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<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 31<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Tambaram.svg<br />
<br />
| Existence = <br />
| district = [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur]]<br />
| established = 1977<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
| mla = [[S. R. Raja]]<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| name = Tambaram<br />
| electors = 330,060 <br />
| reservation = None<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tambaram''' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Chengalpattu district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 31. It includes all wards from Zone 4 and Zone 5, wards comprising the rest of the areas other than Hashinapuram and Nemilichery in Zone 3 of [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]] and Agaramthen, Madurapakkam and Kovilanchery villages in St. Thomas Mount Panchayat Union. It forms a part of [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable" width="50%"<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner<br />
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| [[Munu Adhi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| [[Pammal Nallathambi]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br />
| [[Ella Rajamanickam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
| [[M. A. Vaithyalingam]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| [[S. M. Krishnan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| M. A. Vaidyalingam<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| M. A. Vaidyalingam<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| [[S. R. Raja]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[T. K. M. Chinnayya]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| S. R. Raja<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=31}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| S. R. Raja<ref>[https://tamil.oneindia.com/tambaram-assembly-elections-tn-31/ தாம்பரம் சட்டசபைத் தேர்தல் முடிவு (2021), ஒன் இந்தியா]</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| [[ Ghilli D. Sarathkumar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|42.82}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.93}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.27}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.45}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.00}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.86}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.91}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|57.82}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.03}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.75}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|35.22}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[D. Sarathkumar]] |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=118,076|percentage=42.82% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Kiruthika Devi|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,139 |percentage=29.78% |change=-17.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. Rajendran]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=61,181 |percentage=22.18% |change=-9.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Tamilselvi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=11,511|percentage=4.17% |change=-4.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raja|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=285 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,488 |percentage=0.53% |change=-0.38 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,937 |percentage=13.03% |change=-1.76}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=275,737<br />
|percentage=82.23% |change=+22.31%}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 330060|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing=-4.11% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web|title=tambaram Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a031|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=116,840 |percentage=46.93% |change=+3.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. M. Chinnayya]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=80,016 |percentage=32.14% |change=-4.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Elango Siva |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=22,530 |percentage=9.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sureshkumar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=19,494 |percentage=7.83% |change=+5.6 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Karikalan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,207 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,284 |percentage=0.92% |change=-1.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. A. Abdulnazar |party=Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi |votes=1,351 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,824 |percentage=14.79% |change= 8.65% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=248,968 |percentage=59.92% |change= -1.79% }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=465|percentage=0.19% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 415,487 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.66% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=101,835 |percentage=43.27% |change=-0.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,390 |percentage=37.13% |change=-14.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Chezhiyan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=14,559 |percentage=6.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Vedasubramaniam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,327 |percentage=4.39% |change=+2.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Suresh |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=7,631 |percentage=3.24% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Naganathan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=5,237 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=5,007 |percentage=2.13% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,445 |percentage=6.14% |change= -1.71% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=235,355 |percentage=61.71% |change= -8.17% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 381,359 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.18% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. K. M. Chinnayya]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=91,702 |percentage=51.45% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,718 |percentage=43.61% |change=-4.4 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Veda Subramaniam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,061 |percentage=1.72% |change=-0.7 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. K. George |party=MGRTK |votes=1,449 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Raju |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=955 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,984 |percentage=7.85% |change= -0.83% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=178,230 |percentage=69.89% |change= 5.51% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 255,030 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.45% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2006===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=269,717 |percentage=48.00% |change=+1.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Somu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=220,965 |percentage=39.33% |change=+33.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Dharma |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=48,522 |percentage=8.64% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. R. Sivaraman |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,598 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,752 |percentage=8.68% |change= 6.99% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=561,888 |percentage=64.37% |change= 22.86% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 872,877 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.14% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2001===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Vaithyalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=150,961 |percentage=46.86% |change=-18.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chakkaraipani Reddiar |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=145,530 |percentage=45.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Somu |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,552 |percentage=5.45% |change=-1.32 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,431 |percentage=1.69% |change= -42.76% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=322,120 |percentage=41.51% |change= -13.02% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 776,058 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.04% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1996===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Vaithyalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=166,401 |percentage=64.91% |change=+31.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. B. Madhavan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,442 |percentage=20.46% |change=-37.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Somasundaram |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,350 |percentage=6.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Elumalai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=8,500 |percentage=3.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ponsoliappan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,328 |percentage=2.86% |change=+0.2 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=113,959 |percentage=44.45% |change= 20.18% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=256,370 |percentage=54.53% |change= 1.50% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 481,911 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.09% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1991===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Krishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=111,588 |percentage=57.82% |change=+34.96 }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Vaithyalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,740 |percentage=33.54% |change=-13.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Elumalai |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=9,270 |percentage=4.80% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. G. Nanasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,126 |percentage=2.66% |change=+1.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kailasam |party=Janata Party |votes=1,085 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,848 |percentage=24.27% |change= 0.10% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=193,002 |percentage=53.03% |change= -10.71% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 373,559 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.79% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1989===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Vaithyalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,007 |percentage=47.03% |change=+0.2 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. J. Doss |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,746 |percentage=22.86% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=29,583 |percentage=15.46% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eila. Rajamanickam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,751 |percentage=11.36% |change=-40.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gnanasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,356 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Victor |party=Independent politician |votes=1,176 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,261 |percentage=24.17% |change= 19.25% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=191,400 |percentage=63.74% |change= -4.26% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 305,128 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -4.72% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1984===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ella Rajamanickam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,155 |percentage=51.75% |change=+5.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. A. Vaithyalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=68,009 |percentage=46.83% |change=-4.69 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,146 |percentage=4.92% |change= -0.40% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=145,238 |percentage=68.00% |change= 2.47% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,649 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.23% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1980===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pammal Nallathambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=59,931 |percentage=51.52% |change=+16.77 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Munu Adhi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,746 |percentage=46.20% |change=+10.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gajendran |party=Janata Party |votes=1,999 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,185 |percentage=5.32% |change= 4.85% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,326 |percentage=65.53% |change= 6.23% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,404 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.30% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===1977===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tambaram<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Munu Adhi]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,394 |percentage=35.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pammal Nallathambi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=31,968 |percentage=34.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Kannan |party=Janata Party |votes=17,845 |percentage=19.40% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Murugesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,101 |percentage=9.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=678 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=426 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,986 |percentage=59.29% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,010 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010|df= dmy-all}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections}}<br />
{{coord|12.92|80.12|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Kanchipuram district]]<br />
[[Category:Tambaram]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salaulim_Dam&diff=532099Salaulim Dam2026-05-08T16:09:56Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Salaulim Dam<br />
| name_official = Salaulim Dam<br />
| image = Aerial view of Salaulim Dam, Goa.jpg<br />
| image_size = 300px<br />
| image_caption = Aerial view of Salaulim Dam, Goa<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| location_map = India Goa#India<br />
| location_map_size = <br />
| location_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|15|12|47|N|74|10|44|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| location = [[Kushavati district]], [[Goa]]<br />
| status = <br />
| construction_began = 1975<br />
| opening = 2000<br />
| demolished = <br />
| cost = Rs 170 Crores (present estimate)<br />
| owner = Goa Water Resources Department<br />
| dam_type = Earth dam with concrete [[Spillway]]<br />
| dam_height = {{Convert|42.7|m}}<br />
| dam_length = {{Convert|1004|m}}<br />
| dam_width_crest = <br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| dam_volume = <br />
| dam_crosses = [[Guleli River]], a tributary of [[Zuari River]]<br />
| spillway_count = One<br />
| spillway_type = Concrete, Duckbill type (Morning Glory) 44 m long<br />
| spillway_capacity = <br />
| res_name = Salaulim Reservoir<br />
| res_capacity_total = Live storage {{convert|227000000|m3|abbr=on}}<br />
| res_catchment = <br />
| res_surface = {{Convert|24|km2|abbr=on}}<br />
| res_max_depth = <br />
| res_tidal_range = <br />
| plant_operator = <br />
| plant_commission = <br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| plant_type = <br />
| plant_turbines = <br />
| plant_capacity = <br />
| plant_annual_gen =<br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Salaulim Dam''' is located on the Guleli River, a tributary of the [[Zuari River]] in [[Goa]], [[India]]. It is an integral component of the Salaulim Irrigation Project which envisages benefits of irrigation and drinking water supply.<ref name=large>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|title=National Register of Large Dams|work=Goa|page=46|accessdate=4 February 2011|publisher=Central Water Commission (CWC) and National Informatics center (NIC)|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721165130/http://www.cwc.nic.in/main/downloads/National%20Register%20of%20Large%20Dams%202009.pdf|archivedate=21 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="OperationsGoa1996">{{cite book|author1=India. Director of Census Operations|author2=Goa|title=Census of India, 1991: Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5sUAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 February 2011|year=1996|publisher=Controller of Publications}}</ref><ref name="GomesTrust2004">{{cite book|author1=Olivinho Gomes|author2=National Book Trust|title=Goa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rl9uAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 February 2011|year=2004|publisher=National Book Trust, India|isbn=978-81-237-4139-0}}</ref> The dam is a composite earth+masonry dam of {{Convert|42.7|m}} height with a water spread area of {{Convert|24|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=large/><br />
<br />
It was initially planned to provide irrigation to an ultimate potential of {{Convert|14326|ha}} and water supply of 160 million liters per day (MLD) to [[South Goa]]; the water supply component for domestic and industrial use is now increased to 380 MLD. The initial cost of the project, when approved in 1971, was Rs. 9.61 crore, which, as of 2007, is estimated to cost Rs. 170 crores. However, the construction of the project was started in 1976 and the dam was completed in 2000, and the irrigation component is under final stages of completion having achieved an irrigation potential of 9,537 ha, as of 2007.<ref name="GomesTrust2004" /><ref name="Plan">{{Cite web|url=http://goadpse.gov.in/publications/dpse-11-5-year-plan-2007-2012andAnuapl-plan2007-08.pdf|title=Government of Goa Eleventh Five Year Plan 2007–12 and Annual Plan 2007–08|pages=116–117|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=Directorate of Planning, Statistics And Evaluation Panaji}}</ref><ref name="Budget">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goawrd.gov.in/documents/performancebud.htm|title=Performance Budget for the Year 2008–2009|work= Salaulim Irrigation Project|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=Government of Goa}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
The project is located at Xelpem about 5&nbsp;km from the [[Sanguem]] town,<ref name="Sinha2003">{{cite book|author=B.R. Sinha|title=Encyclopedia of Professional Education Volume 7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdjGoXN3y1AC&pg=PA268|accessdate=6 February 2011|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-410-6|pages=268–}}</ref> in the Zuari River Basin, which is drained by the Zuari River which in turn is formed after the confluence of Guleli and Uguem Rivers in [[Sanguem taluka]].<ref name="Alvares1991">{{cite book|author=Claude Alphonso Alvares|title=Unwanted guest: Goans v/s. Du Pont|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZG3tAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 February 2011|date=1 March 1991|publisher=Other India Press|isbn=9788185569024 }}</ref> The Salaulim dam is located on the Guleli River (also known as Salauli river) near the Sanguem town. The river drains a catchment area of {{Convert|227|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=large/><br />
<br />
==Project features==<br />
[[File:Full Reservoir View of Salaulim Dam, Goa.jpg|left|thumb|Reservoir water spread of the Salaulim Dam]]<br />
The dam which is also Goa's largest dam in terms of storage capacity of water, is a composite structure of earth-cum-masonry type of {{Convert|42.70|m}} height above the deepest foundation level. The length of dam at the crest is {{Convert|1004|m}} and the reservoir water spread area (within Goa without inter-state implications) is {{Convert|24|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=large/> The dam structure has a volume content of 2.714 [[million cubic metre]]s (MCM). The gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 234.361 MCM with the live or effective storage capacity fixed at 227.157 MCM<ref name=large/>(8 TMCft) The spillway which is of the unique Duckbill type (Morning Glory type) is an ungated structure located in the gorge section with a length of {{Convert|44|m}} which is designed to pass an estimated Design Flood Discharge of {{Convert|1450|m3}}/s.<ref name=large/><ref name=Budget/> Out the total live storage of about 227 MCM, 126 MCM is for irrigation and the balance 101 MCM is earmarked for domestic and industrial water use. As a result, 220 MLD of water is available for industrial and domestic use in South Goa, in addition to 160 MLD originally provided in the approved project.<ref name=Budget/><br />
<br />
===Submergence===<br />
[[File:Island in the Salaulim reservoir , Goa.jpg|left|thumb|Island in the reservoir submergence area of Salaulim Dam]]<br />
The reservoir submergence involved 20 villages which were partially or fully submerged. 3000 people were displaced and resettled. Mining areas were also submerged for which compensation was provided.<ref name="Sinha2003"/> Apart from submergence of villages, the {{Convert|2.5|m}} tall figure of Mother Goddess (dated to 5th century BC), a 16 tonne image, which was to come under the submergence village of [[Curdi]] in Sanguem taluka was relocated at [[Verna, Goa|Verna]].<ref name="Bradnock2002">{{cite book|author1=Robert Bradnock|author2=Roma Bradnock|title=Footprint Goa Handbook: The Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWAnvOJD1qwC&pg=PA171|accessdate=4 February 2011|date=May 2002|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-903471-22-7|pages=171–}}</ref> Another temple, archaeologically dated to the 10th–11th century of the [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadamaba period]], at Kurdi, Angod, which was falling under the submergence area of Salauli Reservoir, was also relocated to a site {{Convert|17|km}} away. The relocation was done by dismantling of the original temple and then reassembling it at the new location after methodically numbering each stone, over a period of 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exoticgoa.co.in/mahadeva-temple-Kurdi-angod-goa.php|title=The Mahadev Temple, Kurdi – Goa|accessdate=8 February 2011|publisher=Exoticgoa|archive-date=29 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129084954/http://www.exoticgoa.co.in/mahadeva-temple-Kurdi-angod-goa.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Seismicity===<br />
Following an [[earthquake]] in the project area (which lasted for 5 seconds and had no effect on the safety of the dam), a proposal has been mooted to install a [[seismograph]] near Salaulim dam (location {{Convert|5|km}} from the Sanguem town) to monitor any [[tectonic]] activity in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/goa/28354082_1_selaulim-dam-seismic-activity-tectonic-activity|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190623/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-10/goa/28354082_1_selaulim-dam-seismic-activity-tectonic-activity|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Monitoring seismic activity at Salaulim dam a must|accessdate=6 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 January 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Irrigation system===<br />
The irrigation system of the project was planned to irrigate lands in Sanguem, Quepum and Salceto talukas (to grow sugar cane to meet the needs of Goa's first sugar mill).<ref name="Sinha2003"/> The canal, which takes off from the dam is on the left bank, known as the "Left Bank Main Canal" which is {{Convert|25.73|km}} long, and is designed to carry a discharge of {{Convert|13.6|m3}}/s. It has a network of distributary canals and minor canals to provide irrigation to an ultimate potential of {{Convert|14326|ha}}. As originally planned, the main canal had distributary canals D1, D2-D3 (combined off taking from the main canal at chainage {{Convert|17.05|km}}), minor canals M1, M2 and M3, which are all completed. However, the length of two of the distributary canals (D2 and D3) has been curtailed thus reducing the irrigation command by {{Convert|4680|ha}}. The water thus saved is proposed to be used for increasing the water supply for domestic and industrial users by about 220 MLD. The total irrigation potential created is {{Convert|14106|ha}}(ultimate potential) of which the CCA is {{Convert|9537|ha}}. As a part of the command area development, 28 Water Users Associations (WUAs) have been instituted and out of these, 15 WUAs have been given control over the water distribution networks.<ref name=Budget/><br />
<br />
===Other benefits===<br />
In the vicinity of the Salaulim dam area, proposals were mooted to set up a health centre with a modern hospital with 300 beds, along with a nature park and a botanical garden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2001/jun/30goa.htm.|title=Goa's ambitious master plan moots new tourism concepts|accessdate=5 February 2011|work=Rediff.com|date= 30 June 2001}}</ref> The Botanical Garden was planned by the Goa Forest Department, patterned on the [[Brindavan Gardens]] in [[Mysore]], involving landscaping and ornamental plantation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goadpse.gov.in/publications/dpse-goa-economic-survey2003-04.pdf|title= Economic Survey 2003–2004|page=110|accessdate=5 February 2011|publisher=Government of Goa}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fish is an important factor in the life of [[Goa]]ns and in this context the reservoir area of Salaulim and Anjunem Irrigation projects have also provided livelihood opportunities for the fishing community.<ref name="GaonkarPatil2008">{{cite book|author1=Rekha R. Gaonkar|author2=Patil|title=Fishery Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hzrfb8I9jqkC&pg=PA2|accessdate=9 February 2011|date=1 January 2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0320-7|pages=2–}}</ref> Fish seed farming was started in the fresh water lake of Salaulim for fish production.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.google.co.in/search?client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=s&hl=en&q=Salaulim%20Reservoir%20fishing&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbo=u&tbs=bks:1&source=og&sa=N&tab=wp|title=Explanatory Memorandum on the Budget: Volume 2 |author=Goa, Daman and Diu (India)|accessdate=9 February 2011|publisher=The University of California1980|quote=Fish seed farm at Salaulim: This scheme is taken up with a view to utilise the fresh water lake at Salaulim in respect of fish production.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Pollution==<br />
Mining operations are still done in three mines, which are located within 1&nbsp;km from the reservoir periphery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?pageno=2&catid=158&newsid=1158|title=Over half of mines near water bodies: Govt |accessdate=9 February 2011|publisher=Goanews}}</ref> A panel of experts has advised the authorities concerned to take adequate steps to prevent pollution of lake waters by mining effluents, as the reservoir is a source of drinking water supply.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/goa/28293743_1_selaulim-dam-mining-companies-sanguem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104190711/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/goa/28293743_1_selaulim-dam-mining-companies-sanguem|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Monitor Selaulim dam regularly|accessdate=9 February 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 31 July 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
*[http://oheraldo.in/news/Main%20Picture%20News/Water-overflowing-the-spillway-at-Selaulim-Dam-in-Sanguem/39229.html Water overflowing the spillway at Salaulim Dam in Sanguem.]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
*[http://www.parrikar.com/blog/2009/08/19/monsoon-glory-5/ The 'duckbill spillway' at Selaulim dam, Goa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715045429/http://www.parrikar.com/blog/2009/08/19/monsoon-glory-5/ |date=2011-07-15 }}<br />
*[https://catchychronicles.com/salaulim-dam-goa/ Salaulim Dam and its beautiful Garden in Goa]<br />
<br />
{{Hydrography of Goa}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Masonry dams]]<br />
[[Category:Dams completed in 2000]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:2000 establishments in Goa]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanisha_Crasto&diff=539562Tanisha Crasto2026-05-07T04:31:53Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian badminton player (born 2003)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox badminton player<br />
| name = Tanisha Crasto<br />
| image = Tanisha Crasto at the 2022 Taipei Open.jpg<br />
| caption = Crasto at the [[2022 Taipei Open]]<br />
| country = {{ubl|India (2017–present)|United Arab Emirates (2017)|Bahrain (2013–2016)}}<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2003|5|5}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dubai]], United Arab Emirates<br />
| height =<br />
| weight =<br />
| years_active = 2013–present<br />
| handedness = Right<br />
| coach = [[Pullela Gopichand]]<br />[[Arun Vishnu]]<br />[[Tan Kim Her]]<br />[[Manu Attri]]<br />
| event = Women's & mixed doubles<br />
| highest_ranking = 13 (WD with [[Ashwini Ponnappa]], 26 November 2024)<br />16 (XD with [[Dhruv Kapila]], 27 May 2025)<br />
| date_of_highest_ranking =<br />
| current_ranking = 24<br />
| date_of_current_ranking = XD with Dhruv Kapila, 5 May 2026<br />
| bwfbadminton_id = 94165/tanisha-crasto<br />
| medal_templates =<br />
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]]|Mixed team}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Selangor]]|Women's team}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tanisha Crasto''' (born 5 May 2003) is an Indian [[badminton]] player who specialises in [[mixed doubles]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-19 |title=Tanisha-Dhruv give mixed doubles hope for Indian badminton in testing times |url=https://www.espn.in/badminton/story/_/id/45222798/tanisha-crasto-dhruv-kapila-give-mixed-doubles-hope-indian-badminton-testing-s |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> She won the gold at the [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asia Team Championships]] in [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024]] and the bronze medal at the [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Asia Mixed Team Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-14 |title=Meet Tanisha Crasto, Indian badminton's hellraiser |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/meet-tanisha-crasto-indian-badmintons-hellraiser-10001426/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> With her doubles partner [[Dhruv Kapila]], she touched her highest world ranking of 16 in May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-21 |title=Tanisha Crasto and Dhruv Kapila to work with psychologist to help them break into top tier in mixed doubles badminton |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/tanisha-crasto-dhruv-kapila-psychologist-mixed-top-tier-10017933/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
She represented Bahrain and United Arab Emirates before switching to India in 2017. She represented India at the [[Badminton at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Women's doubles|2024 Paris Summer Olympics]] in the Women's Doubles event, but didn't advance past the group stage. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai girl Tanisha Crasto qualifies for Paris Olympics: Report |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/sports/dubai-girl-tanisha-crasto-qualifies-for-paris-olympics-report |publisher=Khaleej Times |last1=Borkakoty |first1=Rituraj |date=12 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sachdeva |first=Nihit |date=2024-12-12 |title=At 21, doubles specialist Tanisha Crasto continues to rise after Paris Olympics |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/tanisha-crasto-podcast-indian-badminton-doubles-specialist-interview-after-paris-2024-olympics/article68977488.ece |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Crasto was born in [[Dubai]] to Tulip and Clifford Crasto from [[Goa]], India, and studied at [[The Indian High School, Dubai]].<ref name="scroll" >{{cite news |title=Badminton Junior Nationals: Tanisha Crasto, the 'Dubai girl', is slowly making waves in India |url=https://scroll.in/field/906501/badminton-junior-nationals-tanisha-crasto-the-dubai-girl-is-slowly-making-waves-in-india |quote="Tanisha was born in Dubai in 2003 to NRI, or Non-Resident Indian, parents and has lived there ever since" |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |last1=Vaidya |first1=Jaideep |date=21 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tanisha continues her badminton journey at home |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/tanisha-continues-her-badminton-journey-at-home |publisher= Khaleej Times |last1=Jose |first1=James |date=4 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="herald_062717">{{cite news |date=27 June 2017 |title=Rudra, Tanisha excels at badminton |work=Herald |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Rudra-Tanisha-excel-at-badminton/116836.html |accessdate=30 June 2017 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908155151/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Rudra-Tanisha-excel-at-badminton/116836.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== UAE and Bahrain ===<br />
In 2013, Crasto made her international debut for Bahrain in junior tournaments<ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain Junior International Series 2013 |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/ea0f2bd8-40b3-4693-b5e1-f4bc92e5dd9b/tournaments/2013 |publisher=BWF |accessdate=21 September 2021}}</ref> and won her first major BWF international title representing Bahrain at the 2016 [[Bahrain International Challenge]] tournament partnered with [[Aprilsasi Putri Lejarsar Variella]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian badminton player Pratul Joshi wins Bahrain International Challenge title |publisher=[[Sportskeeda]] |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/indian-badminton-player-pratul-joshi-wins-bahrain-international-challenge-title |accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="cynergy" >{{cite news |title=Playing for India Has Always Been a Dream – Tanisha Crasto |url=https://cynergysports.com/content/playing-india-has-always-been-dream-tanisha-crasto |last1=Anand |first1=Sanketa |publisher=Cynergy sports |date=23 June 2020 |accessdate=23 August 2021 |archive-date=22 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822201406/https://cynergysports.com/content/playing-india-has-always-been-dream-tanisha-crasto |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pratul wins maiden title at Bahrain International Challenge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/pratul-wins-maiden-title-at-bahrain-international-challenge/articleshow/55204328.cms |publisher=Times of India |date=2 November 2016 |accessdate=23 August 2021}}</ref> She is ranked among the top UAE based badminton players.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain: Sanjay and Adnan clinch double |url=https://www.gdnonline.com/Details/92268/Bahrain-Sanjay-and-Adnan-clinch-double |publisher=GDN |date=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Current Rankings |url=https://www.uaebadminton.ae/w/events/current-rankings |publisher=UAE badminton |date=31 December 2019}}</ref> She also became the youngest winner of the UAE Open tournament.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teenager creates history in oldest badminton event |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/teenager-creates-history-in-oldest-badminton-event-1.2029659 |publisher=Gulf News |last1=Nayar |first1=KR |date=19 May 2017 | accessdate=6 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, when she was 14 years old while representing UAE, she created history by winning the Indian Club UAE Open tournament in the women's singles event after beating [[Negin Amiripour]] of Iran.<ref>{{cite news |title=Teenager creates history in oldest badminton event |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |url=http://gulfnews.com/sport/more-sport/teenager-creates-history-in-oldest-badminton-event-1.2029659 |accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="sport360_052317">{{cite news |last1=Pinto |first1=Denzil |date=23 May 2017 |title=14-year-old Tanisha Crasto is dreaming big after UAE Open success |work=Sport 360 |url=http://sport360.com/article/regional-article/234802/tanisha-crasto-is-dreaming-big-after-uae-open-success/ |accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> She was also part of the Prime Star Sports Academy club that won the Shuttle Time Dubai Club Badminton Championship.<ref>{{cite news |title=Badminton: Prime Star, Victor club emerge champions |publisher=[[Khaleej Times]] |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/prime-star-victor-club-emerge-champions |accessdate=29 June 2017 |archive-date=8 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908201731/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/prime-star-victor-club-emerge-champions |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== India ===<br />
In 2017, after participating in Gulf-based tournaments, she shifted to India and represented Goa in Indian tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aditi-Tanisha aim to replicate junior success on the senior circuit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/aditi-tanisha-aim-to-replicate-junior-success-on-the-senior-circuit-5915872/ |publisher=The Indian Express |last1=Sharma |first1=Nitin |date=19 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India teen Tanisha Crasto stars as India sweep Dubai badminton competition |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/uae-sport/india-teen-tanisha-crasto-stars-as-india-sweep-dubai-badminton-competition-1.73803988 |publisher=[[Gulf Times]] |last1=Gomes |first1=Alaric |date=12 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badminton: Dubai girl Tanisha now among world's top 10 junior players |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/sport/other/badminton-dubai-girl-tanisha-now-among-worlds-top-10-junior-players |publisher=[[Khaleej Times]] |last1=Borkakoty |first1=Rituraj |date=16 January 2021}}</ref> She then represented India at the [[2019 Badminton Asia Junior Championships]] and the [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships|2018]] and [[2019 BWF World Junior Championships]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Parents of prodigies ensure no gulf separates their child frfrom their passion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/parents-of-prodigies-ensure-no-gulf-separates-their-child-from-their-passion/articleshow/82347814.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Crasto joined the [[India national badminton team]] and participated in the [[2020 Thomas & Uber Cup|Uber Cup]] and [[2021 Sudirman Cup|Sudirman Cup]] tournaments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dubai-based shuttler Tanisha Crasto to play with PV Sindhu, Saina Nehwal in Indian team |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/global-sports/dubai-based-shuttler-tanisha-crasto-to-play-with-pv-sindhu-saina-nehwal-in-indian-team |publisher=Khaleej Times |last1=Asthana |first1=Arsh |date=4 September 2021 }}</ref> She was the runners-up in the mixed doubles event while partnering with Ishaan Bhatnagar at the 2021 [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish Open]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanisha-Ishaan settle for silver in Scotland |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/TanishaIshaan-settle-for-silver-in-Scotland/183352 |publisher=O Heraldo |last1=Nayar |first1=KR |date=1 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Goa's Tanisha wins Silver at Scottish Open Badminton |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/goa%E2%80%99s-tanisha-wins-silver-at-scottish-open-badminton/77443.html |publisher=The Goan |date=1 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ishaan Bhatnagar and Tanisha Crasto lose in mixed doubles semis |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/badminton/news-siril-verma-treesa-jolly-gayatri-gopichand-finish-runners-up-welsh-international-badminton-championships |last1=Nayse |first1=Suhas |publisher=Sportskeeda |date=5 December 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, Crasto played her first ever BWF World Tour Super 500 event at the [[2022 India Open (badminton)|India Open]], participating in both the women's doubles (with [[Rutaparna Panda]]) and the mixed doubles (with Ishaan Bhatnagar) events. However, she and her respective partners lost in the first rounds of both disciplines, going down to fourth seeds [[Benyapa Aimsaard]] and [[Nuntakarn Aimsaard]] in the women's doubles and compatriots [[Gayatri Gopichand]] and Sai Pratheek K in the mixed doubles. In her next tournament, the [[2022 Syed Modi International]], she participated in the mixed doubles, where she and Ishaan Bhatnagar clinched their maiden Super 300 title, beating compatriots [[Srivedya Gurazada]] and T. Hema Nagendra Babu in the final.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syed Modi International: Tanisha-Ishaan display chemistry to secure mixed doubles crown |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/syed-modi-international-tanisha-ishaan-display-chemistry-to-secure-mixed-doubles-crown-7738379/ |last1=Naik |first1=Shivani |publisher=Indian Express |date=24 January 2022 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
===World Tour (5 titles, 3 runners-up)===<br />
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super&nbsp;1000, Super&nbsp;750, Super&nbsp;500, Super&nbsp;300, and the BWF Tour Super&nbsp;100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Women's doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2023 Abu Dhabi Masters#Finals 4|2023]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Abu Dhabi Masters]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 100<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Julie Finne-Ipsen]]<br />{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mai Surrow]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–16, 16–21, 21–8<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold01}} '''Winner'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2023 Syed Modi International#Finals 4|2023]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 300<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Ponnappa<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rin Iwanaga]]<br />{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kie Nakanishi]]<br />
| align="left" | 14–21, 21–17, 15–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2023 Guwahati Masters#Finals 4|2023]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Guwahati Masters]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 100<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Ponnappa<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Sung Shuo-yun]]<br />{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Yu Chien-hui]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–19<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold01}} '''Winner'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2023 Odisha Masters#Finals 4|2023]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 100<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Ponnappa<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Meilysa Trias Puspita Sari]]<br />{{flagicon|INA}} [[Rachel Allessya Rose]]<br />
| align="left" | 14–21, 17–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2024 Guwahati Masters#Finals 4|2024]]<br />
| align="left" | Guwahati Masters<br />
| align="left" | Super 100<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ashwini Ponnappa<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Li Huazhou]]<br />{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zimeng]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–18, 21–12<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold01}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Mixed doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2022 Syed Modi International#Finals 5|2022]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 300<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemanagendra Babu]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–12<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold01}} '''Winner'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2023 Odisha Masters#Finals 5|2023]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 100<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Kapila]]<br />
| align="left" |{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Terry Hee]]<br />{{flagicon|SGP}} [[Jessica Tan (badminton)|Jessica Tan]]<br />
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–19, 23–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2024 Syed Modi International#Finals 5|2024]]<br />
| align="left" | Syed Modi International<br />
| align="left" | Super 300<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Dhruv Kapila<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Dechapol Puavaranukroh]]<br />{{flagicon|THA}} [[Supissara Paewsampran]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–18, 14–21, 8–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles, 4 runners-up) ===<br />
''Women's doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2016<br />
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International Challenge|Bahrain International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Aprilsasi Putri Lejarsar Variella]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Farha Mather<br />{{flagicon|IND}} Ashna Roy<br />
| align="left" | 21–12, 21–18<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutaparna Panda]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–23, 14–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2023<br />
| align="left" | [[Nantes International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashwini Ponnappa]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hung En-tzu]]<br />{{flagicon|TPE}} [[Lin Yu-pei]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–15, 21–14<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Mixed doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–19<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white"|{{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish Open]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Ishaan Bhatnagar<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Callum Hemming]]<br />{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jessica Pugh]]<br />
| align="left" | 15–21, 17–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2023<br />
| align="left" | [[Nantes International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sai Pratheek K.<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Mads Vestergaard]]<br />{{flagicon|DEN}} [[Christine Busch]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–14, 14–21, 17–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2024<br />
| align="left" | India International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Hariharan Amsakarunan<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rohan Kapoor (badminton)|Rohan Kapoor]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ruthvika Gadde]]<br />
| align="left" | 17–21, 19–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament<br />
<br />
===Junior International (2 titles, 1 runner-up)===<br />
''Girls' doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#C6D4E1"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | Bulgarian Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditi Bhatt]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Bengisu Erçetin]]<br />{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Zehra Erdem]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–15, 18–21, 21–18<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | Dubai Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Aditi Bhatt<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Treesa Jolly]]<br />{{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishwanath Sri]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–17<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
''Mixed doubles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Partner<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#AE9C45"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | India Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ishaan Bhatnagar]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard]]<br />{{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchapol Makkasasithorn]]<br />
| align="left" | 12–21, 22–20, 20–22<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Badminton in India]]<br />
*[[India national badminton team]] <br />
*[[List of Indian sportswomen]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{sports links}}<br />
<br />
{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Team Women}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Crasto, Tanisha}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2003 births]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Dubai]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Sportswomen from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:Emirati female badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:Bahraini female badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian national badminton champions]]<br />
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]<br />
[[Category:Olympic badminton players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Badminton players at the 2022 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games badminton players for India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriate badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates]]<br />
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Bahrain]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manalur_Assembly_constituency&diff=515655Manalur Assembly constituency2026-05-06T20:12:27Z<p>ClintCarswell72: made new data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Manalur<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 64<br />
| map_image = Vadanappilly Beach.gif<br />
| map_caption = [[Vadanappally]] Beach in Manalur Assembly constituency<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 2,11,930 (2016)<br />
| mla = [[Murali Perunelli]]<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India|CPIM]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<br />
}} <br />
'''Manalur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Thrissur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="tsr">{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html<br />
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br />
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Thrissur district, Kerala.<br />
|access-date = 9 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 12 March 2011<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110312073152/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Murali Perunelly]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
[[Thaikkad]] [[Gram panchayat]], which was included in Manalur Assembly constituency under the 2008 delimitation, was merged with [[Guruvayur]] Municipality in 2010.<br />
<br />
Manalur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref name="tsr"/><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Arimpur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thrissur]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Manaloor|Manalur]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Thrissur]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Guruvayur]]<br />([[Thaikkad]] region only)<br />
|Municipality<br />
|[[Chavakkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Elavally]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Chavakkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Mullassery]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Chavakkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Vadanappally]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Chavakkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Pavaratty]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Chavakkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Venkitangu]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Chavakkad]]<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Choondal]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kunnamkulam]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Kandanassery]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kunnamkulam]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented the constituency:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Niyama<br />
Sabha<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan=2 |Party<br />
! Tenure<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| 1st<br />
| [[Joseph Mundassery]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| 1957-1960<br />
|-<br />
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br />
| 2nd<br />
| [[Kurur Neelakandan Namboodiripad]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 1960-1965<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| 3rd<br />
| rowspan="3" |N. I. Devassikutty<br />
| 1967 – 1970<br />
|-<br />
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br />
| 4th<br />
| 1970 - 1977<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| 5th<br />
| 1977-1980<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| 6th<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[V. M. Sudheeran]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}<br />
| 1980 – 1982 <br />
|-<br />
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
| 7th<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Congress (A)}}<br />
| 1982 – 1987<br />
|-<br />
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
| 8th<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 1987 – 1991<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
| 9th<br />
| 1991 – 1996<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
| 10th<br />
| [[Rosamma Chacko]]<br />
| 1996 – 2001<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
| 11th<br />
| M. K. Paulson Master<br />
| 2001 – 2006<br />
|-<br />
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
| 12th<br />
| [[Murali Perunelly]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| 2006 – 2011<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| 13th<br />
| [[P. A. Madhavan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| 2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| 14th<br />
| rowspan="2" | Murali Perunelly<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br />
| 2016 – 2021<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|15th<br />
|[[Incumbent]]<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manalur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = CPI(M)<br />
|candidate = [[C. Raveendranath]]<br />
|votes = 65337<br />
|percentage = 38.12<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|candidate = [[T. N. Prathapan]]<br />
|votes = 65211<br />
|percentage = 38.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = BJP<br />
|candidate = K. K. Aneesh Kumar<br />
|votes = 38125<br />
|percentage = 22.24<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Unnikrishnan C.S<br />
|votes = 330<br />
|percentage = 0.19<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = independent <br />
|candidate = Sujith ks<br />
|votes = 70<br />
|percentage = 0.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 126<br />
|percentage = 0.07<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 171387<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = CPI(M)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manalur}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Murali Perunelly]]<br />
|votes = 78,337<br />
|percentage = 46.77<br />
|change={{increase}}3.47<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|candidate = Vijay Hari<br />
|votes = 48,461<br />
|percentage = 28.93<br />
|change={{decrease}}2.49<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = A. N. Radhakrishnan<br />
|votes = 36,566<br />
|percentage = 21.83<br />
|change={{decrease}}1.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Social Democratic Party of India <br />
|candidate = Faisal Ibrahim <br />
|votes = 2,294<br />
|percentage = 1.37<br />
|change={{increase}}0.46 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above <br />
|candidate = None of the above <br />
|votes = 712<br />
|percentage = 0.43<br />
|change={{decrease}}0.02 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician) <br />
|candidate = M. K. Devarajan<br />
|votes = 660<br />
|percentage = 0.39<br />
|change = ''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party <br />
|candidate = Abhayan.N.A<br />
|votes = 472<br />
|percentage = 0.28<br />
|change={{decrease}}0.08 <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 29,876<br />
|percentage =<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,67,502<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress <br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 2,11,930 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manalur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Murali Perunelly]]|votes=70,422|percentage=43.30|change={{decrease}}1.57|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=O. Abdurahiman Kutty|votes=51,097|percentage=31.42|change={{decrease}}13.8|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A. N. Radhakrishnan|votes=37,680|percentage=23.17|change={{increase}}15.61|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Hussain K. K|votes=1,180|percentage=0.73|change={{decrease}}0.91|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=730|percentage=0.45|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Abhayan N. A.|votes=588|percentage=0.36|change={{decrease}}1.57|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Moidutty Haji|votes=529|percentage=0.33|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Shaji Kuriyan, Pananghat|votes=262|percentage=0.16|change={{decrease}}0.02}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Soman Pillai|votes=132|percentage=0.08|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=19,325|percentage=11.88|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,620|percentage=76.73|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|loser=Indian National Congress|swing={{decrease}}1.57}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,74,161 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manalur}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[P. A. Madhavan]]|votes=63,077|percentage=45.22|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Baby John|votes=62,596|percentage=44.87|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A. N. Radhakrishnan|votes=10,543|percentage=7.56|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=P. K. Usman|votes=2,293|percentage=1.64|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Suresh Tachapally|votes=594|percentage=0.43|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=Aravindakshan M. K.|votes=388|percentage=0.28|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=481|percentage=0.35|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,62,620|percentage=76.73|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing=}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Welland_(missionary)&diff=506588Joseph Welland (missionary)2026-05-06T19:26:49Z<p>ClintCarswell72: made a article</p>
<hr />
<div>'''Joseph Welland''' (1834-1879) was a missionary from Dublin, Ireland, and founder of the [[Welland Gouldsmith School]], who dedicated his life to Christian ministry in [[Kolkata|Calcutta, North India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1804–1894 |title=Register of Missionaries |url=https://www.churchmissionarysociety.amdigital.co.uk/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Church Missionary Society Periodicals |publisher=Adam Matthew Digital |page=123}}</ref> As a member of the [[Church Missionary Society]], Welland served the [[St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College|Cathedral Mission College]] and [[Old Mission Church, Kolkata|Christ Church in Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=E.R. Johnson, Calcutta, 9 February 1882 {{!}} ArchiveSearch |url=https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/2/archival_objects/271204 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk}}</ref> He held the role of Secretary of the Calcutta Corresponding Committee until 1876.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Record |url=https://calmview.bham.ac.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=XCMS/B/OMS/I1/+C+O/24-331/309 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=CalmView |publisher=University of Birmingham - Cadbury Research Library}}</ref> As an editor and author, his works include, ''God in History'', ''Heavenly Training'', and ''Daily Bread, and Other Sermons''.<ref name=":0" /> Welland built the [[St. Paul's Cathedral Mission College|Cathedral Mission College]] in Kolkota in 1865 and then founded the Welland School in 1876 in Kolkata, now the [[Welland Gouldsmith School]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welland Gouldsmith School |url=https://www.wgskolkata.com/bbg/about-wgs/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.wgskolkata.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education==<br />
Joseph Welland was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1834. He was the son of [[Joseph Welland (architect)|Joseph Welland]], an architect from [[Midleton|Midleton, Country Cork]] and Sophia Margaret Mills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Irish Architects |url=https://www.dia.ie/architects/view/4435/WELLAND,+WILLIAM+JOHN#tab_biography |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.dia.ie}}</ref> Joseph had three brothers including [[Thomas Welland]], bishop of Down, Connor.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph Welland |url=https://www.dia.ie/architects/view/4436 |website=Dictionary of Irish Architects |publisher=Irish Architectural Archives |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Welland & Gillespie |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803121717442 |website=Oxford Reference }}</ref><br />
<br />
On October 16, 1877, Welland married Emily A. R. Torpy.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Welland received his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Trinity College Dublin|Trinity College]] of Dublin.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Career ==<br />
Welland was ordained a deacon in 1858 by the Bishop of Ossory and Ferns, and a year later, on October 15, 1859, he was ordained a priest by the Bishop on Manchester. He began his ministry as a curate of Killeban in Queen's County, Ireland, and later served at [[Holy Trinity Church, Blackburn|Trinity Church, Blackburn]].<ref name=":0" /> Early on he served as the Domestic Chaplain to the Viceroys Lords Lawrence and Northbrook.<ref name="Hx CMS">{{cite book |title=History of the Church Missionary Society Vol 2 |date=1899 |publisher=Church Missionary Society, its environment, its men and its work |pages=659 |url=https://archive.org/details/historychurchmis02stoc/ |access-date=31 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 1860, Welland embarked on his first mission to Calcutta, North India. Over the following years he worked in various roles, including serving the [[Kidderpore]] community in 1861.{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
In 1865, he supported the founding of the Cathedral Mission College of Calcutta and was part of the initial faculty.<ref name="Hx CMS" /> This was followed by his ministry at the Christ Church of Calcutta in 1867.<ref name=":0" /> He went back to England on November 9, 1869, but he returned to India on October 14, 1871. He then assumed the role of Secretary of Calcutta Corresponding Committee, a position he held until 1876. Illness required he return to England on April 10, 1876, amidst his time as secretary. He returned to Calcutta to resume his secretaryship on November 16, 1878, with the help of Reverend H.P. Parker.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
===Death and legacy===<br />
Welland died on December 17, 1879, in Calcutta.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIBIS Database - Powered by The Frontis Archive Publishing System |url=https://search.fibis.org/bin/aps_detail.php?id=1705910 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=search.fibis.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
Welland's writings included ''God in History'' (1865), a series of lectures created for his students and the Cathedral Mission College of Calcutta and ''Heavenly Training'' (1874), a collection of sermons delivered as Chaplain to the Calcutta Volunteers. After his death, his widow published a final volume of Welland's sermons, titled ''Daily Bread and Other Sermons'' in 1882.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
The Welland School, founded by Welland in 1876, continues to bear his name as the Welland Gouldsmith School. The Welland Memorial School merged with the Gouldsmith Free School in 1936. It operates two campuses in Kolkota.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Welland Gouldsmith School |url=https://wgskolkata.com |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=wgskolkata.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.spcmc.ac.in/pages/home St Pauls Cathedral Mission College]<br />
* [https://www.wgskolkata.com/ Welland Gouldsmith School]<br />
[[Category:Wikipedia Student Program]]<br />
[[Category:Irish missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Church Mission Society missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:1834 births]]<br />
[[Category:1879 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Irish Anglican missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Irish Anglican priests]]<br />
[[Category:Christian clergy from Dublin (city)]]<br />
[[Category:Irish Christian writers]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_Sarfarosh_%E2%80%93_Saragarhi_1897&diff=48354021 Sarfarosh – Saragarhi 18972026-05-05T23:54:58Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian historical television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = 21_Sarfarosh_-_Saragarhi_1897_title_card.jpeg<br />
| image_upright = 1.625<br />
| image_size =<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = <!-- Must be reliably sourced --><br />
| creator = [[Abhimanyu Singh (producer)|Abhimanyu Singh]]<br />
| based_on = <!-- {{based on|work|author}} --><br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| director = Raj Acharya<br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| starring = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| judges = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| voices = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --><br />
| narrated = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 65<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Abhimanyu Singh<br />
| news_editor = <!-- Content editor or editors of a current affairs/political show such as Newsnight. --><br />
| location = <!-- Nation the series was filmed in, if different from the nation of origin. --><br />
| cinematography = {{ubl|Abhishek Basu|}}<br />
| editor = <!-- Satya sharma --><br />
| camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --><br />
| runtime = <!-- Reliable source required --><br />
| company = [[Contiloe Entertainment]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| network = [[Discovery Jeet]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2018|02|12|df=yes}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2018|05|11|df=yes}}<br />
| related = <!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --> <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''21 Sarfarosh – Saragarhi 1897''''' is an Indian [[historical drama]] television series starring [[Mohit Raina]], Prakhar Shukla and [[Mukul Dev]]. The show is based on the [[Battle of Saragarhi]], fought between [[Sikh]] soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]] and [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] Orakzai tribesmen. Produced by Contiloe Entertainment, it ran from 12 February to 11 May 2018, on Discovery Jeet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohit-raina-new-tv-show-21-sarfarosh-saragarhi-1897-fisrt-look-teaser-5012582/|title=First look: Mohit Raina in TV show 21 Sarfarosh: Saragarhi 1897|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=4 January 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202003608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mohit-raina-new-tv-show-21-sarfarosh-saragarhi-1897-fisrt-look-teaser-5012582/|archivedate=2 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/21-sarfarosh-saragarhi-1897-mohit-raina-show-5060835/|title=21 Sarfarosh Saragarhi 1897 first impression: Mohit Raina show evokes patriotism with impressive dialogues and performances|website=The Indian Express|accessdate=13 February 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213034738/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/21-sarfarosh-saragarhi-1897-mohit-raina-show-5060835/|archivedate=13 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-21-sarfarosh-saragarhi-1897-this-is-what-mouni-roy-has-to-say-about-beau-mohit-raina-s-new-tv-show-2584016|title=21 Sarfarosh: Saragarhi 1897 THIS is what Mouni Roy has to say about beau Mohit Raina's new TV show!|website=DNA India|date=12 February 2018|access-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507004920/http://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-21-sarfarosh-saragarhi-1897-this-is-what-mouni-roy-has-to-say-about-beau-mohit-raina-s-new-tv-show-2584016|archivedate=7 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/mohit-raina-is-all-set-to-romance-this-actress-in-21-sarfarosh-1161567-2018-02-04|title=Mohit Raina is all set to romance this actress in 21 Sarfarosh|website=India Today|date=4 February 2018|access-date=23 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085247/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/mohit-raina-is-all-set-to-romance-this-actress-in-21-sarfarosh-1161567-2018-02-04|archivedate=7 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Netflix acquired the international broadcast rights of the series for 190 Countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/discovery-partners-with-netflix-for-online-distribution-of-new-channel/article10022059.ece|title=Discovery partners with Netflix for online distribution of new channel|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=9 January 2018|accessdate=8 April 2019|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604185647/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/discovery-partners-with-netflix-for-online-distribution-of-new-channel/article10022059.ece|archivedate=4 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot summary ==<br />
The series presents a fictionalized depiction of the events leading up to the final battle between the Orakzais and the 36 Sikh Regiment.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Battle of Saragarhi}}<br />
* [[Mohit Raina]] as [[Havildar Ishar Singh]], who leads all the Sikhs in the regiment<br />
* [[Mukul Dev]] as Gul Badshah, Leader of the Orakzais<br />
* [[Alexx O'Nell]] as [[Captain]] [[Winston Churchill]], an [[Officer on Special Duty]] who introduces the [[Heliograph]] to the regiment<br />
* Prakhar Shukla as [[Lance Naik]] Chanda Singh<br />
* Gaurav Vasudev as Officer Watson<br />
* Shakku Rana as Mahmudullah, a leader of another tribe of Orazkzais, who joins Gul Badshah<br />
* Balraj Singh Khehra as [[Sepoy]] Buta Singh, one of Ishar's most trusted men<br />
* Sascha Maximus as [[Colonel]] John Haughton, commanding officer of Fort Gulistan<br />
* [[Luke Kenny]] as [[Major (rank)|Major]] Des Voeux, commanding officer of Fort Lockhart<br />
* Danny Sura as Captain Henry Mayne, who seems to show hatred and racism to the Sikhs<br />
* Bhawsheel Singh Sahni as Sepoy Gurmukh Singh, youngest soldier and Teresa's love interest<br />
* [[Vikram Mastal (Sharma)]] as Sepoy Balwinder Singh, a wrestler who opposes Ishar and becomes a soldier<br />
* Jaspal Sehgal as Sepoy Bhagwan Singh, who runs an orphanage<br />
* Pippa Hughes as Teresa, a maid in the fort who is in love with Gurmukh<br />
*[[Sameksha]] as Jeevani "Sohni" Kaur, Ishar Singh's wife<br />
* Kamaljeet Rana as Sepoy Sunder Singh<br />
* Rahul Ranaa as Sepoy Kala singh<br />
* Jashan Singh Kohli as Sepoy Hira Singh, who has special affection towards Seymour<br />
* Bobby Gill as Sepoy Narayan Singh, Ram Singh's older brother<br />
* [[Rishina Kandhari]] as Begum, Gul Badshah's wife<br />
* [[Suzanne Bernert]] as Queen Victoria in a special Appearance<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
[[Indian Television Academy Awards|'''Indian''' '''Television Academy''' '''Awards''']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/|title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018: Complete list of winners|date=2018-12-12|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
* 2018 - Best Actor (Drama) '''- [[Mohit Raina]]'''<br />
<br />
[[Indian Telly Awards|'''Indian''' '''Telly Awards''']]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/indian-telly-awards-2019-winners-list-divyanka-tripathi-hina-khan-nakuul-mehta-5636869/|title=Indian Telly Awards 2019: Complete list of winners|date=2019-03-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
* 2019 - Best Actor (Jury) '''- [[Mohit Raina]]'''<br />
* 2019 Best Actor in a Negative Role(Jury)-'''[[Mukul Dev]]'''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=8062474}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:21 Sarfarosh Saragarhi 1897}}<br />
[[Category:Discovery Jeet original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2018 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Television series set in the 1890s]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]<br />
[[Category:War television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]<br />
[[Category:Indian military television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in Afghanistan]]<br />
[[Category:Television shows set in the British Raj]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about Sikhism]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarada_Ma_Girls%27_College&diff=533042Sarada Ma Girls' College2026-05-05T15:50:36Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Proposed deletion/dated<br />
|concern = Fails [[WP:GNG]] and [[WP:NSCHOOL]]<br />
|timestamp = 20260505155036<br />
|nom = Filmssssssssssss<br />
|help = off<br />
}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox university <br />
| name = Sarada Ma Girls' College<br />
| image_name = Sarada Ma Girls College logo.png<br />
| established = 2006<br />
| type = Undergraduate college<br />
| principal = Mahua Bhattacharya<br>{{small|Teacher in Charge}} <br />
| city = [[Barasat]] <br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| country = [[India]] <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.732079|N|88.467080|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| campus = Urban <br />
| affiliations = [[West Bengal State University]] <br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.smgc.co.in}}<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = 150px<br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sarada Ma Girls' College''', established in 2006,{{citation needed|date=March 2012}} is a women's college in Nabapally, [[Barasat]]. It offers undergraduate courses in arts and sciences. It is affiliated to [[West Bengal State University]].<br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2012}}<br />
<br />
===Science===<br />
*Chemistry<br />
*Physics<br />
*Mathematics <br />
*Human Development<br />
*Microbiology<br />
*Computer Science<br />
*Food and Nutrition <br />
*Biochemistry<br />
<br />
===Arts===<br />
*Bengali<br />
*English <br />
*History<br />
*Geography<br />
*Education<br />
*Sociology<br />
<br />
==Accreditation==<br />
Sarada Ma Girls' College is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[List of colleges in West Bengal]]<br />
*[[Education in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.smgc.co.in Sarada Ma Girls' College]<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal State University}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2006]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal State University]]<br />
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Ramakrishna Mission]]<br />
[[Category:2006 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata-university-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanaji_Galgunde&diff=539525Tanaji Galgunde2026-05-05T09:37:52Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Tanaji Galgunde<br />
| image = Tanaji Galgunde attend the press conference of the show The Drama Company.jpg<br />
| caption = Galgunde in 2017<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br />
| nationality = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2016–present<br />
| known_for = ''[[Sairat]]'' (2016)<br />
| television = {{plainlist|<br />
*''[[Man Jhala Bajind]]''<br />
*''[[The Drama Company]]''<br />
}}<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Pratiksha Shetty|2024}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tanaji Galgunde''' is an Indian actor primarily works in [[Marathi cinema]] best known for role in ''[[Sairat]]'', which he was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanaji Galgunde {{!}} BFI |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5a1431fdadd8a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327225025/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/5a1431fdadd8a |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> He made his [[Bollywood]] debut in 2022 with the film [[Jhund (film)|''Jhund'']].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-08 |title=सैराट फेम तानाजी गालगुंडे रुग्णालयात दाखल; देतोय 'या' आजाराशी झुंज |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sairat-fame-actor-tanaji-galgunde-is-battling-big-disease-starts-treatment-at-hospital/635575 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early and personal life ==<br />
Tanaji Galgunde is from Solapur, Maharashtra. Before working in films, he was doing farming along with his college studies.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-15 |title=‘सैराट’ फेम एक्टर तानाजी गलगुंडे ने अपनी टांगों पर खर्च किए इतने लाख, बोले, ‘सर्जरी हो गई और…’ |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/actor-tanaji-galgunde-spent-so-many-lakhs-on-his-legs/2756245/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=[[Jansatta]] |language=hi}}</ref> He married his girlfriend Pratiksha Shetty in December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-06 |title='सैराट' फेम अभिनेत्याने गेल्या वर्षात गर्लफ्रेंडसोबत केलं गुपचूप लग्न, अन् आता झालाय बाबा |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/sairat-fame-actor-tanaji-galgunde-secretly-married-his-girlfriend-last-year-and-now-he-is-a-father-a-a603/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Tanaji Galgunde made his debut in the 2016 film ''[[Sairat]]'' in a supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Langdya'-'Salya' reached college, know how was their first day in college |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-sairat-fame-tanaji-galgunde-and-arbajs-first-day-of-college-5355485-PHO.html |website=[[Divya Marathi]]}}</ref> Later he played various roles in the films ''[[Bhirkit]]'', ''[[Maza Agadbam]]'' and the film ''[[Gast (film)|Gast]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जेव्हा सैराट फेम तानाजी गालगुंडेला मिळाली मुख्य नायकाची भूमिका, पाहा अभिनेत्याची प्रतिक्रिया |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/tanaji-galgunde-upcoming-marathi-movie-gast-speical-interview/articleshow/81190423.cms |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
He made his TV debut with the Marathi [[Romance film|romance drama]] ''[[Man Jhala Bajind]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sairat fame Arbaj Shaikh and Tanaji Galgunde to make their TV debut with Mann Jhala Bajind |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sairat-fame-arbaj-shaikh-and-tanaji-galgunde-aka-salya-and-balya-to-play-pivotal-roles-in-a-new-show-mann-jhala-bajind/articleshow/85423746.cms |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Then he worked in few episodes of comedy TV show ''[[The Drama Company]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-23 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Riddhima Pandit and Sairaat fame Tanaji Galgunde join Krushna Abhishek's The Drama Company |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/exclusive-riddhima-pandit-and-sairaat-fame-tanaji-galgunde-join-krushna-abhisheks-the-drama-company-1002061/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[Bollywood Life]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-25 |title=सैराटमधील हा कलाकार 'द ड्रामा कंपनी'त झळकणार |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sairat-tanaji-galgunde-in-the-drama-company/370115 |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022, he made his [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] debut with the ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21|title=Amitabh Bachchan's 'Jhund' to have OTT release this May|url=https://theprint.in/features/amitabh-bachchans-jhund-to-have-ott-release-this-may/924729/|access-date=2023-03-27|website=[[The Print]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Language<br />
!Notes<br />
!Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''[[Sairat]]''<br />
|Pradeep Bansode "Langadya/Balya"<br />
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|Debut<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-23 |title=‘सैराट’च्या ‘लंगड्या’ची जगभरात धूम, आता मालिकेत काम करण्याचा अनुभव सांगताना तानाजी गालगुंडे म्हणतोय... |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/mann-zaal-bajinda-explaining-the-experience-of-working-in-the-serieal-sairat-fame-tanaji-galgunde-says-541272.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Manasu Mallige]]''<br />
|<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|[[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]<br />
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I Don't Like The Concept Of Marriage, Says Sairat Actor Tanaji Galgunde - News18|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/i-dont-like-the-concept-of-marriage-says-sairat-actor-tanaji-galgunde-8940989.html|website=News18|access-date=2025-12-02|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240624132754/https://www.news18.com/movies/i-dont-like-the-concept-of-marriage-says-sairat-actor-tanaji-galgunde-8940989.html|archive-date=2024-06-24|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Maza Agadbam]]''<br />
|Vajne<br />
| rowspan="3" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-04 |title=Majha Agadbam makers share motion logo, film to release on July 6 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/majha-agadbam-motion-logo-release-date-5162464/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|''[[Gast (film)|Gast]]''<br />
|Amar<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-14 |title='सैराट'मधील लंगड्या त्याच्या आर्चीसाठी घातलोय 'गस्त'; चाहत्यांची उत्सुकता शिगेला |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/sairat-fame-marathi-actor-tanaji-galgunde-will-be-playing-new-live-role-in-marathi-movie-gast-will-be-playing-new-role-sb-522239.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[News18 Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Free Hit Danka]]''<br />
|Rangya<br />
|Parallel lead role<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2021-10-02 |title=चित्रपटगृहात लवकरच दिसणार 'फ्री हिट दणका', सैराटची ‘ही’ जोडी पुन्हा दिसणार एकत्र! |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/tanaji-galgunde-and-arbaz-sheikh-starrer-marathi-movie-free-hit-danka-releasing-on-17-december-548067.html |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022<br />
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''<br />
|Saajan<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|Hindi debut<br />
|<ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
|''Bhirkit''<br />
|Machya<br />
| rowspan="11" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhirkit teaser: Girish Kulkarni, Tanaji Galgunde unite to tickle our funny bones |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/may/12/34411/bhirkit-teaser-girish-kulkarni-tanaji-galgunde-unite-to-tickle-our-funny-bones |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518173622/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/may/12/34411/bhirkit-teaser-girish-kulkarni-tanaji-galgunde-unite-to-tickle-our-funny-bones |url-status=live |archive-date=18 May 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ekdam Kadak]]''<br />
|Tilya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ekdam KadakUA |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/ekdam-kadak/movieshow/95604555.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2023<br />
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' <br />
