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Sowmiya Anbumani

2026-05-07T05:04:20Z

CletaMacfarlane:

{{Short description|Indian environmental activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sowmiya Anbumani
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 6 May 2026
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[S. P. Venkateshwaran]]
| successor =
| constituency = [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| party = [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Anbumani Ramadoss]]|28 August 1991}}
| father = [[M. Krishnasamy]]
| mother = K. V. Chitra
| relatives = [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]] (brother)
| children = 3 daughters
| occupation = Businesswoman, Politician
| education = {{ubl|[[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College]], [[University of Madras]] (BA)|University of Madras (MA)|[[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (PhD)}}
}}

'''Sowmiya Anbumani''' (born 1971) is an Indian politician and environmental activist from Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Sowmiya Anbumani(Pattali Makkal Katchi):Constituency- DHARMAPURI(TAMIL NADU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=118 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sowmiya Anbumani , Pattali Makkal Katchi candidate bio : Assets , Total Income , Liabilities , Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/LokSabha2024/sowmiya-anbumani-118/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri Assembly constituency]] representing [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Sowmiya is born in Chennai.<ref name=":1" /> Her father [[M. Krishnasamy]], was a lawyer and former [[Tamil Nadu Congress Committee#List of presidents|Tamil Nadu state Congress president]] and a former MP. Her mother K. V. Chitra was a sociologist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Rashmi |title=Sowmiya Anbumani: Age, Biography, Education, Husband, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/sowmiya-anbumani-77605.html |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Her maternal grandfather, [[K. Vinayakam]] was a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Tiruttani Assembly constituency|Tiruttani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2012-05-16 |title=Czarina of vernacular media |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2010/May/31/czarina-of-vernacular-media-157777.html |access-date=6 May 2026 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She married [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], the senior leader of the [[Pattali Makkal Katchi|Patali Makkal Katchi]] and together they have three daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anbumani Ramadoss: Latest News, Photos, Videos & Updates |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/anbumani-ramadoss/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She went to [[Hindu Senior Secondary School, Triplicane|Hindu Senior Secondary School]] in [[Triplicane]] and completed her schooling at [[Adarsh Vidyalaya Higher Secondary School|Adarsh Vidyalaya]]. She did her graduation at [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] in sociology and passed out in 1990. After her post-graduation at [[Madras University]] in 1992, she did her doctoral studies in Sociology and Environmental Sciences after some gap, at the [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-03-12 |title=A Woman of Substance: Dr Sowmiya Anbumani By Juliana Sridhar {{!}} RITZ |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/a-woman-of-substance-dr-sowmiya-anbumani-by-juliana-sridhar/ |access-date=2026-04-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==

Sowmiya is an environmental activist and a sociologist. She has been editing a Tamil monthly environmental magazine, Pasumai Thayagam Sutru Choozal, since 2002. She also serves as an advisor to [[Makkal TV]].<ref name=":0" />

She attended many conferences as an environmentalist. They include the [[Earth Summit 2002|Earth Summit]] held in 2002 in [[Johannesburg]] in [[South Africa]] and the United Nations Conferences on Women held in 2006 and 2018 in [[New York City|New York]], [[USA]]. She also went to the Climate Change Summit at [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] in 2009 and the Better Air Quality Conference at [[Hong Kong]] in 2012.<ref name=":0" />

She won the [[Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri Assembly constituency]] in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] on PMK ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sowmiya Anbumani, DHARMAPURI PMK Election Results 2026: Sowmiya Anbumani Vidhan Sabha Chunav Seat, Political Career, Education, Age, Vote Margin, Assets Parinam News in Hindi {{!}} सौम्या अंबुमणि धर्मपुरी विधानसभा चुनाव 2026 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/tamil-nadu/candidate-sowmiya-anbumani-9491 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref> Her main opponent is expected to be V Ilangovan of [[Premalatha Vijayakanth]]'s [[DMDK]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-04-08 |title=Tamil Nadu assembly election 2026: Prestige fight for Sowmiya Anbumani amid factional rift in PMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/130096130.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2026-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She also contested from [[Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency]] in the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Lok Sabha election]] on PMK ticket.<ref name=":2" /> She has declared her personal assets as ₹68.5 crore in her affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sowmiya Anbumani (PMK) Candidate from DHARMAPURI Constituency, Sowmiya Anbumani Political Career, Age, Education, Election Result 2026 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/tamil-nadu/candidate-sowmiya-anbumani-9491 |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She was part of a poll by a news outlet that alleged family politics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arjunan |first=C |date=2024-03-30 |title=`சௌமியா அன்புமணி தேர்தலில் போட்டியிடுவது குடும்ப அரசியலா, இல்லையா?' - விகடன் கருத்துக்கணிப்பு |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/vikatan-poll-results-about-sowmiya-anbumani-lok-sabha-election-contesting-is-nepotism-politics-or-not |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sowmiya, Anbumani}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Madurai Kamaraj University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Ambegaon Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T20:25:51Z

CletaMacfarlane: new first entry needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ambegaon
| type = SLA
| map_image = 196-Ambegaon.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Pune district|Pune]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| constituency_no = 196
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Dilip Walse-Patil]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 314,885
}}
'''Ambegaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the many constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in the [[Pune district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of the [[Shirur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in the Pune district along with five other assembly constituencies, viz Junnar, Khed Alandi, Shirur, Bhosari and Hadapsar.

[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] is the current MLA and chairperson in the Maharashtra Government.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Awate Annasaheb Gopalrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Gholap Baburao Krishnaji || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Awate Annasaheb Gopalrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1964 elections in India#Maharashtra|1964 By-election]] || V. A. Awate
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. G. Walase
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Kisanrao Bankhele]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kale. B. D || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan="2" | [[Kisanrao Bankhele]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan="8" | [[Dilip Walse Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ambegoan">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ambegoan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13196.htm |access-date=2 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102060934/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13196.htm |archive-date=2 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |votes = 106,888 |percentage = 48.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devdatta Jayvantrao Nikam |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 105,365 |percentage = 47.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devdatta Shivajirao Nikam |party = Bhartiya Dharmanirpeksha Party |votes = 2,965 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Indore Sunil Kondaji |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,483 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,157 |percentage = 0.52% |change = {{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,523 |percentage = 0.69% |change = {{decrease}}34.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 222,515 |percentage = 70.67% |change = {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 221,358}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 314,885 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023) |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}18.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 126,120 |percentage = 66.94% |change = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankhele Rajaram Bhivsen |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 59,345 |percentage = 31.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,616 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anita Shantaram Gabhale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Baburao Chavhan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,137 |percentage = 0.60% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 66,775 |percentage = 35.44% |change = {{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,147 |percentage = 66.91% |change = {{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 188,416}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,182 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 120,235 |percentage = 62.54% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arun Govindrao Gire |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 62,081 |percentage = 32.29% |change = {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Erande Jaysing Maruti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,615 |percentage = 2.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankhele Sandhya Devendra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,408 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,300 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adhari Vijay Anant |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,205 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 58,154 |percentage = 30.25% |change = {{increase}}8.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,846 |percentage = 71.76% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,239}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 270,133 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}4.37 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 99,851 |percentage = 58.17% |change = {{decrease}}5.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adhalrao Kalpana Shivaji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 62,502 |percentage = 36.41% |change = {{increase}}3.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Suhas Chandrkant Sahane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,906 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Gunaji Sonawane |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,439 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Parmeshwar Mahadu |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,400 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dherange Sandeep Dashrath |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,233 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhaskar Namdevrao Gholap |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 37,349 |percentage = 21.76% |change = {{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 171,649 |percentage = 68.88% |change = {{decrease}}6.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,649}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 249,218 |ref = |change = {{increase}}46.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{decrease}}5.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 81,830 |percentage = 64.02% |change = {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Avinash Tukaram Rahane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 42,194 |percentage = 33.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atmaram Ramchandra Dherange |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,234 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,636 |percentage = 31.01% |change = {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,846 |percentage = 74.94% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 170,589 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.31 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,052 |percentage = 52.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Avinash Tukaram Rahane |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 33,226 |percentage = 35.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gabhale Shrirang Vishnu |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,107 |percentage = 8.55% |change = {{decrease}}42.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Popat Sahadu Bhor |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,618 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandharinath Gyanbhau Walunj |party = Independent politician |votes = 767 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,826 |percentage = 17.76% |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 99,049 |percentage = 72.76% |change = {{decrease}}13.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,764}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,133 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.40 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,014 |percentage = 51.02% |change = {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisanrao B. Bankhele |party = Janata Dal |votes = 50,558 |percentage = 45.24% |change = {{increase}}41.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandubhai Shekhlal Mujawar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,412 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Bankhele Thaksen Nathaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 917 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,456 |percentage = 5.78% |change = {{decrease}}5.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,407 |percentage = 85.96% |change = {{increase}}19.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,750}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,257 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dilip Walse Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,354 |percentage = 36.74% |change = {{increase}}4.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivarajirao Marutrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,809 |percentage = 25.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mandalik Sudam Bapusaheb |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 16,526 |percentage = 20.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borade Tukaram Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,804 |percentage = 8.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangar Bajrang Shankar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 3,406 |percentage = 4.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gabhale Shrirang Vishinu |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,830 |percentage = 3.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thorat Namdeo Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 570 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,545 |percentage = 11.55% |change = {{decrease}}14.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 84,150 |percentage = 66.07% |change = {{increase}}4.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,628}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,365 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}21.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kisanrao Bankhele]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,297 |percentage = 58.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padval Chhayatai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,530 |percentage = 32.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kengale Shankar Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,753 |percentage = 6.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chinchodikar Bal Krishna Mahadeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 854 |percentage = 1.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rakshe Martand Mahadeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 725 |percentage = 1.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khude Genu Rama (Guruji) |party = Independent politician |votes = 410 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,767 |percentage = 25.97% |change = {{increase}}12.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,998 |percentage = 61.64% |change = {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,714}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,582 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.94 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}17.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kisanrao Bankhele]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 21,056 |percentage = 40.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kale. B. D |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 14,013 |percentage = 26.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Valase Gulabrao Bhikaji |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 7,398 |percentage = 14.11% |change = {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borade Tukaram Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,181 |percentage = 13.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bangar Patil Mahadeo Hari |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,595 |percentage = 4.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,043 |percentage = 13.43% |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,773 |percentage = 57.17% |change = {{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,426}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,058 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kale. B. D |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,542 |percentage = 48.07% |change = {{increase}}24.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Temgire Kisan Shripati |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,967 |percentage = 46.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Marwadi Rajmal Chunilal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 3.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Tukaram Gunjan |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 852 |percentage = 1.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 575 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}51.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,457 |percentage = 61.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.83 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,054}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,524 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}27.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Kisanrao Bankhele]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 38,908 |percentage = 75.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatraya V. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,065 |percentage = 23.51% |change = {{decrease}}34.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao Dahitule |party = Independent politician |votes = 342 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,843 |percentage = 52.31% |change = {{increase}}16.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,597 |percentage = 62.61% |change = {{increase}}2.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,315}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,002 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. G. Walase |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,553 |percentage = 57.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. K. Kale |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 9,554 |percentage = 21.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. R. Mundhe |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,698 |percentage = 12.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Duke |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,781 |percentage = 6.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. D. Wathare |party = Independent politician |votes = 791 |percentage = 1.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,999 |percentage = 36.05% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,563 |percentage = 60.36% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,377}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,137 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1964 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1964 elections in India#Maharashtra|1964 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link |candidate = V. A. Awate |party = Indian National Congress |percentage = |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Awate Annasaheb Gopalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,111 |percentage = 70.58% |change = {{increase}}28.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muruti Shripati Awate |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 4,812 |percentage = 15.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anant Chima Adhari |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 4,405 |percentage = 14.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,299 |percentage = 55.22% |change = {{increase}}38.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,026 |percentage = 53.10% |change = {{increase}}14.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,328}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,193 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}12.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gholap Baburao Krishnaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,614 |percentage = 58.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Awate Annasaheb Gopalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,082 |percentage = 41.86% |change = {{decrease}}28.58 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,532 |percentage = 16.28% |change = {{decrease}}32.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,696 |percentage = 39.06% |change = {{decrease}}11.34 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,696}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,550 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Ambegaon <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Awate Annasaheb Gopalrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,053 |percentage = 70.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padwal Maruti Govind |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,044 |percentage = 21.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saraswati Swami Madhavanand |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,372 |percentage = 8.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,009 |percentage = 49.21% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,469 |percentage = 50.40% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,469}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,486 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pune district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19.14|73.70|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Pune district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Pune district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Mehraj Malik

2026-05-03T09:26:49Z

CletaMacfarlane: created the bio first draft

{{short description| Indian politician (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mehraj Malik Kashmir.jpg
| caption = Mehraj Malik
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| subterm = '''Chief Minister'''
| suboffice = [[Second Omar Abdullah ministry|Omar Abdullah]]
| predecessor = [[Shakti Raj]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| constituency = [[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]
| office1 = [[Doda district|Doda]] [[District Development Council]] councillor
| constituency1 = [[Kahara, Jammu and Kashmir|Kahara Constituency]]
| term_start1 = 24 December 2020
| term_end1 = 8 October 2024
| office2 = Co-chairman of J&K State Coordination Committee [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor2 = ''Post established''
| term_start2 = 17 October 2022
| term_end2 = 21 March 2025
| office3 = State President of Jammu and Kashmir for [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor3 = ''Post established''
| term_start3 = 21 March 2025
| term_end3 =
| birth_name = Mehraj Din Malik
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1988}}
| birth_place = [[Bhalessa]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| profession = Public servant
| spouse =
| alma_mater = University of Jammu (M.A in political science), University of Jammu (B.ed)
| occupation = Politician, [[social worker]]
| name = Mehraj Malik
}}

'''Mehraj Malik''' (born in 1988) is an Indian politician and social worker from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|member of legislative assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Doda Assembly constituency]] in October 2024. He was the [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s first and only winning MLA candidate in J&K as of 2024. On 17 October 2022, [[Aam Aadmi Party|the Aam Aadmi Party]] appointed him as co-chairman of the J&K State Coordination Committee.<ref name="co-chairman-jk">{{Cite news |date=17 October 2022 |title=AAP appoints Harshdev Singh as chairman, Mehraj Malik, one other as co-chairman of state committee in J&K |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2022/10/17/aap-appoints-harshdev-singh-as-chairman-mehraj-malik-one-other-as-co-chairman-of-state-committee-in-jk/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |publisher=[[The Chenab Times]]}}</ref> On 21 March 2025, Malik was appointed as State President for [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in J&K.<ref>{{cite news | last=Shakeel | first=Raja | title=Aam Aadmi Party Appoints Mehraj Malik as Jammu and Kashmir State President | website=The Chenab Times | date=21 March 2025 | url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2025/03/21/aam-aadmi-party-appoints-mehraj-malik-as-jammu-and-kashmir-state-president-ahead-of-elections/ | access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Excelsior | first=Daily | title=Saurabh Bharadwaj Appointed Delhi AAP Chief, Mehraj Malik To Head J&K Unit | website=Daily Excelsior | date=21 March 2025 | url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/saurabh-bharadwaj-appointed-delhi-aap-chief-mehraj-malik-to-head-jk-unit/ | access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=कुरैशी | first=आसिफ | title=J&K में विधायक को AAP ने दी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी, प्रदेश अध्यक्ष बनाए जाने पर क्या बोले मेहराज मलिक? | website=ABP News | date=21 March 2025 | url=https://www.abplive.com/states/jammu-and-kashmir/reshuffle-in-aam-aadmi-party-doda-mla-mehraj-malik-appointed-new-president-of-jammu-kashmir-ann-2908999 | language=hi | access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref> On 8 September 2025, [[Arrest of Mehraj Malik|Malik was arrested]] under [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|Public Safety Act]].

==Political career==
Mehraj Malik began his political career after joining the AAP in 2013 and ran as an independent candidate in the [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014 Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mehraj Din Malik - 2014 Assembly Candidate Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=37|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref> In 2020, he was elected to the Doda [[District Development Council]] as an independent candidate with the margin of 3511 votes in Kahara.<ref name="freepress-2020">{{Cite news|title=J&K DDC Polls: Contesting as Independent, AAP leader from Doda scores first win for party|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/jk-ddc-polls-contesting-as-independent-aap-leader-from-doda-brings-first-win-for-party|date=23 Dec 2020|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Arun|title=AAP marks Jammu presence with Doda rally; rivals take note, watch ranks|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/political-pulse/aap-jammu-presence-doda-rally-rivals-take-note-watch-ranks-7844909/|date=31 March 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=31 March 2022}}</ref>

After protest against a land eviction drive in [[Jammu]], Mehraj Malik was taken into custody for questioning. The authorities detained Malik due to allegations that he delivered a speech at the location where a violent incident occurred.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/ddc-member-among-8-held-over-jammu-violence-protests-continue-in-valley-against-l-gs-eviction-drive/article66482703.ece|title=DDC member among 8 held over Jammu violence; protests continue in Valley against L-G's eviction drive|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 February 2023|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> On 10 February 2023, he was released on bail.<ref name="Home – Chenab Times WebTV 2023">{{cite web | title=J&K AAP leader and DDC member Mehraj Malik released on bail, listen in – Chenab Times WebTV | website=[[The Chenab Times|Chenab Times WebTV]] | date=10 February 2023 | url=https://video.thechenabtimes.com/index.php/2023/02/10/jk-aap-leader-and-ddc-member-mehraj-malik-released-on-bail-listen-in/ | access-date=23 March 2023}}</ref>

===Member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly===
In [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|October 2024]], Mehraj Malik became the first member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP), representing the [[Doda Assembly constituency]]. Malik's victory, with a margin of over 4,000 votes, defeating BJP candidate Gajay Singh Rana, marked a breakthrough for AAP in a region historically dominated by the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] and BJP.<ref>{{cite news |title=AAP's Mehraj Malik wins Doda seat by 4,000 votes, defeating Gajay Singh Rana of the Bharatiya Janata Party. |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/aap-s-surprise-victory-in-j-k-mehraj-malik-wins-doda-seat-by-4-000-votes-124100800571_1.html |access-date=9 October 2024 |publisher=Business Standard |date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mehraj Malik becomes AAP's first MLA in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2024/10/09/mehraj-malik-becomes-aaps-first-mla-in-jammu-and-kashmir/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |publisher=The Chenab Times |date=9 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=AAP Makes History In J&K, 35-Yr-Old Mehraj Malik Wins Doda Defeating BJP |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/aap-makes-history-in-j-k-35-yr-old-mehraj-malik-wins-doda-defeating-bjp-1632396 |access-date=9 October 2024 |publisher=ABP Live |date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Arvind Kejriwal congratulates Mehraj Malik via video call |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haryana-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-2024-aap-arvind-kejriwals-video-call-with-aaps-1st-mla-mehraj-malik-in-jammu-and-kashmir-good-work-6744388 |access-date=9 October 2024 |publisher=NDTV |date=9 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Public Safety Act detention ===
{{main|Arrest of Mehraj Malik}}
On 8 September 2025, Malik, the sole [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]], was detained under the [[Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act, 1978|Public Safety Act]] (PSA) for a period of one year on grounds of disturbing public order.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Arun |title=J&K's only AAP MLA is first legislator to be detained under Public Safety Act for a year |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-and-kashmir-aap-mla-psa-detained-10237656/ |work=The Indian Express |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=J&K's Lone AAP MLA Mehraj Malik Arrested Under Public Safety Act |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/j-ks-lone-aap-mla-mehraj-malik-arrested-under-public-safety-act-9238850 |work=NDTV |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> The detention order (No. 05 of 2025) was issued by the District Magistrate of Doda, Harvinder Singh, who cited Malik's involvement in 18 FIRs and 16 daily diary reports between 2014 and 2025, as well as a recent public confrontation with the Deputy Commissioner over the relocation of a health sub-centre and pending flood-relief payments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajuria |first=Ravi Krishnan |title=J&K's lone AAP legislator Mehraj Malik detained under stringent PSA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/jks-lone-aap-legislator-mehraj-malik-detained-under-stringent-psa-101757359910299.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> Malik was initially lodged in Bhaderwah Jail and later transferred to Kathua District Jail. The detention marked the first instance of a sitting legislator being booked under the PSA in Jammu and Kashmir, prompting criticism from Chief Minister [[Omar Abdullah]], AAP leader [[Arvind Kejriwal]], and several other political figures who described it as an attack on democratic norms.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Omar Abdullah, Kejriwal slam detention of AAP MLA Mehraj Malik under PSA |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/omar-abdullah-kejriwal-slam-detention-of-aap-mla-mehraj-malik-under-psa-1503483267.html |work=The Statesman |date=9 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=AAP MLA arrested under Public Safety Act; J&K CM, parties condemn move |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jammu-and-kashmir-assembly/aap-mla-mehraj-malik-detained-under-psa-in-jks-doda/article70025602.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

Malik challenged the detention by filing a habeas corpus petition (HCP No. 139/2025) in the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh at Jammu on 24 September 2025, seeking quashing of the PSA order and ₹5 crore in compensation for alleged violation of fundamental rights.<ref>{{Cite news |title=J&K&L High Court Issues Notice On Plea Challenging Detention Of AAP MLA Mehraj Din Malik Under Public Safety Act |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/jammu-kashmir/jammu-kashmir-high-court-hearing-plea-against-aap-mla-mehraj-din-malik-psa-detention-305101 |work=LiveLaw |date=25 September 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> The petition was heard by multiple benches; after partial arguments on 20 November 2025 and 4 December 2025 before Justice Mohd Yousuf Wani, the court marked the case as “part-heard” and scheduled final hearing for 18 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Detained AAP MLA Mehraj Malik's plea listed for final hearing in J&K HC on December 4 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/detained-aap-mla-mehraj-maliks-plea-listed-for-final-hearing-in-jk-hc-on-december-4/ |work=The Tribune |date=20 November 2025 |access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref>

On April 27, 2026: In a significant legal development, the Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh High Court on Monday quashed the preventive detention of Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) MLA Mehraj Malik, who had been detained under the stringent Public Safety Act (PSA), 1978.

The court allowed Malik’s habeas corpus petition, ruling that the detention order issued by the District Magistrate, Doda, could not be sustained in law. The bench observed that the allegations against the MLA at best related to “law and order” issues and did not meet the higher threshold required for invoking “public order” under the PSA.

The matter was heard over several months, and after completion of arguments, the court had reserved its judgment in February 2026.

'''<big>High Court's Decision</big>'''

Delivering its verdict on 27 April 2026, the High Court

• Quashed the PSA detention order

• Held that the grounds of detention were legally unsustainable

• Found no sufficient material to justify preventive detention under PSA

• Directed immediate release of the MLA, subject to legal formalities

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Mehraj}}
[[Category:People from Doda district]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]

Kairi: Rishta Khatta Meetha

2026-05-02T14:29:10Z

CletaMacfarlane: new entry

{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
| creator = Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal Shashi Mittal
| writer = [[Raghuvir Shekhawat]], [[Manish Shrivastav]], [[Ambika Kumar]] & [[Sharad Tripathi]]
| director = [[Deepak Chavan]], [[Yash Chauhan]] & [[Kamal Monga]] with Creatives- Tanvesh Jain, Karishmaa Chandna, Manoj Sharma
| producer = [[Shashi Mittal]] [[Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal]]
| starring = See Below
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| editor =
| cinematography = [[Sudesh Kotian]]
| company = [[Shashi Sumeet Productions]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 187
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2012|4|2}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|12|14}}
}}

'''''Kairi — Rishta Khatta Meetha''''' ({{Translation|''A Sweet Sour Relationship Like An Unripe Mango''}}) is an [[Indian soap opera]] which was aired on [[Colors TV]] and was based on the dictatorship of a mother-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=31 March 2012|title=Taunted by your mom-in-law? Put it on TV|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/taunted-by-your-mom-in-law-put-it-on-tv/story-K8pW84rqhJjUeLhFk2GWVP.html|access-date=|website=Hindustan Times}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It aired from 2 April 2012 to 14 December 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 March 2012|title=Cast of 'Kairi - Rishta Khatta Meetha'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/kairi-rishta-khatta-meetha-colors-tv-367299-2012-03-28|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2 April 2012|title=Kairi goes on air today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Kairi-goes-on-air-today/articleshow/12504451.cms|access-date=|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Later, it was dubbed in Tamil as '''Neelambari''<nowiki/>' on [[Makkal TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TV programming list|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/article8073093.ece|access-date=|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Preeti Choudary]] as Ambika Anuj Shrivastav a.k.a. Ambi
* [[Jay Bhanushali]] / [[Naman Shaw]] as Anuj Ashok Shrivastav
* Saurabh Dubey as Ashok Shrivastav
* [[Hema Singh]] as Imarti Ashok Shrivastav
* [[Abhinav Kohli]] as Prakash Ashok Shrivastav
* [[Dipti Dhyani]] as Kusum Prakash Shrivastav
* [[Meet Mukhi]] as Sonu Prakash Shrivastav
* [[Bharat Kumwali]] as Ved Ashok Shrivastav
* Roshani Shetty as Sajni Ved Shrivastav a.k.a. Lalli Lipstick
* [[Naman Shaw]] as Abhay Ashok Shrivastav (dead)
* [[Vibha Anand]] as Suman Abhay Shrivastav
* [[Gaurav Sharma (actor)|Gaurav Sharma]] – Sunny Ashok Shrivastav
* [[Anjali Raghav (actress)]] – Sweety Ashok Shrivastav
* [[Sandesh Naik]] as Shrichand Shrivastav
* [[Sangeeta Panwar]] as Bimla Shrichand Shrivastav
* [[Ankita Dubey]] as Vibha Shrichand Shrivastav
* [[Neelum Gandhi]] as Babli Shrichand Shrivastav
* [[Mezbin Seikh]] as Neetu
* [[Janvi Sanghvan]] as Kalavati
* [[Sarmili Raj]] as Kamini
* [[Pramatesh Mehta]] as Kamal Saxena
* [[Leena Jumani]] as Mala
* [[Poonam Bhatia]] as Mishrain
* [[Shankar Mishra]] as Kishorilal
* [[Dipika Kakar]]

==Awards==

* [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] – ''Best Actress In A Negative Role'' – [[Hema Singh]]{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
* Colors Golden Petal Awards – ''Most Tez Taraar Personality'' – [[Hema Singh]]{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120530063351/http://colors.in.com/in/shows/kairee-rishta-khatta-meetha-89.html Kairee Official Site]
*{{IMDb title|tt4536200}}

{{Colors Programmes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kairi - Rishta Khatta Meetha}}
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2012 Indian television series endings]]

Dudawas

2026-05-01T16:55:19Z

CletaMacfarlane: New.

{{Short description|Village in Bikaner (Rajasthan), India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dudawas
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Dudawas (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.6107|N|73.8628|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 8.13
| population_total = 1424
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 November 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Dudawas''' is a small village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village rely on agriculture, consisting of irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Censuss conducted by the [[Government of India]], the population of this village was 1,424, out of which 744 were males and 680 were females.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of Dudawas village as per 2011-Census, conducted by Government of India. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69713-doodawas-rajasthan.html |access-date= 18 November 2024}}</ref>
The literacy rate was 59.72%.

Inhabitants of this village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Dudawas village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|100}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Dudawas Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]] is the most spoken language here.
[[Hindi Language|Hindi]], and [[English Language|English]] are officially used languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Dudawas village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97.5|value2=1|value3=1.5|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Dudawas village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

The Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) is 334802.{{citation needed|date= November 2024}}

==Transportation==
Transport facilities in this village are good. This village is located near [[State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)|SH-20]], and [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]].<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Gajsukhdesar]]
*[[Jasrasar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

SC de Goa

2026-05-01T13:59:03Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started entry...

{{Short description|Indian association football club based in Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Sporting Goa
| image = Sporting Clube de Goa.svg
| upright = 0.8
| fullname = Sporting Clube de Goa
| nickname = The Flaming Orange
| short name = SCG
| founded = {{start date and age|1999}} (as ''Cidade de Goa'')
| ground = [[GMC Athletic Stadium]]
| capacity = 3,000
| owner = [[Goa|City of Goa]]
| chairman = Peter Vaz
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = [[Armando Colaco]]
| league = {{ubl|[[I-League 2]]|[[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]]}}
| season = [[2023–24 I-League 2|2023–24]]
| position =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 = _whitetop
| leftarm1 = FF6100
| body1 = FF6100
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| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FF6100
| pattern_la2 = _shoulder_stripes_orange_stripes
| pattern_b2 = _orangecollar
| pattern_ra2 = _shoulder_stripes_orange_stripes
| pattern_sh2 =
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| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
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| pattern_la3 = _green_hoops
| pattern_b3 = _darkgreenhoops
| pattern_ra3 = _green_hoops
| pattern_sh3 =
| pattern_so3 = _3_stripes_white
| leftarm3 = _green_hoops
| body3 = _darkgreenhoops
| rightarm3 = _green_hoops
| shorts3 = 009F6B
| socks3 = 98FB98
| website = {{URL|http://www.sportingclubedegoa.in/}}
| current = 2024–25 I-League 2
}}

'''Sporting Clube de Goa''' ({{IPA|pt|sɨˈpɔɾtĩ ˈkluβɨ ðɨ ˈɡo.ɐ}}), otherwise referred to as '''Sporting CG''' or simply '''Sporting Goa''', is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Panaji]], [[Goa]]. The club competes in the [[I-League 2]], the third tier of the [[Indian football league system#Men's|Indian football league system]] and the [[Goa Football League]]. They previously competed in the [[I-League]], then the top domestic flight.{{efn|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2012 |title=Sporting Goa 0–0 East Bengal {{!}} I-League 2012-13 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/07/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/1394148/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095155/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/10/07/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/east-bengal-club-fc/1394148/ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=Soccerway}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Goa vs. DSK Shivajians|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dsk-shivajians/2176880/|website=Soccerway|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419141053/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dsk-shivajians/2176880/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Goa v. Rangdajied United 3-0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/24/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/arhima-club/1585311/|work=Soccerway.com|access-date=25 November 2013|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183354/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/24/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/arhima-club/1585311/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2014 |title=Rangdajied United 1–2 Sporting Goa: Live Score, Stream and H2H results — Preview match Rangdajied United vs Sporting Goa, team, start time |url=https://tribuna.com/en/match/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-sporting-goa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095157/https://tribuna.com/en/match/rangdajied-united-fc-vs-sporting-goa/ |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=tribuna.com |publisher=The Tribuna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sporting Goa v Mohun Bagan Live Commentary & Result, 23/03/14, I-League {{!}} Goal.com |url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/sporting-goa-v-mohun-bagan/64kqfdcpwtourf2k1w5tno0uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095208/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/sporting-goa-v-mohun-bagan/64kqfdcpwtourf2k1w5tno0uk |archive-date=2 July 2021 |access-date=2021-03-29 |website=goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goa Pro League 2020–21: Fixtures, results, standings & more |url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216091345/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-fixtures-results-telecast |archive-date=16 December 2020 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=khelnow.com |publisher=Khel Now}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 October 2011 |title=Pune FC 2–2 Sporting Clube De Goa–Home Side Comes Back To Earn A Point |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Pune-FC-rally-to-hold-Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-2-2/articleshow/10523093.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429054055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Pune-FC-rally-to-hold-Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-2-2/articleshow/10523093.cms |archive-date=29 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}

The club was built on the lines of Portuguese club [[Sporting CP]] and adopted a similar club crest.<ref name="Debut for Sporting Goa">{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC 1–1 Sporting Clube de Goa: Kalu's penalty wins a point for the visitors|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924023331/htedttp://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report}}</ref> Sporting Clube de Goa won its first Goa Football League in 2006.<ref name="Goal.com">{{cite news|last1=Mitra|first1=Atanu|title=Sporting Clube de Goa eye Goa League glory, in search of fourth foreigner|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2015/12/22/18585992/i-league-update-sporting-clube-de-goa-eye-goa-league-glory|access-date=13 January 2017|work=Goal.com|date=22 December 2015|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124162507/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2015/12/22/18585992/i-league-update-sporting-clube-de-goa-eye-goa-league-glory|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arunava Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gfl.html|title=List of Champions of the Goa Football League (Goa Pro League)|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021181607/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/gfl.html|archive-date=21 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since then it has clinched the title in [[2013–14 Goa Professional League season|2014]], [[2015–16 Goa Professional League|2016]], [[2017–18 Goa Professional League|2018]], [[2019–20 Goa Professional League|2020]] and [[2020–21 Goa Professional League|2021]].

