu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2000 || ''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Kalliyankattu Neeli ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Varnakkazhchakal]]'' || Kali ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Nalacharitham Naalam Divasam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ''[[Nariman (film)|Nariman]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2002 || ''[[Kattuchembakam]]'' || Chandru's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Savithriyude Aranjanam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Kaashilatheyum Jeevikkam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 2003 || ''[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ammakilikkoodu]]'' || Kumari ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Choonda'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Cheri'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Malsaram'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Sahodaran Sahadevan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''[[The Journey (2004 film)|The Journey]]'' || Kaakkathi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Perumazhakkalam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Maratha Nadu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2005 || ''[[Chandrolsavam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rappakal]]'' || Janu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Annorikkal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Makalkku]]'' || Nurse ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Otta Nanayam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2006 || ''[[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vargam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' || Junior Artist ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2007 || ''[[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Komban'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6 | 2008 || ''[[Malabar Wedding]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirakkatha]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mayabazar (2008 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' || Servant || Segment : Bridge<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shalabam]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chandranilekkoru Vazhi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2009 || ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (2009 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Cheeru Valiyamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rahasya Police]]'' || Velutha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anamika'' || ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=3 | 2010 || ''[[Kutty Srank]]'' || Kunji Therutha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yugapurushan]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Njan Sanchari''||||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Adimadhyantham]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''[[Thappana]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doctor Innocentanu]]'' || Dakshayaniyamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Josettante Hero]]'' || Saradamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2013 || ''Mukhamoodikal'' || Naani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Thekku Thekkoru Deshathu'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mizhi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2014 || ''[[To Noora with Love]]'' || Naniyamma ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Munnariyippu]]'' || Ramani's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' || Villager ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ennum Eppozhum]]'' || Deepa's client ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Urumbukal Urangarilla]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2016 || ''[[Jalam (film)|Jalam]]'' || Dinakaran's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aakashathinum Bhoomikkumidayil]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pa Va]]'' || Thresia ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mikki'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2017 || ''[[Rakshadhikari Baiju Oppu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ancharem Onnum Arara Kunchariye Onnu Mareda'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2018 || ''[[Premasoothram]]'' || Old Lady ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lolans]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Mottitta Mullakal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Karinkannan'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2019 || ''Kosrakollikal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Siddharthan Enna Njan'' || Janaki ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Madhura Raja'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''Marutha'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Jara'' || Old lady || Short film<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''Kannadi'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==TV serials==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Serial title<br />
! Channel<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2005|| Ormma ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2007|| Nombarappoovu ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2007|| Minnal Kesari ||[[Surya TV]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2009|| Bhamini Tholkkarilla ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2014 || M80 Moosa ||[[Media One TV]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2016|| Chechiyamma ||[[Surya TV]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2018-2020|| [[Neelakkuyil (TV series)|Neelakkuyil]] ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| <br />
|-<br />
|2021|| Priyankari ||Flowers TV|| <br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Dramas==<br />
* Sooryan Udhikkatha Rajyam<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarada, Kozhikode}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabse_Bada_Mawali&diff=531587Sabse Bada Mawali2026-03-06T22:41:36Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Killer (1992 film)]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramgarh,_Jharkhand_Assembly_constituency&diff=478174Ramgarh, Jharkhand Assembly constituency2026-03-04T16:30:36Z<p>Coin45bazzar: made basic details needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{For|the constituency in other states with the same name|Ramgarh, Bihar Assembly constituency|Ramgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| name = Ramgarh<br />
| map_image = Ramgarh constituency map.svg<br />
| state = [[Jharkhand]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]<br />
| established = 2000<br />
| district = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| mla = [[Mamta Devi]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}<br />
| electors = 313312<br />
| constituency_no = 23<br />
}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
''' Ramgarh Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Name <br />
! colspan=2|Party <br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1957: see Ramgarh cum Hazaribagh constituency''}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Tara Prasad Bakshi <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
|Rameshwar Manjhi <br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Tara Prasad Bakshi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Jan Kranti Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|Bodulal Agarwal <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Manzurul Hassan Khan<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|1973^<br />
|Shahdun Nisha<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Bishwanath Choudhary <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Arjun Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Jamuna Prasad Sharma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Arjun Ram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
|Shankar Choudhary <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
|Sabir Ahmed Quaresi<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|2001^<br />
|[[Babulal Marandi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
|rowspan=3|[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
|[[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<br />
|- <br />
|[[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<br />
|[[Mamta Devi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 elections in India#Jharkhand|2023^]]<br />
|[[Sunita Choudhary]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|[[Mamta Devi]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
^by-election<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamta Devi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=89,818 |percentage=34.51 |change={{decrease}}6.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunita Choudhary]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=83,028 |percentage=31.90 |change={{decrease}}18.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paneshwar Kumar |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=70,979 |percentage=27.27 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate| |candidate=Nitesh Kumar Sinha |party=[[Bhartiya Rashtriya Jagsewa Party|BRJP]] |votes=2,264 |percentage=0.87 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gautam Kumar Panda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,760 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pankaj Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,710 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,450 |percentage=0.56 |change={{increase}}0.29 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,790 |percentage=2.61 |change= {{decrease}}7.04 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,60,291 |percentage=72.91 |change= {{increase}}5.10 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,56,993 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.33 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{decrease}}16.30 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly by-election 2023===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 elections in India#Jharkhand|2023 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15610-bye-elections-2023-july-to-december2023/|title=Bye Elections 2023 (July to December,2023) |access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunita Choudhary]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=1,15,669 |percentage=50.81 |change={{increase}}18.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bajrang Mahto |party=Indian National Congress |votes=93,699 |percentage=41.16 |change={{decrease}}3.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhananjay Kumar Putush |party=Independent politician |votes=2,794 |percentage=1.23 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramawtar Mahto |party=Independent politician |votes=2,697 |percentage=1.18 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,100 |percentage=0.92 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Mahto |party=Independent politician |votes=1,860 |percentage=0.82 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=616 |percentage=0.27 |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,970 |percentage=9.65 |change= {{decrease}}3.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,27,664 |percentage=68.00 |change= {{decrease}}3.55 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,35,734 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.16 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.10 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2019=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mamta Devi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=99,944 |percentage=44.70 |change={{increase}}22.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Choudhary |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=71,226 |percentage=31.86 |change={{decrease}}17.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rananjay Kumar @ Kuntu Babu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,874 |percentage=14.26 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Kumar @ Bablu Kushwaha |party=Independent politician |votes=3,271 |percentage=1.46 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khurshid Ahmad Quraishi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,084 |percentage=0.93 |change={{decrease}}1.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudit Kumar Singh |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=1,813 |percentage=0.81 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md Moin Uddin Ahmad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,184 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=862 |percentage=0.39 |change= ''New''}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,718 |percentage=12.84 |change= {{decrease}}13.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,23,577 |percentage=71.36 |change= {{increase}}0.64 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,13,312 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.82 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{decrease}}4.36 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=98,987 |percentage=49.06 |change={{increase}}9.44 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahzada Anwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=45,169 |percentage=22.39 |change={{decrease}}0.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Kisku |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=25,721 |percentage=12.75 |change={{increase}}9.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=7,888 |percentage=3.91 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhognath Ohdar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,627 |percentage=2.29 |change={{decrease}}0.22 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devki Nandan Bediya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=3,381 |percentage=1.68 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmendra Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=3,042 |percentage=1.51 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,331 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,818 |percentage=26.67 |change= {{increase}}10.38 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,755 |percentage=70.72 |change= {{increase}}3.09 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,85,285 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.40 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{increase}}9.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=61,947 |percentage=39.62 |change={{increase}}5.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahzada Anwar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,472 |percentage=23.33 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Ram |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,166 |percentage=19.29 |change={{increase}}10.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rananjay Kumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=5,589 |percentage=3.57 |change={{decrease}}6.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangal Ohdar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,927 |percentage=2.51 |change={{decrease}}16.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Nayak |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,291 |percentage=2.10 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohd. Alam |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,583 |percentage=1.65 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,475 |percentage=16.29 |change= {{increase}}1.58 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,56,343 |percentage=67.63 |change= {{increase}}3.06 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,31,188 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.41 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{increase}}5.77 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly election 2005===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=51,249 |percentage=33.85 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nadra Bagum |party=Communist Party of India |votes=28,970 |percentage=19.14 |change={{decrease}}8.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhedi Mahto |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=15,821 |percentage=10.45 |change={{decrease}}14.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Chowdhury |party=Independent politician |votes=13,931 |percentage=9.20 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Prasad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,493 |percentage=8.91 |change={{decrease}}34.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=7,975 |percentage=5.27 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devki Nandan Bediya |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=4,822 |percentage=3.19 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,279 |percentage=14.72 |change= {{decrease}}0.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,51,390 |percentage=64.56 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,34,487 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.54 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly by-election 2001===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 elections in India#Jharkhand|2001 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb2001/bye_Jharkhand_AC23.htm|title=Legislative Assembly of Jharkhand Assembly Constituency -23-Ramgarh|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Babulal Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,884 |percentage=43.40 |change={{increase}}16.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nadra Begum |party=Communist Party of India |votes=35,966 |percentage=27.93 |change={{decrease}}12.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Ram |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=32,584 |percentage=25.30 |change={{decrease}}3.41 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamuna Prasad Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,576 |percentage=2.78 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,918 |percentage=15.47 |change= {{increase}}9.50 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,28,774 |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197086 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}3.32 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly election 2000===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Ramgarh<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdanand Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=48,840 |percentage=46.72 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabir Ahmed Quaresi Alias Bhera Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=42,599 |percentage=40.75 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arjun Ram |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=30,013 |percentage=28.71 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar Chowdhury |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,442 |percentage=27.21 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malti Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=24,299 |percentage=23.24 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prabhawati Devi |party=Samata Party |votes=20,919 |percentage=20.01 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shahzada Anwar |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=7,427 |percentage=7.10 |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,241 |percentage=5.97 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,04,538 |percentage=61.83 |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,872 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]<br />
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|23.638|85.513|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]<br />
[[Category:Ramgarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phool_Aur_Patthar&diff=458024Phool Aur Patthar2026-03-04T03:54:39Z<p>Coin45bazzar: fixed issues</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1966 Indian romantic drama film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Phool Aur Patthar<br />
| image = फूल और पत्थर पोस्टर.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[O. P. Ralhan]]<br />
| producer = [[O. P. Ralhan]]| writer = Ahsan Rizvi (dialogues)<ref name="credits" /><br />
| screenplay = [[O. P. Ralhan]]<ref name="credits" /><br />
| story = [[Akhtar ul Iman]]<ref name="credits" /> <br /> [[O. P. Ralhan]]<ref name="credits" /><br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = [[Meena Kumari]]<br /> [[Dharmendra]]<br />[[Shashikala]]<br />[[O. P. Ralhan]]<br />
| music = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Nariman Irani]]<br />
| editing = Vasant Borkar<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|1966|8|14}}<br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross = 7.5 Crore <ref>[<br />
https://web.archive.org/web/20100102012409/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng== website]<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Phool Aur Patthar''''' ({{translation| ''The Flower and The Rock''}}) is a 1966 Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[romantic drama film]] directed and produced by [[O. P. Ralhan]], and written by [[Akhtar ul Iman]] and Ahsan Rizvi.<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media|title=Phool Aur Pathar|year=1966|location=2:50}}</ref> It stars [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Dharmendra]] in lead roles. [[Shashikala]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Madan Puri]], and [[Iftekhar]] played the supporting roles.<br />
<br />
The film was a blockbuster and one of the highest-grossing film of 1966. It was also a turning point for Dharmendra's career. After [[Raj Kapoor]], Dharamendra became the second Indian actor to become hugely popular in Soviet Union countries and Warsaw Countries after the film's success.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng== |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014102652/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng== |archivedate=14 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Dharmendra and Meena Kumari's on-screen chemistry garnered immense popularity. Later, they worked together in other films such as ''[[Chandan Ka Palna]]'', ''[[Majhli Didi]]'', and ''[[Baharon Ki Manzil (1968 film)|Baharon Ki Manzil]]''.<ref name=kem/><br />
<br />
The film was remade in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] as ''[[Oli Vilakku]]'' with [[M. G. Ramachandran]], in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] as ''[[Nindu Manasulu]]'' with N. T. Ramarao, and in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] as ''[[Puthiya Velicham]]'' with [[Jayan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/puthiya-velicham-1979/article6996857.ece|title=Puthiya Velicham: 1979|first=B.|last=Vijayakumar|newspaper=The Hindu |date=16 March 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/45724/is-ntr-the-king-of-remakes.html|title=Is NTR, The King of Remakes?|website=Cine Josh|date=12 March 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Circumstances have made Shaka a career criminal. When plague empties a town of its inhabitants, he takes the opportunity to burgle a house. He finds nothing except Shanti, a widowed daughter-in-law who has been left to die by her cruel relatives. Shaka nurses her back to health. When her relatives return, they are not pleased to find her alive and even less pleased to discover that someone has tried to rob them. Shanti gets the blame and a beating. Shaka saves her from worse, at the hands of brother-in-law, and the pair flee. They set up home in Shaka's house, much to the displeasure of the respectable neighbours, who are all too ready to think the worst. Shanti's relatives are dismayed when a lawyer arrives to announce that Shanti has been left a legacy. They hatch a plot to get her back. Meanwhile, Shaka's rehabilitation is proceeding - much to the chagrin of his former criminal associates. Fire and redemption for some, death and handcuffs for others is what fate has in store.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Meena Kumari]] as Shanti Devi<br />