|Vishnu <br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-07 |title=Nagraj Manjule : "त्यांचं आकाशवरच जास्त प्रेम..." सल्ल्या, बाळ्या, प्रिन्स आणि जब्या नागराज अण्णांवर नाराज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/somnath-avghade-tanaji-galgunde-arbaj-shaikh-angry-on-nagraj-manjule-a-a590/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Musandi (film)|Musandi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musandi film roles |url=https://twitter.com/entspaceoff/status/1604751329796423681?s=20 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=[[Twitter]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''International Falamfok''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Teaser: International Falamfok - Official Teaser {{!}} Marathi Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/marathi/international-falamfok-official-teaser/videoshow/104495380.cms |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2024<br />
|''[[Navardev Bsc. Agri]]''<br />
|Sunny<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Navardev Bsc Agri: शेतकरी एक ब्रॅण्ड म्हणून जन्माला येणारे!; 'नवरदेव (Bsc Agri)’चा धमाकेदार ट्रेलर प्रदर्शित |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/praveen-tarde-and-makarand-anaspure-upcoming-marathi-movie-navardev-bsc-agri-trailer-is-out-141704952792336.html |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Raghu 350''<br />
|Bandya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=Raghu 350 Film - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/tag/raghu-350-film/ |access-date=2024-06-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Naad (film)|Naad]]''<br />
|Banti<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=प्रेमात जो आडवा येणार त्याला उभा फाडणार! किरण गायकवाडच्या 'नाद-द हार्ड लव्ह'चा भन्नाट ट्रेलर रिलीज |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/marathi-cinema/naad-marathi-movie-trailer-starring-kiran-gaikwad-sapna-mane-prakash-pawar-a-a998/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Raja Rani''<br />
|Pinya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-18 |title='RAJA RANI' (MARATHI) REVIEW {{!}} 18 October, 2024 |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/raja-rani-marathi-review-18-october-2024/ |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Film Information |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''Khavis''<br />
|Bichkya<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=KhavisUA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/khavis/movieshow/120731847.cms |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|{{Pending film|13 Leela Villa}}<br />
|{{TableTBA}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadam |first=Shruti |date=2025-01-30 |title=13 Leela Villa: सैराट फेम तानाजी जलगुंडेचा नवा धमाका; मोनालिसासोबत दिसणार ऑनस्क्रीन केमिस्ट्री! |url=https://saamtv.esakal.com/entertainment/sairat-fame-tanhaji-jalgunde-13-leela-villa-new-film-to-be-released-soon-svk01 |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Saam TV |language=mr}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Genre<br />
!role<br />
!Language<br />
!Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[The Drama Company]]''<br />
|Comedy<br />
|Different characters <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=PICS: Krushna Abhishek, Ali Asgar's The Drama Company launched |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pics-krushna-abhishek-ali-asgars-the-drama-company-launched/photostory/59564523.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-03-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Man Jhala Bajind]]''<br />
|Romance<br />
|Manoj/Munjya<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rane |first=Sushma |title=‘सैराट’मधील ‘बाळ्या’ आता छोट्या पडद्यावर |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/man-zhala-bajind-tv-serial-fame-actor-tanaji-galgunde-experience-about-working/342989/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr-IN}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Language<br />
!Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''Bhootiyapa''<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bhootiyapa (2019) - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10457418/ |access-date=2023-03-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Music video ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Title<br />
!Director<br />
!Singer (s)<br />
!Language<br />
!Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|"Pirim Ghaval"<br />
|Ganesh Krishnadev Vhatkar<br />
|Keval Walanj, Sonali Sonawane<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch New Marathi Music Video Song 'Pirim Ghaval' Sung By Keval Walanj And Sonali Sonawane |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/marathi/watch-new-marathi-music-video-song-pirim-ghaval-sung-by-keval-walanj-and-sonali-sonawane/videoshow/90959140.cms |access-date=2023-03-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Nominated work<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref(s)<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|[[Filmfare Marathi Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Marathi|Best Actor in supporting role (Male)]]<br />
|''[[Sairat]]''<br />
|{{Nom}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanaji Galgunde- Best Actor in Supporting Role Male Nominee {{!}} Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2017/nominations/best-supporting-actor-male/tanaji-galgunde |access-date=2023-03-27 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Subject bar<br />
|commons = yes<br />
|commons-search = <br />
|d = yes<br />
|d-search = <br />
|portal1 = Biography<br />
|portal2 = <br />
}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=8119362}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Galgunde, Tanaji}}<br />
[[Category:1990s births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Solapur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian actors]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Maharashtra]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pathway_School,_Aizawl&diff=540643The Pathway School, Aizawl2026-05-02T21:44:46Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{orphan|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{short description|High school in Manipur, India}}<br />
{{Infobox school<br />
| name = The Pathway School<br />
| native_name = TPS<br />
| logo =<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| motto = Towards Greater Heights<br />
| motto_translation = <br />
| location = <br />
| city = [[Aizawl]]<br />
| state = [[Mizoram]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.75253|92.71834|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| other_name = <br />
| former_name = <!-- or | former_names = --><br />
| type = Private school<br />
| religious_affiliation = <br />
| established = 2024<br />
| founders = Samuel J Khuma Joute & Rita Vanlalchhanhimi<br />
| chairperson = Samuel J Khuma Joute<br />
| closed = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}} --><br />
| school_board = MBSE (ICSE)<br />
| district = [[Aizawl]]<br />
| authority = <br />
| oversight = <!-- use | oversight_label = to override the default label --><br />
| headmistress = Adiel Riri Zote<br />
| head = <br />
| staff = <br />
| faculty = <br />
| grades = <!-- use | grades_label = to override the default label --><br />
| gender = <br />
| age_range = <br />
| enrollment = <br />
| language = English<br />
| campus_size = <br />
| campus_type = Urban<br />
| colors = <!-- or | colours = --><br />
| accreditation = <!-- or | accreditations = --><br />
| publication = <br />
| classes_offered = Nursery to Class 7<br />
| yearbook = <br />
| affiliation = [[Mizoram Board of School Education]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''The Pathway School''' (TPS) is a high school in [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]].<ref>https://hmarram.com/institutions-of-hmarram/the-pathway-school-rengkai-manipur/</ref> It offers classes up to the VII standard and is currently affiliated under the [[Mizoram Board of School Education]]. It was inaugurated by the Home Minister of Mizoram, [[K. Sapdanga]], in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister-in sikul thar a hawng (Minister inaugurates a new school) |url=https://vanglaini.org/tualchhung/111368?date=2024-03-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The school is located in Edenthar, [[Aizawl]], [[Mizoram]].<br />
<br />
==Education system==<br />
The school currently follows the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] curriculum.<br />
<br />
==Parent Branch==<br />
*The Pathway School, [[Rengkai]], [[Churachandpur]], [[Manipur]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[The Pathway School]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Aizawl]]<br />
[[Category:Schools in Mizoram]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhimaa&diff=491164Bhimaa2026-04-22T07:16:02Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by A. Harsha}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bhimaa<br />
| image = Bhimaa film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[A. Harsha]]<br />
| story = A. Harsha<br />
| screenplay = A. Harsha<br />
{{Infobox <br />
| decat = yes <br />
| child = yes <br />
| label1= Dialogues by <br />
| data1 = Ajju Mahakali<br />
}}<br />
| producer = [[K. K. Radhamohan]]<br />
| starring = {{Ubl<br />
| [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]<br />
| [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]<br />
| [[Malvika Sharma]]}}<br />
| cinematography = Swamy J. Gowda<br />
| editing = Tammiraju<br />
| music = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br />
| studio = [[Sri Sathya Sai Arts]]<br />
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bhimaa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5odu4 |title=Bhimaa |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=7 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307102103/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/bhimaa-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5odu4 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|3|08}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bhimaa''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action thriller film]] written and directed by [[A. Harsha]] and produced by [[K. K. Radhamohan]]. It stars [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] in a [[dual role]] as identical twin brothers along with [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[Malvika Sharma]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]], [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Raghu Babu]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Chammak Chandra]], [[Niharika Konidela]] and [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]. The music was composed by [[Ravi Basrur]] with cinematography by Swamy J. Gowda and editing by Tammiraju.<br />
<br />
''Bhimaa'' was released on 8 March 2024, coinciding with [[Maha Shivaratri]]. The film [[Box-office bomb|bombed at the box office]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[Inspector|SI]] Bhimaa has been transferred to a place called Mahendragiri in [[Karnataka]], where the gangsters control the place. Bhimaa meets Vidya, a school teacher and a follower of [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] practitioner Ravindra Varma. One night, Bhimaa discovers a tanker engaged in the illicit transportation of young children, where he learns that Ravindra Varma has been conducting illegal experiments to invent Sanjeevini, a herbal plant which could revive a dead person. Bhimaa arrives at Ravindra Varma's hideout and tries to stop him, but Ravindra Varma holds Vidya and the children hostage. Ravindra Varma uses the opportunity and kills Bhimaa, Vidya and the children. Bhimaa's twin brother Ramaa, a temple priest, learns about Bhimaa's death and realized his mistake of not understanding Bhimaa. Bhimaa's spirit enters Ramaa, where he finds Ravindra Varma and kills him, thus avenging Vidya and the children's deaths. Two years later, Ramaa names his newborn child after Bhimaa.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] in a [[dual role]] as <br />
** Bhimachandra "Bhimaa" <br />
** Ramachandra "Ramaa" <br />
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] as Paari<br />
* [[Malvika Sharma]] as Vidya<br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Ravindra Varma<br />
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Sarangi, Bhimaa and Ramaa's uncle<br />
* [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]] as Nandini<br />
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Sathish<br />
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Bhavani<br />
* [[Subhalekha Sudhakar]] as Bhimaa's grandfather<br />
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Constable Rao<br />
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Constable Chandra<br />
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Sapthagiri]] as Bhattacharya, Raama's friend in temple<br />
* Racha Ravi as Drunkard Romeo<br />
* Sarayu as Chintamani <br />
* Kamal Kamaraju as Srikanth IPS<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
''Bhimaa '' was officially announced on 12 June 2023, on the occasion of Gopichand's birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gopichands-next-with-a-harsha-titled-bhimaa/article66964591.ece |title=Gopichand's next with A Harsha titled 'Bhimaa' |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=13 June 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117071737/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gopichands-next-with-a-harsha-titled-bhimaa/article66964591.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> On 10 August 2023, [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] and [[Malvika Sharma]] were announced as the leading actresses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/makers-of-gopichands-bhimaa-rope-in-priya-bhavani-shankar-malvika-sharma-for-film-article-102611766 |title=Makers Of Gopichand's Bhimaa Rope In Priya Bhavani Shankar, Malvika Sharma For Film |website=[[Times Now]] |date=10 August 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117073239/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/makers-of-gopichands-bhimaa-rope-in-priya-bhavani-shankar-malvika-sharma-for-film-article-102611766 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priya-bhavani-shankar-and-malvika-sharma-join-forces-with-gopichand-in-his-31st-film-bhimaa/articleshow/102630568.cms?from=mdr |title=Priya Bhavani Shankar and Malvika Sharma join forces with Gopichand in his 31st film 'Bhimaa' |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 August 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117071737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/priya-bhavani-shankar-and-malvika-sharma-join-forces-with-gopichand-in-his-31st-film-bhimaa/articleshow/102630568.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Bhimaa<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br />
| released = 2024<br />
| recorded = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 11:59<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer = [[Ravi Basrur]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Salaar: Part 1 - Ceasefire]]<br />
| prev_year = 2023<br />
| year = 2024<br />
| next_title = [[Bhairathi Ranagal]]<br />
| next_year = 2024<br />
| misc = <br />
{{Singles<br />
| name = Bhimaa<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Yedo Yedo Maaya<br />
| single1date = 9 February 2024<br />
| single2 = Gaali Soundullo<br />
| single2date = 21 February 2024<br />
| single3 = Rage of Bhimaa<br />
| single3date = 7 March 2024<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
The music and the [[Film score|background score]] of the film is composed by [[Ravi Basrur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhimaa-kgf-composer-ravi-basrur-commences-work-on-gopichands-cop-saga-with-a-harsha/1d2473dfa842 |title=Bhimaa: KGF composer Ravi Basrur commences work on Gopichand's cop saga with A Harsha |website=ottplay.com |date=26 July 2023 |access-date=17 January 2024 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117071737/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhimaa-kgf-composer-ravi-basrur-commences-work-on-gopichands-cop-saga-with-a-harsha/1d2473dfa842 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single "Yedo Yedo Maaya" was released on 9 February,{{cn|date=November 2024}} and the second single, "Gaali Soundullo" was released on 21 February.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New single 'Galli Soundullo' from Gopichand's Bhimaa out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/feb/21/new-single-galli-soundullo-from-gopichands-bhimaa-out-52269.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=21 February 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722124149/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/feb/21/new-single-galli-soundullo-from-gopichands-bhimaa-out-52269.html |url-status=live}}</ref> This was followed by the "Rage of Bhimaa", the film's third single on 7 March.{{cn|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track list<br />
| all_music = <br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| title1 = Hara Hara Shambo<br />
| lyrics1 = Kalyan Chakravarthy<br />
| extra1 = Kalyan Chakravarthy, Ravi Basrur, [[Vijay Prakash]]<br />
| length1 = 2:54<br />
| title2 = The Rage of Bhimaa<br />
| lyrics2 = <br />
| extra2 = [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Santhosh Venky]]<br />
| length2 = 2:02<br />
| title3 = Galli Soundullo <br />
| lyrics3 = <br />
| extra3 = [[Ravi Basrur]], Santhosh Venky<br />
| length3 = 3:41<br />
| title4 = Yedo Yedo Maaya<br />
| lyrics4 = Kalyan Chakravarthy<br />
| extra4 = Kalyan Chakravarthy, [[Ravi Basrur]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br />
| length4 = 3:22<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Bhimaa'' was released on 8 March 2024, coinciding with [[Maha Shivaratri]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/jan/29/gopichands-bhimaa-gets-new-release-date-51596.html |title=Gopichand's Bhimaa gets new release date |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129112852/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/jan/29/gopichands-bhimaa-gets-new-release-date-51596.html |url-status=live}}</ref>{{cn|date=November 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The film premiered on Disney+ Hotstar from 25 April 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhimaa OTT Release Date Announced |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/bhimaa-ott-release-date-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528020633/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/bhimaa-ott-release-date-announced |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Film Companion |date=25 April 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=tt26997803}}<br />
<br />
{{Harsha (director)}}<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firouzophrynus_peninsularis&diff=499127Firouzophrynus peninsularis2026-04-21T05:48:35Z<p>ClintCarswell72: creating a details v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of toad}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image =<br />
| status = LC<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/><br />
| genus = Firouzophrynus<br />
| species = peninsularis<br />
| authority = (Rao, 1920) <br />
| range_map =<br />
| synonyms = *''Bufo stomaticus peninsularis'' Rao, 1920<br />
*''Duttaphrynus peninsularis'' (Rao, 1920)<br />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=AMNH /><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Firouzophrynus peninsularis''''', the '''peninsular toad''' or '''peninsular true toad''', is a species of toad in the family [[Bufonidae]]. It lives in [[India]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6<br />
|title=''Firouzophrynus peninsularis'' (Rao, 1920) <br />
|url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Bufonidae/Firouzophrynus/Firouzophrynus-peninsularis<br />
|access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb<br />
|title=''Duttaphrynus peninsularis'' Bisht, Garg, Sarmah, Sengupta & Biju, 2021 (Rao, 1920)<br />
|author1= <br />
|editor1=<br />
|date=<br />
|language=<br />
|url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9458<br />
|access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref><ref name=IUCN>{{cite IUCN<br />
|title=Peninsular Toad: ''Firouzophrynus peninsularis''<br />
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/208597417/208597502<br />
|article-number=e.T208597417A208597502<br />
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T208597417A208597502.en<br />
|id=208597417<br />
|year=2023<br />
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group<br />
|access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
This frog spends most of its time in forests and wetlands, though it has been found in urban areas as well. This frog can live in some types of secondary forest, but it does require closed-[[canopy (biology)|canopy]] environments. Scientists saw the frog between 0 and 1000 meters above sea level.<ref name=IUCN /><br />
<br />
==Threats==<br />
Scientists from the IUCN classify this frog as least concern of extinction. What threat it faces comes from habitat loss associated with agriculture and infrastructure and from pollution.<ref name=IUCN /><br />
<br />
==Scientific description==<br />
*{{cite journal|author1=Bisht K|author2= Garg S|author3= Sarmah ANDA|author4= Sengupta S |author5=Biju SD|year= 2021|title= Lost, forgotten, and overlooked: Systematic reassessment of two lesser-known toad species (Anura: Bufonidae) from Peninsular India and another wide-ranging northern species. |journal=Zoosystematics and Evolution |volume=97|issue=2 |pages=451–470}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q125898927}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Frogs of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br />
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:True toads]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Bufonidae-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ambarnath_taluka&diff=485890Ambarnath taluka2026-04-20T15:13:01Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{coord|19.1757163|73.1810967|display=title}}<br />
[[File:Shiv Mandir, Ambernath.jpg|thumb|Shiva temple of Ambarnath is a popular Hindu pilgrimage destination.]]<br />
'''Ambernath taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Konkan division]]. <br />
Ambernath taluka consist cities like [[Ambernath]] and [[Badlapur]]. <br />
<br />
== Municipal Civic Bodies ==<br />
<br />
'''Proposed Municipal Corporations:'''<br />
*[[Ambernath|Ambernath-Badlapur Municipal Corporation]]<br />
<br />
'''Municipal Councils:'''<br />
* [[Ambernath]]<br />
* [[Kulgaon-Badlapur]]<br />
<br />
<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |accessdate=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=2015-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="ThaneDistrictCollectorate-20150816">{{cite web|url=http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|title=Circle Saja Revenue Village List - Tahsil Office|publisher=Thane District Collectorate|accessdate=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092256/http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Thane district==<br />
Until 31 July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district with a population of over 1.2 crore.<ref name="DNA-20140801">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-gets-its-36th-district-palghar-craved-out-of-india-s-most-populous-thane-district-2007051|title=Maharashtra gets its 36th district - Palghar; carved out of India's most populous Thane district|date=2014-08-01|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]]. The talukas [[Thane taluka|Thane]], Bhiwandi, [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]], [[Ulhasnagar taluka|Ulhasnagar]], Ambernath, [[Murbad taluka|Murbad]] and [[Shahapur taluka|Shahapur]] were retained in Thane district.<ref name="DNA-20140801" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last1=Tembhekar|first1=Chittaranjan |first2=Sanjeev|last2=Shivadekar|date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=Religions in Ambarnath taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#FCD116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|81.64}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|7.65}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|6.88}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|2.79}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|0.47}}<br />
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.57}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Ambarnath taluka has a population of 565,340 according to the 2011 census. Ambarnath had a literacy rate of 87.07% and a sex ratio of 914 females per 1000 males. 65,053 (11.51%) are under 7 years of age. 440,329 (77.89%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 13.39% and 6.41% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages of Ambarnath taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" /><br />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 63.61 |color1 = red<br />
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 14.63 |color2 = orange<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 3.06 |color3 = green<br />
|label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value4 = 2.93 |color4 = steelblue<br />
|label5 = [[Kannada]] |value5 = 2.55 |color5 = darkslateblue<br />
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 2.53 |color6 = gold<br />
|label7 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value7 = 2.34 |color7 = royalblue<br />
|label8 = [[Malayalam]] |value8 = 1.80 |color8 = cornflowerblue<br />
|label9 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value9 = 1.30 |color9 = skyblue<br />
|label10 = Others |value10 = 5.25 |color10 = grey<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 63.61% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 14.63% [[Hindi]], 3.06% [[Urdu]], 2.93% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 2.55% [[Kannada]], 2.53% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 2.34% [[Tamil language|Tamil]], 1.80% [[Malayalam]] and 1.30% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Thane district topics}}<br />
[[Category:Talukas in Thane district]]<br />
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Landhaura_Assembly_constituency&diff=511858Landhaura Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:19:31Z<p>ClintCarswell72: made a details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand Assembly, in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Landhaura<br />
| established = 2002<br />
| abolished = 2012<br />
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| district = [[Haridwar district|Haridwar]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| type= SLA<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Landhaura Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=CEO Uttaranchal - Assembly Constitution Detail |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Landhaura Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Haridwar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="results2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref><br />
| rowspan=2|[[Hari Dass|Hari Das]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Landhaura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hari Das]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=21,891 |percentage=30.93% |change={{increase}}0.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ami Lal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,387 |percentage=21.74% |change={{increase}}2.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. P. Singh Engineer |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,043 |percentage=17.02% |change={{increase}}0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyoti Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=11,449 |percentage=16.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhiraj Kumar Badi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=4,642 |percentage=6.56% |change={{decrease}}19.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sompal Singh Bawra |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,529 |percentage=2.16% |change={{decrease}}1.31 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=931 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh (Former D.I.G) |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=571 |percentage=0.81% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=389 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party= Shivsena |votes=366 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,504 |percentage=9.19% |change= {{increase}}5.47 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=70,765 |percentage=63.44% |change= {{decrease}}0.24 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,581 |ref = |change= {{increase}}35.78 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}0.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2002 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Landhaura<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hari Das]] |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,758 |percentage=30.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajendra Kumar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=13,814 |percentage=26.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,985 |percentage=19.09% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shish Pal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,707 |percentage=16.64% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=1,818 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamlesh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=728 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal Singh |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=417 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tirathpal |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=330 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=326 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Singh |party=Muslim League Kerala State Committee |votes=306 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,944 |percentage=3.72% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,313 |percentage=63.66% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,178 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Khanpur (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}<br />
{{coord|29.80|77.92|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Haridwar district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurpreet_Gogi&diff=501542Gurpreet Gogi2026-04-07T14:02:27Z<p>ClintCarswell72: creating first post v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1967–2025)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name =<br />
| image = Gurpreet-bassi-gogi-ludhiana-west-mla (3x4 cropped).jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = Head shot of Gogi wearing a white shirt<br />
| caption = <br />
| order = <br />
| office = Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
| term_end = January 11, 2025<br />
| constituency = [[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|Ludhiana West]]<br />
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]<br />
| successor = [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]<br />
| order2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| office2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_start2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--><br />
| term_end2 = <!--Can be repeated up to 16 times by changing the number--> <br />
<!--Personal data--><br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1967|9|26}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|1|11|1967|9|26}}<br />
| death_place = [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India<br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| profession = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| salary = <br />
| cabinet = <br />
| committees = <br />
| portfolio = <br />
| awards = <!-- For civilian awards - appears as "Awards" if |mawards= is not set --><br />
| blank1 = <br />
| data1 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| website = <br />
| nickname = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Gurpreet Bassi Gogi''' (26 September 1967 – 11 January 2025) was an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]].<ref name="Tribune News Service 1 April">{{cite news |title=No place for corruption, arrogance now: Ludhiana West MLA Gurpreet Bassi Gogi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/no-place-for-corruption-arrogance-now-ludhiana-west-mla-gurpreet-bassi-gogi-382811 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=1 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab polls {{!}} AAP clinches 13 out of 14 seats in Ludhiana |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjab-polls-aap-clinches-13-out-of-14-seats-in-ludhiana-101646943949433.html |access-date=12 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=11 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
Gogi represented the [[Ludhiana West Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Estimates|Committee on Estimates]]<ref name="List Public Accounts">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=35&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref> <br />
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Local Bodies|Committee on Local Bodies]]<ref name="Committee on Local Bodies">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 |archive-date=14 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514033512/http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=31&Itemid=119 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
On January 11, 2025, Gurpreet Bassi Gogi died from a gunshot wound at his residence in Ludhiana, Punjab. His family members and Aam Aadmi Party's Punjab unit chief confirmed the accidental nature of the gunfire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agencies |date=2025-01-11 |title=AAP MLA Gurpreet Gogi dies after 'accidentally' shooting himself, says police |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/punjab/aap-mla-gurpreet-gogi-shot-dead-in-ludhiana/article69087603.ece |access-date=2025-01-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance == <br />
{{transcluded section|source=Ludhiana West Assembly constituency}} <br />
{{#section-h:Ludhiana West Assembly constituency|2022}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-par|in-la}}<br />
{{IN MLA box<br />
| state= Punjab<br />
| constituency= Ludhiana West<br />
| before= [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]<br />
| after= [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)]]<br />
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]–2025 }}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogi, Gurpreet}}<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:2025 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]<br />
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outer_Manipur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=523259Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency2026-03-30T15:51:41Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Manipur}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Outer Manipur <Br>{{Small|MN-2}}<br />
| state = [[Manipur]]<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| established = 1952<br />
| reservation= ST<br />
| assembly_cons = 28: [[Heirok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Heirok]], [[Wangjing Tentha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wangjing Tentha]], [[Khangabok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khangabok]], [[Wabgai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Wabgai]], [[Kakching (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kakching]], [[Hiyanglam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hiyanglam]], [[Sugnu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sugnu]], [[Jiribam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jiribam]], [[Chandel (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandel]], [[Tengnoupal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tengnoupal]], [[Phungyar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Phungyar]], [[Ukhrul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ukhrul]], [[Chingai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chingai]], [[Saikul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikul]], [[Karong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karong]], [[Mao (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mao]], [[Tadubi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tadubi]], [[Kangpokpi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kangpokpi]], [[Saitu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saitu]], [[Tamei (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamei]], [[Tamenglong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tamenglong]], [[Nungba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nungba]], [[Tipaimukh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tipaimukh]], [[Thanlon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Thanlon]], [[Henglep (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Henglep]], [[Churachandpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Churachandpur]], [[Saikot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikot]] and [[Singhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Singhat]]<br />
| mp = [[Alfred Kan-Ngam Arthur]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the two [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Manipur]], a [[States of India|state]] in northeastern [[India]]. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled tribes]].<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref> <br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" <br />
!No<br />
!Name<br />
!Reservation<br />
!District<br />
!MLA<br />
!colspan="2" |[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Party]]<br />
!colspan="2" |[[2024 Indian general election in Manipur|2024 Lead]]<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|[[Heirok Assembly constituency|Heirok]]<br />
!rowspan="8"|None<br />
|rowspan="7" |[[Thoubal district|Thoubal]]<br />
|[[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh|T. Radheshyam Singh]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|[[Wangjing Tentha Assembly constituency|Wangjing Tentha]]<br />
|[[Paonam Brojen]]<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|[[Khangabok Assembly constituency|Khangabok]]<br />
|[[Surjakumar Okram]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|[[Wabgai Assembly constituency|Wabgai]]<br />
|[[Usham Deben Singh]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|[[Kakching Assembly constituency|Kakching]]<br />
|[[Mayanglambam Rameshwar Singh|M. Rameshwar Singh]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|[[Hiyanglam Assembly constituency|Hiyanglam]]<br />
|[[Yumnam Radheshyam]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|[[Sugnu Assembly constituency|Sugnu]]<br />
|[[Kangujam Ranjit Singh]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|[[Jiribam Assembly constituency|Jiribam]]<br />
|[[Jiribam district|Jiribam]]<br />
|[[Ashab Uddin (politician)|Ashab Uddin]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|[[Chandel Assembly constituency|Chandel]]<br />
|rowspan="9" style="background:#fdcdb0;" align="center" | '''ST'''<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[Chandel district|Chandel]]<br />
|[[Olish Shilshi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|[[Tengnoupal Assembly constituency|Tengnoupal]]<br />
|[[Letpao Haokip]]<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|[[Phungyar Assembly constituency|Phungyar]]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Ukhrul district|Ukhrul]]<br />
|[[Leishiyo Keishing]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|[[Ukhrul Assembly constituency|Ukhrul]]<br />
|[[Ram Muivah]]<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|[[Chingai Assembly constituency|Chingai]]<br />
|[[Khashim Vashum]]<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|[[Saikul Assembly constituency|Saikul]]<br />
|rowspan="6" |[[Senapati district|Senapati]]<br />
|[[Kimneo Haokip Hangshing|K. Haokip Hangshing]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Kuki People's Alliance}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|[[Karong Assembly constituency|Karong]]<br />
|[[J. Kumo Sha]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|[[Mao Assembly constituency|Mao]]<br />
|[[Losii Dikho]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
|[[Tadubi Assembly constituency|Tadubi]]<br />
!colspan=3|Vacant{{efn|Tadubi MLA N. Kayisii died on 18 January 2025}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|[[Kangpokpi Assembly constituency|Kangpokpi]]<br />
!None<br />
|[[Nemcha Kipgen]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
|[[Saitu Assembly constituency|Saitu]]<br />
|rowspan="10" style="background:#fdcdb0;" align="center" | '''ST'''<br />
|[[Haokholet Kipgen]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}<br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|[[Tamei Assembly constituency|Tamei]]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Tamenglong district|Tamenglong]]<br />
|[[Awangbow Newmai]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|[[Tamenglong Assembly constituency|Tamenglong]]<br />
|[[Janghemlung Panmei]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
|54<br />
|[[Nungba Assembly constituency|Nungba]]<br />
|[[Dinganglung Gangmei]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|55<br />
|[[Tipaimukh Assembly constituency|Tipaimukh]]<br />
|rowspan="6" |[[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]<br />
|[[Ngursanglur Sanate]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}<br />
|-<br />
|56<br />
|[[Thanlon Assembly constituency|Thanlon]]<br />
!colspan=3|Vacant{{efn|Thanlon MLA Vungzagin Valte died on 20 February 2026}}<br />
|-<br />
|57<br />
|[[Henglep Assembly constituency|Henglep]]<br />
|[[Letzamang Haokip]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|58<br />
|[[Churachandpur Assembly constituency|Churachandpur]]<br />
|[[L. M. Khaute]]<br />
|-<br />
|59<br />
|[[Saikot Assembly constituency|Saikot]]<br />
|[[Paolienlal Haokip]]<br />
|-<br />
|60<br />
|[[Singhat Assembly constituency|Singhat]]<br />
|[[Chinlunthang|Chinlunthang Manlun]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Kuki People's Alliance}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Election!!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Indian general election|1952]]<br />
| [[Rishang Keishing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok01/state/01lsmn.htm |title=MEMBERS OF FIRST LOK SABHA |access-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023131012/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok01/state/01lsmn.htm |archive-date=2013-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<br />
| [[Rungsung Suisa]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| [[Rishang Keishing]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok03/party/03ls07.htm |title=MEMBERS OF THIRD LOK SABHA |access-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023132336/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok03/party/03ls07.htm |archive-date=2013-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Paokai Haokip]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
| [[Yangmaso Shaiza]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
| [[N. Gouzagin]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[Meijinlung Kamson]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| [[Kim Gangte]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
| [[Holkhomang Haokip]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|[[Mani Charenamei]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[Thangso Baite]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" | [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| [[Lorho S. Pfoze]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[Alfred Kan-Ngam Arthur]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.32}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2019|2019]]|{{party color|Naga People's Front}}|42.37}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2014|2014]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|38.45}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.39}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2004|2004]]|{{party color|Independent}}|37.09}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Manipur|Outer Manipur]]}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate= [[Alfred Kan-Ngam Arthur]]<br />
|party= Indian National Congress <br />
|votes=3,84,954<br />
|percentage=48.32<br />
|change={{increase}}30.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kachui Timothy Zimik|party=Naga People's Front|votes=2,99,536|percentage=37.60|change={{decrease}}4.77}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |<br />
|candidate= S Kho John<br />
|party= [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|votes=89,910<br />
|percentage=11.28<br />
|change=''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |<br />
|candidate= Alyson Abonmai<br />
|party=[[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|votes=15,110<br />
|percentage=1.90<br />
|change=''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,225|percentage=0.91|change={{up}}0.59}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=85,418|percentage=10.72|change={{increase}}2.14}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,96,735|percentage=76.15|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Naga People's Front<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Manipur|Outer Manipur]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Naga People's Front<br />
|candidate = [[Lorho S. Pfoze]]<br />
|votes = 3,63,527<br />
|percentage = 42.37<br />
|change = +5.94<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = H Shokhopao Mate (Benjamin)<br />
|votes = 2,89,745<br />
|percentage = 33.77<br />
|change = +23.94<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = K James<br />
|votes = 1,52,510<br />
|percentage = 17.77<br />
|change = -20.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
<br />
|party = National People's Party (India)<br />
|candidate = Thangminlien Kipgen<br />
|votes = 30,726<br />
|percentage = 3.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United) <br />
|candidate = Hangkhanpau Taithul<br />
|votes = 2,987<br />
|percentage = 0.35<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = Angam Karung Kom<br />
|votes = 2,552<br />
|percentage = 0.35<br />
|change = -7.69<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 73,782<br />
|percentage = 8.58<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 8,59,995 <br />
|percentage = 84.14<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Naga People's Front<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Manipur|Outer Manipur]]<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2014/apr/d2014042201.pdf List of contesting candidates]''</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Thangso Baite]]<br />
|votes = 2,96,770<br />
|percentage = 38.45<br />
|change = -7.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Naga People's Front<br />
|candidate = [[Soso Lorho]]<br />
|votes = 2,81,121<br />
|percentage = 36.43<br />
|change = +36.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Gangmumei Kamei]]<br />
|votes = 75,828<br />
|percentage = 9.83<br />
|change = -2.48<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Chungkhokai Doungel]]<br />
|votes = 61,655<br />
|percentage = 7.99<br />
|change = -2.57<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Kim Gangte]]<br />
|votes = 12,741<br />
|percentage = 1.65<br />
|change = +1.65<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = M. Khamchinpou Zou<br />
|votes = 4,328<br />
|percentage = 0.56<br />
|change = +0.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Lamminlien<br />
|votes = 1,085<br />
|percentage = 0.14<br />
|change = +0.14<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Amarson Sankhil<br />
|votes = 401<br />
|percentage = 0.05<br />
|change = +0.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Mani Charenamei<br />
|votes = 34,995<br />
|percentage = 4.53<br />
|change = -25.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = Lamlalmoi<br />
|votes = 603<br />
|percentage = 0.08<br />
|change = -0.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 15,637<br />
|percentage = 2.03<br />
|change = -13.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 7,73,817 |percentage = 84.20 |change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress |loser =<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Manipur|Outer Manipur]]}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Thangso Baite]]<br />
|votes = 3,44,517<br />
|percentage = 45.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = People's Democratic Alliance (Manipur)<br />
|candidate = Mani Charenamei<br />
|votes = 2,24,719<br />
|percentage = 29.60<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[D. Loli Adanee]]<br />
|votes = 93,052<br />
|percentage = 12.26<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = L. B. Sona<br />
|votes = 79,849<br />
|percentage = 10.52<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 1,19,798<br />
|percentage = 15.84<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 7,56,181 |percentage = 83.14 |change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress |loser =Independent (politician)<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Manipur|Outer Manipur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Independent (politician)<br />
|candidate = [[Mani Charenamei]]<br />
|votes = 2,29,634<br />
|percentage = 37.09<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = D. Loli Adanee<br />
|votes = 1,47,441<br />
|percentage = 23.81<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Holkhomang Haokip]]<br />
|votes = 1,07,435<br />
|percentage = 17.35<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Manipur People's Party<br />
|candidate = [[Kim Gangte]]<br />
|votes = 77,055<br />
|percentage = 12.45<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Rosangzuala<br />
|votes = 37,455<br />
|percentage = 6.05<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = W. Morung Makunga<br />
|votes = 20,131<br />
|percentage = 3.25<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 82,193<br />
|percentage =13.28<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 6,19,271<br />
|percentage = 77.82<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Independent (politician)<br />
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/manipur/outer_manipur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Outer Manipur lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Manipur}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.15|93.97|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Outer Manipur (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br />
[[Category:Churachandpur district]]<br />
[[Category:Ukhrul district]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Manipur]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&diff=465921Mollusca2026-03-28T13:38:04Z<p>ClintCarswell72: formatting fix</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Phylum of invertebrate animals}}<br />
<br />
{{Redirect|Mollusk}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Automatic taxobox<br />
| fossil_range = [[Terreneuvian|Lower Cambrian ]]–[[Holocene| Present]], {{fossil range|535|0|earliest=558|ref=<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gubanov|first1=Alexander P.|last2=Peel|first2=John S.|date=2003|title=The early Cambrian helcionelloid mollusc Anabarella Vostokova|journal=Palaeontology|volume=46|issue=5|pages=1073|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00334|bibcode=2003Palgy..46.1073G }}</ref>}}<br />
| image = Mollusca Diversity.png<br />
| image_upright = 1.3<br />
| image_caption = Diversity of molluscs. Clockwise from top left: ''[[Ruditapes philippinarum]]'', ''[[Littorina littorea]]'', ''[[Dentalium (genus)|Dentalium]]'' sp., ''[[Tonicella lineata]]'', ''[[Nautilus pompilius]]'', and ''[[Amphioctopus fangsiao]]''<br />
| display_parents = 7<br />
| taxon = Mollusca<br />
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Subphyla, unplaced genera, and classes<br />
| subdivision = * ''[[incertae sedis]]''<br />
** [[extinction|†]]''[[Kimberella]]'' (?)<br />
** †''[[Typhloesus]]''<br />
** †''[[Odontogriphus]]''<ref name=Caron2006>{{cite journal|last1=Caron |first1=Jean-Bernard|last2=Jackson |first2=Donald A.|title=Taphonomy of the Greater Phyllopod Bed community, Burgess Shale|journal=PALAIOS |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=451–65|date=October 2006|doi=10.2110/palo.2003.P05-070R|jstor=20173022|bibcode=2006Palai..21..451C |s2cid=53646959 }}</ref><br />
* †'''[[Halwaxiida]]''' {{efn|Most members of this clade are often linked to aculiferans}}<br />
** †''[[Wiwaxia]]''<br />
** †''[[Shishania]]'' (?)<ref name="Zhang2024">{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=G. |last2=Parry |first2=L. A. |last3=Vinther |first3=J. |last4=Ma |first4=X. |title=A Cambrian spiny stem mollusk and the deep homology of lophotrochozoan scleritomes |journal=Science |date=2024 |volume=385 |issue=6708 |pages=528–532 |doi=10.1126/science.ado0059 |pmid=39088612|bibcode=2024Sci...385..528Z |url=https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/d1259a4a-c79f-4841-83fd-38ed0ad9cbd0 }}</ref><br />
** †[[Halkieriidae]]<br />
** †[[Orthozanclus|Orthozanclidae]]<br />
** †[[Siphogonuchitidae]]<br />
* '''[[Aculifera]]'''<br />
** †[[Paleoloricata]] {{small|(possibly [[paraphyletic]])}}<br />
** †[[Heloplacidae]]<br />
** †[[Multiplacophora]]<br />
** [[Polyplacophora]]<br />
** [[Solenogastres]]<br />
** [[Caudofoveata]]<br />
* '''[[Conchifera]]'''<br />
** [[Monoplacophora]] {{small|(non-[[monophyletic]])}}<br />
** [[Cephalopoda]]<br />
** [[Scaphopoda]]<br />
** †[[Rostroconchia]]<br />
** †[[Helcionelloida]]<br />
** [[Gastropoda]]<br />
** [[Bivalvia]]<br />
| diversity_ref = <ref name="Chapman 2009"/><br />
| diversity = [[#Diversity|85,000 recognized living species]].<br />
| diversity_link = <br />
}}<br />
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[[File:Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg|thumb|''[[Cornu aspersum]]'' (formerly ''Helix aspersa'')—a common [[land snail]]]]<br />
[[File:Marisa_cornuarietis_,.jpg|thumb|Shell of ''[[Marisa cornuarietis]]'', a [[freshwater snail]]]]<br />
'''Mollusca''' is a [[phylum]] of [[protostome|protostomic]] [[invertebrate]] [[animal]]s, whose members are known as '''molluscs''' or '''mollusks'''{{efn|The formerly dominant British spelling ''mollusk'' is still used in the United States — see the reasons given by [[Gary Rosenberg]] (1996).<ref>{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Gary |year=1996 |url=http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1996/9609_rosenberg.asp |archive-date=2012-03-03 |df=dmy-all |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303002304/http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1996/9609_rosenberg.asp |title=Mollusckque — Mollusk vs. Mollusc}}</ref> For the spelling ''mollusc'', see the reasons given in: {{Bruscabrusca}}}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|l|ə|s|k|s}}). 86,600&nbsp;[[extant taxon|extant]] [[species]] of molluscs are recognized<ref>{{Cite web |title=MolluscaBase |url=https://www.molluscabase.org/about.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.molluscabase.org |language=en}}</ref>, making it the second-largest [[animal]] phylum after [[Arthropoda]]. The number of additional [[fossil]] species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000,<ref>{{cite book |author1=Taylor, P.D. |author2=Lewis, D.N. |year=2005 |title=Fossil Invertebrates |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01972-0 |oclc=912402392}}</ref> and the proportion of undescribed extant species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fedosov |first1=Alexander E. |last2=Puillandre |first2=Nicolas |title=Phylogeny and taxonomy of the ''Kermia–Pseudodaphnella'' (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: A remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |date=2012 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=447–477 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2012.753137 |doi-access= }}</ref><br />
<br />
Molluscs are the largest [[marine biology|marine]] phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named [[marine organism]]s. They are highly diverse, not just in size and [[anatomical]] structure, but also in behavior and [[habitat]], as numerous groups are [[freshwater mollusc|freshwater]] and even [[terrestrial molluscs|terrestrial]] species. The phylum is typically divided into 7 or 8 [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[class (biology)|classes]],<ref>{{Cite book |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |editor-first1=W. F. |editor-last1=Ponder |editor-first2=David R. |editor-last2=Lindberg |isbn=978-0-520-25092-5 |location=Berkeley |oclc=152581003}}</ref> of which two are entirely [[extinct]]. [[Cephalopod]] molluscs, such as [[squid]], [[cuttlefish]], and [[octopus]]es, are among the most [[neurobiology|neurologically advanced]] of all [[invertebrate]]s—and either the [[giant squid]] or the [[colossal squid]] is the largest known extant invertebrate species. The [[gastropod]]s ([[snail]]s, [[slug]]s and [[abalone]]) are by far the most diverse class and account for 80% of the total classified molluscan species.<br />
<br />
The four most universal features defining modern molluscs are a soft body composed almost entirely of [[muscle]], a [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] with a significant cavity used for breathing and [[excretion]], the presence of a [[radula]] (except in [[bivalves]]), and the structure of the [[nervous system]]. Other than these common elements, molluscs express great morphological diversity, so many textbooks base their descriptions on a "hypothetical ancestral mollusc" (see image below). This has a single, "[[limpet]]-like" [[gastropod shell|shell]] on top, which is made of [[protein]]s and [[chitin]] reinforced with [[calcium carbonate]], and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface. The underside of the animal consists of a single muscular "foot". <br />
<br />
Although molluscs are [[coelomate]]s, the [[coelom]] tends to be small.<br />
The main body cavity is a [[hemocoel]] through which [[blood]] circulates; as such, their [[circulatory system]]s are mainly [[Open circulatory system|open]]. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded [[mucus]] and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called [[cilia]] play various important roles. The generalized mollusc has two paired [[Ventral nerve cord|nerve cords]], or three in [[bivalve]]s. The [[brain]], in species that have one, encircles the [[esophagus]]. <br />
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Most molluscs have [[eye]]s, and all have sensors to detect chemicals, vibrations, and [[Somatosensory system|touch]]. The simplest type of molluscan [[reproductive system]] relies on [[external fertilization]], but more complex variations occur. Nearly all produce [[egg]]s, from which may emerge [[trochophore]] [[larvae]], more complex [[veliger]] larvae, or miniature adults. The coelomic cavity is reduced. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion.<br />
<br />
Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods, [[cephalopod]]s, and bivalves in the [[Cambrian]] period, 541–485.4&nbsp;million years ago. However, the evolutionary history both of molluscs' emergence from the ancestral [[Lophotrochozoa]] and of their diversification into the well-known living and [[fossil]] forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists.<br />
[[File:Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg|thumb|Fossilized ammonite displayed at the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]]]<br />
Molluscs have been and still are an important food source for humans. Toxins that can accumulate in certain molluscs under specific conditions create a risk of food poisoning, and many jurisdictions have regulations to reduce this risk. Molluscs have, for centuries, also been the source of important luxury goods, notably [[pearl]]s, [[mother of pearl]], [[Tyrian purple]] dye, and [[sea silk]]. Their shells have also been [[Shell money|used]] as [[money]] in some preindustrial societies.<br />
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A handful of mollusc species are sometimes considered hazards or pests for human activities. The bite of the [[blue-ringed octopus]] is often fatal, and that of ''[[Enteroctopus dofleini]]'' causes [[inflammation]] that can last over a month. Stings from a few species of large tropical [[cone shell]]s of the family Conidae can also kill, but their sophisticated, though easily produced, venoms have become important tools in [[neurological]] research. [[Schistosomiasis]] (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis, or snail fever) is transmitted to humans by water snail hosts, and affects about 200&nbsp;million people. Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some [[ecosystem]]s.<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The words ''[[wikt:mollusc|mollusc]]'' and ''[[wikt:mollusk|mollusk]]'' are both derived from the French {{Lang|fr|mollusque}}, which originated from the post-classical [[Latin]] {{Lang|la|mollusca}}, from ''[[wikt:mollis|mollis]]'', soft, first used by J. Jonston (Historiæ Naturalis, 1650) to describe a group comprising cephalopods.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |contribution=mollusc |dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2023}}</ref> {{Lang|la|Molluscus}} is used in classical Latin as an adjective only with {{Lang|la|nux}} (''nut'') to describe a particular type of soft nut. The use of ''mollusca'' in biological taxonomy by Jonston and later [[Linnaeus]] may have been influenced by [[Aristotle]]'s {{lang|grc|τὰ μαλάκια}} ''ta malákia'' (the soft ones; < {{lang|grc|μαλακός}} ''malakós'' "soft"), which he applied ''[[inter alia]] ''to [[cuttlefish]].<ref>{{LSJ|mala/kia2|μαλάκια}}, {{LSJ|malako/s|μαλακός|ref}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |title=History of Animals |chapter=Book I part 1, Book IV part 1, etc. |title-link=History of Animals}}</ref> The scientific study of molluscs is accordingly called [[malacology]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |contribution=Malacology |dictionary=Shorter Oxford English Dictionary |editor=Little, L. |editor2=Fowler, H.W. |editor3=Coulson, J. |editor4=Onions, C.T. |publisher=Oxford University press |year=1964}}</ref><br />
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The name '''Molluscoida''' was formerly used to denote a division of the animal kingdom containing the [[brachiopod]]s, [[bryozoa]]ns, and [[tunicate]]s, the members of the three groups having been supposed to somewhat resemble the molluscs. As now known, Brachipoda, Bryozoa and Mollusca are all part of the [[Lophotrochozoa]] but have very little relation to the Tunicata, so the name Molluscoida has been abandoned.<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Molluscoida |volume=18 |page=675}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Definition==<br />
The most universal features of the body structure of molluscs are a [[mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] with a significant body cavity used for [[respiration (physiology)|breathing]] and [[excretion]], and the organization of the nervous system. Many have a [[calcareous]] shell.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |author=Hogan, C. Michael. |date=2010 |url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Calcium?topic=49557 |title=Calcium |editor1=Jorgensen, A. |editor2=Cleveland, C. |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Earth |publisher=National Council for Science and the Environment}}</ref><br />
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Molluscs have developed such a varied range of body structures, finding [[synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] (defining characteristics) to apply to all modern groups is difficult.<ref name="GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures">{{cite journal |first1=G. |last1=Giribet |first2=A. |last2=Okusu |first3=A.R. |last3=Lindgren |first4=S.W. |last4=Huff |first5=M. |last5=Schrödl |first6= M.K. |last6=Nishiguchi |title=Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=103 |issue=20 |pages=7723–8 |date=May 2006 |pmid=16675549 |pmc=1472512 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0602578103 |bibcode=2006PNAS..103.7723G |doi-access=free }}</ref> The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |last1=Hayward |first1=Peter J. |last2=Ryland |first2=John S. |title=Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe |chapter=Molluscs |date=2017 |pages=455–602 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549443.003.0010 |isbn=978-0-19-954944-3 }}</ref> The following are present in all modern molluscs:<ref name="BruscaBrusca2003P702">{{cite book |author1=Brusca, R.C. |author2=Brusca, G.J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Invertebrates |edition=2nd |year=2003 |publisher=Sinauer Associates |isbn=978-0-87893-097-5 |page=702 |oclc=1154002552}}</ref>{{refn| name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen"|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004">{{cite book |ref=Ruppert |author1=Ruppert, E.E. |author2=Fox, R.S. |author3=Barnes, R.D. |title=Invertebrate Zoology |publisher=Brooks / Cole |edition=7 |isbn=978-0-03-025982-1 |year=2004 |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780030259821}}</ref>{{rp|page=284–291}} }}<br />
* The [[Dorsoventral|dorsal]] part of the body wall is a mantle (or pallium) which [[secrete]]s calcareous [[wikt:spicule|spicules]], plates or shells. It overlaps the body with enough spare room to form a [[mantle cavity]].<br />
* The [[anus]] and [[genital]]s open into the mantle cavity.<br />
* There are paired [[Ventral nerve cord|nerve cords]].<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/><br />
Other characteristics that commonly appear in textbooks have significant exceptions:<br />
<div style="overflow-x:auto"><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
| || colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''Whether characteristic is found in these [[Class (biology)|classes]] of Molluscs'''<br />
|-<br />
!Supposed universal Molluscan characteristic<ref name="BruscaBrusca2003P702"/><br />
![[Aplacophora]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=291–292}}<br />
![[Polyplacophora]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=292–298}}<br />
![[Monoplacophora]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=298–300}}<br />
![[Gastropoda]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=300–343}}<br />
![[Cephalopoda]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=343–367}}<br />
![[Bivalvia]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=367–403}}<br />
![[Scaphopoda]]<br /><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=403–407}}<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" | [[Radula]], a rasping "tongue" with [[chitin]]ous teeth<br />
| Absent in 20% of [[Neomeniomorpha]] || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No || Internal, cannot extend beyond body<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" | Broad, muscular foot<br />
| Reduced or absent || Yes || Yes || Yes || Modified into arms || Yes || Small, only at "front" end<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" | Dorsal concentration of internal organs (visceral mass)<br />
| Not obvious || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" | Large digestive [[cecum|ceca]]<br />
| No ceca in some Aplacophora || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || No<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" | Large complex [[metanephridia]] ("kidneys")<br />
| None || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || Yes || Small, simple<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" |One or more valves/shells<br />
| Primitive forms, yes; modern forms, no|| Yes || Yes || Snails, yes; slugs, mostly yes (internal vestigial)|| Octopuses, some (vestigial); cuttlefish, nautilus, squid, yes||Yes||Yes<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:left" |[[Odontophore]]<br />
| Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||Yes||No||Yes<br />
|}<br />
</div><br />
<br />
==Diversity==<br />
[[File:Berlin Naturkundemuseum Muscheln.jpg|thumb|Diversity and variability of shells of molluscs on display]]<br />
[[File:Cypraea chinensis with partially extended mantle.jpg|thumb| right | About 80% of all known mollusc species are [[gastropod]]s ([[snail]]s and [[slug]]s), including this [[cowry]] (a sea snail).<ref name="PonderWinstonLindberg" />]]<br />
<!-- **************<br />
N.B. In case some reviewer grumbles about lack of page number for [[Winston Ponder|Ponder]] & [[David R. Lindberg|Lindberg]],<br />
could go with 100,000&nbsp;living mollusc species.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen"/><br />
************* --><br />
<br />
Estimates of accepted described living species of molluscs vary from 50,000 to a maximum of 120,000 species.<ref name="Chapman 2009"/> The total number of described species is difficult to estimate because of unresolved [[Synonym (taxonomy)#Zoology|synonymy]]. In 1969, David Nicol estimated the probable total number of living mollusc species at 107,000 of which were about 12,000&nbsp;[[freshwater snail|fresh-water gastropods]] and 35,000&nbsp;[[Terrestrial molluscs|terrestrial]]. The Bivalvia would comprise about 14% of the total and the other five classes less than 2% of the living molluscs.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicol, David |title=The Number of Living Species of Molluscs |journal=Systematic Zoology |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=June 1969 |pages=251–4 |doi=10.2307/2412618 |jstor=2412618|doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2009, Chapman estimated the number of described living mollusc species at 85,000.<ref name="Chapman 2009">{{cite book |author=Chapman, A.D. |year=2009 |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/2009/04-02-groups-invertebrates.html#mollusca |title=Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World |edition=2nd |publisher=Australian Biological Resources Study |place=Canberra |access-date=2010-01-12 |df=dmy-all |isbn=978-0-642-56860-1 |oclc=457073196}}</ref> Haszprunar in 2001 estimated about 93,000&nbsp;named species,<ref name="Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci" /> which include 23% of all named marine organisms.<ref name="HancockRecognisingResearch">{{cite web |author=Hancock, Rebecca |year=2008 |title=Recognising research on molluscs |publisher=Australian Museum |url=https://australian.museum/learn/animals/molluscs/ |access-date=2009-03-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530042720/http://www.austmus.gov.au/display.cfm?id=2897 |archive-date=2009-05-30 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Molluscs are second only to [[arthropod]]s in numbers of living animal species<ref name="PonderWinstonLindberg">{{cite book |editor=Ponder, W.F. |editor2=Lindberg, D.R. |year=2008 |title=Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca |place=Berkeley, CA |publisher=University of California Press |page=481 |isbn=978-0-520-25092-5}}</ref>—far behind the arthropods' 1,113,000 but well ahead of [[chordate]]s' 52,000.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=Front endpaper}} About 200,000&nbsp;living species in total are estimated,<ref name="Chapman 2009"/><ref name="PonderLindberg2004Phylogeny">{{cite press release |title=Phylogeny of the Molluscs |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/museum/news/news_briefs/perth08042004.html |access-date=2009-03-09 |df=dmy-all |publisher=World Congress of Malacology |year=2004 |author1=Ponder, Winston F. |author2=Lindberg, David R. |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> and 70,000 fossil species,<ref name="BruscaBrusca2003P702" /> although the total number of mollusc species ever to have existed, whether or not preserved, must be many times greater than the number alive today.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Raup, David M. |author2=Stanley, Steven M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Principles of Paleontology |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Co. |edition=2 |isbn=978-0-7167-0022-7 |year=1978 |pages=4–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofpale0000raup_g1k1/page/4}}</ref><br />
<br />
Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal [[phylum]]. They include [[snail]]s, [[slug]]s and other [[gastropod]]s; [[clam]]s and other [[bivalve]]s; [[squid]]s and other [[cephalopod]]s; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the [[abyssal zone]], but some form a [[freshwater molluscs|significant part of the freshwater fauna]] and the terrestrial [[ecosystem]]s. Molluscs are extremely diverse in [[Tropics|tropical]] and [[temperate]] regions, but can be found at all [[latitude]]s.<ref name="GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures" /> About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods.<ref name="PonderWinstonLindberg"/> [[Cephalopod]]a such as [[squid]], [[cuttlefish]], and [[octopus]]es are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates.<ref name="BarnesCalowEtAl2001InvertebratesSynthesis">{{cite book<br />
|author1=Barnes, R.S.K. |author2=Calow, P. |author3=Olive, P.J.W. |author4=Golding, D.W. |author5=Spicer, J.I. |year=2001 |title=The Invertebrates: A synthesis |edition=3 |publisher=Blackwell Science |location=UK}}</ref> The [[giant squid]], which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kubodera |first1=Tsunemi |last2=Mori |first2=Kyoichi |title=First-ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |date=22 December 2005 |volume=272 |issue=1581 |pages=2583–2586 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2005.3158 |pmid=16321779 |pmc=1559985 }}</ref> is one of the largest [[invertebrate]]s, surpassed in weight but not in length by the [[colossal squid]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosa |first1=Rui |last2=Lopes |first2=Vanessa M. |last3=Guerreiro |first3=Miguel |last4=Bolstad |first4=Kathrin |last5=Xavier |first5=José C. |title=Biology and ecology of the world's largest invertebrate, the colossal squid (''Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni''): A short review |journal=Polar Biology |date=2017 |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=1871–1883 |doi=10.1007/s00300-017-2104-5 }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Freshwater mollusc|Freshwater]] and [[terrestrial molluscs]] appear exceptionally vulnerable to extinction. Estimates of the numbers of non-marine molluscs vary widely, partly because many regions have not been thoroughly surveyed. There is also a shortage of specialists who can identify all the animals in any one area to species. However, in 2004 the [[IUCN Red List]] of Threatened Species included nearly 2,000 endangered non-marine molluscs. For comparison, the great majority of mollusc species are marine, but only 41 of these appeared on the 2004 Red List. About 42% of recorded extinctions since the year 1500 are of molluscs, consisting almost entirely of non-marine species.<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Lydeard, C. |author2=Cowie, R. |author3=Ponder, W.F. |display-authors=etal |date=April 2004 |title=The global decline of nonmarine mollusks |journal=[[BioScience]] |volume=54 |pages=321–330 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0321:TGDONM]2.0.CO;2 |issue=4 |doi-access= }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Anatomy==<br />
{{Further|Mollusc shell|Pollicina}}<!-- Keep this one, the other one will go --><br />
[[File:Archimollusc-en.svg|upright=2.25|thumb|center|{{center|Anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusc}}]]<br />
<br />
Because of the great range of anatomical diversity among molluscs, many textbooks start the subject of molluscan anatomy by describing what is called an ''archi-mollusc'', ''hypothetical generalized mollusc'', or ''hypothetical ancestral mollusc'' (''HAM'') to illustrate the most common features found within the phylum. The depiction is visually rather similar to modern [[monoplacophora]]ns.<ref name="GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures"/><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen"/><ref name="Healy2001MolluscaInvertebrateZoology">{{cite book |author=Healy, J.M. |chapter=The Mollusca |pages=120–171 |title=Invertebrate Zoology |year=2001 |edition=2 |editor=Anderson, D.T. |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-551368-4}}</ref><br />
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The generalized mollusc is an unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical animal and has a single, "[[limpet]]-like" [[gastropod shell|shell]] on top. The shell is secreted by a mantle covering the upper surface. The underside consists of a single muscular "foot".<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen"/> The visceral mass, or visceropallium, is the soft, nonmuscular metabolic region of the mollusc. It contains the body organs.<ref name="Handbook" /><br />
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===Mantle and mantle cavity===<br />
The mantle cavity, a fold in the mantle, encloses a significant amount of space. It is lined with epidermis, and is exposed, according to [[habitat]], to sea, fresh water or air. The cavity was at the rear in the earliest molluscs, but its position now varies from group to group. The [[anus]], a pair of [[osphradium|osphradia]] (chemical sensors) in the incoming "lane", the hindmost pair of [[gill]]s and the exit openings of the [[nephridia]] (kidneys) known as "Organs of bojanus" and [[gonad]]s (reproductive organs) are in the mantle cavity.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen"/> The whole soft body of bivalves lies within an enlarged mantle cavity.<ref name="Handbook" /><br />
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===Shell{{anchor|Shell}}===<br />
{{Main|Mollusc shell}}<br />
The mantle edge secretes a shell (secondarily absent in a number of taxonomic groups, such as the [[nudibranch]]s<ref name="Handbook" />) that consists of mainly [[chitin]] and [[conchiolin]] (a [[protein]] hardened with [[calcium carbonate]]),<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><ref name="Porter2007">{{Cite journal<br />
| author = Porter, S. | date = June 1, 2007<br />
| title = Seawater Chemistry and Early Carbonate Biomineralization<br />
| journal = Science | volume = 316 | issue = 5829 | page = 1302<br />
| doi = 10.1126/science.1137284<br />
| pmid = 17540895 | bibcode=2007Sci...316.1302P<br />
| s2cid = 27418253<br />
}}</ref> except the outermost layer, which in almost all cases is all conchiolin (see [[periostracum]]).<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /> Molluscs never use phosphate to construct their hard parts,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Discussion of early Cambrian 'molluscs' |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |date=1975 |volume=131 |issue=6 |pages=661–662 |doi=10.1144/gsjgs.131.6.0661 |bibcode=1975JGSoc.131..661. }}</ref> with the questionable exception of ''[[Cobcrephora]]''.<ref name=Cherns2004>{{Cite journal |first1=L. |title=Early Palaeozoic diversification of chitons (Polyplacophora, Mollusca) based on new data from the Silurian of Gotland, Sweden |journal=Lethaia |last1=Cherns |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=445–456 |date=December 2004 |doi=10.1080/00241160410002180|bibcode=2004Letha..37..445C }}</ref><br />
While most mollusc shells are composed mainly of [[aragonite]], those gastropods that lay eggs with a hard shell use [[calcite]] (sometimes with traces of aragonite) to construct the eggshells.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tompa |first1=Alex S. |title=A comparative study of the ultrastructure and mineralogy of calcified land snail eggs (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora) |journal=Journal of Morphology |date=1976 |volume=150 |issue=4 |pages=861–887 |doi=10.1002/jmor.1051500406 |pmid=30257539 |hdl=2027.42/50263 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><br />
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The shell consists of three layers: the outer layer (the [[periostracum]]) made of organic matter, a middle layer made of columnar [[calcite]], and an inner layer consisting of laminated calcite, often [[nacre]]ous.<ref name="Handbook" /><br />
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In some forms the shell contains openings. In [[abalone]] there are holes in the shell used for respiration and the release of egg and sperm, in the [[nautilus]] a string of tissue called the [[siphuncle]] goes through all the chambers, and the eight plates that make up the shell of [[chiton]]s are penetrated with living tissue with nerves and sensory structures.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=§10.5 What are the Aculifera? |quote='''Polylacophora''' ... |page=126 |chapter-url={{GBurl|bZw-ntFxp-YC|p=126}} |title=An Introduction to the Invertebrates |isbn=978-1-139-45847-4 |last1=Moore |first1=Janet |date=21 September 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> The earliest-derived living mollusca, the Polyplacophora (chitons) and shell-less vermiform Aplacophora, remains contentious despite many developmental and molecular studies of these organisms.<ref name="Sigwart2007">{{Cite journal |last1=Sigwart |first1=Julia D |last2=Sutton |first2=Mark D |date=2007-07-25 |title=Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=274 |issue=1624 |pages=2413–2419 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2007.0701 |pmc=2274978 |pmid=17652065}} For a summary, see {{cite web| title=The Mollusca | publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/mollusca.php| access-date=2008-10-02}}</ref><ref name="Passamaneck-2004">{{cite journal |last1=Passamaneck |first1=Yale J. |last2=Schander |first2=Christoffer |last3=Halanych |first3=Kenneth M. |title=Investigation of molluscan phylogeny using large-subunit and small-subunit nuclear rRNA sequences |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=July 2004 |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=25–38 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.12.016 |pmid=15186794 |bibcode=2004MolPE..32...25P }}</ref> Both studies investigated molluscan phylogeny through synthesis of paleontological and neontological data,<ref name="Sigwart2007" /> and the other being large and small-subunit nuclear rRna sequences.<ref name="Passamaneck-2004" /> Another article describing the chitons, with their shells, this time, is one by D K Jacobs and others, where shell evolution of molluscs and chitons are examined to visualize the evolution of the chiton, from the Polyplacophora, to the Aplacophora, and others.<ref name=Jacobs2000>{{Cite journal |last1=Jacobs |first1=D. K. |last2=Wray |first2=C. G. |last3=Wedeen |first3=C. J. |last4=Kostriken |first4=R. |last5=DeSalle |first5=R. |last6=Staton |first6=J. L. |last7=Gates |first7=R. D. |last8=Lindberg |first8=D. R. |date=2000 |title=Molluscan engrailed expression, serial organization, and shell evolution |journal=Evolution & Development |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=340–347 |doi=10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00077.x |issn=1520-541X |pmid=11256378 |bibcode=2000EvDev...2..340J |s2cid = 25274057}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Foot ===<br />
[[File:SeaSnails.ogv|thumb|A 50-second video of snails (most likely ''[[Natica chemnitzi]]'' and ''[[Cerithium]] stercusmuscaram'') feeding on the sea floor in the [[Gulf of California]], [[Puerto Peñasco]], Mexico]]<br />
The body of a mollusc has a ventral muscular foot, which is adapted to different purposes (locomotion, grasping the substratum, burrowing or feeding) in different classes.<ref name=mollusca11/> The foot carries a pair of [[statocyst]]s, which act as balance sensors. In gastropods, it secretes [[mucus]] as a lubricant to aid movement. In forms having only a top shell, such as [[limpet]]s, the foot acts as a sucker attaching the animal to a hard surface, and the vertical muscles clamp the shell down over it; in other molluscs, the vertical muscles pull the foot and other exposed soft parts into the shell.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen"/> In bivalves, the foot is adapted for burrowing into the sediment;<ref name=mollusca11>{{The Mollusca|volume=11}} page&nbsp;4</ref> in cephalopods it is used for jet propulsion,<ref name=mollusca11/> and the tentacles and arms are derived from the foot.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Shigeno, S. |author2=Sasaki, T. |author3=Moritaki, T. |author4=Kasugai, T. |author5=Vecchione, M. |author6=Agata, K. |date=Jan 2008 |title=Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from Nautilus embryonic development |journal=Journal of Morphology |volume=269 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |pmid=17654542 |doi=10.1002/jmor.10564 |bibcode=2008JMorp.269....1S |s2cid=13109195 }}</ref><br />
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===Circulatory system===<br />
Most molluscs' [[circulatory system]]s are mainly [[Open circulatory system|open]], except for [[cephalopod]]s, whose circulatory systems are [[Closed circulatory system|closed]]. Although molluscs are [[coelomate]]s, their [[coelom]]s are reduced to fairly small spaces enclosing the [[heart]] and gonads. The main body cavity is a [[hemocoel]] through which [[blood]] and [[Coelom#Coelomic fluid|coelomic fluid]] circulate and which encloses most of the other internal organs. These hemocoelic spaces act as an efficient [[hydrostatic skeleton]].<ref name="Handbook" /> The blood of these molluscs contains the [[respiratory pigment]] [[hemocyanin]] as an [[oxygen]]-carrier. The heart consists of one or more pairs of atria ([[Atrium (heart)|auricles]]), which receive oxygenated blood from the gills and pump it to the [[Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]], which pumps it into the [[aorta]] (main [[artery]]), which is fairly short and opens into the hemocoel.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /> The atria of the heart also function as part of the [[excretory system]] by filtering waste products out of the blood and dumping it into the coelom as [[urine]]. A pair of metanephridia ("little kidneys") to the rear of and connected to the coelom extracts any re-usable materials from the urine and dumps additional waste products into it, and then ejects it via tubes that discharge into the mantle cavity.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><br />