Sporting Goa is the only club to have won the [[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Super Cup]] without winning the league or [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]. The club pulled out of [[2016–17 I-League]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharda|first1=Deepankar|title=Minerva FC to debut in 2017 I-League|location=Chandigarh|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/sports/minerva-fc-to-debut-in-2017-i-league/335718.html|access-date=20 December 2016|website=tribuneindia.com|publisher=The Tribune India News|date=12 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220103000/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/sports/minerva-fc-to-debut-in-2017-i-league/335718.html}}</ref> citing [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] bias against some clubs.<ref>{{cite web|title=OFFICIAL: Salgaocar and Sporting Clube De Goa pull out of I-League 2016–17|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/24/24997022/official-salgaocar-and-sporting-clube-de-goa-pull-out-of-i|website=Goal.com|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=26 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926125136/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/24/24997022/official-salgaocar-and-sporting-clube-de-goa-pull-out-of-i|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Khelchandra|last=Bharat|title=Durand Cup 2016: Minerva Academy FC Gets Direct Entry Along With 7 Other Clubs|url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2016/07/06/durand-cup-2016-minerva-academy-fc-gets-direct-entry-along-7-clubs/|access-date=4 August 2016|website=indianfootballnetwork.com|publisher=Indian Football Network|date=6 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160712010945/http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2016/07/06/durand-cup-2016-minerva-academy-fc-gets-direct-entry-along-7-clubs/|archive-date=12 July 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=After Shillong United shut shop, a look at clubs that withdrew from the I-League in the last 5 years|url=https://scroll.in/field/888836/after-shillong-united-shut-shop-a-look-at-clubs-that-withdrew-from-the-i-league-in-the-last-5-years|website=scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|date=1 August 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228071930/https://scroll.in/field/888836/after-shillong-united-shut-shop-a-look-at-clubs-that-withdrew-from-the-i-league-in-the-last-5-years}}</ref>

==History==

===Origins===
Until the end of the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule of Goa]] in 1961, a sports and recreational club named "Sporting Clube de Goa" existed, which in 1951 became branch number 114 of [[Sporting CP|Sporting Clube de Portugal]]. The original Sporting Clube de Goa were once football champions of [[Portuguese India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filiais do Sporting |url=https://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/sporting/as-casas-do-sporting/filiais-do-sporting-1004270.html/ |date=26 August 2008 |access-date=20 February 2024 |website=dn.pt |publisher=[[Diário de Notícias]] |language=pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220105816/https://www.dn.pt/dossiers/desporto/sporting/as-casas-do-sporting/filiais-do-sporting-1004270.html/ |archive-date=20 February 2024 |trans-title=Branches of Sporting CP |location=Lisbon }}</ref><ref>[https://www.wikisporting.com/index.php?title=Sporting_Clube_de_Goa Sporting Clube de Goa, WikiSporting]</ref>

The present Sporting CG, nicknamed "The Flaming Orange",<ref>{{cite web|first=Kaustav|last=Bera|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2015/01/06/7719942/east-bengal-3-4-sporting-clube-de-goa-the-flaming-oranje-go?ICID=SP|title=East Bengal 3-4 Sporting Clube de Goa: The Flaming Oranje go through at the Red and Golds' expense|date=6 January 2015|access-date=6 January 2015|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|archive-date=5 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405073349/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2015/01/06/7719942/east-bengal-3-4-sporting-clube-de-goa-the-flaming-oranje-go?ICID=SP|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Ayush |title=Chirag United Kerala 0–3 Sporting Clube de Goa – The Flaming Oranje brush aside Nizam Packeer Ali's side |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69640/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |work=goal.com |access-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208111117/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69640/chirag-united-club-kerala-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |archive-date=8 February 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> was founded in 1999 as '''Cidade de Goa'''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India — List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref>
* {{cite news|title=Peter Vaz: The man who saw football's tomorrow|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/peter-vaz-the-man-who-saw-footballs-tomorrow/articleshow/79973029.cms|date=27 December 2020 |newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824075828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/peter-vaz-the-man-who-saw-footballs-tomorrow/articleshow/79973029.cms|archive-date=24 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stoking the flame|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/stoking-the-flame/articleshow/71561358.cms|date=13 October 2019 |newspaper=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=24 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240824075828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/stoking-the-flame/articleshow/71561358.cms|archive-date=24 August 2024}}</ref> "Cidade de Goa" ({{Translation|City of Goa}}; the original name for [[Panaji]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://charlescorreafoundation.org/2022/03/13/cidade-de-goa/|title=CIDADE DE GOA: Dona Paula, Goa (1978–1982)|archive-date=11 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411154203/https://charlescorreafoundation.org/2022/03/13/cidade-de-goa/|work=charlescorreafoundation.org|access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref> was purchased by Sporting CG's former owner Peter Vaz later and it was renamed '''Sporting Clube de Goa''' in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nisanth V Easwar|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|website=goal.com|publisher=Goal|date=10 September 2020|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref>

===Formation and journey: 1999–2010===
The club as a professional football club, came into existence in 1999,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref> when the residents of [[Panjim]] decided the launch of a football club after "Cidade dé Goa" (a local club) disbanded its football team. Thus, after [[Vasco SC|Vasco Sports Club]], Sporting became the second club of public shareholding in [[Goa]].<ref name="History – FC">{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/opponent-watch-sporting-club-de-goa-federation-cup-2016/|title=Opponent watch – Sporting Club de Goa – Federation Cup 2016|first1=Siddharth|last1=Yadav|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter India|date=30 April 2016|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231080431/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/opponent-watch-sporting-club-de-goa-federation-cup-2016/|archive-date=31 December 2023}}</ref> The club, built on the lines of Portuguese club [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]], has made rapid strides in the national circuit.<ref name="History – FC"/> Sporting shot to prominence with an impressive performance in the 2001–02 Federation Cup, the team made it to the last four after victories over stronger teams like [[East Bengal FC]] and [[Indian Bank Recreational Club]].<ref name="History – FC"/>

After winning the 2002–03 National Football League II,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Arunava Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03s.html|title=2002/03 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107085227/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2002-03s.html|archive-date=7 November 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sporting made its debut in the [[2003–04 National Football League (India)|2003–04 season of National Football League]]. In [[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05 NFL season]], they were on the verge of winning their first league championship but lost out on the last day when [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] pipped them to the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|date=19 October 2011|access-date=8 January 2023|title=Indian football: Suspects vs outsiders|first1=Mario|last1=Rodrigues|website=livemint.com|publisher=LiveMint News|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601004022/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|archive-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> Their season was marred by a horrific bus accident that ruled out 4 key players for the whole season while several others were injured. However, led by Nigerian import [[Dudu Omagbemi]], they managed to complete their matches in a very short period after being given a few weeks off so that their players could recover, and heroically came second ahead of traditional powerhouses [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]], [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] and [[Mahindra United]].<ref name="iloveindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/sporting-clube-goa.html|title=Sporting Clube de Goa – Sporting Clube de Goa Indian Football Club – Sporting Clube de Goa Football Club India|publisher=I Love India|website=iloveindia.com|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213180051/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/sporting-clube-goa.html|archive-date=13 December 2021}}</ref> Sporting entered into the finals of 2005 [[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]], but finished as the runner-up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|title=From the history book, roll of honour|date=10 January 2015|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234522/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|archive-date=9 January 2015|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2005, Sporting missed the [[Durand Cup]] title by a whisker when the [[Army Red (football team)|Army XI]] produced an upset to win.<ref name=pti>{{Cite web|date=December 18, 2005|title=Army XI lift Durand Cup for first time|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/army-xi-lift-durand-cup-for-first-time/articleshow/1336024.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731172736/https://toibnews.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/manageads/4719148.jsons?46702|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 28, 2006|first=Siddharth|last=Saxena|title=Dempo win Durand Cup|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/dempo-win-durand-cup/articleshow/608612.cms|access-date=2021-07-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731172726/https://toibnews.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/manageads/4719148.jsons?46616|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 2006 edition of Federation Cup, they reached the finals once again, but lost in penalty shoot-out to [[Mohun Bagan AC]].<ref name="iloveindia1"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=28th Federation Cup 2006|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07fedcup.html#:~:text=28th%20Federation%20Cup%202006&text=The%2028th%20Federation%20Cup%20was,12th%20title%20in%20the%20end.|access-date=2021-06-14|website=www.indianfootball.de|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701182300/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07fedcup.html#:~:text=28th%20Federation%20Cup%202006&text=The%2028th%20Federation%20Cup%20was,12th%20title%20in%20the%20end.}}</ref><ref name=Fed>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148|title=From the history book, roll of honour|date=10 January 2015|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=9 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109234522/https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=6148}}</ref> In 2008, Sporting Goa took part in E. K. Nayanar Gold Cup, played a 0–0 draw with Brazilian side [[Associação Ferroviária de Esportes]] in group stages.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Arunava|last1=Chaudhuri|url=http://indianfootball.de/seasons/2008nayanargoldcup.html|title=2nd EK Nayanar Memorial Gold Cup 2008: from 14 upto 30 April 2008 in Kannur, Kerala|work=indianfootball.de|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912003416/http://indianfootball.de/seasons/2008nayanargoldcup.html|archive-date=12 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/|title=Institutional Sides In Indian Football: The Story Of ONGC FC, Air India FC And HAL SC|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=15 February 2011|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926183625/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/institutional-sides-in-indian-football-the-story-of-ongc-fc-air-india-fc-and-hal-sc/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The club achieved third place in the [[2008–09 I-League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League 2008–09 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2008-2009/regular-season/r7539/ |website=Soccerway |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922000356/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2008-2009/regular-season/r7539/ |archive-date=22 September 2014 }}</ref>

===Later years: 2010–present===
After getting relegated from the I-League in 2010,<ref>{{cite news |title=Eduardo goal saves Sporting |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/67008/eduardo-goal-saves-sporting.html |access-date=3 September 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 May 2010 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419150558/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/67008/eduardo-goal-saves-sporting.html }}</ref> they participated in the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division]] and won promotion by finishing in 2nd place. At the final of [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup]], [[Churchill Brothers]] defeated Sporting Goa by 3–1.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=All India Football Federation|website=the-aiff.com|title=FEDERATION CUP TITLE FOR CHURCHILL BROTHERS|url=http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5462|access-date=26 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054132/http://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=5462|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, they again progressed to the semi-finals, until being beaten by [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]].<ref>{{cite news|title=ফেডারেশন কাপ ২০১৬: জহরের হুঙ্কারেও অবিচল সঞ্জয়|language=bn|trans-title=Federation Cup 2016: Sanjay is steadfast despite Jahar's threats|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/mohunbagan-to-play-aizal-fc-in-federation-cup-final-1.387840|access-date=28 January 2016|website=anandabazar.com|date=16 May 2016|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205183813/https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/mohunbagan-to-play-aizal-fc-in-federation-cup-final-1.387840}}</ref> In June 2020, Sporting Goa enjoyed an international transfer when club's Indian forward Shanon Viegas signed with Portuguese [[Portuguese football league system|AF Lisboa 2ª Divisão Série]] side [[C.D. Olivais e Moscavide]] for a long-term deal.<ref>{{cite web|first=Anselm|last=Noronha|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/sporting-clube-de-goas-shanon-viegas-gets-his-portugal/11frobj08nkbx1hq1nd1sx7vz9|title=Sporting Clube de Goa's Shanon Viegas hopes to shine in Portugal|date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728042403/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/sporting-clube-de-goas-shanon-viegas-gets-his-portugal/11frobj08nkbx1hq1nd1sx7vz9|archive-date=28 July 2021|website=Goal.com|access-date=28 July 2021}}</ref>

In the [[2020–21 Goa Professional League]],{{refn|group=nb|Sporting Clube de Goa and [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] were declared joint winners of Goa Pro League as the 13 remaining games could not be played due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].}} Sporting Clube de Goa emerged champions after recording a comprehensive 9–0 win over Guardian Angel in the final league match at Chowgule ground, but was not selected for [[I-League 2|I-League Second Division]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-sporting-clube-de-goa-champions|title=Sporting Clube de Goa crowned champions of 2020-21 Goa Professional League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905103133/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2020-21-sporting-clube-de-goa-champions|archive-date=5 September 2021|work=Khel Now|access-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> Their [[futsal]] section won the GFA State Futsal Championship, earning a place in [[AIFF Futsal Club Championship]]. In the [[2021–22 Goa Professional League|2021–22]] season, Sporting Goa finished as runners-up, finishing behind Dempo.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dempo-end-decade-long-wait-for-state-league-title/articleshow/91241958.cms|title=Dempo end decade-long wait for state league title|date=1 May 2022|access-date=8 May 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Mapusa, Goa|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502090239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/dempo-end-decade-long-wait-for-state-league-title/articleshow/91241958.cms|archive-date=2 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2022, legendary Goan manager [[Armando Colaco]] was appointed as new head coach by the club on a three-year deal.<ref name="Colaco is new coach of SCG">{{cite web|agency=TNN|title=Armando Colaco is new coach of Sporting Clube, agrees three-year deal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/armando-colaco-is-new-coach-of-sporting-clube-agrees-three-year-deal/articleshow/93332027.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|location=Panaji, Goa|date=4 August 2022|access-date=19 August 2022|archive-date=16 August 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816040200/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/armando-colaco-is-new-coach-of-sporting-clube-agrees-three-year-deal/articleshow/93332027.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five most successful Indian football coaches|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|date=31 August 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sathvik K|last=Bharadwaj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905111022/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|archive-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/accepting-challenges-is-my-passion-always-says-dronacharya-coach-armando-colaco|title=Accepting challenges is my passion always, says Dronacharya coach Armando Colaco|location=New Delhi|date=3 January 2025|access-date=3 January 2025|work=All India Football Federation|archive-date=3 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103124957/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/accepting-challenges-is-my-passion-always-says-dronacharya-coach-armando-colaco}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-a-first-for-goan-coach-armando-gets-top-rated-dronacharya-award/articleshow/116894081.cms|title=In A First For Goan Coach, Armando Gets Top-Rated Dronacharya Award|date=3 January 2025|access-date=3 January 2025|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|agency=TNN|location=Panaji|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103125650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/in-a-first-for-goan-coach-armando-gets-top-rated-dronacharya-award/articleshow/116894081.cms|archive-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> The club reached final of GFA Charity Cup in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Dempo-clinch-Charity-Match-trophy/209316|title=Dempo clinch Charity Match trophy|website=heraldgoa.in|publisher=The Herald Goa|location=Mapusa|date=21 August 2023|access-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821102419/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Dempo-clinch-Charity-Match-trophy/209316|archive-date=21 August 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> In August 2023, Sporting Goa was granted an [[I-League 3]] spot to participate in the [[2023–24 I-League 3|inaugural edition]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=Major AIFF Decisions: 15 Clubs Nominated In 3rd Division; Youth Quota In I League Teams |url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams |access-date=2023-09-13 |website=thefangarage.com |archive-date=18 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918105857/https://thefangarage.com/articles/19829-major-aiff-decisions-15-clubs-nominated-in-3rd-division-youth-quota-in-i-league-teams }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=AIFF League Committee: Youth quota for I-League, State FAs nominate 3rd Division League clubs |url=https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=The Away End |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108050756/https://theawayend.co/2023/08/22/aiff-league-committee-youth-quota-i-league-state-fas-nominate-3rd-division-league-clubs/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |date=25 September 2023 |agency=TNN |location=Panaji |title=THIRD DIVISION: Dempo to play at home, Sporting away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms |access-date=2023-09-25 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=28 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928075342/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/third-division-dempo-to-play-at-home-sporting-away/articleshow/103913923.cms }}</ref> In that edition, the club crowned champions with superior head-to-head record against [[Dempo SC|Dempo]] and [[Sporting Club Bengaluru|Sporting Bengaluru]] in play-offs, securing promotion to the I-League 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/31/sports/sporting-clube-de-goa-crowned-i-league-3-champions/|title=Sporting Clube de Goa crowned I-League 3 champions|website=navhindtimes.in|publisher=The Navahind Times|location=Vasco|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2024|first1=|last1=|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231132821/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/12/31/sports/sporting-clube-de-goa-crowned-i-league-3-champions/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/year-ender-2023-goan-football-on-comeback-trail|title=Year Ender 2023: Goan football on comeback trail|website=gomantaktimes.com|publisher=Gomantak Times|location=Panaji|date=31 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|first1=Augusto|last1=Rodrigues|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101060605/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/year-ender-2023-goan-football-on-comeback-trail}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFclimax-lauds-sporting-clube-for-winning-ileague-3-playoffs/107828.html|date=1 January 2024|access-date=1 January 2024|website=thegoan.net|publisher=The Goan Everyday|location=Margao|title=Climax lauds Sporting Clube for winning I-League 3 Playoffs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101061020/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFclimax-lauds-sporting-clube-for-winning-ileague-3-playoffs/107828.html|archive-date=1 January 2024}}</ref> In [[2023–24 I-League 2]], the club ended their campaign achieving fifth place with 19 points in 14 matches.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 2 2023/2024 — Table (final standings)|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/|access-date=27 April 2024|website=int.soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428070019/https://us.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2024/final-round/r76112/tables/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dempo SC return to I-League after nine years|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404|date=27 April 2024|access-date=27 April 2024|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428073725/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-dsc-earn-promotion-202404}}</ref> In May, Sporting Goa clinched their seventh Goa Professional League title.<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Flavio|last1=Lopes|title=Sporting put it across Nagoa for Goa Pro League title|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-put-it-across-nagoa-for-goa-pro-league-title/articleshow/109762827.cms|agency=TNN|date=1 May 2024|access-date=2 May 2024|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|location=Panaji|publisher=The Times of India|archive-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501203418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-put-it-across-nagoa-for-goa-pro-league-title/articleshow/109762827.cms}}</ref>

In June 2024, SCG appointed [[Savio Medeira]] as new technical director.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/06/19/sports/sporting-clube-appoint-savio-medeira-as-td/|title=Sporting Clube appoint Savio Medeira as TD|date=19 June 2024|access-date=19 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619060053/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2024/06/19/sports/sporting-clube-appoint-savio-medeira-as-td/|archive-date=19 June 2024|location=Panaji|website=The Navahind Times}}</ref> The club took part in [[2024 Bandodkar Trophy|2024 Bhausaheb Bandodkar Memorial Trophy]], in which foreign teams [[Brisbane Roar FC|Brisbane Roar]] and [[Defensa y Justicia]] participated.<ref>{{Cite web |last=matthewcomito |date=2024-08-19 |title=Roar on tour! Brisbane head to India for pre-season tournament |url=https://aleagues.com.au/news/brisbane-roar-india-tour-bhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy-pre-season-details/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=A-Leagues |language=en-AU |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820000502/https://aleagues.com.au/news/brisbane-roar-india-tour-bhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy-pre-season-details/ |archive-date=20 August 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=thibaultberthier |date=2024-08-19 |title=Brisbane Roar Head to India for Bhausaheb Bandodkar Memorial Trophy |url=https://brisbaneroar.com.au/news/brisbane-roar-head-to-india-for-bhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Brisbane Roar |language=en-AU |archive-date=2024-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819053956/https://brisbaneroar.com.au/news/brisbane-roar-head-to-india-for-bhausaheb-bandodkar-memorial-trophy/ }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बांदोडकर फुटबॉल स्पर्धेत प्रथमच खेळणार ऑस्ट्रेलिया, अर्जेंटिनातील क्लब |url=https://goanvarta.net/story.php?id=60804 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=Goan Varta (गोवन वार्ता) |language=mr |trans-title=Clubs from Australia, Argentina will play for the first time in the Bandodkar Football Tournament |archive-date=2024-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821133101/https://goanvarta.net/story.php?id=60804 }}</ref> They suffered a 2–0 defeat to Brisbane Roar on 30 August.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brisbaneroar.com.au/news/bandodkar-trophy-match-wrap-sporting-goa-0-2-brisbane-roar/|title=Bandodkar Trophy Match Wrap: Sporting Goa 0–2 Brisbane Roar|date=31 August 2024|access-date=31 August 2024|archive-date=31 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831172437/https://brisbaneroar.com.au/news/bandodkar-trophy-match-wrap-sporting-goa-0-2-brisbane-roar/|work=Brisbane Roar Football Club}}</ref> In 2024–25 season, the club competed in I-League 2.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I-League 2 2024–25: Newly promoted SAT Tirur face familiar foes KLASA FC in season-opener |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |access-date=25 October 2024 |date=24 October 2024 |website=Khel Now |first1=Anuj |last1=T |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241106051023/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-i-league-2-fixtures-202410 |archive-date=6 November 2024 }}</ref> Sporting Goa clinched the 2024–25 Goa Professional League title in May, securing 46 points and 15 wins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Pro League: Sporting Clube de Goa are champions, again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-pro-league-sporting-clube-are-champions-again/articleshow/120833022.cms |access-date=3 May 2025 |date=3 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |agency=TNN |first1=Flavio |last1=Lopes |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503140812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-pro-league-sporting-clube-are-champions-again/articleshow/120833022.cms |archive-date=3 May 2025 }}</ref>

== Club crest and kits ==
=== Crest ===
The crest of Sporting Clube de Goa is predominantly a replica of the former crest of [[Sporting CP]], which was in use by the Portuguese club from 1945 until 2001.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2015 |title=A História dos Emblemas |url=https://www.sporting.pt/pt/clube/historia/emblemas |access-date=3 March 2024 |trans-title=The History of Emblems |website=sporting.pt |publisher=Sporting Clube de Portugal |language=pt-pt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608174802/https://www.sporting.pt/pt/clube/historia/emblemas |archive-date=8 June 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-19 |title=Devem os clubes mudar os seus emblemas? |url=https://www.dn.pt/desportos/devem-os-clubes-mudar-os-seus-emblemas-11106671.html |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=dn.pt |language=pt-PT |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031105734/https://www.dn.pt/desportos/devem-os-clubes-mudar-os-seus-emblemas-11106671.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-24 |title=Sporting quer renovar o símbolo |url=https://rr.sapo.pt/bola-branca/noticia/sporting/2022/12/24/sporting-quer-renovar-o-simbolo/313164/ |access-date=2023-10-30 |website=Rádio Renascença |language=pt-pt |archive-date=31 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031105735/https://rr.sapo.pt/bola-branca/noticia/sporting/2022/12/24/sporting-quer-renovar-o-simbolo/313164/ }}</ref> One notable difference is that on Sporting Portugal's current crest it says "Sporting Portugal", while Sporting Goa's does not because Sporting CP's old crest, used by Sporting Goa, didn't have any word on it.<ref name=":0" /> Another difference is that Sporting Portugal's current crest is mostly dark green and yellow while Sporting Goa's is dark green and white just like the previous iteration<ref name=":0" /> of Sporting Portugal's crest in use until 2001 by the Portuguese sports club.<ref>[https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21380/sporting-goa/ Sporting Clube de Goa archive] ''worldfootball.net''. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</ref>

While the crest of Sporting Goa is coloured in [[green]] and [[white]], the official club colours are [[orange (colour)|orange]] and white.<ref name=debut>{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC 1–1 Sporting Goa: Kalu's penalty wins a point for the visitors|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report|website=Goal.com|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924023331/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report|archive-date=24 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting ruin Churchill's dream of I-League crown|url=http://twocircles.net/2008feb16/sporting_ruin_churchills_dream_i_league_crown.html|work=Two Circles|date=16 February 2008 |access-date=2 June 2012|archive-date=16 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216190752/http://twocircles.net/2008feb16/sporting_ruin_churchills_dream_i_league_crown.html}}</ref> The club's nickname is "Flaming Orange".<ref>{{cite web |last=Vaz |first=John |title=Sporting Clube de Goa 1–2 ONGC FC: Flaming Oranje fall short as the Mumbai side end on a high |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91307/ongc-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |work=Goal.com |access-date=13 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930050305/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91307/ongc-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report |archive-date=30 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="SCDG">{{cite web|url=https://sportingclubedegoa.com/the-flaming-oranje-unveil-their-armour/|title=The Flaming Oranje unveil their armour|website=sportingclubedegoa.com|date=9 January 2021|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306141456/https://sportingclubedegoa.com/the-flaming-oranje-unveil-their-armour/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/29/stories/2010102954722000.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102143019/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/29/stories/2010102954722000.htm|archive-date=2 November 2010|title=Garhwal Heroes stuns Sporting Clube de Goa|website=thehindu.com|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 September 2021|location=[[New Delhi]]}}</ref>

=== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
| 2011–2012
| [[Adidas]]
| rowspan="4" | Models Construction Private Limited<ref>{{Cite web|first=Allan|last=D'cruz|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Peter-Vaz-A-reviver-visionary-builder-of-sustainability-/169110|title=Peter Vaz: A reviver, visionary & builder of sustainability|website=heraldgoa.in|publisher=The Herald Goa|date=26 December 2020|access-date=3 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603111055/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Peter-Vaz-A-reviver-visionary-builder-of-sustainability-/169110|archive-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2012–2015
| Seventy Sports
|-
| 2018–2024
|
|-
|2024–
|SIX5SIX<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballkitarchive.com/sporting-clube-de-goa-kits/|title=Sporting Clube de Goa Kit History|website=footballkitarchive.com|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420073044/https://www.footballkitarchive.com/sporting-clube-de-goa-kits/|archive-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Ownership==
The club was modeled on the Portuguese giants Sporting Clube de Portugal and has adopted a similar club crest. The club was founded as '''Cidade de Goa''' and was taken over by entrepreneurs Peter Vaz and Edgar Afonso. Later, they renamed it '''Sporting Clube de Goa''' in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|first1=Sukalp|last1=Sharma|title=Indias biggest league|date=30 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/}}</ref>

==Stadium==
[[File:Fatorda Stadium.jpg|thumb|South side of Fatorda Stadium]]

Traditionally, Sporting Goa played at the Fatorda Stadium in [[Margao]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Goa Professional League 2008|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/local/gfl2008.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419150216/http://www.indianfootball.de/local/gfl2008.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2021|website=indianfootball.de}}</ref><ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/india-goa-stadiums.html India (Goa State) - Stadiums] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122040003/http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/india-goa-stadiums.html |date=22 January 2021 }} ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 14 August 2021</ref> During the [[2011 I-League 2nd Division]]. However, they had to play at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Shillong|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in [[Shillong]] as the league did not have a home-and-away format. As SC Goa was back in the [[2011–12 I-League|top-tier]], they started to play home games at the Fatorda Stadium.<ref>{{cite news|title=Churchill Bros SC stun Sporting Clube de Goa|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Churchill-Bros-SC-stun-Sporting-Clube-de-Goa/92872.html|access-date=11 January 2016|work=Herald Goa|date=28 August 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092531/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Churchill-Bros-SC-stun-Sporting-Clube-de-Goa/92872.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2015|title=Sporting Goa 4-0 Pune {{!}} I-League 2014-15|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/30/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/pune-fc/1981077/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601074431/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/05/30/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/pune-fc/1981077/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2016|title=Sporting Goa 0–0 Shivajians {{!}} I-League 2015-16|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dsk-shivajians/2176880/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419141053/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/01/17/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/dsk-shivajians/2176880/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 January 2017|title=Rowllin Borges raises the bar higher for 2017|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=7 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107100417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms}}</ref>

[[Goa Football Association]] owned [[Duler Stadium]] in [[Mapusa]] became the home ground of Sporting during the [[2012–13 I-League]], alongside [[Tilak Maidan Stadium]] (from January).<ref>{{cite web|title=Duler Stadium to Host I-League on New Turf |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/duler-stadium-host-i-league-new-turf |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218004019/http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/duler-stadium-host-i-league-new-turf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2013 |work=Navhindtimes |access-date=23 December 2012 }}</ref> They also used Duler during the [[2013–14 I-League]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa pip Vasco SC|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-pip-Vasco-SC/170607|website=heraldgoa.in|publisher=Herald Goa|access-date=23 February 2021|date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204070542/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-pip-Vasco-SC/170607|archive-date=4 February 2021}}</ref> In Goa, it became the second stadium to get [[AstroTurf|artificial turf]], in 2012.<ref name=TurfWork>{{cite web|title=FIFA Give All Clear to Lay Astro Turf|url=http://www.goa-fa.com/news_disp.php?id=529|work=Goa Football Association|access-date=23 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124132620/http://www.goa-fa.com/news_disp.php?id=529|archive-date=24 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=GoaCom>{{cite web|title=GFA plans major expansion of Duler stadium|url=http://www.goacom.com/sports/3608-gfa-plans-major-expansion-of-duler-stadium|work=GoaCom|access-date=23 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209011925/http://www.goacom.com/sports/3608-gfa-plans-major-expansion-of-duler-stadium|archive-date=9 December 2012}}</ref> In January 2024, the club again moved to Tilak Maidan Stadium ahead of the I-League 2 season kick-off.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|title=I-League 2 Set to Kick Off Exciting 2023-24 Season with 8 Clubs in the Fray|date=8 January 2024|access-date=20 January 2024|website=en.bongfootball.in|publisher=Bong Football News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109043700/https://en.bongfootball.in/i-league-2-set-to-kick-off-exciting-2023-24-season-with-8-clubs-in-the-fray/|archive-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> In 2025, they decided to use [[GMC Athletic Stadium]] and Ella Academy Ground as home stadiums.

==Rivalries==
In the land of Portuguese heritage,<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714004840?journalCode=fsas20#:~:text=Along%20with%20West%20Bengal%2C%20Goa%20dominates%20Indian%20football.&text=Salgaocar%2C%20Goa's%20most%20successful%20club,teams%20in%20the%20top%20flight. Football in Goa: Sport, Politics and the Portuguese in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720071336/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714004840?journalCode=fsas20#:~:text=Along%20with%20West%20Bengal%2C%20Goa%20dominates%20Indian%20football.&text=Salgaocar%2C%20Goa's%20most%20successful%20club,teams%20in%20the%20top%20flight. |date=20 July 2021 }} (pages 75–88) ''Taylor and Francis''. Author: James Mills. Publication date: 14 September 2010 (online published) Retrieved 20 July 2021</ref> Sporting Clube de Goa has rivalries with their fellow [[Goa]]n sides; [[Dempo SC|Dempo]],<ref>{{cite web|title=A late effort from the Afghan to add to his earlier goal ensured that Dempo got a point out of the Goan derby|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/sporting-goa-vs-dempo/1981037/report|work=Goal.com|date=4 April 2015|access-date=4 April 2015|author=Brendon Netto and Anselm Noronha|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924143745/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/sporting-goa-vs-dempo/1981037/report|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Churchill Brothers]] and [[Salgaocar SC|Salgaocar]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Jonathan De Sousa|date=16 January 2011|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/salgaocar-sports-club-regaining-the-lost-glory/|title=Salgaocar Sports Club: regaining the lost glory|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005064414/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/salgaocar-sports-club-regaining-the-lost-glory/|archive-date=5 October 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.footlive.com/h2h/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-salgaocar-fc/ Sporting Clube vs Salgaocar head to head] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720070238/http://www.footlive.com/h2h/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-salgaocar-fc/ |date=20 July 2021 }} ''footlive.com''. Retrieved 20 July 2021.</ref><ref name="Berlanga">{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 2–0 Salgaocar FC: The Flaming Oranje double troupe 10-men opponents in Goan derby|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96245/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-salgaocar-football-club/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-date=4 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204041708/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96245/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-salgaocar-football-club/report|url-status=live}}</ref> whom they faced in [[I-League]] and face in [[Goa Football League|Goa Professional League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade-3/|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 September 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Williams|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|title=The Goa and Maha Derby: A thing past in I-League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720065558/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|archive-date=20 July 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> The club previously had a rivalry with another Goan side [[Fransa Pax FC|Pax of Nagoa]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Somnath Sengupta|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-rewind-fransa-pax-how-mickky-pachecos-ego-destroyed-a-football-club/|title=Indian Football Rewind: Fransa Pax – How Mickky Pacheco's Ego Destroyed A Football Club|website=Thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=19 March 2012|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108013609/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2012/indian-football-rewind-fransa-pax-how-mickky-pachecos-ego-destroyed-a-football-club/|archive-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>

==SCG Academy, youth and infrastructure==
===Overview===
On 16 August 2013, Sporting launched their football academy on the occasion of the 198th anniversary of the founding of Don Bosco.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/08/16/4191169/aiffs-scott-odonell-inaugurates-sporting-clube-de-goa?ICID=OP|title=AIFF's Scott O'Donnell inaugurates Sporting Clube de Goa Football Academy|work=Goal.com|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905180059/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/08/16/4191169/aiffs-scott-odonell-inaugurates-sporting-clube-de-goa?ICID=OP|url-status=live}}</ref> The academy for various age groups, namely U-10, U-12, U-14, U-16, U-18, and U-20, with the coaching team built around Spanish coach Javier Fernández, assisted by Norbert Gonsalves, Ashwin Crasto, Francisco Raposo and Freddy Gomes. They worked under the overall supervision and guidance of Sporting's then head coach [[Oscar Bruzon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3087946/mumbai-fc-appoint-oscar-bruzon-as-head-coach|title=Mumbai FC appoint Oscar Bruzon as head coach|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=22 March 2017|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061519/http://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3087946/mumbai-fc-appoint-oscar-bruzon-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/former-mumbai-fc-gaffer-oscar-bruzon-joins-maldivian-side/we2s8bdi904o1vvh15opgpwkk|title=Former Mumbai FC gaffer Oscar Bruzon joins Maldivian side New Radiant SC|publisher=Goal.com|date=26 June 2017|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143043/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/former-mumbai-fc-gaffer-oscar-bruzon-joins-maldivian-side/we2s8bdi904o1vvh15opgpwkk|url-status=live}}</ref> in order to implement the Sporting Clube de Goa youth development plan. Sporting Goa also renovated the football ground at Don Bosco College in [[Panaji]] with the installation of sub-surface slit drainage combined with the laying of perforated pipes.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sporting Clube de Goa – East Bengal Preview – Goan champions come up against their Kolkata counterparts|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/sporting-goa-vs-east-bengal/2176877/preview|access-date=11 January 2016|work=Goal.com|date=10 January 2016|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306125433/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/sporting-goa-vs-east-bengal/2176877/preview|url-status=live}}</ref> The original mud topping has given way to a sand-based top layer, which encourages drainage and healthy grass growth, and provides a level and cushioned playing surface.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/08/15/4186595/sporting-clube-de-goa-set-to-launch-football-academy?ICID=OP|title=Sporting Clube de Goa set to launch football academy|work=Goal.com|access-date=11 November 2015|archive-date=5 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905175812/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/08/15/4186595/sporting-clube-de-goa-set-to-launch-football-academy?ICID=OP|url-status=live}}</ref> Between 2013 and 2015, Spanish coach [[Javier Fernández Cabrera]] worked as technical director, as well as assistant coach of the club, playing key role behind Sporting Goa's youth development.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dailysportsbd.com/2022/01/%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b6-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b2%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%be%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf/|date=7 January 2022|title=বাংলাদেশ দলের দায়িত্ব নিচ্ছেন বার্সেলোনায় কাজ করা কোচ|trans-title=The Spanish coach who worked with Barcelona, took in charge of Bangladesh national team|language=bn|work=Daily Daily Sports BD|access-date=8 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108151155/https://dailysportsbd.com/2022/01/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/sports/67943|title=Javier Cabrera made Bangladesh Football team coach|first=Daily Bangladesh :: ডেইলি|last=বাংলাদেশ|website=Daily Bangladesh|access-date=2022-01-08|archive-date=2022-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108144105/https://www.daily-bangladesh.com/english/sports/67943}}</ref>

===Academy honours===
*'''[[I-League U19]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2010 I-League U19|2010]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html#u-19_ileague|title=Sporting Goa win U-19 ONGC I-League title|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711123552/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html|access-date=24 January 2014|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|title=I-League (under-19) 2008/09|work=indianfootball.de|date=2008|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718223024/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''Taça Goa U18 League'''
**Champions (1): 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/sporting-clube-retain-u18-crown/33314.html|title=Sporting Clube retain U-18 crown|date=29 May 2017|access-date=14 December 2020|website=thegoan.net|publisher=The Goan News|location=Panaji|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106153310/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/sporting-clube-retain-u18-crown/33314.html|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
*'''Taça Goa U20 League'''
**Champions (1): 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://modelsgoa.com/sports/|title=Models Group — Sports — Sporting Clube de Goa – Achievements|website=modelsgoa.com|publisher=Models Group Goa|location=Margao|date=11 July 2016|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922080036/https://modelsgoa.com/sports/|archive-date=22 September 2023}}</ref>