* [[Dharmendra]] as Shakti Singh / Shaaka<br />
* [[Shashikala]] as Rita<br />
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Mrs. Jeevan Ram<br />
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Dr. Alopinath - Vaidraj<br />
* [[Jeevan (Hindi actor)|Jeevan]] as Jeevan Ram<br />
* [[Ram Mohan]] as Kalicharan (as Rammohan)<br />
* [[Manmohan Krishna]] as Police Inspector<br />
* [[Madan Puri]] as John - Boss (as Madanpuri)<br />
* [[Tun Tun]] as Mrs. Alopinath (Guddki) (as Tuntun)<br />
* [[Leela Chitnis]] as Blind Beggar<br />
* [[Iftekhar]] as Babu (as Iftikhar)<br />
* [[D.K. Sapru]] as Judge (as Sapru)<br />
* Paul Sharma as Paul<br />
* Johnny Whisky<br />
* Mauji Singh as in the crowd Sikh man (uncredited )<br />
* Shyam Ralhan (uncredited ) real brother of O.P Ralhan<br />
* [[Braham Bhardwaj]] as Public Prosecutor (as Braham Bharadwaj)<br />
* [[Jayshree T.]] at Jewellery shop (uncredited)<br />
* [[Baby Farida]] as Jumni<br />
* Master Aziz as Bablu<br />
* [[Ram Avtar]] as Fat Pickpocket<br />
* Bhairon as Daboo - the dog (as Famous Dog Bhairon)<br />
* [[O. P. Ralhan]] as Sadakram<br />
* [[Indira Billi]] as<br />
* Bhariron as Daboo (the dog)<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Phool Aur Patthar<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| released = 1966<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| language = [[Hindi]]<br />
| label = [[Angel Records]]<br />
}}<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi]] and lyrics by [[Shakeel Badayuni]].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| "Sheeshe Se Pee Ya"<br />
| [[Asha Bhosle]] <br />
| Picturized on<br> [[Shashikala]]<br />
|-<br />
| "Sun Le Pukar"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| "Zindagi Mein Pyar Karna"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
| Picturized on <br>Shashikala<br />
|- <br />
| "Mere Dil Ke Andar"<br />
| [[Mohammad Rafi]]<br />
| This song is a [[qawwali]].<br />
|-<br />
| "Layi Hai Hazaron Rang"<br />
| Asha Bhosle<br />
| [[Laxmi Chhaya]] <br>one of the dancers featured in this song.<br />
|-<br />
| "Tum Kaun? Mamul"<br />
| Mohammad Rafi<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
[[Sunil Dutt]] was initially offered Dharmendra's role but declined it due to concerns about the slightly scandalous nature of the story. He felt that the character did not align with his on-screen image and was uncertain about the film’s box-office prospects.<ref name=kem>{{cite web |title=Did you know Dharmendra was not the first choice for the 1966 hit film Phool Aur Patthar? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/did-you-know-dharmendra-was-not-the-first-choice-for-the-1966-hit-film-phool-aur-patthar/articleshow/104212494.cms<br />
|website=The Times of India |date=7 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Box office==<br />
''Phool Aur Patthar'' estimated worldwide box office – {{INR|{{#expr:75+96.7}} million}} ({{US$|{{#expr:11.79+12.89}} million|long=no}}) – {{nowrap|{{#expr:45+46.4}} million}} ticket sales<br />
<br />
*India (1966) – {{INR|75 million}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng==|title=Box Office 1966|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=14 October 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014102652/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=172&catName=MTk2Ng==|archivedate=14 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ({{US$|{{To USD|75|IND|year=1966}} million|long=no}}) – {{nowrap|45 million}} ticket sales{{Efn|See {{Section link|List of highest-grossing films in India|Highest-grossing films by year}}|name=DomesticFootfalls}}<br />
*Soviet Union (1970) – 11.6 million&nbsp;[[Soviet rouble|Rbls]]{{efn|46.4 million Soviet tickets sold,<ref name="soviet">{{cite web|url=http://kinanet.livejournal.com/1469857.html|title=Зарубежные популярные фильмы в советском кинопрокате (Индия)|author=Sergey Kudryavtsev|author-link=Sergey Kudryavtsev (film critic)|date=3 August 2008}}</ref> average ticket price of 25 [[kopeck]]s<ref name="moscow7">[https://is.muni.cz/el/1421/podzim2015/FAV291/um/Roth-Ey-Moscow_Prime_Time.pdf#page=7 ''Moscow Prime Time: How the Soviet Union Built the Media Empire that Lost the Cultural Cold War'', page 48], [[Cornell University Press]], 2011</ref>}} ({{US$|12.89 million|long=no}},{{efn|0.9 [[Soviet rouble|Rbl]] per US dollar from 1961 to 1971<ref name="russia">{{cite web|title=Archive|url=http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229074625/http://cbr.ru/currency_base/OldDataFiles/USD.xls|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 December 2009|website=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref>}} {{INR|96.7 million}}){{efn|7.5 Indian rupees per US dollar from 1967 to 1970<ref name="sauder">{{cite web|title=Pacific Exchange Rate Service|url=http://fx.sauder.ubc.ca/etc/USDpages.pdf#page=3|website=[[UBC Sauder School of Business]]|publisher=[[University of British Columbia]]|page=3|accessdate=8 February 2019}}</ref>}}<br />
<ref name="soviet" /> – 46.4 million ticket sales<ref name="soviet"/><br />
The film also collected 3.4 Crore INR during the re-runs in the mid 1970s in India boosting the box office collections to further 21 Crore INR worldwide.<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[14th Filmfare Awards]]<br />
* Best Art Director - Color - Shanti Dass (Won)<br />
* Best Editor - Vasant Borkar (Won)<br />
* Best Actor - [[Dharmendra]] (Nominated)<br />
* Best Actress - Meena Kumari (Nominated)<br />
* Best Supporting Actress - [[Shashikala]] (Nominated)<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0139525}}<br />
* [https://youtube.com/watch?v=7GCr3Qr0tDE Phool Aur Patthar] on YouTube<br />
<br />
[[Category:1966 films]]<br />
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ravi]]<br />
[[Category:1960s Urdu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palnati_Pourusham&diff=465245Palnati Pourusham2026-03-03T18:25:09Z<p>Coin45bazzar: fixed article per standard format and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Palnati Pourusham<br />
| image = Palnati Pourusham.jpg<br />
| caption = VCD cover<br />
| director = [[Muthyala Subbaiah]]<br />
| writer = Rajendra Kumar (dialogues)<br />
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]''}}<br />
| producer = Vijayalakshmi Mohan<br />[[Mohan (film editor)|Editor Mohan]]<br />
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]]<br />[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]<br />[[Charan Raj]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| studio = M. L. Movie Arts<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1994|07|29|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Palnati Pourusham''''' ({{IPA|te|palnaːʈi paːuruʃaⁿ|pron}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Muthyala Subbaiah]] starring [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] and [[Charan Raj]]. It is a remake of the 1993 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 July 1995 |title=The veterans are back |pages=27 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950722/03/2127a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222190005/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950722/03/2127a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996}}</ref> The film was released on 29 July 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palnati Pourusham |url=https://indiancine.ma/AIWI/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230707122521/https://indiancine.ma/AIWI/info |archive-date=7 July 2023 |access-date=30 April 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{More plot|date=July 2023}}<br />
A brother and sister share a close bond with each other. When the sister gets married, her husband dislikes the bond, due to which problems arise between the couple.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Krishnam Raju]] as Bheemineni Brahmanna<br />
* [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Seetha<br />
* [[Charan Raj]] as Raja Rao<br />
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Saraswathi<br />
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Suri Babu<br />
* [[Surbhi Javeri Vyas|Surabhi]] as Lakshmi<br />
* Sanjay Bhargav as Chinna, Bheemineni Brahmanna's Son<br />
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Veerayya (Pedda Paleru)<br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Chinna Paleru<br />
* [[Silk Smitha]] as Bala<br />
* [[Kalpana Rai]] as Bala's Sister<br />
* Kota Sankara Rao<br />
* Master Kaushik as Veerayya's Son<br />
* [[Raasi (actress)|Baby Raasi]] as Raja Rao's Daughter<br />
* [[Jayam Ravi|Master Ravi]] as Young Bheemineni Brahmanna<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
The film was shot at [[Kattunga and Lolla Locks, Atreyapuram Mandal|Kattunga]] village in Atreyapuram.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/movie-shooting-places-in-east-godavari-district/0212/121027450|title=!|language=Telugu|website=Eenadu|access-date=5 December 2024|date=7 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The soundtrack features songs composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] with lyrics by debutant Sivaganesh, D. Narayanavarma, Vennelakanti, and [[Jaladi Raja Rao|Jaladi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 1994 |title=Palnati Pourusham |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/palnati-pourusham/i15ZwaHDRkI_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208053619/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/palnati-pourusham/i15ZwaHDRkI_ |archive-date=8 February 2022 |access-date=8 February 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> All of the songs (except O Silku Papa), were reused from the original film, ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trilok |first=Krishna |title=Notes of a Dream: The Authorized Biography of A.R. Rahman |date=18 September 2018 |publisher=[[Penguin Random House]] |isbn=978-9353051969 |location=India |pages=132–133}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Artist(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Raagaala Silakaa"<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br />
| 4:54<br />
|-<br />
| "O Silku Papa"<br />
| [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Suresh Peters]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]<br />
| 4:40<br />
|-<br />
| "Maagaani Gattu Meeda"<br />
| [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Shobha Shankar<br />
| 5:15<br />
|-<br />
| "Bandenaka Bandi"<br />
|[[S. Janaki]], [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
| 4:33<br />
|-<br />
| "Idigo Peddapuram"<br />
| [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[T. K. Kala]], Sunandha<br />
| 4:13<br />
|-<br />
| "Neelimabbu Kondallona"<br />
| [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| 5:38<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0485265}}<br />
<br />
{{Muthyala Subbaiah}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Muthyala Subbaiah]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osmanabad_railway_station&diff=462311Osmanabad railway station2026-03-03T05:20:02Z<p>Coin45bazzar: rework references per sources and updated info for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Osmanabad railway station<hr/>Dharashiv railway station<br />
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] Indian Railway Station<br />
| other_name = <br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image = Dharashiv Railway Station.png<br />
| address = National Highway 52, [[Osmanabad]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| country = {{flagu|India}}<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.247891|76.0206763|display=inline}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|679|m|ft}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railways]]<br />
| line = [[Latur–Miraj section]], <br> [[Solapur–Tuljapur-Osmanabad line(under construction )]]<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 4<br />
| other = <br />
| accessible = Available<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| parking = Yes<br />
| structure = Standard on ground<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = DRSV, formerly UMD<br />
| zone = [[Central Railway zone]]<br />
| division ={{rwd|Solapur}}<br />
}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| former = <br />
| opened = 2006<br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| status = Active<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| passengers = 10000 daily approx<br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| services = <br />
| map_dot_label = Osmanabad railway station<br />
| map_type = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
| map_caption = Location in Maharashtra<br />
| image_caption = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Osmanabad railway station''', officially '''Dharashiv railway station''' (station code: '''DRSV'''), situated on {{stnlnk|Latur Road Junction}}–{{stnlnk|Miraj Junction}} line of Central Railway.<br />
<br />
[[Osmanabad]] is well connected by railway to [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Daund]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Kurduvadi Junction railway station|Kurduvadi Junction]], [[Miraj]], [[Pandharpur]], [[Latur]], [[Parli Vaijnath]], [[Parbhani]], [[Nanded]], [[Nagpur]], [[Akola]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh|Nizamabad]], [[Barshi]], [[Bidar]], [[Hyderabad]] & [[Udgir]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Before 2004, a narrow-gauge track connecting Latur to Kurduvadi was passing through Osmanabad district. Yedshi was nearest station for Osmanabad which was 18&nbsp;km away from Osmanabad City. During the gauge conversion from narrow gauge to broad gauge, then Chief Minister [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]] decided to change the track alignment and directed towards Osmanabad city and Latur–Kurudvadi broad-gauge route is passed through Osmanabad. In first step broad-gauge track between Latur–Osmanabad was completed and it became functional in 2007. First train arrived at Osmanabad railway station was Mumbai–Osmanabad Express. That train continued for one year via Aurangabad, Manmad. Later on in next year Osmanabad–Kurudvadi track was completed and it became functional in same year that is 2008. Latur–Mumbai Express was started via Kurduvadi, Pune in 2008. Nowadays, Osmanabad is well connected by rail to all important cities in Maharashtra and India.<br />
<br />
On 4 June 2025, the station was renamed Dharashiv railway station after the [[Dharashiv Caves|Dharashiv caves]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Mritunjay |title=Maharashtra’s 'Osmanabad' Railways Station Is Now 'Dharashiv' Station After Proposal Gets Nod |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/maharashtra-s-osmanabad-railways-station-is-now-dharashiv-station-after-proposal-gets-nod/ar-AA1FNgnr |date=30 May 2025 |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=[[Msn]] |agency=ABP - Live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/osmanabad-umd/2859|umd timetable]<br />
<br />
{{Central Railway}}<br />
{{Railway stations in Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2006]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Osmanabad district]]<br />
[[Category:Solapur railway division]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}<br />
Dharashiv to Gulbarga Karnataka</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dadabhai_Naoroji_Road&diff=495262Dadabhai Naoroji Road2026-03-02T20:39:05Z<p>Coin45bazzar: put up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Road in South Mumbai, Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Dadabhai Naoroji Road<br />
| image = Crawford Market 2008.jpg<br />
| caption = Mahatma Phule Market. <br />
| pushpin_map = Mumbai<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9325|72.8317|region:IN-MH|display=inline}}<br />
| location_town = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| location_country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| architect = [[Sir Bartle Frere]]<br />
| client = {{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| engineer = <br />
| construction_start_date = 1885<br />
| completion_date = 1914<br />
| demolished_date = <br />
| cost = <br />
| structural_system = <br />
| architectural_style = Neo–Classical and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Flora Fountain, Mumbai, India (2006).jpg|right|thumb|250px|Picturesque view of [[Flora Fountain]] at Hutatma Chowk at South end of Dadabhai Naoroji Road]]<br />
'''Dadabhai Naoroji Road (D.N.Road)''', a North–South commercial artery road, in the Fort business district in [[South Mumbai]] of [[Maharashtra]], India, is the nerve centre of the city, starting from the [[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai|Mahatma Phule Market]] (also known as, Crawford Market), linking [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]], leads to the [[Hutatma Chowk]] at the southern end of the road. This entire stretch of the road is studded with Neo–Classical and [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] buildings and parks built in the 19th century, intermingled with modern office buildings and commercial establishments.<ref name=abha>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/542/542%20abha%20narain%20lambah.htm|title=Heritage streetscape|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web|url=http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/our-projects/empowerment-of-the-culture-profession/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2008/2004/award-winners/dadabhai-naoroji-road-heritage-streetscape-project-india/|title=Dadabhai Naoroji Road Heritage Streetscape Project, India|publisher=United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202171134/http://www.unescobkk.org/culture/our-projects/empowerment-of-the-culture-profession/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/previous-heritage-awards-2000-2008/2004/award-winners/dadabhai-naoroji-road-heritage-streetscape-project-india/|archive-date=2 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Churchgate_-_Station/id/4925092|title=Churchgate – Station: Encyclopedia II – Churchgate – Station|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223161107/http://www.experiencefestival.com/a/Churchgate_-_Station/id/4925092|archive-date=23 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=ready>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaireadyreckoner.blogspot.com/2009_02_01_archive.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121203104029/http://mumbaireadyreckoner.blogspot.com/2009_02_01_archive.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2012|title=Mumbai Ready Reckoner|access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
D.N.Road, a simple street within the Mumbai Fort, it was broadened into an avenue in the 1860s.<ref name=abha/><br />
<br />
With the objective of protecting the 19th century streetscape, the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority|Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority (MMRDA)]] launched a conservation project titled "Dadabhai Naoroji Road Heritage Streetscape Project" and implemented it successfully for which the MMRDA received the prestigious "[[UNESCO]]'s Asia–Pacific Heritage Award of Merit", in the year 2004.<ref name=UNESCO/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The history of [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] Road could be chronicled to the time when it was a small street in the erstwhile old fort area, more than two hundred years back. The [[British East India Company]] built the [[Fort (Mumbai precinct)]] leisurely between 1686 and 1743 with three gates, a [[moat]], [[esplanade]], level open spaces on its western fringe (to control fires) and residences (remnant of the fort wall is pictured).<ref name=abha/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indnav.com/servlet/Browse?mt=goToName&name=Fort|title=Mumbai Fort|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> The fort was demolished in 1860s by the then Governor [[Sir Bartle Frere]] to provide adequate space for the growing civic requirements of the city and the area was substantially re–structured. The small Hornby Road was converted into a broad [[Street name|avenue]], and on its western border large plots were laid and impressive buildings (built during the boom years 1885–1919) constructed in accordance with mandatory (government regulation of 1896) pedestrian [[Arcade (architecture)|arcade]] in the ground floor that performed as the unifying element tying together the various building facades. What ensued in the nineteenth century was thus a magnificent spectacle of [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] neo–[[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic]], Indo–Sarcenic, neo–classical and [[Edwardian]] structures linked together by a continuous ground floor pedestrian arcade along the streetscape.<ref name=abha/><ref name=UNESCO/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaireadyreckoner.blogspot.com/2009/02/heritage-walk-fountain.html|title=Heritage walk from Flora Fountain|publisher=Mumbai Ready Reckoner|access-date=11 March 2009}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
[[File:Dadabai Navroji statue Bombay.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Marble Statue of [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] overlooks the [[Hutatma Chowk]]]]<br />
[[File:Mumbai fort remains 6.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Remnant of the Old Fort wall]]<br />
The eponymous Dadabhai Naoroji Road, the heritage road of Mumbai, is named after [[Dadabhai Naoroji]] (1825–1917), an Indian nationalist leader known as the "Grand Old man of India". He was an intellectual with high academic achievements. In 1892, he was the first [[Asian people|Asian]] to become Member of the [[British Parliament]]. As the founder of the [[Indian National Congress]] and three times its party President, his most notable contribution was to publicly voice the demand for [[swaraj]] ([[Independence of India]]), in 1906. History books on [[India]] have recorded his achievements and contributions to India's freedom movement.<ref name=dada>{{cite web|url= http://parsikhabar.net/stalwarts-of-our-past-dadabhai-naoroji/|title= Stalwarts of Our Past: Dadabhai Naoroji|publisher= Parsi Khabar, Parsis: The Zoroastrians Of India|access-date= 9 March 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080907162251/http://parsikhabar.net/stalwarts-of-our-past-dadabhai-naoroji/|archive-date= 7 September 2008|url-status= dead}}</ref> Concerned by the economic consequences of the [[British rule]] in India, he propagated a theory that India's unfortunate economic condition and poverty then was the result of the British Colonial government ‘draining’ resources out of this country, a unilateral transfer of resources from India to Britain. He also expanded on this theory through lectures and wrote on "Poverty" and "Un–British Rule in India" (1901), which provoked and inspired economic nationalism in India. This theory, termed the "drain theory" caught the imagination of the people and became the rallying point for India's nationalist movement for independence.<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|url=http://ajit_balakrishnan.rediffblogs.com/2003_27_04_ajit_balakrishnan_archive.html|title=A Walk Down Dadabhai Naoroji's Road|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20030604102006/http://ajit_balakrishnan.rediffblogs.com/2003_27_04_ajit_balakrishnan_archive.html|archive-date=4 June 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/naoroji-dadabhai.jsp|title=Naoroji, Dadabhai|publisher=Encyclopedia|access-date=|archive-date=5 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305035154/http://www.questia.com/library/encyclopedia/naoroji-dadabhai.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
His statue (made of black [[marble]]), bespectacled with a [[Parsi]] hat and with a book in one hand, overlooks the iconic Flora Fountain. It is stated that during his time one could get a panoramic view of the city all the way past the [[Taj Mahal Palace & Tower|Taj Mahal Hotel]] into the waves of sea waters of [[Mumbai Harbour]], before this part of Mumbai got overbuilt.<ref name=rediff/><ref name=ajit>{{cite web|url=http://ajit_balakrishnan.rediffblogs.com/2003_27_04_ajit_balakrishnan_archive.html|title=A Walk Down Dadabhai Naoroji's Road|date=3 May 2009|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://archive.today/20030604102006/http://ajit_balakrishnan.rediffblogs.com/2003_27_04_ajit_balakrishnan_archive.html|archive-date=4 June 2003|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Heritage buildings along the road==<br />