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Exceptions to the above are the molluscs ''[[Planorbidae]]'' or ram's horn snails, which are air-breathing snails that use iron-based [[hemoglobin]] instead of the copper-based hemocyanin to carry oxygen through their blood.<br />
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===Respiration===<br />
Most molluscs have only one pair of gills, or even only a singular gill. Generally, the gills are rather like feathers in shape, although some species have gills with filaments on only one side. They divide the mantle cavity so water enters near the bottom and exits near the top. Their filaments have three kinds of cilia, one of which drives the water current through the mantle cavity, while the other two help to keep the gills clean. If the osphradia detect noxious chemicals or possibly [[sediment]] entering the mantle cavity, the gills' cilia may stop beating until the unwelcome intrusions have ceased. Each gill has an incoming blood vessel connected to the hemocoel and an outgoing one to the heart.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><br />
{{Clear}}<br />
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===Eating, digestion, and excretion===<br />
{{Annotated image/Snail radula working}}<br />
Molluscs use [[intracellular digestion]]. Most molluscs have muscular mouths with [[radulae]], "tongues", bearing many rows of chitinous teeth, which are replaced from the rear as they wear out. The radula primarily functions to scrape [[bacteria]] and [[algae]] off rocks, and is associated with the [[odontophore]], a cartilaginous supporting organ.<ref name="Handbook" /> The radula is unique to the molluscs and has no equivalent in any other animal.<br />
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Molluscs' mouths also contain [[gland]]s that secrete slimy [[mucus]], to which the food sticks. Beating [[cilia]] (tiny "hairs") drive the mucus towards the stomach, so the mucus forms a long string called a "food string".<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><br />
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At the tapered rear end of the stomach and projecting slightly into the hindgut is the prostyle, a backward-pointing cone of [[feces]] and mucus, which is rotated by further cilia so it acts as a bobbin, winding the mucus string onto itself. Before the mucus string reaches the prostyle, the acidity of the stomach makes the mucus less sticky and frees particles from it.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><br />
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The particles are sorted by yet another group of cilia, which send the smaller particles, mainly minerals, to the prostyle so eventually they are excreted, while the larger ones, mainly food, are sent to the stomach's [[cecum]] (a pouch with no other exit) to be digested. The sorting process is by no means perfect.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><br />
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Periodically, circular muscles at the hindgut's entrance pinch off and excrete a piece of the prostyle, preventing the prostyle from growing too large. The anus, in the part of the mantle cavity, is swept by the outgoing "lane" of the current created by the gills. Carnivorous molluscs usually have simpler digestive systems.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /><br />
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As the head has largely disappeared in bivalves, the mouth has been equipped with labial palps (two on each side of the mouth) to collect the [[detritus]] from its mucus.<ref name="Handbook" /><br />
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===Nervous system===<br />
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[[File:Gastropod nervous system.gif|left|thumb|Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system]]<br />
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The cephalic molluscs have two pairs of main [[Ventral nerve cord|nerve cords]] organized around a number of paired ganglia, the [[viscera]]l cords serving the internal organs and the pedal ones serving the foot. Most pairs of corresponding ganglia on both sides of the body are linked by [[commissure]]s (relatively large bundles of nerves). The ganglia above the gut are the cerebral, the pleural, and the visceral, which are located above the [[esophagus]] (gullet). The pedal ganglia, which control the foot, are below the esophagus and their commissure and connectives to the cerebral and pleural ganglia surround the esophagus in a [[circumesophageal nerve ring]] or ''nerve collar''.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=284–291}}<br />
<br />
The acephalic molluscs (i.e., bivalves) also have this ring but it is less obvious and less important. The bivalves have only three pairs of ganglia—cerebral, pedal, and visceral—with the visceral as the largest and most important of the three functioning as the principal center of "thinking".<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tantiwisawaruji |first1=Sukanlaya |last2=Rocha |first2=Maria J. |last3=Silva |first3=Ana |last4=Pardal |first4=Miguel A. |last5=Kovitvadhi |first5=Uthaiwan |last6=Rocha |first6=Eduardo |date=2022-08-31 |title=A Stereological Study of the Three Types of Ganglia of Male, Female, and Undifferentiated Scrobicularia plana (Bivalvia) |journal=Animals |language=en |volume=12 |issue=17 |pages=2248 |doi=10.3390/ani12172248 |doi-access=free |issn=2076-2615 |pmc=9454602 |pmid=36077968}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yurchenko |first1=Olga V. |last2=Skiteva |first2=Olga I. |last3=Voronezhskaya |first3=Elena E. |last4=Dyachuk |first4=Vyacheslav A. |date=April 2018 |title=Nervous system development in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca: Bivalvia) |journal=Frontiers in Zoology |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=10 |doi=10.1186/s12983-018-0259-8 |doi-access=free |issn=1742-9994 |pmc=5896133 |pmid=29681988 |bibcode=2018FrZoo..15...10Y }}</ref> Some such as the [[scallops]] have eyes around the edges of their shells which connect to a pair of looped nerves and which provide the ability to distinguish between light and shadow.<br />
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===Reproduction===<br />
{{see also|Reproductive system of gastropods|Reproductive system of cephalopods}}<br />
{{Annotated image/Trochophore larva}}<br />
The simplest molluscan reproductive system relies on [[external fertilization]], but with more complex variations. All produce eggs, from which may emerge [[trochophore]] larvae, more complex [[veliger]] larvae, or miniature adults. Two [[gonad]]s sit next to the [[coelom]], a small cavity that surrounds the heart, into which they shed [[ovum|ova]] or [[sperm]]. The nephridia extract the gametes from the coelom and emit them into the mantle cavity. Molluscs that use such a system remain of one sex all their lives and rely on [[external fertilization]]. Some molluscs use [[internal fertilization]] and/or are [[hermaphrodite]]s, functioning as both sexes; both of these methods require more complex reproductive systems.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen" /> ''C.&nbsp;obtusus'' is an endemic [[snail]] species of the [[Eastern Alps]]. There is strong evidence for [[autogamy|self-fertilization]] in the easternmost snail populations of this species.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kruckenhauser |first1=Luise |last2=Haring |first2=Elisabeth |last3=Tautscher |first3=Barbara |last4=Cadahía |first4=Luis |last5=Zopp |first5=Laura |last6=Duda |first6=Michael |last7=Harl |first7=Josef |last8=Sattmann |first8=Helmut |date=2017-06-13 |title=Indication for selfing in geographically separated populations and evidence for Pleistocene survival within the Alps: the case of Cylindrus obtusus (Pulmonata: Helicidae) |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |language=en |volume=17 |issue=1 |page=138 |doi=10.1186/s12862-017-0977-0 |issn=1471-2148 |pmc=5470289 |pmid=28610555 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2017BMCEE..17..138K }}</ref><br />
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The most basic molluscan [[larva]] is a [[trochophore]], which is [[plankton]]ic and feeds on floating food particles by using the two bands of cilia around its "equator" to sweep food into the mouth, which uses more cilia to drive them into the stomach, which uses further cilia to expel undigested remains through the anus. New tissue grows in the bands of [[mesoderm]] in the interior, so the apical tuft and anus are pushed further apart as the animal grows. The trochophore stage is often succeeded by a [[veliger]] stage in which the [[prototroch]], the "equatorial" band of cilia nearest the apical tuft, develops into the velum ("veil"), a pair of cilia-bearing lobes with which the larva swims. Eventually, the larva sinks to the seafloor and [[metamorphosis|metamorphoses]] into the adult form. While metamorphosis is the usual state in molluscs, the cephalopods differ in exhibiting direct development: the hatchling is a 'miniaturized' form of the adult.<ref name=Marin2004>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.crpv.2004.07.009 | title = Molluscan shell proteins | date = October 2004 | last1 = Marin | first1 = F. | last2 = Luquet | first2 = G. | journal = Comptes Rendus Palevol | volume = 3 | issue = 6–7 | pages = 469 | bibcode = 2004CRPal...3..469M}}</ref> The development of molluscs is of particular interest in the field of [[ocean acidification]] as environmental stress is recognized to affect the settlement, metamorphosis, and survival of larvae.<ref name="Ducker-2020">{{Cite journal |last1=Ducker |first1=James |last2=Falkenberg |first2=Laura J. |date=2020 |title=How the Pacific Oyster Responds to Ocean Acidification: Development and Application of a Meta-Analysis Based Adverse Outcome Pathway |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |language=English |volume=7 |article-number=597441 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2020.597441 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2020FrMaS...797441D }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ecology==<br />
===Feeding===<br />
Most molluscs are herbivorous, grazing on algae or filter feeders. For those grazing, two feeding strategies are predominant. Some feed on microscopic, filamentous algae, often using their radula as a 'rake' to comb up filaments from the sea floor. Others feed on macroscopic 'plants' such as kelp, rasping the plant surface with its radula. To employ this strategy, the plant has to be large enough for the mollusc to 'sit' on, so smaller macroscopic plants are not as often eaten as their larger counterparts.<ref name="Steneck1982">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00409596 | last1 = Steneck | first1 = R.S. | last2 = Watling | first2 = L. | title = Feeding capabilities and limitation of herbivorous molluscs: A functional group approach | journal = Marine Biology | volume = 68 | issue = 3 | pages = 299–319 | date = July 1982 | bibcode = 1982MarBi..68..299S | s2cid = 84207061 }}</ref><br />
[[Filter feeders]] are molluscs that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over their gills. Most bivalves are filter feeders, which can be measured through clearance rates. Research has demonstrated that environmental stress can affect the feeding of bivalves by altering the energy budget of organisms.<ref name="Ducker-2020" /><br />
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Cephalopods are primarily predatory, and the radula takes a secondary role to the jaws and tentacles in food acquisition. The monoplacophoran ''[[Neopilina]]'' uses its radula in the usual fashion, but its diet includes [[protist]]s such as the [[xenophyophore]] ''[[Stannophyllum]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tendal O.S. |url=http://www.zmuc.dk/InverWeb/Galathea/Pdf_filer/Volume_16/galathea-vol.16-pp_095-098.pdf |title=Xenophyophores (Protozoa, Sarcodina) in the diet of ''Neopilina galatheae'' (Mollusca, Monoplacophora) |journal=Galathea Report |year=1985 |volume=16 |pages=95–98 |access-date=2013-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130190856/http://www.zmuc.dk/InverWeb/Galathea/Pdf_filer/Volume_16/galathea-vol.16-pp_095-098.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Sacoglossa]]n sea-slugs suck the sap from algae, using their one-row radula to pierce the cell walls,<ref name="Jensen1993">{{Cite journal | last1 = Jensen | first1 = K. R. | title = Morphological adaptations and plasticity of radular teeth of the Sacoglossa (= Ascoglossa) (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) in relation to their food plants | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00883.x | journal = Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 48 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–155 | date = February 1993 }}</ref> whereas [[dorid]] [[nudibranchs]] and some [[Vetigastropoda]] feed on [[sponge]]s<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00394819 | last1 = Wägele | first1 = H. | title = Diet of some Antarctic nudibranchs (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia, Nudibranchia) | journal = Marine Biology | volume = 100 | issue = 4 | pages = 439–441 | date = March 1989 | bibcode = 1989MarBi.100..439W | s2cid = 83444088 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book<br />
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0HO-3M534nEC&pg=PA327<br />
| title = Current Organic Chemistry | author1 = Publishers, Bentham Science<br />
| date = July 1999| publisher = Bentham Science Publishers }}</ref> and others feed on [[Hydroid (zoology)|hydroids]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Walter J. |title=Coexistence of Hydroid Eating Nudibranchs: Do Feeding Biology and Habitat Use Matter? |journal=Biological Bulletin |date=1991 |volume=181 |issue=2 |pages=248–260 |doi=10.2307/1542096 |pmid=29304644 |jstor=1542096 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/partpdf/30482 }}</ref> (An extensive list of molluscs with unusual feeding habits is available in the appendix of {{molluscan diets}})<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
{{see also|List of mollusc orders}}<br />
Opinions vary about the number of [[class (biology)|classes]] of molluscs; for example, the table below shows seven living classes,<ref name="Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci">{{cite book<br />
| contribution=Mollusca (Molluscs) | author=Haszprunar, G.<br />
| title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences | year=2001 | publisher= Wiley <br />
| doi=10.1038/npg.els.0001598<br />
| isbn=978-0-470-01617-6<br />
}}</ref> and two extinct ones. Although they are unlikely to form a clade, some older works combine the [[Caudofoveata]] and [[Solenogastres]] into one class, the [[Aplacophora]].<ref name="Healy2001MolluscaInvertebrateZoology"/><ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=291–292}} Two of the commonly recognized "classes" are known only from fossils.<ref name="PonderWinstonLindberg" /><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="width:120px;"| Class<br />
! style="width:340px;"| Major organisms<br />
! style="width:110px;"| Described living species<ref name="Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci" /><br />
! Distribution<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gastropoda]] {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=300}} }} || all [[snail]]s and [[slug]]s including [[abalone]], [[limpet]]s, [[conch]], [[nudibranch]]s, [[sea hare]]s, [[sea butterfly|sea butterflies]] || style="text-align:center;"| 70,000 || marine, freshwater, land<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bivalvia]] {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=367}} }} || [[clam]]s, [[oyster]]s, [[scallop]]s, [[geoduck]]s, [[mussel]]s, [[rudists]]† || style="text-align:center;"| 20,000 || marine, freshwater<br />
|-<br />
| [[Polyplacophora]] {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=292–8}} }} || [[chiton]]s || style="text-align:center;"| 1,000 || rocky tidal zone and seabed<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cephalopod]]a {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|page=343}} }} || [[squid]], [[octopus]]es, [[cuttlefish]], [[nautilus]]es, [[Vampire squid|vampire squids]], ''[[Spirula]]'', [[Belemnitida|belemnites]]†, [[Ammonoidea|ammonites]]† || style="text-align:center;" | 900 || marine<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scaphopoda]] {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=403–7}} }} || tusk shells || style="text-align:center;"| 500 || marine {{convert|6|-|7000|m|ft}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aplacophora]] {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=291–2}} }} || worm-like molluscs || style="text-align:center;"| 320 || seabed {{convert|200|-|3000|m|ft}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Monoplacophora]] {{nowrap|<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=298–300}} }} || ancient lineage of molluscs with cap-like shells || style="text-align:center;"| 31 || seabed {{convert|1800|-|7000|m|ft}}; one species {{convert|200|m|ft}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rostroconchia]]†<ref>{{cite book |author=Clarkson, E.N.K. |title=Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution |publisher=Blackwell |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-632-05238-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g1P2VaPQWfUC&pg=PA221 |page=221}}</ref> || fossils; probable ancestors of bivalves || style="text-align:center;"| [[extinct]] || marine<br />
|-<br />
| [[Helcionelloida]]†<ref name="RunnegarPojeta1974" /> || fossils; snail-like molluscs such as ''[[Latouchella]]'' || style="text-align:center;"| extinct || marine <br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Phylogeny===<br />
{{thumb|width=400|content=<div style="text-align:left;"><br />
{{clade|style=font-size:80%;<br />
|label1=[[Lophotrochozoa]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=[[Brachiopod]]s<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=Mollusca<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=[[Bivalve]]s<br />
|2=[[Monoplacophora]]ns<br />("limpet-like", "living fossils")<br />
|3={{clade<br />
|1=[[Scaphopod]]s (tusk shells)<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1= [[Gastropod]]s<br />([[snail]]s, [[slug]]s, [[limpet]]s, [[sea hare]]s)<br />
|2=[[Cephalopod]]s<br />([[nautiloid]]s, [[ammonites]], [[octopus]], [[squid]], etc.)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Aplacophora]]ns<br />(spicule-covered, worm-like)<br />
|2=[[Polyplacophora]]ns (chitons)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=† [[Halwaxiid]]s<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=''[[Wiwaxia]]''<br />
|2=''[[Halkieria]]''<br />
}}<br />
|2=† ''[[Orthrozanclus]]''<br />
}}<br />
|3=† ''[[Odontogriphus]]''<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
</div>|caption=A possible "family tree" of molluscs (2007).<ref name="Sigwart2007" /><ref>{{cite web<br />
| title=The Mollusca | publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology<br />
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/mollusca.php | access-date=2008-10-02<br />
}}</ref> Does not include [[annelid]] worms as the analysis concentrated on fossilizable "hard" features.<ref name="Sigwart2007" /><br />
}}<br />
The [[phylogeny]] (evolutionary "family tree") of molluscs is a controversial subject. In addition to the debates about whether ''[[Kimberella]]'' and any of the "[[halwaxiid]]s" were molluscs or closely related to molluscs,<ref name="FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella" /><ref name="Butterfield2006" /><ref name="CaronScheltemaSchanderRudkin2006" /><ref name="Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula" /> debates arise about the relationships between the classes of living molluscs.<ref name="Sigwart2007" /> In fact, some groups traditionally classified as molluscs may have to be redefined as distinct but related.<ref name="GoloboffEtAl2009" /><br />
<br />
Molluscs are generally regarded as members of the [[Lophotrochozoa]],<ref name="Sigwart2007" /> a group defined by having [[trochophore]] larvae and, in the case of living [[Lophophorata]], a feeding structure called a [[lophophore]]. The other members of the Lophotrochozoa are the [[annelid]] worms and seven marine [[phylum|phyla]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title=Introduction to the Lophotrochozoa<br />
| publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology<br />
| url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/lophotrochozoa.html | access-date=2008-10-02<br />
}}</ref> The diagram on the right summarizes a phylogeny presented in 2007 without the annelid worms.<br />
<br />
Because the relationships between the members of the family tree are uncertain, it is difficult to identify the features inherited from the last common ancestor of all molluscs.<ref name="Henry2004">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.04.027| pmid = 15242797| year = 2004| last1 = Henry | first1 = J.| last2 = Okusu | first2 = A.| last3 = Martindale | first3 = M.| title = The cell lineage of the polyplacophoran, Chaetopleura apiculata: variation in the spiralian program and implications for molluscan evolution| volume = 272| issue = 1| pages = 145–160| journal = Developmental Biology | doi-access = }}</ref> For example, it is uncertain whether the ancestral mollusc was [[metamerism (biology)|metameric]] (composed of repeating units)—if it was, that would suggest an origin from an [[annelid]]-like worm.<ref name=Jacobs2000 /> Scientists disagree about this: Giribet and colleagues concluded, in 2006, the repetition of gills and of the foot's retractor muscles were later developments,<ref name="GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures" /> while in 2007, Sigwart concluded the ancestral mollusc was metameric, and it had a foot used for creeping and a "shell" that was mineralized.<ref name=Sigwart2007 /> In one particular branch of the family tree, the shell of [[conchifera]]ns is thought to have evolved from the [[wikt:spicule|spicules]] (small spines) of [[aplacophora]]ns; but this is difficult to reconcile with the [[embryology|embryological]] origins of spicules.<ref name=Henry2004/><br />
<br />
The molluscan shell appears to have originated from a mucus coating, which eventually stiffened into a [[cuticle]]. This would have been impermeable and thus forced the development of more sophisticated respiratory apparatus in the form of gills.<ref name=RunnegarPojeta1974/> Eventually, the cuticle would have become mineralized,<ref name=RunnegarPojeta1974/><!-- this mineralization may have happened one or many times,{{Verify source|date=March 2009}} but uses -->using the same genetic machinery ([[engrailed (gene)|engrailed]]) as most other bilaterian [[skeleton]]s.<ref name=Jacobs2000 /> The first mollusc shell almost certainly was reinforced with the mineral [[aragonite]].<ref name="Porter2007" /><br />
<br />
Classification into higher taxa for molluscan classes has been and remains problematic. Numerous different clades have been proposed but few have received strong support. Traditionally, Mollusca is split into two subphyla, [[Conchifera]] and [[Aculifera]], based on the presence of a shell. The "Testaria" hypothesis is similar, but includes chitons with the rest of the conchiferans. Some studies completely reject the proposal, instead favoring a "Serialia" hypothesis which classifies chitons and monoplacophorans as closely related.<br />
<br />
{{col-begin|width=auto}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{thumb|align=left|content=<div style="text-align:left"><br />
{{clade|style=font-size:90%<br />
|label1='''Mollusca'''<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|label1=[[Aculifera]]<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|1=[[Polyplacophora]] [[File:Chiton magnificus.jpg|35px]]<br />
|label2=[[Aplacophora]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=<br />
|1=[[Caudofoveata]] [[File:Falcidens crossotus.jpg|40px]]<br />
|2=[[Solenogastres]] [[File:Epimenia verrucosa.jpg|40px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=[[Conchifera]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|1=[[Monoplacophora]] [[File:Tryblidium reticulatum 2.jpg|30px]]<br />
|2=[[Cephalopod]]a [[File:Octopus vulgaris Merculiano.jpg|40px]]<br />
|3={{clade<br />
|label1=<br />
|1=[[Bivalvia]] [[File:Bivalve Sea Shell.png|40px]]<br />
|2=[[Gastropoda]] [[File:Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg|50px]]<br />
|3=[[Scaphopoda]] [[File:Natural History - Mollusca - Dentalium Tarentinum.png|12px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
</div>|caption=The Aculifera-Conchifera hypothesis<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Wilson |first2=Nerida G. |last3=Goetz |first3=Freya E. |last4=Feehery |first4=Caitlin |last5=Andrade |first5=Sónia C. S. |last6=Rouse |first6=Greg W. |last7=Giribet |first7=Gonzalo |last8=Dunn |first8=Casey W. |title=Correction: Corrigendum: Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools |journal=Nature |date=January 2013 |volume=493 |issue=7434 |pages=708–708 |doi=10.1038/nature11736 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kocot |first1=Kevin |title=Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationships |journal=Nature |date=4 September 2011 |volume=477 |issue=7365 |pages=452–456 |doi=10.1038/nature10382 |pmid=21892190 |pmc=4024475 |bibcode=2011Natur.477..452K }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Zeyuan |last2=Baeza |first2=J. Antonio |last3=Chen |first3=Chong |last4=Gonzalez |first4=Maria Teresa |last5=González |first5=Vanessa Liz |last6=Greve |first6=Carola |last7=Kocot |first7=Kevin M. |last8=Arbizu |first8=Pedro Martinez |last9=Moles |first9=Juan |last10=Schell |first10=Tilman |last11=Schwabe |first11=Enrico |last12=Sun |first12=Jin |last13=Wong |first13=Nur Leena W. S. |last14=Yap-Chiongco |first14=Meghan |last15=Sigwart |first15=Julia D. |title=A genome-based phylogeny for Mollusca is concordant with fossils and morphology |journal=Science |date=28 February 2025 |volume=387 |issue=6737 |pages=1001–1007 |doi=10.1126/science.ads0215 |pmid=40014700 |bibcode=2025Sci...387.1001C }}</ref>}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
<br />
{{thumb|align=left|content=<div style="text-align:left"><br />
{{clade|style=font-size:90%<br />
|label1='''Mollusca'''<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|label1=Variopoda<br />
|1={{clade<br />
|label1=<br />
|1=[[Scaphopoda]] [[File:Natural History - Mollusca - Dentalium Tarentinum.png|12px]]<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=<br />
|1=[[Caudofoveata]] [[File:Falcidens crossotus.jpg|40px]]<br />
|2=[[Cephalopod]]a [[File:Octopus vulgaris Merculiano.jpg|40px]]<br />
|3=[[Solenogastres]] [[File:Epimenia verrucosa.jpg|40px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
|label2=Dorsochoncha<br />
|2={{clade<br />
|label1=<br />
|1=[[Bivalvia]] [[File:Bivalve Sea Shell.png|40px]]<br />
|2=[[Gastropoda]] [[File:Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg|50px]]<br />
|label3=Serialia<br />
|3={{clade<br />
|label1=<br />
|1=[[Monoplacophora]] [[File:Tryblidium reticulatum 2.jpg|30px]]<br />
|2=[[Polyplacophora]] [[File:Chiton magnificus.jpg|35px]]<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
</div>|caption=The "Serialia" hypothesis<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Stöger |display-authors=etal |title=The Continuing Debate on Deep Molluscan Phylogeny: Evidence for Serialia (Mollusca, Monoplacophora + Polyplacophora) |journal=BioMed Research International |date=21 November 2013 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1155/2013/407072 |doi-access=free |pmid=24350268 |pmc=3856133 }}</ref><ref name="GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures" />}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
Morphological analyses tend to recover a conchiferan clade that receives less support from molecular analyses,<ref name=Winnepenninckx>{{cite journal | author1 = Winnepenninckx, B | author2 = Backeljau, T | author3 = De Wachter, R | title = Investigation of molluscan phylogeny on the basis of 18S rRNA sequences | date = 1996 | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 13 | issue = 10 | pages = 1306–17 | pmid = 8952075 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025577 | doi-access = free<br />
}}</ref> although these results also lead to unexpected paraphylies, for instance scattering the bivalves throughout all other mollusc groups.<ref name="Passamaneck-2004"/><br />
<br />
However, an analysis in 2009 using both [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics]] comparisons concluded the molluscs are not [[monophyletic]]; in particular, [[Scaphopoda]] and [[Bivalvia]] are both separate, monophyletic lineages unrelated to the remaining molluscan classes; the traditional phylum Mollusca is [[polyphyletic]], and it can only be made monophyletic if scaphopods and bivalves are excluded.<ref name="GoloboffEtAl2009">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00255.x| title = Phylogenetic analysis of 73 060 taxa corroborates major eukaryotic groups| year = 2009| last1 = Goloboff | first1 = Pablo A.| last2 = Catalano | first2 = Santiago A.| last3 = Mirande | first3 = J. Marcos| last4 = Szumik | first4 = Claudia A.| last5 = Arias | first5 = J. Salvador| last6 = Källersjö | first6 = Mari| last7 = Farris | first7 = James S.| journal = [[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]]| volume = 25| issue = 3| pages = 211–230 | pmid = 34879616| bibcode = 2009Cladi..25..211G| doi-access = free| hdl = 11336/78055| hdl-access = free}}</ref> A 2010 analysis recovered the traditional conchiferan and aculiferan groups, and showed molluscs were monophyletic, demonstrating that available data for solenogastres was contaminated.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.028| pmid = 19647088| year = 2010| last1 = Wilson | first1 = N.| last2 = Rouse | first2 = G.| last3 = Giribet | first3 = G.| title = Assessing the molluscan hypothesis Serialia (Monoplacophora+Polyplacophora) using novel molecular data.| volume = 54| issue = 1| pages = 187–193| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution | bibcode = 2010MolPE..54..187W}}</ref> Current molecular data are insufficient to constrain the molluscan phylogeny, and since the methods used to determine the confidence in clades are prone to overestimation, it is risky to place too much emphasis even on the areas of which different studies agree.<ref name=Wagele2009>{{Cite journal| issue = 1| volume = 6| journal = Frontiers in Zoology| title = Phylogenetic support values are not necessarily informative: the case of the Serialia hypothesis (a mollusk phylogeny)| pages = 12| year = 2009| doi = 10.1186/1742-9994-6-12| pmc = 2710323| pmid = 19555513 | first6 = H.| last6 = Wägele| last3 = Klussmann-Kolb | first2 = H.| last2 = Letsch | first1 = J. | first3 = A.| last4 = Mayer | first5 = B.| last5 = Misof | first4 = C.| last1 = Wägele| bibcode = 2009FrZoo...6...12W| doi-access = free}}</ref> Rather than eliminating unlikely relationships, the latest studies add new permutations of internal molluscan relationships, even bringing the conchiferan hypothesis into question.<ref name="Vinther2011">{{Cite journal | last1 = Vinther | first1 = J. | last2 = Sperling | first2 = E. A. | last3 = Briggs | first3 = D. E. G. | author-link3 = Derek Briggs | last4 = Peterson | first4 = K. J. | title = A molecular palaeobiological hypothesis for the origin of aplacophoran molluscs and their derivation from chiton-like ancestors | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume = 279 | issue = 1732 | pages = 1259–68 | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1098/rspb.2011.1773 | pmid=21976685 | pmc=3282371}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Evolutionary history ==<br />
{{Main|Evolution of molluscs}}<br />
{{see also|Evolution of cephalopods}}[[File:Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg|thumb|left|The enigmatic ''[[Kimberella|Kimberella quadrata]]'' (fossil pictured) from the [[Ediacaran]] has been described as being "mollusc-like" because of its features which are shared with modern day molluscs.]]<br />
Good evidence exists for the appearance of [[gastropod]]s (e.g., ''[[Aldanella]]''), [[cephalopod]]s (e.g., ''[[Plectronoceras]]'') and [[bivalve]]s (''[[Pojetaia]], [[Fordilla]]'') towards the middle of the [[Cambrian]] period, c.&nbsp;{{Ma|500}}, though arguably each of these may belong only to the stem lineage of their respective classes.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Budd GE, Jensen S |title=A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla |journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=253–95 |date=May 2000 |article-number=S000632310000548X |pmid=10881389 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x }}</ref> However, the evolutionary history both of the emergence of molluscs from the ancestral group [[Lophotrochozoa]], and of their diversification into the well-known living and [[fossil]] forms, is still vigorously debated.<br />
<br />
Debate occurs about whether some [[Ediacaran]] and Early [[Cambrian]] fossils really are molluscs.<ref name=Cabej>{{cite book|first=Nelson R. |last=Cabej|date=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdO1DwAAQBAJ&dq=Myoscolex&pg=PA152|title=Epigenetic Mechanisms of the Cambrian Explosion|publisher=Elsevier Science|page=152|isbn=978-0-12-814312-4 }}</ref> ''[[Kimberella]]'', from about {{ma|555}}, has been described by some paleontologists as "mollusc-like",<ref name="Fedonkin1997">{{Cite journal | author = Fedonkin, M.A. |author2=Waggoner, B.M. | date = August 28, 1997 | title = The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism | journal = Nature | volume = 388 | issue = 6645 | page = 868 | doi = 10.1038/42242 | bibcode=1997Natur.388..868F |s2cid=4395089 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella">{{cite journal |last1=Fedonkin |first1=M. A. |last2=Simonetta |first2=A. |last3=Ivantsov |first3=A. Y. |title=New data on ''Kimberella'' , the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): Palaeoecological and evolutionary implications |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2007 |volume=286 |pages=157–179 |doi=10.1144/SP286.12 }}</ref> but others are unwilling to go further than "probable [[bilateria]]n",<ref name="Butterfield2006">{{Cite journal | author = Butterfield, N.J. | year = 2006 | title = Hooking some stem-group "worms": fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale | journal = BioEssays | volume = 28 | issue = 12 | pages = 1161–6 | doi = 10.1002/bies.20507 | pmid = 17120226 | bibcode = 2006BiEss..28.1161B | s2cid = 29130876 }}</ref><ref name=Sigwart2007 /> if that.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Budd |first1=Graham E. |last2=Jensen |first2=Sören |title=The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution: Early evolution of the animals |journal=Biological Reviews |date=February 2017 |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=446–473 |doi=10.1111/brv.12239 |pmid=26588818 |hdl=10662/8091 |hdl-access=free |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-270199 }}</ref><br />
<br />
There is an even sharper debate about whether ''[[Wiwaxia]]'', from about {{ma|505}}, was a mollusc, and much of this centers on whether its feeding apparatus was a type of [[radula]] or more similar to that of some [[polychaete]] worms.<ref name="Butterfield2006" /><ref name="CaronScheltemaSchanderRudkin2006">{{cite journal |last1=Caron |first1=Jean-Bernard |last2=Scheltema |first2=Amélie |last3=Schander |first3=Christoffer |last4=Rudkin |first4=David |title=A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale |journal=Nature |date=2006 |volume=442 |issue=7099 |pages=159–163 |doi=10.1038/nature04894 |pmid=16838013 |hdl=1912/1404 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Nicholas Butterfield, who opposes the idea that ''Wiwaxia'' was a mollusc, has written that earlier [[microfossil]]s from {{ma|515|510}} are fragments of a genuinely mollusc-like radula.<ref name="Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula">{{Cite journal| author=Butterfield, N.J. | title=An Early Cambrian Radula| journal=Journal of Paleontology |date = May 2008| volume=82 | issue=3 | pages=543–554| doi=10.1666/07-066.1| bibcode=2008JPal...82..543B| s2cid=86083492}}</ref> This appears to contradict the concept that the ancestral molluscan radula was mineralized.<ref name="Cruz1998">{{cite journal |last1=Cruz |first1=Renato |last2=Lins |first2=Ulysses |last3=Farina |first3=Marcos |title=Minerals of the Radular Apparatus of ''Falcidens'' sp. (Caudofoveata) and the Evolutionary Implications for the Phylum Mollusca |journal=Biological Bulletin |date=1998 |volume=194 |issue=2 |pages=224–230 |id={{BHL page|5407000}} {{Gale|A20779444}} |doi=10.2307/1543051 |jstor=1543051 }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| style="float:right;"<br />
|- valign="top"<br />
|[[File:Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg|thumb | right | upright=0.55 | The tiny [[helcionellid]] fossil ''[[Yochelcionella]]'' is thought to be an early mollusc.<ref name="RunnegarPojeta1974" />]]<br />
|[[File:Neptunea despecta.jpg|thumb | right | upright=0.55 | Spirally coiled shells appear in many [[gastropod]]s.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=300–343}}]]<br />
|}<br />
However, the [[helcionellid]]s, which first appear over {{ma|540}} in Early Cambrian rocks from [[Siberia]] and China,<ref name="Parkhaev 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Parkhaev |first1=P. Y. |title=The Cambrian 'basement' of gastropod evolution |journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications |date=2007 |volume=286 |pages=415–421 |doi=10.1144/SP286.31 |bibcode=2007GSLSP.286..415P }}</ref><ref name="Steiner2007">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.03.046| last1 = Steiner | first1 = M. | last2 = Li | first2 = G. | last3 = Qian | first3 = Y. | last4 = Zhu | first4 = M. | last5 = Erdtmann | first5 = B.D. | title = Neoproterozoic to Early Cambrian small shelly fossil assemblages and a revised biostratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China) | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 254 | issue = 1–2 | page = 67 | year = 2007| bibcode = 2007PPP...254...67S }}</ref> are thought to be early molluscs with rather snail-like shells. Shelled molluscs therefore predate the earliest [[trilobite]]s.<ref name="RunnegarPojeta1974">{{Cite journal | first1=B. | first2= J. Jr. | last2= Pojeta | title = Molluscan Phylogeny: the Paleontological Viewpoint | volume = 186 | last1= Runnegar | journal = Science| issue = 4161 | pages = 311–7 | date=October 1974 | jstor = 1739764 | pmid = 17839855| doi = 10.1126/science.186.4161.311 |bibcode = 1974Sci...186..311R | s2cid= 46429653}}</ref> Although most helcionellid fossils are only a few millimeters long, specimens a few centimeters long have also been found, most with more [[limpet]]-like shapes. The tiny specimens have been suggested to be juveniles and the larger ones adults.<ref name="Mus2008">{{Cite journal<br />
| author = Mus, M.M.|author2= Palacios, T.|author3= Jensen, S. | year = 2008<br />
| title = Size of the earliest mollusks: Did small helcionellids grow to become large adults?<br />
| journal = Geology | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | page = 175 | doi = 10.1130/G24218A.1|bibcode=2008Geo....36..175M<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some analyses of helcionellids concluded these were the earliest [[gastropod]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Landing |first1=E. |last2=Geyer |first2=G. |first3=K.E. |last3=Bartowski |year=2002 |title=Latest Early Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils, Trilobites, and Hatch Hill Dysaerobic Interval on the Quebec Continental Slope |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=287–305 |jstor=1307143 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2002)076<0287:LECSSF>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2002JPal...76..287L |s2cid=130381069 }}</ref> However, other scientists are not convinced these Early Cambrian fossils show clear signs of the [[Torsion (gastropod)|torsion]] that identifies modern gastropods twists the internal organs so the anus lies above the head.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=300–343}}<ref name="FrýdaNützelWagner2008">{{cite book |last=Frýda |first=J. |author2=Nützel, A. |author3=Wagner, P.J. |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca |editor=Ponder, W.F. |editor2=Lindberg, D.R. |pages=239–264 |chapter=Paleozoic Gastropoda |publisher=California Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-520-25092-5 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nm0IZAQQ6S0C&pg=RA1-PA239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kouchinsky |first=A.|year=2000 |title=Shell microstructures in Early Cambrian molluscs |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=119–150 |url=http://app.pan.pl/archive/published/app45/app45-119.pdf |access-date=2009-11-04 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Annotated image | float=right | caption=Septa and [[siphuncle]] in [[nautiloid]] shell<br />
| image=Nautiloid septa n siphuncle 01.png | width=215 | image-width=150 | height=150<br />
| annotations=<br />
{{Annotation|120|5|{{legend2|blue|border=1px blue solid|{{=}} Septa}}}}<br />
{{Annotation|120|35|{{legend2|yellow|border=1px silver solid|{{=}} [[Siphuncle]]}}}}<br />
}}<br />
''[[Volborthella]]'', some fossils of which predate {{ma|530}}, was long thought to be a cephalopod, but discoveries of more detailed fossils showed its shell was not secreted, but built from grains of the mineral [[silicon dioxide]] (silica), and it was not divided into a series of compartments by [[Septum (marine biology)|septa]] as those of fossil shelled cephalopods and the living ''[[Nautilus]]'' are. ''Volborthella''{{'}}s classification is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite book<br />
|author1=Hagadorn, J.W.<br />
|author2=Waggoner, B.M.<br />
|name-list-style=amp<br />
|year=2002<br />
|pages=135–150<br />
|contribution=The Early Cambrian problematic fossil Volborthella: New insights from the Basin and Range<br />
|editor=Corsetti, F.A.<br />
|title=Proterozoic-Cambrian of the Great Basin and Beyond, Pacific Section SEPM Book 93<br />
|publisher=SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology)<br />
|url=http://www.amherst.edu/~jwhagadorn/publications/volb.pdf<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911152548/http://www.amherst.edu/~jwhagadorn/publications/volb.pdf<br />
|archive-date=2006-09-11<br />
}}</ref> The Middle Cambrian fossil ''[[Nectocaris]]'' was interpreted as a cephalopod with 2 arms and no shell by some researchers, but it is later reinterpreted as relative of modern [[Chaetognatha|chaetognaths]] (arrow worms).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Vinther |first1=Jakob |last2=Parry |first2=Luke A. |last3=Lee |first3=Mirinae |last4=Nielsen |first4=Morten Lunde |last5=Oh |first5=Yeongju |last6=Park |first6=Changkun |last7=Kihm |first7=Ji-Hoon |last8=DeVivo |first8=Giacinto |last9=Harper |first9=David A. T. |last10=Nielsen |first10=Arne T. |last11=Park |first11=Tae-Yoon S. |date=2025-07-25 |title=A fossilized ventral ganglion reveals a chaetognath affinity for Cambrian nectocaridids |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=11 |issue=30 |article-number=eadu6990 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.adu6990 |pmid=40700488 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=12285702 |bibcode=2025SciA...11.6990V }}</ref> The Late Cambrian fossil ''[[Plectronoceras]]'' is now thought to be the earliest undisputed cephalopod fossil, as its shell had septa and a [[siphuncle]], a strand of tissue that ''Nautilus'' uses to remove water from compartments it has vacated as it grows, and which is also visible in fossil [[ammonite]] shells. However, ''Plectronoceras'' and other early cephalopods crept along the seafloor instead of swimming, as their shells contained a "ballast" of stony deposits on what is thought to be the underside, and had stripes and blotches on what is thought to be the upper surface.<ref>{{Cite book | author1=Vickers-Rich, P. | author2=Fenton, C.L. | author3=Fenton, M.A. | author4=Rich, T.H. | title=The Fossil Book: A Record of Prehistoric Life | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-486-29371-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/fossilbookrecor00rich/page/269 269–272] | url=https://archive.org/details/fossilbookrecor00rich/page/269 }}</ref> All cephalopods with external shells except the [[nautiloid]]s became extinct by the end of the [[Cretaceous]] period {{ma|65}}.<ref name="MarshallWard1996">{{Cite journal |author=Marshall C.R. |author2=Ward P.D. |year=1996 |title=Sudden and Gradual Molluscan Extinctions in the Latest Cretaceous of Western European Tethys |journal=Science |volume=274 |issue=5291 |pages=1360–3 |doi=10.1126/science.274.5291.1360 |pmid=8910273 |bibcode=1996Sci...274.1360M |s2cid=1837900 }}</ref> However, the shell-less [[Coleoidea]] ([[squid]], [[octopus]], [[cuttlefish]]) are abundant today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecephalopodpage.org/evolution.php|title=A Broad Brush History of the Cephalopoda |last=Monks |first=N. |access-date=2009-03-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Early Cambrian fossils ''[[Fordilla]]'' and ''[[Pojetaia]]'' are regarded as [[bivalve]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal| author=Pojeta, J. | year=2000 | title=Cambrian Pelecypoda (Mollusca)| journal=American Malacological Bulletin | volume=15 | issue=2 | pages=157–166| bibcode=2000AMalB..15..157P }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| author=Schneider, J.A. | title=Bivalve systematics during the 20th century| journal=Journal of Paleontology | volume=75 | issue=6 | pages=1119–27| doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2001)075<1119:BSDTC>2.0.CO;2| year=2001| bibcode=2001JPal...75.1119S| s2cid=85583173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1999.tb00534.x| title = The first evolutionary-adaptive lineage within fossil molluscs| journal = Lethaia| volume = 32| issue = 2| pages = 155| year = 2007| last1 = Gubanov | first1 = A.P. | last2 = Kouchinsky | first2 = A.V. | last3 = Peel | first3 = J.S. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| author=Gubanov, A.P. |author2= Peel, J.S.| title=The early Cambrian helcionelloid mollusc ''Anabarella'' Vostokova| journal=Palaeontology | volume=46 |issue=5 | pages=1073–87 | doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00334| year=2003<br />
|bibcode= 2003Palgy..46.1073G|s2cid= 84893338| doi-access=free}}</ref> "Modern-looking" bivalves appeared in the [[Ordovician]] period, {{ma|488|443}}.<ref>{{Cite journal| author=Zong-Jie, F. | title=An introduction to Ordovician bivalves of southern China, with a discussion of the early evolution of the Bivalvia| journal=Geological Journal | volume=41 | issue=3–4 | doi=10.1002/gj.1048| pages=303–328| year=2006| bibcode=2006GeolJ..41..303Z| s2cid=129430674}}</ref> One bivalve group, the [[rudist]]s, became major [[reef]]-builders in the Cretaceous, but became extinct in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]].<ref>{{Cite journal| author=Raup, D.M.| author2=Jablonski, D.| title=Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions | journal=Science | year=1993| volume=260 | issue=5110 | pages=971–3 |doi=10.1126/science.11537491 | pmid=11537491<br />
|bibcode = 1993Sci...260..971R }}</ref> Even so, bivalves remain abundant and diverse.<br />
<br />
The [[Hyolitha]] are a class of extinct animals with a shell and [[operculum (gastropod)|operculum]] that may be molluscs. Authors who suggest they deserve their own [[phylum]] do not comment on the position of this phylum in the tree of life.<ref name=Sumrall2009>{{Cite journal | last1 = Malinky | first1 = J.M. | doi = 10.1666/08-094R.1 | title = Permian Hyolithida from Australia: The Last of the Hyoliths? | journal = Journal of Paleontology | volume = 83 | pages = 147–152 | year = 2009 | issue = 1 | bibcode = 2009JPal...83..147M | s2cid = 85924056 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Human interaction==<br />
{{Main|Molluscs in culture}}<br />
<br />
For millennia, molluscs have been a source of food for humans, as well as important luxury goods, notably [[pearl]]s, [[mother of pearl]], [[Tyrian purple]] dye, [[sea silk]], and chemical compounds. Their shells have also been used as a form of [[currency]] in some preindustrial societies. Some species of molluscs can bite or sting humans, and some have become agricultural pests.<br />
<br />
===Uses by humans===<br />
{{Further|Seashell|List of edible molluscs}}<br />
<!--[[File:Wool techelet.jpg|thumb|right|upright=6.8|Some wool dipped in [[techelet]] solution, from the ''[[Murex trunculus]]'', turns blue in the sunlight outside P'til Techelet in Israel.]]--><br />
Molluscs, especially bivalves such as [[clam]]s and [[mussel]]s, have been an important food source since at least the advent of [[anatomically modern human]]s, and this has often resulted in overfishing.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| author=Mannino, M.A.|author2= Thomas, K.D.<br />
| title=Depletion of a resource? The impact of prehistoric human foraging on intertidal mollusc communities and its significance for human settlement, mobility and dispersal<br />
| journal=World Archaeology | issue=3 |date = 2002| pages=452–474<br />
| doi=10.1080/00438240120107477|jstor=827879<br />
| volume=33<br />
|s2cid= 161085658<br />
}}</ref> Other commonly eaten molluscs include [[octopus]]es and [[squid]]s, [[whelk]]s, [[oysters]], and [[scallops]].<ref>{{Cite book<br />
| author1=Garrow, J.S.|author2=Ralph, A.|author3=James, W.P.T. | title=Human Nutrition and Dietetics<br />
| publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences | year=2000 | isbn=978-0-443-05627-7 | page=370<br />
}}</ref> In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global mollusc catch, netting almost {{convert|11000000|t}}. Within Europe, France remained the industry leader.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabLandArea?tb_ds=Capture&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY | access-date=2008-10-03 | title=China catches almost 11&nbsp;m tonnes of molluscs in 2005 | publisher=[[FAO]] | archive-date=23 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160123085332/http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/TabLandArea?tb_ds=Capture&tb_mode=TABLE&tb_act=SELECT&tb_grp=COUNTRY | url-status=dead }}</ref> Some countries regulate importation and handling of molluscs and other [[seafood]], mainly to minimize the poison risk from [[toxin]]s that can sometimes accumulate in the animals.<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title=Importing fishery products or bivalve molluscs<br />
| publisher=Food Standards Agency<br />
| location=United Kingdom<br />
| url=http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/imports/want_to_import/fisheryproducts/<br />
| access-date=2008-10-02<br />
| archive-date=2012-10-30<br />
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030181014/http://www.food.gov.uk/business-industry/imports/want_to_import/fisheryproducts/<br />
| url-status=dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Pearl farm (Seram, Indonesia).jpg|thumb|left|Saltwater [[pearl oyster]] farm in Seram, [[Indonesia]]|alt=Photo of three circular metal cages in shallows, with docks, boathouses and palm trees in background]]<br />
<br />
Most molluscs with shells can produce pearls, but only the pearls of [[bivalve]]s and some [[gastropod]]s, whose shells are lined with [[nacre]], are valuable.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=300–343, 367–403}} The best natural pearls are produced by marine [[pearl oyster]]s, ''[[Pinctada]] margaritifera'' and ''Pinctada mertensi'', which live in the [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] waters of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] and shell.<br />
<br />
The two methods of culturing [[pearls]] insert either "seeds" or beads into oysters. The "seed" method uses grains of ground shell from freshwater [[mussel]]s, and overharvesting for this purpose has [[endangered]] several freshwater mussel species in the southeastern United States.<ref name="RuppertFoxBarnes2004"/>{{rp|pages=367–403}} The pearl industry is so important in some areas, significant sums of money are spent on monitoring the health of farmed molluscs.<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| author=Jones, J.B.|author2= Creeper, J.<br />
| title=Diseases of Pearl Oysters and Other Molluscs: a Western Australian Perspective<br />
| journal=Journal of Shellfish Research | volume=25 | issue=1 |date = April 2006<br />
| pages=233–8<br />
| doi=10.2983/0730-8000(2006)25[233:DOPOAO]2.0.CO;2<br />
|s2cid= 85652762<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Meister von San Vitale in Ravenna 004.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Byzantine]] Emperor [[Justinian I]] clad in [[Tyrian purple]] and wearing numerous pearls|alt=Mosaic of mustachioed, curly-haired man wearing crown and surrounded by halo]]<br />
<br />
Other luxury and high-[[Social status|status]] products were made from molluscs. [[Tyrian purple]], made from the ink glands of [[murex]] shells, "fetched its weight in silver" in the fourth century [[Before Christ|BC]], according to [[Theopompus]].<ref>The fourth-century [[Before Christ|BC]] historian [[Theopompus]], cited by Athenaeus (12:526) around 200 BC; according to {{Cite book<br />
| author=Gulick, C.B. | year=1941| title=Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts<br />
| publisher=Harvard University Press<br />
| isbn=978-0-674-99380-8<br />
}}</ref> The discovery of large numbers of ''Murex'' shells on [[Crete]] suggests the [[Minoans]] may have pioneered the extraction of "imperial purple" during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th–18th centuries BC, centuries before the [[Tyrians]].<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| author=Reese, D.S. | year=1987<br />
| title=Palaikastro Shells and Bronze Age Purple-Dye Production in the Mediterranean Basin<br />
| journal=Annual of the British School of Archaeology at Athens | volume=82 | pages=201–6<br />
| doi=10.1017/s0068245400020438<br />
| s2cid=129588313<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| author=Stieglitz, R.R. | date=March 1994 | title=The Minoan Origin of Tyrian Purple<br />
| journal=Biblical Archaeologist | volume=57<br />
| issue=1 | pages=46–54<br />
| doi=10.2307/3210395<br />
| jstor=3210395<br />
| s2cid=163601220 }}</ref> [[Sea silk]] is a fine, rare, and valuable [[textile|fabric]] produced from the long silky threads ([[byssus]]) secreted by several bivalve molluscs, particularly ''[[Pinna nobilis]]'', to attach themselves to the sea bed.<ref>''Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged)'' 1976. G. & C. Merriam Co., p. 307.</ref> [[Procopius]], writing on the Persian wars ''circa'' 550 [[Common Era|CE]], "stated that the five hereditary satraps (governors) of [[Armenia]] who received their insignia from the Roman Emperor were given [[chlamys]] (or cloaks) made from ''lana pinna''. Apparently, only the ruling classes were allowed to wear these chlamys."<ref>{{Cite journal<br />
| author=Turner, R.D.|author2= Rosewater, J. | title=The Family Pinnidae in the Western Atlantic<br />
| journal=Johnsonia | volume=3 | issue=38 |date = June 1958| page=294<br />
| issn=0075-3920 |oclc=1419933002<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mollusc shells, including those of [[cowrie]]s, were used as a kind of [[money]] ([[shell money]]) in several preindustrial societies. However, these "currencies" generally differed in important ways from the standardized government-backed and -controlled money familiar to industrial societies. Some shell "currencies" were not used for commercial transactions, but mainly as [[social status]] displays at important occasions, such as weddings.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maurer |first1=Bill |title=The Anthropology of Money |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=2006 |volume=35 |pages=15–36 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123127 }}</ref> When used for commercial transactions, they functioned as a means of exchange similar to money in ordinary [[trade|business transactions]], a tradable good whose value differed from place to place, often as a result of difficulties in transport, and which was vulnerable to incurable [[inflation]] if more efficient transport or "goldrush" behavior appeared.<ref>{{Cite book<br />
| title=The Shell Money of the Slave Trade |author1=Hogendorn, J. |author2=Johnson, M.<br />
|name-list-style=amp | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2003 | isbn=978-0521541107<br />
}} Particularly chapters "Boom and slump for the cowrie trade" (pages 64–79) and "The cowrie as money: transport costs, values and inflation" (pages 125–147)</ref><br />
<br />
====Bioindicators====<br />
Bivalve molluscs are used as [[bioindicators]] to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed.<ref name=Molluscan>{{cite web|author=Université Bordeaux|display-authors=etal|url=http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en|title=MolluSCAN ''eye'' project|access-date=2017-01-28|archive-date=2016-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113173444/http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Potamopyrgus antipodarum]] is used by some water treatment plants to test for estrogen-mimicking pollutants from industrial agriculture.<br />
Several species of mollusca have been used as bioindicators of environmental stresses that can cause DNA damage. These species include the American oyster ''Crassostrea virginica'',<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rahman MF, Billah MM, Kline RJ, Rahman MS |title=Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster (''Crassostrea virginica''): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and γH2AX signaling pathways |journal=Fish Shellfish Immunol Rep |volume=4 |issue= |article-number=100079 |date=December 2023 |pmid=36589260 |pmc=9798191 |doi=10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100079 |bibcode=2023FSIR....400079R }}</ref> zebra mussels (''Dreissena polymorpha'')<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F |title=Detection of 8-oxodG in ''Dreissena polymorpha'' gill cells exposed to model contaminants |journal=Mutat Res |volume=741 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–6 |date=January 2012 |pmid=22009068 |doi=10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.001 |bibcode=2012MRGTE.741....1M }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F |title=DNA oxidation and DNA repair in gills of zebra mussels exposed to cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene |journal=Ecotoxicology |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=2009–16 |date=November 2015 |pmid=26438356 |doi=10.1007/s10646-015-1536-3 |bibcode=2015Ecotx..24.2009M }}</ref> and the blue mussel ''Mytilus edulis''.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Emmanouil C, Sheehan TM, Chipman JK |title=Macromolecule oxidation and DNA repair in mussel (''Mytilus edulis'' L.) gill following exposure to Cd and Cr(VI) |journal=Aquat Toxicol |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=27–35 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17331596 |doi=10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.01.009 |bibcode=2007AqTox..82...27E }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Harm to humans===<br />
====Stings and bites====<br />
[[File:Hapalochlaena lunulata.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[blue-ringed octopus]]'s rings are a warning signal; this octopus is alarmed, and its bite can kill.<ref name="AVRU_BlueRinged" />]]<br />
<br />
Some molluscs sting or bite, but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10% of those from [[jellyfish]] stings.<ref name="WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine Animals">{{Cite book | author1=Williamson, J.A.|author2=Fenner, P.J.|author3=Burnett, J.W.|author4=Rifkin, J.| title=Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook| publisher=UNSW Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-86840-279-6 | pages=65–68| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsZ3GryFIzEC&pg=PA75}}</ref><br />
<br />
All octopuses are venomous,<ref name="Anderson1995GiantPacificOctopus">{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = R.C. | year = 1995 | title = Aquarium husbandry of the giant Pacific octopus | journal = Drum and Croaker | volume = 26 | pages = 14–23 |publisher=New England Aquarium |location=Boston |oclc=4748345}}</ref> but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans. [[Blue-ringed octopus]]es in the genus ''Hapalochlaena'', which live around Australia and New Guinea, bite humans only if severely provoked,<ref name="AVRU_BlueRinged">{{cite web | title=Blue ringed octopus | author=Alafaci, A. | publisher=Australian Venom Research Unit<br />
| url=http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000060b.htm | access-date=2008-10-03| date=5 June 2018 }}</ref> but their venom kills 25% of human victims. Another tropical species, ''[[Octopus apollyon]]'', causes severe [[inflammation]] that can last for over a month even if treated correctly,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06025.x|pmid=10073455| title = ''Octopus apollyon'' bite| journal = Contact Dermatitis| volume = 40| issue = 3| pages = 169–70| date = March 1999| last1 = Brazzelli | first1 = V. | last2 = Baldini | first2 = F.| last3 = Nolli | first3 = G.| last4 = Borghini | first4 = F.| last5 = Borroni | first5 = G.|s2cid=35988014}}</ref> and the bite of ''[[East Pacific Red Octopus|Octopus rubescens]]'' can cause [[necrosis]] that lasts longer than one month if untreated, and headaches and weakness persisting for up to a week even if treated.<ref name="Anderson 1999">{{cite journal | last1 = Anderson | first1 = R.C. | year = 1999 | title = An octopus bite and its treatment | journal = The Festivus | volume = 31 | pages = 45–46 |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/53131/1/3754.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Textile cone.JPG|thumb|left|Live [[Cone shell|cone snails]] can be dangerous to shell collectors, but are useful to [[neurology]] researchers.<ref name="New Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail" />|alt=Photo of cone on ocean bottom]]<br />
<br />
All species of [[cone snail]]s are venomous and can sting painfully when handled, although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans, and only a few fatalities have been reliably reported. Their venom is a complex mixture of [[toxin]]s, some fast-acting and others slower but deadlier.<ref name="New Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail">{{Cite journal| author=Concar, D. | journal=New Scientist | date=19 October 1996| title=Doctor snail—Lethal to fish and sometimes even humans, cone snail venom contains a pharmacopoeia of precision drugs | access-date=2008-10-03| url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15220523.900-doctor-snail--lethal-to-fish-and-sometimes-even-humans-cone-snail-venom-contains-a-pharmacopoeia-of-precision-drugs-david-concar-finds-out-how-the-toxins-target-nerve-cells.html}}</ref><ref name="WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine Animals" /><ref>{{cite web | url=http://grimwade.biochem.unimelb.edu.au/cone/deathby.html | title=Cone Shell Mollusc Poisoning, with Report of a Fatal Case | author=Livett, B. | publisher=Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of [[Melbourne]] | access-date=2008-10-03 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107123624/http://grimwade.biochem.unimelb.edu.au/cone/deathby.html | archive-date=2012-11-07 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The effects of individual cone-shell toxins on victims' nervous systems are so precise as to be useful tools for research in [[neurology]], and the small size of their [[molecule]]s makes it easy to synthesize them.<ref name="New Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail" /><ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1590/S0037-86822006000500015| pmid = 17160331| title = Venomous mollusks: The risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: Conidae) in Brazil| journal = Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical| volume = 39| issue = 5| pages = 498–500| date = September–October 2006| last1 = Haddad Junior | first1 = V. | last2 = Paula Neto | first2 = J.O.B.D. | last3 = Cobo | first3 = V.L.J.| doi-access = free| hdl = 11449/30709| hdl-access = free}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Disease vectors====<br />
[[File:Schistosomiasis itch.jpeg|thumb|[[Vesicle (dermatology)|Skin vesicles]] created by the penetration of ''[[Schistosoma]]'' (Source: [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])]]<br />
<br />
[[Schistosomiasis]] (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever), a disease caused by the fluke worm ''[[Schistosoma]]'', is "second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries. An estimated 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with the disease—100 million in Africa alone."<ref>{{cite web<br />
| title=The Carter Center Schistosomiasis Control Program |publisher=The [[Carter Center]]<br />
| url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | access-date=2008-10-03<br />
}}</ref> The parasite has 13 known species, two of which infect humans. The parasite itself is not a mollusc, but all the species have freshwater snails as [[Host (biology)|intermediate hosts]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance |chapter=Snails and schistosomes |date=1994 |pages=334–373 |doi=10.1201/9781482295184-13 |isbn=978-0-429-09494-1 |oclc=52761130 |first1=David S |last1=Brown }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Pests====<br />
Some species of molluscs, particularly certain snails and [[slugs]], can be serious crop pests,<ref>{{Cite book | author=Barker, G.M. | editor-first1=G. M. | editor-last1=Barker | title=Molluscs As Crop Pests | publisher=CABI Publications | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-85199-320-1 |oclc=52761130 |doi=10.1079/9780851993201.0000}}</ref> and when introduced into new environments, can unbalance local [[ecosystem]]s. One such pest, the giant African snail ''[[Achatina fulica]]'', has been introduced to many parts of Asia, as well as to many islands in the [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]. In the 1990s, this species reached the [[West Indies]]. Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail ''[[Euglandina rosea]]'' proved disastrous, as the predator ignored ''[[Achatina fulica]]'' and went on to extirpate several native snail species instead.<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Civeyrel, L.|author2= Simberloff, D. | title=A tale of two snails: is the cure worse than the disease? | journal=Biodiversity and Conservation | volume=5 | issue=10 |date = October 1996| pages=1231–52 | doi=10.1007/BF00051574 |bibcode= 1996BiCon...5.1231C |s2cid= 43071631 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Land snail]]<br />
* [[Sea slug]]<br />
* [[Sea snail]]<br />
<br />
== Explanatory notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Sturm |first1=C. |last2=Pearce |first2=T.A. |last3=Valdes |first3=A. |title=The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation |publisher=Universal |date=2006 |isbn=1-58112-930-0 |oclc=69028066}}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Trigo |first1=J.E. |last2=Díaz Agras |first2=G.J. |last3=García-Álvarez |first3=O.L. |last4=Guerra |first4=A. |last5=Moreira |first5=J. |last6=Pérez |first6=J. |last7=Rolán |first7=E. |last8=Troncoso |first8=J.S. |last9=Urgorri |first9=V. |editor-last=Troncoso |editor-first=J.S. |editor2-last=Trigo |editor2-first=J.E. |editor3-last=Rolán |editor3-first=E. |title=Guía de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia |publisher=Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo |location=Vigo |date=2018 |isbn=978-84-8158-787-6 |oclc=1107124658 |language=es}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=A Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries: (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms) |publisher=Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) |doi=10.5962/bhl.title.46558 |date=1901 |isbn= |pages= |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73609|last1= Bell|first1= F. J.|last2= Kirkpatrick|first2= Randolph|last3= Smith|first3= E. A.}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Mollusca}}<br />
{{Wikibooks|Dichotomous Key|Mollusca}}<br />
* [https://molluscs.at The Living World of Molluscs]<br />
* {{EOL}}<br />
* {{cite press release |title=Researchers complete mollusk evolutionary tree |url=https://phys.org/news/2011-10-mollusk-evolutionary-tree.html |work=Phys.org |publisher=Brown University |date=26 October 2011 }}<br />
* [https://conchology.be/?t=261 Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods] by Eddie Hardy<br />
* [http://www.nmr-pics.nl/ Rotterdam Natural History Museum] Shell Image Gallery<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150907012135/http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/musselwatch.aspx Mussel Watch Programme (archived 2015)]<br />
* Online biomonitoring of bivalve activity, 24/7: [https://web.archive.org/web/20161113173444/http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en MolluSCAN ''eye'' (archived 2016)]<br />
<br />
{{Animalia}}<br />
{{Mollusc}}<br />
{{Life on Earth}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Animals|Biology}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q25326}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Molluscs| ]]<br />
<!-- [[Category:Aquatic animals]] not all molluscs are aquatic --><br />
<!-- [[Category:Protostomes]] category:molluscs is already included --><br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Protostome phyla]]<br />
[[Category:Extant Cambrian first appearances]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=MARCOS&diff=453765MARCOS2026-03-23T18:21:19Z<p>ClintCarswell72: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Navy special operations force}}<br />
{{About|the Indian Navy special forces|other uses|Marcos (disambiguation){{!}}Marcos}}<br />
{{Distinguish|MARSOC}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = MARCOS<br />
| image = Marine Commandos (MARCOS) logo enhanced.png<br />
| image_size = 205<br />
| caption = MARCOS Patch<br />
| dates = February 1987&nbsp;– present<br>({{Age in years and months|1987|2|14}})<ref name="PIB" /><br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| allegiance = <br />
| branch = {{Navy|India}}<br />
| type = [[Special Operations Forces]]<br />
| command_structure = <br />
| garrison = [[#Organization|INS Karna]], [[Vishakapatnam]], [[India]]<br />
| garrison_label = Headquarters<br />
| nickname = ''Magarmach'' (The Crocodiles),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marine-commandos-kings-of-all-special-forces/79320-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062732/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/marine-commandos-kings-of-all-special-forces/79320-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2008|title=Marine Commandos, kings of all special forces|date=28 November 2008|work=in.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref><br />''Dadhiwala Fauj'' (The Bearded Army)<ref name="BC" /><ref name="BW">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/15-reasons-the-indian-navy-marcos-are-the-best-in-the-world-232296.html|title=15 Reasons The Indian Navy MARCOS Are The Best in the World|date=2 May 2015|website=India Times|language=en|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref><br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = "The Few, The Fearless"<ref name="SM" /><ref name="BC" /><br />
| size = 1,200-2,000 (est.) {{small|([[Classified information|Classified]])}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-16 |title=Agencies take shape for special operations, space, cyber war |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-begins-setting-up-new-tri-service-agencies-to-handle-special-operations-space-and-cyberspace/articleshow/69346012.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="finet.com" /><br />
| colors = <br />
| colors_label = Operations<br />
| march = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| battles = [[Operation Cactus]]<br />[[Operation Leech]]<br />[[IPKF|Operation Pawan]]<br />[[Kargil War]]<br />[[November 2008 Mumbai Attacks|Operation Black Tornado]]<br />[[November 2008 Mumbai Attacks|Operation Cyclone]]<br />[[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|Counter-insurgency operations in Kashmir]]<br />[[Operation Sankalp]]<br />
| anniversaries = 14 February<br />
| decorations = <br />
| current_commander = <br />
| current_commander_label = <br />
| ceremonial_chief = <br />
| ceremonial_chief_label = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment = <br />
| colonel_of_the_regiment_label = <br />
| identification_symbol = [[File:Marcos insignia.png|120px]]<br />
| identification_symbol_label = MARCOS badge<br />
| identification_symbol_2 = [[File:Special forces.png|170px|center]]<br />
| identification_symbol_2_label = ''Special Forces'' shoulder tab<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Marine Commandos''', abbreviated to '''MARCOS''', are<br />
the [[special forces]] of the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="SM" /><ref name="PIB" /> The MARCOS were originally named Indian Marine Special Force, which was later changed to Marine Commando Force to impart "an element of individuality" to it, according to the Indian Navy. The abbreviation 'MARCOS' was coined afterwards.<ref name="IA" /><br />
[[File:Operation Sankalp Joint Operation by IN and IAF and rescue crew of MV Ruen.jpg|thumb|left|On 16 March 2024, [[Indian Air Force|IAF]] [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster|C-17]], in cooperation with [[INS Kolkata|INS ''Kolkata'']], paradropped two Combat Rubberised Raiding Craft, armament load and two MARCOS ''Prahar'' teams were inserted to rescue 17 crew members of MV Ruen held hostage by 35 pirates. ]]<br />
The MARCOS were founded in February 1987. The MARCOS are capable of operating in all types of environments: at sea, in the air, and on land.<ref name="PIB" /><ref name="indiannavy.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-abhimanyu|title=INS Abhimanyu|website=Indian Navy|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024172117/http://indiannavy.nic.in/about-indian-navy/ins-abhimanyu|archive-date=24 October 2013|access-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> The force has gradually acquired more experience and an international reputation for professionalism.<ref name="PIB" /><ref name="Ravindra Wijegunaratne" /> The MARCOS regularly undertake specialised maritime operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] through the [[Jhelum River]] and [[Wular Lake]], a {{Convert|65|km2|acre}} freshwater lake, and conduct counter-insurgency operations in the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forceindia.net/the-maroon-beret/|title=With added emphasis on Special Forces, the army is set to change the face of war|date=18 March 2019|website=Force|language=en-US|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-date=3 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003005855/http://forceindia.net/the-maroon-beret/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="indiannavy.nic.in" /><br />
<br />
Some MARCOS units are a part of the tri-services [[Armed Forces Special Operations Division]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/major-general-a-k-dhingra-appointed-as-the-first-special-operations-division-commander/articleshow/69339545.cms?from=mdr|title=Major General A K Dhingra appointed as the first Special Operations Division Commander|date=15 May 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=8 September 2019|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719040201/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/major-general-a-k-dhingra-appointed-as-the-first-special-operations-division-commander/articleshow/69339545.cms?from=mdr|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Statue of a Marine Commando of the Indian Navy.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of a Marine Commando on display at [[Visakha Museum]]]]<br />
<br />
In 1955, the Indian military established a diving school at [[Cochin]] with the assistance of the British [[Special Boat Service]] and began teaching [[combat diver]]s skills such as [[Bomb disposal|explosive disposal]], clearance, and [[salvage diving]]. The combat divers failed to achieve their desired outcomes during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] as they were not adequately trained for sabotage missions.<ref name="world-sf">{{Cite book|last1=Ryan|first1=Mike|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBNrNgAACAAJ|title=The Encyclopedia of the World's Special Forces: Tactics, History, Strategy, Weapons|last2=Mann|first2=Chris|last3=Stilwell|first3=Alexander|publisher=[[Spellmount]] |year=2003 |isbn=9781862272316 |quote=Indian combat diving began in 1955, when a diving school, under British SBS instruction, was established at Cochin. However, the divers produced were in effect salvage and clearance specialists, and, when used for sabotage operations in the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, they were largely unsuccessful. It was not until 1986 that steps were taken to form a proper naval commando element capable of undertaking a range of missions, from beach reconnaissance to maritime counter-terrorism. Volunteers from the diving unit were sent to train with the US Navy SEALs at Coronado, and a series of exchanges followed with the SBS. The result of this training in maritime special forces practice led to the formation of the Indian Marine Special Forces in February 1987.}}</ref><ref name="gs" /><br />
<br />
The combat divers had also taught basic [[underwater demolition]] training to Muktibahinis (Freedom Fighters) from [[Bangladesh]], who were then sent on missions during the war and inflicted heavy damage to a Pakistani logistics ship. The [[Indian Navy]] assisted the [[Indian Army]] in landing operations against the Pakistani military base in [[Cox's Bazar]]. After the war ended, army units were often drafted into amphibious exercises. In 1983, the Indian Army formation called the 340th Army Independent Brigade was converted into an amphibious assault unit, and a series of joint airborne-amphibious exercises were conducted in later years.<ref name="gs">{{cite web|url=http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Intelligence-Review-96/MARINE-COMMANDOS-INDIA-S-FLEXIBLE-ELITE.html|title=Marine Commandos: India's Flexible Elite, Archived|date=1 May 1996|website=[[Jane's Intelligence Review]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103221726/http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Intelligence-Review-96/MARINE-COMMANDOS-INDIA-S-FLEXIBLE-ELITE.html|archive-date=3 November 2012|access-date=15 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 1986, the Indian Navy started planning for the creation of a special forces unit that would be capable of undertaking missions in a maritime environment, conducting raids and reconnaissance, and [[counter-terrorism]] operations. Three volunteer officers from the diving unit, which was created in 1955, were selected and underwent training courses with the [[United States Navy SEALs]] at [[Coronado, California|Coronado]]. They later went on training exchanges with the [[Special Boat Service]]. In February 1987, the Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) officially came into existence, and the three officers were its first members.<ref name="gs" /><ref name="world-sf" /><br />
<br />
The IMSF was renamed as 'Marine Commando Force' in 1991.<ref name="sp.com" /><br />
<br />
==Known activities and operations==<br />
[[File:MARCOS and US Navy SEALs, Urban Combat Training, MALABAR 2021 (bright).jpg|thumb|MARCOS and US Navy SEALs, Urban Combat Training, MALABAR (2021)]]<br />
<br />
The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain but are specialised in maritime operations. The force has undertaken numerous joint exercises with special forces from around the world. {{As of|2012}}, the MARCOS has about 2,000 personnel, though the exact number remains classified. Operations undertaken by MARCOS usually remain classified; some of the known operations are:<ref name="finet.com">{{cite news|title=Indian Marine Commandos MARCOS celebrate 25 glorious years|url=http://frontierindia.net/indiandefence/indian-marine-commandos-marcos-celebrate-25-glorious-years/|access-date=6 July 2012|newspaper=Frontier India|date=31 May 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602040111/http://frontierindia.net/indiandefence/indian-marine-commandos-marcos-celebrate-25-glorious-years/|archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Hiranandani">{{cite book|last=Hiranandani|first=G.M.|title=Transition to Eminence: The Indian Navy 1976–1990|year=2009|publisher=Lancer|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8170622666|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/Transition-to-Eminence-07Apr16.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:MARCOS during a VBSS exercise at RIMPAC 2022.png|thumb|MARCOS performing a simulated [[Visit, board, search, and seizure]] (VBSS) exercise aboard MV ''Ocean Valor'' at [[Exercise_RIMPAC#RIMPAC_2022|RIMPAC 2022]]]]<br />
[[File:Indian Navy MARCOS boarding on FV Omari.jpg|thumb|MARCOS boarding the Iranian flagged vessel FV ''Omari'' held captive by Somali pirates]]<br />
[[File:Indian Navy MARCOS rescuing hijacked Bulgaria-owned vessel MV Ruen.jpg|thumb|MARCOS rescued a Bulgarian crew member from the hijacked MV ''Ruen'' on 16 March 2024.]]<br />
<br />
{{dynamic list}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name !! Date !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Operation Pawan]]''' || 1987 || The Indian Marine Special Force, as the MARCOS was then known, helped capture the harbours of [[Jaffna]] and [[Trincomalee]], Sri Lanka, as part of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]].<ref name="sp.com">{{cite web|title=Marine Commando Force|url=http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/India/MCF.htm|publisher=Specialoperations.com|access-date=15 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705041432/http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/India/MCF.htm|archive-date=5 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="gs" /><ref name="CW" /> On 21 October, MARCOS conducted a successful amphibious raid against a [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE) base at Guru Nagar.<ref name="SpecOps">[http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/India/MCF.htm India. Marine Commando Force] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705041432/http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/India/MCF.htm|date=5 July 2012}} Special Operations.Com</ref> MARCOS swam {{Convert|12|km|miles|abbr=in}} to their target with their combat load in a tow. They rigged the LTTE harbour with explosives without being detected. After they detonated the explosives and destroyed the harbour, LTTE militants started firing upon them. MARCOS fired back and swam to safety after the gunfight with no casualties.<ref name="Hiranandani" /><ref name="BC" /><ref name="SO">{{Cite journal|date=3 July 2012|title=Major Lessons from Operation Pawan for Future Regional Stability Operations|url=http://www.idsa.in/jds/6_3_2012_MajorLessonsfromOperationPawanforFutureRegionalStabilityOperations_SKalyanaraman|journal=Journal of Defence Studies, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses|volume=6|pages=29–52}}</ref><ref name="BW" /> A team of 18 MARCOS were involved in this operation. The team was led by Lt. Arvind Singh (later retired as Commodore), an officer trained by the [[US Navy SEALs]]. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for this mission.<ref name="Ravindra Wijegunaratne">{{cite web |author1=Admiral [[Ravindra Wijegunaratne]] |title=Combat experience with Indian Navy Marine Commandos |url=https://island.lk/combat-experience-with-indian-navy-marine-commandos/ |website=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]] |access-date=12 December 2020 |date=11 December 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Operation Cactus]]''' || 1988 || The MARCOS, as part of the Indian Navy contingent, defended the democratic government of President [[Maumoon Abdul Gayoom]] of the [[Maldives]] from a coup. The force played a supporting role in India's successful military aid, helping foil the attempted coup by Sri Lankan militants from the [[PLOTE]] and [[ENDLF]]. A group of 47 mercenaries attempted to escape by sea with 23 hostages on a hijacked vessel, MV Progress Light. The MCF was pressed into service along with {{INS|Godavari|F20|6}}, a multi-role [[frigate]] carrying Seaking helicopters and [[Breguet Alizé|Alize]] aircraft operating from the Navy's base at [[Kochi]]. ''Godavari'' trailed the hijacked vessel for two days, firing intermittently on the vessel's superstructure. An Alize anti-submarine aircraft dropped two depth charges near the vessel, causing the militants to appear on the upper decks and surrender. A contingent of MARCOS operating from Ratmalana Airfield on the outskirts of Colombo, with some help from the [[Sri Lankan Army]], boarded the ship and accepted the surrender of the militants and took them into custody.<ref name="CW" /><br />
|-<br />
| '''Operation Tasha''' || 1991 || Operation Tasha, which was instituted after [[Operation Pawan]] wound up, was a coastal security operation on the [[Tamil Nadu]] coast to thwart operations of the LTTE there.<ref name="sp.com" /><ref name="idf">{{cite journal |last=Hiranandani |first=Vice Adm (Retd) GM |date= 24 March 2014|title=Navy's Marine Commandos |url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/navys-marine-commandos/ |journal=Indian Defence Review|issue=Book Excerpt: Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991–2000 |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''Operation Zabardust''' || 1992 || MARCOS personnel intercepted an LTTE vessel smuggling arms and ammunition.<ref name="idf" /><br />