==In the community==
Sporting Clube de Goa launched its mascot named "[[Zumba (mascot)|Zumba]]" (the first live mascot introduced in the league).<ref>{{Cite web |work=Navhind Times |date=2013-08-15 |title=Sporting Clube to launch own academy tomorrow |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/08/15/sports/sports-sporting-clube-launch-own-academy-tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924171722/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2013/08/15/sports/sports-sporting-clube-launch-own-academy-tomorrow/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2011/10/24/sporting-clube-de-goa-launch-mascot-zumba-theme-song-%E2%80%98flaming-oranje%E2%80%99/|title=Sporting Clube de Goa launch mascot Zumba theme song|website=indianfootballnetwork.com|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027223558/http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2011/10/24/sporting-clube-de-goa-launch-mascot-zumba-theme-song-%e2%80%98flaming-oranje%e2%80%99/|archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> besides its theme song "Flaming Orange", composed by one of Goa's leading bands, Sky High With Pomp.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-launch-its-mascot-Zumba/articleshow/10468150.cms |title=Sporting Clube de Goa launch its mascot 'Zumba' – The Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2011-10-24 |access-date=2012-07-11 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |agency=Press Trust of India |location=Margao |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503053115/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sporting-clube-de-goa-launch-its-mascot-zumba/articleshow/10468150.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Players==
===First-team players===
{{Updated|28 December 2024}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kunal Kundaikar}}
{{Fs player|no=3|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Assumption Raymond Soares}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Alton Vaz}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Joel Colaco}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Rohan Rodrigues}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Sidharth Kundaikar}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Lloyd Mascarenhas}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Ngangbam Naocha Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Lloyd Cardozo}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Marcus Mascarenhas|other=[[Captain (association football)|Captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Joyson Regan Gauncar}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Dhiraj Chouhan}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Samuel Gregorio Costa}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Doyal Alves}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Flagan Rodrigues}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Dattaraj Gaonkar}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Abhimanyu Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Chandan Gawas}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Biswa Darjee}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ivon Costa}}
{{Fs player|no=26|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Brandon Gomes}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Bhaskar Jalmi}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Mark Carvalho}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Shelton Nickson}}
{{Fs player|no=34|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Joyson Pelagius Coutinho}}
{{Fs player|no=35|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Sushil Meitei Ahongshangbam}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Akeraj Martins}}
{{Fs player|no=40|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Vipin Sharma}}
{{Fs player|no=47|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Klusner John Manuel Pereira}}
{{Fs player|no=49|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Liston Cardozo}}
{{Fs end}}
Player|no=99 |nat=IND|Pos=FW|name=Jerry Pulamte

==Honours==
===League===
* '''[[I-League]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2004–05 National Football League (India)|2004–05]]<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflroll.htm |title=National Football League |website=Rediff.com |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220719/http://www.rediff.com/sports/nflroll.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
**Third place (1): [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]]<ref>[https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/ro5078/md22/results-and-standings/ I-League 2008-2009 points table and statistics]. [https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/ro5078/md22/results-and-standings/]. ''worldfootball.net''. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</ref>
*'''[[National Football League Second Division (India)|National Football League II]]'''
**Champions (1): 2002–03<ref>{{cite web |title=National Football League Second Division |author=Arunava Choudhary |url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |website=indianfootball.de |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026081440/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nfl2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[I-League 2]]'''
**Runners-up (1): [[2011 I-League 2nd Division final round|2010–11]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8011|title=Club profile — Sporting Clube de Goa|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127010725/https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8011|archive-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>
**Third place (1): 2024–25<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diamond Harbour win I-League 2 title, Chanmari FC promoted to I-League 2025–26 |url=https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |access-date=20 April 2025 |date=19 April 2025 |work=i-league.org |publisher=All India Football Federation |language=en-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420152012/https://i-league.org/diamond-harbour-win-i-league-2-title-chanmari-fc-promoted-to-i-league-2025-26/ |archive-date=20 April 2025 }}</ref>
*'''[[I-League 3]]'''
**Champions (1): [[2023–24 I-League 3|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/i-league-3|title=I-League 3 2023/24 — Final Standings (Play-off's)|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=30 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231052802/https://www.the-aiff.com/competitions/i-league-3|archive-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|title=16 tournaments, 11,000 players: A hectic 2023–24 domestic season with class and character|date=18 June 2024|access-date=18 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618135956/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/16-tournaments-11000-players-a-hectic-2023-24-domestic-season-with-class-and-character|archive-date=18 June 2024|location=New Delhi|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|first1=AIFF|last1=Media Team}}</ref>
* '''[[Goa Football League]]'''
**Champions (9): 2006–07,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07s.html|title=2006/07 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123174000/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07s.html|archive-date=23 November 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[2013–14 Goa Professional League season|2013–14]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube Champions|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/News/Sports/Sporting-Clube-champions/82195.html|website=Herald Goa|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905083956/http://www.heraldgoa.in/News/Sports/Sporting-Clube-champions/82195.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2015–16 Goa Professional League|2015–16]],<ref>[http://www.kolkatasports.com/goa-pro-league-2015.php "Goa Pro League 2015-2016 Fixtures"]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626220706/http://www.kolkatasports.com/goa-pro-league-2015.php |date=2016-06-26 }}, ''[[Goa Football Association]]'', Top scorer, Match Live.</ref> [[2017–18 Goa Professional League|2017–18]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=2017/18 GOA PRO LEAGUE STANDINGS|url=https://www.theindianleague.in/p/201718-goa-pro-league-standings.html?m=1|website=theindianleagie.in|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416063924/https://www.theindianleague.in/p/201718-goa-pro-league-standings.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2019–20 Goa Professional League|2019–20]] (''shared''),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goa Pro League 2019-20: Fixtures, results, standings & more|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2019-20-fixtures-results-telecast|website=Khel Now|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127110953/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-pro-league-2019-20-fixtures-results-telecast|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india2020.html|title=India 2019/20: Goa Professional League|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=3 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007091829/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india2020.html}}</ref> [[2020–21 Goa Professional League|2020–21]], [[2023–24 Goa Professional League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Goa Professional League|2024–25]], [[2025–26 Goa Professional League|2024–25]]
**Runners-up (3): [[2016–17 Goa Professional League|2016–17]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Cruz|first1=Errol|title=Green at the grassroots and podium top|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/green-at-the-grassroots-and-podium-top/articleshow/56264041.cms|access-date=19 November 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201071026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/green-at-the-grassroots-and-podium-top/articleshow/56264041.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> [[2021–22 Goa Professional League|2021–22]], [[2022–23 Goa Professional League|2022–23]]

===Cup===
* '''[[Indian Super Cup (1997–2011)|Indian Super Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 2005<ref name="Super Cup">{{cite web|title=Indian Super Cup|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiasupcuphist.html|website=RSSSF|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=3 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803123822/http://rsssf.com/tablesi/indiasupcuphist.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Super Cup |url=http://the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2748|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|access-date=22 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925102945/http://www.the-aiff.com/pages/news/index.php?N_Id=2748 |archive-date=2011-09-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|title=India – List of Federation Cup Winners|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217082516/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiacuphist.html|access-date=12 December 2021|archive-date=17 February 2014|website=[[RSSSF]]|url-status=live}}</ref>
**Runners-up (3): 2005, 2006,<ref>{{Cite web|title=28th Federation Cup 2006|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07fedcup.html#:~:text=28th%20Federation%20Cup%202006&text=The%2028th%20Federation%20Cup%20was,12th%20title%20in%20the%20end.|access-date=14 June 2021|website=indianfootball.de|archive-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701182300/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2006-07fedcup.html#:~:text=28th%20Federation%20Cup%202006&text=The%2028th%20Federation%20Cup%20was,12th%20title%20in%20the%20end.|url-status=live}}</ref> [[2013–14 Indian Federation Cup|2013–14]]<ref>{{cite web|title=It's Churchill vs Sporting Clube de Goa in the Federation Cup final|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/its-churchill-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa-in-the-federation-cup-final-1356229.html|work=First Post|date=23 January 2014 |access-date=26 January 2014|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508014657/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/its-churchill-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa-in-the-federation-cup-final-1356229.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''[[Durand Cup]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/durandcup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Durand Cup|access-date=22 February 2021|website=Indianfootball.de|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627235237/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/durandcup.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*'''Goa Governor's Cup'''
**Champions (2): 2005, 2007–08<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/goagovernorscup.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Goa Governor's Cup|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023001910/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/goagovernorscup.html|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=23 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**Runners-up (1): 2003<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2003-04s.html|title=2003/04 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117042721/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2003-04s.html|archive-date=17 January 2020|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*'''[[Goa Police Cup]]'''
**Champions (1): 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-police-cup-2018-sporting-goa-churchill-brothers-match-report|title=Sporting Goa down Churchill Brothers to lift Goa Police Cup|first=Ravish|last=Narvekar|date=4 May 2018|access-date=14 February 2023|website=khelnow.com|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220072110/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-police-cup-2018-sporting-goa-churchill-brothers-match-report}}</ref>
**Runners-up (3): 2005,<ref>{{Cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|title=2005/06 Season in Indian Football|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109192919/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2005-06s.html|archive-date=9 January 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|url-status=dead}}</ref> 2010,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/vasco-subdue-sporting-lift-police-cup/06118|title=Vasco subdue Sporting lift Police Cup|date=1 March 2010|access-date=14 February 2023|website=heraldgoa.in|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220070621/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/vasco-subdue-sporting-lift-police-cup/06118}}</ref> 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-police-cup-2019-fc-goa-sporting-final-report|title=FC Goa lift Goa Police Cup 2019|first=Ravish|last=Narvekar|date=19 September 2019|access-date=14 February 2023|website=khelnow.com|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220060539/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-police-cup-2019-fc-goa-sporting-final-report}}</ref>

===Others===
*'''AWES Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2018<ref name="2018 season">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/awes-cup-sporting-clube-end-salgaocar-fairytale/articleshow/65825254.cms|title=AWES Cup: Sporting Clube end Salgaocar fairytale|date=16 September 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|website=[[The Times of India]]|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|location=Vasco Da Gama, Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828124801/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/awes-cup-sporting-clube-end-salgaocar-fairytale/articleshow/65825254.cms|archive-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>
* '''GFA Charity Cup'''
** Champions (1): 2018<ref name="2018 season"/>
** Runners-up (2): 2021,<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825214221/https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/dylan-d%E2%80%99silva-save-day-dempo-sc-wins-charity-cup-2295|archive-date=25 August 2023|title=Dylan D'Silva save the day as Dempo SC wins the Charity Cup|url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/news/sports/dylan-d%E2%80%99silva-save-day-dempo-sc-wins-charity-cup-2295|date=2 October 2021|access-date=26 August 2023|website=gomantaktimes.com}}</ref> 2023<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/dempo-blank-sporting-clube-30-in-gfa-charity-match/102905.html|title=Dempo blank Sporting Clube 3–0 in GFA Charity Match|date=21 August 2023|access-date=26 August 2023|website=thegoan.net|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825214225/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/dempo-blank-sporting-clube-30-in-gfa-charity-match/102905.html}}</ref>
* '''SCG Goodwill Cup'''
**Champions (1): 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-Veterans-win-Goodwill-Cup/87946|title=Sporting Clube Veterans win Goodwill Cup|website=heraldgoa.in|publisher=The Harald Goa|date=1 May 2015|access-date=6 January 2024|location=Panjim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106162129/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-Veterans-win-Goodwill-Cup/87946|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>
* '''Guru Gobind Singh Trophy'''
**Runners-up (1): 2000<ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ggsinghtrophy.html|title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the Sri Guru Gobind Singh Trophy|website=indianfootball.de|publisher=Indian Football Network|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023211800/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ggsinghtrophy.html|archive-date=23 October 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Managerial history==


[[File:Oscar bruzon 01.jpg|thumb|[[Óscar Bruzón]] was the first-ever Spanish coach in the club's history, clinching the [[2013–14 Goa Professional League season|2013–14 Goa Pro League]] title<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportingclubedegoa.wordpress.com/2013/11/19/sporting-clube-de-goa-champions-of-airtel-goa-professional-league-201314/|title=Sporting Clube de Goa Champions of Airtel Goa Professional League 2013/14|website=sportingclubedegoa.wordpress.com|date=19 November 2013 |publisher=Sporting Clube de Goa|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218085400/http://sportingclubedegoa.wordpress.com/2013/11/19/sporting-clube-de-goa-champions-of-airtel-goa-professional-league-201314/|archive-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>]]

* {{flagicon|IND}} Alex Alvares (—2007)<ref name="Goal.com"/>
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Clifford Chukwuma]] (2007–2009)<ref>{{cite news|title=I-League: Three Points Is All We Need — Clifford Chukuwama|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2009/02/26/1128450/i-league-three-points-is-all-we-need-clifford-chukuwama|access-date=22 February 2015|work=Goal.com|date=26 February 2009|archive-date=4 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904165327/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2009/02/26/1128450/i-league-three-points-is-all-we-need-clifford-chukuwama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|title=The League of foreign coaches|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|location=Margao|date=29 September 2008|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616070718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|archive-date=16 June 2024}}
</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|POR}} Roy Barreto (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/keeping-it-short/articleshow/72211574.cms|title=Keeping it short|agency=TNN|date=24 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423220119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/keeping-it-short/articleshow/72211574.cms|archive-date=23 April 2023|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Vishwas Gaonkar (2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-sporting-clube-de-goa-sack-gaonkar-308218.html|title=I-League: Sporting Clube De Goa sack Gaonkar|website=news18.com|publisher=Goal.com|date=7 February 2009|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922134252/https://www.news18.com/news/football/i-league-sporting-clube-de-goa-sack-gaonkar-308218.html|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ekendra Singh]] (2010–2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/63175/soibam-ekendra-singh|title=Soibam Ekendra Singh|access-date=25 March 2021|publisher=goal.com|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314170138/http://www.goal.com/en-india/people/india/63175/soibam-ekendra-singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://everythingforfootball.com/coach/ekendra-singh/|title=Manager Information – History: Soibam Ekendra Singh|website=everythingforfootball.com|publisher=Everything For Football|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=22 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922132732/https://everythingforfootball.com/coach/ekendra-singh/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Óscar Bruzón]] (2012–2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Spanish-coach-for-Sporting-Clube-de-Goa/articleshow/17470430.cms|title=Spanish coach for Sporting Clube de Goa|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=4 December 2012|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917134449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Spanish-coach-for-Sporting-Clube-de-Goa/articleshow/17470430.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/04/02/sc-goas-oscar-bruzon-aiming-high-against-kolkata-clubs/|title=SC Goa's Oscar Bruzon aiming high against Kolkata football clubs|website=Indiafooty.net|date=2 April 2013 |access-date=25 March 2021|archive-date=5 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405015941/http://www.indianfootballnetwork.com/blog/2013/04/02/sc-goas-oscar-bruzon-aiming-high-against-kolkata-clubs/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|India}} [[Mateus Costa]] (2014–2019)<ref>{{cite web|last1=Noronha|first1=Anselm|title=Mateus Costa: 'Bengaluru's defense is very good'|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2015/01/10/7825442/mateus-costa-bengalurus-defense-is-very-good|website=Goal.com|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303220510/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2015/01/10/7825442/mateus-costa-bengalurus-defense-is-very-good}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bengaluru FC 3-0 Sporting Goa|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/bengaluru-vs-sporting-goa/1983808?ICID=AR_CO_SC_2|website=Goal.com|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=3 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303213503/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/bengaluru-vs-sporting-goa/1983808?ICID=AR_CO_SC_2}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} Francisco Vaz (2019–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-pip-Vasco-SC/170607|title=Sporting Clube de Goa pip Vasco SC|website=The Herald Goa|date=4 February 2021 |access-date=21 April 2021|archive-date=4 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204070542/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-de-Goa-pip-Vasco-SC/170607}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Armando Colaco]] (2022–2025)<ref name="Colaco is new coach of SCG"/>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Fernando Santiago Varela]] (2025–present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-clube-sign-coach-varela-with-eye-on-i-league/articleshow/124613239.cms|title=Sporting Clube sign coach Varela with eye on I-League|work=The Times of India|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|location=Panaji|agency=TNN|date=17 October 2025|access-date=17 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251017072433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-clube-sign-coach-varela-with-eye-on-i-league/articleshow/124613239.cms|archive-date=17 October 2025}}</ref>

==Notable players==
The players below, had ''[[National sports team#Individual selection and participation|senior/youth international cap(s)]]'' for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed represented their countries before or after playing for ''Sporting clube de Goa''.

'''World Cup players'''
* {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Anthony Wolfe]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12161/Anthony_Wolfe.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Wolfe, Anthony|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813154713/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12161/Anthony_Wolfe.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/teams/team=43920.html |title=2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: Trinidad & Tobago |work=FIFA.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324174942/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/teams/team%3D43920.html |archive-date=24 March 2008 }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Densill Theobald]] (2015–2016)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/amp/news/i-league-201617-mumbai-fc-welcome-densill-theobald/106so31z8pb891cubn5mko699u|title=I-League 2016/17 Exclusive – Mumbai FC welcome Densill Theobald|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008122401/https://www.goal.com/en-om/amp/news/i-league-201617-mumbai-fc-welcome-densill-theobald/106so31z8pb891cubn5mko699u}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7982/Densill_Theobald.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Theobald, Densill|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206032814/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7982/Densill_Theobald.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

'''Other foreign internationals'''
* {{flagicon|RWA}} [[Louis Aniweta]] (2002–2003)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/33270/Lewis_Aniweta.html|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Aniweta Ifeanychukwu, Louis|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=5 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005014057/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/33270/Lewis_Aniweta.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Nicholas Muyoti]] (2007–2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3598/Nicholas_Muyoti.html|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Muyoti, Nicholas|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502163416/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/3598/Nicholas_Muyoti.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|KEN}} [[Boniface Ambani]] (2007–2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/16611/Boniface_Ambani.html|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Ambani, Boniface|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=13 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813174110/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/16611/Boniface_Ambani.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Lawrence Adjei]] (2007–2008)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2630/Lawrence_Adjei.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Adjei, Lawrence|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=27 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127020046/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/2630/Lawrence_Adjei.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|DOM}} [[Chad Bertrand]] (2010)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport.de/team/te21380/sporting-goa/vs2010-2011/kader/|title=Sporting Goa — Kader 2010/2011|website=sport.de|language=de-DE|access-date=11 March 2017|archive-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312054240/http://www.sport.de/team/te21380/sporting-goa/vs2010-2011/kader/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/40086/Chad_Bertrand.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Bertrand, Chad|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=27 March 2016|archive-date=8 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408074737/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/40086/Chad_Bertrand.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Stanley Bernard Stephen Samuel|Stanley Bernard]] (2010–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/others/2020/08/31/many-went---but-few-succeeded|title=Many went – but few succeeded|date=31 August 2020|location=Kuala Lumpur|website=thestar.com.my|publisher=The Star Malaysia|access-date=3 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831061306/https://www.thestar.com.my/sport/others/2020/08/31/many-went---but-few-succeeded|archive-date=31 August 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vocketfc.com/pengulas-liga-malaysia-stanley-bernard-dilantik-sebagai-ceo-kuala-lumpur-united/|title=Pengulas Liga Malaysia, Stanley Bernard Dilantik Sebagai CEO Kuala Lumpur United|website=vocketfc.com|language=ms|publisher=Vocket FC|access-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212125732/https://www.vocketfc.com/pengulas-liga-malaysia-stanley-bernard-dilantik-sebagai-ceo-kuala-lumpur-united/|archive-date=12 December 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SDN}} {{flagicon|SSD}} [[James Moga]] (2011)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6286/James_Joseph_Moga.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Saeed Moga, James Joseph|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502162121/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6286/James_Joseph_Moga.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|title=Sporting Clube De Goa 2–0 Chirag United Kerala – James Moga And Victorino Fernandes Score for the Home Side|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69369/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report|publisher=goal.com|access-date=6 May 2012|archive-date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122132349/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69369/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-chirag-united-club-kerala/report}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|GUI}} [[Boubacar Keita]] (2011–2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2292/editorials/2011/09/11/2659306/i-league-club-analysis-sporting-clube-de-goa-the-underdogs|title=I-League Club Analysis: Sporting Clube De Goa – The Underdogs|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162501/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2292/editorials/2011/09/11/2659306/i-league-club-analysis-sporting-clube-de-goa-the-underdogs|archive-date=2 August 2018|website=goal.com|first=Kratik|last=Malhotra|date=11 September 2011|access-date=26 January 2014|publisher=[[Goal (website)|GOAL]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|LBR}} [[Joseph Amoah (footballer, born 1981)|Joseph Amoah]] (2012–2013)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9732/Joseph_Amoah.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amoah, Joseph|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2023|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228133422/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/9732/Joseph_Amoah.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|NIG}} [[Koffi Dan Kowa]] (2014–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-release-Koffi-/83456|title=Sporting release Koffi|date=14 January 2015|access-date=3 December 2022|location=Panjim|website=heraldgoa.in|publisher=The Herald Goa|archive-date=2 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502184802/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-release-Koffi-/83456}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Glenton Wolfe]] (2014–2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/11/19/sports/vasco-thump-sporting-3-1/|title=Vasco thump Sporting 3–1|website=navhindtimes.in|publisher=The Navahind Times|date=19 November 2014|access-date=25 January 2019|location=Margao|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230502153607/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2014/11/19/sports/vasco-thump-sporting-3-1/|archive-date=2 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa held by Churchill to goalless draw|url=https://sportingclubedegoa.wordpress.com/tag/glenton-wolfe/|work=Sporting Clube de Goa|date=15 November 2014|access-date=17 December 2014|archive-date=24 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224051828/https://sportingclubedegoa.wordpress.com/tag/glenton-wolfe/}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pablo Gallardo]] (2014–2015)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/deportes/arroyo-apura-sus-ultimos-movimientos-mercado_851636.html|title=El Arroyo apura sus últimos movimientos en el mercado|trans-title=Arroyo go the distance in market|newspaper=[[El Periódico Extremadura]]|language=es|date=30 January 2015|access-date=20 July 2016|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809142206/http://www.elperiodicoextremadura.com/noticias/deportes/arroyo-apura-sus-ultimos-movimientos-mercado_851636.html}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Miguel Garcia (Portuguese footballer)|Miguel Garcia]] (2015){{refn|group=nb|Garcia earned a Portugal national football B team cap on January 26, 2006.}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/sporting-sign-garcia/articleshow/45891721.cms|title=Sporting sign Garcia|website=[[The Times of India]]|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|date=15 January 2015|location=Panaji|access-date=10 November 2022|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115144254/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Sporting-sign-Garcia/articleshow/45891721.cms}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|SYR}} [[Mahmoud Amnah]] (2015–2016)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6465/Mahmoud_Al_Amenah.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amnah, Mahamoud Al|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816070405/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6465/Mahmoud_Al_Amenah.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref>

'''Club World Cup players'''
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Ángel Berlanga]] (2013)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aucklandcityfc.com/news/1877/3/Angel-Berlanga-calls-time-on-playing-days/|title=Angel Berlanga calls time on playing days|date=16 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|publisher=ACFC Media|website=aucklandcityfc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219164549/http://www.aucklandcityfc.com/news/1877/3/Angel-Berlanga-calls-time-on-playing-days/|archive-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Auckland City names squad for FIFA Club World Cup|url=http://www.asbpremiership.co.nz/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2057&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=10&cHash=ef993a7f65|work=ASB Premiership|accessdate=21 March 2014|archive-date=22 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322073825/http://www.asbpremiership.co.nz/index.php?id=28&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2057&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=10&cHash=ef993a7f65}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.odt.co.nz/sport/football/football-aucklands-staggering-show-club-world-cup|title = Football: Auckland's staggering show at Club World Cup|date = 21 December 2014|access-date = 17 November 2018|archive-date = 18 November 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081517/https://www.odt.co.nz/sport/football/football-aucklands-staggering-show-club-world-cup}}</ref>

==Average attendances==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Season !! Ave.Attendance !! League & Cups !
|-
| 2005–06 || 435 || I-League Div 2
|-
| 2006–07 || 420 || I-League Div 2
|-
| 2007–08 || 2,304 || I-League Division 1
|-
| 2008–09 || 1,035 || I-League Division 1
|-
| 2009–10 || 4,382 || I-League Division & AFC Champions League
|-
| 2010–11 || 893 || I-League Division 2
|-
| 2011–12 || 348 || I-League Division 2
|-
| 2012–13 || 362 || I-League Division 2
|-
| 2013–14 || 453 || I-League Division 2
|-
| 2014–15 || 1,203 || I-League Division 1
|}

==Other departments==
===SCG futsal===
Sporting Goa formed its [[futsal]] section in later years. It went on to compete in the inaugural edition of [[Futsal Club Championship]], the top-tier futsal club competition in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Draw for Futsal Club Championship 2021–22 announced|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/draw-for-futsal-club-championship-2021-22-announced20211029130912/|access-date=6 November 2021|website=aninews.in|publisher=Asianet News International|language=en|date=29 October 2021|location=New Delhi|archive-date=6 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106200218/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/draw-for-futsal-club-championship-2021-22-announced20211029130912/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inaugural edition of Hero Futsal Club Championship to kick-off in New Delhi on November 5|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/inaugural-edition-of-hero-futsal-championship-to-kick-off-in-new-delhi-on-november-5|date=14 October 2021|access-date=14 October 2021|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019111718/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/inaugural-edition-of-hero-futsal-championship-to-kick-off-in-new-delhi-on-november-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inaugural edition of Futsal Championship to kick-off in New Delhi on November 5|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/inaugural-edition-of-futsal-championship-to-kick-off-in-new-delhi-on-november-520211014221904|date=14 October 2021|access-date=2021-10-14|website=aninews.in|publisher=ANI News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028173058/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/inaugural-edition-of-futsal-championship-to-kick-off-in-new-delhi-on-november-520211014221904/|archive-date=28 October 2021|language=en}}</ref>

;Honours
* '''Goa Futsal Championship'''
**Champions (1): 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://livenewsgoa.com/goa-football-association-sporting-clube-de-goa-win-inaugural-state-futsal-championship-qualify-for-national-finals/|title=Goa Football Association: SPorting Clube de Goa Win Inaugural State Futsal Championship, Qualify for National Finals|date=13 September 2021|access-date=26 August 2023|website=livenewsgoa.com|publisher=The Live News Goa|location=Panaji|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231060207/https://livenewsgoa.com/goa-football-association-sporting-clube-de-goa-win-inaugural-state-futsal-championship-qualify-for-national-finals/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFfutsal-c%E2%80%99ship-sporting-clube-drawn-alongside-bfc/76233.html|title=Futsal C'ship: Sporting Clube drawn alongside BFC|date=28 October 2021|access-date=28 November 2023|website=thegoan.net|publisher=The Goan Everyday|location=Panaji|archive-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231060719/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFfutsal-c%E2%80%99ship-sporting-clube-drawn-alongside-bfc/76233.html}}</ref>

===SCG hockey===
Sporting Goa also operates women's field hockey team, that competes in the Goa Women's Hockey League, and won several editions of the tournament.<ref name="hockey">{{cite web|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-eves-reclaim-title/89148|title=Sporting Clube eves reclaim title|website=heraldgoa.in|publisher=The Harald Goa|date=31 May 2015|access-date=6 January 2024|location=Panjim|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106152653/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Sporting-Clube-eves-reclaim-title/89148|archive-date=6 January 2024}}</ref>

;Honours
* '''Goa Women's Hockey League'''
**Champions (2): 2014, 2015<ref name="hockey"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Goan State Football Champions]]
* [[List of football clubs in India#Goa|List of football clubs in Goa]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
===General sources===
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharjiim |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite book |title=India's Football Dream |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&q=national+association+manmatha+ganguly |publisher=SAGE Publications India |last1=Sharma |first1=Nikhil Paramjit |last2=Gupta |first2=Shantanu |date=4 February 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004041830/https://books.google.com/books?id=-V6HDwAAQBAJ&dq=national+association+manmatha+ganguly&source=gbs_navlinks_s |isbn=9789353283063 }}
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{cite book|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Kausik|last2=Bandyopadhyay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|title=A Social History Of Indian Football: Striving To Score|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140637/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-sMYjZkpigC&pg=PA69|archive-date=29 June 2021|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2006|isbn=9780415348355}}
*{{cite book|first1=Jaydeep|last1=Basu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QeovtKLi-1sC|title=Stories from Indian Football|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011131939/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Stories_from_Indian_Football.html?id=QeovtKLi-1sC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=11 October 2022|publisher=UBS Publishers' Distributors|date=2003|isbn=9788174764546}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}
*{{Cite book |title=The Best Way Forward for India's Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KdH7DwAAQBAJ |first=S. S. |last=Shreekumar |date=15 August 2020 |publisher=HSRA Publications |isbn=9788194721697 |access-date=3 February 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204051238/https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_BEST_WAY_FORWARD/KdH7DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |pages=244 }}

===Further reading===
*{{cite web|title=Football — the passion play in Kolkata|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155154/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/football--the-passion-play-in-kolkata/211371-55.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2012|website=ibnlive.in|publisher=IBN Live|date=13 December 2011|access-date=11 August 2014}}
*{{cite web|first=Anselm|last=Noronha|title=Sporting Clube de Goa 2-1 United Sikkim FC: Sugishita leaves a mark on his maiden I-League appearance|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94691/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-united-sikkim-fc/report?|work=Goal.com|access-date=20 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102063855/https://www.goal.com/en-india/match/94691/sporting-clube-de-goa-vs-united-sikkim-fc/report|archive-date=2 November 2013}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/08/16/4191447/sporting-clube-de-goa-sign-spanish-duo-arturo-navarro-garcia-and-?ICID=OP|title=Sporting Clube de Goa sign Spanish duo Arturo Navarro Garcia and Gonzalo Hinojal Neila|publisher=Goal.com|last=Noronha|first=Anselm|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925055704/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/08/16/4191447/sporting-clube-de-goa-sign-spanish-duo-arturo-navarro-garcia-and-?ICID=OP}}
*{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/news/wearing-the-national-team-jersey-again-will-be-a-proud-moment-for-me-adil-khan/|title=Wearing the national team jersey again will be a proud moment for me-Adil Khan|date=30 January 2017|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023165540/https://khelnow.com/news/wearing-the-national-team-jersey-again-will-be-a-proud-moment-for-me-adil-khan/|first=Ravish R|last=Narvekar|work=khelnow.com}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/dec/13ifa.htm|title=Bagan, Mahindra in IFA Shield final|work=Rediff|date=13 December 2006|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225201038/https://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/dec/13ifa.htm|archive-date=25 December 2007}}
*{{cite web|title=Sporting Clube de Goa seek Odafa's scoring touch|url=http://www.sportingclubedegoa.com/news.php?nid=1418|work=sportingclubedegoa.com|access-date=17 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091014/http://www.sportingclubedegoa.com/news.php?nid=1418}}
*{{cite web|url=http://indianfootball.de/seasons/2006ifashield.html|title=112th IFA Shield 2006: from 4 to 15 December 2006, in Calcutta|work=indianfootball.de|date=13 December 2006|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822022447/http://indianfootball.de/seasons/2006ifashield.html|archive-date=22 August 2016}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2010/09/17/2122786/federation-cup-sporting-clube-de-goas-hat-trick-scorer|title=Federation Cup: Sporting Clube De Goa's Hat-Trick Scorer Emmanuel Akwuegbu Believes The Team Can Go Far In The Federation Cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034857/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1773/federation-cup/2010/09/17/2122786/federation-cup-sporting-clube-de-goas-hat-trick-scorer|archive-date=23 October 2018|website=Goal.com|date=17 September 2010|access-date=26 November 2012|first=Anselm|last=Noronha}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2010/10/19/2172255/goa-pro-league-sesa-fa-and-sporting-clube-de-goa-play|title=Goa Pro League: Sesa FA And Sporting Clube De Goa Play Goalless Draw, Vasco SC Hold Salgaocar SC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034903/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2010/10/19/2172255/goa-pro-league-sesa-fa-and-sporting-clube-de-goa-play|archive-date=23 October 2018|website=Goal.com|date=19 October 2010|access-date=25 January 2012|first=Anselm|last=Noronha}}
*{{cite web|title=Oranje sign Martins, Royston and Chandrashekar for the title run-in|url=http://www.drinksbreak.com/index.php/football/i-league/item/2090-oranje-sign-martins-royston-and-chandrashekar-for-the-title-run-in|website=drinksbreak.com|publisher=Drinks Break|date=15 February 2014|access-date=16 February 2014|archive-date=6 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306153841/http://www.drinksbreak.com/index.php/football/i-league/item/2090-oranje-sign-martins-royston-and-chandrashekar-for-the-title-run-in}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thefangarage.com/articles/7487-sporting-club-de-goa-sign-francis-dadzie-and-scored-a-brace-on-his-debut-in-goa-pro-league|title=Sporting Club de Goa sign Francis Dadzie & scored a brace on his debut in Goa ProLeague|website=thefangarage.com|access-date=3 January 2017|archive-date=4 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104001525/http://thefangarage.com/articles/7487-sporting-club-de-goa-sign-francis-dadzie-and-scored-a-brace-on-his-debut-in-goa-pro-league|date=6 October 2016}}
*{{Cite web|title=Sporting Goa — Squad 2015/2016|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/te21380/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=worldfootball.net|language=en|archive-date=2 July 2021|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702095158/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/sporting-goa/2016/2/}}
*{{cite news|last1=Noronha|first1=Anselm|title=Top and Flop: Sporting Clube de Goa 2–0 Bharat FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2015/05/06/11364032/top-and-flop-sporting-clube-de-goa-2-0-bharat-fc|access-date=23 May 2015|work=Goal.com|date=6 May 2015|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306211912/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2015/05/06/11364032/top-and-flop-sporting-clube-de-goa-2-0-bharat-fc}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.indiafooty.com/2017/09/04/vasco-goa-down-to-sporting-goa-in-the-awes-cup/|title=Vasco go down to Sporting Goa in AWES Cup|date=4 September 2017|access-date=26 January 2020|first=Abhishek|last=Shukla|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503084112/https://www.indiafooty.com/2017/09/04/vasco-goa-down-to-sporting-goa-in-the-awes-cup/|archive-date=3 May 2023|website=indiafooty.com|publisher=Indian Football Network}}
*{{cite web|title=Sporting Club signs Cameroonian Bong|url=http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=2500|location=Panaji|agency=Press Trust of India|website=goanews.com|publisher=Goa News Sports|date=4 August 2012|access-date=26 December 2013|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929075724/http://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=2500}}
*{{cite web|url=http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2842&news=Alfred-Jaryan-Earns-A-Point-For-Mumbai-Against-Dempo |title=Alfred Jaryan earns a point for Mumbai against Dempo |website=feverpitch.in |publisher=Fever Pitch |date=6 April 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129165356/http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2842&news=Alfred-Jaryan-Earns-A-Point-For-Mumbai-Against-Dempo |archive-date=2016-01-29 }}
*{{cite web|url=https://thefangarage.com/articles/3757-tfgtake--old-candy-in-new-wrapper-dsk-shivajians-have-got-basics-right-but-lack-excitement|title=Old Candy in New Wrapper: DSK Shivajians have got basics right but lack excitement|date=20 January 2016|access-date=16 February 2024|website=thefangarage.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128101957/https://thefangarage.com/articles/3757-tfgtake--old-candy-in-new-wrapper-dsk-shivajians-have-got-basics-right-but-lack-excitement|archive-date=28 January 2023|location=Pune}}
*{{Cite web|date=11 May 2013|title=Sporting Goa 2–2 Mumbai {{!}} I-League 2012-13|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/11/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/mumbai-fc/1395278/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124112856/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/11/india/i-league/sporting-club-de-goa/mumbai-fc/1395278/}}
*{{Cite web|date=21 September 2013|title=Mumbai 1–1 Sporting Goa {{!}} I-League 2013-14|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1585280/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Soccerway|archive-date=5 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105183227/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/21/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/sporting-club-de-goa/1585280/}}
*{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?tb_match=9208|title=Dempo sports club vs Mumbai FC — Fatorda Stadium overview|website=i-league.com|publisher=I-League|date=5 April 2014|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405014231/http://i-league.org/?tb_match=9208}}
*{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=12 January 2017|title=Rowllin Borges: Rowllin Borges raises the bar higher for 2017 |location=Panaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms|access-date=2021-03-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=22 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422121118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/rowllin-raises-the-bar-higher-for-2017/articleshow/56479657.cms}}
*{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=Oct 23, 2011|title=Sporting hold Prayag United 2–2 in I-league tie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/sporting-hold-prayag-united-2-2-in-i-league-tie/articleshow/10465974.cms|access-date=2021-03-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|archive-date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025020809/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/Sporting-hold-Prayag-United-2-2-in-I-league-tie/articleshow/10465974.cms}}
{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}
*{{cite news |title=Durand Cup 2016, Rd-1: Sporting Clube De Goa 1–2 DSK Shivajians |url=http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=26 |access-date=14 January 2017 |work=DSK Shivajians Football Club |date=28 August 2016 |archive-date=18 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118065747/http://www.dskshivajians.com/news-detail.aspx?newsid=26 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/11/04/2741651/players-to-watch-sporting-clube-de-goa-striker-victorino| title = Players To Watch – Sporting Clube De Goa Striker Victorino Fernandes| access-date = 3 November 2011| publisher = goal.com| archive-date = 7 November 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111107003301/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/11/04/2741651/players-to-watch-sporting-clube-de-goa-striker-victorino }}
* {{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69376/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report| title = Mumbai FC 2–1 Sporting Clube De Goa: Khalid Jamil's Men Hand Flaming Oranje Their First Defeat| access-date = 23 November 2011| publisher = goal.com| archive-date = 25 November 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111125131617/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69376/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}
* {{official website}}
*{{facebook|408307215931862}}
*[https://www.the-aiff.com/club/8011 Sporting Clube de Goa] at the-[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]].com
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/sporting-clube-de-goa/1687/ Sporting Clube de Goa team profile and statistics] at Global Sports Archive
*[https://www.sofascore.com/team/football/sporting-clube-de-goa/58739 Sporting Clube de Goa] at Sofascore
*[https://www.goal.com/en-in/team/sporting-goa/1/7t3bw275wukpg9gpnm049w3sg News on SCG] at Goal.com

{{I-League}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:SC de Goa]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1999]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Goa]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:I-League 3 clubs]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Goa]]

Dange (film)

2026-05-01T01:57:44Z

CletaMacfarlane: Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dange / Por
| image = Dange (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster of Hindi version
| native_name =
| director = [[Bejoy Nambiar]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogue by
| data1 = Punit Sheth (Hindi) Bejoy Nambiar (Hindi) Vignesh Srikanth (Tamil)
}}
| screenplay = Bejoy Nambiar Mithila Hegde Francis Thomas Neil Julian Balthazar
| producer = Bejoy Nambiar Prabhu Antony Madhu Alexander
| starring = [[Arjun Das]] [[Kalidas Jayaram]] [[Harshvardhan Rane]] [[Ehan Bhat]] [[Zoa Morani]] [[Nikita Dutta]] [[Sanchana Natarajan]] TJ Bhanu
| cinematography = [[Jimshi Khalid]] Presley Oscar D'Souza
| editing = Priyank Prem Kumar
| music = '''Score''': Modern Tape Scores (Sachidanand Sankaranarayanan & Harish Venkat) Gaurav Godkhindi '''Songs''': [[Sanjith Hegde]] Dhruv Visvanath
| studio = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series Films]]
| distributor = [[AA Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|3|1}}
| runtime = '''Hindi version:''' 150 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dange-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5nzqw |title=''Dange (Hindi)'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308105408/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/dange-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5nzqw |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Tamil version:''' 151 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/por-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5njg4 |title=''Por (Tamil)'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=8 March 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308125143/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/por-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde5njg4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi Tamil
}}

'''''Dange''''' ({{Translation|Rioting}}) / '''''Por''''' ({{Translation|War}}) is a 2024 Indian [[action drama film]] directed by [[Bejoy Nambiar]]. The film was [[Multiple-language version|shot simultaneously]] in [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and stars [[Harshvardhan Rane]] and [[Ehan Bhat]] in the Hindi version while [[Arjun Das]] and [[Kalidas Jayaram]] starin the Tamil version. [[Nikita Dutta]], [[Sanchana Natarajan]] and TJ Bhanu appear in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bejoy-nambiar-on-dange-and-por-and-the-challenges-of-making-a-bilingual-with-different-casts/article67899279.ece|title=Bejoy Nambiar on 'Dange' and 'Por' and the challenges of making a bilingual with different casts|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 February 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=7 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307073926/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bejoy-nambiar-on-dange-and-por-and-the-challenges-of-making-a-bilingual-with-different-casts/article67899279.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film follows Yuvaraj "Yuva" joins St. Martin's university for studies and learns that his childhood friend-turned-foe Xavier "Zee"/Prabhu Selvan is the senior student in the college. Yuva, who shares bitter memories with Zee/Prabhu, locks horns with Zee/Prabu and sets out exact vengeance.