Apart from the Mahatma Phule Market at the northern end and the Hutatma Chowk with Dadabhai Naoroji's statue overlooking the fountain at its southern end, the "Mile Long" street displays the following famous heritage buildings: <br />
[[File:Victoriaterminus.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus is a UNESCO World heritage Site]]<br />
'''The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus,''' designed by Frederick William Stevens. The Terminus connects with the [[Crawford Market|Mahatma Phule Market]], and is the headquarters of the [[Central Railway (India)|Central Railway]]. Its architecture depicts figurines of "progress" and "prosperity" with a variety of sculpted animals and birds. It is said that the [[St Pancras railway station]] in [[London]] bears some similarity to Shivaji Terminus. The traditional Indian palace architecture is also reflected in its beautiful stone dome, turrets, pointed arches and eccentric ground plan. It was declared a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/945rev.pdf|title= Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (India), No 945 rev|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Maharashtra/Mumbai/Victoria-Terminus-25333.htm|title= Victoria Terminus|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/chhatrapatishivaji.html|title=Chatrapathi Shivaji Station, World Heritage Site|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> Every day, the Terminus pours out a phenomenal number of pedestrians into the D.N.Road.<ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=ready/> <br />
[[File:BMC 1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The Municipal Corporation Building]]<br />
<br />
[[Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Mandai]], also known as Crawford Market, located at the start of the D.N.Road, is a blend of [[Flanders|Flemish]] and [[Norman architecture]] with a bas–relief built of coarse Coorla [[rubble]], relieved by bright red stone from [[Vasai]]. It depicts Indian peasants in wheat fields just above the main entrance. The friezes on the outside and the fountains inside were designed by [[Lockwood Kipling]], father of the novelist [[Rudyard Kipling]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mumbaimart.com/content/view/54/119|title= Crawford Market|access-date= 9 March 2009|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120709052448/http://www.mumbaimart.com/content/view/54/119|archive-date= 9 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''The Municipal Corporation headquarters''' or the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Building (BMC) was designed as V–shaped structure in the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] style of architecture by the architect F W Stevens and built in 1893. Notable features of the building are its {{convert|255|ft|m|abbr=on|1}} tall tower with the central dome, rising to a height of {{convert|71.5|m|ft|abbr=on|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Maharashtra/Mumbai/Municipal-Corporation-Building-42108.htm|title= Municipal Corporation Building|access-date=9 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Times of India building''', founded as "The Bombay Times and Journal of Commerce" in 1838 is located opposite to the Victoria Terminus, a heritage structure which houses offices of the [[Times of India]] news paper. The structure, which was subject to aggressive marine environment of Mumbai since 1901, has undergone many structural and architectural modifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofasia.com/html/india/times-of-india.html|title=The Times of India Building, Bombay|publisher=Images of Asia|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104103733/http://imagesofasia.com/html/india/times-of-india.html|archive-date=4 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stupco.com/html/TOI.htm|title=Times of India building, Bombay|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827164930/http://www.stupco.com/html/TOI.htm|archive-date=27 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art''' (J.J.School of Art), established in 1857 is the oldest art institution in India and as a university awards bachelor's degree in fine art and culture and master's degree in [[fine arts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sirjjarchitecture.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32 |title=Sir J.J. College of Architecture |publisher=University of Mumbai |access-date=9 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217174822/http://www.sirjjarchitecture.org/v2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=18&Itemid=32 |archive-date=17 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''The [[J. N. Petit Library]]''' is at a vantage location at the corner plot at the junction of D.N. Road, P.M. Road and Napier Road. The building is named after its donor Sir Jamshetjee Nesserwanjee Petit and it was designed by architect Merwanjee Bana and built in 1898. It has undergone renovation in recent years with funds donated by Sir Dorabji Tata Trust to the library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saveheritage.com/mumbai/petit/petit1.htm|title=J.N.Petit Library, Mumbai|access-date=9 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705053226/http://www.saveheritage.com/mumbai/petit/petit1.htm|archive-date=5 July 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Vatcha Agiary''', [[Parsi]] fire temple located north of Flora Fountain on the Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road, was built in 1881. It has an Art Deco–style featuring carvings in a distinctly [[Assyrian architecture|Assyrian]] style.<ref name = agiari>{{cite web|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/mumbai/3476010029.html|title= Mumbai Attractions|access-date=14 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
The road is also a veritable sprawling city hub which is lined by banks, book, shoe and clothes shops in the city's stock market district and commercial Fort area.<ref name=dada/><br />
<br />
==Streetscape project==<br />
Under the Heritage Regulations of Greater Bombay Act 1995, D.N.Road, considered to be of immense value as a historic urban streetscape, has been designated as a Grade I1 heritage streetscape. But the hectic commercial activities and the large sized signboards in the heritage road (had become a metaphor for urban chaos) caused serious concern to the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority and public spirited people of the area. The striking colonial facades became completely obscured by free for all signages such as billboards, signboards and other forms of advertisement, which left much to be desired. The ambiance of the historic streetscape was also marred by the asynchronous street furniture, road dividers, benches and other public amenities. This necessitated launching of a conservation project titled "Dadabhai Naoroji Road Heritage Streetscape Project", by the Mumbai Metropolitan Regional Development Authority with the objective of protecting the 19th century streetscape for<blockquote><br />
''restoring the architectural integrity of the street with the regulation of the signboards and the inclusion of street furniture that complemented the neo–classical architecture''<br />
</blockquote><ref name=UNESCO/><ref name=dada/><br />
;Conservation methods<br />
To facilitate conservation activities on the Mumbai's heritage sites, a trust called the ''MMR Heritage Conservation Society'' was instituted to provide grants and funding for documentation and research studies. In the first phase of the project, Mumbai Metropolitan Development Authority prepared the first urban conservation guidelines in India. This was done by the appointed architect [[Abha Narain Lambah]] assisted by a team of nine architects and undergraduate students who documented this phenomenal streetscape, which resulted, at the end of nine months of studies in 1998, in a document titled "Design Handbook for a Heritage Streetscape: Guidelines for Signage and Street furniture for Dadabhai Naoroji Road". In the absence of any records of architectural elevations or drawings of the facades in the street, the document was prepared with the following information.<ref name=abha/><ref name=UNESCO/><br />
<br />
* Door to door documentation was done of every building on D.N. Road – mapping elevations, surveying land records, generating data on occupants, owners, type of business and commercial establishments, existing signboards, shop fronts, hawkers and all such information considered relevant to the restoration work.<br />
* Provides urban guidelines for signage and shop fronts through the street.<br />
* Each building's elevation with the exact location and number of signs existing at the time was noted.<br />
* Provides plans for relocation of the signages with modified designs without altering the exhibited shop sign (text) in the ground floor of each shop and its dimensions (area) ensuring free view of the architectural details such as [[cornice]]s, [[Keystone (architecture)|keystone]]s and [[pilaster]]s, and that the architectural quality of the building was not compromised.<br />
* To enhance the quality of the streetscape, elaborate schemes for the installation of heritage sensitive street furniture such as [[cast iron]] [[Bench (furniture)|benches]], [[litter]] [[Wastebin|bins]], information signs, bus stops and [[Guard rail|railings]] were drawn.<br />
<br />
; Public participatory approach to conservation<br />
In May 2001, at the initiative of the architect of the project, the local shopkeepers, occupants and commercial establishments in the street and the local municipal officer implemented, voluntarily, the regulation of the shop fronts and signage; the expenses for relocation and redesign of the shop signs were borne by each individual establishment. A local news paper facilitated design, fabrication and installation of the cast iron street furniture along the buildings, in a {{convert|100|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} stretch. Transparent community involvement was a key element in the success of this endeavour.<ref name=UNESCO/><br />
<br />
;Heritage Mile Association<br />
A citizen's association (of the various occupants, owners, corporate establishments and shopkeepers on Dadabhai Naoroji Road) called "The Heritage Mile Association" was the outcome of the success of the initial pilot project. Set up as a non–profit group, the association's objectives are to restore the heritage character of Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road through public participation and private sponsorship. The achievements of the association, since its inception, are:<br />
* Funds have been raised through local stakeholders and shopkeepers to implement street furniture through another {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on|1}} stretch of the road<br />
* More people and establishments continue to commit their financial and volunteer support to the initiative.<br />
* Members meet every Monday to jointly discuss initiatives for the improvements<br />
* 24x7 security, maintenance and cleaning of the area have been ensured<br />
* An all round sense of ownership among the local shopkeepers and other stakeholders prevails<br />
<br />
A few individual owners of buildings initiated restoration works which included removal of the air–conditioning units that were incongruent with the colonial façade.<br />
<br />
; Achievement award<br />
[[UNESCO]] evaluated the significant participatory approach of the streetscape project that mobilised local shop owners and residents, leading to the creation of participatory citizen's association to sustain and expand conservation work in Mumbai, which has set an important precedent. The Municipal Corporation adopted urban design guidelines for the entire historic precinct. UNESCO which awarded the prestigious [[Asia-Pacific Heritage Award of Merit]] in the year 2004 to the project, in its citation by the Judges, observed: <blockquote><br />
''The project’s success has generated widespread appreciation of the aesthetic, social and commercial values which have resulted from the preservation of the street’s historic character. Through its influence on urban policy and contribution to the commercial vitality of the neighbourhood, this project sets the standard for future urban streetscape revitalisation throughout India. The first of its kind in India, this ambitious streetscape project has revived the historic ambience of Dadabhai Naoroji Road of Mumbai through the restoration of shop fronts, signage and street furniture to reflect the area’s Victorian Era commercial heritage.''<br />
</blockquote><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Roads in Mumbai]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lamjel_(Khamba_Thoibi)&diff=511842Lamjel (Khamba Thoibi)2026-02-26T22:02:54Z<p>Coin45bazzar: creating new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br />
<br />
'''Lamjel''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯂꯝꯖꯦꯜ}}), also known as '''Mukna Lamjen''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯨꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯝꯖꯦꯟ}}), is a national [[racing]] and [[wrestling]] championship described in the [[Khamba Thoibi]] classical epic of [[Moirang Kangleirol]] genre of [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei folklore|folklore]]. It took place in the [[ancient Moirang]] kingdom and occurred before the [[Kao (bull)]] capturing and [[Ukai Kappa]] incidents. The event highlights early rivalry between [[Khuman Khamba]] and [[Angom Nongban Kongyamba]].<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi Ahanba Saruk|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467162|date=1963-02-25|first=Kabrambam|last=Gouramani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khamba Thoibi|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.464230|first=Loitongbam Kalachand|last=Singh|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1963|location=India|language=hi, mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal}}</ref><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Khuman Khamba|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466825|last=Pramodini|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=1992|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature">{{Cite book|title=Moirang Shaion|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.465120|first=Sarangthem|last=Bormani|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|year=2003|location=India|language=mni|others=Manipur University Library, Imphal; North Eastern States Libraries}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
As Khuman Khamba's fame increased, Angom Nongban Kongyamba became envious of him. Athletes across the kingdom began preparing for the annual racing and wrestling championships. Each pana (state province) selected its own champions through its officers.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Khamba was chosen as the champion for his pana. He was known for running long distances very fast, keeping his chest low. Kongyamba was chosen for his pana. He ran quickly but held his head high and could not maintain speed over long distances.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Championship ==<br />
<br />
That year, the organizers made the race longer than in previous years. Both Khamba and Kongyamba became champions of their respective panas in wrestling and running events.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
On the night before the race, Kongyamba planned with his followers on how to defeat Khamba. He expressed fear of disgrace if he lost to Khamba. At the same time, Khamba's elder sister, [[Khamnu]], worried that jealousy might cause harm to her brother.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Deception and exclusion ==<br />
<br />
On the following day, Kongyamba spread a false message among the people, claiming that it was harmful for the land if a poor man won the race, as it could bring scarcity. This message spread among the public.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Khamba was stopped and told that his name was not on the list of contestants. Believing this, he returned home in sadness and told Khamnu what had happened. The siblings reported the matter to [[Chaoba Nongthonba]]. Nongthonba went to the king, who ordered that Khamba should participate if the race had not yet begun.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Race ==<br />
<br />
Khamba and Nongthonba's son, [[Feiroijamba]], hurried to the race starting point. The race was about to begin when they arrived. They announced that they carried the king's order. Khamba immediately joined the race and ran with great speed.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Kongyamba's men tried to stop Khamba during the race, but he struck them aside. Khamba eventually caught up with Kongyamba, who had become tired and was running slowly. Fifteen horsemen loyal to Kongyamba attempted to block Khamba, but he kicked them away.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Encouraged by Khamnu's shout to run for their father's honor, Khamba reached the finish line first. Kongyamba finished second.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
<br />
Both Khamba and Kongyamba saluted the king. The king was especially pleased with Khamba and rewarded him with a gold embroidered coat. The queen gifted him fine clothes, and the ministers added many more gifts.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
Khamba and his sister Khamnu generously distributed many of these gifts to elderly men and women of the kingdom.<ref name=":Gouramani_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Loitongbam_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Pramodini_classical_literature" /><ref name=":Sarangthem_classical_literature" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Meitei traditional games]]<br />
* [[Marathon]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Keke Moirang]]<br />
[[Category:Marathons]]<br />
[[Category:Road running distances]]<br />
[[Category:Good and evil]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=TVS_Wego&diff=539216TVS Wego2026-02-16T15:09:43Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made basic article first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|{{promotional|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{notability|Products|date=January 2018}}}}<br />
{{Infobox Motorcycle<br />
| name = TVS Wego<br />
| image = TVS Wego.jpg<br />
| aka = <br />
| manufacturer = [[TVS Motor]]<br />
| parent_company = <br />
| production = 2010{{endash}}present<br />
| predecessor = [[TVS Scooty]]<br />
| successor = [[TVS Jupiter]]<br />
| class = <br />
| engine = {{cvt|110|cc|abbr=on}} CVT-I, [[Four-stroke engine|4 Stroke]], [[Air-cooled engine|air-cooled]], [[Single-cylinder engine|single]], spark ignition<br />
| top_speed = <br />
| transmission = [[Continuously variable transmission|CVT]]<br />
| suspension = Front: Advanced [[Telescopic fork|telescopic]] suspension<br />
Rear: [[Swingarm|Unit swing]], gas-filled hydraulic damper<br />
| brakes = <br />
| rake_trail = <br />
| wheelbase = <br />
| length = <br />
| width = <br />
| height = <br />
| seat_height = <br />
| wet_weight = <br />
| fuel_capacity = {{cvt|5|L|abbr=on}}<br />
| fuel_consumption = <br />
| turning_radius = <br />
| related = [[TVS Jupiter]], TVS Scooty Zest<br />
| torque = {{convert|8.4|Nm|lbft|abbr=on}} @ 5500 rpm<br />
| power = {{convert|5.88|kW|hp PS|abbr=on}} @ 7500 rpm<br />
}}{{Short description|Indian scooter}}<br />
The '''TVS Wego''' is a [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]] manufactured by [[TVS Motors|TVS Motor Company]] introduced in 2010.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/10/stories/2010081061630500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820125001/http://www.hindu.com/2010/08/10/stories/2010081061630500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-08-20|title=TVS Wego launched in Guntur|date=2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=February 22, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/tvs-to-ramphosur-plant-production-for-%5Cwego%5C/119127/on|title=TVS to ramp up Hosur plant production for 'Wego'|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=December 14, 2010|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=February 22, 2012|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wheelsguru.com/wg_bike/tvs-wego/|title=TVS Wego {{!}} Wheels Guru|website=www.wheelsguru.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-06|archive-date=2019-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116153058/http://www.wheelsguru.com/wg_bike/tvs-wego/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=TVS Wego, Saat Phere |url=http://www.afaqs.com/advertising/creative_showcase/index.html?id=47861&media=TV |access-date=2017-07-06 |work=www.afaqs.com |language=en}}</ref> It is a unisex, dual usage, 110cc moto-scooter. After releasing several variants of the [[TVS Scooty]], the company entered the higher-end segment of the scooterette market by introducing the Wego.<br />
<br />
== Product ==<br />
The TVS Wego is powered by a 109.7cc CVT-i high torque and a variometer transmission for providing power on demand. The company claims to deliver a {{Convert|62|km/L|L/100km mpgU.S.|abbr=unit}} mileage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvswego.com/features.aspx|title=Features of TVS Wego 110, the best mileage scooter in india|last=epagemaker|website=www.tvswego.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-06|archive-date=2018-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062514/https://www.tvswego.com/features.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a low friction design, moly coat piston, and low friction engine oil.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://bikeadvice.in/tvs-wego/|title=TVS WEGO : First Look|work=BikeAdvice.in|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Wego has a stainless steel muffler guard, a full digital speedometer, body-coloured grab fails, blacked-out alloy wheels, and two-tone colours.<br />
<br />
The TVS Wego has a full metallic body for more sturdiness and included storage space.<br />
<br />
The scooter is designed to package 12-inch wheels, a low seat height for easy ground reach, external fuel fill, and under seat storage.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
It is equipped with a fully digital instrument console which includes a trip meter and gives the rider service reminders, low fuel, and low battery indicators.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zigwheels.com/reviews-advice/reviews/2014-tvs-wego-facelift-review/19246/|title=2014 TVS Wego facelift: Review|work=ZigWheels.com|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has a telescopic suspension and gas filled rear shock absorbers and a patented easy center stand.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Other features include a dual side handle lock for ease in parking, a kick start mechanism that makes it possible to start the scooter while sitting, a luminous ignition key for better visibility, and tubeless tyres.<br />
<br />
The TVS Wego has body balance technology. Body balance technology works on combining an ergonomic design with an engine placement that ensures an optimum center of gravity. This in turn improves maneuverability and stability, helping the user to handle varying road conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TVS Wego 110CC {{!}} Motorbikes |url=http://www.motorbikeslk.com/motorbike-brands/tvs/39/tvs-wego-110cc.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=www.motorbikeslk.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The scooter features the Sync Braking technology, a system which integrates the front and rear brakes when brake pressure to either is applied.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/auto/tvs-motors-introduce-sync-brake-system-technology-in-wego-and-jupiter-1419203.html|title=TVS Motors Introduce 'Sync Brake System' Technology in Wego and Jupiter|work=News18|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref> It also has multi-refractor headlamps and an optional disc brake.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.zigwheels.com/newbikes/TVS/Wego/Disc|title=TVS Wego Disc - Check Prices, Specifications and Reviews @ ZigWheels|work=ZigWheels.com|access-date=2017-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