|-<br />
| '''[[UNOSOM II]]''' || 1993 || MARCOS were deployed off [[Mogadishu]] in support of the Indian contingent in Somalia. The team provided Maritime Special Operations support to the Naval Task Force.<ref name="finet.com" /><ref name="idf" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Marine commandos celebrate silver jubilee|url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/marine-commandos-celebrate-silver-jubilee-328099.html|access-date=6 July 2012|newspaper=First Post|date=31 May 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''Operation Rakshak''' || ongoing ||'''[[Counter-insurgency]] (COIN) operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]''': In the [[Jhelum River]] and [[Wular Lake]], two to four teams of MARCOS are deployed through the year at Wular Lake. Militants were using this {{Convert|250|km2|sqmi|abbr=in}} lake,<ref name="idf" /> which is surrounded by mountains, to reach Srinagar, saving them from having to travel {{Convert|100|km|miles|abbr=in}} through the mountains. In 1995, a team of MARCOS was positioned at the lake, and within weeks, militant activity on the lake ceased.<ref name="idf" /> Some MARCOS personnel are also attached to the Army special forces units conducting counter-terrorism operations in the area.<ref name="CW">{{cite web|title=Crocodiles of Wullar |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Special/166-Crocodiles-Of-Wullar.html |publisher=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008144813/http://bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Special/166-Crocodiles-Of-Wullar.html |archive-date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> MARCOS use tactics similar to those of Israeli undercover special warfare units [[Mista'arvim]], wearing beards and the 'pheren' (Kashmiri suit), making them indistinguishable from the locals.<ref name="fotn" /><br />
<br />
During Operation Rakshak, MARCOS have undertaken missions in which they have engaged and killed heavily armed militants. These operations have included [[close-quarters combat]] and intense gunfights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gallantry medals to naval personnel on Independence day 2019 |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=192636 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2017, a team of 30 MARCOS personnel was permanently deployed in Wular Lake. MARCOS has also helped the Indian Army to eliminate militants from islands in the Jhelum River, where militants use plantations as hiding spots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kashmir-marcos-army-wular-lake-terrorists-1025049-2017-07-18|title=Now, MARCOS helping Army flush out terrorists in Kashmir|date=18 July 2017|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=22 January 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Kargil War]]''' || 1999 || MARCOS were involved alongside the Indian Army during the Kargil War.<ref name="Hiranandani" /><ref name="idf" /><br />
|-<br />
| '''Operation Rahat in [[Yemen]]''' || 2015<br />
|| In March 2015, the Indian Navy undertook this operation to rescue thousands of civilians from war-torn Yemen. Amid intense fighting and airstrikes being conducted by a coalition led by [[Saudi Arabia]], MARCOS was tasked with ensuring the safe passage of civilians. Both Indian and foreign nationals were rescued during the operation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gallantry Awards (Navy) |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=126047 |website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=29 February 2020 |date=14 August 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''[[2008 Mumbai attacks|Operation Black Tornado]]''' || 2008 || MARCOS stormed the Trident and Taj Hotels at Mumbai during the terrorist attacks on 26 November 2008 during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks|November 2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200811281760.htm |title=MARCOS&nbsp;– Bravehearts who rescued Mumbai's hostages |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 November 2008 |location=Chennai, India |date=28 November 2008}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Anti-Piracy || 2008 || In its first-ever action in the [[Gulf of Aden]], MARCOS thwarted an attempt by pirates to capture the Indian merchant vessel MV Jag Arnav on 11 November 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Commandos-answer-SOS-from-Saudi-Indian-vessels-scare-off-pirates/articleshow/3699918.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022074439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-11/india/27942549_1_merchant-vessel-indian-frigate-indian-warship |url-status=live |archive-date=22 October 2012 |title=Navy foils Indian ship's hijack attempt off Aden |access-date=11 November 2008 |first1=Rajat |last1=Pandit |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 November 2008}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Exercise 'Balance Iroquois' 03-1/Vajra Prahar || 2003 || MARCOS participated in joint training exercises called Exercise 'Balance Iroquois' 03-1/Vajra Prahar with [[United States Special Operations Forces|US Special Operations Forces]] in [[Mizoram]].<ref>[http://www.hvk.org/articles/0503/157.html MARCOS joint exercises "Vajra Prahar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419092119/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0503/157.html |date=19 April 2006}} Hindu Vivek Kendra news article</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Piracy || 2008 || On 13 December 2008, MARCOS units operating from the Indian Naval warship [[INS Mysore (D60)]] foiled a pirate hijack attempt of the Ethiopian vessel ''MV Gibe'' off the Somali coast. Twenty-three pirates were arrested.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=10510 | title = India plays globo cop off Somali coast as Western navies play safe | work = [[Bharat Rakshak]] | access-date = 24 December 2008 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081223160718/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=10510 | archive-date = 23 December 2008}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Piracy || 2011 || On 16 July 2011, INS Godavari and MARCOS foiled a piracy attempt on a Greek ship, MV Elinakos, in the Gulf of Aden.<ref>{{cite press release | title = INS Godavari Foils Piracy Attempt | publisher = Indian Navy | date = 19 July 2011 | url = http://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/PRel_110719_Godavari-Foils-Piracy.pdf | access-date = 22 November 2014 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026114328/http://indiannavy.nic.in/sites/default/files/PRel_110719_Godavari-Foils-Piracy.pdf | archive-date = 26 October 2013}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Anti-Piracy || 2013 || On 12 August 2013, the Indian Navy spotted an Iranian cargo ship Nafis-1 that was off-course in the Arabian Sea. Surveillance of the ship continued until 14 August, when a nine-strong MARCOS unit was deployed to intercept the ship via helicopter and support from the [[INS Mysore (D60)|INS Mysore]]. The commandos detained the hijackers. The Iranian ship had reportedly sailed from [[Chah Bahar]] in Iran. Navy Intelligence reports said the ship was being used to smuggle weapons and contraband. A store of automatic assault weapons found on board was confiscated.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Marine commandos apprehend hijacked vessel MV Nafis-1 290 nm off Mumbai|url=http://frontierindia.net/indiandefence/indian-marine-commandos-apprehend-hijacked-vessel-mv-nafis-1-290-nm-off-mumbai/|access-date=6 July 2012|newspaper=Frontier India|date=15 August 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401230209/http://frontierindia.net/indiandefence/indian-marine-commandos-apprehend-hijacked-vessel-mv-nafis-1-290-nm-off-mumbai/|archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Anti-Piracy<br />
| rowspan="2" |2017<br />
|On 16 May, MARCOS responded to a distress call from a Liberian ship near the [[Gulf of Aden]] and thwarted a piracy attempt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/how-indian-navy-foiled-piracy-attempt-in-gulf-of-aden/a-distress-call/slideshow/58735418.cms|title=How Indian Navy foiled piracy attempt in Gulf of Aden – Job well done|date=18 May 2017|website=The Economic Times|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|On 6 October, MARCOS rescued an Indian [[bulk carrier]] that had been overtaken by pirates in the Gulf of Aden.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-vessel-thwarts-pirate-attack-on-indian-ship-in-gulf-of-aden-1759561|title=Indian Navy's Special Commandos Save Ship From Pirates in Gulf of Aden|date=6 October 2017|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=22 September 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|'''Rescue of Dubai princess [[Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 1985)|Sheikha Latifa]]'''<br />
|2018<br />
|On 4 March 2018, Indian special forces—suspected to be MARCOS—captured Dubai princess [[Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 1985)|Sheikha Latifa]] off the coast of India and handed her over to authorities from the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The failed escape: Sheikha Latifa's doomed flight from Dubai |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-dubai-court-escape/the-failed-escape-sheikha-latifas-doomed-flight-from-dubai-idUSKBN20S24D |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=9 March 2020 |date=6 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Govt keeps mum after UK judge talks of 'capture' of Dubai princess by Indian commandos |url=https://theprint.in/india/govt-keeps-mum-after-uk-judge-talks-of-capture-of-dubai-princess-by-indian-commandos/377400/ |website=[[ThePrint]] |access-date=9 March 2020 |date=7 March 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|'''[[2020 China–India skirmishes|China-India skirmishes]]'''<br />
|2020<br />
|In October 2020, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' reported that MARCOS are being deployed in the [[Ladakh|Eastern Ladakh]] alongside the Indian Army against the Chinese military.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gen Rawat asks tri-services to curb peace-time activities in deference to deployed troops in Ladakh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gen-rawat-asks-tri-services-to-curb-peace-time-activities-in-deference-to-deployed-troops-in-ladakh/story-TGSzOq5AxnQYe9878sGUrN.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> According to subsequent reports, MARCOS are present in the vicinity of the [[Pangong Tso]] lake where they will soon be conducting missions using boats.<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2020|title=India-China faceoff: Indian Navy's MARCOS deployed near Ladakh's Pangong lake|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-china-faceoff-indian-navy-s-marcos-deployed-near-ladakh-s-pangong-lake/story-UHg6IOBjuYfEGNqZ5EaZYM.html|access-date=29 November 2020|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |Anti-Piracy and [[Red Sea crisis]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |2024<br />
|On 5 January 2024, MARCOS, based on the [[INS Chennai]] in the [[Arabian Sea]], boarded and rescued 21 crew members from the hijacked vessel MV Lila Norfolk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/indian-navy-commandos-board-hijacked-ship-clear-it-of-hijackers/20240105.htm|title=Indian navy commandos board hijacked ship clear it of hijackers|access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|On 18 January 2024, MARCOS and Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Team secured MV Genco Picardy following the drone attack by [[Houthi movement|Houthi militia]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=18 January 2024 |title=Indian warship responds to drone attack on merchant vessel in Gulf of Aden |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-warship-responds-to-drone-attack-on-merchant-vessel-in-gulf-of-aden-101705574877077.html |access-date=8 September 2024 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="AP">{{Cite web |last=Linganna |first=Girish |date=2024-09-04 |title=Where Is The Anti-Piracy Escort Force?: The Crisis In The Red Sea Exposes Chinese Inaction – Analysis |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/04092024-where-is-the-anti-piracy-escort-force-the-crisis-in-the-red-sea-exposes-chinese-inaction-analysis/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Eurasia Review |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|During [[Marlin Luanda missile strike|''Marlin Luanda'' missile strike]], MARCOS led Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Defence (NBCD) and a firefighting team of 10 personnel battled for six hours to extinguish the fire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2024-01-27 |title=Yet another Houthi missile strike on merchant vessel with Indian crew, Navy responds to SOS call |url=https://theprint.in/defence/indian-navy-responds-to-sos-call-from-vessel-struck-by-houthi-missile-in-gulf-of-aden/1941897/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="AP" /><br />
|-<br />
|On January 24, 2024, MARCOS aboard [[INS Sumitra (P59)|INS Sumitra]] freed 17 Iranian hostages from Somalian pirates aboard the captured fishing vessel FV Iman.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2024-01-30 |title=Indian Navy rescues hijacked Iranian ship FV Iman from Somali pirates in Arabian Sea |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-rescues-hijacked-iranian-ship-fv-iman-from-somali-pirates-in-arabian-sea/articleshow/107240498.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name="SC">{{cite news |title=INS Sumitra Carries out 2nd Successful Anti Piracy Ops – Rescuing 19 Crew members and Vessel from Somali Pirates |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2000473 |access-date=8 September 2024 |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=30 January 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|The fishing boat Al Naeemi, flying the Iranian flag, was found and intercepted on 29 January 2024 by MARCOS. 19 Pakistani crew members and the ship were safely freed from Somali pirate control.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=30 January 2024 |title=Indian Navy foils second hijacking bid in Arabian Sea in 24 hours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-foils-2nd-hijacking-bid-in-36hrs-off-somalia-coast-rescues-iranian-boat-101706592501634.html |access-date=8 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="SC" /><br />
|-<br />
|On January 29, 2024, MARCOS from [[INS Sharda (P55)|INS Sharda]], along with [[Seychelles People's Defence Force]] and [[Sri Lanka Navy]], successfully rescued LORENZO PUTHA 04 from Somalian pirates.<ref>{{cite news |title=INDIAN NAVY RESPONDS TO THE HIJACKING OF SRI LANKAN FISHING VESSEL IN COLLABORATION WITH SEYCHELLES DEFENCE FORCES AND SRI LANKA NAVY |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2000673 |access-date=8 September 2024 |agency=Ministry of Defence |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=30 January 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|On 17 March 2024, [[INS Kolkata]] and a [[MARCOS|MARCOS PRAHARs]] (squad of 8 commandos) jointly operated to rescue 17 crew members and captured 35 pirates from MV Ruen, which was hijacked after a 40-hour-long operation under [[Operation Sankalp]]. The entire action was supported by [[INS Subhadra (P51)|INS Subhadra]], UAVs and [[Boeing P-8 Poseidon|P-8I]] aircraft. The hijacked ship was acting like a [[Mother ship|mothership]] for the pirates. The operation, under the larger [[Operation Sankalp]], was successful.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ships, Drones, Commandos: How Indian Navy Rescued Hijacked Vessel |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ships-drones-commandos-how-indian-navy-rescued-hijacked-vessel-5254211 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="IN">{{Cite news |title=Indian navy rescues hijacked vessel MV Ruen from 35 pirates; all crew-members safe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indian-navy-rescues-hijacked-vessel-mv-ruen-from-35-pirates-all-crew-members-safe/articleshow/108551973.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian navy captures ship from Somali pirates, rescuing 17 crew members |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/16/indian-navy-captures-ship-from-somali-pirates-rescues-crew-members |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Organization ==<br />
=== Operational responsibilities ===<br />
[[File:Indian Navy MARCOS at Exercise RIMPAC 2022.jpg|thumb|]]<br />
[[File:An Indian Marine Commando looks down his weapon during special operations urban combat training as part of Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022.jpg|thumb|Indian Navy MARCOS during urban combat training at RIMPAC 2022]]<br />
[[File:Indian Marine Commandos conduct live-fire lateral drills during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022.jpg|thumb|Indian Marine Commandos conduct live-fire lateral drills during Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) 2022.]]<br />
[[File:MARCOS at Defence Expo 2020.jpg|thumb|MARCOS at Defence Expo 2020]]<br />
<br />
As a specialised force, the MARCOS is responsible for conducting operations at the strategic and the tactical level.<ref name="PIB">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146997|title=Chief of the Naval Staff commissions INS karna – Marine Commandos get a new Base at Visakhapatnam|date=12 July 2016|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120021536/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=146997 |archive-date=20 January 2020|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> MARCO operations are usually conducted in support of naval forces, although MARCOS are also deployed in other domains.<ref name="indiannavy.nic.in" /><ref name="IA" /> The responsibilities of MARCOS has evolved with time.<ref name="BC" /> Some of the duties of MARCOS include:-<ref name="IA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infrastructure/meet-the-7-mighty-commando-forces-of-india/slideshow/47611234.cms|title=Meet the 7 mighty commando forces of India|date=10 June 2015|website=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="SO" /><ref name="BC" /><ref name="PIB" /><br />
<br />
* Providing support to amphibious operations<br />
* Special surveillance and amphibious reconnaissance operations<br />
* Clandestine operations inside hostile territory, including diving operations and special raids<br />
* [[Direct action (military)|Direct action]]<br />
* Hostage rescue operations<br />
* Counter-terrorism operations<br />
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]<br />
* [[Foreign internal defence]]<br />
<br />
MARCOS can also assist the Indian Air Force in [[Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses|Suppression of Enemy Air Defences]] (SEAD) missions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menon|first= Murli|date=24 July 2020|title=Augmenting air defence in Ladakh with Navy|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/augmenting-air-defence-in-ladakh-with-navy-117152|access-date=7 August 2020|website=The Tribune|language=en|quote=Naval maritime commandos (MARCOS) or the Army special forces could thus find employability within the IAF's counter-air, counter-terror or suppression of enemy air defence (SEAD) campaigns.}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Bases===<br />
[[File:Hoisting of the Naval Ensign for the first time at INS Karna on the occasion of Commissioning.jpg|thumb|Commissioning of INS Karna, a dedicated base for MARCOS]]<br />
[[File:MARCOS diving training.jpg|thumb|left|Diving training of MARCOS off the coast of [[Kochi]]]][[File:RIMPAC 2022, US, India conduct military freefall training.jpg|thumb|MARCOS are capable of para-dropping into the sea with a full combat load.]]<br />
<br />
The MCF currently operates out of the naval bases at [[Mumbai]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Goa]], [[Kochi]] and [[Port Blair]].<ref name="fotn" /> There are plans to shift the current training facility at the Naval Special Warfare Training and Tactical Centre to a new facility to be set up at the erstwhile Naval Academy in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hoslaacademy.blogspot.com/2015/08/special-elite-forces-of-indian-defence.html|title=Special Elite Forces Of Indian Defence Forces: Indian Army, Indian Navy And Indian Air Force. That Will Make You Proud|access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
INS Abhimanyu, located in Mumbai, was the base where MARCOS was formed. It is named after [[Abhimanyu]], a character from the epic ''[[Mahābhārata]]''. The base is a part of the [[Western Naval Command]]. It was created in 1974 and was commissioned on 1 May 1980. The Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) was located there in 1987.<ref name="BC" /><ref name="IA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-abhimanyu|title=INS Abhimanyu {{!}} Indian Navy|website=www.indiannavy.nic.in|access-date=8 September 2019}}</ref> On 12 July 2016, the naval base [[INS Karna]] was commissioned near [[Visakhapatnam]] as the garrison<br />
& permanent base for the unit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/admiral-lanba-commissions-marine-commandos-unit-ins-karna/article8839250.ece|title=Admiral Lanba commissions Marine Commandos unit 'INS Karna'|date=12 July 2016|access-date=25 July 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Subrahmanyam|first1=G. S.}}</ref> The smallest unit of MARCOS is known as '''Prahar''' and consists of eight commandoes.<ref name="IN" /><br />
<br />
==Selection and training==<br />
All MARCOS personnel are selected from the Indian Navy when they are in their early 20s and have to go through a stringent selection process and training. The selection standards are extremely high. Training is a continuous process. American and British special forces assisted in setting up the initial training program, which now consists of a seven and a half to eight months course for recruits. The training regimen includes airborne operations, combat diving courses, counter-terrorism, anti-hijacking, anti-piracy operations, direct action, infiltration and exfiltration tactics, special reconnaissance, and [[unconventional warfare]]. Most of the training is conducted at INS Abhimanyu, which is also the home base of MARCOS.<br />
<br />
All MARCOS personnel are free-fall qualified ([[HALO/HAHO]]). A few also qualify to operate the Cosmos CE-2F/X100 two-man submarines.<ref name="sp.com" /> MARCOS train with the [[Special Forces of India|Special Forces officers of the Indian Army]] the [[Para SF]] at the [[Indian Special Forces Training School (SFTS)|Indian Special Forces Training School]], [[Nahan]] and Army's other schools for unconventional warfare. These include the Junior Leaders' Commando Training Camp in Belgaum, Karnataka, the Parvat Ghatak School for high altitude mountain warfare in [[Tawang|Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh]], desert warfare school in [[Rajasthan]], the [[High Altitude Warfare School]] (HAWS) in [[Sonamarg]], Kashmir, and the [[Counter-insurgency and Jungle Warfare School]] (CIJWS) in [[Vairengte]], Mizoram.<ref name="SM">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/ifr-marcos-to-showcase-their-might/article8180883.ece|title=IFR: MARCOS to showcase their might|last=Bhattacharjee|first=Sumit|date=2 February 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 September 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These schools routinely host students from other countries. MARCOS are then trained at agencies within the Navy.<br />
<br />
The pre-training selection process is made up of two parts. Indian Navy personnel who want to join MARCOS must undergo a three-day physical fitness and aptitude test. Within this process, 80% of the applicants are screened out. A further screening process known as 'hell's week' is similar to the [[United States Navy SEAL selection and training#Phase 1: Physical Conditioning (7 weeks)|United States Navy SEAL]]s' "[[United States Navy SEAL selection and training#Phase 1: Physical Conditioning (7 weeks)|Hell Week]]".<ref name="16 Impressive Things Indian Navy Marine Commandos Do in Training That Deserve Our Respect">{{cite web |url=http://www.storypick.com/indian-navy-marcos/ | title=16 Impressive Things Indian Navy Marine Commandos Do in Training That Deserve Our Respect | publisher=Storypick | date=7 April 2016 | access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> This involves a high degree of physical exercise and sleep deprivation. After this process, actual training begins.<ref name="no">{{cite web|url=http://www.navioline.com/marcos-the-uber-elite-forces-of-the-indian-navy.html |title=MARCOS&nbsp;– The uber elite forces of the Indian Navy |work=navioline.com |access-date=25 July 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427113207/http://www.navioline.com/marcos-the-uber-elite-forces-of-the-indian-navy.html |archive-date=27 April 2012 }}</ref><ref name="red">{{cite news|title=India's best commandos fight terrorists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/nov/27-indias-best-commandos-fight-terrorists.htm|access-date=6 July 2012|newspaper=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="MARCOS">{{cite web<br />
|title=15 Reasons The Indian Navy MARCOS Are The Best in the World<br />
|url=http://m.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/15-reasons-the-indian-navy-marcos-are-the-best-in-the-world-232296.html<br />
|publisher=India times<br />
|date=2 May 2015 }}</ref> Around 80-85% of the volunteers who enroll fail to fully qualify as MARCOS.<ref name="BC">{{Cite web|url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/indian-elite-special-forces/indian-navy-marine-commandos-marcos/|title=Indian Navy Marine Commandos (MARCOS)|date=10 February 2017|website=Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute|language=en-GB|access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The total duration of training of MARCOS is between seven and eight months.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/video-story/215663|title=नेवी के जांबाज़ मार्कोस|work=ndtv.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> Recruits receive warfare training through field operations in counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations, and are trained to operate in any kind of environment and in situations like hostage rescue, urban combat, and piracy.<ref name="sp.com" /> A notably rigorous training program is the "death crawl"—an {{Convert|800|metre|foot|adj=on}} struggle through thigh-high mud while loaded with {{Convert|25|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of gear and after a {{Convert|2.5|km|mile|adj=on}} obstacle course that most soldiers would fail.<ref name="BC" /> After that, when the trainee is exhausted and sleep-deprived, he must shoot a target {{Convert|25|m|feet}} away, with a partner standing next to it.<ref name="BC" /><br />
<br />
The MARCOS are trained in every kind of weapon and instruments, including knives, crossbows, sniper rifles, handguns, assault rifles, submachine guns, and bare hands. Being divers, they can reach hostile shores swimming underwater.<br />
<br />
Further training includes:<ref name="BC" /><br />
<br />
* Open and closed circuit diving<br />
* Basic commando skills, including advanced weapon skills, demolitions, endurance training, and martial arts<br />
* Airborne training<br />
* Intelligence training<br />
* Operation of submersible craft<br />
* Offshore operations<br />
* Counter-terrorism operations<br />
* Operations from submarines<br />
* [[Skydiving]]<br />
* Various special skills such as language training, insertion methods, etc.<br />
* [[Explosive ordnance disposal]] techniques<br />
<br />
They are also trained to parachute into open water with full combat load.<ref name="fotn">{{cite web|url=http://www.funonthenet.in/forums/index.php?topic=133298.0;wap2|title=MARCOS&nbsp;– Pride of India|publisher=funonthenet.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629075044/http://www.funonthenet.in/forums/index.php?topic=133298.0;wap2|archive-date=29 June 2017|access-date=6 July 2012}}</ref> In 2013, the MARCOS introduced a larger duck-drop system that will be fitted on [[Ilyushin Il-76]] aircraft. Each system of two boats can accommodate 32 commandos, their weapons, and fuel for the boats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.asianage.com/india/navy-s-marcos-get-duck-drops-673|title=Navy's Marcos get 'duck drops'|work=asianage.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> Once para-dropped from the aircraft, it allows for the commandos to assemble inflatable motorised boats within ten minutes and quickly reach ships in distress. Such rescue missions can be mounted by the commandos deployed within an hour.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian marine commandos need 60 minutes to target|url=http://deccanchronicle.com/130206/news-current-affairs/article/indian-marine-comm%C2%ADandos-need-60-minutes-target|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206180852/http://deccanchronicle.com/130206/news-current-affairs/article/indian-marine-comm%C2%ADandos-need-60-minutes-target|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 February 2013|access-date=10 February 2013|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=6 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
The MARCOS are also preparing for [[urban warfare]] and have begun practicing on 3D virtual models of offshore installations to ensure a swift response during a terrorist attack. The marine commandos undergo regular training sessions in this computer-generated programme to be well-prepared for a strike similar to the 26/11 attack.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2232767161.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203525/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2232767161.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Marcos begin counter-terror training on east coast|date=7 January 2011|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The average MARCOS training dropout rate is more than 80%. The force has its own training facility as an adjunct to the operational company at INS Abhimanyu, Mumbai,<ref name="sp.com" /> later as the Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training Centre. For combat diving training, the commandos are sent to the Naval Diving School in Kochi. There are plans to move the Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training Centre to the erstwhile Naval Academy facility in Kerala, where it will focus on jungle warfare and counter-insurgency operations. The new facility will be modelled on the lines of CIJWS of the Indian Army in Mizoram.<ref name="no" /><ref name="red" /><br />
<br />
==Future plans==<br />
<br />
=== Integrated Combat System ===<br />
To strengthen the capabilities of MARCOS to carry out special operations, the Indian Navy will procure an advanced Integrated Combat System (ICS) that will ensure an effective command, control, and information-sharing structure to enhance the MARCOS' capabilities while engaging targets.<ref name="jagran">{{cite news|title=Navy to procure integrated combat system for Marine Commandos|url=http://post.jagran.com/Navy-to-procure-integrated-combat-system-for-Marine-Commandos-1320833728|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522120544/http://post.jagran.com/Navy-to-procure-integrated-combat-system-for-Marine-Commandos-1320833728|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2015|access-date=6 July 2012|newspaper=Jagran Post|date=9 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ICS will provide enhanced capabilities such as tactical awareness and the ability to fight in hostile environments, and can enable Group Commanders to remotely monitor and control operations. It will help integrate an individual sailor's capability of surveillance, ballistic protection, communication, and firepower through an integrated network at the individual and group levels. Initiating the procurement process through a [[Request for Information]] (RFI), the Navy's Directorate of Special Operations and Diving has sought details from global vendors about the ICS.<ref name="jagran" /><br />
<br />
The individual ICS equipment required by the Navy includes lightweight helmets, head-mounted displays, tactical and soft [[ballistic vests]], along with communication equipment. The group-level gear requirements include command and control and surveillance systems, and high-speed communication equipment. The devices would have a sight for the sniper, a laser rangefinder and a long-range thermal imager, and a near-IR laser pointer for a combat group to undertake surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting. The ICS would be compatible with assault rifles and close-quarter combat weapons.<ref name="jagran" /> The Navy has recently started acquiring the Israeli [[IMI Tavor TAR-21]] for the MARCOS.<ref name="jagran" /><br />
<br />
=== Midget submarines ===<br />
{{See also|Indian Navy Swimmer Delivery Vehicle}}<br />
In 2013, [[Visakhapatnam]]-based [[Hindustan Shipyard]] won the contract for building four 500-tonne [[midget submarine|mini-submarines]], which were designed by [[Larsen & Toubro]]. The mini-submarines, to be delivered in the latter half of the 2010s, will be used exclusively by the Indian Navy's MARCOS.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.proud2bindian.in/indian-navy/1907-indian-navy-procure-five-midget-submarines.html#.UVrv4qL0wrw|title=Account Suspended|work=proud2bindian.in|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127130809/http://www.proud2bindian.in/indian-navy/1907-indian-navy-procure-five-midget-submarines.html#.UVrv4qL0wrw|archive-date=27 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1305767/report-indian-navy-to-procure-five-midget-submarines|title=Indian Navy to procure five midget submarines – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=1 November 2009|work=dnaindia.com|access-date=25 July 2016}}</ref> As of 2023, the procurement of the midget submarines was still being planned by the Indian Navy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Amrita Nayak |date=10 December 2023 |title=Navy plans to get undersea chariots, made in India, for special operations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/navy-plans-to-get-undersea-chariots-made-in-india-for-special-operations-9061670/ |access-date=12 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Equipment==<br />
<br />
===Firearms===<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
'''Pistols'''<br />
* [[Pistol Auto 9mm 1A]] 9mm semi-automatic pistol<br />
* [[Beretta 92]]FS<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinlung.com/2010/09/mizoram-police-to-get-latest-weapons.html |title=Mizoram Police to Get Latest Weapons |publisher=Sinlung |date=14 September 2010 |access-date=12 August 2016}}</ref> 9mm semi-automatic pistol<br />
* [[Glock]] 9mm semi-automatic pistol<br />
* [[IWI Masada]] 9mm semi-automatic pistol<br />
* [[IWI Jericho 941]] 9mm semi-automatic pistol<br />
'''Sub-machine guns'''<br />
* [[Heckler & Koch MP5]] 9mm sub-machine gun<ref>{{cite web |title=How AK-203, superior to INSAS, will end forces' hunt for a reliable rifle|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-ak-203-superior-to-insas-will-end-forces-hunt-for-a-reliable-rifle/articleshow/68248283.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=21 April 2020|date=4 March 2019|quote=Special forces like Para commandos, Marine Commandos (popularly known as Marcos), Garud Commando Force (IAF special force) and even National Security Guard (anti-terror force) also rely on German or Israel automatic rifles like Heckler and Koch MP5 sub-machine guns}}</ref><br />
* [[Uzi]] 9mm sub-machine gun<br />
* [[Brügger & Thomet MP9|MP-9]] 9mm sub-machine gun<br />
'''Assault rifles'''<br />
* [[AK-103]] 7.62×39mm assault rifle,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-29 |title=Indian Air Force to replace INSAS rifles with new AK-103 weapons, details here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-air-force-to-replace-insas-rifles-with-new-ak-103-weapons-details-here-101630205359171.html |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> since around 2003<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Why General Kalashnikov couldn't sell the AK in India |last=Unnithan |first=Sandeep |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30 |work=India Today |location=New Delhi |date=30 December 2013 |access-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326125239/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/why-general-kalashnikov-couldnt-sell-the-ak-47-in-india-222396-2013-12-30|archive-date=26 March 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[IWI Tavor TAR-21|IWI Tavor]] 5.56mm assault rifle series<ref name="NE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/navy-marine-commandos-marcos-get-a-makeover-110821-2012-07-24|title=Navy's elite commandos Marcos get leaner and meaner look|date=24 July 2012|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=1 October 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[IWI Tavor X95]] 5.56mm carbine<br />
* [[M4 carbine]] 5.56mm carbine<br />
* [[APS amphibious rifle]] 5.66×120mm underwater assault rifle<br />
'''Sniper rifles'''<br />
* [[SAKO]] [[Tikka T3|Tikka T3 TAC]] 7.62mm bolt-action sniper rifle (177 units)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bedi |first1=Rahul |title=Snipers Only Shoot to Kill |url=https://thewire.in/security/indian-army-snipers-loc-feature |website=The Wire |access-date=14 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="indianmarines">{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/62627/indian-navy-special-forces-to-get-177-sniper-rifles|title=Indian Navy special forces to get 177 sniper rifles|author=Rahul Bedi|date=29 July 2016|website=janes.com|publisher=[[IHS Markit]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518115121/https://www.janes.com/article/62627/indian-navy-special-forces-to-get-177-sniper-rifles|archive-date=18 May 2017|access-date=2 December 2019}}</ref><br />
* [[IMI Galil#Galil Sniper|IMI Galil 7.62 Sniper/Galatz]] 7.62mm semi-automatic sniper rifle<ref name="NE" /><br />
* [[OSV-96]] anti-materiel rifle<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/feb/16/india-turns-to-russia-for-small-weapons-132105.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214024814/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2010/feb/16/india-turns-to-russia-for-small-weapons-132105.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2020|title=India turns to Russia for small weapons|date=16 February 2010|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[Heckler & Koch PSG1]] 7.62mm semi-automatic rifle<br />
* [[SVDS]] 7.62x54mmR semi-sutomatic DMR<br />
* [[VSK-94]] 9×39mm suppressed sniper rifle<br />
* [[VSS Vintorez]] 9×39mm suppressed sniper rifle<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/elite-special-forces-of-army-iaf-navy-get-major-weapons-upgrade/articleshow/65046489.cms|title=Elite special forces of Army, IAF, Navy get major weapons upgrade {{!}} India News – Times of India|last=P|first=Rajat|date=19 July 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><br />
'''Light machine guns'''<br />
* [[IWI Negev|IWI Negev NG-7]] 7.62×51&nbsp; mm light machine gun<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gurung|first=Shaurya Karanbir|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-opens-small-arms-manufacturing-unit-in-mp-in-a-joint-venture-with-israel/articleshow/58516436.cms|title=India opens small arms manufacturing unit in MP in a joint venture with Israel|date=14 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=14 April 2020|quote=All the guns to be produced in the factory are already in service with the army's Special Forces, Navy's MARCOS and IAF's Garud Commandos}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/95028/india-signs-usd117-8-million-deal-with-iwi-for-lmgs|title=India signs USD117.8 million deal with IWI for LMGs {{!}} Jane's 360|last=Bedi|first=Rahul|date=22 March 2020|website=[[Jane's Defence Weekly]]|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[IMI Negev|IMI Negev SF]] 5.56×45mm light machine gun<br />
* [[MAG 58|MG 2A1]] 7.62×51&nbsp;mm general purpose machine gun<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Support weapons===<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[GP-25]] 40mm under-barrel grenade launcher<br />
* [[Arsenal AD#Grenade launchers|Arsenal UBGL]] 40×46mm under-barrel grenade launcher<br />
* [[AGS-17]] 30×29mm automatic grenade launcher<br />
* [[Carl Gustav recoilless rifle|RCL Mk III]] 84mm recoilless rifle<br />
* [[B-300|Shipon]] anti-tank weapon<br />
* [[9K38 Igla]] MANPADS<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Transport===<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[HAL Dhruv]] utility helicopter<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-navy-to-display-assault-search-and-rescue-demonstration-during-defexpo2020/articleshow/73951972.cms|title=India Navy to display assault, search and rescue demonstration during DefExpo2020|date=5 February 2020|work=The Economic Times|access-date=9 February 2020}}</ref><br />
* [[Westland Sea King|Westland WS-61 Sea King]] transport helicopter<ref name="sp.com" /><br />
* [[Aérospatiale Alouette III|Chetak helicopters]]<br />
* [[Cosmos CE2F series|Cosmos CE-2F X100]] two-man [[Diver propulsion vehicle|swimmer delivery vehicle]]<br />
* [[All-terrain vehicles]] (ATVs)<br />
* [[Indian Navy Swimmer Delivery Vehicle]] (future)<br />
{{Div col end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Special Forces of India]]<br />
* [[United States Navy SEALs]]<br />
* [[List of military special forces units]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|MARCOS}}<br />
<br />
{{Naval special operations forces}}<br />
{{Underwater diving|prodiv}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1987 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Military counterterrorist organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Special forces of India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:Units of the Indian Peace Keeping Force]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1987]]<br />
[[Category:Naval special forces units and formations|India]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Klinger&diff=470578Michael Klinger2026-03-18T15:15:23Z<p>ClintCarswell72: updated references after review and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Australian cricketer (born 1980)}}<br />
{{for-multi|the film producer|Michael Klinger (producer)|the painter|Max Hermann Maxy}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
{{Use Australian English|date=September 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Michael Klinger<br />
| image = Michael Klinger.jpg<br />
| alt = A cricketer stands in batting equipment looking at the camera<br />
| caption = Klinger in February 2010<br />
| fullname = Michael Klinger<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|7|4|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kew, Victoria]], Australia<br />
| nickname = Maxy<br />
| heightm = 1.79<br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = <br />
| role = [[Batsman (cricket)|Batter]]<br />
<br />
| international = true<br />
| country = Australia<br />
| T20Idebutdate = 17 February<br />
| T20Idebutyear = 2017<br />
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka<br />
| T20Icap = 84<br />
| lastT20Idate = 22 February<br />
| lastT20Iyear = 2017<br />
| lastT20Iagainst = Sri Lanka<br />
| T20Ishirt = 52<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[Victoria cricket team|Victoria]]<br />
| year1 = {{nowrap|1999/00–2007/08}}<br />
| club2 = [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia]]<br />
| year2 = 2008/09–2013/14<br />
| club3 = [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]<br />
| year3 = 2011<br />
| club4 = [[Adelaide Strikers]]<br />
| year4 = 2011/12–2013/14<br />
| clubnumber4 = 18<br />
| club5 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]<br />
| year5 = 2012<br />
| clubnumber5 = 2<br />
| club6 = [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]]<br />
| year6 = 2013–2019<br />
| clubnumber6 = 2<br />
| club7 = [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]]<br />
| year7 = 2014/15–2017/18<br />
| clubnumber7 = 7<br />
| club8 = [[Perth Scorchers]]<br />
| year8 = 2014/15–2018/19<br />
| clubnumber8 = 7<br />
| club9 = [[Khulna Titans]]<br />
| year9 = 2017<br />
| columns = 4<br />
| column1 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]<br />
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]<br />
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]<br />
| matches1 = 3<br />
| matches2 = 182<br />
| matches3 = 177<br />
| matches4 = 206<br />
| runs1 = 143<br />
| runs2 = 11,320<br />
| runs3 = 7,449<br />
| runs4 = 5,960<br />
| bat avg1 = 47.66<br />
| bat avg2 = 39.30<br />
| bat avg3 = 49.33<br />
| bat avg4 = 34.45<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 30/49<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 18/44<br />
| 100s/50s4 = 8/33<br />
| top score1 = 62<br />
| top score2 = 255<br />
| top score3 = 166[[not out|*]]<br />
| top score4 = 126[[not out|*]]<br />
| hidedeliveries = true<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 178/–<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 72/–<br />
| catches/stumpings4 = 83/–<br />
| source = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/6161.html ESPNcricinfo]<br />
| date = 8 September 2019<br />
|medaltemplates=<br />
{{MedalSport | Men's [[cricket]] }}<br />
{{MedalCountry | {{AUS}} }}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | [[Maccabiah Games]] }}<br />
{{MedalGold | [[1997 Maccabiah Games|1997 Israel]] | Team }}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Michael Klinger''' (born 4 July 1980) is an Australian former first-class cricketer, who held the record for the most [[run (cricket)|runs]] scored in the [[Big Bash League]] when he retired in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chadwick |first1=Justin |title=Stars fall short against lowly Scorchers |url=https://www.mandurahmail.com.au/story/5884325/stars-fall-short-against-lowly-scorchers/?cs=12331 |access-date=3 February 2019 |work=Mandurah Mail |date=3 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Until the 2008–09 season, Klinger played for [[Victorian Bushrangers|Victoria]] and for [[St Kilda Cricket Club]] in [[Premier Cricket]]. He joined the [[South Australia Redbacks]] for the 2008–09 season, was named their Captain in 2010, and was recognised as the [[Allan Border Medal|State Player of the Year]] in both 2009 and 2010. He was one of the 350 players under the hammer for the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] [[IPL Auction 2011|Auction 2011]], and was bought by [[Kochi IPL Team|Kochi Tuskers Kerala]]. In 2014 he was recruited by the [[Perth Scorchers]] and then also played for [[Western Australia cricket team|Western Australia]]. In March 2018, he announced his retirement from first-class cricket.<ref name="retire">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22621147/michael-klinger-retire-first-class-cricket |title=Michael Klinger to retire from first-class cricket |access-date=2 March 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Klinger was born in [[Kew, Victoria]], Australia, and is Jewish.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |last=Mendel |first=Jack |title=Aussie cricketer Michael Klinger talks to Jewish News ahead of The Ashes |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/aussie-cricketer-michael-klinger-talks-to-jewish-news-ahead-of-the-ashes/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.jewishnews.co.uk |date=8 July 2015 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Michael Klinger |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/michael-klinger |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=J.-Wire |date=2016-10-31 |title=Klinger named Jewish Sportsman of the Year in WA |url=https://www.jwire.com.au/klinger-named-jewish-sportsman-year-wa/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=J-Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How the 'Jewish Bradman' realised his 20-year wait for the baggy green |url=https://www.jewishnews.co.uk/how-the-jewish-bradman-realised-his-20-year-wait-for-the-baggy-green/ |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.jewishnews.co.uk |date=22 February 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> He completed an undergraduate applied science degree in Human Movement, and a Master of Business (Sport Management) degree at [[Deakin University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Beyond the boundary|url=http://businessnewsroom.deakin.edu.au/articles/beyond-the-boundary|publisher=Deakin Business School|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Star cricketer and Deakin student Michael Klinger shares his amazing story |url=https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/deakinlife/2016/05/04/star-cricketer-and-deakin-student-michael-klinger-shares-his-amazing-story/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203062342/https://blogs.deakin.edu.au/deakinlife/2016/05/04/star-cricketer-and-deakin-student-michael-klinger-shares-his-amazing-story/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2022-12-03 |website=Deakin Life |publisher=Deakin University |access-date=10 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
{{Multiple image|direction=horizontal|align=right|image1=Michael Klinger batting 2.jpg|image2=Michael Klinger batting.jpg|width1=192|width2=189|footer=Michael Klinger batting in the nets in February 2010}}<br />
As a young batsman, Klinger was named Captain of the Australia Under 19's Men's Cricket team – his deputy being [[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]] who subsequently became captain of the national team.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/cricket/ashes-tour-on-the-cards-for-klinger/2008/12/06/1228257390576.html |title=Ashes tour on the cards for Klinger |newspaper=[[The Age]] |first=Darren |last=Berry |date=7 December 2008 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Klinger began as an 18-year-old in the 1998–99 season. His career lowlight was the 2000–01 season when he made a famous 99 not out, with captain [[Paul Reiffel]] declaring the innings closed, a move which brought great controversy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/104628.html |title=Tigers prolong Klinger's agony on gloomy day for Victoria |last=Polack |first=John |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 March 2001 |access-date=14 January 2013}}</ref> and remains the only batsman in Australian cricket to be stranded on 99 due to a declaration.<ref>Miller, p. 95.</ref> This caused Klinger some great upset, and following it Klinger had several less successful years, but returned to contention for a spot in the [[Victorian Bushrangers]] side for the 2005–06 season. He quickly made his first first-class century, and then followed it up with his first [[List A]] one-day century, but his first-class form soon dropped, and he was replaced in the side by Lloyd Mash, not to return in the Pura Cup all season. In 2003 he was the club professional for [[Walkden]] in the [[Bolton Cricket League]].<br />
<br />
In Season 2006–07 he started off in the outer from the Pura Cup side, but started off his Ford Ranger Cup season in style, nearly getting a century early on, and then following it up with one. He led the runs scoring in the competition for much of the season, eventually finishing 3rd. Klinger's rise to the Pura Cup team came only when [[Brad Hodge]] was called up by Australia for their ODI Series, and Klinger's recent form had been wavy, with his last game for the 2nd XI yielding a first innings [[Duck (cricket)|duck]], but second innings century. Klinger was soon to do the same for the 1st XI, but the century ensured that when Hodge returned, Klinger survived. He finished the season as a regular fixture of the Bushrangers side, and was part of a great partnership with [[David Hussey]] in a match against NSW, in which the Vics defied all odds to chase down a massive total of 360 on an extremely poor 4th day pitch (it was later described as a 3rd day pitch on day 1 by Hussey), scoring 102.<br />
<br />
===Move to South Australia===<br />
<br />
Klinger joined the South Australia Redbacks for the 2008–09 season in order to get more opportunities at state level, where he began batting at number 3 rather than opening, and saw immediate success, scoring a maiden 150 not out against old state Victoria in his first game.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8043/scorecard/361251/south-australia-vs-victoria-sheffield-shield-2008-09 |title=Sheffield Shield at Adelaide, Oct 14-17 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=14 October 2008 |access-date=3 February 2019 }}</ref> Then, against Western Australia on 11 November, Klinger scored his maiden double century, finishing on 255,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8043/scorecard/361266/south-australia-vs-western-australia-sheffield-shield-2008-09 |title=Sheffield Shield at Adelaide, Nov 10-13 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 November 2008 |access-date=3 February 2019 }}</ref> and he continued to score heavily in both the [[Sheffield Shield]] and the [[Ford Ranger Cup]], and hit his third century for the season against Queensland at the [[The Gabba|Gabba]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8043/scorecard/361263/queensland-vs-south-australia-sheffield-shield-2008-09 |title=Sheffield Shield at Brisbane, Nov 28 - Dec 1 2008 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=3 February 2019 }}</ref> and his first away from the traditionally batting friendly [[Adelaide Oval]].<br />
<br />
On 11 December 2008, Klinger posted his highest individual score in one day cricket, with an unbeaten 133 off just 128 balls. This guided South Australia to victory in their high-scoring match against the [[Tasmania Tigers]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]]. This was Klinger's fourth one-day century.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia/content/story/381504.html |title=Klinger's 133 races Redbacks to high-scoring success |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 December 2008 |access-date=27 August 2015 }}</ref> He won the Australian Cricketers' Association's December 2008 Johnnie Walker player-of-the-month award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/sport/cricket/prolific-klinger-named-the-best/2009/01/13/1231608708168.html |title=Prolific Klinger named the best |newspaper=[[The Age]] |first=Jesse |last=Hogan |date=14 January 2009 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2010, Klinger was named Captain of the Redbacks.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/30/2887080.htm?site=riverland |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717134427/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/04/30/2887080.htm?site=riverland |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2012 |title=Klinger appointed Redbacks' captain |newspaper=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=30 April 2010 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November 2019, he was appointed as the head coach of [[Melbourne Renegades]], an Australian franchise professional men's Twenty20 cricket team. He replaced former all-rounder [[Andrew McDonald (cricketer)|Andrew McDonald]] who resigned for becoming Australia's assistant coach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/melbourne-renegades-appoints-michael-klinger-as-head-coach20191126120231/|title=Melbourne Renegades appoints Michael Klinger as head coach|website=aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2026, he was appointed head coach of the professional women's cricket franchise [[Welsh Fire]] who compete in [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]].<br />
<br />
===Indian Premier League===<br />
Klinger was one of the 350 players under the hammer for the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] [[IPL Auction 2011|Auction 2011]], and was bought by [[Kochi IPL Team|Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] for [[US$]] 75,000.<ref name="thejc1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thejc.com/sport/sport-news/43704/michael-klinger-ready-cash-ipl |title=Michael Klinger ready to cash in on IPL |first=James |last=Masters |newspaper=[[The Jewish Chronicle]] |date=13 January 2011 |access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Gloucestershire===<br />
In December 2012, Klinger was signed by [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club]], not only as their overseas player for the 2013 season, but also as their captain, taking over from [[Alex Gidman]]. He had previously stood in for [[Phillip Hughes]] at [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] at the beginning of the previous season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/20773789|title=Gloucestershire sign Michael Klinger as captain for 2013 |newspaper=[[BBC Sport]] |date=19 December 2012 |access-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> He scored over 1000 runs in the County Championship, scoring 6 centuries, plus another 1000 runs in the limited over competitions. Due to his success, Klinger returned to captain Gloucs again for the 2014 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/24146960|title=Gloucestershire captain excited about new season |newspaper=[[BBC Sport]] |date=25 September 2013|access-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> He was their leading run scorer in the One Day Cup, until he broke his arm playing against Derbyshire in August.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/cricket/28900731|title=Gloucestershire captain Michael Klinger suffers broken arm|date=22 August 2014}}</ref> In August 2015, he was confirmed as staying with the club for the 2016 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Michael-Klinger-turns-Division-offers-stay/story-27644594-detail/story.html|title=Michael Klinger turns down First Division offers to stay at Gloucestershire|work=Gloucestershire Echo|access-date=29 September 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930160045/http://www.gloucestershireecho.co.uk/Michael-Klinger-turns-Division-offers-stay/story-27644594-detail/story.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Western Australia===<br />
Klinger signed a two-year contract with Western Australia in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=WA signs Michael Klinger|<br />
date=12 April 2014|first=Brad |last=Elborough|url= https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/wa-signs-michael-klinger-20140412-zqtx6.html#ixzz3G2Twrt3u}}</ref> He recovered from the broken arm to make his debut for WA in the [[2014–15 Matador BBQs One-Day Cup]] in October.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/sport/cricket/new-recruit-michael-klinger-ready-to-fire-for-wa-in-matador-oneday-cup/story-fnhq7arj-1227076665380|title=New recruit Michael Klinger ready to fire for WA in Matador One-Day Cup|date=1 October 2014}}</ref> Klinger scored 71 runs (not out) for the Perth Scorchers as they beat the Sydney Sixers to win the Big Bash League | 06 in January 2017.<br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
Klinger competed for Australia at the [[1997 Maccabiah Games]] in Israel when he was 17 years old, winning a gold medal.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/how-the-jewish-bradman-realised-his-20-year-wait-for-the-baggy-green/|title=How the 'Jewish Bradman' realised his 20-year wait for the baggy green|date=22 February 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2017, Klinger was named in Australia's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for their series [[Sri Lankan cricket team in Australia in 2016–17|against Sri Lanka]].<ref name="AusSquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-sri-lanka-2016-17/content/story/1080449.html |title=Klinger, Paine in Australia's T20 squad |access-date=1 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=31 January 2017 }}</ref> He made his T20I debut for Australia against Sri Lanka at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] on 17 February 2017.<ref name="T20I">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1001349.html |title=Sri Lanka tour of Australia, 1st T20I: Australia v Sri Lanka at Melbourne, Feb 17, 2017 |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> At the age of 36, Klinger became the oldest player for Australia to debut in a T20I.<ref name="Klinger36">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/australia-v-sri-lanka-2016-17/content/story/1082697.html |title=Malinga set for return against new-look Australia |access-date=17 February 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite having the 20th highest List A batting average of all time (49.33) and the second highest by an Australian, Klinger never played a One Day International.<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Allan Border Medal|State Cricket Players of the Year]]: 2009<br />
* [[Allan Border Medal|State Cricket Players of the Year]]: 2010<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Jews in sports#Cricket|List of select Jewish cricketers]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* Miller, A. (2001) ''Allan's Cricket Annual'', Allan Miller: Perth. {{ISBN|0 9586122 3 4}}.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category|Michael Klinger}}<br />
*{{ESPNcricinfo|id=6161}}<br />
*[https://twitter.com/maxyklinger?lang=en Twitter page]<br />
<br />
{{Welsh Fire squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Klinger, Michael}}<br />
[[Category:1980 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Adelaide Strikers cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Australia Twenty20 International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Australian cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Gloucestershire cricket captains]]<br />
[[Category:Gloucestershire cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish Australian sportspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Jewish cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Kensington cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Kochi Tuskers Kerala cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Australian expatriate cricketers in India]]<br />
[[Category:Maccabiah Games medalists in cricket]]<br />
[[Category:Maccabiah Games gold medalists for Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Competitors at the 1997 Maccabiah Games]]<br />
[[Category:Paarl Rocks cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Australian expatriate cricketers in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Perth Scorchers cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:South Australia cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Melbourne]]<br />
[[Category:Victoria cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Worcestershire cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Australian expatriate cricketers in England]]<br />
[[Category:Western Australia cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Deakin University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kew, Victoria]]<br />
[[Category:Australian people of German-Jewish descent]]<br />
[[Category:Women's Premier League (cricket) coaches]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Australian sportsmen]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vipin_Khanna&diff=445618Vipin Khanna2026-03-15T08:51:04Z<p>ClintCarswell72: page fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian businessman, financier and army officer (1930–2019)}}<br />
{{COI|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Vipin Khanna<br />
| image = Vipin Khanna in 1963.jpg<br />
| caption = Khanna in 1963<br />
| birth_name = Vipin Kumar Khanna<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1930|12|14|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|11|7|1930|12|14|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist|Businessman|financier|army officer}}<br />
| spouse = Naginder Kumari Khanna<br />
| children = 4, including [[Arvind Khanna|Arvind]]<br />
| parents = Shanti Lal Khanna (father)<br />
| module = {{Infobox military person<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| rank = [[File:Major of the Indian Army.svg|Major of the Indian Army|24px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]<br />
| branch = {{army|India}}<br />
| serviceyears = 1950-1965<br />
| unit = [[File:Flag of Brigade of Guards (India).gif|Flag of Brigade of Guards (India)|25px]] [[Brigade of the Guards|Brigade of The Guards]]<br />
| embed = yes<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vipin Kumar Khanna''' (14 December 1930 – 7 November 2019) was an Indian businessman, financier and army officer. Khanna had diverse business interests and was a [[Indian diaspora|Non-Resident Indian]] based in [[London]], England.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2012-04-13 |title=AT ARM: These businessmen have been linked to India's booming weapons bazaar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cover-story/story/at-arm-360650-2012-04-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223032718/https://www.indiatoday.in/cover-story/story/at-arm-360650-2012-04-13 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=India Today}}</ref> He was commissioned into the [[Indian Army]] in 1950, and eventually reached the rank of [[Major (rank)|Major]], before voluntarily retiring from the army in 1965.<ref name=":1" /> Khanna had a controversial business career. His name was frequently associated with numerous controversies, including allegations of arms lobbying; however, investigations into these matters found no evidence of wrongdoing, and the allegations were subsequently dropped.<ref name=":25">{{Cite web |last=FE Online |date=2 March 2017 |title=Embraer deal: CBI quizzes Vipin Khanna over 'kickbacks' |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/embraer-deal-cbi-quizzes-vipin-khanna-over-kickbacks/571960/ |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=The Financial Express |language=en |archive-date=29 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129011938/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/embraer-deal-cbi-quizzes-vipin-khanna-over-kickbacks/571960/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":20" /><br />
<br />
== Early life and military career ==<br />
[[File:Vipin Khanna, during his time in the Indian Army.jpg|thumb|254x254px|Khanna (near left), during his time in the [[Indian Army]], circa 1950s]]<br />
Vipin Kumar Khanna was born on 14 December 1930 in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]]. Khanna was born into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family.<ref name=":53" /> He was the son of businessman Shanti Lal Khanna, also known as S.L. Khanna, and Vidya Khanna.<ref name=":47">{{cite web |last1=Committee on Public Undertakings |date=13 December 1967 |title=Fifth Report on Contract Entered into by State Trading Corporation of India (with M/s Oval Industries Inc., New York for Import of sulphur) pertaining to Ministry of Commerce |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/57463/1/copu_04_05_1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212212650/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/57463/1/copu_04_05_1967.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Parliament Digital Library |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=21}}</ref> Khanna's brothers were Ravi and Vinod.<ref name=":38">{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.108, No.26-49(july-dec)1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110088 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Internet Archive |page=92}}</ref><ref name=":822">{{Cite web |title=The Green House: About Us |url=https://www.indiamart.com/thegreen-house/aboutus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315115346/https://www.indiamart.com/thegreen-house/aboutus.html |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=6 May 2024 |website=IndiaMART}}</ref> Khanna, along with his family, fled Lahore during the [[partition of India]] in 1947, and migrated to [[Delhi]], India.<ref name=":53" /> According to his son, [[Arvind Khanna]], he was from a wealthy family in Lahore, but the family lost their wealth when they fled the city during the Partition, and had to start anew after migrating to Delhi.<ref name=":53">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7aAlpHeJ6Q |title=Arvind Khanna on Education System, Punjab, Sports & his Life Lessons {{!}} Jan Tak Show |date=25 April 2022 |type=YouTube video |language=en, pa |publisher=Jan Talk Show |others=Produced by Ayush Bajaj |minutes=37:00 |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612154713/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7aAlpHeJ6Q |archive-date=12 June 2022 |url-status=live |people=Arvind Khanna and Manik Kamra}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1950, Khanna was commissioned into the [[Indian Army]] after graduating from the Joint Services Wing of the [[Indian Military Academy]], in [[Dehradun]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Committee on Public Undertakings |date=13 December 1967 |title=Fifth Report on Contract Entered into by State Trading Corporation of India Limited (with M/s Oval Industries Inc., New York for Import of sulphur) pertaining to Ministry of Commerce |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/57463/1/copu_04_05_1967.pdf |access-date=13 February 2022 |website=Parliament Digital Library |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |page=24 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212212650/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/57463/1/copu_04_05_1967.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He was commissioned into the [[Brigade of the Guards]] [[List of regiments and corps of the Indian Army|regiment]].<ref name=":57">{{Cite book |last=Rikhye |first=Indar Jit |title=Trumpets and Tumults: The Memoirs of a Peacekeeper |publisher=Manohar |year=2002 |isbn=9788173044090 |location=India |pages=114–115 |language=en}}</ref> Khanna eventually rose to the rank of [[Major (rank)|Major]]; however, he voluntarily retired from the Indian Army in 1965.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Business career ==<br />
In 1967, Khanna founded Dynamic Sales Service International (DSSI), which initially started as a [[Commodity market|commodities trading]] and marketing company.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7te5AAAAIAAJ |title=Textile Asia |publisher=Business Press |year=2002 |location=Hong Kong |pages=9–10 |language=en |access-date=8 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193213/https://books.google.com/books?id=7te5AAAAIAAJ |archive-date=13 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Eventually, DSSI's commodities and marketing business expanded to include commodities from the [[metal]]s and [[mining]], [[agriculture]], steel, [[coal]], [[fertilizer]]s, and [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] industries.<ref name=":32">{{cite web |title=Corporate Profile |url=http://www.dssiinternational.com/corporate.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230020901/http://www.dssiinternational.com/corporate.htm |archive-date=2016-12-30 |access-date=14 February 2022 |website=DSSI International}}</ref> The company also entered the [[Rail transport|railways]], [[Petroleum industry|oil]], [[infrastructure]], [[telecommunications equipment]], and [[shipbroking]] industries.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=About us |url=http://www.dssiglobal.in/attorneys.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910035345/http://www.dssiglobal.in/attorneys.html |archive-date=10 September 2016 |access-date=16 May 2025 |website=DSSI Global}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Engineering Support |url=http://www.dssiinternational.com/engineering.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230043349/http://www.dssiinternational.com/engineering.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=DSSI International}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ship Broking |url=http://www.dssiinternational.com/ship_broking.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229231940/http://www.dssiinternational.com/ship_broking.htm |archive-date=29 December 2016 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=DSSI International}}</ref> By 2002, DSSI was a diversified business group.<ref name="Statesman News Service">{{Cite web |last=Statesman News Service |date=2017-09-13 |title=Hera Group eyes industrial waste conversion project in Punjab |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/business/hera-group-eyes-industrial-waste-conversion-project-punjab-1502492216.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327193326/https://www.thestatesman.com/business/hera-group-eyes-industrial-waste-conversion-project-punjab-1502492216.html |archive-date=27 March 2022 |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 1980s, Khanna entered the [[Arms industry|arms]] and [[Aerospace manufacturer|aerospace]] industries.<ref name=":58">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ramindar |date=15 September 1986 |title=Lobbying for defence contracts is hard core, brutal and uncompromising |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860915-lobbying-for-defence-contracts-is-hard-core-brutal-and-uncompromising-801221-1986-09-15 |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402202712/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19860915-lobbying-for-defence-contracts-is-hard-core-brutal-and-uncompromising-801221-1986-09-15 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Shantanu Guha |last2=Nayyar |first2=Dhiraj |date=30 March 2012 |title=A look at the loopholes in the defence procurement process |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120409-loopholes-in-the-defence-procurement-process-757932-2012-03-30 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216111427/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120409-loopholes-in-the-defence-procurement-process-757932-2012-03-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> His arms and aerospace businesses focused on manufacturing for [[offset agreement]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=PR |date=4 October 2018 |title=The Truth About Rafale: A Controversy Unravelled |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-truth-about-rafale-a-controversy-unravelled/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Open |language=en-GB |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205135629/https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/the-truth-about-rafale-a-controversy-unravelled/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1997, Khanna entered the [[Drink industry|drinks]] and [[Alcohol industry|alcohol]] industries through his company Clan Morgan, which was based in [[Alwar]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZaAAAAYAAJ&q=Jagatjit+Clan+Morgan |title=Business World: Volume 16 |publisher=Ananda Bazar Patrika Limited |year=1997 |location=Kolkata, West Bengal |pages=152 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193218/https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZaAAAAYAAJ&q=Jagatjit+Clan+Morgan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Panda |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D7aiCwAAQBAJ&dq=Alwar+Clan+Morgan&pg=PA282 |title=Handbook On Chemical Industries (Alcohol Based) |date=2002-02-07 |publisher=Asia Pacific Business Press Incorporated |isbn=978-81-7833-067-9 |location=Delhi, India |pages=282 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193335/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7aiCwAAQBAJ&dq=Alwar+Clan+Morgan&pg=PA282 |url-status=live }}</ref> The company had its [[Distillation|distilleries]] and bottling plants located in Rajasthan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CzBXAAAAYAAJ&q=Clan+Morgan |title=Business India: Issues 491-497 |publisher=A.H. Advani |year=1997 |location=Mumbai, Maharashtra |pages=27 |language=en |access-date=30 March 2023 |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330120904/https://books.google.com/books?id=CzBXAAAAYAAJ&q=Clan+Morgan |url-status=live }}</ref> Clan Morgan also had a [[joint venture]] with [[Allied Domecq]], called Allied Domecq Spirit & Wine India, and owned 50% of the joint venture.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lA8tAQAAMAAJ&q=Jagatjit+Clan+Morgan |title=The Global Drinks Record |publisher=System Three Communications |year=1999 |location=London, England |pages=10–16 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193154/https://books.google.com/books?id=lA8tAQAAMAAJ&q=Jagatjit+Clan+Morgan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |date=15 May 1997 |title=Indian industrialists choose to represent diplomatic interests of other countries |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19970515-indian-industrialists-choose-to-represent-diplomatic-interests-of-other-countries-831369-1997-06-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220204247/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/19970515-indian-industrialists-choose-to-represent-diplomatic-interests-of-other-countries-831369-1997-06-09 |archive-date=20 December 2021 |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, Khanna entered the [[software]] industry through his company V4 Security Service, which was based in Delhi.<ref name=":29">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2012-10-01 |title=World's second biggest ambulance service provider comes to India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/world-s-second-biggest-ambulance-service-provider-comes-to-india-112100100151_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629104922/https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/world-s-second-biggest-ambulance-service-provider-comes-to-india-112100100151_1.html |archive-date=29 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-29 |work=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
Khanna also had foreign business interests. He expanded into the [[investment banking]] and [[asset management]] industries by founding FiNoble Advisors in 2005.<ref name=":413">{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Sécurité et santé au travail |url=https://www.cc.lu/fileadmin/user_upload/tx_ccmerkur/2005_Merkur_06_red.pdf |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Chamber of Commerce in Luxembourg |page=38}}</ref> FiNoble Advisors had offices in [[New York City]], London, and [[New Delhi]].<ref name=":413" /> During his business career, Khanna developed various international connections. In 1985, during a visit to India, United States [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Richard Lugar]] met with Khanna to examine US foreign policy in India and [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=23rAGo15ecMC|title=South Asia and U.S. Interests: A Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate|date=1985|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|language=en|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193155/https://books.google.com/books?id=23rAGo15ecMC|url-status=live}}</ref> From 1996 to 2005, he served as the [[Consul (representative)|Honorary Consul]] of the [[Luxembourg|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] in New Delhi.<ref name=":34" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=SCL |url=https://archive.org/details/Memorial2001 |title=Le Journal officiel du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg: Barème de l'impôt sur le revenu des personnes physiques |date=2 January 2001 |publisher=Recueil Administratif et Économique |location=Luxembourg |language=French |trans-title=The Official Journal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Income Tax Scale for Individuals}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
[[File:Vipin Khanna, circa early 1960s.jpg|thumb|253x253px|Khanna, circa early 1960s]]<br />
<br />
=== Arms dealer allegations ===<br />
Khanna faced allegations of being one of the three largest and most powerful arms dealers in India, along with [[Sudhir Choudhrie]] and [[Suresh Nanda]].<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Sarin |first=Ritu |date=2006-10-28 |title=Arms and the Men |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/arms-and-the-men-6/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604210708/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/arms-and-the-men-6/ |archive-date=4 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last1=Inbar |first1=Efraim |last2=Ningthoujam |first2=Alvite Singh |date=January 2012 |title=Indo-Israeli Defense Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266439359 |journal=Mideast Security and Policy Studies |number=93 |pages=22–24 |via=ResearchGate}}</ref> In 2006, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) claimed that the three had been controlling business in the [[defence industry of India]] prior to the Bofors Scandal in the 1980s.<ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" /> In 2012, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) claimed that Khanna's network in the Indian defence industry grew more powerful after the Bofors Scandal.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Mihir |first=Srivastava |date=April 5, 2012 |title=The Men Who Do Not Exist |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-men-who-do-not-exist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111213912/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/the-men-who-do-not-exist/ |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=Open}}</ref> Allegations against Khanna suggested that he could influence deals in the [[Military acquisition|defence procurement]] process by leveraging his network within the Indian bureaucracy.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Ramesh |first=PR |date=2016-05-12 |title=Indian Arms Dealers: The Defence Dynasty |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/indian-arms-dealers-the-defence-dynasty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126103145/https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/indian-arms-dealers-the-defence-dynasty/ |archive-date=26 January 2022 |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Open |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the allegations levelled against him were never proven, and the investigations and cases against Khanna were dropped.<ref name="indiatoday.in">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=21 October 2016 |title=CBI registers FIR against NRI arms dealer in Embraer deal |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cbi-registers-fir-against-nri-arms-dealer-in-embraer-deal-727719-2016-10-21 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126085142/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cbi-registers-fir-against-nri-arms-dealer-in-embraer-deal-727719-2016-10-21 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 1986, officials from the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] conducted an investigation into Khanna for allegedly being an arms agent for [[Saab AB|Saab]]; however, officials from the ministry later dropped the investigation.<ref name=":36">{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=The Illustrated Weekly Of India Vol.108, No.26-49(july-dec)1987 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110088/page/n89/mode/2up?q=Vipin+Khanna |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Internet Archive |page=90 |language=en}}</ref> In 1987, Khanna was again investigated by the Ministry of Finance for his alleged links to Saab; however, the officer in charge of the investigation was transferred.<ref name=":36" /> Khanna was reported in 1986 to have allegedly been the arms agent for [[Hughes Helicopters]], an American [[helicopter]] manufacturer.<ref name=":58" /> In 1999, it was alleged that he was the arms agent for [[Thomson-CSF]], a [[France|French]] defence, aerospace and [[Electronics industry|electronics]] company in 2000.<ref name=":59">{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty |first=Anil Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R5nfAAAAMAAJ |title=Dismissal of the Naval Chief, Arms Deals Expose |publisher=Trishul Publications |year=1999 |pages=90–120 |language=en |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193224/https://books.google.com/books?id=R5nfAAAAMAAJ&q=vipin+khanna+navel+arms+chief |archive-date=13 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was also alleged in 1999 that Khanna was the arms agent for [[British Aerospace]] and [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems]].<ref name=":59" /><ref name=":60">{{Cite book |last=John |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5nfAAAAMAAJ |title=An Admiral's Fall: The True Account of Vishnu Bhagwat's Dismissal |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-241-0633-4 |location=New Delhi |page=104 |language=en |access-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307200018/https://books.google.com/books?id=d5nfAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |archive-date=7 March 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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In 2001, Khanna's name appeared in [[Operation West End]], a [[sting operation]] that was organised and carried out by [[Tehelka]], an Indian news magazine.<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last1=Bahal |first1=Aniruddha |last2=Samuel |first2=Mathew |title=Operation West End |url=http://tehelka.com/investigation/investigation36.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331175847/http://tehelka.com/investigation/investigation36.htm |archive-date=31 March 2001 |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Tehelka |page=36}}</ref><ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Trehan |first=Madhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtJbBAAAQBAJ |title=Prism Me a Lie Tell Me A Truth: Tehelka as Metaphor |date=2011-04-06 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-950-5 |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193217/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtJbBAAAQBAJ&dq=tehelka+transcript+%22vipin+khanna%22&pg=PT153 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the operation, Tehelka met [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] V.K. Berry, who claimed that Khanna was allegedly the arms agent for several [[Israel]]i defence companies, among which were [[Elbit Systems]] and Tadiran Communications.<ref name=":43">{{Cite web |last1=Bahal |first1=Aniruddha |last2=Samuel |first2=Mathew |title=Operation West End |url=http://tehelka.com/investigation/investigation37.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331180805/http://tehelka.com/investigation/investigation37.htm |archive-date=31 March 2001 |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=Tehelka |page=37}}</ref><ref name=":44" /> Berry also claimed that he had worked for Khanna for 3 years and had met these companies during that time.<ref name=":43" /><ref name=":44" /> Berry made a further claim that Khanna facilitated a deal in which Tadiran Communications supplied communications equipment to the [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] and that Khanna received commission for this.<ref name=":44" /> Berry later recanted his claim about the communications deal, and Khanna testified under oath that Berry had never worked for him.<ref name=":44" /><br />