''Dange'' and ''Por'' were released on 1 March 2024 to mixed reviews from critics, and is available for streaming on [[Netflix, Inc.|Netflix]].

==Plot==
Xavier Coutinho/Prabhu selvan was a popular student in his final year of medicine. Xavier/prabhu was known for indulging in hardcore narcotics and recreational drugs, which from time to time hampered his progress to graduating from the university. Sadly, Xavier/Prabhu turned up high for his presentation he was compulsory required to submit.

Yuvaraj, aka Yuva, was a first-year student who joined the university and was subjected to ragging by several seniors. Yuva tried to stand up for himself and not entertain the demands put forward by them, and he soon began to gather support from several juniors of his year. He stood up against all the seniors who tried to corner him at several places around the campus. The seniors were taken aback by the spirit built up by Yuva in a short time on campus and chose to stay away from him.

Gayathri was a student political leader, and along with her friend Ambika/vennila ponnuswamy, she formed Awaaz, a political party that spoke up for the people from other castes who were being discriminated against on college campuses and hostels. Siddhi/surya sabapathy, on the other hand, was also a student leader at the college. She was also the daughter of a local Goan leader who was grooming her to be the chief minister of the state. Joining college-level politics was her entryway into mainstream ones, and she had the support from inside and outside of the college. Siddhi/surya and Ambika/vennila were in love at some point during their time in college, but since they were broken up, neither of them minded fighting against each other for the upcoming election for the post of general secretary.
Xavier/Prabhu was Yuvaraj’s senior during their school time at a boarding school. A young Yuvaraj was attached to Xavier/prabhu for everything, and the latter always took care of the young boy since he was away from his parents living in the same school hostel. Xavier/Prabhu was sadly unaware of how brutal his seniors would be on Yuvaraj. The young boy was molested in the dorm by them, and Xavier/Prabhu could not stop anyone. Yuvaraj refused to forget his brother-like figure in school, who never stood up for him. Xavier/Prabhu never got over the guilt, as the boy had left the school before he could apologize. Years later, Xavier/Prabhu was again his senior, but Yuvraj was not planning to be timid. Xavier was apologetic for his mistake, but Yuvaraj wouldn’t have it and wanted revenge for a scarred childhood.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Cast (Hindi)
! Cast (Tamil)
! Role (Hindi)
! Role (Tamil)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Harshvardhan Rane]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Arjun Das]] || style="text-align:center;"|Xavier "Zee" || style="text-align:center;"|Prabu Selvan
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Ehan Bhat]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Kalidas Jayaram]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Yuvaraj "Yuva"
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Nikita Dutta]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Sanchana Natarajan]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Rishika "Rish"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|TJ Bhanu Parvathimurthy|| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |Gayatri "Gayu"
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Zoa Morani]] || style="text-align:center;"|[[Amrutha Srinivasan]] || style="text-align:center;"|Siddhi || style="text-align:center;"|Surya Sabapathy
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Taniya Kalrra || style="text-align:center;"|Nithya Shri || style="text-align:center;"|Ambika || style="text-align:center;"|Vennila Ponnusamy
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Nakul Roshan Sahdev]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bosco
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Shreema Upadhyaya || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bhama
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[John Vijay]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Station house officer|SHO]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Dev Ramnath]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-18 |title=It was a great experience to work with Bejoy Nambiar, says Dev |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-great-experience-to-work-with-bejoy-nambiar-says-dev/articleshow/101848594.cms |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217095628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/it-was-great-experience-to-work-with-bejoy-nambiar-says-dev/articleshow/101848594.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> || style="text-align:center;"|Mridul Das || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Arjun
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Bala Suresh Babu || style="text-align:center;"|Keshav Lokwani || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Bala
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Siddharth Menon (actor)|Siddharth Menon]] || style="text-align:center;"|Kabir || style="text-align:center;"|Akilan
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Vivek Rajgopal]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Vikas
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Jeeva Subramanian<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/transgender-artiste-jeeva-subramaniam-bags-crucial-role-in-bejoy-nambiars-bilingual/articleshow/97635665.cms|title=Transgender artiste Jeeva Subramanian bags crucial role in Bejoy Nambiar's|work=The Times of India|date=6 February 2023|last=Balachandran|first=Logesh|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327104007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/transgender-artiste-jeeva-subramaniam-bags-crucial-role-in-bejoy-nambiars-bilingual/articleshow/97635665.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Gayatri's friend
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|[[Danish Sait]] || colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|Church father (cameo){{efn|A critic credited his character's name as "Father Francis", though that name is never mentioned in the narrative.<ref name="N"/>}}
|-
|}

=== Hindi version ===
* Vinit Mainkar as Hostel owner

=== Tamil version ===
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Dean
* Mervyn Rozario as Prabhu's friend
* Thomas Mathew as Bald Senior
* [[Hanumankind]] as Student
* Vikkals Sibi as Student
* Monish Elamaran as Young Prabu
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The background score was composed by Modern Tape Scores (Sachidanand Sankaranarayanan and Harish Venkat) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dange-Por Original Soundtrack |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/3C1ppdtmfDRfGjUFEhBz0u?si=4xPS9zE3ROCVilA1Z0a13Q |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=open.spotify.com}}</ref> and Gaurav Godkhindi, while the songs were composed by [[Sanjith Hegde]] and Dhruv Visvanath.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZr-MTTewNc|title=DANGE (Official Trailer): Harshvardhan Rane | Ehan Bhat | TJ Bhanu | Nikita Dutta | Bejoy Nambiar|date=15 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228044616/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZr-MTTewNc|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Le Le Pangey<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oou4SdoTtk|title=DANGE: LE LE PANGEY (Song) | Harshvardhan Rane, Ehan Bhat | Sanjith, Anurag, Varsha | Bejoy Nambiar|date=7 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308035914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7oou4SdoTtk|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kausar Munir]]
| extra1 = Sanjith Hegde, [[Anurag Kulkarni]], Varsha S Krishnan
| length1 = 2:25
| title2 =Yeh Pal Hain Apne<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qbGFlBVrwQ|title=DANGE: Yeh Pal Hain Apne (Song) Harshvardhan Rane, Ehan Bhat, Nikita D, T.J. Bhanu | Dhruv | Bejoy N|date=23 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223205927/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qbGFlBVrwQ|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music2 = Dhruv Visvanath
| lyrics2 = Vishwadeep Zeest
| extra2 = Dhruv Visvanath
| length2 = 2:53
| title3 = Dange Theme<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCwCf7CUoM|title=DANGE: Dange Theme (Audio) Harshvardhan Rane, Ehan Bhat | Gaurav Godkhindi | Bejoy N|date=28 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308035921/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QNCwCf7CUoM|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music3 = Gaurav Godkhindi
| lyrics3 = {{emdash}}
| extra3 = {{emdash}}
| length3 = 2:37
| title4 = Aa Bhid Jaa Re<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apC56JFf1Ow|title=DANGE: AA BHID JAA RE (Song) Harshvardhan Rane, Ehan Bhat | Sanjith, Anurag, Sudhir | Bejoy N|date=29 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308035917/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apC56JFf1Ow|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music4 = Sanjith Hegde
| lyrics4 = Siddhant Kaushal
| extra4 = Sanjith Hegde
| length4 = 2:28
| total_length = 10:23
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Asaraadhe<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8q8ryrl0ig|title=POR: Asaraadhe Video Song | Arjun Das, Kalidas Jayaram | Sanjith Hegde | Krithika N | Bejoy Nambiar|date=7 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308084439/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8q8ryrl0ig|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music1 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| lyrics1 = Kritika Nelson
| extra1 = Sanjith Hegde, Varsha S Krishnan
| length1 = 2:26
| title2 = Nanpagal Neram<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPpVIidmneA|title=POR: Nanpagal Neram Video | Arjun Das, Kalidas Jayaram | Kapil Kapilan|Dhruv Visvanath |Bejoy Nambiar|date=23 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308084441/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPpVIidmneA|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music2 = Dhruv Visvanath
| lyrics2 = Vignesh Srikanth
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length2 = 2:54
| title3 = Por Theme<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXFjLSUId6A|title=POR: Theme Audio | Arjun Das, Kalidas Jayaram, Sanchana N | Gaurav Godkhindi | Bejoy Nambiar|date=28 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308084442/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXFjLSUId6A&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music3 = Gaurav Godkhindi
| lyrics3 = {{emdash}}
| extra3 = {{emdash}}
| length3 = 2:37
| title4 = Ping Pong<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4GOM0JzV5M|title=POR: Ping Pong Video Song | Arjun D, Kalidas Jayaram | Sanjith Hegde, V.M. Mahalingam | Bejoy Nambiar|date=29 February 2024 |via=www.youtube.com|access-date=2024-03-08|archive-date=2024-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308085106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4GOM0JzV5M|url-status=live}}</ref>
| music4 = Sanjith Hegde
| lyrics4 = Mohan Rajan
| extra4 = Sanjith Hegde, V. M. Mahalingam
| length4 = 2:28
| music5 = Elroy Vincent
| lyrics5 = Mohan Rajan
| extra5 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| title5 = Nam Kural
| total_length = 10:25
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 1 March 2024 in [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.

== Reception ==
''Dange'' and ''Por'' received mixed reviews from critics with praise for its acting, cinematography, technical aspects, action sequences and music, but criticized the excess characters and sub-plots.

=== ''Dange'' ===
Titas Chowdhury of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Much like Bejoy Nambiar’s previous works, ''Dange'' is marked with a distinct style, voice, colour and texture. Its biggest strength lies in its fresh appeal and treatment."<ref name="N">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dange-review-bejoy-nambiar-delivers-a-thought-provoking-film-packed-with-impressive-performances-8798365.html |title=Dange Review: Bejoy Nambiar Delivers A Thought-Provoking Film Packed With Impressive Performances |work=News18 |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301113512/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/dange-review-bejoy-nambiar-delivers-a-thought-provoking-film-packed-with-impressive-performances-8798365.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Despite decent performances and atmosphere, ''Dange'''s plot meanders, often losing focus on the point of it all, which makes the direction seem overindulgent."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dange/movie-review/108132525.cms|title=Dange Movie Review : A visually-captivating outing that needed tighter execution|date=1 March 2024|first=Dhaval|last=Roy|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305214556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/dange/movie-review/108132525.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Dange is enjoyable, but highly recommended for a one-time watch."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/dange-review-bejoy-nambiars-film-is-all-about-a-trippy-face-off|title=Dange Review: Bejoy Nambiar's Film Is All About A Trippy Face-Off|first=Rohit|last=Bhatnagar|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=1 March 2024|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=8 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308104342/https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/dange-review-bejoy-nambiars-film-is-all-about-a-trippy-face-off|url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare.com|Filmfare]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "There’s a raw energy to ''Dange''. It’s another film celebrating hyper-masculinity, which seems to be the flavour of the season. Watch it for a glimpse of what happens beneath the facade of respectability associated with institutes catering to higher education."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dange-movie-review-64741.html|title=Dange Movie Review|work=[[Filmfare.com]]|date=2 March 2024|first=Devesh|last=Sharma|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303011053/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/dange-movie-review-64741.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rahul Desai of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "The craft is so proudly visible in director Bejoy Nambiar’s film that it overwhelms everything else."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/dange-review-alls-fair-in-testosterone-and-war-bejoy-nambiar|title=Dange Review: All's Fair in Testosterone and War|date=29 December 2024|work=[[Film Companion]]|access-date=8 March 2024|first=Rahul|last=Desai|archive-date=6 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306121643/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/dange-review-alls-fair-in-testosterone-and-war-bejoy-nambiar|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== ''Por'' ===
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "There are a lot of characters and subplots in ''Por'', and it's quite natural that the film isn't able to justify all of them."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/por/movie-review/108137735.cms|title=Por Movie Review : The film promises a solid experience if you're ready to buy into its world|date=1 March 2024|first=Roopa|last=Radhakrishnan|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=2 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302232436/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/por/movie-review/108137735.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Narayani. M of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "It’s a cinematic rollercoaster ride, and you would want to stand up and clap for its technical brilliance. Yet amidst the exhilarating ride, there’s a lingering sense of disappointment as the narrative fails to rise to the occasion."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/02/por-movie-review-all-is-not-fair-in-this-war-of-alphas|title='Por' movie review: All is not fair in this war of alphas|first=Narayani|last=M.|date=2 March 2024|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=4 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304134203/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Mar/02/por-movie-review-all-is-not-fair-in-this-war-of-alphas|url-status=live}}</ref> Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "‘Por’ features some fascinating ideas, decent performances and looks stylish, but the sub-plots don’t come together cohesively resulting in a predictable drama that’s all over the place."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/por-movie-review-bejoy-nambiars-technical-prowess-overpowers-the-plot-in-this-battle-for-our-attention/article67903881.ece|title='Por' movie review: Bejoy Nambiar's technical prowess overpowers the plot in this battle for our attention|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|date=1 March 2024|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 March 2024|archive-date=6 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306112111/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/por-movie-review-bejoy-nambiars-technical-prowess-overpowers-the-plot-in-this-battle-for-our-attention/article67903881.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "''Por'' is a film that goes down fighting to win over the audience with its youth story. Unfortunately, the story doesn’t have the spunk of Arjun Das nor the fury of Kalidas Jayaram to keep us engaged and invested."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/por-movie-review-bejoy-nambiar-packs-in-too-many-issues-trips-on-his-own-ambition-101709292952772.html|title=Por movie review: Bejoy Nambiar packs in too many issues, trips on his own ambition|date=1 March 2024|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=8 March 2024|first=Latha|last=Srinivasan|archive-date=5 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305220848/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/por-movie-review-bejoy-nambiar-packs-in-too-many-issues-trips-on-his-own-ambition-101709292952772.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|31100872}}
*{{IMDb title|27116149|Por}}
{{Bejoy Nambiar}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bejoy Nambiar]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation

2026-04-29T10:55:13Z

CletaMacfarlane:

{{Short description|Local civic body in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation
| logo = Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation logo.png
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|2010|03|16|df=yes}}
| seats = 44
| structure1 = India Gandhinagar, Gujarat Municipal Corporation 2021.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =

'''Government (41)''' 
{{Legend|#FF9933|[[BJP]]: 41}}

'''Opposition (3)'''
{{Legend|#00BFFF|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]: 2}}
{{Legend|#0066A4|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]: 1}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Hitesh Makwana
| party1 = [[BJP]]
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = Premalsinh Gol
| party2 = [[BJP]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = Sandip Sagle<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2022 |title=Gujarat government transport 23 IAS officers; AMC GMC get new commissioners |work=DeshGujarat |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/10/12/gujarat-government-transfers-23-ias-officers-amc-gmc-get-new-commissioners/ |access-date=12 October 2022}}</ref>
| party3 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| last_election1 = 2026
| first_election1 = 2011
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = {{url|https://gandhinagarmunicipal.com}}
}}
'''Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation''' is the local civic body responsible for the administration of [[Gandhinagar]], the capital of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. It was set up in 2010. Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation has 326 sq km area.<ref>{{cite news|title=Municipal Expansions|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 June 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-municipal-limits-of-six-cities-expanded/articleshow/76459795.cms}}</ref>

== History ==
The Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation was set up on 16 March 2010 after a ruling by the [[Gujarat High Court]] in 2009. Prior to that, Gandhinagar was the only state capital in [[India]] which did not have an elected body administering it. The establishment of a Municipal Corporation to administrate and govern the city introduced municipal taxes to the residents of the city as well as made the city eligible to receive funding from the [[Government of India]] under the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JnNURM).<ref name="gngets">{{cite news|title=Finally, Gandhinagar gets municipal corporation status |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/finally-gandhinagar-gets-municipal-corporation-status/591788/ |date=17 March 2010|location=Gandhinagar|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> The then Ministry of Urban Development at the centre, led by [[Saugata Roy]], however refused to allot funds to the GMC under the JnNURM plan as it had already reached the maximum number of cities it could accommodate.<ref name="noJnnurm">{{cite news|title=No JNNURM cover for Gandhinagar and Karamsad, state govt fumes |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/no-jnnurm-cover-for-gandhinagar-and-karamsad-state-govt-fumes/850058/ |date=22 September 2011 |work=Express News |location=Gandhinagar |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Council and elections ===
The Corporation has a council that comprises 33 seats representing various wards. The maiden election to the council was held in April 2011. The party that won majority seats in the Corporation Council was the [[Indian National Congress]] with 18 seats while the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], which governs the state of Gujarat won 15 council members.<ref name="grabcorporation">{{cite news|title=Congress grabs Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-congress-grabs-gandhinagar-municipal-corporation-1534963 |date=22 April 2011 |location=Gandhinagar/Ahmedabad |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

The election was the first in [[Elections in India|India]] to allow [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non resident Indians]] (NRIs) to vote using an online platform instead of a postal ballot which was the only way non resident voters could cast their vote earlier.<ref name="onlinevote">{{cite news|title=Election Commission of India may opt for Gujarat online model for NRI voting |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-29/news/52186810_1_election-commission-nris-voting-rights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802022250/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-29/news/52186810_1_election-commission-nris-voting-rights |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2014 |first=Ritika |last=Chopra |date=29 July 2014 |agency=ET Bureau |location=New Delhi |work=Economic Times |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

The first mayor of the city was [[Mahendrasinh Rana]], while the deputy mayor was [[Yusuf Parmar]] of the Congress, who were elected unanimously by the council.<ref name="fisrtmayor">{{cite news|title=Mahendrasinh Rana is Gandhinagar mayor |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mahendrasinh-rana-is-gandhinagar-mayor-1540805|first=Paras |last=Jha |date=8 May 2011 |location=Gandhinagar |work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=4 August 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, three members of the ruling Congress, including the mayor, defected to the BJP, giving it the majority needed to run the corporation.<ref name="reverse">{{cite news|title=In reverse swing, BJP 'captures' Cong-ruled GMC |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-reverse-swing-bjp--captures--congruled-gmc/1025024/0 |date=1 November 2012|agency=Express News Service|location=Ahmedabad |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=6 August 2014}}</ref>

==Election Results ==

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| 2011 Municipal Election <ref name="grabcorporation"/>
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Seats won
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 18
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 15
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
| Others || 0
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| 2016 Municipal Election <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/india/gandhinagar-municipal-corporation-elections-results-bjp-congress-get-16-seats-each-lottery-to-decide-fate_1879816.html|title = Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation elections results: BJP, Congress get 16 seats each; lottery to decide fate|date = 26 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Seats won !! '''Seats +/−'''
!Vote %
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 16 || {{increase}} 1
|44.76%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 16 || {{decrease}} 2
|46.93%
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
| Others || 0 || {{unchanged}}
|8.31%
|-
|}
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|+| 2021 Municipal Election <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gandhinagar-municipal-corporation-election-result-bjp-wins-41-out-of-44-seats-101633423505696.html|title = Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation election result: BJP wins 41 out of 44 seats|date = 5 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1445354132655644679|user=TimesDemocracy|title=Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation: Vote Share %Congress: 28.02% (-18.91)BJP: 46.49% (+1.73)AAP: 21.77% (N/A)Ot…|date=5 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" |Party!! Seats won !! '''Seats +/−'''
!Vote % !! '''Swing'''
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || 41 || {{increase}} 25
|46.49% || {{increase}} 1.73%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress]] || 2 || {{decrease}} 14
|28.02% || {{decrease}} 18.91%
|-
| {{party color cell|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| [[Aam Aadmi Party]] || 1 || {{increase}} 1
|21.77% || {{increase}} 21.77%
|-
|bgcolor="grey"|
| Others || 0 || {{unchanged}}
|3.73% ||{{decrease}} 4.58%
|-
|}

== Taxes ==
The Corporation levies [[Property Tax]] on the residents of the areas within its jurisdiction. It levies taxes based on localities and the income of the residents.<ref name="taxformula">{{cite news |title=GMC proposes new property tax formula |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/GMC-proposes-new-property-tax-formula/articleshow/9547890.cms |date=10 August 2011 |agency=TNN |location=Ahmedabad |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=7 August 2014}}</ref>

== Functions ==
{{As of|2012}}, the Corporation had a very limited role that of sanitary activities such as clearing of garbage in the city because the [[Government of Gujarat]] was yet to transfer the land under GMC jurisdiction to the corporation from the forest, roads and buildings authorities.<ref name="noroletax">{{cite news |title=Bereft of any role, Gandhinagar Municipal Corporation runs after property tax |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Bereft-of-any-role-Gandhinagar-Municipal-Corporation-runs-after-property-tax/articleshow/16428763.cms |date=17 September 2012 |location=Ahmedabad |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> In 2012, the Corporation launched a facility for citizens to register grievances by sending an [[short messaging service|SMS]].<ref name="SMS">{{cite news|title=Gandhinagar residents can now register their complaints via SMS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gandhinagar-residents-can-now-register-their-complaints-via-SMS/articleshow/11798891.cms |date=8 February 2012 |location=Ahmedabad |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Fire and Emergency Services ===
The Corporation also runs the Fire and Emergency Services wing of Gandhinagar City.<ref name="outsideNOC">{{cite news|title=Buildings outside GMC limits have no fire NOCs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Buildings-outside-GMC-limits-have-no-fire-NOCs/articleshow/30395028.cms |first=Paul |last=John |date=14 February 2014 |agency=TNN |location=Gandhinagar |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> The Gandhinagar Fire and Emergency Services (GFES) also operates in the three towns of [[Mansa, Gujarat|Mansa]], [[Dehgam]] and [[Kalol (Gandhinagar)|Kalol]] which fall outside GMC limits. It has a sanctioned strength of fifty [[firefighter]]s but has five full-time staff.<ref name="90shortage">{{cite news|title=90% staff shortage burns Gandhinagar fire dept |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-90-staff-shortage-burns-gandhinagar-fire-dept-1906054 |date=20 October 2013 |location=Ahmedabad |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Sanitation ===
The GMC performs basic sanitary functions such as removal of weeds, cleaning up of garbage, cleaning up drainage systems and removal of dead animals.<ref name="SMS" /><ref name="cleandrive">{{cite news|title=Cleanliness drive in Gandhinagar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Cleanliness-drive-in-Gandhinagar/articleshow/25719881.cms |date=14 November 2013 |location=Gandhinagar |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Transport ===
Out of {{convert|62|km|mi|abbr=off}} of roads, {{convert|57|km|mi|abbr=off}} of roads come within the jurisdiction of the GMC.<ref name="cycles">{{cite news|title=Gandhinagar to share cycles |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gandhinagar-to-share-cycles/articleshow/30531116.cms |first=Hitesh |last=Chavda |date=17 February 2014 |location=Ahmedabad |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> These roads are maintained by the Roads and Buildings Department of the Government of Gujarat.<ref name="SMS" /> In 2011, the state government decided to rename roads in the city. It was rumoured by officials that this was done to prevent the Congress-led corporation from naming roads after their leaders.<ref name="roadnames">{{cite news|title=Roads in Gandhinagar to get proper names, finally |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-roads-in-gandhinagar-to-get-proper-names-finally-1542387 |first=Paras |last=Jha |date=12 May 2011 |location=Gandhinagar |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

Unlike the neighbouring city of [[Ahmedabad]], buses are run in the city by the [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] (GSRTC), private player VTCOS and the [[Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service]] (AMTS).<ref name="cycles" /><ref name="AMTSGnagar">{{cite news|title=Now, AMTS bus will take you to Gandhinagar |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-now-amts-bus-will-take-you-to-gandhinagar-1303677 |date=27 October 2009 |location=Ahmedabad |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

=== Water Supply ===
Water Supply to the city was earlier handled by the Gujarat Water Supply And Sewerage Board (GWSSB). After the formation of the corporation, the GMC took over water supply and planned to install water meters across all consumer premises.<ref name="metrewater">{{cite news|title=Gandhinagar water to be metered soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Gandhinagar-water-to-be-metered-soon/articleshow/12127806.cms |first=Himanshu |last=Kaushik |date=4 March 2012 |agency=TNN|location=Gandhinagar |work=[[Times of India]] |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2010]]
[[Category:Gandhinagar]]

Richa Rathore

2026-04-28T17:58:43Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started entry...

{{short description|Indian television actress (born 1993)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Richa Rathore
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Richa Rathore
| birth_date = {{birth_date and age|1993|01|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| education =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| years_active = 2015–present
}}

'''Richa Rathore''' (born 29 January 1993) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] television. Rathore is best known for her portrayal of Nandini Rawal in ''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]'' and Ghazal Rahmani in ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2022 |title=Richa Rathore: It's television that has made me a recognised face |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/richa-rathore-it-s-television-that-has-made-me-a-recognised-face-101668948501801.html |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 January 2023 |title=Richa Rathore: My first cheque was for Imtiaz Ali's film Tamasha |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/richa-rathore-my-first-cheque-was-for-imtiaz-alis-film-tamasha/videoshow/96743496.cms |access-date=10 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''Catch the Light''
| Sameera
| Short film
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Neha Mehra
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Divya Drishti]]''
| Patali
|
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 4]]''
| Priyal Singh
|
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[RadhaKrishn]]''
| [[Rukmavati]]
|
|
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha]]''
| Nandini "ATM" Rawal
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/richa-rathore-is-all-set-to-play-the-female-lead-in-star-plus-show-aapki-nazron-ne-samjha-219365|title=Richa Rathore is all set to play the female lead in Star Plus' show Aapki Nazron Ne Samjha|website=The Tribune|access-date=28 March 2021|date=2 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2024
| ''[[Rabb Se Hai Dua]]''
| Ghazal Rahmani
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/rabb-se-hai-duas-richa-rathore-i-wanted-to-play-the-role-of-a-muslim-girl-and-my-wish-is-fulfilled/videoshow/95586688.cms |title=Rabb Se Hai Dua's Richa Rathore: I wanted to play the role of a Muslim girl and my wish is fulfilled |access-date=17 November 2022 |work=Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2025
| ''Aye Dil Jee Le Zara''
| Anandi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jhanak]]''
| rowspan="2"| Pihu Sengupta
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ishani (TV series)|Ishani]]''
|
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10222575}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathore, Richa}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Himachal Pradesh]]

Kanta Subbarao

2026-04-24T12:53:56Z

CletaMacfarlane: new a bio

{{Short description|Indian virologist and physician}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Kanta Subbarao
| image = Kanta Subbarao.jpg
| caption = Subbarao in 2006
| fields = Virology, molecular genetics
| workplaces = [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] [[World Health Organization]] [[Doherty Institute]] [[Université Laval]]
| alma_mater = [[Christian Medical College Vellore]] [[University of Oklahoma]]
}}

'''Kanta Subbarao''' is an Indian [[Virology|virologist]], molecular geneticist, and [[physician-scientist]]. She is director of the [[World Health Organization collaborating centre]] for reference and research on influenza. Subbarao is also a professor at the [[Doherty Institute]].