The TVS Wego comes in 10 colors: Metallic orange, Metallic T-Grey, Volcanic Red, Deep Sky Blue, Midnight Black, Sporty White, Dual Tone : Orange + Black, Red + Black, Blue + Black <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvswego.com/colours.aspx|title=TVS Wego 110 and the various colours it is available in|last=epagemaker|website=www.tvswego.com|language=en|access-date=2017-07-06|archive-date=2018-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070316/https://www.tvswego.com/colours.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Developments ===<br />
The company introduced a [[Bharat stage emission standards|BS IV compliant]] version in 2017. The updated version was also fitted with a USB charging port, silver oak panels, and a dual toned seat. It was launched in two new colors: Metallic orange and T-grey.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/bs-iv-compliant-2017-tvs-wego-launched-in-india-at-rs-50-434-1661822|title=BS IV Compliant 2017 TVS Wego Launched In India At Rs. 50,434 - NDTV CarAndBike|work=CarAndBike|access-date=2017-07-06|language=en}}</ref> Due to high consumer demand of the [[TVS Jupiter]] in India, the TVS Wego has since been discontinued in the Indian market, but continues to be supplied to overseas markets.{{cn|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
The TVS Wego has won four Scooter of the Year awards in 2011: [[CNBC TV18]] Overdrive,<ref>{{Cite web |title=CNBC TV-18 Overdrive Awards 2011 - Indian Cars Bikes |url=http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/motorcycles/cnbc-tv18-overdrive-awards-2011-25434/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901001158/http://www.indiancarsbikes.in/motorcycles/cnbc-tv18-overdrive-awards-2011-25434/ |archive-date=2011-09-01 |access-date=2017-07-06 |website=www.indiancarsbikes.in |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Business Standard]] Motoring,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Team |first=B. S. M. |date=2011-01-15 |title=And the winners are... |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/and-the-winners-are-111011500009_1.html |access-date=2017-07-06 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> [[NDTV]] Car and Bike,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Review on TVS Wego by euphoria 82 top speed 102kmh MouthShut.com |url=http://www.mouthshut.com/review/TVS-Wego-review-pqrouqosln |access-date=2017-07-06 |language=en}}</ref> and Bike India. It is also the recipient of India Design Mark in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TVS Launches the 2014 TVS WEGO - NDTV CarAndBike |url=https://auto.ndtv.com/news/tvs-launches-the-2014-tvs-wego-389840 |access-date=2017-07-06 |work=CarAndBike |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The TVS Wego won the award for India's Best Executive Scooter from [[J.D. Power]] two years in a row in 2015 and 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2015-04-03 |title=2015 India Two-Wheeler Initial Quality Study (2WIQS) Study {{!}} TVS Wego |url=http://india.jdpower.com/award/2015-india-two-wheeler-initial-quality-study-2wiqs-study-tvs-wego |access-date=2017-07-06 |work=J.D. Power |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=kristi.white |date=2016-01-26 |title=J.D. Power 2016 India Two-Wheeler Initial Quality (2WIQS) Study |url=http://india.jdpower.com/press-releases/jd-power-2016-india-two-wheeler-initial-quality-2wiqs-study |access-date=2017-07-06 |work=J.D. Power |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.tvswego.com}}<br />
<br />
{{Two wheelers in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Motor scooters]]<br />
[[Category:TVS motorcycles]]<br />
[[Category:Motorcycles introduced in 2010]]<br />
[[Category:Indian motor scooters]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sookmoy_Roy&diff=536715Sookmoy Roy2026-02-14T21:27:23Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made a article w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian businessman}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sookmoy Roy<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]] (now in [[West Bengal]])<br />
| death_date = {{Death date text |1811 }}<br />
| death_place =<br />
| occupation = [[Banker]], businessman<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sookmoy Roy''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 19th century) was a 19th-century Indian businessman, who is most notable for becoming the first Indian director of the [[Bank of Bengal]], which is one of the predecessors of the [[State Bank of India]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkataonwheels.com/post/samriddhi-bhavan-history-of-indian-banking|title=Kolkata On Wheels|website=www.kolkataonwheels.com}}</ref> He died in 1811.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
== Family ==<br />
He was the grandson of Lakshmikanta Dhar, who was notable for being the chief banker to [[Robert Clive]].<ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In 1809, he became a member of the very first board of directors of the [[Bank of Bengal]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/profchowdariprasad/docs/second_innings_september_2019__1_/s/11696231|title=The precious Indian linkage|website=issuu}}</ref> The board included others such as [[Henry St George Tucker (financier)|Henry St George Tucker]], who was the accountant general of the [[East India Company]] in [[Bengal Presidency]]. <br />
Other members of the very first board of directors of the [[Bank of Bengal]] include: Alex Colvin, John Palmer, James Alexander, George Tyler, and John W. Fulton.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=H. |title=Early European Banking In India: With Some Reflections On Present Conditions |date=1927 |publisher=S. C. Majumdar |location=Kolkata |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/23894/GIPE-005148.pdf |access-date=9 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Litigation ==<br />
He was named in a major lawsuit of the 19th century namely ''Sookmoy Roy v. Ramnarain Missery and Ramsunder Bonnajee'' which involved the non payment of interest on a Sicca banknote.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hydebooks.njit.edu/browse/2226 |title=Hydebooks Browse the Notebooks, 1777-1798 |website=hydebooks.njit.edu}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Philanthropy ==<br />
He is well remembered for his [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] contributions. He made a gift of Rs. 1.50 lakh for the construction of the [[Link Road, Cuttack|Cuttack Road]] and caravanserais for the convenience of pilgrims travelling to the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]].<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Henry St George Tucker (financier)|Henry St George Tucker]]<br />
* [[Bank of Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://surface.syr.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1177&context=socsci_etd Official Biography]<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501555 History of Bank of Bengal]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{SBI}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Sookmoy}}<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Indian company founders]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:1811 deaths]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dandapani_Desikar&diff=469305Dandapani Desikar2026-02-14T08:56:02Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian singer and actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
'''M M Dhandapani Desikar''' (August 27, 1908 – June 26, 1972) was a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist, actor and composer.<ref name="Commune 2022 k075">{{cite web | last=Commune | first=The | title=MM Dhandapani Desikar: A Carnatic Music Doyen | website=The Commune | date=27 Aug 2022 | url=https://thecommunemag.com/mm-dhandappani-desikar-a-carnatic-music-doyen/ | access-date=31 Jul 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
'Isai Arasu' Dhandapani Desikar was born in Tiruchengattangudi, near [[Nannilam]] in [[Madras Presidency]]. He got training from Manicka Desikar and [[Kumbakonam Rajamanickam Pillai]]. He was the son of Madurai Muthaiya Desikar and Pappammal. He gave his first performance in Tirumarugal. He was a Professor and Head of the Department of Music, [[Annamalai University]] for fifteen years. He acted in Tamil films including [[Nandanar]] which was produced by [[S. S. Vasan]].<br />
<br />
Desikar is one of those singers who have performed full-fledged [[Tirukkural]] concerts.{{sfn|Rangan, ''The Hindu'', 19 March 2016}} [[P. Muthukumaraswamy Sarma]] was a student of Desikar.<ref name="The Times of India 2019 q731">{{cite web | title=Disciple who popularized Desikar's legacy | website=The Times of India | date=2 Jul 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/disciple-who-popularized-desikars-legacy/articleshow/70135065.cms | access-date=31 Jul 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Song<br />
! scope="col"|Raagam<br />
! scope="col"|Thalam<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | <br />
Adiyenai kattu arulvai angayarkkanni <br />
| Kambhoji <br />
| T/Triputa-<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | Akkamume tarum anbai arindidil<br />
| Kadaram<br />
| Adi<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | <br />
"Thunbam Nergayil" (lyrics by [[Bharathidasan]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sriramv.com/2018/04/19/bharathidasan-dandapani-desigar-and-the-travancore-sisters/ |title=Bharathidasan, Dandapani Desigar and the Travancore Sisters |author=Sriram V |date=2018-04-19 |website=Madras Heritage and Carnatic Music |access-date=2023-01-11}}</ref><br />
| [[Desh (raga)|Desh]]<br />
| Adi<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"|Film<br />
! scope="col"|Year<br />
! scope="col"|Role<br />
! scope="col"|Director<br />
! scope="col"|Producer<br />
! Scope="col"|Notes<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Pattinathar (1936 film)|Pattinathar]]''<br />
| ''1937''<br />
| ''Pattinathar''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Life story of Saint Pattinathar, the copy of this film is not available, except a small portion<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Thayumanavar (1938 film)|Thayumanavar]]''<br />
| ''1938''<br />
| ''Thayumanavar''<br />
| ''[[T. R. Sundaram]]''<br />
| ''[[T. R. Sundaram]]''<br />
| Life story of [[Thayumanavar]]<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| ''[[Manickavasagar (film)|Manickavasagar]]''<br />
| ''1939''<br />
| ''Manickavasagar''<br />
| ''[[T. R. Sundaram]]''<br />
| ''V. S. M. Gopala Krishnaiyer''<br />
| Life story of Saint [[Manikkavacakar|Manickavasagar]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" | ''[[Nandanar (1942 film) |Nandanar]]''<br />
| ''1942''<br />
| ''Nandanaar'' <br />
| '' Murugadasa'' <br />
| ''[[S.S.Vasan]]''<br />
| ''A bhakti film playing the life of harijan saint Nandanar and immense hit.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Sangeetha Kalasikhamani]], 1955 by The Indian Fine Arts Society, Chennai<br />
<br />
==Citations==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite news | last = Rangan | first = Baradwaj | title = A musical bridge across eras | newspaper =The Hindu| publisher = Kasturi & Sons | date = 19 March 2016 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/baradwaj-rangan-on-how-chitravina-n-ravikiran-is-setting-the-tirukkural-to-tune/article8374601.ece | access-date = 29 July 2018|ref={{sfnRef|Rangan, ''The Hindu'', 19 March 2016}}}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://carnatica.net/composer/dandapanidesikar.htm Short profile]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050204085749/http://www.chennaionline.com/music/Carnaticmusic/2004/09mmddesikar.asp M Dandapani Desikar]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081225010344/http://archives.chennaionline.com/musicnew/ThamizhSongs/2004/song13.asp M M Dandapani]<br />
*[https://www.saigan.com/heritage/music/garlandd.htm Profile of artists]<br />
*[https://www.carnaticcorner.com/articles/dandapani.txt M. M. Dandapani Desikar's Compositions]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dandapani Desikar, M M}}<br />
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]<br />
[[Category:1908 births]]<br />
[[Category:1972 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Annamalai University]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{india-musician-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaleshwaram_Lift_Irrigation_Project&diff=507639Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project2026-01-16T04:03:07Z<p>Coin45bazzar: adding new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dam in Kaleshwaram, Bhupalpally, Telangana, India}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{more citations needed|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{overly detailed|date=May 2020}}<br />
{{prose|date=May 2020}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project<br />
| image = File:Lakshmi pumphouse aerial view.png<br />
| image_caption = Lakshmi pumphouse of the project<br />
| name_official = <br />
| dam_crosses = [[Godavari River]]<br />
| location = [[Kaleshwaram]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Bhupalpally]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]<br />
| dam_type = <br />
| dam_length = <br />
| dam_height = up to top of earth dam above the lowest river bed.<br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| spillway_type = [[Open channel spillway|Chute spillway]]<br />
| spillway_capacity = <br />
| construction_began = 2010<br />
| opening = 21 June 2019<br />
| status = Completed/Inaugurated<br />
| cost = ₹ 80,190 crores<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/img/projectspdf/kaleshwaram.pdf |title= KALESHWARAM PROJECT |website= www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/projectsMajUp#|url-status=live |archive-date=2025-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708110319/https://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/img/projectspdf/kaleshwaram.pdf}}</ref><br />
| owner = <br />
| operator = Telangana Irrigation Department<br />
| res_name = <br />
| res_capacity_total = <br />
| res_capacity_active = <br />
| res_capacity_inactive = <br />
| res_catchment = <br />
| res_surface = <br />
| res_max_depth = <br />
| plant_operator = <br />
| plant_turbines = <br />
| plant_capacity = <br />
| plant_annual_gen = <br />
| plant_commission = <br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| purpose = Irrigation, power, and transport<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17|44|27|N|78|41|26|E|display=inline}}<br />
| location_map = India#India Telangana<br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project''' ('''KLIP''') is a multi-purpose [[irrigation]] project on the [[Godavari River]] in [[Kaleshwaram]], [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Bhupalpally]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/in-telangana-a-unique-irrigation-project/article19194414.ece|title=Why is Telangana's Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project important?|date=2017-07-01|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Currently the world's largest multi-stage [[lift irrigation]] project,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/worlds-largest-multi-stage-lift-irrigation-project-kaleshwaram-inaugurated-in-telangana/articleshow/69889027.cms|title=Kaleshwaram project: World's largest multi-stage lift irrigation project inaugurated in Telangana|access-date=2019-06-22|language=en-IN}}</ref> its farthest upstream influence is at the [[confluence]] of the [[Pranhita River|Pranahita]] and Godavari rivers. The Pranahita River is itself a confluence of various smaller [[Tributary|tributaries]] including the [[Wardha River|Wardha]], [[Painganga River|Painganga]], and [[Wainganga River|Wainganga]] rivers which combine to form the [[List of drainage basins by area|seventh-largest]] [[drainage basin]] on the subcontinent, with an estimated annual discharge of more than {{Convert|6427900|acre ft|hm3|abbr=none|lk=on|sigfig=3}} or 280 [[Tmcft|TMC]]. It remains untapped as its course is principally through dense forests and other ecologically sensitive zones such as [[Wildlife refuge|wildlife sanctuaries]].<br />
<br />
The Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tspcb.cgg.gov.in/publichearings/Kaleshwaram%20Project%20by%20ICAD,%20GoTS%20-%20EXE%20SUM%20ENG.pdf |title=EXECUTIVE SUMMARY FOR THE PROPOSED KALESHWARAM PROJECT |website= tspcb.cgg.gov.in|access-date=2021-04-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tspcb.cgg.gov.in/publichearings/Kaleshwaram%20Project%20by%20ICAD,%20GoTS%20-%20EXE%20SUM%20ENG.pdf|title=Kaleshwaram Project Summary|website=Telangana State PCB}}</ref> is divided into 7 links and 28 packages spanning a distance of approximately {{Convert|500|km|abbr=on|lk=on}} through 13 districts and utilizing a canal network of more than {{Convert|1800|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irrigation.telangana.gov.in/img/projectspdf/kaleshwaram.pdf|title=Kaleshwaram Project|website=Telangana Government Irrigation}}</ref> The project aims to produce a total of 240 TMC (195 from [[Medigadda Barrage]], 20 from [[Sripada Yellampalli project]] and 25 from [[groundwater]]), of which 169 has been allocated for irrigation, 30 for Hyderabad [[Tap water|municipal water]], 16 for miscellaneous industrial uses and 10 for drinking water in nearby villages, with the remainder being estimated evaporation loss. The project aims at increasing total culturable command area (the sustainable area which can be irrigated after accounting for both upstream and downstream factors) by {{Convert|1825000|acre ft|hm3|abbr=on}} across all 13 districts in addition to stabilizing the existing CCA.<br />
<br />
On 21 June 2019, the project was opened by [[Telangana]] Governor [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]] and Chief minister [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]]. National Green Tribunal declared the Scheme is constructed without following the statuary provisions with regard to environmental aspects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greentribunal.gov.in/gen_pdf_test.php?filepath=L25ndF9kb2N1bWVudHMvbmd0L2Nhc2Vkb2MvanVkZ2VtZW50cy9ERUxISS8yMDIwLTEwLTIwLzE2MDMxNzAwMTkxNzc5MTM4Mjk2NWY4ZTZlZTM1MDI3Zi5wZGY= |title=Order of the NGT regarding Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme dated 20/10/2020|access-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Four major pumping facilities manage the project's outflow, the largest at [[Ramadugu]] ([[Medaram]], [[Annaram Barrage|Annaram]] and [[Sundilla Barrage|Sundilla]] being the others) is also likely to be the largest in Asia once consistent measurements are available,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/kaleshwaram-the-making-of-an-engineering-marvel/article28088319.ece|title=Kaleshwaram — the making of an engineering marvel|date=2009-06-20|first=V. Rishi|last=Kumar|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=2019-08-09}}</ref> requiring seven {{Convert|140|MWh|abbr=on|lk=on}} pumps designed and manufactured specifically for the project by the [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/bhel-commissions-1-more-unit-of-kaleshwaram-irrigation-project-in-telangana-4290431.html|title=BHEL commissions 1 more unit of Kaleshwaram irrigation project in Telangana|website=Moneycontrol|date=5 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref><br />
The Engineering giant Megha Engineering and Infrastructures Limited built 15 of 22 Pump houses and undertook major part of the project.<br />
<br />
== Project details==<br />
{{Technical|date=September 2019}}<br />
In addition to constructing new reservoirs, Kaleshwaram also rejuvenates existing ones.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaleshwaram Project [ Full Details ] Telangana - 2019|url=https://www.kaleshwaramproject.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707094418/https://www.kaleshwaramproject.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 July 2018|access-date=2019-09-09|website=kaleshwaramproject.com/|language=en-US}}</ref> Mallanna Sagar reservoir was inaugurated in February 2022. It is one of the biggest artificial reservoirs in India, and was constructed with a capacity of 50 tmcft.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/mallanna-sagar-a-jewel-in-kaleshwarams-crown/articleshow/89785255.cms|title=Telangana: Mallanna Sagar a jewel in Kaleshwaram's crown}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Existing reservoirs ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Reservoir<br />
!Location<br />
!Capacity <br />
(in [[Tmcft]])<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sripada Yellampalli project]]<br />
|[[Ramagundam|Yellampalli village]]<br />
|20.175<br />
|-<br />
|Lower Manair Dam<br />
|<br />
|24<br />
|-<br />
|[[Mid Manair Dam]]<br />
|<br />
|25.875<br />
|-<br />
|[[Upper Manair Dam]]<br />
|<br />
|2.20<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kaddam Project]]<br />
|<br />
|7.60<br />
|-<br />
|Masani Tank<br />
|<br />
|0.13<br />
|-<br />
|Total<br />
|<br />
|55.98<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== New reservoirs ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Reservoir<br />
!Location<br />
!Capacity <br />
(in [[Tmcft]])<br />
!FRL(in [[Metre|m]])<br /><br />
|-<br />
|[[Medigadda Barrage]]<br />
|<br />
|16.17<br />
|100.0 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Annaram Barrage]]<br />
|[[Annaram]]<br />
|10.87<br />
|120.0 <br />
|-<br />
|[[Sundilla Barrage]]<br />
|<br />
|8.83<br />
|130.0<br />
|-<br />
|Medaram Online storage<br />
|[[Medaram]]<br />
|0.78<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Ananthagiri Online storage<br />
|[[Ananthagiri, Ranga Reddy district|Ananthagiri]]<br />
|3.50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Sri Ranganayaka Sagar<br />
|[[Imambad (chandlapur)]]<br />
|3.50<br />
|<br />
|-+419m<br />
|Sri Komaravelli Mallanna Sagar<br />
|Tadkapally<br />
|50.00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Malkapet Online storage<br />
|<br />
|3.0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Konda Pochamma Online storage<br />
|Pamulaparthy<br />
|15.00 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Amarlabanda Online storage<br />
|<br />
|5.00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Katchapur<br />
|<br />
|2.50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Thimmakka Palli<br />
|<br />
|3.00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Issaipet<br />
|<br />
|2.50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Bhoompally Online storage<br />
|<br />
|9.0<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Gujjal Online storage<br />
|<br />
|1.50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Katewadi Online storage <br />
|<br />
|5.00<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Mothe Online storage<br />
|<br />
|2.90<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Kondem Cheruvu<br />
|<br />
|3.50<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Gandamalla Online storage<br />
|<br />
|9.87<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Baswapuram Online storage<br />
|<br />
|11.39 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |TOTAL<br />
|147.710 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Links & Irrigated Command Area/Ayacut (Acres) ===<br />
<br />
*'''Link-I:''' From Medigadda Barrage on Godavari River to Sripada Yellampalli Project (30,000 acres)<br />
*'''Link-II:''' From Sripada Yellampalli Project to Mid Manair Dam<br />
*'''Link-III:''' From Mid Manair Dam to Upper Manair Reservoir (86,150 acres)<br />
*'''Link-IV:''' From upper Manair Dam to Konda Pochamma Reservoir (595,754 acres)<br />