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In 1999, it was alleged that Khanna was involved in the deal signed by the Indian government in 1996 to procure the [[avionics]] package for the [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]], a Soviet [[fighter aircraft]] designed by [[Mikoyan]], with avionics manufactured by various Israeli defence and aerospace companies for which he was allegedly the arms agent.<ref name=":59" /><ref name=":60" /><br />
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In 2005, Khanna was accused of allegedly facilitating the arms deal that involved the sale of [[anti-materiel rifle]]s from [[Denel]], a [[South Africa]]n company, to the Indian Army in 2003.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web |last1=Ray |first1=Shantanu Guha |last2=Unnithan |first2=Sandeep |date=13 April 2012 |title=Tatra truck deal has blown the lid off a shadowy world of arms dealers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120423-tatra-truck-deal-murky-defence-deals-ak-antony-general-singh-758073-2012-04-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228094635/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120423-tatra-truck-deal-murky-defence-deals-ak-antony-general-singh-758073-2012-04-13 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":40">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=6 June 2005 |title=FIR filed in Denel arms scam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fir-filed-in-denel-arms-scam/articleshow/1134159.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717201259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/fir-filed-in-denel-arms-scam/articleshow/1134159.cms |archive-date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The CBI and the ED claimed that Khanna allegedly used Varas Associates, an [[offshore company]] to receive a commission for securing the order for Denel.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Sarin |first=Ritu |date=2011-05-20 |title=Swiss give leads in Denel payoffs case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/swiss-give-leads-in-denel-payoffs-case/ |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604210707/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/swiss-give-leads-in-denel-payoffs-case/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The CBI also claimed that Khanna allegedly influenced the Price Negotiation Committee of the Ministry of Defence.<ref name=":13" /> The CBI and ED eventually dropped the case against Khanna due to lack of evidence.<ref name="indiatoday.in" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=9 December 2006 |title=Arms dealer in fresh trouble over foreign funds |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/arms-dealer-in-fresh-trouble-over-foreign-funds/articleshow/748870.cms |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency= |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214193555/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/arms-dealer-in-fresh-trouble-over-foreign-funds/articleshow/748870.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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In 2007, Khanna was accused by the CBI of involvement in the [[Barak Missile scandal]], which stemmed from a 2000 contract in which the [[Indian Navy]] agreed to purchase Barak anti-missile defence systems and [[Barak 1|Barak missiles]] from [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] (IAI).<ref name=":41" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2017-02-01 |title=Court accepts closure report in Barak missile deal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-accepts-closure-report-in-barak-missile-deal-117020101010_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030055346/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/court-accepts-closure-report-in-barak-missile-deal-117020101010_1.html |archive-date=30 October 2022 |access-date=2022-06-06 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> In 2007, the CBI filed a [[chargesheet]] against Khanna for allegedly receiving vast [[Kickback (bribery)|kickbacks]] for securing the contract for [[Israel]], and the CBI also confiscated his passport.<ref name=":41">{{Cite web |last=TNN |date=26 August 2007 |title=Barak case: SC tells CBI to submit Khanna passport |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/barak-case-sc-tells-cbi-to-submit-khanna-passport/articleshow/2310926.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506210624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/barak-case-sc-tells-cbi-to-submit-khanna-passport/articleshow/2310926.cms |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune News Service">{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=9 December 2020 |title=ED for prosecuting money launderers in Embraer deal |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ed-for-prosecuting-money-launderers-in-embraer-deal-181979 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=Tribune India |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415224200/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/ed-for-prosecuting-money-launderers-in-embraer-deal-181979 |url-status=live }}</ref> The CBI stated that Khanna was a very influential and highly connected person, who was powerful both in India and internationally, and so releasing Khanna's passport would adversely impact the investigation.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Mahapatra |first=Dhananjay |date=15 August 2007 |title=Barak deal kickback £7.3m |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/barak-deal-kickback-7-3m/articleshow/2282054.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906091132/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/barak-deal-kickback-7-3m/articleshow/2282054.cms |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> The case against Khanna was eventually dropped due to lack of evidence.<ref name=":49">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2017 |title=State (Cbi) vs Unknown on 27 January, 2017 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/93683925/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720083546/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/93683925/ |archive-date=20 July 2022 |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Indian Kanoon}}</ref><br />
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In 2016, the CBI launched a probe into the purchase of three [[Airborne Early Warning and Control|airborne early warning and control]] (AEW&C) aircraft from [[Embraer]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarin |first=Ritu |date=2016-10-21 |title=CBI names defence agent Vipin Khanna as key beneficiary in Embraer payoffs FIR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/embraer-aircraft-deal-cbi-probe-names-defence-agent-vipin-khanna-as-key-beneficiary-fir-3094244/ |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906091133/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/embraer-aircraft-deal-cbi-probe-names-defence-agent-vipin-khanna-as-key-beneficiary-fir-3094244/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Neeraj |date=2020-12-09 |title=ED files charge sheet over kickbacks in UPA-era Embraer aircraft deal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-files-charge-sheet-over-kickbacks-in-upa-era-embraer-aircraft-deal/story-cuV7DTUlnAVu5QvCvJrAbO.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821080045/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ed-files-charge-sheet-over-kickbacks-in-upa-era-embraer-aircraft-deal/story-cuV7DTUlnAVu5QvCvJrAbO.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna was accused of swinging the aircraft deal, which was signed in 2008, in favour of Embraer by influencing the IAF and the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|Defence Research Development Organization]] (DRDO).<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chauhan |first1=Neeraj |date=2 March 2017 |title=CBI questions Embraer deal 'middleman' Vipin Khanna over bribe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-questions-embraer-deal-middleman-vipin-khanna-over-bribe/articleshow/57420087.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906091134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cbi-questions-embraer-deal-middleman-vipin-khanna-over-bribe/articleshow/57420087.cms |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Embraer's Dominican and Indian Bribery Schemes – Compendium of Arms Trade Corruption |url=https://sites.tufts.edu/corruptarmsdeals/embraer-dominican-indian-schemes/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=Tufts: World Peace Foundation |date=11 October 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=2 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702060444/https://sites.tufts.edu/corruptarmsdeals/embraer-dominican-indian-schemes/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=N.S |first1=Ravidasan |last2=Singh |first2=Vijay Kumar |date=2020 |title=Civil Enforcement Action against Corporate Corruption: A Legislative Lacunae in India |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3941277 |journal=International Journal of Transparency and Accountability in Governance |pages=95–96 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3941277 |issn=1556-5068 |via=SSRN |s2cid=245205576 |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193117/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3941277 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[first information report]] (FIR) filed by the CBI mentioned that Khanna used an offshore company to channel payments from Embraer into India to use for kickbacks.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Javaid |first=Azaan |date=2017-07-23 |title=Embraer deal: CBI turns to UK for information |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/embraer-deal-cbi-turns-to-uk-for-information/story-RHOh0lzMi6O4vMMq82Y2nO.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034005/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/embraer-deal-cbi-turns-to-uk-for-information/story-RHOh0lzMi6O4vMMq82Y2nO.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":14" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Press Trust of India |first= |date=2016-10-21 |title=CBI registers FIR against NRI arms dealer in Embraer deal |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cbi-registers-fir-against-nri-arms-dealer-in-embraer-deal-116102100644_1.html |access-date=2022-09-06 |archive-date=22 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022163128/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cbi-registers-fir-against-nri-arms-dealer-in-embraer-deal-116102100644_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2023, the CBI dropped the legal proceedings against Khanna due to his death in 2019.<ref name=":39">{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=5 June 2023 |title=Embraer deal case: CBI files charge sheet naming arms dealer Arvind Khanna, others |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/embraer-deal-case-cbi-files-charge-sheet-naming-arms-dealer-arvind-khanna-others-514447 |access-date=5 June 2023 |website=Tribune India |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605184622/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/embraer-deal-case-cbi-files-charge-sheet-naming-arms-dealer-arvind-khanna-others-514447 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, it was reported that in 2005, Embraer had an agreement with a UK-based company stipulating that Khanna would receive a 9% commission on the total value of defence contracts secured from the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF).<ref name=":37">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Mayank |last2=Bhardwaj |first2=Ananya |date=2024-11-22 |title=CBI filed 2 cases in past based on revelations by US DOJ. What they are & how they compare to Adani case |url=https://theprint.in/india/cbi-filed-2-cases-in-past-based-on-revelations-by-us-doj-what-they-are-how-they-compare-to-adani-case/2368486/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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=== Other controversies ===<br />
In 2005, it was alleged that Khanna and some members of his family were beneficiaries of corruption in the UN's [[Oil-for-Food Programme]].<ref name=":61">{{Cite news |date=2006-08-25 |title=ED goes after father of Pathak panel accused |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ed-goes-after-father-of-pathak-panel-accused/articleshow/1924462.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808215112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ed-goes-after-father-of-pathak-panel-accused/articleshow/1924462.cms |archive-date=8 August 2024 |access-date=2024-08-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reportedly, [[Natwar Singh]], the then-[[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] and a family relative of Khanna's, received kickbacks, part of which allegedly went to [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime in Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Rahul |date=2014-07-31 |title=Natwar Singh: Fall guy or guilty as charged? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cover-story/story/natwar-singh-oil-for-food-scam-volcker-report-sonia-gandhi-saddam-hussein-202420-2014-07-31 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905111914/https://www.indiatoday.in/cover-story/story/natwar-singh-oil-for-food-scam-volcker-report-sonia-gandhi-saddam-hussein-202420-2014-07-31 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also reported that Natwar Singh allegedly helped procure oil contracts for some companies owned by Khanna's family members.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2005 |title=Oil scam sleuths on NRI trail |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/oil-scam-sleuths-on-nri-trail/cid/832397 |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><br />
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In 2007, Securency, a [[Reserve Bank of Australia]] subsidiary, was involved in [[Bribery|bribing]] overseas officials so that Australia could win lucrative [[polymer banknote]] [[Security printing|printing]] contracts.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Richard |last2=McKenzie |first2=Nick |date=2010-08-15 |title=RBA agent's oil for food link |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/rba-agents-oil-for-food-link-20100815-1258u.html |access-date=2021-12-14 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223032714/https://www.smh.com.au/national/rba-agents-oil-for-food-link-20100815-1258u.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was reported that David Twine, who was at the time [[Austrade]]'s [[Asia]] regional director and one of Australia's senior most foreign trade promotion officials, met with Khanna to discuss work for Securency and to help the company secure government related contracts.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Nick |last2=Baker |first2=Richard |date=2011-11-30 |title=Meeting an arms dealer? No big deal |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/meeting-an-arms-dealer-no-big-deal-20111130-1o76c.html |access-date=2022-05-14 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514142144/https://www.smh.com.au/national/meeting-an-arms-dealer-no-big-deal-20111130-1o76c.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The investigation into Securency was, at the time, Australia's largest foreign bribery scandal and investigation.<ref name=":20" /><br />
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== Personal life and family ==<br />
[[File:Manjula Devi of Darkoti, one of the wives of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh of Patiala, and their daughter, Naginder Kumari Khanna, one of the daughters of Maharaja Bhupinder Singh. Circa 1950s.jpg|thumb|252x252px|Khanna's wife, Naginder Kumari (right), with her mother, [[Maharaja|Maharani]] Manjula Devi of [[Darkoti]] (left), a wife of [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]]. Darkoti was a [[Kachhwaha]] [[Rajput]] ruled [[princely state]], founded in the 11th century, whose rulers were directly descended from the ruling house of the [[Kingdom of Amber]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Punjab States Gazetteer: Simla Hill States - 1910|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.1916|date=1911|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press|pages=392–394|volume=8}}</ref>]]<br />
Khanna was married to Naginder Kumari, the daughter of [[Maharaja]] [[Bhupinder Singh of Patiala|Bhupinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and a member of the historical [[Phulkian dynasty]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=Arvind Khanna Bereaved |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20120703/281694021877201 |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=PressReader |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221133423/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-jalandhar/20120703/281694021877201 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":54">{{Cite book |last=Rana |first=Mahendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&dq=arvind+khanna+sangrur&pg=PA367 |title=India Votes: Lok Sabha & Vidhan Sabha Elections 2001-2005 |date=2006 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-647-6 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193202/https://books.google.com/books?id=yInZdHn-pKoC&dq=arvind+khanna+sangrur&pg=PA367 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thakur |first=Pradeep |date=2006-03-26 |title=Oil-for-food: ED traces Rs 8-cr to Delhi bank |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/oil-for-food-ed-traces-rs-8-cr-to-delhi-bank/articleshow/1464457.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605092423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Oil-for-food-ED-traces-Rs-8-cr-to-Delhi-bank/articleshow/1464457.cms |archive-date=5 June 2018 |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Naginder held the title of [[princess]] until [[Princely state|princely titles]] were abolished by the [[List of amendments of the Constitution of India|26th Amendment]] to the [[Constitution of India]] in 1971.<ref name=":47" /> Khanna and Naginder had four children: Vinita, Navin, [[Arvind Khanna|Arvind]] and Aditya.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=Jul 3, 2012 |title=Nagindra Khanna |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nagindra-khanna/articleshow/14648231.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124174940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nagindra-khanna/articleshow/14648231.cms |archive-date=24 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> His daughter, Vinita, married [[Randhir Singh (sports administrator)|Randhir Singh]], a [[Sports governing body|sports administrator]].<ref name=":310">{{Cite web |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Piyali |date=2013 |title=Raja Randhir Singh from the royal family of Patiala decks up to host their daughter's wedding |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/abhinav-bindra-manavjit-singh-sandhu-liza-verma/articlephotos/25767255.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110090356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/abhinav-bindra-manavjit-singh-sandhu-liza-verma/articlephotos/25767255.cms |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=2022-01-09 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Naginder, born in 1937, had family members and family relatives involved in various fields, including politics, bureaucracy, diplomacy, law, and sports administration, as well as affiliations with networks such as [[Freemasonry]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune News Service |date=15 April 2016 |title=Polyclinic inaugurated at Lodge Phulkian |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/polyclinic-inaugurated-at-lodge-phulkian-223115# |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Jamil Hussain |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Pakistan_Story/NckzAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Pakistan Story |date= |publisher=Zia H. Rizvi |year=1973 |page=22 |language=en}}</ref> Khanna was a [[Indian diaspora|Non-Resident Indian]] who was based in London and he also had a base in New Delhi.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=Shri Vipin Kumar Khanna, New Delhi vs Acit, New Delhi on 16 March, 2018 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/121140328/ |access-date=25 June 2022 |website=Indian Kanoon |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413193357/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/121140328/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Khanna died on 7 November 2019, at the age of 88, in New Delhi.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |last=Gunasekar |first=Arvind |date=11 October 2023 |title=After 7-Year Probe, CBI Charges Arms Dealer In $210 Million Embraer Jet Case |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/embraer-jet-case-after-7-year-probe-cbi-charges-arms-dealer-in-210-million-embraer-jet-case-4470185 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418234306/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/embraer-jet-case-after-7-year-probe-cbi-charges-arms-dealer-in-210-million-embraer-jet-case-4470185 |archive-date=18 April 2024 |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanna, Vipin}}<br />
[[Category:1930 births]]<br />
[[Category:2019 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Khanna family]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Defence industry of India]]<br />
[[Category:Arms traders]]<br />
[[Category:Corruption in defence procurement in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in aviation]]<br />
[[Category:Indian commodities traders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people in rail transport]]<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the telecommunications industry]]<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the oil industry]]<br />
[[Category:Indian investment bankers]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople in construction]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]<br />
[[Category:Drink distillers]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople in the coffee industry]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople in the tea industry]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople in the food industry]]<br />
[[Category:Honorary consuls]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Army War College, Mhow]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirik&diff=458991Mirik2026-03-14T05:39:38Z<p>ClintCarswell72: adjust content per sources and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use British English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{for-multi|the village in Azerbaijan|Mirik, Azerbaijan|the village in Iran|Mirik, Iran}}<br />
{{cleanup|reason=unencyclopaedic and unreferenced information|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
<!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details -->{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mirik<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Mirik Sumendu Lake.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = Mirik town with a view of [[Sumendu Lake]]<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.887|N|88.187|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Notified area|Notified Area]]<br />
| governing_body = Mirik Notified Area<br />
| leader_title= [[Chairman]]<br />
| leader_name = L.B. Rai ([[All India Trinamool Congress|TMC]])<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Mirik Info'>{{cite web|title=Mirik Info|url=https://www.sudawb.org/wbdma_oldversion/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Mirik.htm}}</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 6.50<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 1495<br />
| population_total = 11,363<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name='Mirik Info'/><br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_metro = 58,000<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]]<br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mirik''' is a small town and a Notified Area of [[Darjeeling district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Mirik subdivision]]. The name ''Mirik'' comes from the [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] words ''Mir-Yok'' meaning "place burnt by fire".<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Mirik Bazar began a commercial centre of the region where people from the surrounding villages and [[Darjeeling tea|tea]] gardens came to trade and buy their necessities. The present lake area was a marshland with thick growth of ''sweet flag'' ([[Acorus calamus]], locally called ''bojho''). A playground stood in the present garden area where the [[British Raj|British]] officers played [[polo]].<br />
<br />
In 1969, the [[West Bengal]] tourism department began the process of acquiring 335 acres of land from the neighbouring Thurbo tea estate. The work of developing this land into a tourist spot began in 1974 when [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] was the chief minister of West Bengal. The tourist spot, which included the newly built lake and the Day Centre, was inaugurated by the next chief minister of West Bengal, [[Jyoti Basu]], in April 1979. With the flourishing of [[tourism]], Krishnanagar developed on the other end of the lake with hotels and restaurants catering to tourists.<br />
<br />
Mirik became the sub-divisional headquarters of [[Mirik subdivision]] on 30 March 2017.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=300| height=320| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|26|54|0|N|88|14|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling district'''<br/>CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate<br/>Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|57|10|N|88|14|17|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rongmook Ceder TG| numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|56|20|N|88|10|40|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Mangarjung TG| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri)]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|57|58|N|88|17|10|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Sonada| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Sonada]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|10|1|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Sukhiapokhri| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Sukhiapokhri]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|10|30|E}}| label-pos5=left |label5=Mirik| numbered5=M| mark-title5= Mirik (M)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colours --><br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|50|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos6=left|label6=Chamong TG| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Chamong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|55|35|N|88|11|40|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Dhajea TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Dhajea Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|27|1|10|N|88|15|30|E}}| label-pos8=right|label8=Jorebungalow| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Jorebungalow]] (R)| shape-color8=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|58|10|N|88|10|0|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Pokhriabong| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Pokhriabong]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|27|0|20|N|88|11|39|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Poobong TG| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Poobong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|57|6|N|88|10|34|E}}| label-pos11=left|label11=Sungma TG| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Sungma Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|27|2|20|N|88|10|31|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Tumsong TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Tumsong Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color12=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|54|40|N|88|12|10|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Nagri Farm TG| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Nagri Farm Tea Garden]] (R)| shape-color13=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|14|25|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Panighatta| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Panighatta]] (R)| shape-color14=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|50|20|N|88|12|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Singbulli TG| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Singbulli Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color15=#C42222 <br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|52|0|N|88|12|40|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Soureni| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Soureni]] (R)| shape-color16=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|56|25|N|88|12|38|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Avongrove TE| numbered17=TE| mark-title17= [[Avongrove Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color17=#87A96B<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|9|44|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Gopaldhara TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Gopaldhara Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|9|20|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Okayti TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Okayti Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|26|50|15|N|88|11|54|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Phuguri TE| numbered320=TE| mark-title20= [[Phuguri Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|26|59|14|N|88|13|22|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Pussimbing TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= [[Pussimbing Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color21=#87A96B<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|50|N|88|9|50|E}}| label-pos22=left|label22=Thurbo TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Thurbo Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label23= Balason River| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=35| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|46|30|N|88|11|0|E}}|label24= Mechi| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=70| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|26|44|30|N|88|11|20|E}}|label25= River| label-color25= #77A1CB| label-angle25=95| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|27|2|45|N|88|11|37|E}}| label-pos26=right|label26=Mariabong TG| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Mariabong Tea Garden]] (R)|shape-color26=#C42222<br />
|arc-coordA={{coord|26|48|0|N|88|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= NEPAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=40| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}<br />
<br />
Mirik has become a tourist destination for its climate, natural environment and easy accessibility. The centre of all attraction is [[Sumendu Lake]], surrounded by a garden named ''Savitri Pushpaudyan'' (after Savitri Thapa, a martyr soldier of [[Indian National Army|INA]]) on one side and pine trees on the other, linked together by an arching footbridge called ''Indreni Pool'' (named after Indreni Thapa, a martyr soldier of INA). A 3.5-km-long road encircles the lake and is used for walks with the view of [[Kangchenjunga]] on the far horizon. Boating on the quaint boats and horse riding are available.<br />
<br />
Mirik has an average elevation of {{convert|1495|m|abbr=on}}. The highest point is the Bokar Monastery at about {{convert|1768|m|abbr=on}}. Mirik lake at about {{convert|1494|m|abbr=on}} is the lowest point. Mirik is {{convert|52|km|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Siliguri]] city and {{convert|49|km|abbr=on}} south-southwest of Darjeeling town.<br />
[[Mirik subdivision]]. The name ''Mirik'' comes from the [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] words ''Mir-Yok'' meaning "place burnt by fire".<br />
[[File:Mirik Lake a.k.a Sumendu Lake.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Mirik Lake]]<br />
[[File:Bokar Monastry.jpg|thumb|283x283px|Sunset In Bokar Monastery]]<br />
[[File:Tingling View Point Mirik.jpg|thumb|404x404px|Tingling View Point]]<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The map alongside shows a part the southern portion of the [[Darjeeling Himalayan hill region]] in the Darjeeling district. In the [[Darjeeling Sadar subdivision]] 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the [[Mirik subdivision]] 80.11% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 19.89% lives in the urban areas.<ref name="admin">{{cite web | url = http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html | title = Darjeeling | work =District Profile - General Information | publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref><ref name="handbook">{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling |work = Tables 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 21 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting [[Darjeeling tea]]. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html | title = Darjeeling Tea| publisher = District administration |access-date = 21 March 2020}}</ref> Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as [[census town]]s or villages.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 21 March 2020 }}</ref> Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.<br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
The [[2011 Census of India]] recorded a population of 11,513 in Mirik [[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)|Notified Area]] (i.e., urban unit). 5688 were males and 5825 were females.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=323457 Mirik Notified Area census], Census of India 2011.</ref> Mirik rural area (under 6 gram panchayats) recorded a total population of 46,374. Males numbered 23,394 and females 22,980.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=321848 Mirik Subdistrict census], Census of India 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
As per the [[2001 Census of India]], Mirik urban area had a total population of 9141. Males numbered 4619 and females 4522. Mirik rural area had a total population of 42,237. Males numbered 21,112 and females 21,125. The decadal growth rate of population (1991–2001) was -1.33.<br />
<br />
[[File:Tourists boat in Mirik Lake.jpg|thumb|Tourists boating in Mirik Lake]]<br />
[[File:Beautiful Mirik.jpg|thumb|Mirik skyline]]<br />
<br />
==Administration and health care==<br />
The urban hub at Mirik is administered by a [[Municipality]]/[[Nagar Panchayat (Notified Area Council)|Notified Area]] with nine wards while the outlying rural villages are taken care of by [[Mirik (community development block)|Mirik community development block]], which has six [[Gram Panchayat]]s: [[Panighatta|Chenga Panighata]], Pahilagaon School Dara–I, Pahilagaon School Dara–II, [[Soureni]]–I, Soureni–II and Duptin.<br />
<br />
Mirik has both SDO and SDPO offices located near Mirik police station. Mirik SDO and SDPO as on 1 January 2025 are Ms. Tenzin Semkhyi Ogen, IAS and Shri Vinod Kumar Meena, IPS. A Taluka Court, which has a Civil Judge and a Judicial Magistrate, operates in Mirik.<br />
<br />
There is a government Primary Health Centre at Mirik with six general physicians and one dentist. There are no specialist doctors but there is an optometrician. There are several medical shops at Krishnanagar and one pathological lab cum optical shop. There are few more medicine shops at Mirik Bazar.<br />
<br />
==Legislative segment==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the delimitation of constituencies in West Bengal, the area under Mirik municipality and Mirik block will be part of the [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong Assembly Constituency]] of West Bengal. Kurseong Assembly Constituency is an assembly segment of the [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling Lok Sabha Constituency]].<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
Mirik is {{convert|52|km|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Siliguri]] city and {{convert|49|km|abbr=on}} south-southwest of Darjeeling town.<br />
<br />
[[Bagdogra]] (IATA airport code IXB) {{convert|52|km|abbr=on}} south of Mirik is the nearest airport and [[New Jalpaiguri]] adjacent to Siliguri is the nearest railway station.<br />
[[File:Sumendu Lake at Mirik.jpg|thumb|right|Sumendu Lake at Mirik.]] <br />
Few buses ply from Mirik to Siliguri and Darjeeling and the fare is Rs. 70. Shared taxis operate from Mirik to Siliguri, Darjeeling, Kurseong, [[Kakarbhitta]] (Nepal), [[Sonada]], and Kalimpong. The fare has risen recently to Rs. 200 for Siliguri, Kurseong and Darjeeling (2025) and Rs 250* for Kakarvitta and Sonada (2025) per passenger. One can hire a taxi at a cost of Rs. 1700 to 2500 for Darjeeling, Kurseong, Siliguri and Kakarbhitta(Nepal)*. Shared taxis also operate from Darjeeling, Siliguri, Kurseong, Sonada and Kakarbhitta to Mirik.<br />
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Shared taxis are operated from Mirik by Mirik Tours & Travels (Krishnanagar). Taxis are available for internal transportation within Mirik to travel from Mirik Lake (Krishnanagar) to Mirik Bazar at Rs. 20 per head.<br />
<br />
==Accommodation==<br />
[[File:Tourists boating in Mirik Lake.jpg|thumb|Tourists boating in Mirik Lake]]<br />
Mirik Bazar, Thana Line, Krishnanagar, Deuseydara, Thurbo, Mirik Busty and Byapari Golai are some localities in Mirik where accommodation is available for tourists such as Lake View Villa. However, the majority of the hotels and restaurants are in the Krishnanagar area of Mirik. The Gorkhaland Territorial Administration operates a motel at a hilltop near the helipad at Ahalay and another tourist lodge located near the lake. There are other good hotels in Krishnanagar and some hotels in Mirik Bazar. There are many lodges and private guest houses. There is a Forest Rest House in Mirik that can be booked from the District Forest Office, Kurseong.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} There is also a PWD (Public Works Department) Inspection Bungalow near the lake that can be booked from Siliguri PWD office.<br />
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There are also many home stays that have started sprouting in the region owing to the large number of tourists who flock in.<br />
<br />
==Getting around==<br />
[[File:Mirik-Motel.JPG|right|thumb|Mirik Motel.]]<br />
*[[Sumendu Lake]] - It is the heart of Mirik. There is an 80-ft (24-m) long footbridge over the lake. One can boat in the lake or take a horse ride around the lake.<br />
*Rameetay Dara - A viewpoint near the town from where one can see the surrounding mountains and the vast plains below.<br />
* Bokar Monastery <ref>[http://www.kalacakra.org/bokarr/bokarr.htm Ven. Bokar Rinpoche], Bokar Monastery.</ref> - It is located on the way to Rameetay Dara and is a Buddhist meditation center.<br />
*Rai Dhap - Source of drinking water for Mirik and a picnic spot.<br />
*Debisthan - A temple of a Hindu goddess located on a hillock near the Sumendu lake.<br />
*Tingling View Point - A panoramic view of the tea gardens can be seen from here.<br />
*Tea Gardens - A number of tea gardens produce [[Darjeeling tea]] specially Thurbo, [[Soureni]], Gopaldhara, Singbulli, Okayti and Phuguri are located in and around Mirik.<br />
*Manjushree Park - 20 mins drive from Mirik. Suitable for children and peace-seekers.<br />
[[File:Tourist vehicles at Mirik.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Tourist vehicles at Mirik.]]<br />
*Orange Orchards - Mirik is known for its high-quality oranges.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}} These are grown in Mirik Busty, Murmah and Soureni Busty.<br />
*Orchids - Mirik has one of the best climate for a typical orchid called Cymbidium orchids, which fetches one of the highest prices in the world flower markets. One such Cymbidium orchid garden is "Darjeeling Gardens Pvt. Ltd." located in Rato Mate in Mirik.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100910014426/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100827/jsp/siliguri/story_12861215.jsp Rato Mate], Darjeeling Gardens Pvt. Ltd.</ref><br />
*Bunkulung (Jayanti Nagar) - [[Ecotourism]] is being promoted here and several home-stay facilities are available. <br />
*[[Pashupatinagar, Mechi|Pashupatinagar]] - This border market with Nepal is a commercial center for trade in clothes, electronic and household goods.<br />
*Don Bosco Church- It is located near Don Bosco School. One of the bigger Catholic churches of Darjeeling district. <br />
*Mirik Church (UCNI) - This is the oldest Church in Mirik, situated at Deosay Dara, Ward No. IV, Mirik. The church building being was constructed in 1962. The same old building still exists today. The church remains open every day for everyone. While Service starts at 11:00 am onwards. The Church is in close proximity with Darjeeling Hills Bible School (DHBS) which was the first school offering theological training in nepali language since 1954.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/uv?hl=en&pb=!1s0x39e4336664190f6b:0xb6b83d7aa277fe82!2m19!2m2!1i80!2i80!3m1!2i20!16m13!1b1!2m2!1m1!1e1!2m2!1m1!1e3!2m2!1m1!1e5!2m2!1m1!1e4!3m1!7e115!4s//lh4.googleusercontent.com/-iMfvjxDz0WM/WNSrcln3oLI/AAAAAAAAADM/UrXLHlXoS20VOsPV1pI1qLXUSSwEQ-FLQCLIB/w173-h230-k-no/!5s+-+Google+Search&imagekey=!1e3!2s-iMfvjxDz0WM/WNSrcln3oLI/AAAAAAAAADM/UrXLHlXoS20VOsPV1pI1qLXUSSwEQ-FLQCLIB |title = - Google Search}}</ref><br />
[[File:Bokhar Gumpha.jpg|right|thumb|Buddhist Monastery in Mirik.]]<br />
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==CBSE affiliated Schools==<br />
*Snowdrops School (English medium) CBSE (Co-Ed)<br />
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==CISCE Affiliated Schools==<br />
* Glenmore International School (English medium)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Brindavan Boarding School (English medium)(Co-Ed) <br />
*Orange Lake School (English medium)(Co-Ed) <br />
*Lewis English School (English medium)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Green Lawn School (English medium)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Wood Lands Academy (English Medium)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Pinehall Academy (English Medium)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Temple of Wisdom (English Medium)(Co-Ed)<br />
<br />
==WBBSE and WBCHSE affiliated Schools==<br />
*Don Bosco School (English medium) Madhyamik ([[WBBSE]])(Co-Ed)<br />
*Mirik Higher Secondary School (English medium) Madhyamik (WBBSE) and Higher Secondary ([[WBCHSE]]); Vocational Education Travel and Tourism course (affiliated to [[West Bengal State Council of Vocational Education and Training|W.B.S.C.V.E.T.]])(Co-Ed)<br />
*Soureni Rabindranath High School (Nepali medium) Madhyamik (WBBSE) and HS (WBCHSE)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Phuguri High School (Nepali medium) Madhyamik (WBBSE) and HS (WBCHSE)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Thurbo High School, 9th Mile (Nepali medium) Madhayamik (WBBSE) and HS (WBCHSE)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Rasdal Gaon Junior High School (English medium) Madhayamik (WBBSE)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Murmah Prem Sundar High School (Nepali medium) Madhayamik (WBBSE)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Jogpal Jr High School (English Medium) Madhyamik (WBBSE)(Co-Ed)<br />
*Sophies Academy (Nepali and English medium), Secondary and Senior Secondary ([[National Institute of Open Schooling|NIOS]])(Co-Ed)<br />
<br />
==College==<br />
*[[Mirik College]] which is often referred to as "Mirik Degree College" by the locals, it is affiliated to [[North Bengal University]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}[https://pradhanhotelmirik.com/ mirik]<br />
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==External links==<br />
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}<br />
{{Darjeeling District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling district]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lekha_Washington&diff=512084Lekha Washington2026-03-11T21:09:13Z<p>ClintCarswell72: made new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress, artist, and product designer (born 1986)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Lekha Washington<br />
| image = Lekha Washington in 2015 at GoodHomes Awards.jpeg<br />
| caption = Washington in 2015<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1986|04|30}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| yearsactive = 2007–2017<br />
| alma_mater = [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] and [[National Institutes of Design]]<br />
| height = <br />
| occupation = Actor, product designer, artist, lyricist<br />
| website = <br />
| partner = {{ubl|Pablo Chatterji (former)|[[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] (present)}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Lekha Washington''' (born 30 April 1986)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lekha Washington |url=https://www.astaguru.com/artists/lekha-washington |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=AstaGuru |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615165410/https://www.astaguru.com/artists/lekha-washington |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian actress, artist, and product designer who has predominantly appeared in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language films as well as a few [[Hindi|Hindi films]]. She was first recognised for her work as a sculptor in 2002 and then as a theatre actress in Chennai based stage plays. After appearing as a video jockey with [[SS Music]], Washington's breakthrough film role was as an independent estranged sister in ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' (2008), whilst she has gone on to portray roles in the multi-starrer ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' and the comedy ''[[Va (film)|Va]]''.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Lekha Washington was born to a father of mixed Burmese, [[Italians|Italian]] and [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] ancestry, and a [[Maharashtrians|Maharashtrian]] mother.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_she-was-never-much-of-a-cricket-buff_1166257 |title=She was never much of a cricket buff – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=24 May 2008 |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001112530/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_she-was-never-much-of-a-cricket-buff_1166257 |url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the mixed heritage, Lekha has stated she considers herself South Indian due to her upbringing in [[Chennai]] and speaks English and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] at home.<ref name="Bowled over">{{cite news |date=14 June 2008 |title=Bowled over |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/14/stories/2008061451641200.htm |access-date=22 January 2026 |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |quote=Okay, I was raised in Chennai, so I consider myself South Indian. I speak English at home and Mom yells at me in Marathi. |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022210/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/06/14/stories/2008061451641200.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Washington did her schooling in [[Good Shepherd Convent, Chennai]]<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2014 |title=Art, Life and Filtered Water: The Lekha Washington Interview |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/art-life-filtered-water-lekha-washington-interview/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930051023/https://silverscreenindia.com/tamil/features/art-life-filtered-water-lekha-washington-interview/ |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2018 |work=Sinndhuja Ramprasad |publisher=Silverscreen}}</ref> and later pursued a degree in [[Fine Arts]] at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] and went on to attend the [[National Institute of Design]] taking courses, first in Lifestyle Product Design, and then re-applying to enrol in the Film and Video Communication course. During her time studying film-making, she opted for a career in "front of the camera, rather than from behind".<ref name="Bowled over"/> During her time on the course, she made three short films called ''Spoonerism'', ''Catch 22'' and ''Sunn'' with locations ranging from [[Myanmar]] to [[Mauritius]].<ref>[http://www.lekhawashington.com/shortfilm.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202111703/http://www.lekhawashington.com/shortfilm.html|date=2 February 2011}}</ref><br />
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==Acting career==<br />
While pursuing her education, she decided to appear in Chetan Shah's experimental English film, ''Framed'', and subsequently received offers to be a music video jockey from [[SS Music]]. In early 2007, Washington was signed on to play the lead role of an orthodox Tamil [[Brahmin]] girl alongside [[Silambarasan]] in his project ''Kettavan'', after the actor and the film's director Nanthu had spotted her at a cinema hall. She replaced the team's original choice [[Sana Khan]] in the lead role, but despite completing a schedule, the film was shelved and later cancelled after the lead actor and director had creative differences.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101351340200.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=Lekha Washington remains in 'Kettavan' |date=13 October 2007 |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022219/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/13/stories/2007101351340200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vBclbclnCA |title=Simbu Cheated Me : Kettavan Director GT Nandhu First Exclusive Interview &#124; STR Kettavan Coming Soon - YouTube |date=2 November 2017 |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-date=19 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119073647/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vBclbclnCA&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> She had earlier made an uncredited appearance in a song from the 1999 romance film ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' and also made a guest appearance in director [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]'s 2007 film ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' as a bride at a wedding. In November 2007, Washington signed on to play a supporting role in [[R. Kannan]]'s directorial debut ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' alongside [[Vinay Rai]] and [[Bhavana (actress)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vinay-signs-a-film-news-tamil-kkfuuRcghcf.html |title=Vinay signs a film! |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 November 2007 |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-date=19 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019112640/http://www.sify.com/movies/vinay-signs-a-film-news-tamil-kkfuuRcghcf.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Appearing as Vinay Rai's estranged half sister, Brindha, in the film, Washington won critical acclaim for her role with a reviewer citing that she "sparkles as the half sister in a well etched role" and is "the surprise packet and has the credentials to make it big".<ref name="Sify">{{cite web |work=[[Sify]].com (Moviebuzz) |title=Jayam Kondaan |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14748742&ctid=5&cid=2429 |access-date=29 August 2008 |archive-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916223551/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?id=14748742&ctid=5&cid=2429 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Another critics cited that Washington "pulls off with élan" and "her costume spells class and character as does her performance", and subsequently the film went on to become a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550050200.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=The makings of a winner |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022231/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/09/05/stories/2008090550050200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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In 2010, Washington appeared in three films in three regional languages. Her first release was in the multi-starrer ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'', where she played a role as a part of the troupe of a lead character, [[Manoj Manchu]]. The film won positive reviews, and Washington's small role was labelled as "adequate support" by critics, as the film enjoyed a successful run commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/04/south-telugu-movie-review-vedam.htm |title=Vedam is outstanding |access-date=14 March 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170322083714/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/jun/04/south-telugu-movie-review-vedam.htm |archive-date=22 March 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2010 |title=Vedam tops BO |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14944674&cid=14625527 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126173719/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14944674&cid=14625527 |archive-date=2011-11-26 |access-date=16 February 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She then appeared in [[Pushkar-Gayathri]]'s comedy film, ''[[Va (film)|Va]]'', playing a suicidal schoolgirl who meets the characters of [[Shiva (actor)|Shiva]] and [[S. P. B. Charan|Charan]] on an election night in [[Chennai]]. The film received average reviews, whilst Washington's portrayal also received mixed acclaim with a reviewer citing that she "carries off her role of a dimwit quite well", whilst another cites that she "does not impress and needs to brush up her acting skills and lip sync".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/va-quarter-cutting-review-tamil-14958606.html |title=Review : (2010) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907031242/http://www.sify.com/movies/va-quarter-cutting-review-tamil-14958606.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/11/14/stories/2010111450060300.htm |location=Chennai, India |date=14 November 2010 |title=The Hindu : Cinema Plus / Film Review : Cut and dried -- '''Va, Quarter Cutting''' |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629022253/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/11/14/stories/2010111450060300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her final release of the year was the romantic Kannada film, ''[[Huduga Hudugi]]'' opposite [[Sameer Dattani]], which became a commercial and critical failure, with Washington receiving mixed reviews for her role.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/huduga-hudugi-is-a-remix-of-bollywood-blockbusters-kannada-film-review-news-national-klnraifbigg.html |title='Huduga Hudugi' is a remix of Bollywood blockbusters (Kannada Film Review) |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=19 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219014946/http://www.sify.com/movies/huduga-hudugi-is-a-remix-of-bollywood-blockbusters-kannada-film-review-news-national-klnraifbigg.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-huduga-hudugi/20101112.htm |title=Nothing new in Huduga Hudugi |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=18 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118012442/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-huduga-hudugi/20101112.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Washington was signed on to appear in her debut Hindi film, John Owen's ''[[Peter Gaya Kaam Se]]'' beating hundred other actresses in an audition, after the producers felt that "she looked like a super model, could play football and was an [[Anglo-Indian]]".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Whats-in-a-name-asks-Lekha/articleshow/5219228.cms |title=What's in a name, asks Lekha |date=12 November 2009 |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105150419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-11-12/news-interviews/28067091_1_peter-gaya-kaam-se-auditions-rajeev-khandelwal |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_lekha-washington-to-break-hearts_1229961 |title=Lekha Washington to break hearts – Entertainment – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 February 2009 |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003030110/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_lekha-washington-to-break-hearts_1229961 |url-status=live}}</ref> The film opposite [[Rajeev Khandelwal]] features Washington as Mira, an undercover agent, but is yet to release, after disputes between the producers and the director.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lekha-washington-goes-to-bollywood-news-tamil-kkfstFfbdhg.html |title=Lekha Washington goes to Bollywood! |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 February 2009 |access-date=1 March 2013 |archive-date=21 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021005421/http://www.sify.com/movies/lekha-washington-goes-to-bollywood-news-tamil-kkfstFfbdhg.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also shot for another [[Hindi]] project, ''[[Power (2012 film)|Power]]'' by [[Rajkumar Santoshi]], featuring her as Sneha alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Ajay Devgan]], though the film has been delayed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Lekha-is-Santoshis-latest-muse/articleshow/6711222.cms |title=Lekha is Santoshi's latest muse |date=8 October 2010 |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102205909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-08/news-interviews/28215189_1_lekha-washington-rajkumar-santoshi-peter-gaya-kaam-se |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Washington was seen in ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' as Imran Khan's friend.<ref name="articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Weary-about-future-projects-Lekha-Washington/articleshow/18194599.cms |title=Weary about future projects: Lekha Washington |access-date=24 May 2013 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192818/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-26/news-interviews/36563632_1_peter-gaya-kaam-se-telugu-sanjay-dutt |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref> She won acclaim for her portrayal of a Tamil Brahmin bride in the romantic comedy ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' (2013), before portraying a guest role in the action thriller ''[[Arima Nambi]]'' (2014).<br />
<br />
== Artistic career ==<br />
Alongside her work in film, Washington has developed a parallel career as a product designer and installation artist. A graduate of the National Institute of Design (NID), she moved from design into acting before returning to furniture and object design and launching her label Ajji in Mumbai, which she has described as a way to pursue her ideas in product and functional art.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=11 August 2016 |title=Lekha Washington: EDIDA 2015 Young Talent winner |url=https://elledecor.in/lekha-washington-edida-2015-young-talent-winner/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Elle Decor India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |date=20 August 2015 |title=Lekha's Quirky Touch to furniture |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2015/Aug/20/lekhas-quirky-touch-to-furniture-802117.html |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
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Her early furniture and object designs under Ajji included sculptural pieces such as the Pink Sink chair, Squair, the modular Dot and Atom units and the Drop chair, which have been exhibited through design stores and covered in the press as examples of “quirky” furniture that blurs the line between functional design and art.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rise of the rebels: Lekha Washington |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20160530-rise-of-the-rebels-lekha-washington-aakriti-kumar-sandeep-sangaru-ranjan-bordoloi-828946-2016-05-20 |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref><br />
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Washington’s design work gained wider recognition when she was named Young Talent (joint winner) at the 2015 EDIDA (ELLE DECO International Design Awards) India, a distinction that also gave her the opportunity to show her products at the Ambiente fair in Frankfurt.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Her studio practice has been profiled as a hybrid living and working space in a restored 150-year-old bungalow in Ranwar Village, Bandra, described as a multi-functional environment for furniture, functional art and large-scale installations.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 November 2016 |title=Room for change: Step inside Lekha Washington's studio reinvention |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.in/article/step-inside-studio-reinvention/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Architectural Digest India |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325014159/https://www.architecturaldigest.in/article/step-inside-studio-reinvention/ |url-status=live }}</ref> India Today has similarly characterised her as part of a generation of “rebel” product designers experimenting with unconventional forms and materials.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Beyond furniture, Washington has created public and installation works around a recurring moon motif. In 2021 she produced Chand, a 12-foot-wide steel orb installed above a junction near Carter Road in Bandra, Mumbai; India Today described the work as “bringing the moon down to Bandra”, while the RPG Art Foundation lists Chand among its public art projects in the city.<ref>{{cite news |date=25 April 2022 |title=Lekha Washington: Reaching for the moon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20220425-lekha-washington-reaching-for-the-moon-1937603-2022-04-14 |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chand |url=https://www.rpggroup.com/rpg-art-foundation |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=RPG Art Foundation |archive-date=18 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018190246/https://www.rpggroup.com/rpg-art-foundation |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Her lunar-themed work has also extended to international festivals. The EDIDA profile noted in 2016 that she was experimenting with technology-driven art installations, including a planned work for the Burning Man festival.<ref name=":0" /> In 2018, Burning Man’s official Journal documented an Honoraria artwork titled ''This Too Shall Pass – Moondancer'' by Washington, describing it as an installation from India that appeared as a second moon over Black Rock City.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 June 2019 |title=3. This Too Shall Pass – Moondancer by Lekha Washington, from India, Honoraria 2018 |url=https://journal.burningman.org/2019/06/burning-man-arts/brc-art/the-challenge-of-long-distance-art-affairs/attachment/3-this-too-shall-pass-moondancer-by-lekha-washington-from-india-honoraria-2018-photo_-alex-medina-moon-pablo-chaterji-sky/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=Burning Man Journal |archive-date=14 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250814102846/https://journal.burningman.org/2019/06/burning-man-arts/brc-art/the-challenge-of-long-distance-art-affairs/attachment/3-this-too-shall-pass-moondancer-by-lekha-washington-from-india-honoraria-2018-photo_-alex-medina-moon-pablo-chaterji-sky/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a 2024 interview she referred to creating a “second moon” for Burning Man, seen by tens of thousands of people, as one of her most important artistic experiences and said she hoped to continue working at that scale by integrating performance and installation.<ref name=":3">{{cite news |date=10 December 2024 |title=Exclusive – Lekha Washington on the artistic journey from an actor and life with actor Imran Khan |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/exclusive-lekha-washington-on-the-artistic-journey-from-an-actor-and-life-with-actor-imran-khan-article-12884623.html |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Moneycontrol |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208132607/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/exclusive-lekha-washington-on-the-artistic-journey-from-an-actor-and-life-with-actor-imran-khan-article-12884623.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Washington returned to Burning Man as an Honoraria artist in 2022 with ''The Apocalypse is Breathtaking: Flame of the Forest'', which the Burning Man Journal describes as a Japanese-inspired sculptural tree reflecting on climate and ecological themes.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2022 |title=Introducing the 2022 Black Rock City Honoraria |url=https://journal.burningman.org/2022/03/burning-man-arts/brc-art/announcing-2022-brc-honoraria/ |access-date=20 November 2025 |website=Burning Man Journal |archive-date=24 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251124170814/https://journal.burningman.org/2022/03/burning-man-arts/brc-art/announcing-2022-brc-honoraria/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the Moneycontrol interview she characterised her current work as a “thriving” artistic practice exploring nature and abstraction and expressed a desire to continue creating large-scale installations that bring together performance, technology and public participation.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Other work ==<br />
Washington has also been involved in English stage plays held in [[Chennai]], featuring in Madras Player's production of ''[[Twelfth Night]]'' in 2002 as Viola.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/08/stories/2002020801250300.htm |location=Chennai, India |title=An evening with Shakespeare |date=8 February 2002 |access-date=16 February 2011 |archive-date=26 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126010810/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/02/08/stories/2002020801250300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also been active in directing the theatre troupe, Khel.<br />
<br />
During the maiden season of the [[Indian Premier League]], Washington was signed on to anchor an analysis and interview show which provided coverage of the cricket played.{{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} To prepare for the role, Washington did research through cricketing journals and enlisted help from [[Ajay Jadeja]], hoping for her reporting to reach a widespread audience. Notably during her time as a reporter, she was briefly criticised for asking umpire [[Asad Rauf]] which franchise he had rooted for, as a part of a joke.<ref name="Bowled over"/> However, her stint was considered successful and helped her gain more offers from film producers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephenson |first=Andrew |date=2008-07-12 |title=Washington in a Capital Performance! |url=https://bollyspice.com/washington-in-a-capital-performance/ |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=BollySpice.com - The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
An [[agnostic]], Washington in 2011 revealed that "organised religion scares [her]". She believes in [[karma]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-03-16 |title=Organised religion scares me: Lekha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/organised-religion-scares-me-lekha/articleshow/7709600.cms |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=8 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208070653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/organised-religion-scares-me-lekha/articleshow/7709600.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
Several media reports from 2017 noted that Lekha Washington had been in a long-term relationship with Pablo Chatterji, with coverage describing a private “''marriage-ish''” ceremony held in [[Alibag|Alibaug]] in November that year. However, the reports did not confirm a legal marriage, and mainstream publications later clarified that she had separated from a partner — not a husband — as earlier rumours had suggested.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-11-11 |title=We're together, says Lekha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/were-together-says-lekha/articleshow/61607652.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-09 |title=Imran Khan and girlfriend Lekha Washington hold hands as they step out for date, pose for paparazzi. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-khan-girlfriend-lekha-washington-hold-hands-step-out-for-date-pose-for-paparazzi-watch-101731132397472.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=7 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207200104/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-khan-girlfriend-lekha-washington-hold-hands-step-out-for-date-pose-for-paparazzi-watch-101731132397472.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Imran Khan confirms he's divorced from Avantika, says new girlfriend Lekha Washington isn't a 'homewrecker' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-khan-confirms-hes-divorced-from-avantika-says-new-girlfriend-lekha-washington-isnt-a-homewrecker-101709793608856.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=17 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917045241/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-khan-confirms-hes-divorced-from-avantika-says-new-girlfriend-lekha-washington-isnt-a-homewrecker-101709793608856.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2024, Washington publicly confirmed her relationship with actor [[Imran Khan (film actor)|Imran Khan]] in interviews where both stated that they were “mutually, madly in love.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-07 |title=Imran Khan's girlfriend Lekha Washington opens up about him for first time, says they are 'mutually, madly in love' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-khans-girlfriend-lekha-washington-opens-up-about-him-for-first-time-101733553648776.html |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122021832/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/imran-khans-girlfriend-lekha-washington-opens-up-about-him-for-first-time-101733553648776.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|| 1999 || ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' || Girl at Computer || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Cameo appearance in "O Maria" song<br />
|-<br />
|| 2004 || ''[[Yuva]]'' || Girl at embassy|| [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''Framed'' || Vini || [[English language|English]]||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || Bride at a Wedding || rowspan="2" | Tamil || Cameo appearance in "Ilamai Ullasam" song<br />
|-<br />
|| 2008 || ''[[Jayamkondaan]]''|| Brinda Sekhar || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2010 || ''[[Vedam (film)|Vedam]]'' || Lasya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Va (film)|Va]]''|| Saraswathi || Tamil || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Huduga Hudugi]]'' || Sonia || [[Kannada]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"| 2013 || ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' || Kamini || Hindi || Cameo appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kamina (film)|Kamina]]'' || Vasuki || Telugu ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalyana Samayal Saadham]]'' || Meera Chandrasekaran || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| 2014 ||''[[Arima Nambi]]''|| Megha Sharma || Guest appearance<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Peter Gaya Kaam Se]]''|| Mira || Hindi ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As lyricist===<br />
* ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'' (2017){{efn|Wrote the lyrics for two songs: "Shimmy Shake" and "Be Still"}}<br />
Washington wrote the English-language lyrics for two songs in Vishal Bhardwaj’s film ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'' (2017), contributing the tracks “Be Still” and “Shimmy Shake” to the soundtrack. <ref>{{cite news |date=20 February 2017 |title=Soundtrack review: ''Rangoon'' is an eclectic and often dazzling mix of old and new musical styles |url=https://scroll.in/reel/827799/soundtrack-review-rangoon-is-an-eclectic-and-often-dazzling-mix-of-old-and-new-musical-styles |access-date=20 November 2025 |work=Scroll.in |archive-date=2 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241102051242/https://scroll.in/reel/827799/soundtrack-review-rangoon-is-an-eclectic-and-often-dazzling-mix-of-old-and-new-musical-styles |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110202111644/http://lekhawashington.com/index.html Official website]<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=3262096}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington, Lekha}}<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi women]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Italian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Burmese descent]]<br />
[[Category:National Institute of Design alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian contemporary artists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women sculptors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sculptors]]<br />
[[Category:Public art in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Post_Office_(short_story)&diff=459269Post Office (short story)2026-03-09T17:42:19Z<p>ClintCarswell72: add lead per sources and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Short story by Dhumketu}}<br />
{{Other uses|Post Office (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox short story<br />
| name = Post Office<br />
| image = Post office, Sahitya, April 1923.jpg<br />
| caption = April 1923 issue of ''Sahitya'', where the story first appeared<br />
| author = [[Dhumketu (writer)|Dhumketu]]<br />
| title_orig = પોસ્ટઑફિસ (Post Office)<br />
| translator = Dhumketu<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| genre = <br />
| published_in = ''Sahitya''<br />
| publication_type = Magazine<br />
| publisher = <br />
| pub_date = April 1923<br />
| english_pub_date = <br />
}}<br />
'''"Post Office"''' is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] short story written by Indian writer [[Dhumketu (writer)|Dhumketu]] (1892–1965). It was first published in 1923 and is considered Dhumketu's most famous and frequently anthologized short story. The story is about a father's affection for his daughter, and the apathetic bureaucracy of the local post office. It is notable for its description, narrative, and dialogues.<br />
<br />
==Publication==<br />
"Post Office" was first published in the literary journal ''[[Sahitya (magazine)|Sahitya]]'' in April 1923. It was later published in Dhumketu's first short story collection, ''Tankha'' ({{Literal translation|The Sparks}}) Vol. 1, in 1926.<ref name="Das2005">{{cite book|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|authorlink=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&pg=PA264|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|page=264}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story takes place during wartime. The protagonist, Ali Coachman, was a legendary hunter in his early life, but he gives up hunting after his daughter Mariyam marries a soldier. Mariyam leaves her father and moves to Punjab with her husband. After that, Ali waits for a letter from Mariam and goes to the local post office every day before sunrise for five years. One day, when he realizes that he might die soon, he gives five gold coins to the post office clerk Lakshmi Das and asks him to deliver Mariyam's letter to his grave if it comes after his death. The postmaster and his staff make fun of Ali's daily routine.<!-- "Obsession"? --> One day Ali stops coming to the post office, and the postmaster starts waiting for his daughter's letter.<!-- Necessary detail? --> One day he notices a letter from Mariyam addressed to Ali. He goes to Ali's grave with Lakshmi Das and places Mariam's letter on it.<ref name="KMGeorge1997">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Masterpieces of Indian Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ|volume=3|year=1997|publisher=[[National Book Trust]]|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-237-1978-8|page=1701}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Considered to be a landmark in Gujarati literature,<ref name="George1993">{{cite book|editor-last=George|editor-first=K. M.|editor-link=K. M. George (writer)|title=Modern Indian Literature: an Anthology: Fiction|volume=2|year=1993|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7201-506-2|page=266}}</ref> "Post Office" is notable for its description, narrative and dialogues.<ref name="Topiwala & Dave">{{cite book|title=Gujarātī Tūṅkī Vārtākośa|date=June 2008|publisher=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]|editor1-last=Topiwala|editor1-first=Chandrakant|editor1-link=Chandrakant Topiwala|edition=2nd|location=Ahmedabad|page=56|script-title=gu:ગુજરાતી ટૂંકી વાર્તાકોશ|trans-title=Encyclopedia of Gujarati Short Story|oclc=24870863|editor2-last=Dave|editor2-first=Ramesh R.}}</ref> It is the most famous and frequently anthologised short story of Dhumketu.<ref name="Rediff 2020">{{cite web |title=The Post Office |website=Rediff |date=26 October 2020 |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/must-read-dhumketus-the-post-office/20201026.htm |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Joshi 2001">{{cite book|last=Joshi|first=Suresh Hariprasad|editor=J. Birjepatil|title=Ten Short Stories by Suresh Joshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcFjAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1159-9|page=13}}</ref><ref name=" Mehta 2021">{{cite news |last=Mehta|first=Ashish|title=How Dhumketu transformed Gujarati literature with his short stories|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=14 February 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/how-dhumketu-transformed-gujarati-literature-with-his-short-stories-7187608/|access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> The story was first translated into English by Dhumketu himself under the title "The Letter".<ref name="Ramakrishnan 2005">{{cite book |editor-last=Ramakrishnan|editor-first=E. V.|title=Indian Short Stories,1900–2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&pg=PA33|year=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-1091-2|pages=33–42}}</ref> Another English translation was done by Mira Naik under the title "Miriam's Letter".<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Dharmarajan|editor1-first=Geeta|editor2-last=Ramachandra |editor2-first=Keerti|title=Night of the Third Crescent and Other Stories: Unforgettable Short Fiction from Some of India's Master Storytellers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dv36c4iWTEC&pg=PA73|year=2006|publisher=Katha|isbn=978-81-89020-51-4|page=73}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.538249/page/n11/mode/2up Post Office] at [[Internet Archive]] (from ''Tanakha'', Vol 1)<br />
* [https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/must-read-dhumketus-superb-story-the-post-office/20201018.htm English translation] by [[Jenny Bhatt]]<br />
* [https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poem/30287/auto/0/0/Kamal-Vora/No25-An-old-man-shuffles-to-the-post-office/en/tile A poem about 'Post Office'] by [[Kamal Vora]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:1923 short stories]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati literature]]<br />
[[Category:Indian short stories]]<br />
[[Category:Short stories set in India]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2015_Indian_swine_flu_outbreak&diff=4825122015 Indian swine flu outbreak2026-03-07T01:04:57Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Outbreak of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in India}}<br />
{{Infobox event<br />
|title=Outbreak Of Swine Flu In India (2015)<br />
|image=File:H1N1 influenza virus.jpg<br />
|caption=[[Electron microscope]] image of the [[reassortment|reassorted]] H1N1 influenza virus photographed at the CDC Influenza Laboratory.<br />
|date=1 January 2015 – May 2015<br />
|place=[[India]]<br />
|casualties1=2,035 dead <small>(as of 30 March 2015)</small><br />
|casualties2=33,761 infected <small>(as of 30 March 2015)</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2015 Indian swine flu outbreak''' refers to an outbreak of the [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1 virus]]<ref name=NotSwineFlu>{{cite news|title='It's H1N1 pandemic influenza 2009, not swine flu'|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Its-H1N1-pandemic-influenza-2009-not-swine-flu/articleshow/46306847.cms|access-date=22 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 February 2015|archive-date=23 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223140428/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/Its-H1N1-pandemic-influenza-2009-not-swine-flu/articleshow/46306847.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in India, during early 2015. The states of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] were the worst affected.<ref name="THE2">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/swine-flu-deaths-at-1895-cases-near-32k-mark/|title=Swine flu deaths at 1,895; number of cases near 32K mark|author=Press Trust of India|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=March 21, 2015|access-date=March 21, 2015|archive-date=October 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012003206/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/swine-flu-deaths-at-1895-cases-near-32k-mark/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=DeadlySwineFlu>{{cite news|title=India struggles with deadly swine flu outbreak|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31547455|access-date=21 February 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=20 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221082410/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-31547455|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=GJDeadlySwineFlu>{{cite news|title=Death toll Gujarat|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swine-flu-claims-5-more-lives-toll-mounts-to-387-in-gujarat-115031500609_1.html|access-date=15 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=15 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093322/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swine-flu-claims-5-more-lives-toll-mounts-to-387-in-gujarat-115031500609_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
India had reported 937 cases and 218 deaths from swine flu in the year 2014. By mid-February 2015, the reported cases and deaths in 2015 had surpassed the previous numbers.<ref name=RingingBells/> The total number of laboratory confirmed cases crossed 33,000 mark with death of more than 2,000 people.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The [[Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1]] virus outbreak had previously occurred in India during the [[2009 flu pandemic]]. The virus killed 981 people in 2009 and 1,763 in 2010. The mortality decreased in 2011 to 75. It claimed 405 lives in 2012 and 699 lives in 2013. In 2014, a total of 218 people died from the H1N1 flu, India recorded 837 laboratory confirmed cases in the year.<ref name=RingingBells>{{cite news|title=Swine flu outbreak: 743 deaths, 12,000 cases set alarm bells ringing|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/swine-flu-outbreak-743-deaths-12000-positive-cases-set-alarm-bells-ringing-across-india/article1-1319158.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221092434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/swine-flu-outbreak-743-deaths-12000-positive-cases-set-alarm-bells-ringing-across-india/article1-1319158.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2015|access-date=21 February 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 February 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Every year, there was a rise in number of cases and deaths during winter as temperature affects virus. During 2014–15 winter, there was a spurt in cases at the end 2014. In 2015, the outbreak became widespread through India. On 12 February 2015, Rajasthan declared an [[epidemic]].<ref name=SwineFlueEpidemic>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan declares swine flu epidemic|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rajasthan-declares-swine-flu-epidemic-115021201672_1.html|access-date=22 February 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=13 February 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222130819/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/rajasthan-declares-swine-flu-epidemic-115021201672_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reported cases by states==<br />