== Life ==
Subbarao received a [[M.B.B.S.]] from [[Christian Medical College Vellore]] and a M.P. H. in [[epidemiology]] from the [[University of Oklahoma]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Michele |date=2019-03-25 |title=Celebrating NIH's History-Making Women |url=https://irp.nih.gov/blog/post/2019/03/celebrating-nihs-history-making-women |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[NIH Intramural Research Program]] |language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

She is a virologist, physician-scientist, and molecular geneticist.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Neergaard |first=Lauran |date=2005-12-18 |title=NIH using live viruses to make bird flu vaccine mist |pages=10 |work=[[The Star-Democrat]] |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110723314/nih-using-live-viruses-to-make-bird/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Subbarao was convinced to join the influenza program at the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] (NIAID) when all of the positions in the respiratory syncytial virus program, which she wanted to join, were filled.<ref name=":0" /> She served as chief of the NIAID Emerging Respiratory Viruses Section.<ref name=":0" /> She is an elected fellow of the [[American Academy of Microbiology]] and the [[Infectious Diseases Society of America]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Kanta Subbarao {{!}} Doherty Website |url=https://www.doherty.edu.au/people/dr-kanta-subbarao |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.doherty.edu.au}}</ref> In 2016, she joined [[World Health Organization collaborating centre]] for reference and research on influenza.<ref name=":0" /> She is a professor at the [[Doherty Institute]].<ref name=":0" /> Subbarao became an elected fellow of the [[Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-26 |title=29 new Fellows elected - AAHMS |url=https://aahms.org/news/29-new-fellows-elected/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=aahms.org |language=en-AU}}</ref> In 2024, she joined Université Laval in Canada through an Canada Excellence Research Chair in Biology and Control of Zoonotic and Pandemic Respiratory Viruses<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Une nouvelle Chaire d’excellence en recherche du Canada pour se préparer aux futures pandémies |url=https://nouvelles.ulaval.ca/2024/10/08/une-nouvelle-chaire-dexcellence-en-recherche-du-canada-pour-se-preparer-aux-futures-pandemies-396697f5-baef-4246-b61d-a7044c38554c |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=ULaval nouvelles |language=fr}}</ref> . She received in 2025 the Edward Jenner Award from the Vaccine Congress<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rasmussen |first=Dr Angela |date=2026-02-09 |title=Send Us Your Vaccinologists So We May Bedazzle Them |url=https://rasmussenretorts.substack.com/p/send-us-your-vaccinologists-so-we |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=Rasmussen Retorts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=20th Vaccine Congress {{!}} Participate {{!}} Elsevier |url=https://www.elsevier.com/en-gb/events/conferences/all/vaccine-congress/participate |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=www.elsevier.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Include-NIH}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subbarao, Kanta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian virologists]]
[[Category:Indian geneticists]]
[[Category:Indian women biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:National Institutes of Health people]]
[[Category:Molecular geneticists]]
[[Category:Women molecular biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:Women virologists]]
[[Category:Women geneticists]]
[[Category:Women medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Physician-scientists]]
[[Category:Influenza researchers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Infectious Diseases Society of America]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Microbiology]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Melbourne]]
[[Category:World Health Organization officials]]
[[Category:University of Oklahoma alumni]]

Sukhmeet Singh

2026-04-24T12:10:40Z

CletaMacfarlane: new bio

{{Short description|Indian rower (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sukhmeet Singh
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|08|9}}
| birth_place = Kishangarh Pharwahi, Mansa, Punjab
| nationality = Indian
| height = 183 cm
| weight = 75 kg
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]]
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Rowing at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's quadruple sculls|Quadruple sculls]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's quadruple sculls|Quadruple sculls]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[National Games of India|National Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2022National Games|2022 Gujarat]]|[[Quadruple sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Rowing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2019 Asian Rowing Championships|2019 Chungju]]|[[Quadruple sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2019 Asian Rowing Championships|2019 Chungju]]|[[Double sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2021 Asian Rowing Championships|2021 Thailand]]|[[Quadruple sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2022 Asian Rowing Championships|2022 Thailand]]|[[Double sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Competition|[[National Rowing Championships|National Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2017 National Rowing Championships|2017 Pune]]|[[Double Sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2019 National Rowing Championships|2019 Hyderabad]]|[[Double sculls]] }}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2021 National Rowing Championships|2021 Pune]]|[[Double sculls]]}}
| show-medals = yes
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2016–present
| rank = [[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar]]
}}
}}
'''Sukhmeet Singh''' is an Indian [[Rowing (sport)|rower]] and an [[Indian Army]] [[junior commissioned officer]]. He was a member of the team who won the gold medal at the [[2018 Asian Games]] in [[Rowing at the 2018 Asian Games|Men's Quadruple sculls]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/asian-games-indian-rowers-claim-gold-2-bronze-medals/articleshow/65525236.cms | title=Asian Games: Indian rowers claim 1 gold, 2 bronze medals | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 August 2018 | accessdate=24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/SINGH-Sukhmeet-3007342/| title=Athletes Sukhmeet Singh| publisher=2018 Asian Games| accessdate=24 August 2018| archive-date=24 August 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824135027/https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/SINGH-Sukhmeet-3007342/| url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/indian-rowers-claim-gold-2-bronze-medals/articleshow/65524974.cms | title=Army spirit comes to fore: Indian rowers sing redemption song with 3 medals | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=24 August 2018 | agency=PTI | accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref> He was also a member of the team who won the bronze medal at the [[2022 Asian Games]] in the [[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's quadruple sculls|Men's Quadruple sculls]] event.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Outlook Sports Desk |date=25 September 2023 |title=Asian Games 2023, Day 2: Indian Rowers Shine With Double Bronze Victory |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/asian-games-2023-day-2-indian-rowers-shine-with-double-bronze-victory-news-320421 |website=Outlook}}</ref> He was born on 9 August 1994 at Kishangarh Pharwahi, in [[Mansa district, India|district Mansa]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== Career ==

* 2023: In September, he won a Bronze medal as part of the Indian teams in the men's quadruple sculls at the 2022 Asian Games.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sukhmeet}}
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:People from Mansa district, India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-rowing-bio-stub}}

Trinamool Youth Congress

2026-04-23T02:09:26Z

CletaMacfarlane: new a stub

{{Short description|Indian congress youth wing}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox political youth organization
| name = Trinamool Youth Congress
| logo =
| name_native =
| president = [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
| colorcode = {{Color box|{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}}} [[Azure (color)|Green]]
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011}}
| merger of =
| split from =
| preceded by =
| dissolved =
| merged into =
| succeeded by =
| headquarters = 30B Harish Chatterjee Street, Kolkata 700026
| membership =
| mother party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| website = {{url|https://aitcofficial.org/trinamool-youth-congress}}
}}
The '''Trinamool Youth Congress''' is the youth wing of the [[Trinamool Congress]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frontal Organization|url=https://aitcofficial.org/frontal-organization/|website=AITC}}</ref>

==Organisation==
The youth wing was established on 21 July 2011 at the Shaheed Dibas Rally at [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trinamool Yuva launched on historic July 21|url=https://aitcofficial.org/trinamool-yuva-launched-on-historic-july-21/|website=AITC|date=21 July 2011}}</ref> [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] served as the President of the wing from 2011 until 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mamata-banerjee-sets-stage-for-nephew-abhishek-for-bigger-role-in-trinamool-congress-2027112 |title=Mamata Banerjee sets stage for nephew Abhishek for bigger role in Trinamool Congress |author =PTI|quote =Entrusting Trinamool Congress MP and nephew Abhishek Banerjee with more responsibilities, Trinamool Congress supremo Mamata Banerjee today merged the 'Trinamool Congress Yuva' with the party's youth wing. |access-date = 14 April 2020 |date=17 October 2014|publisher = [[Daily News and Analysis]] }}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Saayoni Ghosh]].<ref name="singha20210605">{{Cite web |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/west-bengal-abhishek-banerjee-appointed-as-tmc-general-secretary-saayoni-ghosh-takes-charge-as-partys-youth-wing-president |title=West Bengal: Abhishek Banerjee appointed as TMC general secretary; Saayoni Ghosh takes charge as party's youth wing president |date=5 June 2021 |last=Singha |first=Aritra |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Activities==
[[File:Trinamuljubakongress.JPG|thumb|100px|Trinamul Youth Congress mural in [[Kolkata]], made ahead of the 2005 [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] elections]]

The Trinamool Youth Congress are active in grassroots politics, activism and social work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 February 2024 |title=Trinamool Youth Congress stages protests in West Bengal over 'non-payment' of central dues |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/trinamool-youth-congress-stages-protests-in-west-bengal-over-non-payment-of-central-dues-2879217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204134805/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/trinamool-youth-congress-stages-protests-in-west-bengal-over-non-payment-of-central-dues-2879217 |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=21 June 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==List of presidents==
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
! #
! Name
! colspan="2"| Tenure
|-
| 1
| [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]]
| 21 July 2011
| 5 June 2021
|-
| 2
| [[Saayoni Ghosh]]
| 5 June 2021
| present
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{url|https://aitcofficial.org/trinamool-youth-congress/|Official Website}}

[[Category:Youth wings of political parties in India]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2011]]

Vaagai Sooda Vaa (TV series)

2026-04-20T15:35:01Z

CletaMacfarlane: new a pg

{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Tamil television drama|Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| based_on =
| story = Santhakumari
| writer = Alvin Prashanth Raj {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Guru Sampanthkumar
| director = Prathap Mani
| starring = {{ubl|[[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]]|Pavithra Aravind}}
| executive_producer = Puviyarasan Perumal
| company = Parable Pictures
| producer = Devan Charles P. Praveen Kumar Saranya Veeramani
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 10 
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| open_theme =
| music = Karaneeshwaran
| editor = Guru Nandhan
| cinematography = David Baskar
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2026|1|26}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Vaagai Sooda Vaa''''' ({{translation|Come, wear the crown of victory}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language family [[Melodrama]] television series starring [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] and Pavithra Aravind in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/irfan-and-pavithras-vaagai-soodava-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/127538987.cms| title=Irfan and Pavithra's 'Vaagai Soodava' set to premiere soon| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=26 January 2026|language=en}}</ref> The series explores the complex relationship between a grandmother and her grandson and middle-class girl Meenakshi, set against the backdrop of family dynamics and traditions.

It is produced by Devan Charles, P. Praveen Kumar and Saranya Veeramani under the banner of Parable Pictures and directed by Prathap Mani. It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 26 January 2026, and airs on Monday to Saturday at 21:30 and streams digitally on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Jan/14/the-broadcast-time-for-irfans-vagai-sooda-vaa-series| title=இர்ஃபானின் வாகை சூட வா தொடரின் ஒளிபரப்பு நேரம்!| website=[[Dinamani]]| date=14 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series is set in Madhurai. The story is about a middle-class family single mother, Sumathi. After her husband's death, she raised her daughters, Thenmozhi and Meenakshi, with values. She aspires to achieve her dream.

Annapoorani, a woman who rules her family because money is all that matters. Grandson Jeevanatham opposes his grandmother. Thenmozhi marries into Mano's debt-ridden family. But, to protect Thenmozhi and restore the family's dignity, Meenakshi weds Jeeva. Meenakshi faces challenges in the form of her conservative Annapurani. But his husband Jeevanatham supports and helps her to achieve and fulfill the dreams.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/vaagai-sooda-vaa/0-6-4z5891606| title=Zee Tamil Vaagai Sooda Vaa Plot| website=www.zee5.com| date=22 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] as Jeevanatham
* Pavithra Aravind as Meenakshi

=== Recurring ===
* [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Annapurani
* Parveen as Thenmozhi Manoharan
* Gayatri Shastri as Sumathi
* R. Karuna Vilasini as Devi
* Sakthivel Adhi Meena as Manoharan
* Janaki as Sakthishwari; Jeeva, Mano and Devi's Mother
* Arul Rajan as Lokanathan; Jeeva, Mano and Devi's Father

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Vichithra]] as S. Kalaiyarasi<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-vaagai-soodava-actress-vichitra-shared-the-screen-with-rajinikanth-in-muthu/articleshow/127796185.cms| title=Did you know Vaagai Soodava actress Vichitra shared the screen with Rajinikanth in Muthu?| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=30 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Vaagai Sooda Vaa was produced by Devan Charles, P. Praveen Kumar and Saranya Veeramani under the banner of Parable Pictures. The series is directed by Prathap Mani, known for his series like ''[[Deivam Thantha Poove]]'' (2021–2023), ''Thavamai Thavamirundhu'' (2022–2023), ''Sandhya Raagam (TV series)'' (2024) ''[[Valliyin Velan]]'' (2024–2025) and written by Alvin Prashanth Raj.

=== Casting ===
Actor [[Irfan (actor)|Irfan]] was cast as the male lead Jeevanantham, making his comeback to acting in Television serials after [[JioHotstar]]’s ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2022 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]''. Actress Pavithra Gowda plays the lead role as Meenakshi in the series, making her comeback to acting in Television serials after [[Star Vijay]]’s ''[[Kanne Kalaimaane (2022 TV series)|Kanne Kalaimaane]]''.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://cineulagam.com/article/vaagai-sooda-vaa-new-serial-launch-promo-1767253661| title=ஜீ தமிழ் களமிறக்கும் புத்தம் புதிய சீரியல் வாகை சூட வா... முதல் புரொமோ இதோ| website=cineulagam.com| date=14 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref>

Veteran Tamil actress [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] was cast as the main negative lead Annapurani, making her comeback to acting in Tamil serials after 4 years. Her last approach in [[Zee Tamil]] serial ''[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2021 TV series)|Ninaithale Inikkum]]''. Gayatri Shastri was cast in the important role as Sumathi, for her notable performance in ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamizh-vaagai-sooda-vaa-serial-launch-promo-2-1768190735| title=ஜீ தமிழின் வாகை சூட வா புத்தம் புதிய சீரியல்.... யார் யார் நடிக்கிறார்கள், புரொமோ இதோ| website=cineulagam.com| date=1 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref> The series also reunited R. Karuna Vilasini, Shakthi and [[Ajay Rathnam]] who previously acted together in ''[[Pandian Stores 2]]''. [[Vichithra]] was cast as Police officer S. Kalaiyarasi in special appearances.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-fame-vichitra-joins-the-cast-of-vaagai-soodava/articleshow/127765507.cms| title=Bigg Boss Tamil fame Vichitra joins the cast of Vaagai Soodava| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=29 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
On 1 January 2026, the first Launch promo was released, which gave a brief insight into both Meenakshi and Jeevanatham's lives.<ref name="auto"/> The second promo was unveiled on 11 January 2026, featuring Annapurani's family intrusion story and main plot of the series. on 19 January, revealing the release date.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cineulagam.com/article/zee-tamizh-vaagai-sooda-vaa-serial-telecast-1768392189| title=ஜீ தமிழின் புதிய சீரியலான வாகை சூடவா வா எப்போது ஆரம்பமாகிறது... விவரம் இதோ | website=cineulagam.com| date=1 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref>

It began airing on Zee Tamil, from 26 January on Monday to Saturday at 21:30, replacing ''[[Parijatham (2025 TV series)|Parijatham]]'' time slot.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2026/Jan/26/changes-in-the-broadcast-times-of-television-series-in-zee-tamil|title=சின்ன திரை தொடர்களின் ஒளிபரப்பு நேரத்தில் மாற்றம்!|website=[[Dinamani]]|access-date=26 January 2026|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2026/vaagai-sooda-vaa-tv-premiere-date-zee-tamil-strengthens-its-prime-time-lineup-premiering-from-this-498547.html| title=Vaagai Sooda Vaa TV Premiere Date: Zee Tamil Strengthens Its Prime-Time Lineup, Premiering From THIS Date| website=www.filmibeat.com| date=22 January 2026|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/vaagai-sooda-vaa/0-6-4z5891606 ''Vaagai Sooda Vaa''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2026 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Kanalichhina Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:19Z

CletaMacfarlane: new a bio

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kanalichhina
| established = 2002
| abolished = 2012
| state = [[Uttarakhand]]
| district = [[Pithoragarh district|Pithoragarh]]
| type= SLA
}}

'''Kanalichhina Legislative Assembly constituency''' was one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It was abolished in 2012 following the delimitation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060201/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |website=gov.ua.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203060144/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kanalichhina Legislative Assembly constituency was a part of [[Almora (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-

!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Kashi Singh Airy]]<ref name="results2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3226-uttarakhand%092002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Mayukh Mahar]]<ref name="results2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3228-uttarakhand-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttarakhand |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=16 January 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanalichhina<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mayukh Mahar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,911 |percentage=42.21% |change={{increase}}23.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashi Singh Airy]] |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=8,438 |percentage=27.59% |change={{decrease}}7.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Bhandari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,231 |percentage=20.37% |change={{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishnanand |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=558 |percentage=1.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mamta Chand |party=Samata Party |votes=548 |percentage=1.79% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Chandra Garkoti |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=508 |percentage=1.66% |change={{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=285 |percentage=0.93% |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Singh |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=226 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Chandra Upadhyay |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=209 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,473 |percentage=14.62% |change= {{increase}}3.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,587 |percentage=65.88% |change= {{increase}}8.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,435 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |swing= {{increase}}7.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kanalichhina<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kashi Singh Airy]] |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=9,378 |percentage=34.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagjeevan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,513 |percentage=24.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manoj Ojha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,977 |percentage=18.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bahadur Singh Karki |party=Independent politician |votes=1,287 |percentage=4.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Uttarakhand Janwadi Party |votes=1,017 |percentage=3.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Mohan Bhatt |party=Independent politician |votes=880 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=832 |percentage=3.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lt. Col. Jagmohan Chand Thakur |party=Samata Party |votes=698 |percentage=2.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Bahadur |party=Independent politician |votes=400 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Ram |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=354 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghubar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=250 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Nand Kapri |party=Independent politician |votes=240 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,865 |percentage=10.68% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,826 |percentage=57.86% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,437 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Didihat (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]
* [[Pithoragarh (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.68|80.27|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Pithoragarh district]]
[[Category:Pithoragarh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2012]]
[[Category:2012 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Ahmed Khanpuri

2026-04-19T09:20:17Z

CletaMacfarlane: new a stub first draft

{{Short description|Indian mufti (born 1946)}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Mufti
| name = Ahmed Khanpuri
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1946|09|24}}
| birth_place = [[Khanpur deh, Gujarat]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Islamic scholar, jurist, teacher
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni Islam]]
| movement = [[Deobandi]]
| alma_mater = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]]
| main_interests = [[Fiqh]], [[Hadith]], [[Tasawwuf]]
| notable_works = ''Maqmood al-Fatawa'', ''Maqmood al-Mawaiz'', ''Maqmood al-Rasail''
| influences = [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi]]
| module2 = {{Infobox social media personality
| child = yes
| youtube_handle = muftiahmedkhanpuri
| youtube_display_name = Mufti Ahmed Khanpuri
| youtube_years_active = 2015–present
| youtube_genre = [[Islamic]]
| youtube_subscribers = 29 thousand
| youtube_views = 1.6 million
| stats_update = 24 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mufti Ahmed Khanpuri's YouTube Statistics |url=https://socialblade.com/youtube/handle/muftiahmedkhanpuri |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=[[Social Blade]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}
| website = [https://muftiahmedkhanpuri.com muftiahmedkhanpuri.com]
|disciple_of = [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]
}}

'''Ahmed Khanpuri''' (born 24 September 1946), also written as '''Ahmad Khanpuri''', is an Indian [[Islamic scholar]] and [[mufti|jurist]] associated with the [[Deobandi]] movement. He is the senior [[Hadith]] professor (''Sheikh al-Hadith'') and head mufti at [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dabhel]]. He has authored several religious works and serves on the governing boards of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], and the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]].{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|pp=674–675, 759}}{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021|p=29}}

==Early life and education==
Ahmed Khanpuri was born on 27 Dhu al-Qa‘dah 1365 AH (24 September 1946) in [[Khanpur, Gujarat]].{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=211–212}} His father, Muhammad Khanpuri, pledged allegiance (''[[Bay'ah|bay‘ah]]'') to [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] during a 1956 visit to Khanpur. Khanpuri met Madani on that occasion.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=211–212}}{{Sfn|Mukhtar|Mahtab|2022|p=878}}

He received his early religious and modern education in Khanpur up to seventh grade.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=212–213}}{{Sfn|Iqbal|Mukhtar|2022|p=879}} On 8 May 1958 (Shawwal 1377 AH), he enrolled at Darul Uloom Ashrafia, [[Rander]], where he studied the [[Dars-i Nizami]] curriculum for over nine years and graduated in 1966 after completing the study of [[Hadith]].{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=214–215}}{{Sfn|Rajkoti|2017|p=53}}{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|p=674}}

His teachers in Rander included Ahmad Raza Ajmeri, [[Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri]], Abdul Ghani Kavi, Muhammad Adam Palanpuri, Habibullah Palanpuri, Habibur Rahman Balyawi, Muslihuddin Barodvi, Mohiuddin Qazi Randeri, and Muhammad Yusuf Budhaniya.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|p=214}} {{Sfn|Mukhtar|Mahtab|2022|p=879}}

After graduation, he attempted to enter [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]] but was unsuccessful. On the advice of Saeed Ahmad Palanpuri, he joined [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in January 1967 (Shawwal 1386 AH) for advanced studies. He completed ''Takmil al-Funun'' and then ''Ifta'' studies there until 1968.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=215–217}}{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|p=674}} His teachers at Deoband included [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]], [[Sharif Hasan Deobandi]], [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], Muhammad Husain Bihari, Islamul Haq Azmi, [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]], and [[Nizamuddin Azami]].{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=216–217}}

==Spiritual affiliation==
During his student days, Khanpuri pledged allegiance to [[Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi]], who later authorized him in the [[Sufi]] order through [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]. He received ''ijazah'' (authorization) for spiritual training and initiation from Gangohi and named his Sufi lodge ''Khanqah Mahmoodiyyah'' in his honor. His major work of fatwas, ''Maqmood al-Fatawa'', and his residential area ''Mahmood Nagar'' are also named after Gangohi.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=215–217}}{{Sfn|Mukhtar|Mahtab|2022|pp=884–883}}{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|p=675}}

==Career==
Following his studies, Khanpuri began teaching at [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin, Dabhel]] in January 1969 on the instruction of Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=220–223}} He advanced through various teaching levels and joined the senior faculty in 1974. He has taught several major [[Hadith]] texts including ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'', ''[[Muwatta Imam Malik]]'', ''[[Sunan ibn Majah|Sunan Ibn Majah]]'', ''[[Sunan Abi Dawud]]'', ''[[Jami' al-Tirmidhi|Jami‘ al-Tirmidhi]]'', and ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=222–223}}

He has served as librarian for five years, and as head of the education department for about a decade. In 1986 (Shawwal 1406 AH), he was appointed chief mufti of the institution.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|p=223}}{{Sfn|Mukhtar|Mahtab|2022|p=863}} His collection of legal opinions has been published in eight volumes under the title ''Maqmood al-Fatawa'', also translated into [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] in five volumes.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|p=223}}{{Sfn|Mukhtar|Mahtab|2022|p=877}}

His notable students include [[Ebrahim Desai]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-16 |title=Famous Fatwah Portal Ask Imam's Mufti Ebrahim Desai Passes Away |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2021/07/16/famous-fatwah-portal-ask-imams-mufti-ebrahim-desai-passes-away/ |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=The Chenab Times |language=en-US}}</ref> Abbas Dawood Bismillah, and Mahmood Sulaiman Bardoli.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2012|p=335}}

Since 2012 (1433 AH), Khanpuri has been a member of the [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] governing council. He is also a member of the administrative board of [[Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama]], the [[All India Muslim Personal Law Board]], and the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]].{{Sfn|Khalili Qasmi|2020|p=675, 759}}{{Sfn|Mubarakpuri|2021|p=29}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=Mufti Ahmed Khanpuri (Profile) |url=https://www.ifa-india.org/pdfs/pdf-20210902121834.pdf |access-date=2025-10-24 |website=[[Islamic Fiqh Academy, India]]}}</ref>

In February 2018, the online fatwa portal [[Askimam]] (Darul Iftaa) mentioned Khanpuri's website, [https://muftiahmedkhanpuri.com muftiahmedkhanpuri.com], among the recommended scholarly sources for reliable Islamic lectures and writings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatwa #39532: Books and lectures of Authentic Islamic scholars of the present day |url=https://askimam.org/public/question_detail/39532 |website=[[Askimam]] |publisher=Darul Iftaa |date=18 February 2018 |access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

==Writings==
Although not primarily a writer, Khanpuri's works include compilations of his lectures, sermons, and legal opinions, often edited by his disciples. These include:{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|pp=223–225}}{{Sfn|Mukhtar|Mahtab|2022|p=882}}{{Sfn|Rajkoti|2017|p=53}}
* ''Mabadiyat al-Hadith ala Nahj Muqaddimat Mishkat al-Masabih'' (compiled by Mahmood Bardoli)
* ''Tashil al-Siraji'' (on ''Kitab al-Fara’id al-Sirajiyyah'')
* ''Hadith ke Islahi Mazamin'' (15 volumes)
* ''Fathullah al-Ahad bi-Tawdih al-Adab al-Mufrad'' (Urdu explanation of ''[[Al-Adab al-Mufrad]]'')
* ''Maktubat-e-Faqihul Ummat Ba-naam Mufti Ahmad Khanpuri'' (Letters written by Mahmood Hassan Gangohi to Khanpuri)
* ''Mahmood al-Fatawa'' (8 vols)
* ''Mahmood al-Mawaiz'' (4 vols)
* ''Mahmood al-Rasail'' (10 treatises, compiled by Abdul Qayyum Rajkoti)
* ''Mahmood al-Makāteeb'' (the first volume of his collection of letters, compiled by Nadeem Ahmed Ansari)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadwi Qasmi |first=Muhammad Moinuddin |date=2024-07-15 |title=Kuch Dair “Maḥmūd al-Makātīb” kī Jilaw mein |trans-title=A While in the Radiant Presence of ‘Mahmūd al-Makātīb |url=https://afif.in/%DA%A9%DA%86%DA%BE-%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=Al Falah International Foundation |language=ur}}</ref>

He also participated in the Urdu translation of ''Fatawa Rahimiyyah'' from Gujarati as part of a three-member committee. Additionally, he has contributed regularly to Gujarati-language journals such as ''Insan'', ''Hayat'', and ''Iblagh''.{{Sfn|Rampuri|2022|p=225}}

==See also==
* [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]]
* [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
* [[Deobandi movement]]
* [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rampuri |first=Riyasat Ali Qasmi |url=http://archive.org/details/a-bite-from-faqihul-ummat-aur-unke-khulafa-e-aali-maqam-mufti-ahmad-khanpuri |title=Faqīh al-Ummat Muftī Maḥmūd Ḥasan Gangohī aur Unke Khulafā’-e ʿĀlī Maqām |date= |publisher=Maktaba al-Āfiya |year=2022 |edition=First |location=[[Amroha]] |pages=211–227 |language=ur |trans-title=Faqih al-Ummat Mufti Mahmood Hasan Gangohi and His Eminent Spiritual Successors |chapter=Mufti Ahmad Khanpuri}}
* {{Cite book |last=Khalili Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |author-link=Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi|url=https://archive.org/details/darul-uloom-deob-ki-jamey-wa-mukhtasar-tareekh-edition-2/page/n674/mode/1up |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=2nd|date= October 2020 |location=India |language=ur|oclc=1345466013|pages=674–675, 759}}
* {{cite book |last=Mubarakpuri|first=Arif Jameel|author-link=Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri|title=Mausoo'a Ulama-u- Deoband|trans-title=The Encyclopedia of Deobandi Scholars|date=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Shaikhul Hind Academy|location=[[Deoband]]|pages=28–29|language=ar}}
* {{Cite journal|editor1-last=Mukhtar |editor1-first=Asad|editor2-last=Mahtab |editor2-first=Ahsan |title=Akābir-e-Darul Uloom Deoband Number (Vol. 2)|journal=Fortnightly Fikr-e-Inqilab|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/fikr-e-inqelab-shumara-number-228-ahsan-mahtab-magazines|date=1–15 January 2022 |volume=10 |issue=228 |pages=860–884 |publisher=All India Tanzeem-e Ulama-e-Haq, Fikr-e-Inqilab|location=[[Delhi]]|language=ur}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajkoti|first=Abdul Qayyum|url=https://archive.org/details/dabhel-ke-asatidha-e-hadith |title=Jamia Islamia Talimuddin Dabhel Ke Asātidha-e-Hadith|trans-title =History of Jamia Islamia Dabhel|publisher=[[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]]|date=January 2017|location=[[Dabhel]], Gujrat|page=53|language=ur}}
* {{cite book |title=Tadhkira-e-Akābir|url=https://archive.org/details/tazkira-e-akabir/page/334/mode/1up |last=Qasmi|first=Nizamuddin|publisher=[[Jamia Islamia Ishaatul Uloom]]|location=[[Akkalkuwa]], Nandobar, Maharashtra |pages=334–335|edition=2nd|date=September 2012|language=ur}}
{{Refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khanpuri, Ahmed}}
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]

Ramchandrapur Assembly Constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:36Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started a post...

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Odisha Legislative Assembly}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramchandrapur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Odisha]]
| district = [[Kendujhar district|Kendujhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Keonjhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kendujhar]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}

'''Ramchandrapur''' was an Assembly constituency from [[Kendujhar district]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Election Commission of India |url=http://archive.org/details/dpaco-1961 |title=1961 Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order of India |date=1961-12-07}}</ref> It was established in 1961 and abolished in 2008. After 2008 delimitation, It was subsumed by the [[Telkoi Assembly constituency]].<ref name="dpaco2008">{{cite web |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |page=321}}</ref>

== Elected members ==
Between 1961 & 2008, 11 elections were held.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 |access-date=2025-09-12 |website=orissa.gov.in}}</ref>

List of members elected from Ramchandrapur constituency are:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
| Muralidhar Kuanr
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Rajaballav Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| [[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| rowspan="2" | Muralidhar Kuanr
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| {{Full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Khirod Prasad Swain
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| [[Badri Narayan Patra]]
| {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| [[Niranjan Patnaik]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kendujhar district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}

[[Category:Kendujhar district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{Kendujhar-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Bhoothath Alvar

2026-04-13T20:59:23Z

CletaMacfarlane: new some details first draft

{{Short description|Poet-saint of Tamil Hindu tradition}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Bhoothath Alvar
| image = BhoothAlvar cropped.jpg
| caption =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = 4203 BCE<ref>{{cite book|title=Music and temples, a ritualistic approach|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yj8UAQAAIAAJ|page=23|author=L. Annapoorna |year=2000|isbn=9788175740907}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC|pages=403–404|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar |year=1911|isbn=9788120618503}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Thirukadalmallai]]
| birth_name =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Bhakti]]
| honors = [[Alvar]] saint
| literary_works = [[Irantam Tiruvantati]]
| footnotes =
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
'''Bhoothath Alvar''' ({{Langx|ta|பூதத்தாழ்வார்|translit=Bhūtathāḻvār}}) is one of the twelve ''[[alvars|Alvar]]'' saints of South [[India]], who were known for their affiliation to the [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. The verses of ''[[Alvars]]'' are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' and the 108 temples revered are classified as ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desams]]''.<ref name="Rao">{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=P.V.L. Narasimha |title=Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples|year=2008|publisher=Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5018-104-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&dq=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27|page=27}}</ref> Bhoothath is considered second in the list of the three principal ''Alvars'', with the other two being [[Poigai Alvar]] and [[Pey Alvar]], collectively called ''Mutalamalvargal'' who are known to be born out of divinity. Bhoothath composed hundred verses that are classified as ''[[Irantam Tiruvantati]]'' and his composition is set in the ''[[Andhadhi|antati]]'' style in which the ending syllable is the starting one for the next verse.

As per Hindu legend, Bhoothath was found in a liquorice flower in [[Thirukadalmallai]] (modern-day [[Mahabalipuram]]). The poet-saint is regarded to have borne such zeal for the Hindu god [[Vishnu]] that he was said to have been possessed by a ghost (''Bhūta''), where he received his epithet.

According to [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] legend, the three ''Alvars'' were once were confined in a small dark enclosure during a rain in [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirukovilur]] and they experienced a fourth individual among them. They found out that it was god Vishnu and Poigai wished to see his face continuously but could view only from the simmering light of the lightning. With a view to maintain the continuity of light, Poigai instantly composed hundred songs wishing light to emerge. Pey and Bhoothath continued composing hundred songs each on Vishnu.
The works of these earliest saints contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism. Along with the three [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] [[Nayanmars]], they influenced the ruling [[Pallava]] kings of the South Indian region, resulting in changing the religious geography from [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]] to the two sects of [[Hinduism]].