*'''Link-V:''' From Anicut to Chityala (243,500 acres)<br />
*'''Link-VI:''' From Sri Komaravelli Mallanna Sagar to Singur Dam (280,296 acres)<br />
*'''Link-VII:''' From SRSP Foreshore to [[Nizam Sagar]] Canals and to Dilawarpur and Hangarga village for Nirmal and Mudhole Constituency (590,000 acres)<br />
<br />
Total: 1,65,700 acres (New ayacut) Apart from: 1,875,00+ acres (Stabilisation of existing ayacut){{Clarify|reason=|date=June 2019}}<br />
<br />
=== Gravity Canals & Tunnels for distribution ===<br />
1. Gravity Canal - 1,531&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
2. Gravity Tunnel - 203&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
3. Pressure Mains / Delivery Mains - 98&nbsp;km<br />
<br />
'''Link-I: From [[Medigadda Barrage]] on [[Godavari River]] to Sripada Yellampalli Project'''<br />
<br />
Water will be reverse pumped from the confluence point of Godavari and Pranahita Rivers to Sripada Yellampalli Project with the help of 3 barrages (Medigadda, Annaram and Sundilla) and 3 lifts.<br />
<br />
As of June 2019, lifts are being commissioned with provision to lift 2 TMC (''56,63,36,93,184 liters''){{clarify|date=May 2019|reason=Number is not formatted correctly}} of water per day from Medigadda. The water is lifted to backwaters of Annaram barrage. Again from Annaram barrage to Sundilla barrage. Finally from Sundilla to Sripada Yellampalli Project. Civil works are being executed to lift 3 TMC per day but pumps are being installed to lift only 2 TMC. If need be, only pumps would need to be installed to increase capacity by one more TMC.<br />
<br />
'''Link-II: From Sripada Yellampalli Project to Mid Manair Dam'''<br />
<br />
A new balancing reservoir is also being proposed in the outskirts of Hyderabad of 20–30 TMC to store water. The water will be supplied to this balancing reservoir in the same link.<br />
<br />
'''Link-V: From Anicut to Chityala'''<br />
<br />
From Anicut, a series of gravity canals and a small tunnel of 1.2&nbsp;km are planned to transfer water to Gandamalla Reservoir and Baswapuram Reservoir. Thereafter, gravity canals are planned towards Chityal Mandal and its villages.<br />
<br />
'''Link-VI: From Sri Komaravelli Mallanna Sagar to Singur Dam'''<br />
<br />
From Sri Komaravelli Mallanna Sagar, another sequence of gravity canals, tunnels and lifts are used to transfer water to Singur Dam. Apart from that, if need be, water can be transferred to [[Nizam Sagar]] Project and from there, to SRSP.<br />
<br />
'''Link-VII: From SRSP Foreshore to [[Nizam Sagar]] Canals and to Dilwarpur and Hangarga village for Nirmal and Mudhole Constituency'''<br />
<br />
From the foreshore waters of SRSP, water will be transferred to reservoirs at Hangarga and Dilwapur villages. Apart from this, existing reservoirs like Masani Tank and kondem Cheruvu will also be linked. Canals under [[Nizam Sagar]] will also be irrigated.<br />
<br />
== Water lifting ==<br />
The chief minister has said that every year about 400 TMC of water will be lifted.<br />
<br />
== Project Economics ==<br />
The project requires about 5,900 MW of electricity to run its several large water pumps. Assuming, on average, the pumps require constant running for two months during the monsoon period, 24 hours a day, the total electricity consumption would be 849 crore units. Taking a unit electricity charge of Rs. 8.0 per kWh, the annual electricity cost is going to be Rs. 7000 crores per year. Assuming the project irrigates about 15 lakh acres, the electricity cost for irrigation is about Rs. 46,666 per acre per year. The chief minister has said that the project requires about Rs. 5000 crore annually for electricity charges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgptGRU6Bp8| website=[[YouTube]] | title=CM KCR Serious Warning over Kaleshwaram Project Electricity Bill &#124; NTV }}</ref> On the other hand, the state irrigation department had allocated Rs.7000 crores for electricity charges in its 2020 budget.<ref name="indiatimes_76821613">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/irrigation-dept-to-spend-50-of-its-budget-on-power-bill/articleshow/76821613.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |title=Telangana: Irrigation dept to spend 50% of its budget on power bill &#124; Hyderabad News - Times of India |date=7 July 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The project was mainly funded with the money obtained through loans. Assuming an existing loan of Rs. 80,000 crore, at an interest rate of 6% that needs to paid up over a period of 30 years, the annual loan repayment charge is about Rs. 5760 crores per year. This implies an additional charge of Rs. 38,400 per acre per year towards the loan repayment. Therefore, the total cost of irrigation per acre is approximately Rs. 85,000 per acre per year. On the other hand, the net profit from the cultivation of the main crop i.e., paddy, could be expected to be around Rs.40,000 per acre per year,<ref name="indiatimes_76821613"/> assuming two crops in a year. These numbers raise questions about the financial viability of the project.<br />
<br />
A recent report by the comptroller and auditor general of India (CAG) has pointed out that the cost to benefit ratio of the project is 1:0.75 in contrast to the state govt.'s claim of 1:1.5.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/telangana/cag-report-on-kaleshwaram-lift-scheme-99035 |title=CAG Report on Kaleshwaram |website=hmtvlive.com |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref> In addition, by taking in to account the escalated costs for lifting the third TMC, the ratio comes down to 1:0.52. According to the report, the annual operational costs for irrigating an acre of land is Rs. 46,364 cr. The annual electricity costs are estimated to be Rs. 10,374 cr. Despite the negative report by CAG on the financial viability, the state govt. has made no effort refute the report.<br />
<br />
== Project Execution ==<br />
Indian Public sector Enterprise [[BHEL]] is executing this project and has already commissioned 16 pumping units.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhel.com/sites/default/files/BHEL_Commissions_two_more_units_of_Kaleshwaram_Telangana.pdf |title=BHEL Commissions two more units of Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme Package-6 (7x116 MW) in Telangana |website=bhel.com |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bhel.com/sites/default/files/5dd236dc546ecBHEL_commissions_14_Pumping_Units_of_Kaleshwaram_Lift_Irrigation_Scheme_in_Telangana_in_a_record_period_of_six_months.pdf |title=BHEL commissions 14 Pumping Units of Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Scheme in Telangana in a record period of six months |website=bhel.com |access-date=2023-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Environmental law violations ==<br />
In October 2020, the [[National Green Tribunal Act|National Green Tribunal]], India's court for environmental issues, directed the Telangana government to halt work on the KLIP except the drinking water supply component. A petition had been filed by a farmer from Siddipet district, whose land was affected by the KLIP. The National Green Tribunal found, on hearing his petition, that the environmental clearances for the KLIP had not been obtained before the project, as is required by law, but had been granted by the Union Government of India after work on the project had already begun by the Telangana government. The National Green Tribunal has directed the Indian government's [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]] to constitute a committee to investigate the illegally granted clearances, and to file a report with them within six months.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-21|title=NGT red-flags Kaleshwaram project: Green clearance was in violation of law, halt work|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ngt-red-flags-kaleshwaram-project-green-clearance-was-in-violation-of-law-halt-work-6813921/|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulipaka|first=Balu|date=2020-10-21|title=NGT says environmental clearance for Kaleshwaram violates law|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/211020/ngt-says-environmental-clearance-for-kaleshwaram-violates-law.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kaleshwaram irrigation project got environmental clearance 'ex post facto' in violation of law: NGT|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kaleshwaram-irrigation-project-got-environmental-clearance-ex-post-facto-in-violation-of-law-ngt/articleshow/78764861.cms|access-date=2020-10-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Project Details '''[https://irrigation.telangana.gov.in/img/projectspdf/kaleshwaram.pdf PDF].'''<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}<br />
* [[Lower Manair Dam]]<br />
* [[Palamuru-Rangareddy Lift Irrigation Scheme]]<br />
* [[SRSP Flood Flow Canal]]<br />
* [[R. Vidyasagar Rao Dindi Lift Irrigation Scheme]]<br />
* [[Ganga Water Lift Project]]<br />
* [[Pranahita Chevella]]<br />
* [[Alisagar lift irrigation scheme]]<br />
* [[Sri Komaram Bheem Project]]<br />
* [[Devadula lift irrigation scheme]]<br />
* [[Icchampally Project]]<br />
* [[Colorado River Aqueduct]]<br />
* [[Nizam Sagar]]<br />
* [[Singur Dam]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{Hydrography of Telangana}}<br />
{{Godavari basin}}<br />
{{Godavari River dams}}<br />
<br />
(Telangana India)<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams on the Godavari River]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Inter-state disputes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation projects]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation in India]]<br />
[[Category:Godavari basin]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:2019 establishments in Telangana]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parveen_Farzana_Absar&diff=524635Parveen Farzana Absar2026-01-11T01:19:12Z<p>Coin45bazzar: made some pg v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Wildlife biologist}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
'''Parveen F. Absar''' is a wildlife biologist from India. In 2017, she was credited with the discovery of a species of freshwater crab called ''Teretamon'' absarum, of the genus ''Teretamon'' and species spelaeum.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Parveen Farzana Absar was born in 1988,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parveen Farzana Absar|url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54102206|access-date=2021-12-02|website=www.wikidata.org|language=en}}</ref> to Ahsan Absar and Farzana Absar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=AMU Researcher Discovers New Crab Species 'Teretamon Absarum' In Meghalaya|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/amu-researcher-discovers-new-crab-species-teretamon-absarum-in-meghalaya-1732568|access-date=2021-12-02|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education and career ==<br />
Absar earned her master's degree in Wildlife Sciences from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU), in [[Aligarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], in June 2017.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-05-17|title=Young scientist discovers new species of crabs in Meghalaya|url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/nature/young-scientists-discovers-new-species-of-crabs-in-meghalaya/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=The Third Pole|language=en-US}}</ref> She did her dissertation under Orus Ilyas, an assistant professor in the Wildlife Sciences Department at AMU.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Since September 2019, Absar has been a Doctoral Candidate in the School of Biological Sciences at the [[University of Auckland]], [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mrs Parveen Absar - The University of Auckland|url=https://unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz/profile/pabs480|access-date=2021-12-06|website=unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz|archive-date=6 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206093223/https://unidirectory.auckland.ac.nz/profile/pabs480|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== '' Teretamon absarum'' ==<br />
<br />
=== Discovery ===<br />
[[File:Teretamon spelaeum (Male).jpg|thumb|Underside view of Teretamon spelaeum (Male). It is smaller than the female, and this specimen has one missing claw. Credits: Parveen F. Absar.]]<br />
Absar discovered the species in [[Meghalaya]], which is in the northeastern [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] region of India. At the time of discovery, Absar was 29 years old and had 11 years of experience.<ref name=":1" /> She was in the [[East Jaintia Hills district|East Jaintia Hills]] district of Meghalaya two months prior to this discovery, conducting cave research for her dissertation at AMU.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Gupta|first=Atula|date=2017-04-26|title=Blind, Albino Crab Discovered In Meghalaya, India|url=http://indiasendangered.com/blind-albino-crab-discovered-in-meghalaya-india/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=India's Endangered|language=en-US}}</ref> In her dissertation, she highlights the presence of thick limestone in Meghalaya's caves as being a rich abode for various life forms, from [[invertebrate]]s to [[Vertebrate|advanced vertebrates]], and identifies the region as rich for study in [[biospeleology]].<ref name=":0" /> The [[Caves of Meghalaya|caves in Meghalaya]] are some of the most famous in India, particularly for research;<ref>{{Citation|title=Cave research in India|date=2021-09-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cave_research_in_India&oldid=1042348029|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref> Meghalaya has 1,580 identified caves, including nine out of ten of the longest and deepest caves in India.<ref>{{Citation|title=Caves of Meghalaya|date=2021-04-09|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caves_of_Meghalaya&oldid=1016792678|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref> Moreover, Absar emphasizes the unexplored scope of cave biology research in the already explored caves of Meghalaya.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-24|title=New species discovered in Meghalaya cave: Blind albino crab found in India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-species-discovered-in-meghalaya-cave-blind-albino-crab-found-in-india/story-41O96XV0SM8mvj9zCM1IrN.html|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Meghalaya is already considered to be one of India's four [[biodiversity hotspot]]s, with there being a total of 34 hotspots globally.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
On a routine expedition for her research,<ref name=":2" /> on 29 March 2017,<ref name=":3" /> Absar stumbled upon the species 200 metres from the mouth of the eighth longest cave in the country (length of 7.3&nbsp;km);<ref name=":3" /> the name of the cave is currently being kept confidential at the ask of the research team.<ref name=":1" /> In an interview with ''The Third Pole'', Absar described that she was on a routine exploration and saw the crabs on her way out; she found a male, female, and a baby crab.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== Classification ===<br />
Absar brought this finding to the notice of her contact at the [[Zoological Survey of India|Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in Kolkata]], Ilona Jacinta Kharkongor. Kharkongor is a scientist in Meghalaya, specialising in cave biology; she reached out to ZSI headquarters in the city of Kolkata to inform them of Absar's findings.<ref name=":3" /> In the next few days, ZSI's team––led by Santanu Mitra––confirmed that her specimen was previously undiscovered.<ref name=":1" /> ZSI, in further collaboration with international experts, classified it within the genus ''Teretamon''.<ref name=":3" /> Absar was asked to name the species, and chose to name it "absarum" as a tribute to her parents and family name.<ref name=":0" /> The species has been officially named ''Teretamon spelaeum,''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Absar|first1=Parveen Farzana|last2=Mitra|first2=Santanu|last3=Kharkongor|first3=Ilona Jacinta|date=2017-12-18|title=Teretamon spelaeum, a new species of freshwater crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) from a limestone cave in Meghalaya, India|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4365.3.2|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4365|issue=3|pages=302–310|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4365.3.2|pmid=29686206 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Genus ''Teretamon'' ===<br />
This is only the third species discovered so far under this genus: the first one was found in [[Myanmar]] and the second one was found in the Indian state of [[Mizoram]].<ref name=":2" /> However, both the previously found species were either forest or freshwater species, as compared to ''Teretamon spelaeum'', which is cave-dwelling.<ref name=":1" /> ''Teretamon spelaeum'' was the first [[troglobite]], or cave-dwelling species, of crab found in India.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
This is the second crab in the genus to be found in India.<ref name=":2" /> The first was ''Teretamon'' Yeo & Ng, or ''Teretamon kempi'',<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Mitra|first1=Santanu|last2=Payra|first2=Arajush|last3=Chandra|first3=Kailash|date=2018-10-18|title=A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Teretamon Yeo & Ng, 2007 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Potamidae) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India|url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.4500.4.8|journal=Zootaxa|volume=4500|issue=4|pages=587–595|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.8|pmid=30486053 |s2cid=54144585 |issn=1175-5334}}</ref> and it was discovered in Mizoram by Santanu Mitra, a scientist at ZSI in 2016,<ref name=":2" /> Arajush Payra and Kailash Chandra.<ref name=":5" /> This crab, however, was a [[freshwater crab]].<ref name=":5" /> In 2021, a fourth crab in the genus ''Teretamon'' and a second crab in the species ''kempi'' has thought to have been discovered:<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Pan|first1=Da|last2=Shi|first2=Boyang|last3=Sun|first3=Hongying|date=2021-10-01|title=A new species of freshwater crab of the genus Teretamon Yeo & Ng, 2007 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) from southwestern Yunnan, China|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/cr/94/9/article-p1059_2.xml|journal=Crustaceana|volume=94|issue=9|pages=1059–1070|doi=10.1163/15685403-bja10141|bibcode=2021Crust..94.1059P |s2cid=241936715 |issn=0011-216X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In Husa Town, [[Yunnan|Yunnan Province]], [[China]], scientists Da Pan, Boyang Shi, and Hongying Sun have identified ''Teretamon husicum''.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
=== Distinctive morphology ===<br />
[[File:Teretamon spelaeum (Female).jpg|thumb|Underside view of female Teretamon spelaeum. Note the hair on the legs, a distinctive morphological characteristic. Credits: Parveen F. Absar.]]<br />
As a crab-dwelling species, ''Teretamon spelaeum'' has physiological characteristics that are adapted to living in the dark zones of caves, in which temperatures remain almost constant.<ref name=":2" /> A part of this adaptation is the color of the crab; it is albino crab, meaning it has no coloring pigment, due to the absence of light in its environment.<ref name=":0" /> Furthermore, it is almost blind.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
While other blind albino cave crabs have been found in Asian countries––such as China, [[Vietnam]], [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]]––this species is particularly different from other blind albino crabs.<ref name=":3" /> The other crabs tended to be larger (up to 2 inches, or 5.08 centimeters), and have serrated bodies, small eye sockets, and hairless legs, and;<ref name=":3" /> in comparison, ''Teretamon spelaeum'' is much smaller (approximately 2 centimeters, or 0.79 inches), has a smooth body, and has hair on its shorter, more slender legs.<ref name=":3" /> It also has a large eye socket, but a much smaller retina than other albino crabs.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Amongst other crabs from the genus ''Teretamon'', the ''spelaeum'' species differs in its:<ref name=":7"/><br />
<br />
* Wider carapace, the hard upper shell<br />
* Much smaller retina, in a larger eye socket<br />
* Distinctive [[gonopod]], an appendage specialized for reproduction: It has a low, rounded median flap on the upper side of the terminal joint of its [[gonad]]s<br />
<br />
''Teretamon spelaeum'' was published in [[Zootaxa]],<ref name=":7"/> an international peer-reviewed journal for taxonomy,<ref>{{Citation|title=Zootaxa|date=2021-10-26|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zootaxa&oldid=1051946507|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-12-06}}</ref> in 2017.<ref name=":7" /> Absar shares credit for her finding with Santanu Mitra, the lead collaborator and researcher on the team at ZSI, and Ilona Kharkongor, a fellow researcher focused on cave biology in Meghalaya.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Crustacean]]<br />
* [[Crab]]s<br />
* [[Cave research in India|Cave Research in India]]<br />
* [[Biospeleology]]<br />
* [[Albinism]]<br />
<br />
== Listed publications ==<br />
<br />
*Absar, P.F., Mitra, S. & Kharkongor, I.J. 2017. ''Teretamon spelaeum'', a new species of freshwater crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Potamidae) from a limestone cave in Meghalaya, India. Zootaxa 4365(3): 302–310. [[Digital object identifier|DOI]]: 10.11646/zootaxa.4365.3.2.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://indiasendangered.com/lack-of-data-pushing-freshwater-crustaceans-of-western-ghats-to-extinction/ Lack of Data Pushing Freshwater Crustaceans of Western Ghats (in India) to Extinction]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Absar, Parveen Farzana}}<br />
[[Category:Wildlife biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:1988 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ojhiyana_archaeological_site&diff=522809Ojhiyana archaeological site2025-12-14T07:57:32Z<p>Coin45bazzar: made a entry first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Archaeological site}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Archaeological Site<br />
| name = Ojhiyana Archaeological Site<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| location = [[Bhilwara district]], [[Rajasthan]], India<br />
| coordinates ={{Coord|25.878651|74.357570|}}<br />
| type = Chalcolithic archaeological site<br />
| excavations = 1999-2000, 2000-01<br />
|map={{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|coord={{Coord|25.878651|74.357570|}}|zoom=SWITCH:5,7,13|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}|fetchwikidata=Q125044821}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ojhiyana archaeological site''' in [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara वर्तमान नए जिले के अनुसार ब्याबर district]], previously excavated in 1999-2000, revealed remains of [[Chalcolithic|Chalcolithic cultures]]. The 2000-01<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] During which period/years the excavation at ojiyana site of |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/during-which-periodyears-the-excavation-at-ojiyan--62ec99d233617519b6069978 |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Testbook}}</ref> excavation yielded white [[Black and red ware|painted black and red wares]], terracotta bulls, cow figurines, [[Cooper Tools|copper tools]], and various [[bead]]s, dating from the [[3rd millennium BC|3rd]] to [[2nd millennium BC|2nd millennium B.C]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=EXCAVATIONS AT OJIYANA {{!}} ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA JAIPUR CIRCLE |url=https://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Excavations%20at%20Ojiyana,%20Dt.%20Bhilwada.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=asijaipurcircle.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ojiyana, Ojiyana Historical Site, Ojiyana Rajasthan Historical Place, Ojiyana Chalcholithic Age in India, Historical Site Ojiyana |url=http://www.bestindiatours.com/chalcolitic/ojiyana.html |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=www.bestindiatours.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pokharia |first=Anil K. |date=2008 |title=Record of macrobotanical remains from the Aravalli Hill, Ojiyana, Rajasthan: Evidence for agriculture-based subsistence economy |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24100301 |journal=Current Science |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=612–622 |jstor=24100301 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Sites in Rajasthan |url=https://rajras.in/rajasthan/history/archaeological-sites/ |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=RajRAS {{!}} RAS Exam Preparation |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419112355/https://rajras.in/rajasthan/history/archaeological-sites/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Excavations ==<br />