By 20 March, according to the data released by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health Ministry]], 31,974 cases had been reported and 1,895 person had died to the disease.<ref name="THE">{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/swine-flu-toll-inches-towards-1900-no-of-cases-crosses-31000/article7011912.ece/|title=Swine flu toll inches towards 1,900|author=PTI|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=March 19, 2015|access-date=March 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095659/http://m.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/swine-flu-toll-inches-towards-1900-no-of-cases-crosses-31000/article7011912.ece/|archive-date=2015-04-02|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! State !! data-sort-type="number" | Reported cases !! data-sort-type="number" | Number of deaths<br />
!Death rate!! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rajasthan]] || 6,559 || 418<br />
|6.33%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarat]] || 6,500 || 428<br />
|6.59%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Delhi]] || 4,137 || 13<br />
|0.29%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharashtra]] || 4,000+ || 394<br />
|9.85%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Madhya Pradesh]] || 2,185 || 299<br />
|13.68%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Telangana]] || 2,140+ || 75<br />
|3.50%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><ref name="TELL">{{cite news|title=75 Swine Flu Deaths in Telangana; 32 Fresh Cases Reported|url=http://m.ndtv.com/telangana-news/75-swine-flu-deaths-in-telangana-32-fresh-cases-reported-748391|author=Press Trust of India|access-date=21 March 2015|work=[[NDTV]]|date=21 March 2015|archive-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321040656/http://m.ndtv.com/telangana-news/75-swine-flu-deaths-in-telangana-32-fresh-cases-reported-748391|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil Nadu]] || 320 || 14<br />
|4.38%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><ref name=Toll9March>{{cite news|title=Swine flu toll climbs to 1,482|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/swine-flu-toll-climbs-to-1482/article6979611.ece|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2015|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908173945/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/swine-flu-toll-climbs-to-1482/article6979611.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TamilNadu6March>{{cite news|title=Egmore Woman Latest Victim of Swine Flu, Tamil Nadu Swine Flu Toll Rises to 12|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Egmore-Woman-Latest-Victim-of-Swine-Flu-Tamil-Nadu-Swine-Flu-Toll-Rises-to-12/2015/03/06/article2700228.ece|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=6 March 2015|archive-date=10 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310040452/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Egmore-Woman-Latest-Victim-of-Swine-Flu-Tamil-Nadu-Swine-Flu-Toll-Rises-to-12/2015/03/06/article2700228.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Karnataka]] || 2,733 || 82<br />
|3.00%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || 227 || 53<br />
|23.35%||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|-<br />
| [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 72 || 22<br />
|30.56%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 165 || 36<br />
|21.82%||<small>As of 19 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Chhattisgarh]] || || 17<br />
| ||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Goa]] || 7 || 1<br />
|14.29%||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] || 109 || 16<br />
|14.68%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || || 20<br />
| ||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Kerala]] || 25 || 12<br />
|48.00%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttarakhand]] || || 11<br />
| ||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Odisha]] || 22 || 5<br />
|22.73%||<small>As of 11 March 2015</small><ref name=Odisha9March>{{cite news|title=22 swine flu cases in Odisha|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/22-swine-flu-cases-in-odisha_1558566.html|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[Zee News]]|date=9 March 2015|archive-date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309234901/http://zeenews.india.com/news/health/health-news/22-swine-flu-cases-in-odisha_1558566.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[West Bengal]] || 58 || 24<br />
|41.38%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref name="THE2"/><br />
|-<br />
| [[Assam]] || 10 || 1<br />
|10.00%||<small>As of 9 March 2015</small><ref name=Assam9March>{{cite news|title=As swine flu toll crosses 1400, Assam reports first death|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/swine-flu-toll-crosses-1-400-mark-assam-reports-first-death/article1-1324463.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309232810/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/swine-flu-toll-crosses-1-400-mark-assam-reports-first-death/article1-1324463.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 9, 2015|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Manipur]] || 5 || 2<br />
|40.00%||<small>As of 12 March 2015</small><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150312/jsp/northeast/story_8118.jsp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312090053/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150312/jsp/northeast/story_8118.jsp| url-status=dead| archive-date=March 12, 2015|title=Manipur swine flu patient dies - Assam brakes on tests|publisher=The Telegraph|date=March 12, 2015|access-date=March 20, 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Mizoram]] || 4 ||<br />
|0.00%||<small>As of 20 March 2015</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Swine-flu-2-more-test-positive-in-Mizoram/articleshow/46626658.cms|title=Swine flu: 2 more test positive in Mizoram|author=The Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=March 20, 2015|access-date=March 20, 2015|archive-date=March 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320175524/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Swine-flu-2-more-test-positive-in-Mizoram/articleshow/46626658.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Nagaland]] || 1 ||<br />
|0.00%||<small>As of 18 February 2015</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/first-swine-flu-case-reported-in-nagaland/article6907880.ece/|title=First swine flu case in Northeast|author=Iboyaima Laithangbam|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=February 18, 2015|access-date=March 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113350/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/first-swine-flu-case-reported-in-nagaland/article6907880.ece/|archive-date=April 2, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| '''Total''' || '''33,761''' || '''2,035'''<br />
|'''6.03%'''||<small>As of 30 March 2015</small><br />
|}<br />
<br />
Although Delhi, Karnataka, Telangana reported a large number of cases, the death toll was lower due to better awareness and a better developed health care sector.<ref name=Nears600>{{cite news|title=Swine flu death toll nears 600 in India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Swine-flu-death-nears-600-in-India/articleshow/46271578.cms|access-date=21 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 February 2015|archive-date=20 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220004303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Swine-flu-death-nears-600-in-India/articleshow/46271578.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Timeline==<br />
<br />
On 13 February 2015, the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health Ministry]] began the procurement process of 60,000 units of [[Oseltamivir]] (Tamiflu) and 10,000 units of N-95 masks. A tender for 10,000 diagnostic kits was floated.<ref name=FluDrug>{{cite news|title=Facing shortage, Govt expedites procurement of swine flu drug|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Facing-shortage-Govt-expedites-procurement-of-swine-flu-drug/articleshow/46223851.cms|access-date=21 February 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 February 2015|archive-date=15 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215183802/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Facing-shortage-Govt-expedites-procurement-of-swine-flu-drug/articleshow/46223851.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Health Ministry on 18 February 2015 said in a press release that there was no shortage of drugs or [[logistics]] problems.<ref name=UrgesCalm>{{cite news|title=Indian health officials urge calm as swine flu outbreak spreads|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/2/20/indian-health-officials-urge-calm-as-swine-flu-outbreak-spreads.html|access-date=21 February 2015|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=20 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221195102/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/2/20/indian-health-officials-urge-calm-as-swine-flu-outbreak-spreads.html|url-status=live}}</ref> By 22 February 2015, more than 13,688 had been infected and death toll was reported to be 812 in the year 2015.<ref name=800DeathToll>{{cite news|title=Swine flu claims 38 more lives, death toll crosses 800|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swine-flu-claims-38-more-lives-death-toll-crosses-800-115022200396_1.html|access-date=22 February 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=22 February 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222164150/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/swine-flu-claims-38-more-lives-death-toll-crosses-800-115022200396_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The President of the North West Chemist Association, Hakim Kapasi said in mid-February 2015 that, private pharmacies were facing a shortage because Oseltamivir was a controlled [[Schedule X]] drug and very few pharmacies had the license to sell it.<ref name=FluDrug/><br />
<br />
[[Aligarh Muslim University]] and [[National Law University]] in [[Jodhpur]] suspended classes in mid-February after some of their students tested positive.<ref name=StudyRise>{{cite news|title=India Deploys Expert Teams to Study Rise in Flu Cases|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/20/world/asia/india-deploys-expert-teams-to-study-rise-in-flu-cases.html|access-date=21 February 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=19 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221193727/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/20/world/asia/india-deploys-expert-teams-to-study-rise-in-flu-cases.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-February, the [[Government of Delhi]] fixed the price of swine flu diagnostics tests at {{currency|4,500|INR}} and the labs charging more that were issued [[show cause]] notices subject to cancellation of license.<ref name=Overcharging>{{cite news|title=Delhi: Show cause notice to 2 labs for overcharging for swine flu test|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-show-cause-notice-to-2-labs-for-overcharging-for-swine-flu-test/529827-17.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225195227/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-show-cause-notice-to-2-labs-for-overcharging-for-swine-flu-test/529827-17.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2015|access-date=22 February 2015|work=[[IBNLive]]|date=21 February 2015}}</ref> On 24 February, the [[District Collector]] of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], prohibited [[unlawful assembly]] under Section 144 of the [[CrPC]] to prevent spread of the disease.<ref name=Gujarat114>{{cite news|title=Section 144 imposed in Ahmedabad to prevent swine flu as toll mounts to 231 in Gujarat|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Section-144-imposed-in-Ahmedabad-to-prevent-swine-flu-as-toll-mounts-to-231-in-Gujarat/articleshow/46359843.cms|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 February 2015|archive-date=1 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150301213000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Section-144-imposed-in-Ahmedabad-to-prevent-swine-flu-as-toll-mounts-to-231-in-Gujarat/articleshow/46359843.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===March===<br />
A paper published in ''[[Cell (journal)|Cell]] Host and Microbe''<ref>{{cite journal|title=Influenza Surveillance: 2014–2015 H1N1 "Swine"-Derived Influenza Viruses from India|author1=Kannan Tharakaraman|author2=Ram Sasisekharan|doi=10.1016/j.chom.2015.02.019|volume=17|issue=3|journal=Cell Host & Microbe|pages=279–282|year=2015|pmid=25766285|doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109154|hdl-access=free}}</ref> stated that the virus had acquired a mutation which made it easier to infect humans, and called for [[Disease surveillance|real time surveillance]] with genetic and phenotypic analysis made available quickly, noting "Given the global reach of influenza, there is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive and at least somewhat standardized response to influenza epidemic outbreaks." This is contrary to the Indian government's claim that no mutations had been found.<ref name=Mutations>{{cite news|title=Indian swine-flu virus reveals dangerous new mutation|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-swine-flu-virus-reveals-dangerous-new-mutation-115031200209_1.html|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=12 March 2015|archive-date=12 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312174142/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-swine-flu-virus-reveals-dangerous-new-mutation-115031200209_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 2 March, [[Maharashtra]] government announced that the cost of treatment of swine-flu patients in the state will be paid by the state government.<ref name=MahaFree>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra to Provide Free Swine Flu Treatment After 150 Deaths|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Maharashtra-to-Provide-Free-Swine-Flu-Treatment-After-150-Deaths/2015/03/02/article2694662.ece|access-date=13 March 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=2 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402203324/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Maharashtra-to-Provide-Free-Swine-Flu-Treatment-After-150-Deaths/2015/03/02/article2694662.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of epidemics]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web|title=Swine Flu-H1N1 (Seasonal Influenza)|url=http://mohfw.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=372&lid=3066|publisher=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]|access-date=7 March 2015}}<br />
<br />
{{Disasters in India in 2015}}<br />
{{Epidemics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 disease outbreaks]]<br />
[[Category:Disease outbreaks in India]]<br />
[[Category:2015 disasters in India]]<br />
[[Category:Influenza outbreaks]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maya_(actress)&diff=516964Maya (actress)2026-03-06T21:31:12Z<p>ClintCarswell72: made a data - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress (born 1989)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Maya<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| birthname = Preethi Shankar <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1991}}<br />
| birth_place = Tamil Nadu<br />
| occupation = Actress, Doctor (BDS)<br />
| othername = Preethi<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
'''Maya''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]]. After making her film debut with [[AR Murugadoss]]'s production ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014) in a supporting role and she has since moved on to play leading roles. Premadesam is her latest film.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Preethi Shankar attended SRM Dental College and became qualified as a dentist before venturing into films. She was noticed for her supporting role in ''[[Maan Karate]]'' (2014) as one of the five software professionals who befriend [[Sivakarthikeyan]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/jan/23/darling-dentist-has-1-more-film-872154.html |title='Darling' Dentist Has 1 More Film |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref> Preethi then adopted the stage name of Maya when starring in her first leading role, through the horror film ''[[Darling 2]]''. Portraying a Muslim girl seeking revenge, the film garnered mixed reviews upon release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/darlingii-review-estate-of-despair/article8426609.ece |title=Darling-II: Estate of despair |first=Vishal |last=Menon |date=2 April 2016 |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Maya then went on to work in the romantic comedy film, ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' opposite [[Aari (actor)|Aari]], after the director was impressed with her stills from ''Darling 2''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/240316/no-glamour-for-maya.html |title=No glamour for Maya |first=S. |last=Subhakeerthana |date=24 March 2016 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
*''Note: all films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''Anba Azhaga'' || Anjana || credited as Keerthi Shankar<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[Maan Karate]]'' || Vaishnavi || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Darling 2]]'' || Ayesha ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Unnodu Ka]]'' || Abhirami || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Metro (2016 film)|Metro]]'' || Swetha|| <br />
|-<br />
| 2023|| ''[[Premadesam (2023 film)|Premadesam]]'' || Maya|| Telugu film<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|7686592}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maya}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1989 births]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangaru_Kutumbam&diff=465404Bangaru Kutumbam2026-03-03T18:20:08Z<p>ClintCarswell72: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Bangaru Kutumbam<br />
| image = Bangaru Kutumbam.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD cover<br />
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]] <br /> Ramaa Films Unit<br />
| screenplay = Dasari Narayana Rao<br />
| producer = Kaikala Nageswara Rao<br />[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] {{small|(Presents)}}<br />
| director = [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[Jayasudha]] [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] <br /> [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]<br />
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]<br />
| cinematography = K. S. Hari<br />
| editing = Nageswara Rao<br />Satyam<br />
| studio = Ramaa Films<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|02|18}}<br />
| runtime = 111 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Bangaru Kutumbam''''' ({{translation}} ''Golden Family'') is a 1994 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Kaikala Nageswara Rao under the Ramaa Films banner, presented by [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] and directed by [[Dasari Narayana Rao]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Jayasudha]] with music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. The film was a box office success and won two [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4ZemzjFQ0k |title=Hero Chiyaan Vikram&nbsp;– Open Heart With RK&nbsp;– Full Episode&nbsp;– ABN Telugu |date=28 January 2019 |last=ABN Telugu |type=Video |language=te |time=0:37 |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818055123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J4ZemzjFQ0k |archive-date=18 August 2023}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film revolves around a conscientious joint family,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=20 June 1995 |title=Disappointing year for Telugu cinema |pages=26 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950701/03/3026a.html |url-status=dead |access-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961222223335/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/950701/03/3026a.html |archive-date=22 December 1996}}</ref> Srinivasa Rao is its paterfamilias and leads a pleasant joyful family life with his ideal companion Savitri and three sons Hari, Suryam, and Kumar. Time being, they are nuptial and blessed with kids when disputes erupt, which turns into turbulence. Here, Srinivasa Rao discerns it is due to a joint family and decides to detach them, which Savitri refuses. So, Srinivasa Rao tricks and splits them. Soon, their affection again flourishes when Savitri affirms the actuality and edicts her husband to retrieve her children, but he denies it. Ergo, she too quits. At last, she realizes that Srinivasa Rao's intention is equitable. Finally, the movie ends happily as they all live individually with hearts united, showing unity in diversity.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Srinivasa Rao<br />
* [[Jayasudha]] as Savitri, wife of Srinivasa Rao <br />
* [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Harish]] as Hari <br />
* [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Pushpa<br />
* Raj Kumar as Kumar <br />
* Rajeevi as Gautami <br />
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Suryam<br />
* [[Yamuna (actress)|Yamuna]] as Krishnaveni<br />
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Punyakoti<br />
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Dorababu <br />
* [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] as Mudaliyar<br />
* [[Giri Babu]] as Pushpa's brother-in-law<br />
* [[Kanta Rao]]<br />
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Shekhara<br />
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] as Hari's friend<br />
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Pushpa's sister <br />
* Radha Prashanthi as Pushpa's friend<br />
* [[Disco Shanti]] as Chiramani<br />
* [[Y. Vijaya]] as Taramani<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Music composed by [[Raj–Koti]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangaru Kutumbham |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bangaru-kutumbham/OJFiuLxlKGA_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818054149/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bangaru-kutumbham/OJFiuLxlKGA_ |archive-date=18 August 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = <br />
| title1 = Ammante Premaku Roopam<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]<br />
| length1 = 4:30<br />
| title2 = Bahut Achchagundi<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br />
| length2 = 4:55<br />
| title3 = Naa Peru Cheeramani<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br />
| length3 = 4:57<br />
| title4 = Cheliyaa Cheliyaa<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br />
| length4 = 5:04<br />
| title5 = Ammante Premaku Roopam<br />
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br />
| note5 = II<br />
| length5 = 4:51<br />
| title6 = Koko Raika Take Chota<br />
| extra6 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Chitra<br />
| length6 = 4:49<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "The subject of a united ideal family separating and then re-uniting has been tackled often enough, but Dasari still manages to infuse some freshness in his handling of the subject".<ref>{{Cite news |last=MM |date=10 June 1994 |title=Ideal family |pages=6 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940610&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 January 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1994<ref>{{Cite web |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223135739/http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2020 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |language=Telugu}}</ref><br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film - Gold]] - Kaikala Nageswara Rao<br />
*[[Nandi Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] - [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0262262}}<br />
<br />
{{Dasari Narayana Rao}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1994 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1994 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Dasari Narayana Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandimuni&diff=532539Sandimuni2026-03-03T02:39:35Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new new pg</p>
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<div>{{short description|2020 Indian Tamil-language horror comedy film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sandimuni<br />
| image = Sandimuni poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Milka S. Selvakumar<br />
| producer = Sivaramkumar<br />
| writer = <br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Natty Subramaniam]]<br />
*[[Manisha Yadav]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = A K. Rishalsai<br />
| studio = Sivam Media Works<br />
| cinematography = Senthil Rajagopal<br />
| editing = [[Bhuvan Srinivasan]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2020|02|7|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 121 minutes <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <!-- Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sandimuni''''' is a 2020 [[Tamil language]] horror comedy film directed by Milka S. Selvakumar. The film stars [[Natty Subramaniam]] and [[Manisha Yadav]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2018 |title=Manisha Yadhav bags a horror film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280918/manisha-yadhav-bags-a-horror-film.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2018 |title=Natty-Manisha Yadav's film named Sandi Muni |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2018/sep/26/natty-manisha-yadavs-film-named-sandi-muni-8063.html |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
After the wife Tamarai dies ([[Manisha Yadav]]), the husband Sandimuni ([[Natty Subramaniam]]) falls in love with another girl Radhika (Manisha Yadav). After seeing him loving another girl, the spirit of his dead wife could not bear this and starts attacking him.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Sandimuni, a civil engineer<br />
* [[Manisha Yadav]] as Tamarai / Radhika, a teacher<br />
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Gorakh<br />
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]]<br />
* [[Chaams]]<br />
* [[Kadhal Sukumar]] <br />
*Gowri Punithan<br />
* [[Vasu Vikram]]<br />
* [[Super Subbarayan]]<br />
* [[Mayilsamy]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
This film marks the directorial debut of Selvakumar, who was a former associate of [[Raghava Lawrence]].<ref name="NI">{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=A horror film for the entire family |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2020/feb/06/a-horror-film-for-the-entire-family-2099508.html |website=New Indian Express}}</ref> Much of the film takes place in a house in Meikarasapatti, near Palani. [[Yogi Babu]] was signed to play a second lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 2018 |title='Sandi Muni': Yogi Babu's to star opposite Manisha Yadav in the upcoming horror-comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandi-muni-yogi-babus-to-star-opposite-manisha-yadav-in-the-upcoming-horror-comedy/articleshow/66029089.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 2018 |title='Sandi Muni': Yogi Babu's to star opposite Manisha Yadav in the upcoming horror-comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sandi-muni-yogi-babus-to-star-opposite-manisha-yadav-in-the-upcoming-horror-comedy/articleshow/66029089.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Songs for the film were composed by A. K. Rishalsai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandimuni Songs: Sandimuni MP3 Tamil Songs by AK. Rishalsai Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/sandimuni |via=gaana.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sandimuni |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/sandimuni/51534934/}}</ref><br />
*Kandangi En Manasukulla&nbsp;– [[M. M. Manasi]], Jithinraj<br />
*Imayai Odhungum&nbsp;– [[Priya Himesh]], Sathyaprakash<br />
*Perum Kovakaraa&nbsp;– Pavan, Rajalakshmi, Priya Prakash, Hemambigaa<br />
*Aalavattum Kudai&nbsp;– Hemambigaa<br />
*Dhaaga Jaala&nbsp;– Jesse Samuel, Sam. P. Keerthan<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Sandimuni'' was released on 7 February 2020. The ''Times of India'' gave the film one star out of five stars and wrote that "With hardly any innovative element in the narration, characterisation and screenplay, the movie is a colossal mess".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=7 February 2020 |title=Sandimuni Movie Review: The rehash of several done-to-death horror films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sandimuni/movie-review/74008285.cms |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''Maalai Malar'' praised the songs, cinematography, and comedy scenes while criticizing the background score.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2020 |title=பேயிடம் இருந்து காதலியை காப்பாற்ற போராடும் நாயகன் - சண்டிமுனி விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2020/02/11161439/1285426/sandimuni-movie-review-in-tamil.vpf}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title|11531210}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 comedy horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about spirit possession]]<br />
[[Category:2020 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian horror films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xavier_Centre_of_Historical_Research&diff=457485Xavier Centre of Historical Research2026-02-20T21:08:19Z<p>ClintCarswell72: updated page</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Jesuit history research center in Goa, India}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name = Xavier Centre of Historical Research<br />
| native_name = <br />
| former_name = <br />
| image = Logo of XCHR.jpg<br />
| image_border = <br />
| size = <!-- default 200px --><br />
| alt = <!-- alt text; see [[BP:ALT]] --><br />
| caption = <br />
| map = <br />
| awards = [[Best Cultural Institution Award]] (2011)<br />
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px --><br />
| malt = <!-- map alt text --><br />
| mcaption = <br />
| map2 = <br />
| abbreviation = XCHR<br />
| motto = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| formation = 1977<br />
| founder = <!-- or | founders = --><br />
| extinction = <!-- {{End date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| merger = <br />
| merged = <br />
| type = <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --><br />
| status = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc --><br />
| purpose = Historiography<br />
| professional_title = <!-- for professional associations --><br />
| headquarters = <br />
| location = Alto Porvorim, [[Goa]]<br />
| coords = <!-- Coordinates of location using {{Coord}} --><br />
| region_served = <br />
| services = <br />
| membership = <br />
| language = <br />
| general = <!-- Secretary General --><br />
| leader_title = Director<br />
| leader_name = Fr. Rinald D'Souza S.J.<br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| leader_title3 = <br />
| leader_name3 = <br />
| leader_title4 = <br />
| leader_name4 = <br />
| key_people = [[Teotónio de Souza]], Charles Borges, Délio Mendonça, Savio Abreu, Anthony da Silva, Rinald D'Souza<br />
| main_organ = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc --><br />
| parent_organization = <!-- if one --><br />
| subsidiaries = <br />
| affiliations = [[Goa University]]<br />
| budget = <br />
| num_staff = <br />
| num_volunteers = <br />
| slogan = <br />
| website = [http://www.xchr.in/ Xavier Centre of Historical Research]<br />
| remarks = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
{{Christianity}} <br />
[[File:Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Alto Porvorim, Goa, India 2.JPG|thumb|A major seminar held in 2011, to mark the 50th anniversary of the end of Portuguese rule, at the XCHR.]]<br />
The '''Xavier Centre of Historical Research''' is a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] history research centre located in Alto Porvorim, [[Goa]] in India. It was founded in the late 1970s and its first director was John Correia Afonso SJ. After John Correia Afonso, Dr. Teotonio R. de Souza was the next director of the Centre (1979–1994). Charles Borges SJ who had served as Administrator and Associate Director, took over the direction of XCHR until the year 2000, when he left for Maryland College in Baltimore as its faculty staff. He was succeeded by Délio Mendonça, SJ, Savio Abreu, SJ, and Anthony da Silva, SJ. The present director is Rinald D'Souza, SJ, who recently returned after undertaking research in the field of history, in Belgium. It is a prominent institution in Asia for its focus on [[Indo-Portuguese]] issues, and besides organising seminars and talks, it also publishes a number of books related to the Portuguese in India and Asia, Goa, the Jesuits and other historical themes. A few years ago, the focus of the institute was expanded to study Jesuit History of the Society of Jesus in South Asia. It has set up an art gallery.<br />
<br />
==Background and current position==<br />
The Xavier Centre of Historical Research (XCHR) was set up by the Jesuits of the [[Goa]]-[[Pune|Poona]] Province in 1977. XCHR activities were inaugurated on November 4, 1979, under the direction of Teotónio R. de Souza who did the groundwork and accompanied the activities of the XCHR until April 1994. Till 1983, the institution was provisionally situated at [[Miramar, Panaji|Miramar]], in Goa. Currently, it is located at [[Bakibab Borkar]] Road, Alto Porvorim, Goa.<br />
<br />
Present for the inauguration in 1979 were Professor P.M. Joshi, the retired director of the Maharashtra Archives, and Dr. José Blanco, then administrator of Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation of [[Lisbon]].<br />
<br />
==Indo-Portuguese relations==<br />
XCHR's founding came at a time when relations between India and Portugal, which had soured because of the [[Annexation of Goa]] in 1961, were just starting to thaw, following the 1974 [[Carnation Revolution]] in Portugal.<br />
<br />
==ISIPH==<br />
Cajetan Coelho, a historian himself connected with this institution until recently, argues that the XCHR "has helped this process at the cultural level by its involvement in the organization of the series of International Seminars on Indo-Portuguese History [[ISIPH]], initiated by Rev. John Correia-Afonso former director of the Heras Institute in [[Bombay]] in December 1978."<br />
<br />
==Other seminars and workshops==<br />
The XCHR has been organizing local and national history seminars since 1980 to facilitate an interchange among professional historians and students of history. The XCHR says its aims and objectives include promoting research in history and related disciplines by providing inter-disciplinary methodology, sharing its perspectives where the "voiceless and subalterns find a privileged place".<br />
<br />
The Centre builds "consciousness among the local talent" through lectures, seminars, publications, exhibitions and, of late, through an art museum and audio-visuals; by providing research facilities such as guidance, scholarships, books, documents and language tools; by preserving records and objects of interest related to local history and culture.<br />
<br />
[[File:Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Alto Porvorim, Goa, India.JPG|thumb|Students join a Goa History Quiz at the XCHR, 2011.]]These writings and seminars have focussed on themes of religion in Goa, the Church in Goa and Goan history and society, including [[Indian independence movement|the freedom struggle]]. Overall, the focus is on the challenges facing Goa.<br />
<br />
== Institutional collaboration==<br />
The Xavier Centre has been a recognized institution of [[Goa University]] for Ph.D. research since 1986, with its director Prof. Teotonio R. de Souza as a Ph.D. guide for History. Resulting from this collaboration were two Pd.D. degrees of the Goa University, and two publications edited by Teotonio R. de Souza for Goa University, namely ''Essays in Goan History''(1989) and ''Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History''. The XCHR also maintains close links with the [[Jesuit Historical Institute]] in Rome and Heras Institute of the Jesuits in Mumbai. It says that several eminent personalities visit the XCHR and avail of its research facilities. There are facilities for small group conferences and seminars. The Centre also has accommodation facilities for scholars.<br />
<br />
==New premises==<br />
Support for this institution came from Josef Ubelmesser of [[Nuremberg]] and Teotónio de Souza's friends at the Sussen Parish in what then was the [[Federal Republic of Germany]]. The Alto Porvorim premises were inaugurated on January 27, 1983, when the Xavier Centre of Historical Research organized the third [[ISIPH]]. In that meet, some sixty scholars studying [[Indo-Portuguese]] issues from twelve different countries took part.<br />
<br />
==XCHR's library==<br />
An article says: "On one of the well-maintained shelves, one can page through original copies of the first newspaper to be published from Goa. Gazeta de Goa was brought out in 1821 and lists political and other "news" across its now-fragile pages. One brief item reports on the war between Russia and Turkey, giving a hint of what readers in Goa got to read in those days."<br />
<br />
It adds:<ref>http://www.goa-world.com/goa/about_goa/goapast.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032512/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/about_goa/goapast.htm |date=2016-03-04 }} Studying Goa's Past, the XCHR</ref> "On other shelves of this library, one can learn a whole vast amount of interesting tid-bits about Goa.... XCHR's book collection has been steadily growing. From 1993 to 1995, for instance, it grew from 13,000 to 16,000.... Computer printouts of the indexes of XCHR are available, while there is also a microfilm reader on hand. In keeping with the wealth of information this centre contains, even the prestigious US Library of Congress has evinced interest in<br />
its information."<br />
<br />
The research library has a "substantial collection" of published and unpublished research material in English, Portuguese and other languages. This includes the manuscripts from the Mhamai House of Panjim (Panaji), which pertains to private coastal and hinterland trade during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.<ref name="Pamphlet">Xavier Centre of Historical Research, Goa, undated pamphlet, published by the XCHR</ref><br />
<br />
According to the XCHR,<ref name="Pamphlet" /> its library shelves house over 30,000 volumes with its main sections comprising books dealing with:<br />
<br />
* Asia during the Portuguese presence in the East.<br />
* Issues impacting developing countries.<br />
* The Church in Goa/ India.<br />
* Jesuits in Goa/India.<br />
* Goan and Indo-Portuguese history.<br />
* History of Indo-Portuguese Christian Art.<br />
<br />
Books can be consulted in a reading room on the XCHR premises, for which library membership is required.<br />
<br />
==History Hour==<br />
Xavier Centre of Historical Research currently (2006) holds a series of programmes called the ''History Hour'' that feature historians and others, talk about fairly contemporary issues of relevance to [[Goan]] society. Recent programmes also presented various, if conflicting, viewpoints related to language and script debates in Goa.<br />
<br />
XCHR regularly invites speakers to deliver a talk or join in a discussion during its History Hour series. History Hour is "a forum to present facts and views on the history, culture, society of Goa in relation to broader national and international contexts." XCHR says the History Hour "has become a meeting point for all those interested in Goan history and culture and its impact on present-day questions and challenges." It is open to all.<br />
<br />
==Museum==<br />
The XCHR museum was initiated already in 1983 with some rare pieces of Indo-Portuguese Christian art and a valuable collection of Indo-Portuguese numismatics. It has now added to an existing collection of a dozen pieces of Angelo Fonseca's paintings several new rare paintings of the same Goan pioneer of Indian Christian art.<br />
<br />
The goal of the museum, according to the XCHR, is the "appreciation, preservation, enhancement and dissemination of Goan heritage which has been harmonious and peaceful, through awareness and education".<br />
<br />
This is planned to be built into an interactive museum supported by a series of multimedia and audio-visual presentations which are in preparation.<br />
<br />
==Portuguese-language courses==<br />
The XCHR organizes basic courses in Portuguese. These courses are of short and long duration. The courses aim to provide the required tool for those who have to do research in documentation in the Portuguese language.<br />
<br />
==Timings, etc==<br />
The XCHR is open on Mondays to Friday from 9.30 am to 1 pm and 2 pm to 5 pm, and on Saturdays from 9.30 am to 1 pm. It has an outdoor Xavier Gardens and lawn. Talks, programmes and films are presented here during the fair-weather (non-monsoon) season.<ref name="Pamphlet" /><br />
<br />
XCHR's outreach programme involves collaboration with non-government organisations, visits to schools and colleges. It also has a Xavier Auditorium, a Xavier Art Gallery and the Xavier Museum, which houses a collection of Indian and Indo-Portuguese art. It includes twenty original paintings by the renowned Goan painter [[Angelo da Fonseca]].<ref name="Pamphlet" /><br />
<br />
Eleven books have been published under the XCHR Studies Series, in keeping with its goal of informing scholars, institution and the public about new developments in the fields of Indo-Portuguese and Goan history.<ref name="Pamphlet" /> XCHR also hosts the History Hour series of talks, on social issues relating to Goan heritage and contemporary life.<ref name="Pamphlet" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* Teotonio R. de Souza, '''Xavier Centre of Historical Research''', in ''Handbook of Libraries, Archives & Information Centres in India'', Vol. 9, Humanities, Part 2, ed. B.M. Gupta, Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1991, pp.&nbsp;239–242<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
* [http://www.goajesuits.com The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823115157/https://goajesuits.com/ |date=2019-08-23 }} - The Jesuits in Goa<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220606030101/http://www.geocities.com/teodesouza/written_word_trs.pdf Article on Goan Archives, incl. XCHR (1987) by Teotonio R. de Souza]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212720/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/33134501/xavier-centre-historical-research-goa Article on XCHR by Teotonio R. de Souza]<br />
* [https://archive.today/20130415032456/http://en.ignatianwiki.org/~ignatian/en/wiki/index.php?title=Xavier_Centre_of_Historical_Research XCHR on the Ignatian Wiki]<br />
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{{Christianity in India by region}}<br />
{{Churches in India}} <br />
{{Christianity footer}} <br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:History of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Jesuit history in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:1977 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_Lines,_Prayagraj&diff=494655Civil Lines, Prayagraj2026-02-20T16:22:41Z<p>ClintCarswell72: creating the post added tags</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = <!-- at least one of the first two fields must be filled in --><br />
| official_name = Civil Lines<br />
| native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --><br />
| native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --><br />
| other_name = Cannington<br />
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhoods of Allahabad|Neighborhood of Prayagraj]]<br />
<!-- transliteration(s) -------->| translit_lang1 = <br />
| translit_lang1_type = <br />
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<!-- images, nickname, motto --->| image_skyline = Allahabad city.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
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| image_caption = Civil Lines and neighbourhood skyline of Allahabad Metropolis<br />
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| anthem = <br />
| nickname = ''White Town'' <ref>{{cite web|title=Death of a small town|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/aug/14/india.features114|access-date=22 April 2014}}</ref><ref name=TempWest/><br />
<!-- maps and coordinates ------><br />
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<!-- location ------------------><br />
| subdivision_type = City<br />
| subdivision_name = [[Prayagraj]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_name2 = <!-- etc., subdivision_type6 / subdivision_name6 --><br />
<!-- established --------------->| established_title = Built in<br />
| established_date = 1857<br />
| established_title1 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --><br />
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| extinct_title = <br />
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| founder = Cuthbert Bensley Thornhill<br />
| named_for = <!-- seat, smaller parts -------><br />
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| area_blank1_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --><br />
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| area_blank2_km2 = <br />
| area_blank2_sq_mi = <br />
| area_blank2_ha = <br />
| area_blank2_acre = <br />
| area_blank2_dunam = <!-- used in Middle East articles only --><br />
| area_note = <!-- dimensions -----------------><br />
| dimensions_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
| length_km = <br />
| length_mi = <br />
| width_km = <br />
| width_mi = <!-- elevation -----------------><br />
| elevation_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_ft = <br />
| elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
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| elevation_max_ft = <br />
| elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
| elevation_min_m = <br />
| elevation_min_ft = <!-- population ----------------><br />
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| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = <!-- for automatic calculation of any density field, use: auto --><br />
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| population_est = <br />
| pop_est_as_of = <br />
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| population_demonym = <!-- demonym, e.g. Liverpudlian for someone from Liverpool --><br />
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| demographics1_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
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<!-- website, footnotes -------->| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Civil Lines''' (formerly '''Cannington'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/22.html |title=A History of the Church of England in India |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |author-link=Eyre Chatterton |website=anglicanhistory.org |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> also '''Canning Town'''<ref name=TGEIAAp57>{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3|author=Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blai|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year= 2009|isbn=978-8125013839 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=PA57}}</ref>) is a [[Civil Lines]] neighborhood of [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is the upper-class [[central business district]] of the city and is famous for its urban setting, [[gridiron plan]] roads<ref name=AHVLp14>{{cite book |title=A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore|author=Henry George Keene|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|publisher=J. Jetley|year= 1875|isbn=81-206-1527-1 |pages=14–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15}}</ref> high rise buildings, offices, cafes, restaurants, hotels, malls, shopping complexes, theatres etc. Built in 1857, under the supervision of Cuthbert Bensley Thornhill, it was the largest town-planning project carried out in India before the establishment of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=TGEIAAp57/><ref name=AHVLp14/><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
Civil Lines was built in 1858 a few months after the end of the [[Rebellion of 1857]], when around 600 [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo people]] were massacred by the [[British East India Company]]'s (private) [[Bengal Army]] under Colonel Neil, in retaliation for their alliance with the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement activists]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Unsung-story-of-Civil-Lines/articleshow/37687050.cms?from=mdr | title=Unsung story of Civil Lines | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 July 2014 | access-date=25 April 2018 }}</ref> and eight villages were seized to form a new township.<ref name=TempWest>{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |date=12 October 2011 |title=Temptations of the West: How to be Modern in India, Pakistan and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyvjCTxS5-YC&q=white+town+allahabad&pg=PA35 |location=London |publisher=Pan Macmillan |pages= 35–36|isbn=9780330434683 |access-date=23 January 2014 }}</ref> During the early period of its development it was referred to as the '''White Town''' of the city as it was predominated by the British people and a very few [[Indian People|Indians]] were allowed.<ref name=TempWest/><ref>{{cite book |last=Nayar |first=Pramod K. |date=2009 |title=Days of the Raj: Life and Leisure in British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0WGOixWwO0C&q=white+town+allahabad&pg=PT25 |publisher=Penguin Books India |page=50 |isbn= 9780143102809|access-date=23 January 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
<br />
A population of 923 was registered in Civil Lines during the [[1951 Census of India|1951 Census]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Dixit |first=Kapil |date=14 Aug 2014 |title=Cops conserve British era records |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Cops-conserve-British-era-records/articleshow/40203128.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |location=Allahabad |access-date=15 Sep 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of tourist attractions in Prayagraj]]<br />
* [[Neighborhoods of Allahabad]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Allahabad landmarks}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1857 establishments in India]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Hill,_Kerala&diff=545663West Hill, Kerala2026-02-14T17:38:41Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
|name = West Hill <br />
|native_name = <br />
|native_name_lang = ml <br />
|other_name = <br />
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]<br />
|image_skyline =<br />
|image_alt =<br />
|image_caption =<br />
|nickname =<br />
|image_map =<br />
|map_alt =<br />
|map_caption =<br />
|pushpin_map = India Kerala <br />
|pushpin_label_position =<br />
|pushpin_map_alt =<br />
|pushpin_map_caption = West Hill, [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]] <br />
|coordinates = {{coord|11.2916|N|75.7609|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]<br />
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and Territories of India|State]]<br />
|subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]<br />
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
|subdivision_name2 = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikkode]]<br />
|established_title = <! -- Established --><br />
|government_type =<br />
|government_body =<br />
|unit_pref = Metric <br />
|area_footnotes =<br />
|area_rank =<br />
|area_total_km2 =<br />
|elevation_footnotes =<br />
|elevation_m = 35.69<br />
|elevation_ft = <br />
|population_total =<br />
|population_as_of =<br />
|population_rank =<br />
|population_density_km2 =<br />
|demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s <br />
|demographics1_title1 = Official <br />
|demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br />
|demographics1_title2 = Speech <br />
|demographics1_info2 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]] <br />
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
|utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] <br />
|postal_code = 673005<ref>{{Cite web |title=WEST HILL Pin Code - 673005, Kozhikode All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search KOZHIKODE Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/kerala/kozhikode/west-hill-pincode-673005.html |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><br />
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code<br />
|area_code =<br />
|registration_plate =<br />
|blank1_name_sec1 = Other [[Neighbourhood]]s<br />
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vellayil]], [[Pavangad, Kozhikode|Pavangad]], [[Karaparamba]]<br />
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Municipality]]<br />
|blank2_info_sec1 = <br />
|blank3_name_sec1 = [[District Magistrate|District Collector]] <br />
|blank3_info_sec1 =<br />
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]<br />
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency|Kozhikode]]<br />
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]<br />
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kozhikode North Assembly constituency|Kozhikode North]]<br />
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]<br />
|blank6_info_sec1 =<br />
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]<br />
|blank7_info_sec1 =<br />
|website = <br />
|footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''West Hill'''<ref>{{Cite book |author=Great Britain Hydrographic Dept |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFEuAQAAIAAJ&dq=West%2520Hill%252C%2520Kozhikode&pg=RA4-PA159 |title=West Coast of India Pilot |date=1961 |language=en}}</ref> is a suburb of [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]] in the peninsular [[India]]. The main venue for the Kerala State School Arts festival held in January 2023, Vikram Maidan is situated at West Hill.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2022-12-20 |title=Vikram Maidan at West Hill getting ready to host Kerala State School Arts Festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/vikram-maidan-at-west-hill-getting-ready-to-host-kerala-state-school-arts-festival/article66285321.ece |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
West Hill is located at an altitude of about {{convert|35.69|m|ft}} above the mean sea level with the [[Coordinate system|geographic coordinates]] of ({{coord|11.2916|N|75.7609|E}}) in Kozhikode.<br />
<br />
{{Location map many | Kerala <br />
| width = 200<br />
| float = middle <br />
| label1 = West Hill <br />
| pos1 = right <br />
| bg1 = gold<br />
| label1_width = 8<br />
| mark1size = 6<br />
| coordinates1 = {{coord|11.2916|N|75.7609|E}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
=== Rail transport ===<br />
There is a railway station namely, [[West Hill railway station]], at West Hill, with three platforms where the number of halting trains at this station is ten.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Hill Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/west-hill-wh/4445 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=West Hill (WH) Railway Station: Station Code, Schedule & Train Enquiry - RailYatri |url=https://www.railyatri.in/stations/west-hill-wh |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=www.railyatri.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
[[File:College Main Block.jpg|thumb|Government Engineering College Kozhikode main block]]<br />
There is an Engineering College at West Hill viz., [[Government Engineering College, Kozhikode]], run by State Government of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GEC KOZHIKODE |url=https://www.geckkd.ac.in/contactus.php |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.geckkd.ac.in}}</ref> Also, there is a Government Polytechnic College at West Hill, viz., [[Kerala Government Polytechnic College]] where 30 e-autos manufactured by Axeon Ventures, were assembled at its polytechnic workshop and supplied to Kozhikode Corporation for garbage collection and disposal.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Govt polytechnic students assemble 30 e-autos for Kozhikode Corporation |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2024/01/15/industry-campus-connect-kozhikode-polytechnic-students-assemble-e-autos-west-hill.html |access-date=2024-01-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Religion ==<br />
=== Temple ===<br />
Thayatt Ayyappa Temple, a [[Hindu temple]] at West Hill is worshipped by devotees of [[Ayyappan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival Info |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//index.php/preview/festival_info?fest_id=739 |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=www.keralatourism.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Church ===<br />
West Hill has a church named St. Antony's Church.<ref>{{Cite web |title=St Antony's Church, West Hill |url=https://calicutdiocese.org/st-antonys-church-west-hill/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Barracks ==<br />
There is an Indian (Military) [[Barracks]] at West Hill (122 Infantry Battalion (Territorial Army)).<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2023-07-07 |title=Governor opens reception centre named after late soldier at West Hill barracks in Kozhikode |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/governor-opens-reception-centre-named-after-late-soldier-at-west-hill-barracks-in-kozhikode/article67053103.ece |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Suburbs of Kozhikode]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Kozhikode-geo-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinni_Prakash&diff=494237Chinni Prakash2026-02-10T09:19:27Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian choreographer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| image = <br />
| name = Chinni Prakash <br />
| imagesize =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Chinni Prakash<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| mother = C.Leela<br />
| othername = Chinni, Chinni Prakash, Chinni Lal<br />
| occupation = [[Choreographer]], [[Film director]], [[Actor]], [[Art director]], [[Screenwriter|Script-writer]]<br />
| spouse = Rekha Chinni Prakash| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chinni Prakash''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[choreographer]], [[art director]], [[actor]], [[Screenwriter|script-writer]], [[Film director|director]]. He is best known for his choreographic work in numerous [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. Chinni Prakash is the acclaimed choreographer of [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]], [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/chinni-prakash-biography/3886/542735 |title=Chinni Prakash Biography by Kiran Malik |access-date=25 September 2014 |archive-date=29 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929005921/http://www.gomolo.com/chinni-prakash-biography/3886/542735 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
From his childhood Chinni Prakash always wanted to make it big in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. After finishing his studies, he came to Bombay and with time, he started working as an assistant to many choreographers.<br />
<br />
Chinni Prakash is married to Rekha Chinni Prakash who also is a choreographer and they work together. His first stint as a full-fledged choreographer was for film ''[[Khandan (1965 film)|Khandan]]''.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
Chinni Prakash got his first stint as a full-fledged choreographer was for film ''[[Khandan (1965 film)|Khandan]]''. He made a pair with choreographer Sampath and choreographed songs for many big films like ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' (1967), ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' (1968), and ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' (1971). However, after ''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]'' (1976), Chinni Prakash disappeared completely. Chinni Prakash came back to Hindi films as a solo choreographer with ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' (1988). His dances for "Bambai Humko Jam Gayi" ([[Swarg]]) became very popular but it was his choreography for the song "Jumma Chumma" from movie ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]'' that did the trick for him. Chinni Prakash suddenly became one of the most sought-after choreographers of Hindi cinema.<br />
<br />
Chinni Prakash then was a part of many big films in the early 1990s like ''[[Saajan]]'' (1991), ''[[Khuda Gawah]]'' (1992) and ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]'' (1993). Later, he particularly became a fav. With [[Akshay Kumar]] and gave him many hit dance moves in films like ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]'' (1992), ''[[Mohra]]'' (1994), ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]'' (1994), ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]'' (1995), ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' (1996) and ''[[Keemat – They Are Back|Keemat]]'' (1998). He was also a hit with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and did his dances in ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' (1995), ''[[The Gambler (1995 film)|Gambler]]'' (1995) and ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' (1998).<br />
<br />
''[[Karan Arjun]]'' (1995) and ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth|Gupt]]'' (1997) have two of his most famous dance numbers. With the coming of the 21st century, Chinni Prakash's work started getting lesser as his dances were not in sync with the requirement of the contemporary Hindi films. Although his choreography in ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' (2000) and ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' (2001) was appreciated, he was not certainly as popular and in demand as earlier.<br />
<br />
Chinni Prakash has won the [[National Film Award for Best Choreography|National Award]]<ref name="iffi.nic.in">{{Cite web |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm56NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=56NFA.pdf |title=directorate of film festival |work=iffi.nic |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130000605/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm56NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=56NFA.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Filmfare Best Choreographer award]] both for his work.<ref name="recipeguide.indiatimes.com" /><br />
<br />
His wife is the well known choreographer [[Rekha Chinni Prakash]]. He also trained his niece [[Vaibhavi Merchant]], who gave us the moves in "[[Kajra Re]]", among many other filmi songs. He is known for his talent of controlling huge crowds of background dancers in extreme conditions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130301030908/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-can-t-help-if-Saroj-Khan-is-upset-Vaibhavi-Merchant/Article1-226661.aspx Hindustan Times]</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Actor !! Art Director !! Director !! Script Writer <br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1978||''[[Samayamaayilla Polum]]''||{{Yes}}|| || || {{Yes}} <br />
|Malayalam<br />
|-<br />
|1978||''[[Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren]]'' ||{{yes}} || || ||<br />
|Tamil, Telugu, Kannada<br />
|-<br />
|1981||''[[Mohana Punnagai]]''||{{yes}} || || ||<br />
|Tamil<br />
|-<br />
|1981||''Then Chittugal''||{{yes}}|| || ||<br />
|Tamil<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|''December 16''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|Kannada<br />
|-<br />
| 1997||''Ghoonghat''|| || || {{Yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Chinni-Prakash/203955|title=Chinni Prakash &#124; Outlook India Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070610/asp/7days/story_7901347.asp | title=Movers and shakers | access-date=28 September 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132748/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070610/asp/7days/story_7901347.asp | url-status=dead}}</ref> ||{{Yes}} <br />
|Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| 2004||''[[Shart: The Challenge]] '' || || {{Yes}}|| || <br />
|Hindi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===As choreographer===<br />
*''Note: this is a partial list.''<ref>{{Cite web | title=Chinni Prakash List of Movies and TV Shows - TV Guide | url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/chinni-prakash/credits/3000294217/ | access-date=2025-08-28 | website=www.tvguide.com}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Films<br />
!Language<br />
|-<br />
| 1962<br />
| ''[[Rakhi (1962 film)|Rakhi]]'' <br />
| rowspan="4" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| 1964<br />
| ''[[Khandan (1965 film)|Khandan]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"| 1967<br />
| ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chithramela|Chitra Mela]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]''<br />
|Tamil<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"| 1968<br />
| ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' <br />
| rowspan="24" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''Gauri'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1970<br />
| ''[[Jawab (1970 film)|Jawab]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1971<br />
| ''[[Haathi Mere Saathi (1971 film)|Haathi Mere Saathi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1972<br />
| ''[[Maalik (1972 film)|Maalik]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1973<br />
| ''[[Keemat (1973 film)|Keemat]]''<br />
|-<br />
| 1974<br />
| ''[[Do Phool]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 1976<br />
| ''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 1988<br />
| ''[[Hatya]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hero Hiralal]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"| 1989 <br />
| ''[[Na-Insaafi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aag Se Khelenge]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shehzaade]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ladaai]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="7"| 1990 <br />
| ''[[Swarg]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nyay Anyay]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thanedaar]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sheshnaag (film)|Sheshnaag]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jeene Do]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jawani Zindabad]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="15" | 1991<br />
| ''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''<ref name="Best Choreography">[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Filmfare Best Choreographer award]]</ref><ref name="recipeguide.indiatimes.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Police Matthu Dada]]''<br />
|Kannada<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Police Matthu Dada|Inspector Dhanush]]''<br />
| rowspan="14" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yodha (1991 film)|Yodha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ki Heba Sua Posile''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gunehgar Kaun]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Paap Ki Aandhi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[100 Days (1991 film)|100 Days]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Benaam Badsha]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Afsana Pyar Ka]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Trinetra]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saajan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Akayla]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lakshmanrekha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" | 1992<br />
| ''[[Khiladi (1992 film)|Khiladi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meera Ka Mohan]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Appula Appa Rao]]''<br />
|Telugu<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaad Rakhegi Duniya]]''<br />
| rowspan="79" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Heer Ranjha (1992 film)|Heer Ranjha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kal Ki Awaz]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khuda Gawah]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Angaar (1992 film)|Angaar]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jigar]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"| 1993<br />
|''[[Ashaant]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[King Uncle]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prateeksha]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krishan Avtaar]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Waqt Hamara Hai]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khal-Naaikaa]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gumrah (1993 film)|Gumrah]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dalaal]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aulad Ke Dushman]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''Chandramukhi''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"| 1994<br />
| ''[[Kranti Kshetra]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aa Gale Lag Jaa (1994 film)|Aa Gale Lag Jaa]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sangdil Sanam]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zaalim]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ikke Pe Ikka]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Amaanat (1994 film)|Amaanat]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Main Khiladi Tu Anari]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chaand Kaa Tukdaa]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vijaypath]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mohra]]''<ref name="Best Choreography" /><ref name="recipeguide.indiatimes.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dilwale (1994 film)|Dilwale]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" | 1995<br />
| ''[[The Gambler (1995 film)|Gambler]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ravan Raaj: A True Story]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sarhad: The Border of Crime]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sabse Bada Khiladi]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Prem (film)|Prem]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[The Don (1995 film)|The Don]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[God and Gun]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Coolie No. 1 (1995 film)|Coolie No. 1]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Andolan (1995 film)|Andolan]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karan Arjun]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Takkar (1995 film)|Takkar]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="11"| 1996<br />
| ''[[Ek Tha Raja]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mafia (1996 film)|Mafia]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rakshak (1996 film)|Rakshak]]''<ref name="Best Choreography" /><ref name="recipeguide.indiatimes.com"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sapoot]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Diljale]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krishna (1996 Hindi film)|Krishna]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maahir]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daraar (film)|Daraar]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jung (1996 film)|Jung]]''<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="9" | 1997<br />
| ''[[Ghulam-E-Mustafa|Ghulam-E-Musthafa]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gupt: The Hidden Truth|Gupt]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sanam (1997 film)|Sanam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Qahar]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daava]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mrityudaata]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Insaaf (1997 film)|Insaaf]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ziddi (1997 film)|Ziddi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lahu Ke Do Rang (1997 film)|Lahoo Ke Do Rang]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8"| 1998<br />
| ''[[Jhooth Bole Kauwa Kaate]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dulhe Raja]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Major Saab]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Humse Badhkar Kaun]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Salaakhen (1998 film)|Salaakhen]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Keemat – They Are Back]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="9"| 1999<br />
| ''[[Rajaji (film)|Rajaji]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thakshak]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Gair (film)|Gair]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sooryavansham]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''Jai Hind'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zulmi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aarzoo]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bade Dilwala]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" | 2000<br />
| ''[[Krodh (film)|Krodh]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Beti No. 1]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''Mechanic Mamaiah'' <br />
|Telugu<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aaghaaz]]'' <br />
| rowspan="18" | Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Karobaar: The Business of Love]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hamara Dil Aapke Paas Hai]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhadkan (2000 film)|Dhadkan]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hum To Mohabbat Karega]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hadh Kar Di Aapne]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Baaghi (2000 film)|Baaghi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Badal]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bulandi (2000 film)|Bulandi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"| 2001 <br />
| ''[[Kasam (2001 film)|Kasam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ittefaq (2001 film)|Ittefaq]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (film)|Jodi No.1]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chori Chori Chupke Chupke]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" | 2002<br />
| ''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Pitaah]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" | 2003<br />
| ''[[Tere Naam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''Khanjar: The Knife'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5" | 2004<br />
| ''[[Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.|Shankar Dada MBBS]]'' <br />
|Telugu<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dobara]]'' <br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Meri Biwi Ka Jawaab Nahin|Meri Biwi Ka Jawab Nahin]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Surya (2004 film)|Surya]]'' <br />
|Bengali<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Suno Sasurjee]]'' <br />
|Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4" | 2005<br />
| ''[[Idhaya Thirudan]]'' <br />
| rowspan="2" |Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sandakozhi]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anjaane (2005 film)|Anjaane: The Unknown]]'' <br />
|Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jai Chiranjeeva]]'' <br />
|Telugu<br />
|-<br />
| 2006<br />
| ''[[Bhoot Unkle]]'' <br />
| rowspan="11" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
| 2007<br />
| ''[[Victoria No. 203 (2007 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"| 2008<br />
| ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]''<ref>[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|National Award]]</ref><ref name="iffi.nic.in"/><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yuvvraaj]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2" | 2010<br />
| ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dabangg]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| 2011<br />
| ''[[I Am Singh]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="6" | 2012<br />
| ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bol Bachchan]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Teri Meri Kahaani (film)|Teri Meri Kahaani]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jaanu (2012 film)|Jaanu]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhalil Sodhappuvadhu Yeppadi]]'' <br />
|Tamil<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' <br />
| rowspan="13" |Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="8" | 2013<br />
| ''[[Singh Saab the Great]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Krrish 3]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chennai Express]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Besharam (2013 film)|Besharam]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Grand Masti]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/7days/story_16654700.jsp#.VCgau3WSxhE |title=Maddy misses old magic |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132525/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130310/jsp/7days/story_16654700.jsp#.VCgau3WSxhE |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Zamaanat]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3" | 2014<br />
| ''[[Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania]]''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singham Returns]]'' <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
| ''[[Dum Laga Ke Haisha]]'' <br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''[[Buddies in India]]'' || Mandarin<br />
|-<br />
|}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0695160/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cr30|title=Chinni Prakash|website=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
<br />
Chinni Prakash got [[National Film Award for Best Choreography]] for the song, "Azeem-O-Shaan Shahenshah" movie ''[[Jodha Akbar]]''.<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/56th_nff_2008.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=27 March 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chinni Prakash has won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Filmfare Best Choreographer award]] 1992 for 'Jumma Chumma De De' (''[[Hum (film)|Hum]]''), in 1995 for ‘Tu cheez badi hai mast mast’ (''[[Mohra]]''), and in 1997 ‘[[Khandaani Shafakhana|Shehar Ki Ladki]]’ (''[[Rakshak (1996 film)|Rakshak]]'') respectively.<ref name="recipeguide.indiatimes.com">{{cite web | title = Best Choreographer Official Listing | publisher = [[Indiatimes]], Filmfare Awards s | url = http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_choreographer.htm | access-date = 2014-04-29 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140429201921/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_choreographer.htm | archive-date = 2014-04-29 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He also received the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer]] for the movie ''[[Thavasi]]'' in 2001.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=0695160}}<br />
<br />
{{National Film Award Best Choreography}}<br />
{{FilmfareAwardBestChoreographer}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Chinni}}<br />
[[Category:Indian film choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Indian choreographers]]<br />
[[Category:Best Choreography National Film Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roopesh_Peethambaran&diff=456887Roopesh Peethambaran2026-02-10T03:08:39Z<p>ClintCarswell72: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director and actor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = <br />
| image = <br />
| occupation = {{Flatlist|<br />
* Actor<br />
* writer<br />
* film director<br />
}}<br />
| yearsactive = 1995{{En dash}}present<br />
| alma mater = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Roopesh Peethambaran''' is an Indian film director and actor working in [[Malayalam cinema]]. As an actor, he first appeared as a child artist in the 1995 film ''[[Spadikam]]'' (as Thomas Chacko). In 2012, he made his directorial debut through ''[[Theevram]]''.<br />
<br />
==Film career==<br />
Roopesh Peethambaran started his film career in 1995 as a child artist in ''[[Spadikam]]''. He played the childhood role of Thomas Chacko which was portrayed by [[Mohanlal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Roopesh essayed the childhood of Aadu Thoma!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know-/Roopesh-essayed-the-childhood-of-Aadu-Thoma/articleshow/46595069.cms|date=17 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He also acted as child artist in the 1996 television series ''Pranavam'' aired on [[DD Malayalam|Doordarshan Malayalam]]. As an adult, Roopesh worked as an IT professional in Dell, Bangalore, before quitting to pursue his love for film. He made his directorial debut with the Malayalam film ''[[Theevram]]'' in 2012.<ref name=theevram>{{cite news |title=Vineeth Sreenivasan in Roopesh Peethambaran film|url=http://www.onlookersmedia.in/latestnews/vineeth-sreenivasan-in-roopesh-peethambaran-film|publisher=Onlookersmedia.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography as director ==<br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Theevram]]'' || Starring [[Dulquar Salman]] <br> Also scriptwriter ||<ref name=theevram/><br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' || Starring [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]], [[Tovino Thomas]] <br> Also scriptwriter ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Filmography as actor ==<br />
===TV serials===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ''Pranavam'' || Unknown || Television Series, Child Artist ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Feature films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || ''[[Spadikam]]'' || Thomas Chacko || Childhood role of [[Mohanlal]] ||<ref name=spadikam/><br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Oru Mexican Aparatha]]'' || Roopesh|| Role of KSQ Leader opposite to [[Tovino Thomas]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''Angarajyathe Jimmanmar'' || Kichu || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Gambler'' || Satheesh Chandra || Cameo ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[Kunjeldho]]'' || || Cameo ||<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''Valsala Club''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 Sep 2025 |title=valsala-club-releasing-on-september-26th |url=http://reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/09/15/valsala-club-releasing-on-september-26th |work=Reporterlive}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Short films===<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''Touch'' || Dr. George || Lead role||<ref name=spadikam>{{cite news|title=Roopesh Peethambaran's 'Touch' touches a nerve...|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/05/15/roopesh-peethambaran-touch-short-film.html|date=15 May 2017|work=[[Manorama Online]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peethambaran, Roopesh}}<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamangachhi&diff=489421Bamangachhi2026-02-06T07:50:20Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created a pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bamangachhi<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village <br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.74|N|88.51|E|display=inline,title}}<!--{{Coord|22.44|N|88.31|E|}}--><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}}<br />
[[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.36<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6,824<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 743248<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91 33<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]<br />
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bamangachhi''' is a [[Village]] in the [[Barasat I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Barasat Sadar subdivision]] of the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Bamangachhi had a total population of 6,824, of which 3,468 (51%) were males and 3,356 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 557. The total number of literates in Bamangachhi was 5,554 (88.62% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
The exact reason to be named as Bamangachhi is not known, but according to local lore, it may have been derived the name "bamun para" (literally meaning the neighbourhood of [[Brahmin]]s), which is an old Brahmin-predominant locality of here.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=500| height=500| zoom=11<br />