==Alvars==
The word ''alvar'' means the one who dives deep into the ocean of the countless attributes of god. ''[[Alvars]]'' are considered the twelve supreme devotees of [[Vishnu]], who were instrumental in popularising [[Vaishnavism]]. The religious works of these saints in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], songs of love and devotion, are compiled as ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'' containing 4000 verses and the 108 temples revered in their songs are classified as ''[[Divya desam]]''.<ref name="Rao"/><ref name="Dalal21">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, pp. 20-21</ref> The saints had different origins and belonged to different castes. As per tradition, the first three ''Alvars'', Poigai, Bhutha and Pey were born miraculously. Tirumizhisai was the son of a sage, Thondaradi, Mathurakavi, Peria and Andal were from [[brahmin]] community, Kulasekhara from ''[[Kshatria]]'' community, Namm was from a cultivator family, Tirupana from ''[[panar]]'' community and Tirumangai from ''kalvar'' community. ''Divya Suri Saritra'' by Garuda-Vahana Pandita (11th century AD), ''Guruparamparaprabavam'' by Pinbaragiya Perumal Jiyar, ''Periya tiru mudi adaivu'' by Anbillai Kandadiappan, ''Yatindra Pranava Prabavam'' by Pillai Lokacharya, commentaries on ''Divya Prabandam'', Guru Parampara (lineage of Gurus) texts, temple records and inscriptions give a detailed account of the ''Alvars'' and their works. According to these texts, the saints were considered incarnations of some form of Vishnu. Poigai is considered an incarnation of ''Panchajanya'' (Krishna's conch), Bhoothath of ''Kaumodakee'' (Vishnu's Mace/Club), Pey of ''Nandaka'' (Vishnu's sword), Thirumalisai of ''Sudarshanam'' (Vishnu's discus), Namm of ''Vishvaksena'' (Vishnu's commander), Madhurakavi of ''Vainatheya'' (Vishnu's eagle, Garuda), Kulasekhara of ''Kaustubha'' (Vishnu's necklace), Periy of Garuda (Vishnu's eagle), Andal of Bhoodevi (Vishnu's wife, Lakshmi, in her form as Bhudevi), Thondaradippodi of ''Vanamaalai'' (Vishnu's garland), Thiruppaan of ''Srivatsa'' (An auspicious mark on Vishnu's chest) and Thirumangai of ''[[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Saranga]]'' (Rama's bow). The songs of ''Prabandam'' are regularly sung in all the Vishnu temples of South India daily and also during festivals.<ref name="Dalal21"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&dq=poygai&pg=PA14|page=211|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2007|isbn=9780810864450}}</ref>

==Early life==
Since the saint had intuitive knowledge about god Vishnu, he got the name ''Bhoothath''. As per Hindu legend, Bhoothath was found in a liquorice flower in [[Thirukadalmallai]] (modern-day [[Mahabalipuram]]).<ref name="Dalal76">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 76</ref> His knowledge on Vishnu is inferred by his description of Vishnu in five different forms as ''para'' (supreme being), ''vyuha'' (cosmic form), ''vibhava'' (incarnations), ''antaryamin'' (inner dweller) and ''archa'' (consecrated image).<ref name="Dalal76"/>

==Composition==
As per Hindu legend, Vishnu appeared to the ''mutalam Alvars'' (first three ''Alvars'') at [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirukkoilur]]. It was day time, but it darkened and started raining heavily. The wandering Poigai found out a small hide out, which has a space for one person to lie down. Bhoothath arrived there looking for a hiding place and Poigai accommodated him, with both sitting together. In the meanwhile, Pey also came to the same place as all the three preferred to stand because of lack of space. The darkness became dense and inside the small room, they were not able to see each other. In the meanwhile, they felt a fourth person also forced his way among them. The three ''Alvars'' realised from the light of the lightning that the fourth one had a charming face that was sublime and divine. The trio could immediately realize that it was [[Vishnu]] who was huddling among them. Poigai wished to see Vishnu's face continuously but could view only from the simmering light of the lightning. With a view to maintain the continuity of light, he instantly composed hundred songs wishing the earth to be a big pot full of ghee like an ocean where the Sun could be the burning wick.<ref name="Dalal308">[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 308</ref><ref name="James"/><ref name="Garg">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World: Ak-Aq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WjDcd0cTFxQC&dq=poygai&pg=PA352|pages=352–354|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|last=Garg|first=Gaṅgā Rām|year=1992|isbn=9788170223757}}</ref>

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Tamil script|Tamil]] 
அன்பே தகளிய ஆர்வமே நெய்யாக 
இன்புருகு சிந்தை இடுதிரியா - நன்புருகி 
ஞானச் சுடர் விளக்கேற்றினேன் நாரணற்கு 
ஞானச் தமிழ் புரிந்த நான்
}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Transliteration]] 
Anbe Thagliyaa Aarvame Neyyaaga 
Inburugu Chintai Idu Thiriyaa 
Nanpurugi Gnaana Chudar Vilakku Etrinen 
Naaranarku Gnaana Thamizh Purindha Naan
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote| I who wrote this song that bestows wisdom, with love as the lamp, endearing involvement as the lubricant ghee, and knowledge as the wick of the burning torch, dedicated myself to the service of the Lord<ref>{{cite web|title=Irandam Thiruvandhadi translation|url=http://azhwar.org/documents/Irandaam_Thiruvandhadhi_translation.pdf|last=N.|first=Rajagopalan|publisher=azhwar.org|page=4}}</ref>}}
</blockquote>

Bhoothath Alvar also sang 100 songs imagining to light the lamp constantly through ardent love for Him. [[Peyalvar]] sang another 100 songs where he described the enchanting charm of the divine face and the association of Narayana equipped with chakra and sankha, and his divine consort goddess Lakshmi.<ref name="chari1617">[[#Chari|Chari]] 1997, pp. 16-17</ref><ref name="James">{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|quote=poygai.|last=Lochtefeld|first=James|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/515 515]|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=9780823931804}}</ref>

Bhoothath composed hundred verses that are classified as ''Irantam Tiruvantati (Transliteration: Second Tiruvantati).''<ref>[[#Dalal|Dalal]] 2011, p. 269</ref> Bhoothath’s composition was set in the ''[[Andhadhi|antati]]'' style. The word ''anta'' means end and ''ati'' means the beginning. The ''antati'' style has ending word or the syllable of each verse as the beginning word of the succeeding verse and the last word of the hundredth verse becomes the beginning of the first verse, making the hundred verses a true garland of verses. The works of these earliest saints contributed to the philosophical and theological ideas of Vaishnavism.<ref name="chari1617"/> The verses of the trio speak of [[Narayana]] (another name for Vishnu) as the supreme deity and they refer frequently to [[Trivikrama]] and [[Krishna]], the [[avatar]]s of Vishnu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prof. H. C. Raychaudhuri: As a Historian|last=Panda|first=Harihar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1XMtc2Q97IC&dq=poygai&pg=PA86|page=86|publisher=Northern Book Centre|year=2007|isbn=9788172112103}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies In The Religious Life Of Ancient And Medieval India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mh1y1eMgGBMC&dq=poygai&pg=PA56|page=56|last=D.C.|first=Sircar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher|year=1971|isbn=9788120827905}}</ref>

==[[Mangalasasanam by Divyadesam|Mangalasasanam]]==
There are 30 of his pasurams in the 4000 [[Divya Prabhandham]]. He has sung in praise of thirteen temples.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC&dq=tirumalisai&pg=PA183|pages=182–83}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#FFC569"
! scope="col" | S.No.
! scope="col" | '''Name of the temple'''
! scope="col" | '''Location'''
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | '''Photo'''
! scope="col" | '''Number of Pasurams'''
! scope="col" | '''Presiding deity'''
! scope="col" | '''Notes/Beliefs'''
|- align ="center"
|- style="background:#ffe;"
|-
|1
| [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupathi]]
| {{coord|13.143|79.907}}
| [[File:Tirumala 090615.jpg|130px|center]]
|9
|Alamelumanga [[Venkateswara]]
|Venkateswara Temple is a landmark Vaishnavite temple situated in the hill town of [[Tirumala]] at [[Tirupati]] in [[Chittoor district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The Temple is dedicated to Lord [[Venkateswara|Sri Venkateswara]], an incarnation of [[Vishnu]], who is believed to have appeared here to save mankind from trials and troubles of [[Kali Yuga]]. Hence the place has also got the name Kaliyuga [[Vaikuntham]] and Lord here is referred to as Kaliyuga Prathyaksha Daivam. The temple is also known by other names like Tirumala Temple, Tirupati Temple, Tirupati Balaji Temple. Lord Venkateswara is known by many other names: Balaji, Govinda, and Srinivasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |title=Tirumala Temple |access-date=13 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011032254/http://tirumala.org/maintemple_about.htm |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Tirumala Hills are part of [[Seshachalam Hills]] range. The hills are {{convert|853|m|ft}} above sea level. The Temple is constructed in Dravidian architecture and is believed to be constructed over a period of time starting from 300 AD. The Garbagriha (Sanctum Sanctorum) is called AnandaNilayam. It is the richest temple in the world in terms of donations received and wealth.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070026005| title=NDTV Report | access-date=13 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="CSHindu">{{cite book |last1=Sivaratnam |first1=C |year=1964 |title=An Outline of the Cultural History and Principles of Hinduism |publisher= Stangard Printers |location=Colombo |edition=1 |oclc=12240260 |quote=Koneswaram temple. Tiru-Kona-malai, sacred mountain of Kona or Koneser, Iswara or Siva. The date of building the original temple is given as 1580 BCE according to a Tamil poem by Kavi Raja Virothayan translated into English in 1831 by Simon Cassie Chitty ... }}</ref><ref name="HLtoSL">{{cite book |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Nirmala|year=2004 |title=The Hindu legacy to Sri Lanka|publisher=Stamford Lake (Pvt.) Ltd. 2004 |location=Pannapitiya|oclc=230674424|isbn=9789558733974|quote= Portuguese writer De Queyroz compares Konesvaram to the famous Hindu temples in Rameswaram, [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Kanchipuram]], Tirupatti-Tirumalai, Jagannath and Vaijayanthi and concludes that while these latter temples were well visited by the Hindus, the former had surpassed all the latter temples by the early 1600s}}</ref> The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news| url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ghazal-programme-at-tirumala-temple/article27800371.ece | location=Chennai, India | newspaper=The Hindu | title=Ghazal programme at Tirumala temple | date=30 September 2003 | access-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2
| [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam]].
|[[Srirangam]], [[Trichy district]] [[Tamil Nadu]] {{coord|10.8625| 78.689722}}
|[[File:Srirangam14.jpg|130px|center]]
|4
|Ranganayagi Ranganathar (Periya Perumal)
|Srirangam temple is often listed as the largest functioning [[Hindu temple]] in the world, the still larger [[Angkor Wat]] being the largest existing temple. The temple occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m2) with a perimeter of 4,116m (10,710 feet) making it the largest temple in India and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil|first2=G.R.|last2=Thursby|page=456|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&dq=The+Hindu+World+%2B+srirangam&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World|year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=9781598805611|page=40}}</ref> The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of ''Margali'' (December–January) attracts 1 million visitors.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria|page=4 |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3}}</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Kallazhagar Temple|Thirumaliruncholai]]
|[[Alagar Koyil]], [[Madurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|9.988609 | 78.2643428 }}
|[[File:AzhagarKovil Madurai.JPG|130px|center]]
|3
|Sri Sundaravalli sametha Sri Kallazhagar Perumal
| Kallazhagar was worshiped by [[Yama]], the Hindu god of death. He requested Vishnu to stay in the place and built a temple with the help of Vishwakarma, the divine architect.<ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=alvar+thirunagari|page=18|first=Roshan|last=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2010|isbn=9780143414216}}</ref> Kallazhagar is believed to have appeared to redeem sage Suthapava off his curse from sage [[Durvasa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kallazhagar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=695|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> The temple houses some rare [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] sculptures.<ref name=Gopal>{{cite journal|title=The Raṅga-maṇḍapa of the Tāṭikkompu Temple A Study of an Iconographic Programme of the Vijayanagara Tradition|journal=East and West|volume=46|last=S.|first=Gopalakrishnan|issue=3/4|date=December 1996|jstor=29757285|pages=415–431}}</ref>
|-
|4
| [[Ocean of milk|Thiruparkadal]]
| Heavenly
| [[File:Kurma, the tortoise incarnation of Vishnu.jpg|right|[[Kurma]]|130px]]
| 2
| Lakshmi Vishnu
| In [[Hindu cosmology]], Thiruparkadal (Ocean of milk) is the fifth from the center of the seven oceans. It surrounds the continent known as Krauncha.<ref>{{cite book|first=D. Dennis |last=Hudson|title= The body of God: an emperor's palace for Krishna in eighth-century Kanchipuram|url=https://archive.org/details/bodygodemperorsp00huds_609 |url-access=limited |publisher= Oxford University Press US|year= 2008 |isbn=978-0-19-536922-9| pages=[https://archive.org/details/bodygodemperorsp00huds_609/page/n190 164]–168}}</ref> According to Hindu mythology, the [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]] (gods) and [[asuras]] (demons) worked together for a millennium to churn the ocean and release [[Amrita]] the nectar of immortal life.<ref>{{cite web|title=Churning the Ocean of Milk by Michael Buckley|url=http://www.veloasia.com/library/buckley/churning_milk.html}}</ref> It is spoken of in the [[Samudra manthan|''Samudra manthana'']] chapter of the [[Puranas]], a body of ancient Hindu legends. It is also the place where [[Vishnu]] reclines over [[Shesha|Shesha Naga]], along with his consort [[Lakshmi]].
|-
|5
|[[Sarangapani Temple|Thirukudanthai]]
|[[Kumbakonam]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] {{coord|10.959649| 79.374999}}
|[[File:Gopuras in Kumbakonam - India.JPG|130px|center]]
|2
|Sri Komalavalli sametha Sri Aravamuda Perumal
|The temple is called Ubaya Pradhana Kshetram as the ''Moolavar'' (presiding deity) and ''utsavar'' (festive deity) enjoy the same importance.It is believed that the presiding deity asked [[Nathamuni]] to compile the four thousand verses of Nalayira Divya Prabandham at this place.<ref name=R>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=473–4}}</ref> The twin temple chariots weigh {{convert|300|tonnes|lbs|abbr=on}} each and are next only in size to the ones in [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thygaraja temple]] in [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam|Andal Temple]] in [[Srivilliputhur]].<ref name="festivals">{{cite news|title=Immortalised in stone |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article218206.ece?css=print|work=The Hindu|date=2009-07-02|access-date=2013-04-08}}</ref> This temple is along [[Kaveri]] and is one of the [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]].<ref name="Pancharanga Kshetrams">{{cite web |
title=Pancharanga Kshetrams|work=Indiantemples.com |
url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df012.html |access-date= 2007-06-20}}</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Sowmya Narayana Perumal temple|Thirukkoshtiyur]]
|[[Thirukoshtiyur]], [[Sivaganga district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|9.98860| 78.2643 }}
|[[File:Sowmyanarayana Perumal (3).jpg|130px|center]]
|2
|Sri Mahalakshmi sametha Sri Uraga Mellanayaan Perumal
|The temple is known as the place where [[Ramanuja]], the expounder of Vaishnavadatta philosophy preached the holy syllable "Ohm Namo Narayana" to all people irrespective of their caste. Sowmyanarayana Perumal is believed to have appeared as [[Narasimha]] avatar to the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], the celestial deities.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Typology of the Anantaśayī Icon|page=80|jstor=3250291|last=K. V. |first=Soundara Rajan|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=29|issue=1|year=1967}}</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Thirukkachi - Atthigiri]]
|[[Kanchipuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|12.819137| 79.724646}}
|[[File:Varadaraja Perumal Temple Kanchipuram (31).jpg|130px|center]]
|2
|Sri Perundevi sametha Sri Devadiraja Perumal
|One of the greatest Hindu scholars of Vaishnava [[VisishtAdvaita]] philosophy, [[Ramanuja]] is believed to have resided in this temple.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/varakanc.html |title = The Templenet Encyclopedia - Varadaraja Perumal Temple at Kanchipuram}}</ref> The temple along with [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar Temple]] and [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] in Kanchipuram is popularly known as ''Mumurtivasam'' (abode of trio),<ref name="Rao154">Rao 2008, p. 154</ref> while Srirangam is referred to as ‘ The Koil’ (meaning: "temple") and [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirupati]] as the ‘Malai’ (Meaning: "hill").
|-
|8
|[[Tiru paadagam|Thiruppadagam]]
|[[Kanchipuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|12.842726| 79.696941}}
|[[File:Pandavathoothar (7).jpg|130px|center]]
|1
|Sri Rukmani sametha Sri Pandavadootha Perumal
| The temple is considered one of three oldest temples in Kanchipuram and is believed to have been built by the [[Pallavas]] of the late 8th century AD, with later contributions from [[Medieval Cholas]] and [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagar kings]]. The temple is associated with a chapter in ''[[Mahabharata]]'' when [[Krishna]] went to the [[Kaurava]]s as a missive (called ''Thoota'' locally) to the [[Pandavas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Soundara Rajan |first=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|page=38}}</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Thirukkovalur]]
|[[Tirukoilur|Thirukoyilur]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|11.967006| 79.202479}}
|[[File:Ulagalantha Perumal9.JPG|130px|center]]
|1
|Sri Pushpavalli sametha Sri Trivikrama Perumal
|The temple is believed to be the place where the first three Alvars, the Vaishnava saints, namely, [[Poigai Alvar]], [[Bhoothathalvar]] and [[Peyalvar]] attained salvation. The temple is one of the Panchakanna (Krishnaranya) Kshetrams, the five holy temples associated with [[Krishna]], an avatar of Vishnu.<ref name=M>{{cite book|title=15 Vaishnava Temples of Tamil Nadu|last=M.|first=Rajagopalan|pages=57–65|publisher=Govindaswamy Printers|location=Chennai, India|year=1993}}</ref><ref name="Garg"/>
|-
|10
|[[Thanjai Mamanikoil|Thiruthanjai Mamanikoil]]
|[[Thanjavur]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] {{coord|10.815669| 79.138677}}
|
|1
|Sri Raktapankajavalli sametha Sri Neelamegha Perumal
|Unlike other ''[[Divyadesam]]s'' where a single shrine is referred, this set of temples is referred together in all the ''paasurams''(poems). During the [[Treta Yuga]], there were three demons by name Tanchakan, Tantakan and Kacamukan who were blessed by [[Shiva]] became very powerful. They grew arrogant and troubled sage [[Parashara]] who was doing penance at this place. Vishnu killed Thanjakan after whom Thanjavur was named, with his Chakra, Kachamukan by taking the form of a ''[[Yali (mythology)|yali]]'', a mythical creature and took the form of [[Varaha]] the boar to kill the third demon Tantakan, who feld to [[Srimushnam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.|pages=500–1}}</ref>
|-
|11
|[[Ranganatha Temple, Thiruneermalai|Thiruneermalai]]
|[[Kanchipuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|12.963808| 80.114953}}
|[[File:Thiruneermalai temple.jpg|130px|center]]
|1
|Sri Animamalar Mangai sametha Sri Neervanna Perumal
|''Brahmanda Purana'' refers this place Toyatri, meaning a mountain surrounded by water. ''Thiruneermalai'', the modern [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name also means a sacred mountain surrounded by water. Among the eight sacred Vishnu temples where he manifested himself called "Ashtaswayamvaka Kshetra".<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref>
|-
|12
|[[Thirukadalmallai|Thirukkadalmallai]]
|[[Mahabalipuram]], [[Kanchipuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|12.617464| 80.193303}}
|[[File:Thirukadalmallai Temple.jpg|130px|center]]
|1
|Sri Boosthalamangadevi sametha Sri Sthalasayana Perumal
|The temple is believed to be the birthplace of the Vaishnava Alvar saint [[Bhoothathalvar]]. Sthalasayana Perumal is believed to have appeared to sage Pundarika. The temple is one of the 32 Group of [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|Monuments at Mahabalipuram]] that are declared as UN world heritage sites, but unlike others that are maintained by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Acme of devotion|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/acme-of-devotion/article1375798.ece|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai|date=14 November 2008|access-date=19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|13
|[[Ninra Narayana Perumal temple|Thiruthangal]]
|[[Thiruthangal|Thiruthankal]] [[Virudhunagar district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]{{coord|9.010702| 77.8853}}
|[[File:Thiruthankal temple (1).jpg|130px|center]]
|
|Sri Sengamala thaayar sametha Sri Narayana Perumal
|The temple in its present form was believed to have been built by Devendra Vallabha, a Pandya king. The temple has three inscriptions in its two rock-cut caves, two dating from the period of 8th century. Ninra Narayana is believed to have appeared to Sridevi and [[Bhūmi|Bhoomadevi]]. [[Ranganatha]] from [[Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]] was enamoured by the devotion of [[Andal]]. He started a journey to [[Srivilliputhur Divya Desam]] to seek her hand for marriage. While reaching the place, it became dark and he decided to spend the night in the place. Since he stayed at this place, it came to be known as Thiruthangal and the hillock came to be known as Thalagiri.<ref>{{cite report|title=Excavations of Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu(1969-95)|editor=T.S. Sridhar|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai|year=2004|url=http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Excavations%20of%20archaeological%201969-1995%20part%20001.pdf|page=6|access-date=2020-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083910/http://210.212.62.26/pdf_files/books/Excavations%20of%20archaeological%201969-1995%20part%20001.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC&dq=poygai&pg=PA47|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|year=2011|last1=B. S.|first1=Chandrababu|last2=S.|first2=Ganeshram|last3=C.|first3=Bhavani|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8TwHhuZrZ-wC&dq=poygai&pg=PA16|ref=Chari}}
* {{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&dq=poigai&pg=PA308|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|ref=Dalal|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2011|isbn=9780143414216}}

{{Alvars}}

[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]

Mahalaxmi Express

2026-04-12T18:22:44Z

CletaMacfarlane: created a entry needs work - done

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Mahalaxmi Express
| image= 17411 Mahalaxmi Express trainboard.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Express train|Express]]
| locale = [[Maharashtra]]
| first =
| last =
| operator = [[South Central Railway zone|South Central Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Mumbai CSMT]]
| stops = 16 as 17411 Mahalaxmi Express, 17 as 17412 Mahalaxmi Express
| end = [[Chattrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|Kolhapur SCSMT]]
| distance = {{convert|518|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 10 hours 57 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC 1st Class, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = No pantry car but available
| observation = Rake sharing with 17415/16 [[Haripriya Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| other facilities=
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB]] coaches
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 17411 / 17412
| speed = {{convert|110|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum {{convert|47.38|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, including halts
| map = [[File:Koyna Express and Sahyadri Express Route map.jpg|250px]]
| map_state =
}}

The 17411/17412 '''Mahalaxmi Express''' is an express train belonging to [[Indian Railways]] that runs between [[Mumbai CSMT|Mumbai]] and [[Chattrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|Kolhapur]] in India. It is a daily service. It operates as train number 17411 from Mumbai CSMT to Kolhapur SCSMT and as train number 17412 in the reverse direction. Before [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]], this train ran in two sections, with Sectional Carriage interchanged at Pune & later at Miraj, with timeline

* Bombay-Pune (as 303 [[Mumbai–Pune Mail]] 1863–1971), Bombay-Miraj (as 303 Bombay Mail 1971–1974), Bombay-Kolhapur (as 303 Mahalaxmi Express since 1974)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/5018471 | title=5018471-0: Mahalaxmi Exp: Earstwhile Poona Mail (30 17411/Mahalaxmi Express - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>
* 902 Poona Mail (MG Service between Pune-Miraj & later Pune-Bangalore till 1974), 304 Bombay Mail (MG Service Miraj-Bangalore past 1971–73) & 304 Mahalaxmi Express (MG Service since 1974 till Miraj-Bangalore GC)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indiarailinfo.com/blog/post/5018471 | title=5018471-0: Mahalaxmi Exp: Earstwhile Poona Mail (30 17411/Mahalaxmi Express - Railway Enquiry }}</ref>

After gauge conversion, the Miraj–Bangalore train was discontinued and a new direct train between [[Lokmanya Tilak Terminus|Kurla]] and Bangalore was introduced. It is named after Mahalakshmi temple in Kolhapur.

==Coaches==
The 17411/7412 Mahalaxmi Express presently has 1 AC 1st Class, 2 AC 2 tier, 3 AC 3 tier economy, 9 Sleeper Class & 4 General Unreserved coaches. As with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.
[[File:17411 Mahalaxmi Express - AC 3 tier coach.jpg|thumb|17411 Mahalaxmi Express – AC 3 tier coach]]

==Service==
Mumbai CSMT ([[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus]]) – Kolhapur SCSMT ([[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus|Shri Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]]) Mahalaxmi Express was introduced in 1971. Passengers were transferred from slip coaches of Bengaluru Miraj Express to Mahalaxmi Express at Miraj Junction. After gauge conversion, Bengaluru–Miraj slip Express was discontinued and Kurla–Bengaluru Express was introduced.

Now 17411 Mahalaxmi Express covers the distance of 518 kilometres in 11 hours 05 mins (47.31 km/h) & 11 hours 05 mins as 17412 Mahalaxmi Express (47.45 km/h).

As its average speed in both directions is below 55 km/h as per Indian Railways rules, it does not have an [[Superfast trains in India|Superfast]] surcharge.

==Traction==
An [[Alternating current|AC]]-traction [[Indian locomotive class WAP-7|WAP-7]] locomotive hauls the train from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] to [[Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus]], [[Kolhapur]]. While in the past there was an interchange from electric to diesel, priot to that the traction was completely [[Diesel locomotive|diesel]] run

==Incident==
On 27 July 2019, 17411 Mahalaxmi Express was stuck between [[Badlapur railway station|Badlapur Station]] & [[Vangani railway station|Vangani station]] for 12–15 hours after heavy rains & flooding from nearby [[Ulhas River]]. Approx 1050 passengers including 9 pregnant women were rescued by [[National Disaster Response Force|NDRF]], [[Indian Navy]], [[Indian Air Force]], [[Maharashtra Police]] and local people of [[Vangani]].<ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/maharashtra-govt-seeks-airlift-of-passengers-stranded-in-train-stuck-due-to-heavy-rains/articleshow/70406809.cms#:~:text=All%201%2C050%20passengers%20on%20board,on%20tracks%20following%20heavy%20rains. economictimes.com], Retrieved 29 August 2020</ref>

==See also==
* [[Koyna Express]]
* [[Sahyadri Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234300/http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahalaxmi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Transport in Kolhapur]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1971]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

T. R. Sankunni

2026-04-11T09:27:48Z

CletaMacfarlane: new entry

{{Short description|Indian writer (1935-2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name =
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1935|2|12}}
| birth_place = [[Karalam]], [[Cochin Kingdom]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2026|4|4|1935|2|12}}
| death_place = [[Patturaikkal]], Thrissur, Kerala, India
| occupation = Writer
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = Children's literature, Novel
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = Radha
| partner =
| children = 3
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|Award of the [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]]| the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]]}}
}}
'''T. R. Sankunni''' was an Indian writer and educationist. He was known in various fields including science writing, children's literature, novelist, and teacher. He has won the National Award for Children's Literature, Award of the [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]], the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Children's Literature]], and the Urub Award

==Biography==
T. R. Sankunni was born on February 12, 1935, in [[Karalam]] village near [[Irinjalakuda]] in present-day [[Thrissur district]] of Kerala to Thevaruparambil Ravunni and Chittikapil Ishwariamma.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śr̲īdharan |first=Si Pi |url=https://books.google.co.in/books/about/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4.html?id=OHcRAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=ഇന്നത്തെ സാഹിത്യകാരന്മാർ |date= |publisher=Sāhityavēdi Pabȧḷikkēṣansȧ |year=1969 |pages=947 |language=ml}}</ref> After passing his intermediate examination at Cherpp CNN School, his studies were interrupted for two years due to financial constraints.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=From discontinuing education to literary excellence; The journey of Malayalam writer Dr TR Sankunni |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/from-discontinuing-education-to-literary-excellence-the-journey-of-malayalam-writer-dr-tr-sankunni-uez62c1p |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=4 April 2026 |language=en}}</ref> During that time, he spent most of his time in the library. He became interested in English literature and read world classics during that time. Although he was more interested in Malayalam literature, he graduated from the Veterinary College and became a teacher there.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

The turning point in his literary career was a three-day writers' gathering held at Ramavarmapuram, Thrissur in 1969. Leading Malayalam writers like [[S. K. Pottekkatt]], [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], [[Parappurath]], and [[S. Guptan Nair]] participated there.<ref name="Mathrubhumi"/>

Sankunni, a native of Karalam, had been living in [[Patturaikkal]], Thrissur for a long time.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2">{{Cite web |date=2026-04-04 |title=പ്രശസ്ത നോവലിസ്റ്റും ബാലസാഹിത്യകാരനുമായ ഡോ. ടി.ആർ ശങ്കുണ്ണി അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/dr-tr-sankunni-passes-away-tribute-glr60cy1 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

===Personal life and death===
Sankunni and his wife Radha, a member of the Palathinkal family in [[Aluva]] have three children, Jayashankar, Director of the Forest Research Institute, Walayar, Dr. Maya, Professor of Anatomy at Mannuthi Vettinari College, and S. Priya, an advocate.<ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{cite news |title=ശാസ്ത്ര സാഹിത്യകാരൻ ഡോ.ടി.ആർ.ശങ്കുണ്ണി അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1726548&u=s |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=ml}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=എന്‍.വി. കൃഷ്ണവാര്യര്‍ ഗുരു, സാഹിത്യത്തില്‍ അമ്മയുടെ സ്ഥാനം ബാലാമണിയമ്മക്ക്- ഡോ. ടി.ആര്‍. ശങ്കുണ്ണി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/dr-t-r-sankunni-author-malayalam-literature-shares-his-literary-life-thrissur-481349e9 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> He died on April 4, 2026, at the age of 91.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2"/>

==Career==
Sankunni was a member of the General Council of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] for five years from 1983.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2" />

Sankunni was an early activist of the Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad and the founding editor of Eureka magazine.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2" />

Sankunni, who was appointed as the first Assistant Registrar [[Kerala Agricultural University]], later worked there as the Public Relations Officer.<ref name="janmabhumi" /> He also served as the Senior Deputy Registrar, Academic Department, Kerala Agricultural University.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-04-04 |title='യുറീക്ക'യുടെ സ്ഥാപക പത്രാധിപനും പ്രശസ്ത നോവലിസ്റ്റുമായ ഡോ.ടി.ആര്‍ ശങ്കുണ്ണി അന്തരിച്ചു {{!}} Dr. T.R. Sankunni, founder editor of Eureka and renowned novelist, passes away {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/dr-tr-sankunni-founder-editor-of-eureka-and-renowned-novelist-passes-away-1508445 |access-date=2026-04-05 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref>

==Literary Contributions==
Sankunni's main literary works include six popular science books, including the ''Shastra Gopurathinte Rajashilpikal'', fifteen children's literature books including ''Vayuinte Katha'', which won the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] and the National Award, and ''Hitopadesha Katha'', which won the Kerala State Children's Literature Award, and fifteen novels, including ''Veda Sakshi'', which won the Urub Award.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2" />

His first novel, ''Yathibhangam'', was published in 1969, and later wrote the novel ''Yathanaparvam'', based on a mother from ''Yathibhangam''.<ref name="janmabhumi" />

His novel ''Nakshatra Bungalow'' discussed various issues such as, the dismantling of the family structure from the son-in-law's legacy and extended family structure to the nuclear family, and the aftereffects of the lives of those who were victims of Mappila riots in Kerala.<ref name="janmabhumi">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-07-24 |title=ശാസ്ത്രം സത്യമാണ്, വിശ്വാസവും |url=https://janmabhumi.in/2022/07/24/3053654/varadyam/tr-sankunni/ |access-date=2026-04-06 |website=Janmabhumi |language=en-US}}</ref> The novel is being criticized because the characters in the novel has some similarities with some familiar figures related to him.<ref name="janmabhumi" /> In 2004, [[DC Books]] selected and published seventy-five novels out of the nearly five thousand novels published in Malayalam up to that point, and one of them was ''Nakshatra Bungalow''.<ref name="janmabhumi" />

The early three novels were written under the pen name Revathi.<ref name="janmabhumi" />

==Selected works==
===Novels===
*{{Cite book |title=Nakshatra Bungalow |publisher=[[DC Books]] |language=ml}}

===Children's literature===
*{{Cite book |title=Abhiramaparvam |date=1 January 2019 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=978-9388952866 |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |title=Hithopadesha Katakal |date=1 January 2016 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=978-9385916649 |language=ml}}
*{{Cite book |title=Oru Melpathur Kanavu |date=April 2019 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=9789388952279 |language=ml}} Based on life of [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]].
*{{Cite book |title=Thampurante Swantham Chimmutty |date=December 2018 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=9789387911918 |language=ml}} Based on life of Chimmukkutti, wife of [[Sakthan Thampuran]].
*{{Cite book |title=Njan Vaidehi |date=November 2018 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=9789384693671 |language=ml}} Based on life of [[Seetha]] of [[Ramayana]].
*{{Cite book |title=Krishnapaksham |date=July 2015 |publisher=H&C Books |isbn=9789384582357 |language=ml}} Based on life of [[Krishna]].

===Science===
*{{Cite book |title=Lokaprasastha Sasthrajnarum Kandupidithangalum |publisher=[[DC Books]] |publication-date=16 April 2005 |language=ml |trans-title=Famous scientists and inventions}}

==Awards and honors==
Sankunni has won the National Award for Children's Literature, Award of the [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]], the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]], and the Urub Award.<ref name="Madhyamam" />

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankunni, T. R.}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]

National Judicial Reference System

2026-04-06T11:43:28Z

CletaMacfarlane: created first details added tags

{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}

The '''National Judicial Reference System''' ('''NJRS''') is a project of the [[Income Tax Department]] of India which streamlines its tax litigation system. NJRS aims to be a comprehensive repository of all appeals and verdicts related to [[direct tax]]es in the country. The Income Tax Department is the largest litigant in India. NJRS helped the department decongest and streamline the backlog of litigation in various courts and Tribunals related to direct tax cases. The portal was launched in March 2015. Continuous improvements and public access are in progress. The portal enabled the department to monitor appeals progress through the appeal stages, undertake [[policy analysis]] for issues leading to rising litigation, and do research for strengthening their cases by taking reference from previous orders made by the courts tax appeals.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150325202853/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-03-22/news/60369443_1_i-t-cases-i-t-department-income-tax-department Finance ministry launches ambitious national electronic I-T judicial database]</ref>

==Background ==

The [[Income Tax Department]] (ITD) is responsible for collecting Direct Taxes and administering
the Income Tax Law and other direct tax statutes for [[Government of India]]. The department
has offices in 510 cities and towns across India. There are 3420 assessment units in the
department and a sanctioned strength of about 8600 at the level of ITOs and above. These
are to increase to about 4500 and 11600 respectively as a result of the recently approved
restructuring in the department.

Tax litigation is an integral component of any modern tax administration. It not only helps resolve disputes between the tax payers and the tax administration, it also helps in the interpretation of tax issues and in planning transactions.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Seigel|first1=Stuart|title=The Role of Litigation in the Federal Tax System|url=http://www.baruch.cuny.edu/library/alumni/online_exhibits/digital/saxe/saxe_1978/seigel_79.htm|website=Baruch College|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>

The Indian Tax laws also provide an elaborate mechanism for resolution of tax disputes - both administrative involving the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals) and various [[Alternative dispute resolution|Alternative Dispute Resolution]] mechanisms, as well as through the appeal jurisdictions of the [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]], [[List of High Courts of India|High Courts]], and the [[Supreme Court of India]]. However, increasing volumes of litigation in various tribunals and courts, the lengthy wait for finalization of tax disputes, and varied interpretations of tax law taken by both tax officials and various judicial fora have become a cause of concern. The CAG, in its Performance Audit Report No. - 20 of 2009–10,<ref>{{cite web|title=Report No. - 20 of 2009-10 for the period ended March 2009 Performance Audit of The Appeal Process|url=http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/our_products/audit_report/government_wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2009_2010/Direct_Taxes/Report_no_20/Report_no_20.html|website=saiindia.gov.in/english/index.html|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> stated that the dimensions of disputes in income tax are staggering and that it takes a long time to settle tax disputes. The report also stated that the Income Tax Department lacks credible and reliable data on the volume and impact of appeals, which points to weak internal controls. Inadequate [[internal control]], in turn, may lead to the expiration of the [[statute of limitations]] for appeals, as well as delays in implementation of appellate orders. The CAG report recommended automation of receipt and disposal of appellate orders.

Besides maintenance of proper litigation database, there is also a need to continuously identify contentious legal issues, analyse them and take corrective action to clarify the law. An Office Memorandum of the Central Board of Direct Taxes stated that a large part of litigation in the Direct Taxes matters involves interpretation of legal provisions. The memorandum also stated that inconsistent approaches on contentious legal issues by officers of the department give rise to further litigation.<ref>{{cite web|title=OFFICE MEMORANDUM [F.NO. 279/M-61/2012-ITJ], DATED 28-8-2012 - INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISM FOR FORMING DEPARTMENTAL VIEW ON CONTENTIOUS LEGAL ISSUES|url=http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Communications/Circular/910110000000000799.htm|website=Income Tax India|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> There have also been suggestions to identify and flag areas through the department's website, when there are issues relating to interpretation of the tax law, so as to give taxpayers an insight into existing areas of litigation so they can avoid taking litigation prone positions in their tax returns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Navigating tax controversy in India|url=http://www.pwc.in/en_IN/in/assets/pdfs/publications/2014/navigating-tax-controversy-in-india-october-2014.pdf|website=www.pwc.in|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>

The NJRS project was taken up by the Income Tax Department to create an electronic platform as a replacement for the manual method of managing litigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tax Department to create online database for judicial history|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/tax-department-to-create-online-database-for-judicial-history/article4718454.ece|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>

NJRS has two components:<ref>{{cite news|title=I-T department to unveil online tax decision reference system to facilitate tax-related litigation|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-24/news/57376140_1_income-tax-department-gagan-rai-litigation|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150204113214/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-12-24/news/57376140_1_income-tax-department-gagan-rai-litigation|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2015|accessdate=10 February 2015|publisher=The Economic Times|date=Dec 24, 2014}}</ref>
* Appeals Repository & Management System - an electronic database of all pending appeals at Income Tax Appellate Tribunal(ITAT), High Courts (HCs) and Supreme Court of India (SC).
* Judicial Research & Reference System - an electronic database of all orders/judgments of ITAT, Authority of Advance Ruling, HCs and SC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tax Department to create online database for judicial history|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/tax-department-to-create-online-database-for-judicial-history/article4718454.ece|accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>

Both databases are cross referenced, have suitable metadata & key-phrases, and have enterprise-class search engines to enable identification of disputed issues across cases for improved decision making.

==Objective==
The project for setting up a National Judicial Reference System (NJRS) and the project for setting up an Institutional Mechanism for formulating a 'Departmental View' on contentious legal issues are the two key measures that were taken up by the Central Board of Direct Taxes to streamline the litigation management system in the department.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2012-13, Ministry of Finance (Budget Division), Government of India|url=http://finmin.nic.in/reports/AnnualReport2012-13.pdf|website=finmin.nic.in/|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>

NJRS was proposed to be a comprehensive electronic database of all appeals and judgments in Direct Tax cases pending before various judicial authorities i.e. Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, High Courts and the Supreme Court of India. It has automation in the workflows of the Judicial wings of the department. The system links the units engaged in litigation work in the department and the units engaged in tracking tax appeals on a 24/7 basis. It also acts as a knowledge repository that assists officials in issuing consistent orders utilising the judicial information available in it online.<ref>{{cite web|title=Editorial: Taxman's lighthouse CBDT's electronic repository of cases to curb litigation|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fe-columnist/editorial-taxmans-lighthouse/84740/|website=The Financial Express|date=15 June 2015 |accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>

The NJRS is able to eliminate similar cases, weed out weak ones, and help make stronger arguments before various tribunals and courts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Editorial: Taxman's lighthouse CBDT's electronic repository of cases to curb litigation|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/fe-columnist/editorial-taxmans-lighthouse/84740/|website=The Financial Express|date=15 June 2015 |accessdate=29 July 2015}}</ref>
NJRS facilitates [[Computer-assisted legal research]] and provides easy accessibility to judicial information, case laws and judgments, thereby enabling the tax officers to take a more informed and consistent approach in tax audits. It also assists the Department's Representatives/Counsels in improving the quality of representation before Tribunal & Courts and enhancing the success rate of the department in appeals.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2012-13, Ministry of Finance (Budget Division), Government of India|url=http://finmin.nic.in/reports/AnnualReport2012-13.pdf|website=finmin.nic.in/|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>

The National Judicial Reference System (NJRS) thus functions as a tool for effective tracking and monitoring of Appeals at various stages, reducing disputed tax demand by targeting high demand cases, as a comprehensive reference system, and a [[decision support system]] to achieve efficiency in the tax litigation process of Income Tax Department (ITD), Government of India.