<br />
The Jaipur Circle of the Survey, led by B.R. Meena and Alok Tripathi, conducted excavations at Ojiyana, 30&nbsp;km southwest of [[Beawar]] in the hilly region of [[Bhilwara district|District Bhilwara]]. The site's unique hill slope location distinguishes it from other [[Ahar–Banas culture|Ahar culture]] sites in [[Ahar River|Ahar river]] valleys.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Excavation details ===<br />
<br />
The site revealed a single-culture deposit with a thickness of about 7.5 m, divided into three phases based on [[pottery]] and structural evidence. Initial settlers used sun-dried mud-bricks for houses on the natural rock. In Phase II, locally available stones were used for construction, marking a shift. Phase III showed a decline with evidence of a devastating fire.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Cultural continuity ===<br />
<br />
Despite changes, the excavation displayed cultural continuity from the 3rd millennium B.C. to mid-2nd millennium B.C., indicating permanent settlement, growth, development, and decline, alongside the assimilation of new ideas.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Antiquities ===<br />
<br />
Unique findings include [[terracotta]] bulls, white-painted and stylized, termed "Ojiyana bulls," possibly used in [[Ceremony|ceremonies]]. Terracotta cow figurines, a [[copper]] chopper, [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappan]]-type [[faïence]], and various beads were discovered. Ornaments included copper and shell bangles, copper rings, and pendants. Agricultural tools like saddle-[[quern]]s and hammer-stones were also unearthed.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Rajasthan]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khariar_College&diff=509630Khariar College2025-12-14T07:49:41Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{third-party|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{short description|College in Odisha, India}}<br />
{{Infobox College<br />
|name = Khariar College<br />
|image = Khariar Autonomous College.jpg<br />
|caption = <br />
|established = 21 October 1977<br />
|type = [[Educational institution]]<br />
|endowment = <br />
|principal = Anupama Padhi<br />
|campus = <br />
|city = [[Khariar]]<br />
|state = [[Odisha]]<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|coordinates = {{coord |20.307286|82.748621|display=inline,title}}<br />
|affiliations = [[Kalahandi University]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<br />
|website = {{url|khariarcollege.ac.in}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Khariar College''', officially '''Khariar (Autonomous) College''', was founded on [[Vijaya Dashami]], in October 1977.<ref>{{cite web |title=Khariar College (KC) |url=https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/khariar-college |website=collegedekho.com |publisher=aegis of Girnarsoft Education Services Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=3 March 2021}}</ref> It got permanent government concurrence in 1979 for IA, 1980 for BA & 1986–87 for Science & Commerce. The college is accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NACC]] with grade ['B'] certification and got autonomous status from the session 2012. The college is affiliated to [[Kalahandi University]], which prepares undergraduate students for regular three years bachelor courses on [[Bachelor of Arts|Arts]] (B.A), [[Bachelor of Science|Science]] (B.Sc), [[Bachelor of Commerce|Commerce]] (B.Com). The college has also center for [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] for distance learners.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
[[File:Khariar College Campus.jpg|thumb|]]<br />
The college began with only 67 students. It got government concurrence for IA (1979), BA (1980) and Science & Commerce (1986). In 1986, the college shifted to its present new building, built on a 30.25-acre plot donated by RANI SAHIBA Soubhagya Manjari Devi.<br />
<br />
== Courses offered ==<br />
At present, the college has Arts, Science and Commerce at the +2 & +3 level with honours in all affiliated subjects.<br />
<br />
There is scope to acquire Certificate Course in addition to Degree and Diploma ie Diploma in Journalism and Mass communication, Diploma in Human Rights, Diploma in computer Application <br />
<br />
From the session 2019–20, the college also offer P.G. course in Odia, Hindi, Political Science and Chemistry.<br />
<br />
== Departments ==<br />
'''Faculty of Arts'''<br />
<br />
* Dept. Of Odia<br />
* Dept. Of Hindi<br />
* Dept. Of English<br />
* Dept. Of Education<br />
* Dept. Of Economics<br />
* Dept. Of History<br />
* Dept. Of Philosophy <br />
* Dept. Of Political Science<br />
* Dept. Of Archaeology & Museology<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Science'''<br />
<br />
* Dept. Of Physics<br />
* Dept. Of Chemistry<br />
* Dept. Of Mathematics<br />
* Dept. Of Botany<br />
* Dept. Of Zoology<br />
* Dept. of Computer Science<br />
<br />
'''Faculty of Commerce'''<br />
<br />
* Dept. Of Commerce<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official|http://khariarautocollege.in}}<br />
<br />
{{colleges in Odisha}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Nuapada district]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Orissa]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1977]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikankari&diff=494111Chikankari2025-11-03T20:35:43Z<p>Coin45bazzar: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Traditional embroidery style from Lucknow, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br />
[[File:Craft Artisans of India 02.jpg|alt=Chikankari hand-embroidery|thumb|Traditional Chikankari hand-embroidery by [https://www.instagram.com/p/CMrZFW3HUt3/ Craft Artisans of India]]]<br />
'''Chikankari''' ({{Langx|ur|{{nq|چِکن کاری}}}}, {{langx|hi|चिकन की कढ़ाई, चिकनकारी}}) is a traditional [[embroidery]] style from [[Lucknow]], [[India]].<br />
Translated, the word means embroidery (using thread or wire), and it is one of Lucknow's best known textile decoration styles. The main market in Lucknow for Chikankari based products is Chowk. Production is mainly based in Lucknow and in the adjoining districts.<br />
<br />
==Origin==<br />
There are references to embroidery similar to chikan work in India as early as 3rd century BC by [[Megasthenes]], who mentioned use of flowered [[muslin]]s by Indians, but these embroidered patterns lacked the characteristic features of chikan, such as colour, ornamentation, or any notable embellishment.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKFN7hyH6OcC&q=There+are+many+different+stories+of+the+origin+of+chikankari%2C+but+there+is+no+clear+historical+evidence+supporting+any+of+them.+The+word+chikankari+in+Hindi+means&pg=PA264|title=Asian Embroidery|editor-last=Dhamija|editor-first=Jasleen|last=Manfredi|first=Paola|chapter=Chikankari of Lucknow|date=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174509|language=en}}</ref> According to [[Laila Tyabji]], chikankari stems from the white-on-white embroidery of [[Shiraz]] came to India as part of a culture of [[Persians|Persian]] nobles at the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] court.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AKFN7hyH6OcC&q=White+on+white+embroidery+of+Shiraz&pg=PA264|title=Asian Embroidery|editor-last=Dhamija|editor-first=Jasleen|last=Manfredi|first=Paola|chapter=Chikankari of Lucknow|date=2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=9788170174509|language=en}}</ref> There is also a tale that mentions how a traveler taught chikan to a peasant in return of water to drink. The most popular origin story credits [[Nur Jahan|Noor Jahan]], Mughal empress and wife of [[Jahangir]], for introducing chikankari to India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-crafts/chikankari.html |title=Chikankari |publisher=Cultural India |access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/embroideringlive0000wilk |url-access=registration |title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |first=Clare M. |last=Wilkinson-Weber |date=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/embroideringlive0000wilk/page/12 12]–13 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791440872}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chikan began as a type of white-on-white (or [[whitework embroidery|whitework]]) embroidery.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/embroideringlive0000wilk |url-access=registration |title=Embroidering Lives: Women's Work and Skill in the Lucknow Embroidery Industry |first=Clare M. |last=Wilkinson-Weber |date=1999 |page=[https://archive.org/details/embroideringlive0000wilk/page/24 24] |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9780791440872}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Technique==<br />
The technique of chikan embroidery is known as ''chikankari'' ({{lang|hi|चिकनकारी}} {{nastaliq|چکن کاری}}). Chikankari is a delicate and artfully done hand embroidery on a variety of textile fabrics like cotton, chanderi, muslin, georgette, viscose, silk, organza, net, etc. White thread is embroidered on cool, pastel shades of light muslin and cotton garments. Nowadays ''chikan'' embroidery is also done with colored and silk threads in colors to meet the fashion trends and keep chikankari up-to-date. Lucknow is the heart of the ''chikankari'' industry today and the variety is known as ''Lucknawi chikan''.<br />
<br />
Chikan work in recent times has adopted additional embellishments like Mukaish, Kamdani, Badla, sequin, bead, and mirror work, which gives it a rich look. Chikan embroidery is mostly done on fabrics like cotton, semi-Georgette, pure Georgette, crepe, chiffon, silk, and any other fabric which is light and which highlights the embroidery. The fabric cannot be too thick or hard, else the embroidery needle won't pierce it. Also, sheer fabric allows the part of the stitches on the reverse of the fabric to give a shadow effect, which is characteristic of the technique.<br />
<br />
The piece begins with one or more pattern blocks that are used to block-print a pattern on the ground fabric. The embroiderer stitches the pattern, and the finished piece is carefully washed to remove all traces of the printed pattern.<ref name=dusenbury>Dusenbury, Mary M. (2004). ''Flowers, Dragons and Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art''. Hudson Hills Press. p. 42. {{ISBN|1-55595-238-0}}.</ref> The process of ''chikankari'' includes the following steps:<br />
* Design<br />
* Engraving<br />
* Block printing<br />
* Embroidery<br />
* Washing and finishing<br />
<br />
===Stitches===<br />
The patterns and effects created depend on the stitches and the thicknesses of the threads used. Some of the stitches include [[backstitch]], [[chain stitch]] and hemstitch. The result is an open work pattern, ''jali'' ([[lace]]) or shadow-work. Often the embroiderer creates mesh-like sections by using a needle to separate threads in the ground fabric, and then working around the spaces.<ref name=dusenbury/> It consists of 32 stitches:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hand-embroidery.com/stitches-in-chikankari.html |title=Stitches in Chikankari |publisher=Hand-embroidery.com |access-date=2013-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614053226/http://www.hand-embroidery.com/stitches-in-chikankari.html |archive-date=14 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| image1 = Chikan embroidery, Lucknow.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Front view of Bakhiya Chikan embroidery being done over temporary [[block print]]ed pattern<br />
| image2 = Chikan embroidery from the back, Lucknow.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Bakhiya Chikan embroidery from the back<br />
}}<br />
<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Chikankari-Tepchi}} is a long-running or darning stitch worked with six strands on the right side of the fabric taken over four threads and picking up one. Thus, a line is formed. It is used principally as a basis for further stitchery and occasionally to form a simple shape.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tepchi Stitch: Running Stitches In Chikankari |url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/motifs-embroideries/tepchistitch/ |website=Utsavpedia |access-date=25 October 2019 |date=17 August 2015}}</ref><br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Bakhiya}} — 'Shadow work' or {{lang|hi-Latn|bhakia}} is one of the stitches of chikankari. The reason for the name shadow is that the embroidery is done on wrong side and we see its shadow on the right side.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brijbhushan |first1=Jamila |title=Indian Embroidery |date=2006 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |isbn=8123013698 |page=[https://archive.org/details/indianembroidery00brij/page/46 46] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianembroidery00brij}}</ref><br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Hool}} is a fine detached eyelet stitch. A hole is punched in the fabric and the threads are teased apart. It is then held by small straight stitches all round and worked with one thread on the right side of the fabric. It can be worked with six threads and often forms the center of a flower.<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Zanzeera}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Rahet}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Banarsi}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Khatau}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Phanda}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Murri}} is the form of stitch used to embroider the centre of the flowers in chikan work motifs. They are typically French knots that are rice-shaped. Murri is the oldest and most sought-after form of chikankari. The use of this stitch is depleting due to a decrease in the artisans doing this embroidery.<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Jali}} stitch is one where the thread is never drawn through the fabric, ensuring that the back portion of the garment looks as impeccable as the front. The warp and weft threads are carefully drawn apart and minute buttonhole stitches are inserted into the cloth.<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Turpai}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Darzdari}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Pechani}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Bijli}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Ghaspatti}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Makra}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Kauri}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Hathkadi}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Banjkali}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Sazi}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Karan}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Kapkapi}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Madrazi}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Bulbul-chasm}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Taj Mahal}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Janjeera}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Kangan'}}'<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Dhania-patti}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Rozan}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Meharki}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Chanapatti}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Baalda}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Jora}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Keel kangan}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Bulbul}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Sidhaul}}<br />
* {{lang|hi-Latn|Ghas ki patti}}<br />
<br />
==GI status==<br />
[[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indication Registry (GIR)]] accorded [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication (GI)]] status for chikankari in December 2008, which recognized Lucknow as an exclusive hub of chikankari.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chikankari GI a step towards international branding|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Chikankari-GI-a-step-towards-international-branding/articleshow/3986050.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131113159/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-01-16/lucknow/28040361_1_geographical-indication-lucknow-gi-certification|url-status=live|archive-date=31 January 2014|access-date=10 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 January 2009<!--, 12.23am IST-->}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
The 1986 Indian film ''[[Anjuman (1986 film)|Anjuman]]'' directed by [[Muzaffar Ali]] and starring [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Farooque Shaikh]] is set in [[Lucknow]] and deals with issues of chikan workers.<ref name="NeedhamRajan2006">{{cite book|author1=Anuradha Dingwaney Needham|author2=Rajeswari Sunder Rajan|title=The Crisis of Secularism in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZktMeq6tzwC&pg=PA235|date=28 December 2006|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-8841-3|pages=235–236}}</ref><br />
In fact, Farooque Shaikh was so charmed by this fabric and style that he wore chikan all his life and came to be identified as a brand ambassador of sorts of Lakhnavi chikankari.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book |title=Romancing With Chikankari |first=Veena |last=Singh |publisher=Tushar Publications |date=2004}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Paine|first=Sheila |author-link=Sheila Paine |title=Chikan embroidery: the floral whitework of India|year=1989|publisher=Shire Publications|isbn=0-7478-0009-X}}<br />
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iP4ZwEACAAJ&q=Chikankari | title=Chikankari Embrodery of Lucknow | publisher=National Institute of Design | first=Ashok |last=Rai | year=1992}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Tyabji |first1=Laila |title=Threads & Voices: Behind the Indian Textile Tradition |date=2007 |publisher=Marg Publications |isbn=9788185026794 |language=en}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{commonscat-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{embroidery}}<br />
{{Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Embroidery in India]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Lucknow]]<br />
[[Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sapnon_Ki_Chhalaang&diff=533007Sapnon Ki Chhalaang2025-10-07T13:50:06Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made first article w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian drama television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Sapnon Ki Chhalaang.jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Coming Of Age]]<br />
* [[Slice Of Life]]<br />
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
}}<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = <br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| theme_music_composer = [[Kanishk Seth (musician)|Kanishk Seth]] - [[Kavita Seth]]<br />
| open_theme = Hum Chote Chote Shehron Se<br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 90<br />
| director = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 23 minutes<br />
| company = Invictus T Mediaworks<br />
| network = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
* [[SonyLIV]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Herumb Khot<br />
* Nilanjana Purkayasstha<br />
}}<br />
| editor = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|04|10|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|11|df=yes}}<br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Sapnon Ki Chhalaang''''' ({{Translation|''Leap of Dreams''}}) is an Indian drama television series premiered on 10 April 2023 on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sapnon-ki-chhalaang-is-about-a-girls-journey-from-jhansi-to-mumbai-484133|title=Sapnon Ki Chhalaang is about a girl's journey from Jhansi to Mumbai | newspaper=The Tribune | location=India | date=1 March 2023 | accessdate=16 May 2023}}</ref> Produced under Invictus T Mediaworks, it stars [[Megha Ray]] and Pulkit Bangia as the leads.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/megha-ray-objected-to-a-scene-that-defied-science-23276390 | title=Megha Ray: Objected to a scene that defied science | date=21 March 2023 }}</ref> The show concluded on August 11, 2023.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Megha Ray]] as Radhika "Guddi" Yadav - Radhe Shyam and Suman's daughter; Pintu's elder sister; Abhishek's love interest (2023)<br />
* Pulkit Bangia as Abhishek "Rinku" Saxena – Pradeep and Vrinda's son; Kritika's elder brother; Radhika's neighbour (2023)<br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
* [[Mohini Sapnani]] as Taanya - Abhishek's ex girlfriend (2023)<br />
* [[Neel Motwani]] as Hrithik – Radhika's suitor and office senior (2023) <br />
* Sadhwi Majumder as Sreemoyee Banerjee – Radhika's flatmate and best friend (2023)<br />
* Alma Hussein as Preeti – Baldev's ex-wife; Radhika's flatmate and best friend (2023)<br />
* Anusubdha Bhagat as Vaishali Tiwari – Radhika's flatmate and friend (2023)<br />
* Kashish Duggal as Suman Yadav – Radhe Shyam's wife; Radhika and Pintu's mother (2023)<br />
* Sanjeev Jotangia as Radhe Shyam Yadav – Suman's husband; Radhika and Pintu's father (2023)<br />
* [[Benaf Dadachandji]] as Priyal – Radhika's boss (2023)<br />
* Haresh Sharma as Jayaram Yadav – Gomti's husband, Radhika's uncle, Lucky and Lavi's father, Radhe Shyam's elder brother (2023)<br />
* Varsha Dhagat as Gomti Yadav – Jayaram's wife,Radhika's aunt, Lucky and Lavi's mother(2023)<br />
* Manas Adhiya as Lavi – Radhika's elder cousin brother. Lucky's younger brother. Gomti and Jayaram's younger son, Mili's husband (2023)<br />
* Bhavya Nil Shinde as Lucky – Radhika's elder cousin brother. Lavi's elder brother. Gomti and Jayaram's older son (2023)<br />
* Kartavya Upadhyay as Pintu – Radhika's younger brother (2023)<br />
* Lata Shukla as Radhika, Lucky, Lavi and Pintu's grandmother (2023)<br />
* Sanjeev Singh Rathore as Pradeep Saxena – Radhika's neighbour, Abhishek (Rinku's) father, Kritika(Kittu's) father. (2023)<br />
* [[Pyumori Mehta Ghosh]] as Vrinda Saxena – Abhishek (Rinku) and Kritika (Kittu's) mother, Radhika's neighbour and guide. (2023)<br />
* Kajal Pahuja as Kritika Saxena (Kittu) – Abhishek's sister and Radhika's neighbour (2023)<br />
* Gulshan Shivani as Baldev Dhingra – Preeti's ex-Husband (2023)<br />
* [[Rushad Rana]] as Rajesh Nayak – CEO of ACS 360 (2023)<br />
* Krishna Shetty as Veer Shetty<br />
*[https://m.imdb.com/name/nm14906272 Devanggana Chauhan] as Jasmine 'Jazz' (2023)<br />
* Dipti Joshi as Mrs Taluskar – Radhika's society secretary (2023)<br />
* Priyanka Mishra as Mili, Lavi's wife (2023)<br />
* Ashima Chauhaan as Alisha – Radhika's colleague (2023)<br />
* Ameya Edvankar as Kartik Nemlekar – Radhika's colleague and rival (2023)<br />
* Snehal Waghmare as Samiksha – Radhika's colleague (2023)<br />
* Navein Singh as Zeeshan – Radhika's colleague (2023)<br />
* Kishan Raitani as Alex – Radhika's colleague (2023)<br />