| coord={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|36|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Barasat subdivision, North 24 Parganas'''<br/> M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|48|55|N|88|37|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Anarbaria | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Anarbaria]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|44|26|N|88|31|20|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bamangachhi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=Bamangachhi (CT)|shape-color2=black| label-size2=13|label-color2=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|48|49|N|88|36|1|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara Bamonia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bara Bamonia]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|51|N|88|44|54|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Betpuli| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Betpuli]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|47|13|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bira| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bira, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|4|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Chak Barbaria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chak Barbaria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|48|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Chandrapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chandrapur, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|42|N|88|33|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chatta Baria| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chatta Baria]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Deara| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Deara]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|41|4|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Deulia| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Deulia]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|54|40|N|88|32|4|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Dhania| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Dhania, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|45|19|N|88|31|29|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Digha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Digha, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|33|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Duttapukur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Duttapukur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|10|N|88|32|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gangapur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Gangapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|13|N|88|44|28|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Gobardanga| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Gobardanga]] (M)| shape-color15= #800000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|49|20|N|88|36|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Guma| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Guma, India]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|46|15|N|88|34|10|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Joypul| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Joypul]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|48|23|N|88|35|47|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Khorddabamonia| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Khorddabamonia]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|26|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Kokapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Kokapur, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|42|22|N|88|32|28|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Koyra| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Koyra, West Bengal]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|5|N|88|31|2|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Kulberia| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Kulberia]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|51|20|N|88|44|40|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Maslandapur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Maslandapur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|52|23|N|88|44|22|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Nokpul| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Nokpul]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|50|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Purbba Narayanpur| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Purbba Narayanpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|51|46|N|88|45|0|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Sadpur| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Sadpur]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Shibalaya| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Shibalaya]] (CT)<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|29|10|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Barasat| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Barasat]] (M)| shape-color27= #800000<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|49|58|N|88|37|58|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ashoknagar Kalyangarh| numbered28=M| mark-title28=[[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]] (M) | shape-color28= #800000<br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|50|42|N|88|39|1|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Habra| numbered29=M| mark-title29=[[Habra]] (M) | shape-color29= #800000<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Madhyamgram| numbered30=M| mark-title30=[[Madhyamgram]] (M) | shape-color30= #800000<br />
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|37|N|88|41|18|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Chandraketugarh| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Chandraketugarh]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|48|18|N|88|30|23|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Amdanga| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Amdanga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|45|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Barbaria| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Barbaria (village)]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|42|5|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=Berachampa| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Berachampa]] (R) |shape-color34=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|43|41|N|88|27|12|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35=Berunanpukuria| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Berunanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color35=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord36={{coord|22|44|50|N|88|32|7|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Chhota Jagulia| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Chhota Jagulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord37={{coord|22|41|39|N|88|38|58|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Deganga| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord38={{coord|22|40|11|N|88|31|16|E}} | label-pos38=left|label38= Krishnapur Madanpur| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Krishnapur Madanpur]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord39={{coord|22|50|39|N|88|34|5|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Sabdalpur| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Sabdalpur]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord40={{coord|22|39|56|N|88|34|57|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Shasan| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Shasan, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord41={{coord|22|38|30|N|88|37|0|E}} | label41= Bidyadhari River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 10| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none<br />
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|43|30|E}} | label42= Jamuna |labela42=River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 60| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Bamangachhi is located at {{coord|22.74|N|88.51|E|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
Bamangachi, [[Digha, North 24 Parganas|Digha]] and [[Kulberia]] form a cluster of census towns. MondalGanthi Natun para is a nice place there have a lot joy with a culture every Saturday all area members are going temple. which is available in the same location. The entire cluster has a very high density of population. (See the infobox of each census town for density of population).<ref name=blockmap>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 393 -Map of Barasat I CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 6 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Duttapukur#Police station|Duttapukur]] police station has jurisdiction over Barasat I CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | title = North 24 Parganas Dist. Police | work = Know Your Police Station | publisher = District Police | access-date = 3 June 2018 | archive-date = 7 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180607033433/http://n24pgspolice.in/home/police-station.php | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Climate===<br />
The climate of Bamangachhi is tropical, like the rest of the Gangetic West Bengal. The hallmark is the Monsoon, which lasts from early June to mid September. The weather remains dry during the winter (mid November to mid February) and humid during summer.<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&q=24+parganas+district+gazetteer&pg=PA1|title = Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas|last = LSS O’Malley|work= p 1-4|year = 2009| publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn = 9788172681937| access-date = 3 May 2018 }}</ref> 54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
== Economy ==<br />
[[Image:Banks in Bamangachhi.jpg|240px|thumb|Banks in Bamangachhi]]<br />
Occupations for most of the people in Bamangachhi Town is service or business. A large number of people lives in Chhota Jagulia Gram Panchayat . The people from the villages like Maliakur, Bahera, Sankargachhi, Boropole, Nityananda Sarani, Marait, Murali are mostly involved in agriculture and allied activities. Most of the people of Bamangachhi belong to middle class economy. A large number of people are poor.<br />
<br />
=== Regent Garment and Apparel Park, Murali, Bamangachhi ===<br />
RDB Industries is setting up a mega garment and apparel park at Murali, Bamangachhi.<br />
The entire park is expected to cover 120 acres of land (approximately) beside Jessore Road near Bamangachhi Chowmatha. IIS is designing and managing the execution of the Infrastructure for the Park. The company is investing Rs 4&nbsp;billion for setting up the park in phased manner. The phase I is under construction with 18 blocks, one Guest House and a Commercial Block. The Phase I will be able to accommodate close to 200 units. The infrastructure consists of state of the art road network with separate storm water & sewer lines. Environment friendly STP, Rain Water Harvesting and Water Treatment minimising discharge. The entire park is expected to be completed by 2018. On completion, the park will be able to house around 1,000 manufacturing units.<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Bamangachhi covered an area of 1.3599&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. It had 5 primary schools, the nearest middle school was 6&nbsp;km away at Tentulia, the nearest secondary school and senior secondary schools were 1.5&nbsp;km away at Mondalganth.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
[[Image:Bamangachhi Chowmatha.jpg|140px|left|thumb|NH-35 @ Bamangachhi]]<br />
Bamangachhi is approximately {{convert|26|km|mi}} from [[Kolkata]], and {{convert|4|km|mi}} from North 24 Pargana's district headquarters Barasat. It is well connected by rail and roads with the major destinations in North 24 Parganas and Kolkata. The [[Bamangachhi railway station]] is a part of [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] under the Sealdah-Bongaon division. The station had been upgraded as the ''Adarsh Railway Station'' (model railway station) by the former Railway Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] in the [[Railway Budget]] 2011–12 (Upgradation of Bamangachhi Railway Station will provide safe drinking water, pay & use toilets, high-level platforms, better accessibility for the physically challenged among many other facilities at the station.).<br />
<br />
Bamangachhi is situated between the two major National Highways, NH-34<ref>[[National Highway 34 (India)|National Highway 34]]</ref> and NH-35<ref>[[National Highway 35 (India)|National Highway 35]]</ref> ([[Jessore Road]]). The National Highway 34 connects Kolkata to [[Siliguri]] (in [[North Bengal]]) and National Highway 35 connects Kolkata to Jessore, a city in [[Bangladesh]]. Bamangachhi is about {{convert|16|km|mi}} away from the [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]], Kolkata and {{convert|26|km|mi}} from [[Sealdah Railway Station]]. A major P.W.D. Road, which is known as Bamangachhi-Bamunmura Road has passed across the town and connects Taki Road, [[NH 35]], Bamangachhi Station and [[NH 34]]. The other main roads which connects the localities inside Bamangachhi are Station Road, Kashimpur Road, Post Office Road, Nityananda Sarani, B.D.Office Road, Suripukur Road etc.<br />
<br />
The former '''RAF Baigachi''' was nearby and the following units were deployed there:<br />
* [[No. 5 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=25}}<br />
* [[No. 11 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=27}}<br />
* [[No. 30 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=35}}<br />
* [[No. 34 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=36}}<br />
* [[No. 60 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=44}}<br />
* [[No. 67 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=46}}<br />
* [[No. 81 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=49}}<br />
* [[No. 84 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=50}}<br />
* [[No. 89 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=51}}<br />
* [[No. 123 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=58}}<br />
* [[No. 131 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=59}}<br />
* [[No. 134 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=60}}<br />
* [[No. 136 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=60}}<br />
* [[No. 146 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=61}}<br />
* [[No. 152 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=63}}<br />
* [[No. 155 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=63}}<br />
* [[No. 176 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=65}}<br />
* [[No. 258 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=79}}<br />
* [[No. 261 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=80}}<br />
* [[No. 607 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=99}}<br />
* [[No. 615 Squadron RAF]]{{sfn|Jefford|1988|p=100}}<br />
* [[Air Headquarters Burma Communication Squadron RAF]] was formed here{{sfn|Lake|1999|p=129}}<br />
* [[Headquarters Royal Air Force Burma Communication Squadron RAF]] was formed here{{sfn|Lake|1999|p=129}}<br />
* [[Royal Air Force Bengal/Burma Communication Squadron RAF]] was formed here{{sfn|Lake|1999|p=174}}<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
=== High school ===<br />
*Bamangachhi Bholanath High School<br />
*[[Chhota Jagulia High School]]<br />
*Bamangachhi Sarada Ramakrishna Missionary School.<br />
*Kalyani Public School, Moina Godi<br />
*Kashimpur High School<br />
*Kashimpur Girl's High School<br />
*Jafrabad High School<br />
<br />
=== Madrasah ===<br />
*Tentulia Abujafiria Siddiquia Kharejia Madrasah.<br />
<br />
== Culture ==<br />
[[Image:Bamangachhi Puja.JPG|thumb|50th year Durga Puja celebration by Agrani Sangha, Bamangachhi]]<br />
As in most parts of West Bengal, the major festivals in Bamangachhi are New Year, Republic & Independence Day, [[Durgapuja]], [[Diwali]], Kalipuja, Laxmipuja, Eid–Uz–Zuha, Christmas.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Barasat I]] [[Community development block in India|CD Block]]<br />
* [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf Map of Barasat I CD Block] on Page 393 of District Census Handbook.<ref name=blockmap/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Jefford |first1= C.G. |title= RAF Squadrons. A comprehensive record of the movement and equipment of all RAF squadrons and their antecedents since 1912 |year=1988 |publisher= Airlife |location= [[Shrewsbury]] |isbn= 1-85310-053-6 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Lake |first1=A |title= Flying units of the RAF |year=1999 |publisher= Airlife |location= [[Shrewsbury]] |isbn= 1-84037-086-6 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Bamangachhi}}<br />
*http://north24parganas.nic.in/<br />
*https://web.archive.org/web/20120429222507/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=19&district_code=11<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
| North = [[Dattapukur]]<br />
| Northeast = Deganga<br />
| West = [[Nulguanj]]<br />
| Northwest = [[Amdanga]]<br />
| Center = Bamangachhi<br />
| South = [[Barasat]]<br />
| Southwest = [[Nabapally]]<br />
| Southeast = [[Badu, West Bengal|Badu]]<br />
| East = [[Karea Kadambagachhi]]<br />
}}<br />
{{North 24 Parganas District}}<br />
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajrang_Kumar_Choudhary&diff=489200Bajrang Kumar Choudhary2026-02-06T05:55:33Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Orphan|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bajrang Choudhary<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = 220<br />
| caption = Bajrang Kr Choudhary<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1968|06|22}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Hiranpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]<br />
| occupation = Managing Director, Bharat Road Network Limited<br />
| spouse = Rashmi Choudhary<br />
| website = {{URL|http://www.brnl.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bajrang Kumar Choudhary''' serves as the Managing Director of Bharat Road Network Limited.<ref>BRNL files DRHP with SEBI|http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-top-story/brnl-brnl-files-drhp-with-sebi-117022100339_1.html</ref> He has been the Chief Executive Officer of Infrastructure Project Development for Srei Infrastructure Finance Limited <ref>{{cite web|title=INFRASTRUCTURE SECTOR IN INDIA HAS MOVED A LONG WAY FROM THE EARLY PERIOD OF PUBLIC SECTOR MONOPOLY |url=http://www.constructionsphere.com/index.php/component/k2/item/319-infrastructure-sector-in-india-has-moved-a-long-way-from-the-early-period-of-public-sector-monopoly-to-the-current-scenario-of-increasing-private-participation-mr-bajrang-kumar-choudhary-c-e-o-infrastructure-project-development-srei |publisher=Construction Sphere |accessdate=25 March 2014 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225158/http://www.constructionsphere.com/index.php/component/k2/item/319-infrastructure-sector-in-india-has-moved-a-long-way-from-the-early-period-of-public-sector-monopoly-to-the-current-scenario-of-increasing-private-participation-mr-bajrang-kumar-choudhary-c-e-o-infrastructure-project-development-srei |archivedate=12 May 2014 |df= }}</ref> and served as its Senior Vice President in Managing Director's Secretariat. He is also on the Board of several other companies such as Kolkata Mass Rapid Transit Private Limited, Bharat Road Network Limited, AMRL Hitech City Limited, Hyderabad Information Technology Venture Enterprises Limited, I Log Ports Private Limited <ref name="Directorship">[http://corporatedir.com/officer/00441872 Company Directorship]</ref> among others.<br />
<br />
In 2015, he was also featured as "Most Powerful, Successful People in the Indian Construction Industry" by Construction Sphere.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Powerful, Successful People in the Indian Construction Industry |url=http://constructionsphere.com/index.php/industry-talk/industry-perspectives/item/591-most-powerful-successful-people-in-the-indian-construction-industry |publisher=Construction Sphere |accessdate=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105409/http://constructionsphere.com/index.php/industry-talk/industry-perspectives/item/591-most-powerful-successful-people-in-the-indian-construction-industry |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df= }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Bajrang Choudhary was born on 22 June 1968 in [[Hiranpur]], [[Jharkhand]] and is the youngest son of Late Hari Prasad Choudhary and Gita Devi.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Bajrang is an alumnus of [[Delhi Public School, Mathura Road]], [[New Delhi]] and a Bachelor of Commerce from [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], New Delhi.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He started his career with [[PricewaterhouseCoopers]] and was associated with them for four years. He traveled extensively to the USA and other parts of the world during his tenure with PwC. He then moved on to [[Apeejay Surrendra Group]] for over six years in multiple roles as Director, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Executive Officer in their various group companies.<br />
<br />
At Srei, he manages portfolio investment across the infrastructure sector – roads, ports, airports, water, and economic zones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Most Powerful, Successful People in the Indian Construction Industry |url=http://constructionsphere.com/index.php/industry-talk/industry-perspectives/item/591-most-powerful-successful-people-in-the-indian-construction-industry |publisher=Construction Sphere |accessdate=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626105409/http://constructionsphere.com/index.php/industry-talk/industry-perspectives/item/591-most-powerful-successful-people-in-the-indian-construction-industry |archivedate=26 June 2015 |df= }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Affiliations==<br />
Bajrang has been associated with various industry associations and company boards. He is currently the Chairman of ICC Infrastructure Expert Committee.<ref name="Position">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/India-Inc-shuns-govt-road-projects/articleshow/17685461.cms India Inc shuns Govt Road Projects]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.srei.com/ Srei Website]<br />
*[http://www.brnl.in/ BRNL Website]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Choudhary, Bajrang Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:People from Pakur district]]<br />
[[Category:Shri Ram College of Commerce alumni]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satyadev_Kushwaha&diff=468744Satyadev Kushwaha2026-02-05T04:47:27Z<p>ClintCarswell72: reworked layout for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Satyadev Kushwaha<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 20 June 1950<br />
| birth_place = Bhilichak, Aurangabad district, Bihar<br />
| residence = <br />
| constituency = [[Kurtha Assembly constituency|Kurtha]]<br />
| office1 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] <br /><br />
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2010<br />
| term_end1 = 2015<br />
| term_start2 = 2015<br />
| term_end2 = 2020<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]][[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|20px]]<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| parents = Ramanand Singh (father)<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
| otherparty = <br />
| spouse = Tinku Devi<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
'''Satyadev Kushwaha''' is an Indian politician who is a leader of [[Janata Dal (United)]] party and a former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]. He was elected to the assembly from [[Kurtha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurtha]] in [[Arwal district]]. In 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly Elections he defeated Ashok Kumar Verma of [[Rashtriya Lok Samata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=713|title=Satyadev Singh|website=Myneta.com|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824122641/https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=713|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/bihar-polls-jd-u-lawmaker-caught-on-camera-accepting-bribe-33354.html|title=JDU lawmaker caught on camera taking bribe|website=Indiatvnews.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015161158/https://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/bihar-polls-jd-u-lawmaker-caught-on-camera-accepting-bribe-33354.html|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kurtha.html|title=Kurtha Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results|website=Election.in|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=24 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824122633/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/kurtha.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
'''Satyadev Singh''' alias Satyadev Kushwaha was born to Ramanand Singh on 20 June 1950. His father was an agriculturist by profession. He completed his education from Tekari college [[Magadh University]] Bodhgaya. Singh hails from Aurangabad district where his native village Bhimlichak is located. He is active in social work besides politics.<ref name="VidhanSabha"/> Singh has been embroiled in many controversies. In October 2015 he was caught on a video accepting bribe from a businessman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/TOP-jdu-mla-satyadev-kushwaha-caught-taking-bribe-5151766-NOR.html|title=Shocker! JDU MLA Kushwaha caught taking bribe, BJP leaks the video!|date=2015-10-26|website=dailybhaskar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121093907/https://mdaily.bhaskar.com/news/TOP-jdu-mla-satyadev-kushwaha-caught-taking-bribe-5151766-NOR.html|language=en|access-date=2019-08-29|archive-date=21 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-polls-another-bribe-sting-embarrasses-jdu-mla-in-the-dock-2138525|title=Bihar polls: Another 'bribe sting' embarrasses JD(U), MLA in the dock|website=DNA India|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015160241/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-bihar-polls-another-bribe-sting-embarrasses-jdu-mla-in-the-dock-2138525|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Political career==<br />
Satyadev Singh entered into politics in 1974 and had been associated with several political parties like [[Lok Dal]], [[Janata Party]], [[Janata Dal]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] and [[Janata Dal (United)]] at different times. In 1984 he was involved in protecting [[Sikh]]s residing in [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]] steel city from the anti-[[Sikh]] riots that was followed up after the assassination of [[Indira Gandhi]] by her Sikh bodyguards. Satyadev helped to protect life of thousands of Sikh people for which he was later awarded by Sikh society at the Model Town [[Gurudwara]] in 1986 at [[Delhi]]. He was arrested and tortured by the incumbent government for this. In 1998 he contested the [[Lok Sabha]] election on the ticket of [[Janata Dal]] from [[Aurangabad]] Lok Sabha constituency but was defeated. He later contested the election to Bihar Legislative Assembly in 2010 and won, assuming office from 2010 to 2015. He again successfully contested the Bihar Assembly Elections in 2015 from Kurtha constituency. In the 2015 Assembly Election to Kurtha he received 43,676 votes and defeated his opponent by a large margin.<ref name="VidhanSabha">{{cite web|url=http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/215.pdf|title=Member Profile:Satyadev Singh|website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015130438/http://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/member_profile/215.pdf|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=15 October 2020}}</ref> In 2020 Bihar Assembly Election Janata Dal (United) once again made him its candidate from Kurtha while many other sitting MLAs were ousted from the party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bihar-election-2020-jdu-not-disappointed-its-old-fighters-everyone-gets-ticket-20839358.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305023231/https://m.jagran.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-bihar-election-2020-jdu-not-disappointed-its-old-fighters-everyone-gets-ticket-20839358.html |title=Bihar Election 2020: जदयू ने अपने पुराने लड़ाकों को नहीं किया निराश, सभी को मिला टिकट|website=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=15 October 2020|archive-date=5 March 2021|quote=transl:There were many things going on regarding the Karghar seat, but JDU again fielded its MLA Vashisht Singh. He defeated the RLSP candidate in the 2015 election. JDU's trust in Satya Dev Kushwaha from Kurtha remained intact. He to defeated the RLSP candidate last time. Abhay Kushwaha, who is preparing to contest from Belaganj, also did not disappoint. Manorama Devi gets tickets from Attri. }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-jdu-announces-candidates-for-1st-phase-kaushal-yadav-to-contest-from-nawada-jayavardhan-yadav-from-paliganj-10017723|title=Bihar Assembly Election 2020: JD(U) announces candidates for 1st phase; Kaushal Yadav to contest from Nawada, Jayavardhan Yadav from Paliganj|website=Jagran.com|access-date=2020-10-15|archive-date=15 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015155229/https://english.jagran.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bihar-assembly-election-2020-jdu-announces-candidates-for-1st-phase-kaushal-yadav-to-contest-from-nawada-jayavardhan-yadav-from-paliganj-10017723|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In this election Satyadev was defeated by Bagi Kumar Verma of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] with a high victory margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/kurtha-election-result-s04a215/|title=Kurtha assembly result 2020|website=News18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112163120/https://www.news18.com/bihar-assembly-elections-2020/kurtha-election-result-s04a215/|accessdate=2020-11-12|archive-date=12 November 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://m.patrika.com/state-news/bihar-election-2015-jdu-mla-satyadev-kushwaha-caught-on-tape-taking-bribe-1400478/ बिहार चुनाव: JDU एमएलए सत्यदेव कुशवाहा घूस लेते कैमरे में कैद, वीडियो VIRAL]<br />
*[https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/arwal/bihar-latest-crime-news-update-jdu-mla-satyadev-kushwaha-get-death-threat-on-mobile-phone-in-arwal-sap JDU MLA-satyadev-kushwaha-get-death-threat-on-mobile-phone-in-Arwal- ]<br />
*[https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/bihar/arwal-jdu-mla-ran-away-during-meeting-from-people-577928.html जनसंपर्क के दौरान युवक ने सुनाई खरी खोटी तो उल्टे पैर समर्थकों के साथ भागे जदयू विधायक]<br />
*[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/arwal-mla-inspects-bridge-construction-work-in-dhamoul-village-20477009.html Arwal-mla-inspects-bridge-construction-work-in-dhamoul-village-]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kushwaha, Satyadev}}<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:People from Arwal district]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2010–2015]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS_Angre&diff=454884INS Angre2026-01-22T17:26:08Z<p>ClintCarswell72: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian navy establishment}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox military installation<br />
| name = INS ''Angre''<br />
| ensign = File:Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg<br />
| ensign_size =<br />
| native_name = <br />
| partof = <!-- for elements within a larger site --><br />
| location = Shahid Bhagat Singh Road, [[Mumbai]]<br />
| nearest_town = <!-- used in military test site infobox --><br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| image = File:INS Angre.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Crest of INS Angre<br />
| image2 = <br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = <br />
| type = [[Stone frigate|Naval shore establishment]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| gridref = <br />
| image_map = <br />
| image_mapsize = <br />
| image_map_alt = <br />
| image_map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption =<br />
| pushpin_relief = <br />
| pushpin_image = <br />
| pushpin_label = <br />
| pushpin_label_position =<br />
| pushpin_mark = <br />
| pushpin_marksize = <br />
| ownership = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]<br />
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]<br />
| controlledby = <!-- such as RAF Bomber Command or the Eighth Air Force --><br />
| open_to_public = <!-- for out of use sites/sites with museums etc --><br />
| site_other_label = <!-- for renaming "Other facilities" in infobox --><br />
| site_other = <!-- for other sorts of facilities – radar types etc --> <br />
| site_area = <br />
| code = <!--facility/installation code, applies to US --><br />
| built = <br />
| used = 1940 – present <br />
| builder = <br />
| materials = <br />
| height = <!-- height of tallest part, not above sea level --><br />
| length = <!-- for border fences or other DMZs --><br />
| fate = <!--changed from demolished parameter--><br />
| condition = Operational<br />
| battles = <br />
| events = <br />
| current_commander = <br />
| past_commanders = [[Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda|S. M. Nanda]]<br/>[[S. G. Karmarkar]]<br />
| garrison = <!-- such as the 25th Bombardment Group --><br />
| occupants = <!-- squadrons only --><br />
| designations = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''INS ''Angre''''' is a "[[stone frigate]]" (shore establishment) of the [[Indian Navy]] in [[Mumbai]]. It is the shore-based logistics and administrative support establishment of the [[Western Naval Command]]. It is also the base depot ship of the Command and is the seat of the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]]. The establishment is named after the [[Maratha Navy]] Admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In 1548, [[Garcia de Orta]] leased the marshy islands, which later became Bombay, from [[John III of Portugal]]. Orta build a wooden structure called the ''Manor House''. Later, a [[seawall]] was constructed around Manor House, with four guns mounted on it and the area came to be known as ''[[Bombay Castle|Castle Barracks]]''. In the [[Marriage Treaty]] of [[Charles II of England]] and [[Catherine of Braganza]], daughter of [[King John IV of Portugal]], the islands were given in [[dowry]] to the [[English empire]]. In 1668, the [[East India Company]] (EIC) leased Bombay from the empire and in 1686, the headquarters in India of the EIC was moved from [[Surat]] to Castle Barracks.<ref name="IN - INS Angre">{{cite web |title=INS Angre {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094125/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1940, the castle was commissioned as '''HMIS Dalhousie''' as a [[naval base]] of the [[Royal Indian Navy]]. On 26 January 1950, [[Republic Day (India)|when India became a republic]], the base was renamed '''INS Dalhousie'''. On 15 September 1951, INS Dalhousie was renamed '''INS Angre''' in the honour of the famous admiral (sarkhel) of the [[Maratha Navy]] [[Kanhoji Angre]].<ref name="ET">{{cite web |title=Indian Naval Ship Angre turns 64 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-naval-ship-angre-turns-64/articleshow/48989500.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094125/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-naval-ship-angre-turns-64/articleshow/48989500.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Today==<br />
INS Angre today is the base depot ship of the [[Western Naval Command]]. It is the logistics and administrative support establishment of the Command, supporting all ships and units based in Mumbai. The Manor House which has since been re-built, is the seat of the [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].<ref name="IN - INS Angre" /> The commanding officer (CO) of the establishment is also the station commander of South Mumbai and is a [[one-star officer]] with the rank of [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]]. Since the establishment is also known as Naval barracks, the CO is also known as COMBRAX (Commodore Naval Barracks).<ref>{{cite web |title=rediff.com: IFR 2001 ends with a stunning show on Marine Drive |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/18flt.htm |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094124/https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/feb/18flt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IN- 64th">{{cite web |title=INS Angre celebrates its 64th Anniversary {{!}} Indian Navy |url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre-celebrates-its-64th-anniversary |website=www.indiannavy.nic.in |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=13 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713094134/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/ins-angre-celebrates-its-64th-anniversary |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Crest==<br />
The crest of INS Angre has peaks of the [[Sahyadri mountain range]] (also known as ''Western ghats'') on which is planted a [[trident]]. The trident was a symbol of power worshipped by the [[Maratha]]s under [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shivaji]].<ref name="Crest">{{cite web |title=ASOKA PEDESTAL TO REPLACE BRITISH CROWN IN NAVAL CRESTS |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-10_094.pdf |website=archive.pib.gov.in |date=10 April 1952 |access-date=13 July 2021 |archive-date=7 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607113328/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1952-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1952-04-10_094.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Indian Navy bases]]<br />
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]<br />
*[[Stone frigate]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{citation|first1=G. M.|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to Guardianship: The Indian Navy 1991-2000|year=2010|isbn= 978-1935501268|publisher= Lancer InterConsult, Incorporated}}<br />
<br />
{{Indian Navy}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Angre}}<br />
[[Category:1548 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1548]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Navy bases|Angre]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Military installations established in 1940]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhatpara&diff=458799Bhatpara2026-01-20T07:11:22Z<p>ClintCarswell72: expand details as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
<!-- See [[:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bhatpara municipality <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.87|N|88.41|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]<br />
| governing_body = Bhatpara Municipality<br />
| leader_title = Chairman<br />
| leader_name = Reba Raha<ref>{{cite news |title=BREAKING: Reba Raha became the first woman chairperson of Bhatpara Palika. - News8Plus-Realtime Updates On Breaking News & Headlines |url=https://news8plus.com/breaking-reba-raha-became-the-first-woman-chairperson-of-bhatpara-palika/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820093414/https://news8plus.com/breaking-reba-raha-became-the-first-woman-chairperson-of-bhatpara-palika/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 34.69<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 12<br />
| population_total = 386,019<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=29 August 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional&nbsp;official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 743123, 743124, 743125, 743126, 743127, 743128, 743129<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91 33<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bhatpara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatpara]], [[Jagatdal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jagatdal]]<br />
| website = {{URL|bhatparamunicipality.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhatpara''' is a city and a municipality of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref><ref>[http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809000000/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=9 August 2007 }} and [http://north24parganas.nic.in/barrackpore.html North 24 Parganas District official site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070114080813/http://north24parganas.nic.in/barrackpore.html |date=14 January 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Bhatpara is situated on the bank of [[Hooghly river]]. It is known for its rich traditions in the field of [[Sanskrit]] learning. The name 'Bhatpara' originates from the ancient name "Bhatta-Palli", where 'Bhatta' denotes the sect of Bramhin Sanskrit pandits and 'palli' denotes locality or village. It is one of the oldest municipalities in West Bengal and it was constituted a municipality in 1899, when it was separated from the Naihati municipality. In the British era and afterwards, it had become an important industrial hub on Hoogly river bank, mainly for the high density of jute processing plants.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=300| height=350| zoom=11<br />
| coord={{coord|22|50|45|N|88|25|12|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the northern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town,<br/> N: neighbourhood, OG: outgrowth<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
| minimap = file| mini-file = India West Bengal adm location map.svg<br />
| mini-width = 103 | mini-height = 158<br />
| minipog-x = 67 | minipog-y = 120<br />
| scalemark = 110 | minimap-boxwidth=12| nolabels=1<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|57|5|N|88|25|16|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Halisahar | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Halisahar]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|56|34|N|88|25|59|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kanchrapara| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Kanchrapara]] (M)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|55|19|N|88|26|36|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Jetia | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Jetia]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|54|4|N|88|25|19|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Balibhara| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Balibhara]] (CT)| shape-color4=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|53|24|N|88|25|12|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Naihati | numbered5=M| mark-title5= [[Naihati]] (M)|<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|51|50|N|88|24|21|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Bhatpara | numbered6=M| mark-title6= Bhatpara (M)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|56|37|N|88|26|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Bijpur | numbered7=N| mark-title7= [[Bijpur, North 24 Parganas|Bijpur]] (N)|shape-color7=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|51|20|N|88|23|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Jagatdal | numbered8=N| mark-title8=[[Jagatdal]] (N)|shape-color8=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|48|20|N|88|23|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Kaugachhi | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Kaugachhi]] (CT)|shape-color9=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|47|55|N|88|23|40|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Paltapara | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Paltapara]] (CT)|shape-color10=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|5|N|88|23|0|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Garshyamnagar | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT)|shape-color11=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|48|20|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Ichapore | numbered12=N| mark-title12= [[Ichapore]] (N)|shape-color12=#C42222<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|49|30|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Noapara | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT)|shape-color13=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|52|36|N|88|25|20|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Dogachhia | numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Dogachhia, West Bengal|Dogachhia]] (CT)|shape-color14=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|52|20|N|88|25|44|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Panpur | numbered15=OG| mark-title15=[[Panpur]] (OG)|shape-color15=#C40000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|27|30|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Palladaha | numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Palladaha]] (CT)|shape-color16=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|40|N|88|27|55|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17=Nagdaha | numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Nagdaha, India|Nagdaha]] (CT)|shape-color17=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|55|50|N|88|28|25|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18=Palashi | numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Palashi, North 24 Parganas|Palashi]] (CT)|shape-color18=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|49|25|N|88|22|12|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Garulia | numbered19=M| mark-title19= [[Garulia]] (M)|<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|48|40|N|88|21|55|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ichapore Defence Estate| numbered20=0| mark-title20= [[Ichhapur Defence Estate|Ichapore Defence Estate]]|shape-color20=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Barrackpore|labela21=Cantonment| numbered21=0| mark-title21= [[Barrackpur Cantonment|Barrackpore Cantonment]]|shape-color21=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|46|34|N|88|23|29|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Barrackpore | numbered22=M | mark-title22= [[Barrackpore]] (M)|<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|46|25|N|88|24|10|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23=Jafarpur | numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Jafarpur]] (CT)|shape-color23=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|5|N|88|23|17|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Babanpur | numbered24=CT | mark-title24= [[Babanpur]] (CT)|shape-color24=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|47|5|N|88|23|58|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Telenipara | numbered25=CT | mark-title25= [[Telenipara]] (CT)||shape-color25=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|45|58|N|88|24|5|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Mohanpur | numbered26=CT | mark-title26= [[Mohanpur, North 24 Parganas|Mohanpur]] (CT)||shape-color26=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|47|30|N|88|22|1|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= North Barrackpur | numbered27=M| mark-title27=[[North Barrackpur]] (M)|<br />
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|50|11|N|88|23|44|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28=Shyamnagar | numbered28=N| mark-title28=[[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]] (N)|shape-color28=#C42222 <br />
|mark-coord29={{coord|22.7629|88.3376}}| label29=Hooghly| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=44| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none<br />
|mark-coord30={{coord|22.7442|88.3558}}| label30=River| label-color30 = #77A1CB| label-angle30=71| label-pos30=top| label-size30=10| mark-size30=0| mark-title230 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Location===<br />
Bhatpara is located at {{Coord|22.87|N|88.41|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Bhatpara.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Bhatpara, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=31 December 2019}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 12&nbsp;metres (39&nbsp;feet). The main town is sandwiched between the Hoogly river in the west and railway track linking [[Sealdah]] and [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]] in the east.<br />
<br />
Bhatpara is bounded by [[Naihati]] and [[Dogachhia, West Bengal|Dogachhia]] on the north, [[Panpur]], Rambati, [[Mukundapur]], [[Abhirampur]], Keutia, [[Bidyadharpur|Bidydharpur]], Rahuta, Basudevpur and Gurdaha on the east, [[Kaugachhi]], [[Garshyamnagar]] and [[Garulia]] on the south and the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] on the west. Although not specifically spelled out, it is evident that localities such as [[Jagatdal]], Kankinara, [[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]], Authpur, Milangar and Sahebbagan are neighbourhoods in Bhatpara.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of Barrackpore I CD Block on Page 365 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 21 June 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
96% of the population of [[Barrackpore subdivision]] (partly presented in the map alongside) live in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km<sup>2</sup> The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>For most of the cities/ towns information regarding density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.</small><br />
<br />
<small>All places marked on the map are linked in the full-screen map.</small><br />
<br />
===Police station===<br />
[[Jagatdal#Police station|Jagaddal]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Bhatpara Municipal area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 11 June 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | title = Barrackpore Police Commissionerate | work = List of Police Stations with telephone numbers | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 11 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143852/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/bkp_commissionerate.php | archive-date = 12 June 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Post Offices===<br />
Bhatpara has a delivery sub [[post office]], with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743123 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in [[Kolkata]] region. The only other post office with the same PIN is Muktarpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/bhatpara | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180711090323/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/bhatpara | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 11 July 2018 | title = Bhatpara PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
ESD M, a delivery sub post office in the [[Jagatdal]] area has [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743124 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Kolkata region. There is no other post office with the same PIN.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/esd-m | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180712053058/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/esd-m | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 12 July 2018 | title = ESD M PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Jagatdal]] has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743125 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Kolkata region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Golghar and Gupter Bagan.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/jagatdal | title = Jagatdal PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in | access-date = 11 July 2018 | archive-date = 11 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180711095400/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/jagatdal | url-status = usurped }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kankinara has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743126 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Kolkata region. Other post office with the same PIN are [[Keotia]], Kushdanga, Madral, [[Narayanpur, Assam|Narayanpur]] and Padmalavapur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/kankinara | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180712052227/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/kankinara | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 12 July 2018 | title = Kankinara PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
While [[Shyamnagar, West Bengal|Shyamnagar]] has a delivery sub post office Mulajore has a non-delivery sub post office, both with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743127 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Kolkata region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Kowgachhi, [[Paltapara]], Feeder Road, [[Gurdah]], Mondalpara and Purbabidhyadharpur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/shyamnagar-north-24-parganas | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180711092754/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/shyamnagar-north-24-parganas | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 11 July 2018 | title = Shyamnagar North 24 Parganas PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Athpur has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743128 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Kolkata region. There is no other post office with the same PIN.<ref name="Athpur PIN Code">{{cite web | url = http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/athpur | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180712053313/http://pincodezip.in/pincode/west-bengal/north-24-parganas/north-presidency/athpur | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 12 July 2018 | title = Athpur PIN Code | publisher = pincodezip.in |access-date = 11 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Fingapara has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 743129 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Kolkata region. There is no other post office with the same PIN.<ref name="Athpur PIN Code"/><br />
<br />
===Weather===<br />
Bhatpara has hot and humid summer and dry winter, typical of West Bengal. The rainy season is typically from mid-July to mid- or late October. Average temperature during summer can go as high as 38 degree Celsius and in winter the mercury plunges to below 10 degree Celsius. Humidity, in the time of summer, is often above 90% and is the primary reason of discomfort.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
===Population===<br />
{{Historical population<br />
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title=District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date=11 June 2018}}</ref><br />
| 1901 | 21540<br />
| 1911 | 50414<br />
| 1921 | 65609<br />
| 1931 | 84975<br />
| 1941 | 117044<br />
| 1951 | 134916<br />
| 1961 | 147630<br />
| 1971 | 217504<br />
| 1981 | 290721<br />
| 1991 | 339959<br />
| 2001 | 442633<br />
| 2011 | 383762<br />
}}<br />
As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Bhatpara (municipal area + outgrowth) had a total population of 386,019, of which 204,539 (53%) were males and 181,480 (47%) were females. Population in the age range of 0–6 years was 35,5141. The total number of literates in Bhatpara was 297,161 (84.78% of the population 7 years and over).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 7 June 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Bhatpara had a population of 441,956. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Bhatpara had an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 78% and female literacy of 66%. 9% of the population was under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
===Migrants===<br />
The educated, middle-income, and predominantly Bengali populace lives in the old town area.<ref>Goswami, Onkar, ''Calcutta’s Economy 1918-1970 The fall from Grace'' in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol II, edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, p 90, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-563697-X}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to a study carried out by [[Vidyasagar University]], "Most of these industrial units were located in riverine towns. A few of these were old towns inhabited previously by middle-class Bengali 'babus' while others were new towns grown out of agricultural lands... Agriculture in Bengal was more remunerative than work in the jute mills but what the jute mills paid was enough to attract labour from [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]], U.P. first and then from C.P. or even Madras...The industrial 'mohallas' remained as 'ghettos'. There was little or no interconnection or social and cultural contact between the local Bengali population and the millhands. Both lived in their worlds."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | title = Industrialisation and Emergence of Labour Force in Bengal during The Colonial Period: Its Socio-Economic Impact | first = Nirban | last = Basu | publisher = Vidyasagar University Journal of History, Vol 1, 2012-13 | access-date = 16 July 2018 | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717070651/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1245/2/2.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Kolkata Urban Agglomeration===<br />
The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: [[Kanchrapara]] (M), [[Jetia]] (CT), [[Halisahar]] (M), [[Balibhara]] (CT), [[Naihati]] (M), '''Bhatpara''' (M), [[Kaugachhi]] (CT), [[Garshyamnagar]] (CT), [[Garulia]] (M), [[Ichhapur Defence Estate]] (CT), [[North Barrackpur]] (M), [[Barrackpur Cantonment]] (CB), [[Barrackpore]] (M), [[Jafarpur]] (CT), [[Ruiya]] (CT), [[Titagarh]] (M), [[Khardaha]] (M), [[Bandipur, North 24 Parganas|Bandipur]] (CT), [[Panihati]] (M), [[Muragachha]] (CT) [[New Barrackpore]] (M), [[Chandpur, Ghola|Chandpur]] (CT), [[Talbandha]] (CT), [[Patulia]] (CT), [[Kamarhati]] (M), [[Baranagar]] (M), [[South Dumdum]] (M), [[North Dumdum]] (M), [[Dum Dum]] (M), [[Noapara, India|Noapara]] (CT), [[Babanpur]] (CT), [[Teghari]] (CT), [[Nanna, North 24 Parganas|Nanna]] (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and [[Panpur]] (OG).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher= Census of India 2011 | access-date = 7 June 2018}}</ref><br />
===Languages===<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages spoken in Bhatpara city (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref><br />
|label2 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
|value2 = 41.2<br />
|color2 = red<br />
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|value1 = 45.5<br />
|color1 = violet <br />
|label3 = [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br />
|value3 = 11.7<br />
|color3 = brown<br />
|label4 = [[Odia language|Odia ]]<br />
|value4 = 0.4<br />
|color4 = orange<br />
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|bhojpuri]]<br />
|value5 = 0.6<br />
|color5 = teal<br />
|label6 = Others<br />
|value6 = 1.1<br />
|color6 = yellow<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Infrastructure==<br />
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Bhatpara (municipality + outgrowth) covered an area of 34.69&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. Amongst the civic amenities it had 60&nbsp;km of roads and both open and closed drains. Amongst the medical facilities, it had 32 dispensaries/ health centres, 1 veterinary hospital, 5 charitable hospitals/ nursing homes and 32 medicine shops. Amongst the educational facilities It had 195 primary schools, 11 middle schools, 24 secondary schools, 21 senior secondary schools, 17 non-formal education centres and 1 special school for disabled. Amongst the social, recreational and cultural facilities it had 4 auditorium/ community halls, 23 cinema/theatres, 10 public libraries and 10 reading rooms. Amongst the commodities manufactured were jute, tyre and battery. It had 6 bank branches.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Pages 791-794; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 795-796; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to the Barrackpore administration, amongst the educational facilities at Bhatpara are 135 primary schools, 10 secondary schools and 35 higher secondary schools. Amongst the other facilities are 11 markets, 3 ferry ghats, 2 cinema halls, 2 auditoriums, 10 play grounds and 2 burning ghats. 27,932 houses had water connections and there were 4,950 street taps.<ref name=municipality>{{cite web | url = http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_Bhatpara%20Municipality.htm | title = Bhatpara Municipality | publisher = Barrackpore administration | access-date = 24 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111211072445/http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/htm/sdobkp_Bhatpara%20Municipality.htm | archive-date = 11 December 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
See also [[Barrackpore subdivision#Municipal towns/ cities|Cities and towns in Barrackpore subdivision]]<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
===Industry===<br />
Earlier, a significant portion of the population was engaged in some form of job in the local [[Jute mill|jute mills]]. Economic instability related to the jute industry in West Bengal forced many of these mills to be shut down. A large number of people of Bhatpara commute to Kolkata for work and a few are engaged in small personal businesses within the locality. A significant number of people have also moved out of Bhatpara. (see the Demographics section for the rather dramatic tell-tale data).<br />
<br />
* The Titagarh Paper Mills were set up at Titagarh and Kakinara in 1882.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_tiwar_paper_frameset.htm|title=History of Paper Technology in India|access-date=17 May 2015}}</ref> As of 2017, Titaghur Paper Mills Co. Ltd. is in the process of striking off.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/TITAGHUR-PAPER-MILLS-CO-LTD/U21012WB1900PLC000444 | title = Titaghur Paper Mills Co. Ltd. | publisher = Zauba Corp | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref><br />
* Nafar Chandra Jute Mills Ltd. was established in 1935 and was recorded as active in 2017.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/NAFFAR-CHANDRA-JUTE-MILLS-LTD/U17232WB1935PLC008441 | title = Nafar Chandra Jute Mills Ltd. | publisher = Zauba Corp | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref> However, it has been going through bad patches. Nafar Chandra Jute Mill was shut down in 2006, rendering around 6,000 workers jobless. Again in 2015, both Nafar Chandra and Kankinara Jute Mills shut down rendering a total of around 9,000 workers jobless.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1060521/asp/bengal/story_6250235.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060825125629/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060521/asp/bengal/story_6250235.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 August 2006 | title = Union leaders face wrath | publisher = The Telegraph, 21 May 2006 | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=telegraph>{{cite web | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1150502/jsp/bengal/story_17806.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150505194854/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150502/jsp/bengal/story_17806.jsp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 May 2015 | title = 2 Jute mills stop work | publisher = 2 May 2015 | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref><br />
* Kanknarrah Company Limited was established in 1882 and its jute mill at Kankinarah started producing in 1883. Jardine Henderson were the managing agents. The company was acquired by B.C.Jain Group in 1988.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.worldjute.com/wj_Kanknarrah.html | title = Kanknarrah Company Limited | publisher = World Jute.Com | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref> Kankinara Jute Mill suspended work in 2006 and reopened in 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.oneindia.com/2006/05/20/suspension-of-work-in-kankinara-jute-mill-1148122277.html | title = Suspension of Work in Kankinara Jute Mill | publisher = One India 20 May 2006 | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.oneindia.com/2007/06/11/jute-mill-reopens-after-agreement-between-labour-management-1181547384.html | title = Jute Mill reopened after agreement between labour | publisher = One India 11 June 2007 | access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref> Again in 2015, both Nafar Chandra and Kankinara Jute Mills shut down rendering a total of around 9,000 workers jobless.<ref name=telegraph/><br />
* Alexandra Jute Mill, under [[National Jute Manufactures Corporation Limited]] at Jagatdal is a closed mill.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://texmin.nic.in/sites/default/files/note_on_jute_sector_1.pdf | title = The Jute and Textile Industry | work = Page 10 | publisher = Textile Ministry| access-date = 7 July 2018}}</ref> It was closed in 2002.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jutecomm.gov.in/closure.htm | title = Mills under suspension of work as on 26 June 2009 | publisher = Jute Commissioner, Government of India | access-date = 12 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180717002218/http://jutecomm.gov.in/closure.htm | archive-date = 17 July 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
* Meghna Jute Mill is closed.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140512/jsp/nation/story_18332756.jsp#.U5rRPHayKt8 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140515125329/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140512/jsp/nation/story_18332756.jsp#.U5rRPHayKt8 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 15 May 2014 |title = Lock-out Land| publisher = The Telegraph, 12 May 2014 |access-date = 13 July 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
There are a number of jute mills in the Bhatpara area (Jagatdal, Kankinara and Shyamnagar) listed by the Jute Commissioner: Alliance Mills, Anglo-India Jute and Textile Industries, Auckland Jute Mill, Jagatdal Jute & Industries, Reliance Jute Mills, Shree Gourishankar Jute Mill and Waverly Jute Mill. These mills are not declared as closed<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.jutecomm.gov.in/locations.htm | title = Indian Jute Mills| work = Locations | publisher = Jute Commissioner, Ministry of Tetlies| access-date = 13 July 2018}}</ref> but they do not seem to be in operation. Information about these mills is not readily available.<br />
* Exide Industries Ltd, Shyamnagar situated in Authpur is one of the factories which are in good condition and important setup of storage battery manufacturer [[Exide]]<br />
<br />
===KMDA===<br />
Bhatpara Municipality is included in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] for which the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|KMDA]] is the statutory planning and development authority.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/QVRNUU5QNW5kK1dCRDQ3V0pmRXBqQitJRU9kS1k1WEhRblBLdmc1ZVZNMW5WZlZRTHRLd0hxUHc4dlk2VWQ4WmhueGdBSURnc0w2OUZqZzl4WXFTRVE9PQ== | title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11 | work = 1/1 Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map | publisher = KMDA | access-date = 7 June 2018 | archive-date = 1 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501182418/https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/QVRNUU5QNW5kK1dCRDQ3V0pmRXBqQitJRU9kS1k1WEhRblBLdmc1ZVZNMW5WZlZRTHRLd0hxUHc4dlk2VWQ4WmhueGdBSURnc0w2OUZqZzl4WXFTRVE9PQ== | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/MTFVek5Lc3UrYmJ4R0xLM3ZqRTdKQWJlK2tJV3BicHZGNjB1Uldpa0JLTXM0RHd6Q29vWXViQlBLSmNPQkZsZW5hcDFwM1VaUTQwaHJlVDQ5NG5FeWc9PQ== | title = Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11 | work = 1 / 2 Role of KMDA | publisher = KMDA | access-date = 7 June 2018 | archive-date = 1 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190501182413/https://kmdaonline.org/home/download/MTFVek5Lc3UrYmJ4R0xLM3ZqRTdKQWJlK2tJV3BicHZGNjB1Uldpa0JLTXM0RHd6Q29vWXViQlBLSmNPQkZsZW5hcDFwM1VaUTQwaHJlVDQ5NG5FeWc9PQ== | url-status = usurped }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
[[State Highway 1 (West Bengal)|State Highway 1]] (locally known as Ghoshpara Road) passes through Bhatpara.<ref name=google>Google maps</ref> Public transport includes auto rickshaws running between [[Naihati]] and Bhatpara, cycle rickshaws and bus service (routes 85, 87A etc).<br />
<br />
Bhatpara is served by three railway stations on the [[Sealdah-Ranaghat line]]. [[Shyamnagar railway station]] is 30.2&nbsp;km from [[Sealdah railway station]], [[Jagaddal railway station]] is 33.2&nbsp;km and [[Kankinara railway station]] is 35.1&nbsp;km.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-kalyani-simanta-local-31311/16438/325/958#st | title = 31311 Sealdah-Kalyani Simanta Local | work = Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo | access-date = 24 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google/> The railway links are part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system. It is approximately a one-hour train journey from Kolkata to Bhatpara.<br />
<br />
It also has boat services to the other bank of Hooghly river, connecting it to [[Chinsura]] and [[Chandannagar]].<br />
<br />
===Commuters===<br />
Around a total of 32 [[lakh]] people from all around the city commute to [[Kolkata]] daily for work. In the Sealdah-Krishnanagar section there are 34 trains that carry commuters from 30 railway stations. In the Seadah-Shantipur section 32 trains carry commuters from 29 stations.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf| title = The Suburban Railway Network of Kolkata: A Geographical Apprisal| first = Teesta| last = Dey| publisher = eTraverse, the Indian journal of spatial science, 2012| access-date = 12 June 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171118122331/http://indiansss.org/pdf/pdfset-8/issueset-9/Art_017.pdf| archive-date = 18 November 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
According to the official website of Barrackpore sub-division,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/htm/sdobkp_Bhatpara%20Municipality.htm |title=Official Website of Barrackpore Sub Division |access-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211072445/http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/htm/sdobkp_Bhatpara%20Municipality.htm |archive-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref> there are 34 higher-secondary, 10 secondary and 135 primary schools within the jurisdiction of Bhatpara Municipality (although not all of them are situated in the main town).<br />
Green Park School, being one of the oldest private primary education institution was started by Md. Fahim Haider in the year 1984, is a very renowned school, and has contributed enormously in the development and education of the localities in the region.<br />
<br />
Although Bhatpara does not have any college within its territorial boundary, colleges in nearby [[Naihati]] and [[Barrackpore]] provide access to higher education for the youth of Bhatpara, Shyamnagar, Kankinara and Jagatdal. Many students go to [[Kolkata]] for university and technical education. Some also go to [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]] because of there being an ITI college for technical education.<br />
<br />
==Sports and culture==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}<br />
Historically Bhatpara is famous as the abode of prominent [[Sanskrit]] pundits and as a seat of learning of ancient [[Hindu]] shastra and [[Vedic]] texts. That aspect of culture has diminished over time. Bhatpara is famous for its [[Durgapuja]]. Although family-based pujas were more common a few decades ago, it has become a community-centric affair in modern times. The youth communities or clubs organise these pujas and due to the sheer number of these clubs, one can find over fifty pujas being arranged within a square kilometre of area. Under Bhatpara Municipality Kankinara is famous for [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] and Chatth puja. It is famous for traditional clothes like Punjabi, Sherwani, indo-western dress.<br />
<br />
Sahitya Mandir is a West Bengal Government registered and a state-funded public library is situated there.<br />
<br />
==Places of interest==<br />
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}<br />
<br />
===Rupdas Babur Ghat===<br />
One of the oldest ghats, it belongs to the Mukherjee family. Since almost 100 years back Radhakanta Mukherjee built the ghat in 1908 and dedicated it to his father Late Rupdas Mukherjee on the bank of River Ganga. Apart from that there is a Ganga-nasi Ghar (for Antorjali Jatra), Rupeswar Shiv Mandir. The family carries on with their traditional Ratha Jatra which was started in the year of 1912.<br />
<br />
===Bhatpara Gure Bari===<br />
It is one of the oldest zamindari houses of Bhatpara where an age-old Durga Puja is celebrated.<br />
<br />
===Balaram Sarkar Ghat===<br />
It is a ghat beside the Ganges. It is the oldest ghat of Bhatpara.<br />
<br />
===Panch Mukhi Hanuman Mandir===<br />
Just 200 metres from Kankinara Bazar towards the Kankinara Ghat, the Panch Mukhi Hanuman Mandir is located.<br />
The evening Arti of lord Hanuman is also famous.<br />
<br />
===Bhatpara Kali Temple===<br />
It is a temple in this locality, beside the Ganga river and the ghat named Balaram Sarkar Ghat.<br />
<br />
===Panchmandir===<br />
It is a complex of five temples constructed nearly 400 years ago. Each of the temples were funded by different well-established families. Some portions of these temples were decorated with terracotta art.<br />
<br />
===Aat goli===<br />
"Aat Goli"(আট গলি= Eight Alleys/Lanes) is an amalgamation of eight different back-alleys connected during municipal renovations. It is notable for being extremely narrow and having eight near-exact 90 degree turns, meandering between 2-storied buildings like a narrow stream through mountains. It connects the "Shetala Mandir" to the Barowari Math.<br />
<br />
===Madrail Hanuman Mandir (Madral Mahaveer Mandir)===<br />
The Idol of god is in lying position, situated at 10 feet below the surface. This temple is located 2.5&nbsp;km from Kankinara railway station. Along with this a Shiva temple is also situated nearby to it. Vaishnav, Kali, and Vishwakarma temples are also situated nearby to this temple.<br />
<br />
===Ishaque Sardar Masjid===<br />
The holy place of the local Muslims in Kankinara.<br />
<br />
===Baraipara Jama Masjid===<br />
Old mosque of the Arya Samaj area. Mostly managed by the local youths.<br />
<br />
===Kankinara Jama Masjid===<br />
100 years old and the biggest mosque of the Kankinara area. It has a capacity of more than a thousand people.<br />
<br />
==Healthcare==<br />
Bhatpara State General Hospital functions with 119 beds and Bhatpara Matri Mangal Pratisthan has 15 beds. Kakinara has a [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centre]] with 6 beds.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 June 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://bhatparamunicipality.in/ Bhatpara Municipality official website]<br />
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kolkata/Northern fringes}}<br />
<br />
{{North 24 Parganas District}}<br />
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}<br />
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anu_Mohan_(Malayalam_actor)&diff=486967Anu Mohan (Malayalam actor)2026-01-17T15:24:24Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Created entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=February 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anu Mohan<br />
| image = Anu mohan Kollam.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = Anu Mohan<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|08|24|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2005{{En dash}}present<br />
| parents = {{ubl|K. Mohankumar|[[Shobha Mohan]]}}<br />
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] (Grandfather)|[[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]] (Uncle)|[[Vinu Mohan]] (Brother)|[[Vidhya Mohan|Vidhya Vinu Mohan]] (Sister-in-law)}}<br />
| spouse = Maheshwari<br />
| children = 1<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anu Mohan''' (born 24 August 1990) is an Indian actor who works in [[Malayalam film]]s.<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Anu Mohan was born to actress [[Shobha Mohan]] and K. Mohankumar in [[Kottarakkara]], [[Kerala]], India. He is the grandson of veteran actor [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]] and nephew of actor [[Sai Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Saikumar]]. His elder brother [[Vinu Mohan]] is also an actor.<br />
<br />
He married Maheshwari in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 January 2017 |title=Actor Anu Mohan ties the knot |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/actor-anu-mohan-gets-married.html |access-date=7 Nov 2024 |website=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> The couple have a son.<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2020 |title='ആശുപത്രിയിൽ പോകാതെയാണ് എന്റെ ഭാര്യ പ്രസവിച്ചത്; തികച്ചും പരമ്പരാഗത പ്രസവരീതി പോലെ' |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actor-anu-mohan-opens-up-about-his-child-birth/articleshow/74387245.cms |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=26 April 2021 |title=എന്റെ സ്വന്തം മൊട്ടത്തലകളെന്ന് അനു മോഹൻ; 'ബട്ട് വൈ' എന്ന് ചോദിച്ച് ആരാധകര് |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actor-anu-mohan-shares-a-pic-of-his-wife-maheshwari-and-son-jaydan-on-instagram/articleshow/82260192.cms |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He debuted as a child artist in ''[[Kanne Madanguka]]'' (2005). His first leading role was in 2012 with the film ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]''. In the same year, he played the antagonist in ''[[Theevram]].'' He has since acted in the films ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' (2014), ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' (2017), ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' (2020) and ''[[Last 6 Hours]]'' (2022).<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
<br />
===Feature films===<br />
*All films are in [[Malayalam]] language unless otherwise noted.<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || ''[[Kanne Madanguka]]'' || Nassar || Child artist <br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' || Veeru ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Orkut Oru Ormakoot]]'' || Sooraj ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Theevram]]'' || Raghavan ||<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' || Vinu Ramachandran ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''Pianist'' || Manu ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[The Last Supper (2014 film)|The Last Supper]]'' || Imran Khan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|2015 || ''[[Picket 43]]'' || Dineshan ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[You Too Brutus (film)|You Too Brutus]]'' || Vicky ||<br />
|- <br />
|| ''Loka Samastha'' || Sarath ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroads]]'' || Jomon ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''Ankarajyathe Jimmanmar'' || Roshan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''Kattu Kadal Kuthirakal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' || Sujith ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=6| 2022 || ''[[Twenty One Gms]]'' || Sunny ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Lalitham Sundaram]]'' || Jerry || rowspan=2|Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/actor-anu-mohan-says-the-experience-while-acting-with-actress-manju-warrier-in-lalitham-sundaram-movie/articleshow/80168601.cms|title=Anu Mohan shares his acting experience with Manju Warrier in the sets of Lalitham Sundaram}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[12th Man (film)|12th Man]]'' || Sidharth<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Vaashi (2022 film)|Vaashi]]'' || Gautham Ganesh || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Last 6 Hours]]'' || Shameer || Malayalam-[[Tamil language|Tamil]] film<ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/mar/03/bharath-to-headline-tamil-malayalam-bilingual-last-6-hours-17313.html | title=Bharath to headline Tamil-Malayalam bilingual, Last 6 Hours | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=3 March 2020 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Kotthu]]'' || Omar ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || ''[[Dhoomam (2023 film)|Dhoomam]]'' || Satya ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=Fahadh Faasil's lips are taped in Dhoomam first look. See here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/fahadh-faasil-lips-are-taped-in-dhoomam-first-look-see-here-8560665/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2024 || ''[[Secret Home]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sshivada, Chandhunadh, Aparna Das and Anu Mohan to headline Secret Home |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/28/sshivada-chandhunadh-aparna-das-and-anu-mohan-to-headline-secret-home-40466.html |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=28 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Big Ben'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-06-09 |title=Anu Mohan and Aditi Ravi's Big Ben gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/09/anu-mohan-and-aditi-ravis-big-ben-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hunt (2024 film)|Hunt]]'' || Aravind || <ref>{{Cite news |title=It's a wrap for Bhavana's horror thriller 'Hunt' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-bhavanas-horror-thriller-hunt/articleshow/97691968.cms |access-date=2023-02-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadha Innuvare]]'' || Joseph||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-24 |title=Kadha Innuvare release date announced |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/24/kadha-innuvare-release-date-announced |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || ''[[Vilayath Buddha]]'' || Anil Bhaskar ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2025-11-05 |title=Prithviraj's Vilaayath Budha gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Nov/05/prithvirajs-vilaayath-budha-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Jean Val Jean}} || {{TBA}} ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Short films===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Role <br />
|-<br />
|2015|| ''Open Your Mind''|| Manu <br />
|-<br />
|2017 ||''Oru Aquarium love story'' ||Anu<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=7075333}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Anu}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1990 births]]<br />
<br />
{{India-film-actor-1990s-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dinesh_Oraon&diff=464925Dinesh Oraon2026-01-16T14:55:21Z<p>ClintCarswell72: quick update</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=January 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br />
'''Dinesh Oraon''' is an Indian politician and leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Jharkhand]]. He worked as a [[List of speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Speaker]] of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from 2014 to 2019<ref>{{cite book |author=Europa Publications |year=2016 |title=The Territories and States of India 2016 |publisher=Routledge |page=330 |isbn=9781134993819}}</ref> and was elected twice from [[Sisai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in 2000 and 2014 to the assembly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/dinesh-oraon-unanimously-elected-jharkhand-speaker/articleshow/45790288.cms?from=mdr|title = Dinesh Oraon unanimously elected Jharkhand Speaker|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the 2014 assembly election he defeated Geetashree Oraon, a former minister of [[Indian National Congress]]. He did not contest the 2005 and 2009 elections. Oraon was born in Murgu, sisai [[Gumla district]] in 1962 and studied M A and earned his PhD. He served [[Ranchi University]] as lecturer.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oraon, Dinesh}}<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]<br />
[[Category:Ranchi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Speakers of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Jharkhand-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biyyapu_Madhusudhan_Reddy&diff=491982Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy2026-01-16T14:39:40Z<p>ClintCarswell72: creating new post basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
'''Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Srikalahasti Assembly constituency]] in [[Chittoor district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikalahasti Constituency Election Results 2019: Srikalahasti Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/srikalahasti |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He has been nominated again by YSRCP to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-20 |title=Srikalahasti legislator's massive rally before nomination blocks Swarnamukhi bridge |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/srikalahasti-legislators-massive-rally-before-nomination-blocks-swarnamukhi-bridge/articleshow/109463903.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy was born in Srikalahasti to Biyyapu Govinda Reddy. He completed his intermediate, the pre university course in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=Biyyapu Madhusudhan Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Srikalahasti {{!}} Chittoor {{!}} AP |url=https://theleaderspage.com/biyyapu-madhusudhan-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Reddy started his political career with [[YSR Congress Party]] in 2014. He contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] but lost to [[Bojjala Gopala Krishna Reddy]] of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 7,583 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikalahasti Assembly Election 2024: Srikalahasti Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/srikalahasti-constituency-result-1168 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] defeating Bojjala Reddy, this time around, by a margin of 38,141 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srikalahasti Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Srikalahasti Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/srikalahasti-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhusudhan Reddy, Biyyapu}}<br />