==Implementation Approach==

The project was being implemented through an Implementation Agency engaged through an open competitive bid process in April, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANNUAL REPORT 2013-14, Ministry of Finance (Budget Division), Government of India|url=http://finmin.nic.in/reports/AnnualReport2013-14.pdf|website=finmin.nic.in/|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> The Implementation Agency was a consortium of a [[Systems integrator|Systems Integrator]] - NSDL eGovernance Infrastructure Ltd and a company specializing in legal databases - Skorydov Systems Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tender notice for selection of agency for National Judicial Reference System (NJRS)|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/tax-department-to-create-online-database-for-judicial-history/article4718454.ece|website=thehindubusinessline.com/|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Judicial Reference System (NJRS) Official Website |url=https://103.231.11.18/NJRS/final/faq.html|website=NJRS Official Website/|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=National Judicial Reference System (NJRS) FAQ |url=http://abcaus.in/incometax/project-national-judicial-reference-system-njrs-faq-access-to-taxpayer.html|website=Abacus.in/|accessdate=13 July 2015}}</ref>

The project was implemented on a [[Public Private Partnership]] (PPP) model, where the technology risk has been passed on to the IA. The IA has the flexibility to generate additional revenues (besides the project payments from the government) by utilizing the judicial database for commercial purposes, subject to certain restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tender notice for selection of agency for National Judicial Reference System (NJRS)|url=http://search.incometaxindia.gov.in/pages/results.aspx?k=njrs|website=incometaxindia.gov.in/|accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref>

The project leveraged the advancements in computerisation of the registry functions of the Tribunals and Courts achieved under the e-Courts Mission Mode Project<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/|website=e-Courts, A Mission Mode Project to transform the Indian Judiciary by ICT enablement of Courts.|accessdate=11 February 2015|title=Home - eCourt India Services}}</ref> taken up under the [[National e-Governance Plan]](NeGP). As the case filing, scrutiny, and case registration services have been automated in the courts, the NJRS project allows for collation of data from such external data sources. The Income Tax Department in India has also developed several computer systems for its own internal workflows and to manage the data base of the returns filed by the tax payers. The unifying factor across these computer systems is the [[Permanent account number|Permanent Account Number]] (PAN) allocated to identify each tax payer uniquely. The data collected from the external court systems is collated by the NJRS with the help of taxpayers' information stored in the PAN database and other computer systems of the tax department. In addition, the appeal case files are scanned through a network of 28 regional scanning centers specially established under the project across the country. The scanned case files are processed at a BPO-like facility for writing case summaries, keyphrases, metadata, and linking the case files with the case data obtained from external court systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=CBDT Announces Ambitious National Judicial Reference System Project|url=http://www.itatonline.org/info/index.php/cbdt-announces-ambitious-national-judicial-reference-system-project/|accessdate=10 February 2015|agency=ITATOnline.org|date=May 1, 2014}}</ref>

==Logo==
[[File:NJRS-logo-web.png|thumbnail]]

The NJRS logo was conceived with the goal of creating a visual perception of Knowledge, Transparency and Reliability. The bold, clean font and the choice of a flat colour scheme using red and black colours are used to create this presence.

The red dot is a specific choice in the design language. As the system is a data recording repository of appeals and judgments, the red dot is a visual cue for the "recording" or assimilation of knowledge. This creates an association with audio visual devices which have a similar red icon for recording information.

Finally, black and white colours also represent clarity and eliminate ambiguity, further emphasizing the transparency that this system holds.

== NJRS Citation ==
The Citation nomenclature followed within NJRS [[Case citation#India]] helps identify any judgment / order uniquely.
e.g. * ''[[Chandra Ranganathan & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-tax]]'' 2009-LL-1021, which refers to NJRS citations.

This Citation further allows to add the Authority / Court name after the citation. This does not form an integral part of Citation but can be used to enhance the value of the Citation.
e.g. * ''[[Chandra Ranganathan & Ors. v. Commissioner of Income-tax]]'' 2009-LL-1021-SC, which refers to NJRS citations with additional Court Name. Here, in this case - SC stands for Supreme Court.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.incometaxindia.gov.in/Lists/Departmental%20News/DispForm.aspx?ID=7&ContentTypeId=0x0100BF6F5D786BC54F4082A102516EA7F3C4 Income-tax News- Article by Shri Arun Kumar Jain, IRS]
* [http://www.business-standard.com/article/pf/i-t-dept-goes-for-tech-upgrade-to-tighten-tax-net-113082100931_1.html I-T dept goes for tech upgrade to tighten tax net - Business Standard]
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/finance-ministry-launches-ambitious-national-electronic-i-t-judicial-database/articleshow/46652544.cms Finance ministry launches ambitious national electronic I-T judicial database - Economic Times]

==External links==
*[http://www.finmin.nic.in/ Finance Ministry]
*[http://incometaxindia.gov.in/ Income Tax department]

[[Category:Income Tax Department of India]]
[[Category:Income tax in India]]

Pancheti Koteswaram

2026-04-05T03:43:09Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started post...

{{Short description|Indian meteorologist, hydrologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pancheti Koteswaram
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|03|25}}
| birth_place = [[Nellore]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1997|01|11|1915|03|25}}
| death_place = [[Waltair]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = Meteorologist
| yearsactive = 1936–1997
| known for = [[Meteorology]] [[Atmospheric Physics]]
| spouse = Sarojini
| children = Four daughters and a son
| parents = Subbarayulu Davar Venkatasubbamma
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] [[Andhra University|AU]] Sir R. Venkitaraman Gold Medal
}}
'''Pancheti Koteswaram''' (25 March 1915 – 11 January 1997) was an Indian meteorologist, [[hydrologist]], atmospheric physicist and the Director-General of Observatories of Government of [[India]].<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org/BM/BM21_9909.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508214522/http://insaindia.org/BM/BM21_9909.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date=2016-05-08 | title=Elected Fellow 1974 | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=28 April 2016 }}</ref> He was a professor at [[University of Chicago]], [[University of Hawaii]], [[University of Miami]]<ref name="University of Miami">{{cite web | url=http://www.ganino.com/games/Science/science%20magazine%201964-1965/root/data/Science%201964-1965/pdf/1964_v146_n3646/1714374.pdf | title=University of Miami | publisher=Ganino | date=2016 | access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> and [[Tehran University]] and served as a research associate at [[National Hurricane Research Laboratory]], Miami, and the [[National Centre for Atmospheric Research]], Colorado.<ref name="Deceased Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N740386 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812225753/http://insaindia.org.in/deceaseddetail.php?id=N740386 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=12 August 2016 | title=Deceased Fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> A former vice-president of [[World Meteorological Organization]] (WMO), Geneva, he was an elected Fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[Indian National Science Academy]] and the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1975, for his contributions to science.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Biography ==
Pancheti Koteswaram was born on 25 March 1915 in [[Nellore]], a coastal [[Andhra Pradesh]] town, to Pancheti Subbarayulu Davar and Venkatasubbamma but lost his father before he turned one and was brought up amidst limited financial means, by his mother and grandmother, both widows.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> He completed his early education in Nellore and passed the Intermediate examination from [[Andhra University]] with first rank, winning the ''Sir R. Venkitaraman Gold Medal''. It was during this period, he endured a tropical cyclone which hit Nellore in 1927 when he was twelve, which would, reportedly, influence his future career. He graduated in physics with honours from [[Presidency College, Chennai]] of [[Madras University]] in 1934 and started his career as a junior lecturer at [[Andhra-Christian College]], [[Guntur]] where he worked till 1936 when he moved to Andhra University, [[Waltair]], continuing his teaching career and simultaneously doing research in [[Raman Effect]] under the guidance of I. Ramakrishna Rao.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> In 1939, he secured the degree of Doctor of Science (DSc)<ref name="Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream">{{cite web | url=http://slideplayer.com/slide/3526303/ | title=Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream | publisher=Cochin University of Science and Technology | work=Slide presentation | date=2016 | access-date=29 April 2016 | author=P. V. Joseph}}</ref> for his thesis, ''Molecular association as studied by the Raman Effect'', thus becoming the first non-[[Brahmin]] to receive the degree from Madras University.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> This was followed by two short stints lasting one year and one month each, at the Hindu College, [[Machilipatnam]] as the Head of the department of Physics and as the assistant professor at [[Pachaiyappa's College]], Chennai. In August 1940, he joined the [[India Meteorological Department]] (I.Met.D.) as an assistant meteorologist by which time he had already published 14 articles in national and international scientific journals.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" />

The initial years at [[India Meteorological Department]] coincided with [[World War II]] and his duties were mainly related to military operations, though he was also engaged in research on the [[Norwesters|Nor'westers]] that occurred regularly in [[Bengal|Bengal area]].<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> At the department, he deputed several notable meteorologists such as [[Charles Normand]], S. K. Banerji, the last British and the first Indian Director-Generals of the organization respectively, as well as N. K. Sul and his stint at the ''Cyclone Warning Centre'', Kolkata assisted him in furthering his researches on cyclone warning systems. He worked at I.Met.D. till 1975, two years past his mandatory superannuation, and headed the organization as its Director-General from 1969 to 1975.<ref name="Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream" /> In between, he had various stints abroad; as a research associate at [[University of Chicago]] (1955–56), as a senior scholar at [[University of Hawaii]] (1961), as a consultant on [[Tropical Cyclones]] at [[World Meteorological Organization]], Tokyo (1962), as a visiting professor at the School of Environmental and Planetary Sciences of the [[University of Miami]] (1964–67),<ref name="University of Miami" /> as a professor at the [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]], Colorado (1967) and as a visiting faculty at [[Tehran University]] (1975–78).{{citation needed|date=August 2016}}

Koteswaram married Sarojini on 20 August 1943 and the couple had four daughters and a son.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> After his retirement from active work, he settled in [[Waltair]], in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and it was here he died on 11 January 1997, at the age of 82, survived by his wife and children.<ref name="Pancheti Koteswaram - an Obituray">{{cite journal | url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_072_06_0416_0417_0.pdf | title=Pancheti Koteswaram - an Obituary | journal=Current Science | date=March 1997 | volume=72 | issue=6}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
=== Scientific achievements ===
The discovery of ''Easterly [[Jet Stream]]'' is one of the principal contributions of Koteswaram to metereology.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> He explained the phenomenon in the mid-fifties, defining it as an air current which reaches the speed of about 40m/sec during June–September periods and located near 140N with axis lying between 200-100mb (12-13 km). The discovery earned him an invitation from [[Herbert Riehl]], the German-born US meteorologist, for joint research at the University of Chicago from 1955 to 1956 which returned new findings on the phenomenon. The duo found out that the jet stream was caused by the high levels of heat over Tibetan region and their findings assisted another German meteorologist, [[Hermann Flohn]], in his work, besides providing a tool for predicting the Indian summer monsoon. He published his conclusions in an article, '' The Easterly Jet Stream over the tropics'', published in [[Tellus A]], a Swedish scientific journal in 1958.<ref name="The Easterly Jet Stream over the tropics">{{cite journal | title=The Easterly Jet Stream over the tropics | author=Pancheti Koteswaram | journal=Tellus A | year=1958 | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=43–57 | issn=0040-2826 | doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb01984.x}}</ref>

During this period, he was also involved in research on the ''variability of monsoon rainfall over India'', partnering S. M. A. Alvi, one of his colleagues.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> Their researches assisted in fixing the frequency of the monsoon variability at around two years and served as a tool in predicting the variability of monsoon in the west coast of India. Prediction of tropical cyclones was another area of his research. He was one of the early researchers in the field and did extensive research on the spiral cloud bands related to a cyclone. It was under his leadership, X-Band and S-Band [[Weather radar|Cyclone Detection Radars]], six of them in the west coast and 4 in the east coast of India, were installed by the Meteorological Department<ref name="Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream" /> getting them manufactured by the Indian firm, [[Bharat Electronics Limited]].<ref name="Pancheti Koteswaram - an Obituray" /> His researches have been published in several articles<ref name="Raghavan2013">{{cite book|author=S. Raghavan|title=Radar Meteorology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6bqCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA498|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-017-0201-0|pages=498–}}</ref><ref name="Chang2011">{{cite book|author=Chih-Pei Chang|title=The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DE26CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|year=2011|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4343-41-1|pages=202–}}</ref> and presented at various seminars including the Inter-Regional Seminar on Tropical Cyclones of Tokyo in 1962.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> Besides, he also contributed to the better understanding of "hydrogen bond formation in associated liquids", "the formation of a meridional monsoon cell in the Asian summer monsoon" and the long period trends in the rainfall over the Indian west coast.<ref name="Deceased Fellow" />

=== Other contributions ===
Koteswaram was credited with the setting up several ''cyclone distress mitigation committees'' with government, scientific community and public participation for information dissemination, planning of [[disaster management]] operations, setting up of cyclone shelters and the establishment of cyclone warning systems.<ref name="Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream" /> He was associated with the [[World Meteorological Organization]] and served as its vice-president in 1971, the first Indian director-general to be elected to the post.<ref name="Pancheti Koteswaram - an Obituray" /> The same year, when the ''World Meteorological Congress'' was held in Geneva, he was elected as the chairman of the Expert Committee which established the ''WMO Tropical Cyclone Project'', following the UN resolution in the wake of the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]] which devastated Bangladesh.<ref name="Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream" /> He was also a member of the ''WMO Commission for Aeronautical Meteorology'' (CAeM) and his participation was reported in the preparation of ''Procedures for Air Navigations Services – Meteorology'' (PANS-MET).<ref name="Prof. Koteswaram and 50 Years of Tropical Easterly Jetstream" /> When WMO initiated the ''World Weather Watch'' program in 1961, he was associated with the initiative and under the aegis of the I.Met.D, he contributed to the program by establishing a Regional Meteorological Centre (RMC) and a Regional Telecommunication Hub (RTH) in New Delhi.<ref name="Elected Fellow 1974" /> He was also credited with re-designing the structure of I.Met.D on a regional basis.<ref name="Deceased Fellow" />

Koteswaram was the author of several articles on meteorology and [[hydrology]];<ref name="Koteswaram, Pancheti - WorldCat Identities">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/np-koteswaram,%20pancheti/ | title=Koteswaram, Pancheti - WorldCat Identities | publisher=WorldCat | date=2016 | access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref> his articles were published in many national and international peer-reviewed journals<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{cite web | url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Koteswaram=3APancheti=3A=3A.html | title=Browse by Fellow | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences Publications | date=2016 | access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> and were cited in several texts on the subjects.<ref name="Raghavan2013" /><ref name="Chang2011" /> Besides, he published a book, ''The Upper-tropospheric and Lower-stratospheric Structure of Several Hurricanes'', brought out in 1967 by the [[National Hurricane Research Laboratory]].<ref name="Koteswaram1967">{{cite book|author=Pancheti Koteswaram|title=The Upper-tropospheric and Lower-stratospheric Structure of Several Hurricanes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qi15PQAACAAJ|year=1967|publisher=National Hurricane Research Laboratory}}</ref> He was also a member of the editorial boards of several journals and was the editor of ''Indian Journal of Meteorology and Geophysics''.<ref name="Deceased Fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
Koteswaram, a recipient of the ''Sir R. Venkitaraman Gold Medal'' of the [[Andhra University]], was elected as a fellow of the Andhra Pradesh Academy of Sciences in 1972.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The [[Indian National Science Academy]] elected him as its fellow in 1974, the same year as he became an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow Profile">{{cite web | url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Koteswaram,_Prof._Pancheti | title=Fellow Profile | publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences | date=2016 | access-date=28 April 2016}}</ref> A year later, the Government of India included him the [[Indian honours system|Republic Day Honours]] list for the civilian award of the [[Padma Bhushan]] for the year 1975.<ref name="Padma Awards" /> The Souvenir and abstracts of the International Seminar on Monsoon Meteorology and Water Resources Hydrology held at [[Visakhapatnam]] in August 1997 were published in honour of Koteswaram.<ref name="Souvenir and abstracts : annual conventions and International Seminar on Monsoon Meteorology and Water Resources Hydrology">{{cite book | title=Souvenir and abstracts : annual conventions and International Seminar on Monsoon Meteorology and Water Resources Hydrology | publisher=Association of Hydrologists of India | date=August 1997 | oclc=42011377}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal | title=Low and high Raman frequencies for water | author=Pancheti Koteswaram, I. Ramakrishna Rao | journal=Journal of Chemical Physics | year=1937 | volume=5 | issue=8 | pages=667 | issn=0021-9606 | doi = 10.1063/1.1750097 | bibcode=1937JChPh...5..667R }}
* {{cite journal | title=Constitution of Heavy Water | author=Pancheti Koteswaram, I. Ramakrishna Rao | journal=Nature | year=1938 | volume=141 | issue=3564 | pages=331–332 | issn=0028-0836 | doi = 10.1038/141331b0 | bibcode=1938Natur.141..331R | hdl=10821/1176 | s2cid=41275811 | hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal | title=Additional Raman frequencies for water | author=Pancheti Koteswaram, I. Ramakrishna Rao | journal=Philosophical Magazine |series=Series 7 | year=1938 | volume=25 | issue=166 | pages=90–98 | doi=10.1080/14786443808561993 | issn=1941-5982}}
* {{cite journal | title=The Surface Structure of the Tropical Cyclones in the Indian Area | author=Pancheti Koteswaram, S. Gaspar | journal=Ind. J. Meteor. Geophys. | year=1956 | volume=7 | pages=339–352 }}
* {{cite journal | title=The Easterly Jet Stream over the tropics | author=Pancheti Koteswaram | journal=Tellus A | year=1958 | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=43–57 | issn=0040-2826 | doi=10.1111/j.2153-3490.1958.tb01984.x}}
* {{cite journal | title=Study of Pre-monsoon Thunderstorms over Gangetic West Bengal by Radar | author=Pancheti Koteswaram, A. C. De | journal=Ind. J. Meteor. Geophys. | year=1959 | volume=10 | pages=275–282 }}
* {{cite journal | title=Vertical Development of Precipitation Echoes from Cumulus Clouds near Calcutta during the Pre-monsoon season | author=Pancheti Koteswaram, A. C. De | journal=Ind. J. Meteor. Geophys. | year=1959 | volume=10 | pages=173–178 }}
* {{cite book|author=Pancheti Koteswaram|title=The Upper-tropospheric and Lower-stratospheric Structure of Several Hurricanes|year=1967|publisher=National Hurricane Research Laboratory}}
* {{cite journal | title=On the Structure of Hurricanes in the upper Troposphere and lower Stratosphere | author=Pancheti Koteswaram | journal=Monthly Weather Review | year=1967 | volume= 95| issue= 8| pages=541–564 | issn=0027-0644 | doi = 10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0541:otsohi>2.3.co;2| bibcode=1967MWRv...95..541K | doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[India Meteorological Department]]
* [[List of climate scientists]]
{{portal|India|Science}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | url=https://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/amp/pwsp/documents/Zillmann_Boodhoo_Quentrec_Bedrisky.pdf | title=Bulletin | journal=World Meteorological Organization | date=July 2001 | volume=50 | issue=3}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koteswaram, Pancheti}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in civil service]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nellore]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian meteorologists]]
[[Category:Atmospheric physicists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:University of Chicago faculty]]
[[Category:University of Miami faculty]]
[[Category:University of Hawaiʻi faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Tehran]]
[[Category:World Meteorological Organization people]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Andhra University]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Madras]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian physicists]]
[[Category:Indian hydrologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]

Swapna Barman

2026-04-01T19:32:07Z

CletaMacfarlane:

{{short description|Indian heptathlete and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Swapna Barman Of India.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|10|29|df=yes}}<ref name="iaaf"/>
| birth_place = Ghosh Para, [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[West Bengal]], India
| nationality =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| other_names =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| rank =
| event = [[Heptathlon]]
| education =
| employer =
| occupation =
| title =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb = '''6026''' ''points'' ([[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium|Jakarta]] 2018)
| footnotes =
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport|Women's [[Athletics (sport)|athletics]]}}
{{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[2018 Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold| [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017 Bhubaneswar]] | [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]}}
{{Medal|Silver| [[2019 Asian Athletics Championships|2019 Doha]] | [[2019 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships|2023 Bangkok]] |[[2023 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]] }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2023 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|2023 Astana]]|Pentathlon}}
| show-medals = yes
| updated = 27 April 2019
}}

'''Swapna Barman''' (born 29 October 1996) is an Indian heptathlete and politician. She won the gold medal at [[2018 Asian Games]] and placed first in the [[Heptathlon]] at the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]].<ref name=index/> In August 2019, she was honoured with the [[Arjuna Award]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/dream-come-true-says-heptathlete-131900512.html|title=Dream come true, says heptathlete Swapna Barman on being {{sic|cho|osen|nolink=y|reason=expecting 'chosen'}} for Arjuna Award|website=Yahoo! News|date=28 August 2019|access-date=28 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828145506if_/https://in.news.yahoo.com/dream-come-true-says-heptathlete-131900512.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 August 2019}}</ref> In 2022, she took gold medals in the high jump and the heptathlon at the [[2022 National Games of India|National Games of India]].

==Career==
Barman was born in Ghospara village near [[Jalpaiguri]], West Bengal in 1996 in a poor [[Rajbanshi people|Rajbongshi]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/asian-games/news/2018/aug/31/mother-and-coach-behind-swapna-barmans-gold-in-asian-games-1865678.html|title=Mother and coach behind Swapna Barman's gold in Asian games|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|author=Aishik Chnada |date=31 August 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019}}</ref> She is unusual in [[Polydactyly|having six toes on each foot]].<ref name=":0" /> Her mother Basana worked on a tea estate and her father, Panchanan Barman, was a rickshaw driver and is bed-ridden after having suffered a stroke in 2013, making life tricky for his four children. She found it difficult to find the right food<ref name=index/> and her unusual feet caused her pain because she could not afford extra wide running shoes.<ref name=":0" /> Swapna uses her prize money to look after her family who live in a house without a concrete wall.<ref name="ok">{{Cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/sports/swapna-barman-on-comeback-wins-gold-pledges-a-job-run-her-ailing-family-2490848.html|title=Swapna Barman on comeback wins gold, pledges for a job to run her ailing family|work=[[Oneindia]] |access-date=17 July 2017 |first=Sujata |last=Sarkar |date=24 August 2017}}</ref> In 2016, she won a scholarship of {{currency|150000|INR}} in recognition of the success she had at athletics.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.companycsr.com/swapna-barman-receives-gsi-sports-scholarship/|title=Swapna Barman Receives GSI Sports Scholarship - Company CSR {{!}} Largest CSR News Network - Social Responsibilities Give Better World|date=25 January 2016|work=Company CSR {{!}} Largest CSR News Network|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> She trains at the [[Sports Authority of India]] campus at [[Kolkata]].

In 2016, she was supported by the [[GoSports Foundation]] through the Rahul Dravid Athlete Mentorship Programme.<ref name=":0" />

Barman won the gold at [[2018 Asian Games]], she accomplished this despite a jaw injury.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportstarlive.com/asian-games-2018/swapna-barman-realises-the-dream-of-hometown-denguajhar/article24813352.ece|title=Swapna Barman realises the dream of hometown Denguajhar|work=Sportstarlive|access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Barman collapsed during the final event of the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon]]<ref name=index/> which was the 800 metres where she was fourth. However Barman had broken many of her personal records<ref name="iaaf">{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/india/swapna-barman-287791|title=IAAF: Swapna Barman {{!}} Profile|website=iaaf.org|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref> and she had gained enough points from the previous six events to take gold.<ref name="index">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/could-never-afford-nutritious-food-required-by-athlete-asian-gold-medallist-swapna-barmans-father-4745931/|title=Could never afford nutritious food required by athlete, Asian gold-medallist Swapna Barman's father|date=11 July 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>

In 2020, she lost out on funding but said that she would continue to train at her home in [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 August 2020|first=Biju Babu |last=Cyriac|title=Swapna Barman: Dope-tainted athlete in TOPS development list, but no place for Asian Games gold medallist Swapna Barman|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/dope-tainted-athlete-in-tops-development-list-but-no-place-for-asian-games-gold-medallist-swapna-barman/articleshow/77537271.cms|access-date=12 December 2020|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

She took gold in the heptathlon at the [[2021 Federation Cup Senior Athletics Championships]] and
in 2022 she competed at the National Games in the heptathlon. She gained an unexpected gold when she broke the high jump games record with a height of 1.83m. She was also in first place in the javelin and the 100m hurdles. She won the gold for the heptathlon and hinted that she would have scored even higher if she had a sponsor for some support staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapna Barman wins double gold at National Games 2022 |url=https://khelnow.com/olympic-sports/36th-national-games-2022-swapna-barman-wins-double-gold/ |access-date=11 December 2022 |website=Khel Now |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Achievements ==
===[[Asian Athletics Championships]]===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Points
!Result
|-
|2017
|[[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Heptathlon]]
|5942
|Gold
|-
|2019
|[[Khalifa International Stadium]], Doha
|[[Heptathlon]]
|5993
|Silver
|}

===Federation Cup===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Points
!Result
|-
|2017
|JLN Stadium, New Delhi
|[[Heptathlon]]
|5897
|Gold
|}

===Asian Games===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Venue
!Event
!Points
!Result
|-
|[[2014 Asian Games|2014]]
|[[Incheon Asiad Main Stadium]]
|[[Heptathlon]]
|5178
|5th place
|-
|[[2018 Asian Games|2018]]
|[[Gelora Bung Karno Stadium]]
|[[Heptathlon]]
|6026
|Gold
|-
|[[2022 Asian Games|2022]]
|[[Hangzhou Olympic Sports Expo Center#Main stadium|Hangzhou Olympic Sports Expo Center Stadium]]
|[[Heptathlon]]
|5708
|4th place
|}

====Rewards for winning the gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games====
* {{INRConvert|10|l}} from the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=West Bengal government announces cash award of Rs 10 lakh for Swapna Barman |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games-2018/west-bengal-government-announces-cash-award-of-rs-10-lakh-for-swapna-barman/article24818393.ece |access-date=30 April 2019 |work=[[Sportstar]] |date=30 August 2018 |location=[[Kolkata]]}}</ref>

== Political career ==
On 27 February 2026, Barman joined the [[Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Athlete Swapna Barman joins TMC |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2026/02/27/athlete-swapna-barman-joins-tmc.html |magazine=The Week |agency=PTI |date=27 February 2026 |access-date=27 February 2026}}</ref> In March 2026, she received the party ticket to contest from the [[Rajganj Assembly constituency|Rajganj constituency]] in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 West Bengal Assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Asiad gold medallist Swapna Barman clears final hurdle en route to contesting Bengal polls|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/elections/2026/Mar/31/asiad-gold-medallist-swapna-barman-clears-final-hurdle-en-route-to-contesting-bengal-polls|website=The New Indian Express|date=31 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Asian Games Champions Athletics Heptathlon Women}}
{{Footer Asian Champions women's heptathlon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barman, Swapna}}
[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri]]
[[Category:Indian heptathletes]]
[[Category:Athletes from West Bengal]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Rajbongshi people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:People with polydactyly]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women in West Bengal politics]]
[[Category:Indian sportsperson-politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Nikita Dhawan

2026-03-29T14:32:52Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started info...

{{Short description|Indian political scientist (born 1972)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Nikita Dhawan
| image = Nikita Dhawan - 2018.jpg
| caption = Nikita Dhawan, 2018
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}
| awards = [[Käthe Leichter Prize]] (2017)
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Mumbai]]|[[Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University]]|[[Ruhr University Bochum]] ([[PhD]])}}
| discipline = [[Political science]]
| workplaces = {{ubl| [[TU Dresden]]|[[University of Giessen]]|[[University of Innsbruck]]|[[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]]}}
}}

'''Nikita Dhawan''' (born 1972) is an Indian political scientist, author, and academic. She is the professor of [[Political philosophy|political theory]] and [[Intellectual history|history of ideas]] at [[TU Dresden]], Germany, as well as the chair of [[political science]]. Her research interests are in the areas of global justice, human rights, democracy and decolonization.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Dhawan |first=Nikita |last2=Castro Varela |first2=María do Mar |date=2024-06-01 |title=Class, capitalism, and the postcolonial question |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/03098168241234102 |journal=Capital & Class |language=EN |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=273–286 |doi=10.1177/03098168241234102 |issn=0309-8168|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-26 |title=Nikita Dhawan |url=https://www.akademie-solitude.de/en/person/nikita-dhawan/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Akademie Schloss Solitude |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dhawan was born in 1972 in [[Thane]], Mumbai, India. She was named after [[Nikita Khrushchev]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2019-01-16 |title=Mission Impossible |url=https://www.fr.de/frankfurt/mission-impossible-11257139.html |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.fr.de |language=de}}</ref> She studied philosophy and German studies at the [[University of Mumbai]], as well as gender studies at the Research Centre for Women's Studies, [[SNDT Women's University|Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey (SNDT) Women's University]]. She completed her PhD in philosophy from [[Ruhr University Bochum]], Germany in 2006.<ref name=":10" />

== Career ==
In 2006, Dhawan was awarded the [[Maria Goeppert Mayer|Maria Goeppert-Mayer]] Guest Professorship at the Institute for Political Science, [[University of Oldenburg]] and completed her [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral fellowship]] at the International Graduate Centre for the Study of Culture (GCSC) at [[University of Giessen]].<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

From 2008 to 2014, Dhawan was junior professor of gender and postcolonial studies at the [[Goethe University Frankfurt|University of Frankfurt]], Germany, where she founded the Frankfurt Research Center for Postcolonial Studies (FRCPS) to spotlight non-eurocentric critical theories, particularly feminist-postcolonial theory, with a focus on race, class, gender, sexuality, religion and post-colonialism; post-colonial diasporas and [[transnationalism]]; globalization and post-development studies; and decolonization, democratization and gender justice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frankfurt Research Center for Postcolonial Studies (FRCPS) |url=https://normativeorders.net/en/events/allevents/79-uncategorised/289-frankfurt-research-center-for-postcolonial-studies-frcps |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028103230/https://normativeorders.net/en/events/allevents/79-uncategorised/289-frankfurt-research-center-for-postcolonial-studies-frcps |archive-date=2021-10-28 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=normativeorders.net |language=en-gb}}</ref> In collaboration with fellow-political scientist María do Mar Castro Varela, she wrote the first critical introduction to postcolonial theory to "analyze the different levels of colonial encounters in textual, figurative, spatial, historical, political and economic perspectives."<ref>{{Cite web |last=transcript |title=Postkoloniale Theorie |url=https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-1148-9/postkoloniale-theorie/ |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=transcript Verlag |language=de}}</ref> FRCPS was equipped with its own library, invited international scholars such as [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], [[Judith Butler]] and [[Angela Davis]] for expert-led discussions, and offered courses beyond the mainstream. She also served as the principal investigator of the Cluster of Excellence "The Formation of Normative Orders" (known as Research Centre Normative Orders today), a research network funded by [[German Research Foundation]] as part of the Excellence Initiative of the German federal and state governments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frankfurt Research Center for Postcolonial Studies (FRCPS) {{!}} Cornelia Goethe Centrum |url=https://cgc.uni-frankfurt.de/institutionen/frankfurt-research-center-for-postcolonial-studies-frcps |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=cgc.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref> In addition, she was a member of the board of directors of the Cornelia Goethe Center for Women's Studies and the Study of Gender Relations.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Nikita Dhawan {{!}} Cornelia Goethe Centrum |url=https://cgc.uni-frankfurt.de/en/personen/nikita-dhawan |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=cgc.uni-frankfurt.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goethe-Universität — Professors |url=https://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/52184129/Professors |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de}}</ref>

When she received an offer to join [[University of Innsbruck]], Austria, she attempted to negotiate a permanent position at University of Frankfurt. Despite receiving support from Cluster of Excellence, the Department of Social Sciences and the Student Council, the university did not retain her. In a statement released by the [[Presidium]], the university confirmed that Dhawan had been "presented with an offer within the framework of university possibilities" and losing an "excellent scientist" was regrettable. [[Rainer Forst]], professor of political theory and spokesperson of the Cluster of Excellence credited her for building "an internationally visible research center" and initiating a "very fruitful" dialogue between the critical and the postcolonial theory. The Student Council criticized the university's decision, accusing the Presidium of ignoring and overlooking the department's interests.<ref name=":9" /> Dhawan's departure resulted in the dismantling of FRCPS, which she considered a missed opportunity to "firmly establish postcolonial perspectives in Frankfurt."<ref name=":9" /> While acknowledging that bringing a transformative change in the German education system was akin to "mission impossible", she said: "I hold it with the Marxist theorist [[Antonio Gramsci]]: What we need is a pessimism of the mind, an optimism of the will."<ref name=":9" />

Dhawan was the professor of political theory and gender studies at the [[University of Innsbruck]], Austria for four years (2014–2018), where she directed the research platform "Gender Studies: Identities - Discourses - Transformations".<ref name=":10" /> In 2017, she was the recipient of the Käthe Leichter Prize in 2017 for her research in the field of women's and gender studies as well as for the promotion of the women's movement and gender equality.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title="Die Aufklärung vor den Europäer:innen retten" – Nikita Dhawan ist neue Professorin für Politische Theorie und Ideengeschichte |url=https://tu-dresden.de/gsw/der-bereich/news/die-aufklaerung-vor-den-europaeer-innen-retten-nikita-dhawan-ist-neue-professorin-fuer-politische-theorie-und-ideengeschichte?set_language=de |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=TU Dresden |language=de}}</ref> Between 2018 and 2021, Dhawan was the professor of political science with a focus on gender studies the [[University of Giessen]], Germany.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" />

Since October 2021, Dhawan has been the chairholder of political theory and history of ideas at [[TU Dresden]], Germany.<ref name=":6" /> In 2023, she was awarded the Gerda Henkel Visiting Professorship at [[Stanford University]] and the Thomas Mann Fellowship at [[Thomas Mann House]], Los Angeles.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Nikita Dhawan |url=https://explorecourses.stanford.edu/instructor/dhawan |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=explorecourses.stanford.edu}}</ref>