* Shubham Vyas as Manish – Radhika's colleague (2023)<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In January 2023, the series was announced by Invictus T Mediaworks for [[Sony Entertainment Television]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/breaking-barriers-490004|title=Megha Ray talks about her role in Sapnon Ki Chhalaang : The Tribune India}}</ref> <br />
Initially titled "''Chhalaang Sapno Ki''", later changed and launched with the title "''Sapnon Ki Chhalaang''".<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/megha-ray-i-can-relate-to-my-character-in-chhalaang-sapno-ki-as-i-too-left-my-job-to-be-an-actor/articleshow/98585099.cms | title=Megha Ray: I can relate to my character in Sapno Ki Chhalaang as I too left my job to be an actor | newspaper=The Times of India | last1=Doshi | first1=Hasti }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming and casting ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] commenced in [[Mumbai]], with [[Megha Ray]], [[Benaf Dadachandji]] and Alma Hussein joining the cast.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-after-anupamaa-alma-hussein-joins-the-cast-of-megha-rays-chhalaang-sapno-ki/articleshow/97521328.cms | title=Exclusive: After Anupamaa, Alma Hussein joins the cast of Megha Ray's Chhalaang... Sapno Ki | newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> The series marks the second collaboration between [[Benaf Dadachandji]] and Alma Hussein with Invictus T Mediaworks after ''[[Dhadkan Zindaggi Kii]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/anupama-actress-alma-hussain-left-the-show-soon-to-enter-in-sony-tv-s-new-serial-chhalaang-sapnon-ki-read-details-in-hindi-au98-1740982.html | title=Anupama: इस एक्ट्रेस ने छोड़ा रुपाली गांगुली का शो, सोनी टीवी के इस नए सीरियल के लिए लिया ये बड़ा फैसला | date=28 February 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Release ===<br />
The first promo of the show was unveiled on 26 February 2023, featuring the protagonists.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/new-show-sony-entertainment-channel-drops-promo-sapnon-ki-chhalaang-starring-megha-ray/ | title=NEW SHOW on Sony Entertainment; Channel drops the promo of 'Sapnon Ki Chhalaang' starring Megha Ray : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=27 February 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/sapno-ki-chhalaang-1700001208 ''Sapnon Ki Chhalaang'' ] on ''[[Sony Liv]]''<br />
*{{IMDb title|27488878}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br />
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishan_Arya&diff=469955Ishan Arya2025-09-20T09:38:49Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian cinematographer, and producer|bot=PearBOT 5}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ishan Arya<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birthname = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India]]<br />
| death_date = 1996<br />
| death_place = Mumbai<br />
| othername = Irshad Ahsan <br />
| yearsactive = 1973–1987<br />
| spouse = [[Sulbha Arya]] <br />
| children = Sameer Arya, Sagar Arya<br />
| occupation = [[Cinematographer]]<br />
| relatives = [[Ramesh Behl|Srishti Behl]] (daughter-in-law)<ref name=sist4>{{Cite web |url=http://www.businessworld.in/article/Srishti-Behl-Arya-Monika-Shergill-Content-Queens-/03-04-2020-188139/ |title=Srishti Behl Arya & Monika Shergill: Content Queens |website=Business World |date=2 April 2020}}</ref><br />[[Shaukat Kaifi]] (aunt)<br/>[[Shabana Azmi]] (first-cousin)<br/>[[Baba Azmi]] (first-cousin)<br />
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Akhtar-Azmi family|Akhtar-Azmi family]]<br/>[[List of Hindi film families#Behl family|Behl family]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ishan Arya''' (born '''Irshad Ahsan''') was an Indian [[cinematographer]], and producer, best known as co-producer and cinematographer of [[Art cinema]] classic ''[[Garm Hava]]'' (1973).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xh9EvT8R5nSO58eu3RJgRL/Film--Back-story.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 November 2018|website=livemint.com website|author=Nandini Ramnath|title=Film - Back story (film review of Garm Hava 1973)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101140149/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xh9EvT8R5nSO58eu3RJgRL/Film--Back-story.html|date=27 July 2012|access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref><ref name=exp/><ref>{{cite news |title=Ishan Arya Filmography |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/590132/Ishan-Arya/filmography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502010051/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/590132/Ishan-Arya/filmography |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2014 |department=Movies & TV Dept. |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2014 |accessdate=30 April 2014}}</ref> After working in theatre and advertising, he made his debut with ''Garm Hava'' directed by [[M. S. Sathyu]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Return of 'Garm Hava'|publisher=[[Livemint]] | url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/BfQSkhD0GNPpiyIexlWbDO/Return-of-Garm-Hava.html |date=17 September 2013| accessdate = 30 April 2014 }}</ref> After that he worked largely in South Indian cinema, especially Telugu, though he worked on two noted Hindi art films, ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1982) directed by [[Sagar Sarhadi]] and ''[[Anjuman (1986 film)|Anjuman]]'' (1986) directed by [[Muzaffar Ali]].<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazar|author2=Govind Nihalani|author3=Saibal Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT284|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|page=260}}</ref> At the [[23rd National Film Awards]], he won the [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography Award]] for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]], ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'' (1975).<ref name="23rdaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx|title=23rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064158/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm23rdNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=19 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf|title=23rd National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
He was born as Irshad Ahsan in 1942 and is a nephew of [[Shaukat Kaifi]] and first cousin of [[Shabana Azmi]]. He changed his name to Ishan Arya after marrying actress [[Sulbha Arya]] according to [[Arya Samaj]] rites.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Bharathi S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmSwAAAAIAAJ |title=Colas, Cars & Communal Harmony |date=2003 |publisher=India Book Distributors (Bombay) |isbn=978-81-7310-154-0 |language=en}}</ref> Their son Sameer Arya (married to Srishti Behl, the daughter of [[Ramesh Behl]]) is also a cinematographer, known for films like ''[[Koyla]]'' (1997), ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]'' (2003) and ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' (2013).<ref name=exp>{{cite web | title = Logic in Lens|work= The Indian Express <br />
| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/logic-in-lens/1119742/0 | date=24 May 2013|accessdate = 30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Sameer Arya – Through The Lens | publisher = [[Cine Blitz]] | url = http://cineblitz.liveinstyle.com/features/detail/sameer-arya-through-the-lens# | date = June 2013 | accessdate = 30 April 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140502005714/http://cineblitz.liveinstyle.com/features/detail/sameer-arya-through-the-lens | archive-date = 2 May 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Their other son Sagar Arya is an actor and voice over artist, married to Anwesha Bhattacharya, the daughter of [[Rinki Bhattacharya|Rinki]] and film director [[Basu Bhattacharya]].<br />
<br />
Cinematographer [[Baba Azmi]] who is Arya's first cousin, started his career assisting Arya in Telugu films in the 1970s, starting as light boy, he worked with Arya for 10–12 Telugu films.<ref><br />
{{cite web | title = Unknown stars: Baba Azmi, cinematographer|work= ibnlive.in.com| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/unknown-stars-baba-azmi-cinematographer/138876-8-66.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101230063749/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/unknown-stars-baba-azmi-cinematographer/138876-8-66.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 30 December 2010 |author= Riddhi Doshi |date=29 December 2010|accessdate = 30 April 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Producer===<br />
* ''[[Garm Hava]]'' (1973, Hindi)<br />
* ''Rusthum Jodi'' (1980, Kannada)<br />
<br />
===Cinematographer===<br />
* ''[[Garm Hava]]'' (1973, Hindi)<br />
* ''[[Mutyala Muggu]]'' (1975, Telugu)<br />
* ''[[Khoon Pasina]]'' (1977, Hindi)<br />
* ''[[Kakana Kote]]'' (1977, Kannada)<br />
* ''Gorantha Deepam'' (1978, Telugu)<br />
* ''[[Bazaar (1982 film)|Bazaar]]'' (1982, Hindi)<br />
* ''[[Mumbaicha Faujdar]]'' (1984, Marathi)<br />
* ''[[Anjuman (1986 film)|Anjuman]]'' (1986, Hindi)<br />
* ''Aaj Jhale Mukt Mi'' (1986, Marathi)<br />
* ''Kahan Kahan Se Guzar Gaya'' (1986, Hindi)<br />
* ''[[Nasihat]]'' (1986, Hindi)<br />
* ''[[Mohre]]'' (1987, Hindi)<br />
* ''[[Toorpu Velle Railu]]'' (1979, Telugu) <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0038166}}<br />
<br />
{{National Film Award Best Cinematography|state=collapsed}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arya, Ishan}}<br />
[[Category:Akhtar-Azmi family|Ishan Arya]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Best Cinematography National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Cinematographers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada film cinematographers]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhatan&diff=491024Bhatan2025-09-15T06:38:30Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Creating New Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{onesource|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bhatan<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| elevation_m = 10<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district]]<br />
| official_name = <br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 410221<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone Code<br />
| area_code = 0215<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1.1 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maval (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maval]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_total = 1452<br />
| area_total_km2 = 4.64<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.93|N|73.15|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhatan''' is a village located in [[Raigad district]], [[Konkan division]], in the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is 9&nbsp;km from the [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway]], 10&nbsp;km away from sub-district headquarter [[Panvel]] and 60&nbsp;km away from district headquarter [[Alibag]]. As per 2009 stats, it is a [[Gram panchayat]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011|}} India [[Census]], the population is 1452 people (761 were males and 691 were females) with Sex ratio of 1.1.{{fact|date=June 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Landmarks ==<br />
<br />
* There is a tunnel through this village, namely Bhatan Tunnel, which is the longest tunnel on [[Mumbai–Pune Expressway|Mumbai-Pune Expressway]]. It connects [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]] with two connections; The Mumbai-Pune (North) tube and The Pune-Mumbai (South) tube, of lengths 1,053 m and 1,088 m.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhatan Tunnel|url=https://wikimapia.org/195340/Bhatan-Tunnel|access-date=2020-06-05|website=wikimapia.org|language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Amity University, Mumbai]] is also located within the jungles of this village.<br />
* The university is reachable via Maharashtra State Highway 76, lengthening barely 4 km.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Raigad district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Raigad district]]<br />
[[Category:Gram Panchayats in Maharashtra]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Taxation_Laws_(Second_Amendment)_Act,_2016&diff=540722The Taxation Laws (Second Amendment) Act, 20162025-08-09T10:00:20Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Created a redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#redirect[[Income-tax Act, 1961]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chambal_Mata_Statue&diff=493238Chambal Mata Statue2025-08-05T22:21:13Z<p>Coin45bazzar: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Statue in Kota, Rajasthan, India}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox artwork<br />
| medium = Marble<br />
| height_metric = 42.5<br />
| width_metric = 12<br />
| length_metric = 10<br />
| metric_unit = m<br />
| city = [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]]<br />
| italic title= no<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chambal Mata Statue''' is a statue of [[Hinduism|Hindu]] goddess [[Chambal Mata]] at [[Chambal River|Chambal]] River front in [[Kota, Rajasthan]], India. It is 42.5 metres tall, 12 metres wide, and 10 metres deep marble statue.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TALLEST MARBLE STATUE OF CHAMBAL MATA |url=https://internationalbookofrecords.com/records/tallest-marble-statue-of-chambal-mata |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=internationalbookofrecords.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Richa Vishwadeepak |date=2024-05-08 |title=Chambal Mata Statue |url=https://newstrack.com/tourism/chambal-mata-statue-242-feet-tall-statue-made-up-of-vietnam-marble-440994 |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=newstrack.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-02 |title=राजस्थान का बेहतरीन टूरिस्ट डेस्टिनेशन, मौजूद है कोटा में चंबल नदी के किनारे चंबल रिवर फ्रंट |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/kota-enjoy-22-views-at-22-ghats-near-the-beehad-of-dacoits-a-gate-higher-than-buland-darwaza-and-the-world-tallest-nandi-statue-8289297.html |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{coord|25.17895|75.83058|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Marble sculptures]]<br />
[[Category:Sculptures of women in India]]<br />
[[Category:Statues of women]]<br />
[[Category:Statues in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Sculpture-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_8A_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=521062National Highway 8A (India, old numbering)2025-07-29T02:03:01Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Redirect article</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 41 (India)]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R with history}}<br />
}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamgha-i-Khusrow-i-Deccan&diff=539435Tamgha-i-Khusrow-i-Deccan2025-07-14T09:03:27Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made a stub nd citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Order of Hyderabad State}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{infobox order<br />
|name=Tamgha-i-Khusrow-i-Deccan<br />
|awarded_by=[[Nizam of Hyderabad]]<br>[[File:State_emblem_of_Hyderabad.svg|70px]]<br />
|type=Order<br />
|established=11 December 1944<br />
|country=[[Hyderabad State]]<br />
|status=Dormant since 1947<br />
|founder=[[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Osman Ali Khan]]<br />
|head_title=Sovereign|head=[[Azmet Jah]]}}<br />
<br />
The '''Tamgha-i-Khusrow-i-Deccan''' ({{langx|ur|تمغۂ خسروِ دکن|4=Medal of the Khusrow of the Deccan}}) was an [[Order (distinction)|order]] conferred by the [[Hyderabad State]].<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
[[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] instituted this order on 11 December 1944.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=99–100 |language=en}}</ref> It was designed by [[Zain Yar Jung]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=135–138 |language=en}}</ref> This order was awarded to recognise important and valuable services in the advancement of the public interest.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It was awarded irrespective of position, occupation, or gender.<ref name=":0" /> It was awarded in three classes: gold, silver, and bronze.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
Gold was limited to two recipients at any one time, silver to three recipients, and bronze to ten recipients.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The statutes permitted the granting of extra orders for the prompt recognition of services.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Hilal-i-Osmania]]<br />
* [[Tamgha-i-Asafia]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
[[Category:Awards established in 1944]]<br />
[[Category:1944 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of former countries]]<br />
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabi_Jagadram_Roy_Government_General_Degree_College&diff=507243Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College2025-07-10T18:18:43Z<p>Coin45bazzar: adding details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College<br />
| native_name = কবি জগদ্রাম রায় গভর্নমেন্ট জেনারেল ডিগ্রি কলেজ<br />
| native_name_lang = [[Bengla]]<br />
| image =<br />
| image_upright = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption =<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| other_name = <!--or, other_names--><br />
| former_name = Government General Degree College, Mejia<br />
| motto = <br />
| motto_lang = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| top_free_label = <br />
| top_free = <br />
| type = Undergraduate college [[Public college]]<br />
| established = {{start date and age|2015}}<br />
| closed = <!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --><br />
| founder = <br />
| parent = <br />
| affiliation = [[Bankura University]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| academic_affiliation = <br />
| endowment = <br />
| budget = <br />
| officer_in_charge = <br />
| chairman = <br />
| chairperson = <br />
| chancellor = <br />
| president = <br />
| vice-president = <br />
| superintendent = <br />
| vice_chancellor = <br />
| provost = <br />
| rector = <br />
| principal = <br />
| director = <br />
| dean = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| address = <br />
| city = [[Mejia, Bankura| Mejia]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| province = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| postcode = 722143<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5772672|N|87.0986983|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| campus = Rural<br />
| language = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| free_label2 = <br />
| free2 = <br />
| colors = <!--or, colours= --><br />
| athletics = <br />
| sports = <br />
| athletics_nickname = <!--or, sports_nickname= --><br />
| sporting_affiliations = <br />
| mascot = <!--or, mascots= --><br />
| sports_free_label = <br />
| sports_free = <br />
| sports_free_label2 = <br />
| sports_free2 = <br />
| website = https://kjrggdc.ac.in/<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College''', established in 2015,<ref name=UGC>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West%20Bengal Colleges in West Bengal, University Grants Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116042454/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=West+Bengal |date=2011-11-16 }}</ref> is the government degree college in [[Mejia (community development block)|Mejia]], [[Bankura district]].<ref>{{cite web|title= kabi Jagatram Roy Government General Degree College, Mejia - Bankura district, Government of West Bengal |url=https://bankura.gov.in/public-utility/kabi-jagatram-roy-government-general-degree-college-mejia/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928031037/https://bankura.gov.in/public-utility/kabi-jagatram-roy-government-general-degree-college-mejia/ |archivedate=28 September 2023}}</ref> It offers undergraduate courses in science, arts and commerce. It is affiliated to [[Bankura University]].<br />
<br />
==About==<br />
Kabi Jagadram Roy was born in the first half of the eighteenth century in about 1725 AD in the village of Bhului under the Mahiyara Pargana of the Shikharbhum area of the then Panchkot State, which is now under the Mejia Police Station of the [[Bankura District]]. His grandfather was Sriram Roy, father's name was Raghunath Roy. Jagadram Roy's family surname is Banerjee. On 25 September 2013 Hon'ble Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] laid the foundation stone of the college and the college started from 2015. The name of the college then was Government General Degree College at Mejia (Gopalpur). Subsequently, the college was renamed '''Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College''' from 25 May 2017 to honor the Jagadram-centric passion of the people of the area and to preserve the memory of Kabi Jagadram.<ref>{{cite web|title= About - Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College|url=https://ggdcmejia.in/pages/1261 |accessdate = 28 September 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Courses==<br />
Courses offered under [[Bankura University]] in ''Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College'' are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title= Courses - Kabi Jagadram Roy Government General Degree College|url=https://ggdcmejia.in/pages/1284 |accessdate = 28 September 2023}}</ref><br />
===Bachelor of Arts (Hons./Gen./Major/Minor)===<br />
*Bengali<br />
*English<br />
*History<br />
*Philosophy<br />
<br />
===Bachelor of Science (Hons./ Major)===<br />
*Economics<br />
*Geology<br />
*Mathematics<br />
*Physics<br />
<br />
===Bachelor of Science (Minor/Gen.)===<br />
*Economics<br />
*Geology<br />
*Physics<br />
*Mathematics<br />
<br />
===Bachelor of Commerce (Hons./Major)===<br />
*Commerce<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[Education in West Bengal]]<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
{{Bankura University}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bankura district]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Bankura University]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:2015 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{WestBengal-university-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skirmish_at_Pipli&diff=536368Skirmish at Pipli2025-07-01T19:50:04Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Made initial entry added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Confrontation between the Danes and Mughals in Pipli}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Skirmish at Pipli<br />
| place = [[Pipli]], [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| partof = the Prelude to the [[Dano-Mughal War]]<br />
| date = 1640<br />
| result = Mughal victory<br />
| territory = Danish factory at Pipli disestablished<br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| combatant2 = {{Flag|Danish India}}<br />
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Mirza Mumin]]<br />
| commander2 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Poul Nielsen (merchant)|Poul Nielsen]]{{POW}}<br />
| strength1 = 300 men<br />
| strength2 = Minor<br />
| image = A large Mughal encampment.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300<br />
| caption = A large Mughal [[Military camp|encampment]], 1815<br />
| units1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire.png}} [[Shah Jahan|Great Mogul's]] troops<br />
| units2 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Sepoys]] from [[Tranquebar]]<br />
| casualties2 = Many Danes imprisoned<br />