[[Category:1970 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_IIFA_Awards&diff=4755968th IIFA Awards2026-01-11T21:43:39Z<p>ClintCarswell72: updated page for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film award ceremony in 2007}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox film awards<br />
| number = 8<br />
| award = IIFA Awards<br />
| award_link = International Indian Film Academy<br />
| type = <br />
| image = Iifa_2007_logo.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = The official logo of the 2007 IIFA Awards<br />
| date = {{Start date|2007|06|07|df=y}}–<br />{{End date|2007|06|09|df=y}}<br />
| site = [[Motorpoint Arena Sheffield|Hallam FM Arena]] <br/> [[Sheffield]], [[England]]<br />
| host = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Boman Irani]]<br />
* [[Lara Dutta]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = <br />
| director = <br />
| organizer = <br />
| best_picture = ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<br />
| best_direction = ''[[Rajkumar Hirani]]''<br />
| best_direction_film = ''([[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]])''<br />
| best_actor = ''[[Hrithik Roshan]]''<br />
| best_actor_film = ''([[Krrish]])''<br />
| best_actress = ''[[Rani Mukerji]]''<br />
| best_actress_film = ''([[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]])''<br />
| most_wins = ''Rang De Basanti'' (11)<br />
| most_nominations = ''Rang De Basanti'' (21)<br />
| channel = [[Star Plus]]<br />
| network = [[Star India|STAR TV]]<br />
| duration = <br />
| ratings = <br />
| last = [[2006 IIFA Awards|7th]]<br />
| next = [[2008 IIFA Awards|9th]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2007 IIFA Awards''', officially known as the '''8th [[International Indian Film Academy|International Indian Film Academy Awards]] '''ceremony, presented by the International Indian Film Academy honored the [[Bollywood films of 2006|best films of 2006]] and took place between 7–9 June 2007. The official ceremony took place on 9 June 2007, at the [[Motorpoint Arena Sheffield|Hallam FM Arena]] in [[Sheffield]], [[England]]. During the ceremony, [[IIFA Awards]] were awarded in 29 competitive categories. The ceremony was televised in India and internationally on [[Star Plus]]. Actors [[Boman Irani]] and [[Lara Dutta]] co–hosted the ceremony – the first time.<br />
<br />
Some other salient events held during this weekend included the IIFA World Premiere, IIFA–BAFTA Film Workshop, FICCI–IIFA Global Business –um and the IIFA Foundation Celebrity Charity Cricket Match.<ref name=yorkshire>{{cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/city_yorkshire.php |title= Welcome To International Indian Film Academy |publisher=Iifa.com |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528050120/http://www.iifa.com/city_yorkshire.php |archive-date=28 May 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
The tag line of the IIFA 2007 was ''IIFA 2007: Yorkshire "Love At First Sight".''<br />
<br />
IIFA returned to [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], after Debutant [[1st IIFA Awards|London 2000]].<br />
<br />
''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' led the ceremony with 15 nominations, followed by [[Omkara (2006 film)|''Omkara'']] with 11 nominations, ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' and ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' with 10 nominations, ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' with 9 nominations, and ''[[Krrish]]'' with 7 nominations.<br />
<br />
''Rang De Basanti'' won 11 awards, including [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] ([[Soha Ali Khan]]), thus becoming the most–awarded film at the ceremony.<br />
<br />
''Lage Raho Munna Bhai'' and ''Omkara'' won 4 awards each. Other multiple winners included ''Krrish'' with 3 awards and ''Dhoom 2'' and ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' with two each. In addition, films receiving a single award included, ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' (Best Actress), ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' (Best Comedian), ''[[36 China Town]]'' (Best Male Debut) and ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' (Best Female Debut).<br />
<br />
[[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] each won three awards at the ceremony.<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The awards began in 2000 and the first ceremony was held in [[London]] at The [[Millennium Dome]]. From then on the awards were held at locations around the world signifying the international success of [[Bollywood]]. The next award ceremony was announced to be held in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2008.htm |title=Showcase: IIFA 2008 – Thailand |publisher=IIFA |access-date=2012-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613232933/http://www.iifa.com/web07/showcase/2008.htm |archive-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Winners and nominees==<br />
Winners are listed first and highlighted in '''boldface.'''<ref name=yorkshire/><ref>{{cite web |title=Nominees for IIFA Awards 2007 |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/04/04/2478/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106101301/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2007/04/04/2478/index.html |archive-date=6 January 2008 |date=4 April 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Popular awards===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
|align=right<br />
|direction=vertical<br />
|width=150<br />
|image1=Rajkumar hirani at suresh hiranis funeral.jpg<br />
|caption1=Rajkumar Hirani (''Best Director'')<br />
|image2=<br />
|caption2=Hrithik Roshan (''Best Actor'')<br />
|image3=<br />
|caption3=Rani Mukerji (''Best Actress'')<br />
|image4=Arshad Warsi 2010 - Still 94194 crop.jpg<br />
|caption4=Arshad Warsi (''Best Supporting Actor'')<br />
|image5=Soha Ali Khan still6.jpg<br />
|caption5=Soha Ali Khan (''Best Supporting Actress'')<br />
}}<br />
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''''[[Rang De Basanti]]''&nbsp;– [[UTV Motion Pictures]]'''<br />
** ''[[Dhoom 2]]''&nbsp;– [[Yash Raj Films]] and [[AMC Entertainment]]<br />
** ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''&nbsp;– [[Dharma Productions]] and [[Yash Raj Films]]<br />
** ''[[Krrish]]''&nbsp;– Filmkraft Productions (I) Pvt. Ltd.<br />
** ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''&nbsp;– [[Vinod Chopra Productions]]<br />
** ''[[Vivah]]''&nbsp;– [[Rajshri Productions]]<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rajkumar Hirani]]&nbsp;– ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'''''<br />
** [[Karan Johar]]&nbsp;– ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br />
** [[Rakesh Roshan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Krrish]]''<br />
** [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<br />
** [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Performance In A Leading Role Male]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Performance In A Leading Role Female]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Hrithik Roshan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Krrish]]'' as Krishna Mehra / Rohit Mehra / Krrish'''<br />
** [[Aamir Khan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' as Daljeet 'DJ' / Chandrashekhar Azad<br />
** [[Ajay Devgn]]&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' as Omkara 'Omi' Shukla<br />
** [[Sanjay Dutt]]&nbsp;– ''[[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]'' as Murli Prasad Sharma or "Munna Bhai"<br />
** [[Shah Rukh Khan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' as Don / Vijay<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rani Mukerji]]&nbsp;– ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' as Maya Talwar'''<br />
** [[Aishwarya Rai]]&nbsp;– ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' as Sunehri<br />
** [[Kajol]]&nbsp;– ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'' as Zooni Ali Beg<br />
** [[Kangana Ranaut]]&nbsp;– ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' as Simran<br />
** [[Kareena Kapoor]]&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' as Dolly Mishra<br />
** [[Vidya Balan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' as Jhanvi<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Performance In A Supporting Role Male]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Performance In A Supporting Role Female]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Arshad Warsi]]&nbsp;– ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' as Circuit'''<br />
** [[Abhishek Bachchan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' as Rishi Talwar<br />
** [[Amitabh Bachchan]]&nbsp;– ''Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna'' as Samarjit Singh Talwar (Sexy Sam)<br />
** [[Atul Kulkarni (actor born 1965)|Atul Kulkarni]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' as Laxman Pandey / Ramprasad Bismil<br />
** [[Kunal Kapoor (actor, born 1977)|Kunal Kapoor]]&nbsp;– ''Rang De Basanti'' as Aslam / Ashfaqullah Khan<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Soha Ali Khan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' as Sonia / Durga Bhabi'''<br />
** [[Bipasha Basu]]&nbsp;– ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' as Shonali Bose / Monali Bose<br />
** [[Kirron Kher]]&nbsp;– ''Rang De Basanti'' as Mitro<br />
** [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' as Indu<br />
** [[Rekha]]&nbsp;– ''[[Krrish]]'' as Sonia Mehra<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance In A Comic Role]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance In A Negative Role]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Tusshar Kapoor]]&nbsp;– ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'' as Lucky Gill'''<br />
** [[Chunkey Pandey]]&nbsp;– ''[[Apna Sapna Money Money]]'' as Rana Jang Bahadur<br />
** [[Paresh Rawal]]&nbsp;– ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' as Baburao Ganpatrao Apte<br />
** [[Sharman Joshi]] – ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' as Sukhi / Rajguru<br />
** [[Uday Chopra]]&nbsp;– ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' as Ali Akbar Fateh Khan<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Saif Ali Khan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'' as Ishwar 'Langda' Tyagi'''<br />
** [[Boman Irani]]&nbsp;– ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' as Lucky Singh<br />
** [[Emraan Hashmi]]&nbsp;– ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' as Akash<br />
** [[Hrithik Roshan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Dhoom 2]]'' as Aryan / Mr. "A"<br />
** [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]]&nbsp;– ''[[Zinda (film)|Zinda]]'' as Rohit Chopra<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Male Debutant Star]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Female Debutant Star]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Upen Patel]]&nbsp;– ''[[36 China Town]]'' as Rocky'''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Kangana Ranaut]]&nbsp;– ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]'' as Simran'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Musical awards===<br />
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyrics]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[A. R. Rahman]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'''''<br />
** [[Pritam]]&nbsp;– ''[[Dhoom 2]]''<br />
** [[Rajesh Roshan]]&nbsp;– ''[[Krrish]]''<br />
** [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]&nbsp;– ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br />
** [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''"Chand Sifarish" from ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]''&nbsp;– [[Prasoon Joshi]]'''<br />
** "Beedi" from ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''&nbsp;– [[Gulzar]]<br />
** "Ru Baroo" from ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''&nbsp;– Prasoon Joshi<br />
** "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna" from ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''&nbsp;– [[Javed Akhtar]]<br />
** "Crazy Kiya Re" from ''[[Dhoom 2]]''&nbsp;– [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] – "Chand Sifarish"&nbsp;– ''[[Fanaa (2006 film)|Fanaa]]'''''<br />
** [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Naresh Iyer]] – "Ru Baroo"&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<br />
** [[KK (singer)|KK]] – "Tu Hi Meri Shab"&nbsp;– ''[[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]''<br />
** [[Sonu Nigam]] – "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"&nbsp;– ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br />
** [[Zubeen Garg]] – "Ya Ali"&nbsp;– ''Gangster''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Beedi"&nbsp;– ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'''''<br />
** [[Alka Yagnik]] – "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna"&nbsp;– ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br />
** [[Lata Mangeshkar]] – "Luka Chhupi"&nbsp;– ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<br />
** [[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Pal Pal"&nbsp;– ''[[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]''<br />
** Sunidhi Chauhan – "Crazy Kiya Re"&nbsp;– ''[[Dhoom 2]]''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | Best Song Recording<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | Best Background score<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– [[A. R. Rahman]]'''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– [[A. R. Rahman]]'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Backstage awards===<br />
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Story|Best Story]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rajkumar Hirani]]'''''<br />
** [[Dhoom 2]]&nbsp;– [[Aditya Chopra]]<br />
** [[Krrish]]&nbsp;– [[Rakesh Roshan]]<br />
** [[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]&nbsp;– [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<br />
** [[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– Kamlesh Pandey<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– ''[[Rensil D'Silva]] and [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'''''<br />
** [[Dhoom 2]]&nbsp;– [[Vijay Krishna Acharya]]<br />
** [[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]&nbsp;– [[Anurag Basu]]<br />
** [[Lage Raho Munnabhai]]&nbsp;– [[Abhijat Joshi]], [[Rajkumar Hirani]] and [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]<br />
** [[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]&nbsp;– [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], [[Abhishek Chaubey]] and Robin Bhatt<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai|Lage Raho Munnabhai]] – ''[[Abhijat Joshi]] and [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'''''<br />
** Girish Dhamija – [[Gangster (2006 film)|Gangster]]<br />
** [[Prasoon Joshi]] and [[Rensil D'Silva|Rensil D’Silva]] – [[Rang De Basanti]]<br />
** Sanjay Masoom – [[Krrish]]<br />
** [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] – [[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Technical awards===<br />
{| class=wikitable style="width=150%"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Action|Best Action]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– ''[[Samir Chanda]]'''''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Krrish]]&nbsp;– ''Tony Siutung and Shyam Kushal'''''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematographer]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– ''[[Binod Pradhan]]'''''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''"Beedi Jalaile" from [[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]&nbsp;– ''[[Ganesh Acharya]]'''''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Dhoom 2]]&nbsp;– ''Anaita Shroff Adajania'''''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– ''P. S. Bharathi'''''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Makeup|Best Makeup]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Dhoom 2]]&nbsp;– ''G. A. James'''''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– ''Nakul Kamte'''''<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Sound Re-Recording|Best Sound Re–Recording]]<br />
! style="background:#FFC1CC;" ! style="width=50%" | [[IIFA Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]]<br />
|-<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Rang De Basanti]]&nbsp;– ''Hitendra Gosh'''''<br />
| valign="top" |<br />
* '''[[Krrish]]&nbsp;– ''EFX Studios'''''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Special awards===<br />
<ref name=altfg>{{cite web|author=Andre Soares |url=https://www.altfg.com/blog/awards/indian-film-academy-awards-2007/ |title=Indian Film Academy Awards 2007 |publisher=Altfg.com |date=2007-06-02 |access-date=2012-06-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Most Glamorous Star====<br />
* [[Aishwarya Rai]] & [[Hrithik Roshan]] – ''[[Dhoom 2]]''<br />
<br />
====Creative Person of the Year Award====<br />
* [[Rakesh Roshan]] – ''[[Krrish]]''<br />
<br />
====Special Award – Best Adaptation====<br />
* [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] – [[Omkara (2006 film)|''Omkara'']], adapted from Shakespeare's ''[[Othello]]''<br />
<br />
====Outstanding Achievement by an Indian in International Cinema====<br />
* [[Deepa Mehta]]<br />
<br />
====Lifetime Achievement Award====<br />
* [[Basu Chatterjee]]<br />
* [[Dharmendra]]<br />
<br />
==Superlatives==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Films with multiple nominations<br />
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Nominations<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film<br />
|-<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |15<br />
|''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<br />
|-<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |11<br />
|[[Omkara (2006 film)|''Omkara'']]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |10<br />
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]''<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|''[[Krrish]]''<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|''[[Gangster: A Love Story]]''<br />
|-<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |3<br />
|[[Fanaa (2006 film)|''Fanaa'']]<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"<br />
|+Films with multiple awards<br />
! scope="col" style="width:55px;" |Awards<br />
! scope="col" style="text-align:center;" |Film<br />
|-<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |11<br />
|''[[Rang De Basanti]]''<br />
|-<br />
| scope="row" style="text-align:center" |4<br />
|''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |3<br />
|''[[Krrish]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Omkara (2006 film)|''Omkara'']]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2<br />
|''[[Dhoom 2]]''<br />
|-<br />
|[[Fanaa (2006 film)|''Fanaa'']]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{IIFA Awards}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2007 Iifa Awards}}<br />
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards|*]]<br />
[[Category:2007 Indian film awards]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incendiary_device&diff=453661Incendiary device2025-11-10T23:37:49Z<p>ClintCarswell72: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Weapons intended to start fires}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br />
[[File:Mark 77 bomb loaded on FA-18.jpg|thumb|Loading a [[Mark 77 bomb|Mark 77]] napalm bomb onto a [[United States Marine Corps|US Marine]] Strike Fighter Squadron [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18A Hornet aircraft]] during a June 1993 training exercise]]<br />
[[File:Fire-ball Veste-Coburg.jpg|thumb|A 17th century fire or light ball from [[Veste Coburg]], Germany]]<br />
<br />
'''Incendiary weapons''', '''incendiary devices''', '''incendiary munitions''', or '''incendiary bombs''' are weapons designed to start fires. They may destroy structures or sensitive equipment using fire, and sometimes operate as [[anti-personnel weapon|anti-personnel weaponry]]. Incendiaries utilize materials such as [[napalm]], [[thermite]], [[magnesium|magnesium powder]], [[chlorine trifluoride]], or [[white phosphorus munitions|white phosphorus]].<ref name="ghouta">{{cite book |title= Breaking Ghouta |date= 2018 |publisher= Atlantic Council |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep30699.9 |chapter= Incendiary Weapons|last1= Andriukaitis |first1= Lukas |last2= Beals |first2= Emma |last3= Brookie |first3= Graham |last4= Higgins |first4= Eliot |last5= Itani |first5= Faysal |last6= Nimmo |first6= Ben |last7= Sheldon |first7= Michael |last8= Tsurkov |first8= Elizabeth |last9= Waters |first9= Nick |pages= 36–43 }}</ref> Though colloquially often called "[[bomb]]s", they are not [[explosives]] but in fact operate to slow the process of chemical reactions and use [[Combustion|ignition]] rather than [[detonation]] to start or maintain the reaction. [[Napalm]], for example, is petroleum especially thickened with certain chemicals into a gel to slow, but not stop, combustion, releasing energy over a longer time than an explosive device. In the case of napalm, the gel adheres to surfaces and resists suppression.<br />
<br />
==Pre-modern history==<br />
{{main|Early thermal weapons}}<br />
A range of early thermal weapons were utilized by [[Ancient history|ancient]], [[Middle Ages|medieval]]/[[Post-classical history|post-classical]] and [[Early modern period|early modern]] armies, including hot [[pitch (resin)|pitch]], oil, [[resin]], animal fat and other similar compounds. Substances such as [[quicklime]] and [[sulfur]] could be toxic and blinding. Incendiary mixtures, such as the petroleum-based [[Greek fire]], were launched by throwing machines or administered through a [[siphon]]. Sulfur- and oil-soaked materials were sometimes ignited and thrown at the enemy, or attached to spears, arrows or [[Crossbow bolt|bolts]], and fired by hand or machine. Some siege techniques&mdash;such as [[Mining (military)|mining]] and boring&mdash;relied on combustibles and fire to complete the collapse of walls and structures.<br />
<br />
Towards the latter part of the period, [[gunpowder]] was invented, which increased the sophistication of the weapons, starting with [[fire lance]]s.<br />
<br />
==Development and use in World War I==<br />
[[File:Southend ww1 incendiary bomb.JPG|thumb|right|An incendiary bomb dropped on Southend-on-Sea in 1916]]<br />
[[File:Germany thermite incendiary bomb, dropped on London during zeppelin attack - National World War I Museum - Kansas City, MO - DSC07594.JPG|thumb|right|Remains of a metal canister from a thermite incendiary bomb dropped by a Zeppelin on London during World War I]]<br />
The first incendiary devices to be dropped during [[World War I]] fell on coastal towns in [[Norfolk]], England, on the night of 19–20 January 1915, during a raid by the [[Imperial German Navy]] [[Zeppelin]]s [[Zeppelin LZ 24|L 3]] and [[L 4]].<ref name="WFA1">{{cite web|title=Zeppelins Over Norfolk|url=https://www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/zeppelins-over-norfolk/|website=The Western Front Association|author=David Tattersfield|publisher=Western Front Association|access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref><ref name="THP1">{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Steve |title=Zeppelins on the East Coast |url=https://thehistorypress.co.uk/article/zeppelins-on-the-east-coast/ |website=The History Press |publisher=The History Press |date=18 January 2017 |access-date=3 October 2025}}</ref> These German firebombs were smooth metal canisters packed with [[kerosene]]- or [[Benzene|benzol]]-soaked rope, sealed in resin to form a hardened incendiary core. Dropped from Zeppelin [[airships]] during raids between 1915 and 1917, these devices were designed to ignite fires upon impact. While some later designs featured stabilizing fins, many incendiaries used in early attacks had smooth exteriors, with the rope wrapping giving them a ridged appearance.<br />
<br />
The incendiary bomb's construction began with a hanger at the top, fitted with a cloth streamer to stabilize its descent. Beneath this was a metal cone supporting tightly wound coils of rope, reinforced with wire. A resinous material was poured over the rope and cone, forming a hardened outer casing once solidified. Inside, a central cylinder contained [[thermite]]—a pyrotechnic composition capable of reaching temperatures up to {{convert|5000|F|C}}. The base of the bomb was a strong, saucer-shaped metal plate, pierced with air holes and designed to accommodate the lower end of the thermite cylinder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-zeppelin-incendiary-bomb-designed-to-start-fires-napalm-thermite-chlorine-43842275.html|title=Diagram: Zeppelin Incendiary Bomb designed to start fires|publisher=shutterstock|date=2011|accessdate=3 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
One notable variant was the Goldschmidt Incendiary Bomb, named after [[Hans Goldschmidt]], the inventor of thermite. This design measured approximately 50 cm in height and 18 cm in diameter, with a total weight of around 10 kg. It featured an inner metal cylinder filled with thermite, surrounded by a thin sheet metal container holding 3.5 litres of benzol. The outer shell was wrapped in [[tar|tarred]] rope, which helped retain the benzol within the container and added to the bomb's flammability. This configuration enhanced the incendiary effect upon impact and was typical of the more destructive devices used in later Zeppelin raids.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30020760|title=Weapons and ammunition: (Zeppelin) Goldschmidt Incendiary Bomb<br />
|publisher=Imperial War Museums|location=London|accessdate=6 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 8 September 1915, Zeppelin L 13 dropped a large number of firebombs during a raid on London. Although the devices were generally ineffective in terms of widespread destruction, the attack resulted in civilian casualties and had a significant psychological effect across England.<ref>[[Wilbur Cross (author)|Wilbur Cross]], "Zeppelins of World War I" page 35, published 1991 Paragon House ISBN I-56619-390-7</ref><br />
<br />
Following experiments with 5-litre barrels of benzol, the B-1E [[Elektron (alloy)|Elektron]] fire bomb (German: ''Elektronbrandbombe'') was developed in 1918 by scientists and engineers at the [[Griesheim (Frankfurt am Main)|Griesheim]]-Elektron chemical works. The bomb was ignited by a thermite charge, but the main incendiary effect was from the [[magnesium]] and aluminium alloy casing, which ignited at {{convert|650|C|F}}, sustained combustion at {{convert|1100|C|F}}, and released vapour that burned at temperatures reaching {{convert|1800|C|F}}. A further advantage of the alloy casing was its lightness—being a quarter of the density of steel—which enabled each bomber to carry a considerable number of bombs.<ref>Hanson, Neil (2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hbm-iibF6k0C&dq=William+Robertson++%22commander+in+chief+home+forces%22&pg=PA405 ''First Blitz''], Corgi Books, {{ISBN|978-0552155489}} (pp. 406–408)</ref><br />
<br />
In the summer of 1918, the [[Oberste Heeresleitung|German High Command]] devised an operation called "The Fire Plan" (German: ''Der Feuerplan''). It involved deploying the entire German heavy bomber fleet in successive waves over London and Paris, dropping as many incendiary bombs as possible until either the fleet was destroyed or the crews became too exhausted to continue flying. The objective was to engulf both capitals in an inextinguishable blaze, compelling the Allies to sue for peace.<ref>Hanson, pp. 413–414</ref> Thousands of Elektron bombs were stockpiled at forward bomber bases and the operation was scheduled for August and again in early September 1918. On both occasions, however, the order to take off was countermanded at the last moment, possibly due to fears of Allied reprisals against German cities.<ref>Hanson, pp. 437–438</ref><br />
<br />
Separately, a plan to firebomb New York with new long-range Zeppelins of the L 70 class was proposed by the naval airship fleet commander [[Peter Strasser]] in July 1918, but the proposal was vetoed by Admiral [[Reinhard Scheer]], possibly due to concerns over strategic escalation or feasibility.<ref>Hanson, p. 412</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast to German plans, the [[Royal Air Force]] had already deployed its own "Baby" Incendiary Bomb (BIB), which also contained a thermite charge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F1792791_5056_A318_A8F14492D41C7406.pdf |title=ROYAL AIR FORCE HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 45 – RFC BOMBS & BOMBING 1912–1918 (pp. 12–13) |last1=Dye |first1=Peter |year=2009 |website=www.raf.mod.uk |publisher=Royal Air Force Historical Society |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002700/http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F1792791_5056_A318_A8F14492D41C7406.pdf |archive-date=2 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Development and use in World War II==<br />
[[Image:Luftwaffe 1kg Incendiary Bomb.jpg|thumb|right|A German [[World War II]] 1 kg [[Elektron (alloy)|Elektron]] incendiary bomb]]<br />
Incendiary bombs were used extensively in [[World War II]] as an effective bombing weapon, often in a conjunction with high-explosive bombs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ww2guide.com/bombs.shtml#burn |work=World War II Guide |title=Bombs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050830214546/http://www.ww2guide.com/bombs.shtml |archive-date=30 August 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Probably the most famous incendiary attacks are the [[bombing of Dresden]] and the [[Bombing of Tokyo (10 March 1945)|bombing of Tokyo on 10 March 1945]]. Many different configurations of incendiary bombs and a wide range of filling materials such as isobutyl methacrylate (IM) polymer, [[napalm]], and similar jellied-petroleum formulas were used, many of them developed by the US [[Chemical Warfare Service]]. Different methods of delivery, e.g. small bombs, bomblet clusters and large bombs, were tested and implemented.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Popular Science]] |date=May 1945 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACEDAAAAMBAJ&q=an-m76+first+%2Bbomb&pg=PA100 |title=How we fight Japan with fire |access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> For example, a large bomb casing was filled with small sticks of incendiary ([[bomblet]]s); the casing was designed to open at altitude, scattering the bomblets in order to cover a wide area. An explosive charge would then ignite the incendiary material, often starting a raging fire. The fire would burn at extreme temperatures that could destroy most buildings made of wood or other combustible materials (buildings constructed of stone tend to resist incendiary destruction unless they are first blown open by high explosives).<br />
[[File: Ballroom Castle Warsaw September 17 1939.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Burning ballroom at the [[Royal Castle, Warsaw]], as a result of incendiary bombing by the German [[Luftwaffe]]]]<br />
<br />
The German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' started the war using the 1918-designed one-kilogram magnesium alloy B-1E ''Elektronbrandbombe''; later modifications included the addition of a small explosive charge intended to penetrate the roof of any building which it landed on. Racks holding 36 of these bombs were developed, four of which could, in turn, be fitted to an electrically triggered dispenser so that a single [[Heinkel He 111|He 111]] bomber could carry 1,152 incendiary bombs, or more usually a mixed load. Less successful was the ''Flammenbombe'', a 250&nbsp;kg or 500&nbsp;kg high explosive bomb case filled with an inflammable oil mixture, which often failed to detonate and was withdrawn in January 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcjazz.f2s.com/BlitzBombs.htm |title=German Ordnance |publisher=The Doric Columns |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-date=2 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502002002/http://www.mcjazz.f2s.com/BlitzBombs.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Braddock instruction leaflet.jpg|thumb|right|[[Operation Braddock]] time delay incendiary device manual.]]<br />
In World War II, incendiaries were principally developed in order to destroy the many small, decentralised war industries located (often intentionally) throughout vast tracts of city land in an effort to escape destruction by conventionally aimed high-explosive bombs. Nevertheless, the civilian destruction caused by such weapons quickly earned them a reputation as terror weapons with the targeted populations. [[Nazi Germany]] began the campaign of [[firebombing|incendiary bombings]] at the start of World War II with the [[bombing of Warsaw in World War II|bombing of Warsaw]], and continued with the [[London Blitz]] and the bombing of Moscow, among other cities. Later, an extensive [[reprisal]] was enacted by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in the [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombing campaign]] that led to the near-annihilation of many German cities. In the [[Pacific War]], during the last seven months of strategic bombing by [[B-29 Superfortress]]es in [[air raids on Japan|the air war against Japan]], a change to firebombing tactics resulted in the death of 500,000 Japanese and the homelessness of five million more. Sixty-seven Japanese cities lost significant areas to incendiary attacks. The most deadly single bombing raid in history was [[Bombing of Tokyo in World War II|Operation Meetinghouse]], an incendiary attack that killed some 100,000 Tokyo residents in one night.<br />
<br />
[[Image:stabbrandbombe inc 4 lb.jpg|thumb|British ''I.B. 4-lb. Mk IV'' <ref name="Hussey">{{cite web |first1=G.F. Jr. |last1=Hussey |url=http://www.lexpev.nl/downloads/britishexplosiveordnance1946.pdf |date=4 January 1970 |orig-year=6 October 1946 |publisher=Command Naval Ordnance Systems |title=British English Ordnance |access-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185457/http://www.lexpev.nl/downloads/britishexplosiveordnance1946.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> type incendiary bomb. Top: complete device, nose is red. Middle: dud found without the tin plate tail. Bottom: the remains after burning. [[RAF Bomber Command]] dropped 80 million of these 4 lb incendiary bombs during World War II. The 4 lb bomb was also used by the US as the "AN-M50".]]<br />
<br />
The {{convert|4|lb|abbr=on}} incendiary bomb, developed by [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]], was the standard light incendiary bomb used by [[RAF Bomber Command]] in very large numbers, declining slightly in 1944 to 35.8 million bombs produced (the decline being due to more bombs arriving from the United States). It was the weapon of choice for the [[Dehousing|British "dehousing" plan]]. The bomb consisted of a hollow body made from aluminium-[[magnesium]] [[alloy]] with a cast iron/steel nose, and filled with [[thermite]] incendiary pellets. It was capable of burning for up to ten minutes. There was also a high explosive version and delayed high explosive versions (2–4 minutes) which were designed to kill rescuers and firefighters. It was normal for a proportion of high explosive bombs to be dropped during incendiary attacks in order to expose combustible material and to fill the streets with craters and rubble, hindering rescue services.<br />
<br />
[[File: Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945. CH18371.jpg|thumb|left|[[Avro Lancaster]] bomb bay showing later mix of [[Blockbuster bomb#4000 lb HC bomb|4,000-pound "Cookie" blast bomb]] and 12 small bomb containers each containing 236 4 lb incendiaries.]]<br />
<br />
Towards the end of World War Two, the British introduced a much improved {{convert|30|lb|abbr=on}} incendiary bomb, whose fall was retarded by a small parachute and on impact sent out an extremely hot flame for {{convert|15|ft|abbr=on}}; This, the "Incendiary Bomb, 30-lb., Type J, Mk I",<ref name="Hussey"/> burned for approximately two minutes. Articles in late 1944 claimed that the flame was so hot it could crumble a brick wall. For propaganda purposes the RAF dubbed the new incendiary bomb the "Superflamer".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=Popular+Mechanics+Science+installing+linoleum&pg=PA13 "SUPERFLAMER Dropped by Chute Throws Fire 15 Feet."] ''Popular Mechanics'', December 1944, p. 13. Article bottom of page.</ref><br />
Around fifty-five million incendiary bombs were dropped on Germany by [[Avro Lancaster]]s alone.<br />
<br />
Many incendiary weapons developed and deployed during World War II were in the form of bombs and shells whose main incendiary component is [[White phosphorus (weapon)|white phosphorus]] (WP), and can be used in an offensive anti-personnel role against enemy troop concentrations, but WP is also used for signalling, [[smoke screen]]s, and target-marking purposes. The U.S. Army and marines used WP extensively in World War II and [[Korean War|Korea]] for all three purposes, frequently using WP shells in large 4.2-inch chemical mortars. WP was widely credited by many Allied soldiers for breaking up numerous German infantry attacks and creating havoc among enemy troop concentrations during the latter part of World War II. In both World War II and Korea, WP was found particularly useful in overcoming enemy [[human wave attack]]s.<br />
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==Incendiary weapons after World War II==<br />
Napalm was widely used by the US during the [[Korean War]].<ref name="GS Napalm">{{cite web |last=Pike |first=John |title=Napalm |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/napalm.htm}}</ref> [[Eighth Army (United States)|Eighth Army]] chemical officer Donald Bode reported that on an "average good day” [[United Nations Command|United Nations]] pilots used {{convert|70,000|USgal|L}} of napalm, with approximately {{convert|60,000|USgal|L}} of this thrown by US forces.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Neer|first1=Robert|title=Napalm: An American Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/napalmamericanbi00neer|url-access=limited|date=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/napalmamericanbi00neer/page/n129 99]|isbn=9780674075450}}</ref> British prime minister [[Winston Churchill]] privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel," as US and UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over the civilian population," "tortur[ing] great masses of people." He conveyed these sentiments to US Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff [[Omar Bradley]], who "never published the statement." Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Neer|first1=Robert M.|title=Napalm: An American Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/napalmamericanbi00neer|url-access=limited|date=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=[https://archive.org/details/napalmamericanbi00neer/page/n132 102]–3|isbn=9780674075450}}</ref><br />
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During the [[Vietnam War]], the US developed the [[CBU-55]], a [[cluster bomb]] incendiary fueled by [[propane]], a weapon that was used only once in warfare.<ref>Alan Dawson, ''55 Days: The Fall of South Vietnam'' (Prentice-Hall 1977).</ref> Napalm however, became an intrinsic element of US military action during the Vietnam War as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects. Reportedly about 388,000 tons of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973, compared to 32,357 tons used over three years in the Korean War, and 16,500 tons dropped on Japan in 1945.<ref name="neer1">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/496029a |title=Books in brief. Napalm: An American Biography Robert M. Neer Harvard University Press 352 pp. |journal=Nature |volume=496 |issue=7443 |pages=29 |year=2013 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Liquid Fire – How Napalm Was Used In The Vietnam War|url=https://www.warhistoryonline.com/vietnam-war/history-napalm-vietnam-war.html/2|website=www.warhistoryonline.com|date=June 2016 |publisher=Nikola Budanovic|access-date=8 November 2017|ref=Napalm became a psychological weapon, as the enemy was terrified of the hell on earth caused by its use.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Incendiary bombs used in the late 20th century sometimes contained [[thermite]], made from aluminium and [[Iron(III) oxide|ferric oxide]]. It takes very high temperatures to ignite, but when alight, it can burn through solid steel. In World War II, such devices were employed in incendiary grenades to burn through heavy [[armour]] plate, or as a quick [[welding]] mechanism to destroy [[artillery]] and other complex machined weapons.<br />
<br />
A variety of [[pyrophoric]] materials can also be used: selected [[organometallic]] compounds, most often [[triethylaluminium]], [[trimethylaluminium]], and some other [[alkyl]] and [[aryl]] derivatives of aluminium, [[magnesium]], [[boron]], [[zinc]], [[sodium]], and [[lithium]], can be used. Thickened triethylaluminium, a napalm-like substance that ignites in contact with air, is known as [[thickened pyrophoric agent]], or TPA.<br />
<br />
Napalm proper is no longer used by the United States, although the [[kerosene]]-fuelled [[Mark 77 bomb|Mark 77 MOD 5 firebomb]] is currently in use. The United States has confirmed the use of Mark 77s in [[invasion of Iraq]] in 2003.<br />
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==Incendiary weapons and laws of warfare==<br />
Signatory states are bound by Protocol III of the [[UN Convention on Conventional Weapons]] which governs the use of incendiary weapons:<br />
<br />
* prohibits the use of incendiary weapons against civilians (effectively a reaffirmation of the general prohibition on attacks against civilians in [[Additional Protocol I]] to the [[Geneva Conventions]])<br />
* prohibits the use of air-delivered incendiary weapons against [[legitimate military target|military targets]] located within concentrations of civilians and loosely regulates the use of other types of incendiary weapons in such circumstances.<ref>although the 4th Geneva Convention, Part 3, Article 1, Section 28 states ''"The presence of a protected person(s) may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations."''</ref><br />
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Protocol III states though that incendiary weapons do not include:<br />
<br />
* Munitions which may have incidental incendiary effects, such as illuminates, [[Tracer ammunition|tracers]], smoke or signaling systems;<br />
* Munitions designed to combine penetration, blast or fragmentation effects with an additional incendiary effect, such as armor-piercing projectiles, fragmentation shells, explosive bombs and similar combined-effects munitions in which the incendiary effect is not specifically designed to cause burn injury to persons, but to be used against military objectives, such as armoured vehicles, aircraft and installations or facilities.<br />
{{anchor|Small incendiary device}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
*[[Arson]]<br />
*[[Bat bomb]]<br />
*[[Driptorch]]<br />
*[[Early thermal weapons]]<br />
*[[Fire accelerant]]<br />
*[[Fire balloon]]<br />
*[[Firestorm]]<br />
*[[Fire bombing]]<br />
*[[Flame fougasse]]<br />
*[[Flamethrower]]<br />
*[[Greek fire]] (Historic Byzantine incendiary weapon)<br />
*[[High explosive incendiary]] (HEI)<br />
*[[Incendiary ammunition]]<br />
*[[Meng Huo You]] (Historic Chinese incendiary weapon)<br />
*[[Molotov cocktail]]<br />
*[[Napalm]]<br />
*[[Pen Huo Qi]] (Historic Chinese flamethrower)<br />
*[[Stinkpot (weapon)|Stinkpot]] (Historic Chinese incendiary weapon)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Incendiary weapons}}<br />
*[https://treaties.unoda.org/t/ccw_p3 Protocol III to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to have Indiscriminate Effects]<br />
*[http://www.anesi.com/ussbs01.htm United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific War) 1946]<br />
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=PN8DAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+antitank+1941&pg=PA40 ''Fire From The Sky''] 1944 article on the production of incendiary bombs<br />
* [http://wtw.marjorie-wiki.de/wiki/AN-M50 AN-M50-series incendiary bombs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409183820/http://wtw.marjorie-wiki.de/wiki/AN-M50 |date=9 April 2015 }} (German)<br />
{{Weapons}}<br />
{{Ancient seafaring}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Incendiary Device}}<br />
[[Category:Explosive weapons]]<br />
[[Category:Incendiary weapons| ]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohan_Kumar_Mangalam_Football_Tournament&diff=518187Mohan Kumar Mangalam Football Tournament2025-10-30T08:01:47Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox football tournament|logo=|organiser=Hindustan Zinc Limited|founded={{Start date and age|1976}}|region=India|number of teams=Various|current=|current champions=Delhi XI, Delhi|most successful team=}}<br />
<br />
'''Mohan Kumar Mangalam Football Tournament''' commonly known as the '''MKM Trophy''', MKM Memorial Football Tournament is an annual Indian [[Association football|football]] tournament held in [[Zawar]] [[Rajasthan]] and organized by [[Hindustan Zinc]] (HZL) and Zawar Mines Labour Union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/DFA-Udaipur-team-in-final-of-MKM-Football-2023/cid9845573.htm|title=DFA Udaipur enter finals of the MKM National Football Tournament for the first time in 43 years|date=29 January 2023|access-date=28 February 2023|website=udaipurtimes.com|publisher=Udaipur Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129144906/https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/DFA-Udaipur-team-in-final-of-MKM-Football-2023/cid9845573.htm|archive-date=29 January 2023}}</ref> The tournament was first started in 1976 and is named after Mohan Kumar Mangalam.<br />
<br />
The current champions are Delhi XI who defeated DFA Udaipur on 30 January 2023. After a span of 33 years, a team hailing from [[Delhi]] secured this title.<br />
<br />
== Venue ==<br />
All matches are played at Zawar Stadium in Udaipur.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-24|title=Vedanta Hindustan Zinc National Football Tournament Begins at Zawar|url=https://indiacsr.in/vedanta-hindustan-zinc-national-football-tournament-begins-at-zawar/|access-date=2022-01-02|website=India CSR Network|language=en-US|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055128/https://indiacsr.in/vedanta-hindustan-zinc-national-football-tournament-begins-at-zawar/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Results ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+List of MKM Memorial tournament finals<br />
!Year<br />
!Champions<br />
!Score<br />
!Runners-up<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
|'''Hindustan Zinc XI'''<br />
|<br />
|Rabbani Sporting Club, Kamptee<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|'''Rajasthan Police, Bikaner'''<br />
|<br />
|Bihar Regiment Center Danapur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|'''Hyderabad XI'''<br />
|<br />
|ITI, Bangalore<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|'''CRPF, Neemuch'''<br />
|<br />
|Rajasthan Police, Bikaner<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|'''[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern Railway, Kolkata]]'''<br />
|<br />
|CEC, Cochin Edu City, Cochy<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1981<br />
|'''CRPF, Neemuch'''<br />
|<br />
|Delhi Cantonment <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|'''RTBP, Dehradun'''<br />
|<br />
|Bihar Regiment Center, Danapur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1983<br />
|'''ASC Center, Bangalore'''<br />
|<br />
|Western Railway, Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1984<br />
|'''CRPF, Neemuch'''<br />
|<br />
|Artillery Center, Secunderabad<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|'''ASC center, Bangalore'''<br />
|<br />
|CRPF, Neemuch<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|'''Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCF), Mumbai'''<br />
|<br />
|CRPF, Neemuch<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|'''[[BEML Limited]]'''<br />
|<br />
|Tata Sports Club, Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1988<br />
|'''[[Garhwal FC|Garhwal Heroes FC]]'''<br />
|<br />
|Hindustan Photo Film, Ooty<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|'''Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilizers Limited (RCF), Mumbai'''<br />
|<br />
|FCT, Calcutta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|'''Students FC, Delhi'''<br />
|<br />
|NLC India Ltd, Madras<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<br />
|<br />
|Hindustan Zinc XI<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1992<br />
|'''ITI, Bengaluru'''<br />
|<br />
|Hindustan Zinc XI<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1993<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|'''Punjab State Electricity Board'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Kerala State Electricity Board]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|'''Rail Couch Factory, Kapurthala'''<br />
|<br />
|CRPF, Kolkata<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|Ludhiana Police<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Punjab State Electricity Board]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|'''[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|'''Kerala Financial Corporation'''<br />
|<br />
|CRPF, Kolkata<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|'''National Aluminium Company (NALCO), Bhubaneswar'''<br />
|<br />
|Gorkha Brigade Lucknow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|CRPF, Neemuch<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|Rail Coach Factory Kapurthala<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|'''[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|11 Gorkha Rifles Regiment Center, Lucknow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|'''[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[JCT FC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2006<br />
|'''[[Army Red football team|Army XI]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[JCT FC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|'''Corps of Signal'''<br />
|<br />
|IISCO, Barnpur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|'''Rail Couch Factory, Kapurthala'''<br />
|<br />
|Central Railway, Mumbai<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|'''Lt. B Choudhary & Zawar Mines'''<br />
|<br />
|Rajasthan Police, Jaipur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2010<br />
|'''J&K Police, Jammu'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Amity United FC]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|'''Uttarakhand Police, Dehradun'''<br />
|1–1, {{pso|4–3}}<br />
|Union Bank of India<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bannerjee|first=Prasun|date=2011-01-31|title=Penalty, Goal, and here is the Champion: Mohan Kumar Mangalam Football Tournament 2011 Concludes Today {{!}} UdaipurBlog|url=https://www.udaipurblog.com/penalty-goal-and-here-is-the-champion-mohan-kumar-mangalam-football-tournament-2011-concludes-today.html|access-date=2022-01-02|language=en-US|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055128/https://www.udaipurblog.com/penalty-goal-and-here-is-the-champion-mohan-kumar-mangalam-football-tournament-2011-concludes-today.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2012<br />
|'''Union Bank of India'''<br />
|<br />
|Army Juniors, Lucknow<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2013<br />
|'''RCF, Mumbai'''<br />
|<br />
|Aikya Samilani Kolkata<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Akhtar|date=2013-02-23|title=Vedanta Hindustan Zinc National Football Tournament Begins at Zawar|url=http://www.udaipurpost.com/vedanta-hindustan-zinc-national-football-tournament-begins-at-zawar.html|access-date=2022-01-02|website=UdaipurPost|language=en-US|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055653/http://www.udaipurpost.com/vedanta-hindustan-zinc-national-football-tournament-begins-at-zawar.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|'''[[Kerala Police FC|Kerala Police FC]]'''<br />
|<br />
|[[Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education|LNIPE]], Gwalior<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-24|title=Marwad beats Akola 3-0 on third day at MKM Football|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/marwad-beats-akola-30-on-third-day-at-mkm-football/c74416-w2859-cid103197-s10704.htm|access-date=2022-01-02|website=udaipurtimes.com|language=hi|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055129/https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/marwad-beats-akola-30-on-third-day-at-mkm-football/c74416-w2859-cid103197-s10704.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PIFA|title=PIFA men reach semi finals of MKM tournament, Udaipur. {{!}} PIFA {{!}} Premier India Football Academy {{!}} The Best Indian Football Academy|url=http://pifa.co.in/2017/02/03/pifa-men-reach-semi-finals-of-mkm-tournament-udaipur/|access-date=2022-01-02|language=en-GB|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055130/http://pifa.co.in/2017/02/03/pifa-men-reach-semi-finals-of-mkm-tournament-udaipur/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|'''Gorkha Brigade, Lucknow'''<br />
|<br />
|Hyderabad Police<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-22|title=Udaipur team creates history – Enters Semi Finals of All India Mohan Kumar Manglam Football tournament|url=https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/udaipur-team-creates-history-enters-semi-finals-of-all/c74416-w2859-cid102501-s10704.htm|access-date=2022-01-02|website=udaipurtimes.com|language=hi|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055129/https://udaipurtimes.com/sports/udaipur-team-creates-history-enters-semi-finals-of-all/c74416-w2859-cid102501-s10704.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
| '''Sikh Regiment, Jalandhar'''<br />
|2–0<br />
|[[Indian Air Force football team|Indian Air Force]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Sikh Regiment, Air Force in final|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/sikh-regiment-air-force-in-final-34736|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en|archive-date=2 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102055131/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/sikh-regiment-air-force-in-final-34736|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Times|first=Madhyapradesh|date=2020-02-03|title=Udaipur Football Village। Zinc Mine Workers organised Mohan kumar manglam football tournament every year in Rajasthan {{!}} 42 साल से खदान मजदूर आदिवासी गांव में करा रहे टूर्नामेंट, 170 लोगों को इसमें खेलने से नौकरी मिली|url=https://www.madhyapradeshtimes.in/udaipur-football-village%E0%A5%A4-zinc-mine-workers-organised-mohan-kumar-manglam-football-tournament-every-year-in-rajasthan-42-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A6/|access-date=2022-01-02|website=Madhya Pradesh Times|language=en-US|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819144551/https://www.madhyapradeshtimes.in/udaipur-football-village%E0%A5%A4-zinc-mine-workers-organised-mohan-kumar-manglam-football-tournament-every-year-in-rajasthan-42-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A6/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|'''Delhi XI, New Delhi'''<br />
|2-1<br />
|DFA Udaipur<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Football in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Football in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]<br />
[[Category:1976 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1976]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_Shamsher_Khan_(Shamshernagar)&diff=541655Tomb of Shamsher Khan (Shamshernagar)2025-09-04T20:54:40Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox historic site<br />
| designation1 = MANI<br />
| designation1_offname = Tomb of Shamsher Khan<br />
| designation1_number = N-BR-7<br />
| image = Shamshernagar Bihar Historical Tomb Front View.jpg<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.09047|84.45949|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| location = [[Shamshernagar]], [[Bihar]]<br />
| architecture = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Shamsher_Khan's_Tomb,_Shamshernagar_(circa_1870).jpg|thumb|Shamsher Khan's Tomb, Shamshernagar (circa 1870)]]<br />
'''Tomb of Shamsher Khan''' is a tomb in [[Shamshernagar, India|Shamshernagar]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine B. |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Architecture_of_Mughal_India/3ctLNvx68hIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=shamshernagar+tomb+of+shamsher&pg=PA326&printsec=frontcover |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |pages=325-326 |language=en}}</ref> It is listed as a monument of national importance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Bihar |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_bihar.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625010759/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_bihar.asp |archive-date=2014-06-25 |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Shamsher Khan was the Mughal governor of [[Bihar Subah]]. He built the tomb for himself, as well as a [[caravanserai]], before his death in 1712.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The tomb has a square plan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Bindeshwari Prasad |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Comprehensive_History_of_Bihar_pt_2_1987/PMC1AAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=%22Tomb+of+Shamsher+Khan%22+(Shamshernagar)&dq=%22Tomb+of+Shamsher+Khan%22+(Shamshernagar)&printsec=frontcover |title=Comprehensive History of Bihar: pt. 2. [1987] |date=1974 |publisher=Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute |language=en}}</ref> The building is crowned with a dome, resting upon a tall drum. The drum contains latticed screens.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/List_of_Ancient_Monuments_in_Bengal/N4VIAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=shamshernagar+tomb+of+shamsher&pg=PA332&printsec=frontcover |title=List of Ancient Monuments in Bengal |date= |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |year=1896 |location=Calcutta |pages=332 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tombs in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Domes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-struct-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mukutmanipur&diff=518928Mukutmanipur2025-07-14T16:25:34Z<p>ClintCarswell72: made new info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mukutmanipur<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.9495810|N|86.8046520|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura District|Bankura]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 447<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages*<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 722135<br />
| registration_plate = WB <br />
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mukutmanipur''' is a village in [[Bankura]] district of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. It is located at the confluence of the [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]] and Kumari rivers close to the [[Jharkhand]] border.<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| width=420| height=400| zoom=10<br />
| coord={{coord|22|56|0|N|86|54|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Khatra subdivision in Bankura district'''<br/>CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, C: craft centre, T: ancient/ temple centre<br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br />
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|51|51|N|87|0|21|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Baragari| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Baragari]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br />
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|46|14|N|86|47|37|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Barikul| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Barikul]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|52|50|N|86|52|43|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Haludkanali| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Haludkanali]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|48|N|86|48|8|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Hirbandh| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Hirbandh]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|10|0|N|86|56|0|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Indpur| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Indpur]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|49|0|N|86|38|12|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Jhilimili| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Jhilimili]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|28|N|86|53|2|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7=Kharigerya| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kharigerya]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|58|0|N|86|47|15|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8=Mukutmanipur| numbered8=R| mark-title8= Mukutmanipur (R)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black <!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --><br />
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|42|39|N|86|51|57|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Phulkusma| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Phulkusma]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|51|53|N|86|47|4|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Ranibandh| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Ranibandh]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|50|N|86|39|42|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Rautara| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Rautara]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|46|36|N|87|1|23|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sarenga| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Sarenga, Bankura]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|6|36|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Taldangra| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Taldangra]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|46|28|N|86|54|13|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Matgoda| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Matgoda]] (R)<br />
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|51|0|E}}| label-pos15=right |label15=Khatra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15 =[[Khatra]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|48|0|N|86|57|0|E}}| label-pos16=right |label16=Raipur| numbered16=CT| mark-title16 =[[Raipur, Bankura]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|55|21|N|87|4|24|E}}| label-pos17=right |label17=Simlapal| numbered17=CT| mark-title17 =[[Simlapal]] (CT)| shape-color17=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|59|20|N|86|51|48|E}}| label-pos18=right |label18=Ledisol| numbered18=CT| mark-title18 =[[Ledisol]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000<br />
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|58|0|N|87|10|0|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19=Panchmura| numbered19=C| mark-title19= [[Panchmura]] (C)| shape-color19=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|56|30|N|86|46|14|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Ambikanagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Ambikanagar, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color20=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|46|N|86|59|17|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Atbaichandi| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Atbaichandi]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|57|16|N|87|9|49|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Deulbhira| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Deulbhira]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|1|27|N|87|0|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Harmasra| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Harmasra]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|57|15|N|86|44|51|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Pareshnath| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Pareshnath]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|44|37|N|86|54|51|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25=Mandankuli| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Mandankuli]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666<br />
|mark-coord26={{coord|22.9462|N|86.7003|E}} |label26=Kangsabati Project|labela26= Reservoir| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=0| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none<br />
|mark-coord27={{coord|22.8573|86.9125}}| label27=Kangsabati River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=80| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none}}<br />
<br />
===Area overview===<br />
The map alongside shows the Khatra subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area is having uneven lands with hard rocks. In the Khatra CD block area there are some low hills. The Kangsabati project reservoir is prominently visible in the map. The subdued patches of shaded area in the map show forested areas<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is an almost fully rural area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
<small>Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.</small><br />
<br />
=== Kangsabati project ===<br />
[[File:Mukutmonipur.JPG|thumb|Mukutmanipur Dam]]<br />
[[File:কংসাবতী জলাধার, পশ্চিমবঙ্গ, ভারত। Kangsavati Reservoir, West Bengal, India.jpg|thumb|right|Mukutmanipur Dam]]<br />
In 1956, a giant water dam reservoir was planned at Mukutmanipur, [about 12&nbsp;km from Khatra town in the district of Bankura, WB], under a big vision mooted by the then CM of Bengal Dr Bidhan Ch. Roy. The Mukutmanipur dam was planned to provide major irrigation facilities to 8,000 square kilometres of agricultural land, stretched across [[Bankura District|Bankura]], [[Purulia District|Purulia]], [[Paschim Medinipur]] and parts of upper [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]].<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=156529&usrsess=1 The Statesman 7 September 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102848/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=156529&usrsess=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref> Approximately two kilometres from the lake is the Bangopalpur Reserve Forest, a home of many species of flora and fauna.<br />
<br />
=== Notable attractions ===<br />
Approximately two kilometers from the lake is the Bangopalpur Reserve Forest, a home of many species of flora and fauna. Four kilometres from the dam is the ancient town of [[Ambikanagar, Bankura|Ambikanagar]], once an important place of pilgrimage for [[Jainism|Jains]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singha |first=Maniklal |url=https://www.bucl.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=27582&query_desc=su:%22Customs%22 |title=Paschim rarh tatha Bankura sanskriti |date=1977 |publisher=Chittaranjan Dasgupta |location=Bisnupur}}</ref> However, a flood destroyed most of what remained in 1898.<ref>[http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=169820&usrsess=1 The Statesman 4 January 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120848/http://www.thestatesman.net/page.arcview.php?clid=23&id=169820&usrsess=1 |date=29 September 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Mukutmanipur is home to a 10.8&nbsp;km-long man-made mud-banked fresh water barrage. It canalises Kangshabati and Kumari rivers into the three drought affected districts of Bankura, Purulia and Midnapore for irrigation in the summer months.<br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Mukutmanipur had a total population of 447 of which 240 (54%) were males and 207 (46%) were females. Population below 6 years was 40. The total number of literates in Mukutmanipur was 328 (80.59% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 14 October 2016 }}</ref><br />
<br />
.*For language details see [[Khatra (community development block)#Language and religion]]<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
The Union Railway Minister laid the foundation stone of the new 47&nbsp;km [[Bankura]]-Chhatna-Mukutmanipur line in 2005.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/01/01/stories/2005010101151700.htm The Hindu Business Line 1 January 2005]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/09/21/stories/2005092102931900.htm The Hindu Business Line 21 September 2005]</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|Mukutmanipur}}<br />
* [https://archive.today/20130204032935/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050612/asp/calcutta/story_4856609.asp Calcutta English daily Telegraph review of Mukutmanipur]<br />
* [https://mukutmanipur.in/mukutmanipur-dam/ mukutmanipur dam latest update]<br />
<br />
{{Bankura District}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bankura district]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raat_Jawaan_Hai&diff=527832Raat Jawaan Hai2025-07-07T12:14:00Z<p>ClintCarswell72: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Raat Jawaan Hai.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = [[Comedy]]<br/>[[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| writer = Khyati Anand Puthran<br />
| director = [[Sumeet Vyas]]<br />
| presenter = <br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Barun Sobti]]<br />
* [[Anjali Anand]]<br />
* [[Priya Bapat]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = <!-- or num_series --><br />
| num_episodes = 8<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| producer = Vicky Vijay<br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = Jay I Patel<br />
| editor = Namrata Rao<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 29-39 minutes<br />
| company = Yamini Pictures Private Limited<br />
| network = [[SonyLIV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|10|11}}<br />
| last_aired = <!-- Do not add "present" until an official announcement that the series will be renew. --><br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Raat Jawaan Hai''''' ({{translation|The Night Is Young}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television series directed by [[Sumeet Vyas]] and written by Khyati Anand Puthran. Produced under Yamini Pictures Private Limited, starring [[Barun Sobti]], [[Anjali Anand]] and [[Priya Bapat]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Chakraborty | first=Urmi | title=Raat Jawaan Hai trailer: Barun Sobti, Anjali Anand and Priya Bapat navigate parenthood | website=Telegraph India | date=10 September 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/raat-jawaan-hai-trailer-barun-sobti-anjali-anand-and-priya-bapat-navigate-parenthood/cid/2047109}}</ref> It is premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 11 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Niyogi | first=Agnivo | title=Citadel Diana to Raat Jawaan Hai: Everything you need to know about this week's OTT releases | website=Telegraph India | date=8 October 2024 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/citadel-diana-to-raat-jawaan-hai-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-weeks-ott-releases/cid/2054089}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Barun Sobti]] as Avinash/Avi<br />
* [[Anjali Anand]] as Radhika/Radz<br />
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Suman<br />
* [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] as Satwinder Singh Gulati/Sattu(Suman's husband)<br />
* [[Priyansh Jora]] as Rishi(Radhika's husband) <br />
* [[Hasleen Kaur]] as Swadha(Avinash's wife)<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The series was announced on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramachandran | first=Naman | title=SonyLIV Unveils Robust 2024 Slate, U.S., U.K. Growth Plans, Focus on Family, Youth, Unscripted and Esports Content (EXCLUSIVE) | website=Variety | date=3 January 2024 | url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/asia/sonyliv-2024-slate-1235859347/}}</ref> The [[principal photography]] of the series commenced in March 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Sumeet Vyas to direct SonyLIV series 'Raat Jawaan Hai' | website=The Hindu | date=13 March 2024 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sumeet-vyas-to-direct-sonyliv-series-raat-jawaan-hai/article67946175.ece}}</ref> A special screening of the series was held at Mumbai on 9 October 2024.<ref>{{cite web | title=Priya Bapat, Rithvik Dhanjani, and others at the Raat Jawaan Hai screening | website=Mid-day | date=9 October 2024 | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/video/priya-bapat-rithvik-dhanjani-at-the-raat-jawaan-hai-screening-1076379}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The series opened to positive reviews, with Arpita Sarkar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' rating the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Sarkar | first=Arpita | title=Raat Jawaan Hai Review: Barun Sobti aces 'stay at home' daddy norms like a pro | website=OTTPlay | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/raat-jawaan-hai-review-barun-sobti-sonyliv/de2023fab7505}}</ref> Sonal Pandya of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the series 4/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pandya | first=Sonal | title=Raat Jawaan Hai Review: Sharp Writing, Likable Cast Boost Up Funny And Relatable Family Comedy | website=Times Now | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/raat-jawaan-hai-review-sharp-writing-likable-cast-boost-up-funny-and-relatable-family-comedy-review-114126268}}</ref><br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' said in her review that "Fortunately, Raat Jawaan Hai doesn’t bite off more than it can chew, focusing on delivering a carefully prepared feast of laughs, frowns and tears."<ref>{{cite web | last=Ramnath | first=Nandini | title='Raat Jawaan Hai' review: A delightful show about navigating parenthood and friendship| website=Scroll.in | date=11 October 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1074331/raat-jawaan-hai-review-a-delightful-show-about-navigating-parenthood-and-friendship}}</ref><br />
Troy Ribeiro of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave 3.5 stars and said that "If you’re looking for a heartfelt series that embraces the messiness of parenting with open arms, this one’s for you".<ref>{{cite web | last=Ribeiro | first=Troy | title=Raat Jawaan Hai Review: Barun Sobti, Anjali Anand And Priya Bapat's Series Offers A Heartfelt And Refreshing Take On The Chaos Of Parenting| website=The Free Press Journal | date=9 October 2024 | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/raat-jawaan-hai-review-barun-sobti-anjali-anand-and-priya-bapats-series-offers-a-heartfelt-and-refreshing-take-on-the-chaos-of-parenting}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt30819853}}<br />
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/raat-jawaan-hai-1700001534 ''Raat Jawaan Hai''] on [[SonyLIV]]<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]<br />
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<br />
{{India-tv-stub}}</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_313_of_the_Constitution_of_India&diff=487599Article 313 of the Constitution of India2025-06-28T07:52:04Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]<br />
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]<br />
<br />
This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this '''Article '''of [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], do as follows:<br />
* Remove the "'''REDIRECT'''" line<br />
* Remove this message<br />
and you may then proceed with your page.</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sayyid_Muhammad_Qanauji&diff=533756Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji2025-06-18T12:13:01Z<p>ClintCarswell72: new a data</p>
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<div>[[Mir (title)|Mir]] '''Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji''' was a [[Sufi]] scholar who was chaplain to the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1592–1666) and teacher of his son, the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] (1618–1707).<br />
<br />
==Life==<br />
<br />
Sayyid Muhammad Qanauji{{efn|Sayyid is an honorific title denoting males accepted as descendants of the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. "Qanauji" mean "from [[Kannauj]].}} was the chaplain of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]] (1592–1666).{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=379}}<br />
Sayyid Qannauji and Sayyid Fazil attended Shah Jahan during the last seven years of his life, when Shah Jahan was imprisoned in the fort at Akbarabad.{{sfn|Baḳhsh|Hoey|1888|p=131}}<br />
Sayyid and the emperor's eldest daughter Jahanara were present with Shah Jahan during his last days, providing spiritual comfort and nursing.{{sfn|Rapson|Haig|Burn|Dodwell|1937|p=233}}<br />
When the emperor knew he was dying, he praised Sayyid for his faithful service and asked if there was any way he could reward him.<br />
Sayyid asked him to forgive his son [[Aurangzeb]] (1618–1707), and the emperor reluctantly agreed.{{sfn|Baḳhsh|Hoey|1888|p=133-134}}<br />
After Shah Jahan's death Sayyid Muhammad helped prepare the body for burial, which was done with little ceremony since Aurangzeb had not ordered a state funeral.{{sfn|Eraly|2000|p=379}}<br />
<br />
Sayyid Qannauji taught Aurangzeb, and a letter written for him in Arabic by Aurangzeb has survived.{{sfn|Ghauri|1964|p=39}}<br />
Even after Aurangzeb ascended the throne, he would meet with Sayyid three times a week.{{sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=81}}<br />
Sayyid was a disciple of [[Muhibullah Allahabadi]].<br />
It is said that Aurangzeb summoned Sayyid and asked him to explain how some of Muhibbullah's statements could be reconciled with ''[[Sharia]]'', or he would burn Muhibullah's writings. Sayyid replied that he could only explain Muhibullah's words when he reached a similar spiritual status, which was far above his present condition. He also said that the emperor had enough fire in his kitchen and did not have to use a poor man's fire.{{sfn|Rahman Faruqi|2007}}{{efn|Another account says that when Sayyid was asked to explain the controversial passages in Muhibbullah's ''Taswiyya'' he denied having been connected with Muhibbullah. It was an ascetic named Shaikh Muhammadi who made the reply to Aurangzib.{{sfn|Hanif|2000|p=236}} }}<br />
<br />
Sayyid Qannauji is said to have collaborated with another of Aurangzeb's tutors, Mulla Abu'l Wa-iz, in compiling the ''[[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]'', a manual of Islamic jurisprudence the emperor commissioned in the late 1660s.{{sfn|Faruqui|2012|p=81}}<br />
Sayyid was deputy to Qazi Abdul Wahhab in marrying Aurangzeb 's son Prince [[Muhammad Azam Shah|Azam]] on 21 December 1668.{{sfn|Saqi Mustad Khan|1947|p=49}}<br />
He was a witness to the marriage of Prince [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]] on 16 December 1672.{{sfn|Saqi Mustad Khan|1947|p=77}}<br />
Aurangzib appointed Sayyid Sharif Khan, son of Sayyid Qannauji, the ''Karori-i ganj'' (censor) of the imperial camp and collector of ''[[jizya]]'' for the four provinces of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Pakistan Journal of History and Culture 1984|p=16}}<br />
Sharif Khan replaced Qazi Muhammad Husain, after the death of latter.{{sfn|Saqi Mustad Khan|1947|p=61}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{notes}}{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book|last1=Baḳhsh|first1=Muhammad Faiz|last2=Hoey|first2=William<br />
|title=Memoirs of Delhi and Faizábád: Being a Translation of the Táríḳh Farahbaḳhsh of Muhammad Faiz Baḳhsh from the Original Persian<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jus2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA133|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|year=1888|publisher=Government Press, North-western Provinces and Oudh}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Eraly|first=Abraham|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA379|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Faruqui|first=Munis D.|title=The Princes of the Mughal Empire, 1504-1719<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhbDSXbbksC&pg=PA81|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|date=2012-08-27|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02217-1}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Ghauri|first=Iftikhar Ahmad|title=War of Succession Between the Sons of Shah Jahan, 1657-1658<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD7RAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|year=1964|publisher=Publishers United}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Hanif|first=N.|title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC&pg=PA236|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|year=2000|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-087-0}}<br />
*{{cite book|ref={{harvid|Pakistan Journal of History and Culture 1984}}<br />
|title=Pakistan Journal of History and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veptAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|year=1984|publisher=National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research}}<br />
*{{cite web|last1=Rahman Faruqi|first1=Shamsur|date=September 2007|title=Urdu and Persian Literature in Allahabad<br />
|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/srf/txt_allahabad.html<br />
|publisher=Columbia.edu|access-date=8 November 2014}}<br />
*{{cite book|editor-last1=Rapson |editor-first1=Edward James |editor-last2=Haig |editor-first2=Wolseley |editor-last3=Burn |editor-first3=Richard |editor-first4=Henry Herbert |editor-last4=Dodwell |editor-first5=Mortimer |editor-last5=Wheeler<br />
|title=The Cambridge History of India: The Mughul period<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtMNAAAAIAAJ|access-date=2014-11-22<br />
|year=1937|publisher=University Press}}<br />
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/Maasir-i-alamgiriAHistoryOfEmporerAurangzebAlamgir#page/n69/mode/2up/search/%22Muhammad+Qanauji%22<br />
|author=Saqi Mustad Khan|year=1947|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri A History of the Emperor Aurangzib Alamgir|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal|location=Calcutta|access-date=2014-11-21}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian Sufi religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teotia&diff=540074Teotia2025-06-01T13:34:53Z<p>ClintCarswell72: Made redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Tewatia]]<br />
{{R shell|<br />
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<div>#REDIRECT[[Bengaluru Central Business District]]</div>ClintCarswell72https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chocolate_bomb&diff=467537Chocolate bomb2025-03-28T04:16:01Z<p>ClintCarswell72: minor edit</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Type of firework}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{about|the firework|the food|Bombe glacée}}<br />
[[File:একটি চকোলেট বোমা.jpg|thumb|A chocolate bomb-style firecracker. The black protrusion is the fuse, which is ignited.]]<br />
A '''chocolate bomb''' ([[Hindi]]: सुतरी बम) is a [[firecracker]] which is exploded by revelers during [[Diwali]] and [[New Year's Eve]] celebrations in [[India]]. Chocolate bombs are made of tiny paperboard boxes stuffed with [[gunpowder]].<ref name="abp14102014">{{cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/nature/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE-1.76986|title='গরিবের বাজি' বলে দেদার তৈরী হচ্ছে চকোলেট বোমা|last=Ghatak|first=Shubhashish|date=14 October 2014|work=Anandabazar Patrika|language=Bengali|accessdate=25 October 2014|location=Kolkata|archive-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025010419/http://www.anandabazar.com/nature/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%AE-1.76986|url-status=dead}}</ref> A fuse is inserted in one of the corners. The boxes are then tightly wrapped with jute strings and dried in the sun for three days.<ref name="abp14102014"/> After that they are wrapped with colorful aluminum foil, making them resemble chocolates.<ref name="abp14102014"/> The Burima brand of chocolate bombs were very popular in Kolkata in the 1990s.<ref name="toi23102014">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/City-of-sound-fury/articleshow/44915951.cms|title=City of sound & fury|last=Sen|first=Zinia|date=23 October 2014|work=The Times Of India|accessdate=25 October 2014|location=Kolkata}}</ref> The firecracker has been declared illegal in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="ie03122009">{{cite news|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/govt-wants-banned-crackers-out-of-bengal-before-new-year-celebrations/549399/|title=Govt wants banned crackers out of Bengal before New Year celebrations|last=Dam|first=Mohona|date=3 December 2009|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=25 October 2014}}</ref><br />
[[File:বাক্সের মধ্যে চকোলেট বোমা.jpg|thumb|A few chocolate bombs in a box.]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Diwali]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Pyrotechnics]]<br />
[[Category:Types of fireworks]]</div>ClintCarswell72