| casualties1 = Unknown<br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Dano-Mughal War}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Skirmish at Pipli''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]; ''Træfningen ved Pipli'') or more formally the '''Destruction of the Danish factory at Pipli,''' was one of the two recorded land confrontations between the [[Danish East India Company]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] during the [[Dano-Mughal War]]. The skirmish was a Mughal [[Punitive expedition|punitive expedition]] in retaliation for the Danish arrest of a Persian merchant. The skirmish ended in a Mughal victory, and the Danish factory in [[Pipli]] was destroyed and burned down.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
During the regime of [[Roland Crappé]] ({{Abbr|admin|administration}}. 1621–1636) the [[Danish East India Company]] would seek to establish a commercial presence in [[Bengal]].{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=446}} Despite initial setbacks the company would establish itself at [[Pipli]] and [[Balasore]] in 1626.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=447}}{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=73}} The factory at Pipli was run by merchant Poul Nielsen.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=80}}<br />
<br />
== Punitive expedition ==<br />
In 1640 the local governor of Pipli, Mirza Mumin had increased the [[tax rate]], making it difficult for the company to pay.{{Sfn|Kumar|2022|p=16}} Besides this the Danes found it increasingly hard to collect the owed money from merchants.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=80}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=453}} This was particularly true in for their debt from a particular Persian merchant, who, in spite of former requests, refused to pay his debts. The Danes in response decided to imprison him in his own house. However, the merchant escaped, so Poul Nielsen sent armed men around the town to locate him. When this failed, they instead took his slave girl and some of his goods into custody at the Danish [[Outpost (military)|trade station]].{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=80}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=453}}<br />
<br />
Viewing this as a breach of [[sovereignty]], the Mughal government sent a force of 300 men of the Great Mogul's troops.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=80}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=453}} In the following action, the Danish trade station was taken and burnt to the ground.{{Sfn|Kumar|2022|p=16}} All of the company's goods in the place were impounded and many Danes were subsequently taken as [[Prisoner of war|prisoner]] and sent to another town.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=80}}<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
After some time, Nielsen and some of his men managed to escape and made it down to Danish [[Tranquebar]].{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=80}}{{Sfn|Kumar|2022|p=17}} However, the factories at Pipli and Balasore were abandoned by the company in 1643, and yet only in 1676 the factory at Balasore was reestablished.{{Sfn|Kumar|2022|p=16}}<br />
<br />
This would be one of several hostile instances between the Mughal Empire and the Danish East India Company that would culminate in the [[Dano-Mughal War]], after the [[Loss of the St. Jacob]] in 1642.{{Sfn|Islam|2003|p=213}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* {{Annotated link|Dannemarksnagore}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Expulsion of Danes from Balasore}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Loss of the St. Jacob}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Capture of St. Michael}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |journal=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |volume=19 |pages=439–461 |year=2015 |issue=5 |doi=10.1163/15700658-12342470 | issn=1385-3783}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=978-8-76353-023-1 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/928692.pdf |title=Søhistoriske Skrifter |publisher=Handels- og Søfartsmuseet Kronborg |year=1999 |isbn= |edition= |volume=XXI |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish}}<br />
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Sirajul |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |volume=3 |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |location=Dhaka |year=2003 |isbn=978-9-84320-578-0}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Leyel |first=Willem |url=https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/other/index-creator/149/103799/23436633 |title=Rentekammerafdelingen: Willum Leyels arkiv (1639–1648) |publisher=Danske Kancelli |year=1644 |isbn= |edition= |volume= |location= |language=Danish}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Lalit |url=https://technoreview.co.in/index.php/TRJTM/article/view/50/34 |title=Danish East India Company: Establishment and Company's business activities in India and Southeast Asia 1620-1650 |journal=Techno Review Journal of Technology and Management |publisher=Tmail Nadu History Congress Proceedings |year=2022 |edition= |volume= 1|issue=2 |pages=13–19 |doi=10.31305/trjtm2021.v01.n02.003 |language=|doi-access=free }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles involving Denmark]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving Norway]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1640 in India]]<br />
[[Category:1640s in the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company|Pipli]]<br />
[[Category:1640s in Danish India]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Betwa_Express&diff=490574Betwa Express2025-06-16T21:46:08Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Creating A Pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Train in India}}{{More citations needed|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Betwa Express<br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| locale = [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2004|10|21}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[South East Central Railway zone|South East Central Railway]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = [[Durg Junction railway station|Durg]] (DURG)<br />
| stops = 17<br />
| end = [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]] (CNB)<br />
| distance = {{convert|877|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 17 hours 25 minutes <br />
| frequency = Biweekly<br />
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved, <br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = On-board catering, <br/> E-catering <br />
| observation = Large windows <br />
| baggage = No <br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats <br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]<br />
| el =<br />
| trainnumber = 18203 / 18204<br />
| speed = {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map =<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
The 18203 / 18204 '''Betwa Express''' is a passenger service of the [[Indian Railways]], which runs between [[Durg Junction railway station|Durg Junction]] railway station of [[Durg]], an important city in [[Central India]]n state of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Kanpur Central railway station|Kanpur Central]] of [[Kanpur]], the most populous city of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The name "Betwa Express" has been given after [[Betwa River]]. Betwa Express runs twice a week in both directions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Railways: 24 Trains Passing Through SECR Region Cancelled (CHECK FULL LIST) |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/indian-railways-24-trains-passing-through-secr-region-cancelled-check-full-list |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
Betwa Express is recently upgraded to LHB coaches. it has 2 unreserved coaches, 12 sleeper coaches, 3 AC Tier III coaches and 2 AC Tier II coach.<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
As the route has been electrified, it is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Bhilai|Bhilai Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from Durg to Kanpur Central and vice versa.<br />
<br />
==Route & halts==<br />
<br />
The train runs from Durg via {{rws|Raipur}}, {{rws|Bhatapara}}, {{rws|Uslapur}}, {{rws|Anuppur Junction}}, {{rws|Shahdol}}, {{rws|Katni Junction}}, {{rws|Maihar}}, {{rws|Satna}}, {{rws|Manikpur Junction}}, {{rws|Banda}} to Kanpur Central.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Central India}}<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Betwa Express}}<br />
[[Category:Transport in Durg]]<br />
[[Category:Trains from Kanpur]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2004]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paschal_Topno&diff=524663Paschal Topno2025-05-24T20:12:51Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Roman Catholic prelate (1932–2025)}}<br />
{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| type = [[Archbishop]]<br />
| honorific-prefix = His Excellency<br />
| name = Paschal Topno<br />
| honorific-suffix = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Archbishop Emeritus of Bhopal]]<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| church = <br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]]<br />
| province = <br />
| metropolis = <br />
| diocese = <br />
| see = <br />
| elected = <br />
| appointed = 20 May 1994<br />
| term = <br />
| term_start = <br />
| quashed = <br />
| term_end = 15 June 2007<br />
| predecessor = [[Eugene Louis D’Souza]]<br />
| opposed = <br />
| successor = [[Leo Cornelio]]<br />
| other_post = <br />
| previous_post = Bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambikapur|Ambikapur]] (1985–1994)<br />
| ordination = 31 July 1965<br />
| ordained_by = <br />
| consecration = 18 January 1986<br />
| consecrated_by = Eugene Louis D’Souza<br />
| cardinal = <br />
| created_cardinal_by =<br />
| rank = <br />
<!---------- Personal details ----------><br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|06|15}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Torpa, India|Torpa]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2025|04|06|1932|06|15}}<br />
| death_place = [[Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh|Ambikapur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India<br />
| buried = <br />
| nationality = <br />
| religion = <br />
| residence = <br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| education =<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| motto = ''Ego sum pastor bonus''<ref>[https://www.ebay.co.uk/itm/233914121034 PASCAL TOPNO (1932-) Bishop India signed convolute rare]</ref><br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| coat_of_arms = <br />
| coat_of_arms_alt = <br />
<!---------- Other ----------><br />
| other = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Paschal Topno''' (15 June 1932 – 6 April 2025) was an Indian Roman Catholic prelate. He was bishop of [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Ambikapur|Ambikapur]] from 1985 to 1994 and archbishop of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]] from 1994 to 2007. Topno died on 6 April 2025, at the age of 92.<ref>[https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btopno.html Archbishop Paschal Topno, S.J. †]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-rel|ca}}<br />
{{s-bef | before=[[Eugene Louis D’Souza]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl | title=Archbishop of Bhopal|years=1994–2007}}<br />
{{s-aft | after=[[Leo Cornelio]]}}<br />
{{s-bef | before=[[Philip Ekka]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl | title=Bishop of Ambikapur|years=1985–1994}}<br />
{{s-aft | after=[[Patras Minj]]}}<br />
{{end}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Topno, Paschal}}<br />
[[Category:1932 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]<br />
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope John Paul II]]<br />
[[Category:Jesuit archbishops]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-archbishop-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K_Mettuppalayam&diff=506805K Mettuppalayam2025-05-19T04:26:36Z<p>Coin45bazzar: adding post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}<br />
<br />
'''K.Mettupalayam''' is a village located in [[Gobichettipalayam]] Taluk of Erode district of [[India]]'s [[Tamilnadu]] state,<ref>{{cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> situated in the way of [[Erode]]- [[Sathyamangalam]] Main road and its 8 kilometers from Gobichettipalayam. <br />
<br />
The village is situated on the bank of a canal in Kalichettipalayam, which is why it is called Kalichettipalayam Mettuppalayam (K. Mettuppalayam).<br />
<br />
K.Mettupalayam is fully surrounded by fertile land. The backbone of this village is mainly [[agriculture]] and handloom [[weaving]].<br />
<br />
==People==<br />
The people are mostly farmers and handloom weavers.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Panchayat Union High School gives basic education.<br />
<br />
==School==<br />
Panchayat Union High School<br />
<br />
==College==<br />
Shree Venkateswara Hitech Engineering College, Shree Venkateswara Hitech Polytechnic College and Shree Venkateshwara College of Arts and Science,<br />
<br />
==Library==<br />
The library is established in the village to enhance the knowledge and current affairs of the people and young students.<br />
<br />
==Temple==<br />
<br />
Raja Ganapathy Temple, Arulmigu Kamatchi Amman Temple, Mari Amman Temple, Komalikarai Sellandi Amman Temple, Komalikarai Vinayakar Temple and Komalikarai Perumal Temple, Sai Baba Temple, Swamy Ayyappan Temple<br />
<br />
==Market==<br />
The weekly Market has 100 shops nearly every Thursday. In this market-fresh Fruits, Vegetables are brought directly from agricultural land and sold to villagers.<br />
<br />
==Business==<br />
Vegetables&<br />
Hand Loom Weaving<br />
Handloom and Power Loom Textiles<br />
<br />
==Culture==<br />
[[Saree]],<br />
[[Half Saree]],<br />
Churidhar for Women and [[Shirt]] and [[Dhoti]] for Men......<br />
<br />
==Food==<br />
[[Rice]], [[Idly]], [[Dosa (food)|Dosa]]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
==Agriculture==<br />
The following crops are produced in this village<br />
1. [[Rice]]<br />
2. [[Sugarcane]]<br />
3. [[Banana]]<br />
4. [[Turmeric]]<br />
5. [[Vegetables]]<br />
6. [[Sericulture]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Erode district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Erode-geo-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maulana_Mohammed_Fazlur_Rahim_Mujaddidi&diff=516899Maulana Mohammed Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi2025-04-07T08:35:43Z<p>Coin45bazzar: Redirect article</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Fazlur Rahim Mujaddidi]]</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paper_terrorism&diff=468102Paper terrorism2025-03-25T22:42:41Z<p>Coin45bazzar: slightly expand information based on references and improved wording per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Use of bogus legal documents as a method of harassment}}<br />
{{terrorism}}<br />
"'''Paper terrorism'''" is a [[neologism]] referring to the use of [[false lien]]s, [[frivolous lawsuit]]s, bogus [[letters of credit]], and other legal or [[pseudolegal]] documents lacking sound factual basis as a method of harassment against an opponent on a scale described as evocative of conventional [[terrorism|armed terrorism]].<ref>{{cite journal|title='Lien on Me': State Policy Innovation in Response to Paper Terrorism|author=Robert Chamberlain and Donald P. Haider-Markel|journal=Political Research Quarterly|volume=58|number=3|date=September 2005|pages=449–460}}</ref> These methods are popular among some American [[Sedition|anti-government]] groups<ref>{{cite journal|title=Populism, Free Speech, and the Rule of Law: The 'Fully Informed' Jury Movement and Its Implications|first=Erick J. |last=Haynie|journal=The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology |volume=88|number=1|date=Autumn 1997|pages=343–379|doi=10.2307/1144080 |jstor=1144080 |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/context/jclc/article/6948/viewcontent/15_88JCrimL_Criminology343_Fall1997_.pdf }}</ref> and those associated with the [[redemption movement]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=When Law Risks Madness|author=Susan P. Koniak|journal=Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature|volume=8|issue=A Commemorative Volume for Robert M. Cover, number 1 |date=Spring–Summer 1996|pages=65–138|doi=10.2307/743460|jstor=743460}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Mark Pitcavage]] of the [[Anti-Defamation League]] states that these methods were pioneered by the [[Posse Comitatus (organization)|Posse Comitatus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/mwd/privlien.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020918011634/http://www.adl.org/mwd/privlien.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 18, 2002|title=Paper Terrorism's Forgotten Victims: The Use of Bogus Liens against Private Individuals and Businesses|work=Militia Watchdog|first=Mark |last=Pitcavage|date=June 29, 1998|publisher=Anti-Defamation League}}</ref> Some victims of paper terrorism have been forced to declare [[bankruptcy]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Paper terrorism: How states are, and are not, fighting back |date= August 8, 2017 |work= Intelligence Report |publisher= Southern Poverty Law Center |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/paper-terrorism |access-date= 2019-08-28}}</ref> An article by the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] states that another tactic is filing reports with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] falsely accusing their political enemies of having unreported income.<ref>{{cite web|title=Common-Law Victims: 'Paper terrorism' isn't just on paper|date=Spring 1998|issue=90|publisher=Southern Poverty Law Center|url=http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/1998/spring/common-law-victims}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Such frivolous lawsuits also clog the court system making it more difficult to process other cases and including using challenges to the titles of property owned by government officials and others.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robertson|first=Ann E.|title=Terrorism and global security|year=2007|publisher=Facts On File|isbn=978-0-8160-6766-4|page=25}}</ref> Another method of paper terrorism is filing [[bankruptcy petition]]s against others in an effort to ruin their [[credit rating]]s.<ref>{{citation|title='Paper terrorism' gaining adherents|last1=Maller |first1=Peter|publisher=Journal-Sentinel|date=September 3, 2002|first2=Lauria |last2=Lynch-German|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/ozwash/sep02/71288.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403213930/http://www.jsonline.com/news/ozwash/sep02/71288.asp|archivedate=April 3, 2005|access-date=October 6, 2022|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the late 1990s,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Theorizing the standoff: contingency in action|last=Wagner-Pacifici |first=Robin|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521654791|location=Cambridge|oclc=51052255}}</ref> the "[[Republic of Texas (group)|Republic of Texas]]", a militia group claiming that [[Texas]] was legally independent, carried out what it called "a campaign of paper terrorism" using bogus land claims and bad checks to try to congest Texas courts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffman|first=Bruce|title=Inside Terrorism|year=2006|edition=2nd|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12699-1|page=105}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Abuse of process]]<br />
* [[Chilling effect]]<br />
* [[Freeman on the land movement]]<br />
* [[Frivolous litigation]]<br />
* [[Pseudolaw]]<br />
* [[Spamigation]]<br />
* [[Sovereign citizen movement]]<br />
* [[Strategic lawsuit against public participation]] ("SLAPP suits")<br />
* [[Vexatious litigation]]<br />
* [[Texas secession movements]]<br />
* [[Lawfare]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Political neologisms]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism by method]]<br />
[[Category:Pseudolaw]]<br />
{{Politic-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_numerals&diff=497717Dravidian numerals2025-01-09T02:59:20Z<p>Coin45bazzar: put up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian numeral system}}<br />
{{orphan|date=January 2025}}<br />
'''Dravidian numerals''' are a numeral system that originated in ancient India and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Dravidian-speaking regions in South Asia. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the various Indian scripts. In modern usage it has been replaced by [[Hindu-Arabic numeral]] systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Blazek|first1= Vaclav |date= 2007|title= Dravidian Numerals |journal= Mother Tongue |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=203–215 |doi= |s2cid= }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Numerals|Dravidian]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-hist-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helleborus_cyclophyllus&diff=466405Helleborus cyclophyllus2024-12-01T17:29:20Z<p>Coin45bazzar: expand section per standard format and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
|image = Helleborus_cyclophyllus.jpg<br />
|image_caption = <br />
|genus = Helleborus<br />
|species = cyclophyllus<br />
|authority = ([[Alexander Braun|A.Braun]]) [[Pierre Edmond Boissier|Boissier]]<ref name=GBIF>{{cite web|url= https://www.gbif.org/species/3923998|title= Helleborus cyclophyllus (A.Braun) Boiss.|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=n.d.|website=Global Diversity Information Facility|publisher= GBIF Secretariat |access-date= September 19, 2020}}</ref><br />
|synonyms = ''Helleborus odorus'' subsp. ''cyclophyllus'' <small>(A.Braun) Strid</small><br />
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=KewPOWO>{{cite web|url= https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:711312-1|title= Helleborus cyclophyllus (A.Braun) Boiss.|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=n.d.|website=Plants of the World Online|publisher=The Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|access-date= September 19, 2020}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Helleborus cyclophyllus''''' is a flowering perennial plant in the family [[Ranunculaceae]].<ref name=WFoL>{{cite web|url= http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000719141|title= Helleborus cyclophyllus Boiss.|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=n.d.|website=World Flora Online|publisher=The World Flora Online Consortium|access-date= September 19, 2020}}</ref> It is native to [[Albania]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], and [[Yugoslavia]].<ref name=KewPOWO/> It is similar in appearance to other [[hellebore]]s found in the [[Balkans|Balkan region]]. It is acaulescent, meaning it lacks a stem with leaves, instead sending up a leafless flower stalk. The green leaves are palmate and basal, spreading at the ground. The flowers are green to yellow-green and 2 to 3 inches in diameter.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4118160}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Helleborus|cyclophyllus]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Alexander Braun]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Pierre Edmond Boissier]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Albania]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Bulgaria]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Flora of Yugoslavia]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Ranunculaceae-stub}}</div>Coin45bazzarhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gannavaram_Assembly_constituency&diff=499896Gannavaram Assembly constituency2024-08-12T16:37:52Z<p>Coin45bazzar: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Gannavaram''' could refer to one of the following constituencies of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]:<br />
<br />
* [[Gannavaram, Krishna Assembly constituency]], in Krishna district<br />
* [[Gannavaram, Konaseema Assembly constituency]], in Konaseema district<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Gannavaram (disambiguation)]]<br />
<br />
{{geodis}}</div>Coin45bazzar