Dhawan has been a visiting scholar at the [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology]] (IIT), Bombay, (2019–2020) [[University of Costa Rica|Universidad de Costa Rica]], Costa Rica (2013), Institute for International Law and the Humanities, [[University of Melbourne]], Australia (2013), [[University of California]], Berkeley (2012),[[University of La Laguna]], Spain (2011), [[Pusan National University]], South Korea (2011), [[University of Kassel]], Germany (2011), [[University of the Witwatersrand|University of Witwatersrand]], South Africa (2010) and [[Columbia University]], New York (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikita Dhawan |url=https://www.uibk.ac.at/de/newsroom/dossiers/neue_gesichter/dhawan/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=www.uibk.ac.at |language=de}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":12" />

== Research ==
Dhawan analyzes the historical, economic, sociopolitical and cultural interrelations of Europe and the postcolonial world, addressing key ethical and [[Epistemology|epistemological]] questions of political and social inequality, intersectionality and diversity, religion and secularism, democracy and cosmopolitanism, transnational gender justice, women's rights, migration and globalization. Her research also explores the relationship between states, civil society, and subaltern groups in the context of citizenship, political agency, and social vulnerability.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Graduiertenkolleg Identität und Erbe |url=https://www.identitaet-und-erbe.org/personen/nikita-dhawan/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Dhawan |first=Nikita |title=Nikita Dhawan - Technische Universität Dresden |url=https://tu-dresden.academia.edu/NikitaDhawan |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=tu-dresden.academia.edu |language=en}}</ref>

=== Social movements as producers and reinforcers of hegemonic relationships ===
While transnational [[Social movement|social movements]] advocate for [[Civil and political rights|civil rights]] implementation and improvement, Dhawan argues that such movements are often embedded within existing structures of global inequality and unequal power distributions."<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Amsterdam |first=Universiteit van |date=2018-03-29 |title=Transnational Justice and Gendered Vulnerability: Feminist Politics and (Im)possible Solidarities - Lecture by Professor Nikita Dhawan (University of Innsbruck) - ARC-GS |url=https://arcgs.uva.nl/content/blog/arc-gs-events-blog/dhawan.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Amsterdam Research Center for Gender and Sexuality - University of Amsterdam |language=en}}</ref> Although social movements may be perceived as a "public manifestation of people's power that can reclaim democracy," Dhawan warns that "in reality, [[civil society]] does not always live up to its [[Emancipation|emancipatory]] self-image." She calls for a close examination of relationships "between those that provide help and those that receive help" within and around such movements, given that "cosmopolitan compassion" actively reinforces and "reproduces [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] structures of [[social inequality]]" leading to the "[[Social exclusion|marginalization]] of specific groups and societies."<ref name=":15" />

Dhawan also argues that "social movements are marked through an intrinsic [[ambivalence]]" and refers to the public manifestations of resistance following a rape in India as an example. She says: "Not all bodies are equally satisfactory to disrupt civil society, as only specific rape cases resulted in public indignation while similar incidents in poorer neighbouring areas did not lead to ensuing protests. Speaking and protesting in the name of someone else is accompanied by skewed distributions of power and agency, because individuals possess different amounts of power and resources to mobilize and stand up for civil rights."<ref name=":15" />

Dhawan rejects the "[[dichotomy]] between 'good' civil society that stands in contrast to the 'evil' state" and underscores the need to reconsider the state's role in safeguarding civil rights and supporting tangible change. According to her, civil society cannot be the only instrument for successful political change, and encourages "a rigorous passionate critique of the state and government."<ref name=":15" />

=== Homonationalism in queer theory ===
Dhawan posits that the Western discourse often fuels an [[Orientalism|orientalist]] thought, effectively framing western societies as more "tolerant and queer-friendly" compared to non-Western insofar that western constructions, such as [[coming out]] are considered as markers for a progressive civilization.<ref name=":13" /> Similar to [[Jasbir Puar]], she problematizes how the discourse surrounding [[Sexual norm|sexual freedom]] is used to further stigmatize [[Minority religion|religious minorities]] in both the global north and global south. However, she criticizes Puar and others for solely focusing on [[homophobia]], queer racism, and [[homonationalism]] by Western actors when the current queer academic discourse makes it difficult for scholars to "address homophobia and heteronormativity in the postcolonial world and [[Diaspora|diasporic]] communities."<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last=Dhawan |first=Nikita |date=2013-02-01 |title=The Empire Prays Back: Religion, Secularity, and Queer Critique |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/boundary-2/article/40/1/191/6436/The-Empire-Prays-Back-Religion-Secularity-and |journal=boundary 2 |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=191–222 |doi=10.1215/01903659-2072918 |issn=0190-3659|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Dhawan is of the opinion that the prevailing [[Opposition to LGBTQ rights|queerphobia]] in diasporic and postcolonial contexts is a direct consequence of and a reaction to Western imperialism and racism. She recommends that [[Anti-imperialism|anti-imperialist]] and [[Anti-racism|anti-racist]] critique should accompany the critique of heteronormative structures in a post colonial contexts.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book |last=Dhawan |first=Nikita |title=Queering paradigms v: queering narratives of modernity |date=2016 |publisher=Peter Lang |isbn=978-3-0343-1924-9 |editor-last=Viteri |editor-first=María Amelia |series=Queering paradigms |location=Bern, Switzerland |chapter=Homonationalism and State-phobia: The Postcolonial Predicament of Queering Modernities |editor-last2=Picq |editor-first2=Manuela Lavinas}}</ref> According to her, "homonationalism is based on a unidimensional understanding of power and violence" and by focusing predominantly on the power and violence that floats from Western liberal states to the Global South, Puar ignores or overlooks the power and violence that queer people experience in the global south. Dhawan argues that "power and violence are deeply entangled and flow from multiple sources."<ref name=":13" /> She uses the example of migration to further support her argument: Queer migrants, in addition to the queerphobia and heteronormative assumptions within their own communities, struggle with the "[[Racialization|racialized]], classed, orientalist, and [[Heterosexism|heterosexist]] attitudes and practices" in the country they have migrated to.<ref name=":14" /> This relates to her widespread criticism of "state phobia" wherein she argues that Puar does not critique the state and actively dismisses state involvement thereby rendering instances of queer negotiation with the state as homonationalism. Dhawan believes that while the state is responsible for perpetuating hetero- and [[Homonormativity|homonormative]] structures, it can "play a prominent role in protecting queer people."<ref name=":13" />

== Awards and recognition ==
Dhawan is the recipient of the 2017 [[Käthe Leichter Prize]] for her achievements in the field of gender studies and in support of the women's movement and the achievement of gender equality.<ref name=":8" />

== Selected publications ==

=== Books ===

* [[Davina Cooper|Cooper, Davina]]; Dhawan, Nikita; Newman, Janet (2020). ''Reimagining the state: theoretical challenges and transformative possibilities''. Social justice. [[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]], Oxon: [[Routledge]], [[Taylor & Francis]] Group. {{ISBN | 978-0-8153-8215-7|978-0-8153-8215-7}}.
* Dhawan, Nikita, ed. (2014). ''Decolonizing enlightenment: transnational justice, human rights and democracy in a postcolonial world''. Politik und Geschlecht. [[Opladen]]: [[Barbara Bodichon|Barbara Budrich]]. {{ISBN | 978-3-8474-0056-1|978-3-8474-0056-1}}.

=== Journal articles ===

* Dhawan, Nikita. 2021. "The Death of Leviathan: Feminist Dilemmas and State Phobia". ''Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society''. '''28''' (3): 682–703. {{Doi|10.1093/sp/jxz031}} {{ISSN |1072-4745}}.
* Dhawan, Nikita. 2018. "Marxist Critique of Post-Colonialism". ''Krisis | Journal for Contemporary Philosophy'' '''38 (2)''': 105–7.
* Dhawan, Nikita. 2017. Can Non‐Europeans Philosophize? Transnational Literacy and Planetary Ethics in a Global Age. ''Hypatia'', '''''32''(3)''', 488–505. {{Doi|10.1111/hypa.12333}}
* Dhawan, Nikita; Varela, Maria do Mar Castro. 2018. "What difference does difference make?: Diversity, intersectionality and transnational feminist politics". ''Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies''. '''21''' (1): 45–67. {{ISSN |1388-3186}}.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhawan, Nikita}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Thane]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:SNDT Women's University alumni]]
[[Category:Ruhr University Bochum alumni]]
[[Category:Indian political scientists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of TU Dresden]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Giessen]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Innsbruck]]

{{Authority control| suppress=P8189 |qid=1990280}}
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]

Maitreyi

2026-03-26T04:14:00Z

CletaMacfarlane: created a info basic info - done

{{short description|Vedic philosopher from ancient India}}

{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
'''Maitreyi''' (fl. 8th century BCE) was an Indian philosopher who lived during the later [[Vedic period]] in [[ancient India]]. She is mentioned in the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]''{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=140}} as one of two wives of the Vedic sage [[Yajnavalkya]]. In the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)#Gṛhyasūtras|Gṛhyasūtras]], however, Maitreyi is described as an [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] philosopher who never married. In ancient [[Sanskrit]] literature, she is known as a ''[[brahmavadini]]'' (an expounder of the ''[[Vedas|Veda]]'').

Maitreyi appears in ancient Indian texts, such as in a dialogue where she explores the Hindu concept of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul or self) in a dialogue with Yajnavalkya in the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''. According to this dialogue, love is driven by a person's soul, and Maitreyi discusses the nature of Atman and Brahman and their [[Monism|unity]], the core of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita philosophy]]. This Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue is the topic of [[Sureśvara|Sureshvara]]'s ''[[Vārttikakāra|varttika]]'', a commentary.

Maitreyi is cited as an example of the educational opportunities available to women in Vedic India, and their philosophical achievements. She is considered a symbol of Indian intellectual women, and an institution is named in her honour in [[New Delhi]].

==Biographical information==
[[File:Late Vedic Culture (1100-500 BCE).png|thumb|200px|alt=Physical map of late Vedic India|Maitreyi, mentioned in Vedic texts, is believed to be from the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of eastern India.]]
In the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|''Asvalayana Gṛhyasūtra'']], the daughter of the sage Maitri is referred to as Sulabha Maitreyi<ref name=muir251/> and is mentioned in the Gṛhyasūtras with several other women scholars of the Vedic era.<ref name=muir251/> Her father, who lived in the Kingdom of the [[Videha]]s, [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]], was a minister in the [[Court of King Janaka|court of King]] [[Janaka]].<ref name=muir251>John Muir, {{Google books|VPMfAAAAMAAJ|Metrical Translations from Sanskrit Writers|page=251}}, page 251–253</ref>

In the fifth section of the fourth book of the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]],'' Maitreyi is described as an [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]] philosopher,{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=140}} married to the sage [[Yajnavalkya]] in the time of Janaka, and estimated to have lived around the 8th century BCE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ben-Ami Scharfstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA56 |title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7 |pages=56–57}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Ranganathan |first=Shyam |title=Maitreyī of India मैत्रेयी Circa 1100–500 BCE |date=2023 |work=Women Philosophers from Non-western Traditions: The First Four Thousand Years |pages=75–88 |editor-last=Waithe |editor-first=Mary Ellen |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28563-9_4 |access-date=2025-12-06 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-031-28563-9_4 |isbn=978-3-031-28563-9 |editor2-last=Boos Dykeman |editor2-first=Therese|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', Maitreyi is described as Yajnavalkya's scholarly wife; his other wife, Katyayani, was described as someone who had 'woman's knowledge', which, pragmatically speaking, amounted to a housewife.{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|pp=11–15}}<ref name=":0" /> While Yajnavalkya and Katyayani lived in contented domesticity, Maitreyi studied metaphysics and engaged in theological dialogues with her husband in addition to "making self-inquiries of introspection".{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|pp=11–15}}<ref name="muir246">John Muir, {{Google books|VPMfAAAAMAAJ|Metrical Translations from Sanskrit Writers|page=251}}, page 246–251</ref>

The ''[[Mahabharata]]'' describes a Sulabha Maitreyi, who may be the same Maitreyi from the Upanishads, as a woman who never marries.<ref name="muir251" /> Maitreyi explains Advaita philosophy (monism) to Janaka and is described as a lifelong ascetic.<ref name="muir251" /> She is called a ''[[brahmavadini]]'' (a female expounder of the ''Veda'') in ancient [[Sanskrit]] literature.{{Sfn|Ahuja|2011|p=39}}<ref>According to [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams]]'s Sanskrit-English Dictionary, "brahmavādín" means "discoursing on sacred texts, a defender or expounder of the [[Veda]], one who asserts that all things are to be identified with [[Brahman]] (Ultimate Reality). It does not mean "one who speaks like God".</ref> Shyam Ranganathan argues that her description as a ''brahmavadini'' suggests that 'she may have been independently successful as a philosopher and teacher' which could have led her to inquire about immortality rather than settle for Yajnavalkya's wealth as she was not in need of it.<ref name=":0" />

== Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue==
Maitreyi explores the Hindu concept of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul or self) in a dialogue contained in the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''. The dialogue, also called the Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue, states that love is driven by a person's soul, and it discusses the nature of Atman and Brahman and their [[Monism|unity]], the core of [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita philosophy]].{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=94–95}}{{sfn|Brereton|2006|pp=323–345}}

This dialogue appears in several Hindu texts; the earliest is in chapter 2.4 – and modified in chapter 4.5 – of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', one of the principal and oldest [[Upanishads]], dating from approximately 700 BCE.{{Sfn|Marvelly|2011|p=43}}{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–102, 146–48}} The Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue has survived in two manuscript [[recension]]s from the [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyamdina]] and [[Kanva]] [[Shakha|Vedic schools]]; although they have significant literary differences, they share the same philosophical theme.{{sfn|Brereton|2006|pp=323–45}}

After Yajnavalkya achieved success in the first three stages of his life – [[brahmacharya]] (as a student), [[grihastha]] (with his family) and [[vanaprastha]] (in retirement) – he wished to become a [[sannyasa|sannyasi]] (a renunciant) in his old age.<ref name=muir246/>{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=94–95}} He asked Maitreyi for permission, telling her that he wanted to divide his assets between her and Katyayani. Maitreyi said that she was not interested in wealth, since it would not make her "immortal", but wanted to learn about immortality:{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–99}}

{{quote|
<poem>
Then said Maitreyi: "If now, Sir, this whole earth filled with wealth were mine, would I be immortal thereby?"
"No", said Yajnavalkya. "As the life of the rich, even so would your life be. Of immortality, however, there is no hope through wealth."
Then said Maitreyi: "What should I do with that through which I may not be immortal? What you know, Sir – that, indeed, tell me!"
Yajnavalkya replied to Maitreyi: "Ah! Lo, dear as you are to us, dear is what you say! Come sit down. I will explain to you. But while I am expounding, do seek to ponder thereon."
</poem>
|''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' 2.4.2–4{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–99}}}}

In the dialogue which follows, Yajnavalkya explains his views on immortality in Atman (soul), Brahman (ultimate reality) and their equivalence. Maitreyi objects to parts of Yajnavalkya's explanation, and requests clarification.{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–102, 146–48}}
[[File:Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of a sage and four disciples, sitting near water|[[Adi Shankara]] with his four foremost disciples, including [[Sureśvara|Sureshvara]]; both wrote commentaries on the Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue from the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''.]]

=== Gender ===
Scholars have differing views on whether this dialogue is evidence that in ancient Vedic tradition women were accepted as active participants in spiritual discussions and as scholars of Brahman.{{Sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=90}}{{Sfn|Marvelly|2011|p=43}} [[Wendy Doniger]], an [[Indology|Indologist]] and a professor of History of Religions, states that in this dialogue Maitreyi is not portrayed as an author, but is part of an Upanishadic story of a [[Brahmin]] with two wives who are distinguished by their intellect.{{Sfn|Doniger|2010|p=187}} Karen Pechelis, another American Indologist and a professor of Comparative Religion, in contrast, states that Maitreyi is portrayed as theologically minded, as she challenges Yajnavalkya in this dialogue and asks the right questions.<ref>{{cite book|author=Karen Pechilis |title=The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c25pFbnQc18C |year=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514537-3 |pages=14–15 }}</ref>

First-millennium Indian scholars, such as Sureshvara (Suresvaracharya, c. 750 CE), have viewed this male-female dialogue as profound on both sides; Maitreyi refuses wealth, wishing to share her husband's spiritual knowledge, and in the four known versions of the Upanishadic story she challenges Yajnavalkya's theory of Atman.{{sfn|Brereton|2006|pp=323–45}}{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=99–107}} Yajnavalkya acknowledges her motivations, and that her questions are evidence she is a seeker of ultimate knowledge and a lover of the Atman.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=4–5, 8, 104–107, Sureshvara's ''varttika'' (commentary) on Adi Shankara's ''Brihadaranyakopanishad bhashya'' includes passages in both Maitreyi's and Yajnavalkya's viewpoints (given here in Hino's English translation): [Maitreyi:] "If you wish to favour me or you want to be compassionate on me, then share with me that which you know [...]; give me only that wealth, through the knowledge of which you, having renounced the entire wealth and means, wish to obtain the domain of light." – ''Brihadaranyakopanishad bhashya varttika'' (pp. 60–61); [Yajnavalkya:] "Unable to endure separation from me, as it were, owing to your great love for me, you wish to follow me even in liberation with the full desire of being one with me. Carried away by great love, [[Ardhanarishvara|Uma occupied half of Shiva body]]. But you, on your part, wish to secure the whole of me, the Atman, by your whole self." – ''Brihadaranyakopanishad bhashya varttika'' (pp. 68–69)}}

=== Renunciation ===
The Maitreyi dialogue in the Upanishad is significant beyond being a gauge of gender relations. Adi Shankara, a scholar of the influential [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu philosophy]], wrote in his ''Brihadaranyakopanishad bhashya'' that the purpose of the Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue in chapter 2.4 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is to highlight the importance of the knowledge of Atman and Brahman, and to understand their oneness.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=5–6, 94}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=The System of the Vedanta: According to Badarayana's Brahma-Sutras and Shankara's Commentary thereon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DI7cCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=KB Classics Reprint|isbn=978-1-5191-1778-6 |pages=173–174 }}</ref> According to Shankara, the dialogue suggests renunciation is prescribed in the ''[[Sruti]]'' (vedic texts of Hinduism), as a means to knowledge of the Brahman and Atman.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=54–59, 94–95, 145–149}} He adds, that the pursuit of self-knowledge is considered important in the ''Sruti'' because the Maitreyi dialogue is repeated in chapter 4.5 as a "logical finale" to the discussion of Brahman in the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|p=5}}

===Nature of love===
The Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue includes a discussion of love and the essence of whom one loves, suggesting that love is a connection of the soul and the universal self (related to an individual):{{Sfn|Majumdar|1977|p=204}}{{Sfn|Candrakīrti|Lang|2003|p=52}}

{{quote|
<poem>
Lo, verily, not for love of a husband is a husband dear, but for the love of the Self a husband is dear.
Not for the love of the wife is a wife dear, but for love of the Self a wife is dear.
</poem>
|''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' 2.4.2–4{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–102, 146–48}}}}

According to theological author and editor Robert Van De Weyer, this asserts that all love is a reflection of one's own soul: parents' love of their children, a love of religion or of the entire world.{{Sfn|Weyer|2013|p=60}} German Indologist and Oxford University professor [[Max Müller]] says that the love described in the Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' extends to all aspects of one's life and beyond; in verse 2.4.5, "The [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods) are not dear to one out of love for gods, but because one may love the Self (Atman) that the gods are dear".<ref name=mullerbupan110>[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/110/mode/2up ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''] Max Muller (Translator), [[Oxford University Press]], p. 110</ref> In the dialogue "the Brahman-class, the Kshatra-class, these worlds, these gods, these beings, everything that is what this Soul is", and when "we see, hear, perceive and know the Self, then all is known".{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–102, 146–48}}<ref name=mullerbupan110/>

Concluding his dialogue on the "inner self", or soul, Yajnavalkaya tells Maitreyi:{{Sfn|Marvelly|2011|p=43}}
{{quote|
<poem>
One should indeed see, hear, understand and meditate over the Self, O Maitreyi;
indeed, he who has seen, heard, reflected and understood the Self – by him alone the whole world comes to be known.
</poem>
|''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' 2.4.5b{{sfn|Deussen|2010|p=435}}}}

After Yajnavalkya leaves and becomes a sannyasi, Maitreyi becomes a [[Sannyasa|sannyassini]] – she too wanders and leads a renunciate's life.<ref name="Yajurveda">{{Cite web|work=Shukla Yajurveda|title=Yajnavalkya's Marriages and His Later Life | url=http://shuklayajurveda.org/yagnavalkya-chapter7.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402112317/http://shuklayajurveda.org/yagnavalkya-chapter7.html |archive-date=2 April 2015|publisher=Shuklayajurveda Organization|access-date=2 April 2015}}</ref>

==Legacy==

Maitreyi, who is also mentioned in a number of [[Puranas]], "is regarded as one of the most learned and virtuous women of ancient India"{{sfn|Geaves|2009|p=484}} and symbolizes intellectual women in India.{{Sfn|Doniger|2010|p=187}} A college in [[New Delhi]] is named after her,{{Sfn|Ahuja|2011|p=39}} as is the Matreyi Vedic Village, a retreat location in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=Honour>{{Cite web|url=http://maitreyivedic.in/|title=An Eco-Spiritual Retreat|access-date=11 December 2015|publisher=Maitreyi - The Vedic Village}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Ahuja|first=M. L.|title=Women in Indian Mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=day64iGXDFAC&pg=PT39|location=New Delhi|publisher=Rupa & Co.|year=2011|isbn=978-81-291-1825-7}}
*{{cite book|first= Paul|last= Bowen|year= 1998|title= Themes and issues in Hinduism|publisher= [[Cassell (publisher)|Cassell]]|isbn= 978-0-304-33850-4|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/themesissuesinhi0000unse}}
*{{cite journal|first=Joel P.|last= Brereton|year= 2006| jstor= 20064512|title= The Composition of the Maitreyī Dialogue in the Brhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|volume=126|pages= 323–345|number= 3}}
*{{cite book|last1=Candrakīrti|authorlink=Candrakīrti|last2=Lang|first2=Karen C., transl.|title=Four Illusions: Candrakīrti's Advice for Travelers on the Bodhisattva Path|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHsE2rUVTsQC&pg=PT52|location=New York, N.Y.|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-515112-1}}
*{{cite book|first=Paul|last= Deussen|year= 2010| title= Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn= 978-81-208-1468-4}}
*{{cite book|first=Wendy |last=Doniger|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC|year=2010|orig-year=First published 2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-959334-7}}
*{{cite book|first=Ron|last= Geaves|year= 2009|title= Encyclopedia of Hinduism (Editors: Denise Cush, Catherine Robinson, Michael York)|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn= 978-0-415-55623-1}}
*{{cite book|last= Hino |first=Shoun |title=Suresvara's Vartika On Yajnavalkya'S-Maitreyi Dialogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvcrBnKaIgEC |year =1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0729-7 |edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n121/mode/2up|title= Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|first= Robert|last= Hume |publisher= (Translator), Oxford University Press|year=1967}}
*{{cite book|last=Majumdar|first=Ramesh Chandra|authorlink=R. C. Majumdar|title=Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA90|edition=8th|location=Delhi|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass|Motilal Banarsidass Publishers]]|year=1977|isbn=978-81-208-0436-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Marvelly|first=Paula|title=Women of Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxcegJBHHNAC&pg=PT43|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-78028-367-8}}
*{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Olivelle|year=2008|title=Upanishads|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-954025-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/upanisads00oliv}}
*{{cite book|first= Karen|last= Pechilis|year= 2004|title= The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-514537-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Staal |first=Frits |title=Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcE23SjLX8sC|year=2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-309986-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Weyer |first=Robert Van De |title=366 Readings From Hinduism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7bAQAgAAQBAJ |year= 2013|publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7992-070-1}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/108/mode/2up Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya Dialogue, 1st set] Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 2.4, Max Muller (Translator)
*[https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/180/mode/2up Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya Dialogue, 2nd set] Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.5, Max Muller (Translator)
*[http://www.swami-krishnananda.org/brdup/brhad_II-04.html The conversation of Yajnavalkya and Maitreyi on the absolute self], 1st set, Swami Krishnananda (Translator)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Rigveda]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Women mystics]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Hindus]]
[[Category:8th-century BC women]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Upanishadic people]]

MTV Splitsvilla

2026-03-24T05:30:57Z

CletaMacfarlane: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian reality show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name = Splitsvilla
| genre = [[Reality show|Reality]]
| num_episodes =
| num_seasons = 16
| starring =
| presenter = {{ubl|
*[[Rannvijay Singha]]
*[[Nikhil Chinapa]]
*Deepti Gujral
*[[Sherlyn Chopra]]
*[[Sunny Leone]]
*[[Arjun Bijlani]]
*[[Tanuj Virwani]]
*[[Karan Kundrra]]
}}
| list_episodes =
| creator = Purvish Bhatt Shweta Jangra
| executive_producer = Lalit Prem Sharma
| producer = Colosseum Media
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| network = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2008|6|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''MTV Splitsvilla''''' is an Indian television dating reality show that airs on [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]] and is digitally available on [[JioHotstar]]. The sixteenth season is presented by [[Sunny Leone]], [[Karan Kundrra]], [[Uorfi Javed]] and [[Nia Sharma]].

==Summary==
The show revolves around young men and women trying to secure a place in ''Splitsvilla'', a villa in which they are detached from the real world. Participants compete in tasks to remain in the competition and mingle with their fellow contestants to find love.

==Series overview==
===Splitsvilla===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 85%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Season
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Host(s)
! rowspan="2" |Location
! rowspan="2" | Theme(s)
! colspan="2" |Date
! rowspan="2" |No. of Episodes
! rowspan="2" |No. of Contestants
! rowspan="2" |Winners
|-
! style="width:10%;" | Launch
! style="width:10%;" | Finale
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 1)|1]]
| [[Rannvijay Singha]]
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|}}
| rowspan="13" {{N/A|}}
| rowspan="15" {{N/A|}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Goa]]
| rowspan="3" {{N/a}}
| 20 June 2008
| 13 October 2008
| 14
| 22
| [[Vishal Karwal]] & Shraddha Haribhai
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 2)|2]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Nikhil Chinapa]]
| 7 March 2009
| 14 June 2009
| 15
| rowspan="2" |20
| [[Sidharth Bhardwaj]] & [[Sakshi Pradhan]]
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 3)|3]]
|Deepti Gujral
| [[Pattaya]]
| 19 December 2009
| 13 March 2010
| 13
| Parag Chadda & [[Riya Bamniyal]]
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 4)|4]]
| rowspan="2" {{N/A|}}
| [[Dubai]]
|''The Gamble of Love''
| 3 December 2010
| March 25, 2011
| 18
| 17
| Dushyant Yadav & Priya Shinde
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 5)|5]]
| [[Jim Corbett National Park]]
|''Love Gone Wild''
| 7 April 2012
| 24 June 2012
| rowspan="2" |15
| 18
| [[Paras Chhabra]] & Akanksha Popli
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 6)|6]]
|[[Sherlyn Chopra]]
| [[Trivandrum]]
|''Hot as Hell''
| 25 May 2013
| 23 August 2013
| 19
| Paramvir Singh & Mandy Debbarma
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 7)|7]]
| rowspan="10" |[[Sunny Leone]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| rowspan="1" {{N/a}}
| 21 June 2014
| 25 October 2014
| 20
| 30
| Mayank Gandhi & Scarlett Rose
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 8)|8]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Rannvijay Singha]]
| [[Goa]]
| ''What Women Love''
| 4 July 2015
| 28 November 2015
| 22
| 32
| [[Prince Narula]] & Anuki Tchokhonelidze
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 9)|9]]
| [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
| ''Where Women Rule ''
| 11 June 2016
| 8 October 2016
| 21
| 26
| Gurmeet Rehal & Kavya Khurrana
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 10)|10]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jim Corbett National Park]]
| ''Catch Your Match''
| 23 July 2017
| 10 December 2017
| 22
| 21
| [[Baseer Ali]] & [[Naina Singh]]
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 11)|11]]
| ''Happily (N)Ever After''
| 5 August 2018
| 3 February 2019
| 27
| 22
| Gaurav Alugh & [[Shruti Sinha]]
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 12)|12]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| ''Your Best Shot at Love''
| 16 August 2019
| 17 January 2020
| 23
| 26
| Shrey Mittal & [[Priyamvada Kant]]
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 13)|13]]
| [[Trivandrum]]
| ''One for Love, {{nowrap|One for Chance}}''
| 6 March 2021
| 2 October 2021
| 31
| 24
| Jay Dudhane & Aditi Rajput
|-
! [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 14)|14]]
|[[Arjun Bijlani]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Uorfi Javed]]
| [[Goa]]
|''Pyaar Samundar Paar''
| 12 November 2022
| 11 February 2023
| 27
| 28
| Hamid Barkzi & Soundous Moufakir
|-
![[MTV Splitsvilla (season 15)|15]]
|[[Tanuj Virwani]]
| [[Udaipur]]
|''ExSqueeze Me Please''
|30 March 2024
|11 August 2024
|41
|33
| Jashwanth Bopanna & Akriti Negi
|-
![[MTV Splitsvilla (season 16)|16]]
|[[Karan Kundrra]]
|[[Nia Sharma]]
|[[Mahabalipuram]]
|''Pyaar Ya Paisa''
|9 January 2026
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
|TBA
|}

=== ''Wild Villa'' ===
The season thirteen introduced Wild Villa, a secret villa in Splitsvilla, which gave a wild card chance to enter in Splitsvilla.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 85%; line-height:20px; width:auto;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |Season
! rowspan="2" |Host
! rowspan="2" |Location
! colspan="2" |Date
! rowspan="2" |No. of Episodes
! rowspan="2" |No. of Contestants
|-
! style="width:10%;" | Launch
! style="width:10%;" | Finale
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[MTV Splitsvilla (season 13)|'''1''']]
| rowspan="2" | [[Nikhil Chinapa]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Trivandrum]]
| rowspan="2" | 13 March 2021
| rowspan="2" | 28 August 2021
| rowspan="2" | 25
| rowspan="2" | 14
|-
|-
|}

==Season 1==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 1
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #FF5F5F
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rannvijay Singha]]
| num_contestants = 23
| winner = [[Vishal Karwal]] Shraddha Haribhai
| runner_up = Varun Saini Heena Pardasani
}}
| num_episodes = 17
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2008|06|20}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2008|10|13}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series =
| next_series = ''[[#Season 2|Season 2]]''
}}
'''Splitsvilla 1''' premiered in 2008. It was presented by [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]]. [[Vishal Karwal]] and Shraddha Haribhai emerged as the winners.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/lifes-good-right-now-vishal-karwal/articleshow/8990732.cms|title= Life's good right now: Vishal Karwal|newspaper= The Times of India|date=26 June 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Dumped by/ Lost to
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background: #00FFFF;" |
| [[Vishal Karwal]]
| –
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Shraddha Haribhai
| –
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background: #00FFFF;" |
| Varun Saini
| Lost to Vishal
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Heena Pardasani
| rowspan="2" | Dumped by boys
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Prianca Sharma
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Ritu Kochhar
| Dumped by Vishal and Varun's friends
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Bianca Mendonca
| Dumped by boys
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Bosky Bhatia
| Dumped by girls
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Hannah Sim
| rowspan="2" | Dumped by boys
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Yamini Batra
|{{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Minakshi Khanduri
| Dumped by girls
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Shruti Rawat
| Dumped by Vishal
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Anubha Agarwal
| Dumped by Varun
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| [[Angela Krislinzki]]
| Dumped for betrayal
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Hoorzan Irani
| rowspan="8" | Dumped by boys
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Aarti Thaokar
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Vani Sharma
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Simran Dhawan
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Richa Singh
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Akanksha Kanjilal
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Kanika Narbar
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Sneh Richa
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background: #00FFFF;" |
| [[Sahil Anand]]
| Dumped by girls
| {{eliminated}}
|}

==Season 2==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 2
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #000
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nikhil Chinapa]]
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = [[Sidharth Bhardwaj]] [[Sakshi Pradhan]]
| runner_up = [[Mohit Malhotra]] Joanna Magee
}}
| num_episodes = 15
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2009|03|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2009|06|14}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[#Season 1|Season 1]]''
| next_series = ''[[#Season 3|Season 3]]''
}}

'''Splitsvilla 2''' premiered in 2009. This season was hosted by VJ [[Nikhil Chinapa]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Dumped by/Lost to
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Sidharth Bhardwaj]]
| 1st place
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| [[Sakshi Pradhan]]
| 1st place
| {{won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Mohit Malhotra]]
| 2nd place; Lost to Siddharth and Sakshi in finale
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Joanna Magee
| 2nd place; Lost to Siddharth and Sakshi in finale
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Paramvir Singh
| 3rd place; Dumped by Siddharth
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Stuti Nag
| 3rd place; Dumped by Siddharth
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Bhav Aman Singh
| 4th place; eliminated; re-entered as wild card as a replacement for Meherzaan; dumped by Joana
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Ritika Nainta
| 4th place; Dumped by Siddharth
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Varun Jhamb
| 5th place; eliminated; re-entered as wild card; dumped by Joana
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Sakshi Bhayana
| 5th place; Dumped by Mohit; re-entered as wild card; dumped by Siddharth
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Rahul Dwivedi
| 6th place; Dumped by Joana
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| [[Nalini Negi]]
| 7th place; Dumped by Siddharth
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Aman Sharma
| 8th place; Dumped by Joana
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Shikha Taneja
| 9th place; Dumped by Siddharth
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Meherzan Mazda]]
| 10th place; Quit because of illness
| {{Quit|Emergency Exit}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ashutosh Kataria
| 11th place; Dumped by Joana
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Cheshta Bhagat
| 12th place; Dumped by Mohit
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Suyyash Rai]]
| 13th place; Dumped by Joena
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Meenakshi Negi
| 14th place; Dumped by Mohit
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Swaagata G Shah
| 15th place; Dumped by Mohit
| {{eliminated}}
|}

==Season 3==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 3
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #CCC
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nikhil Chinapa]] Deepti Gujral
| num_contestants = 20
| winner = Parag Chadda [[Riya Bamniyal]]
| runner_up = Vikas Mahendroo Kriti Sharma
}}
| num_episodes = 13
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2009|12|19}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|03|13}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[#Season 2|Season 2]]''
| next_series = ''[[#Season 4|Season 4]]''
}}

'''Splitsvilla 3''' premiered in 2009 and ended in 2010. The season was hosted by VJ [[Nikhil Chinapa]] and Deepti Gujral.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="3" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Parag Chadda
| Dumped by Pooja, returned in the finale
|Rowspan="2" {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| [[Riya Bamniyal]]
| Dumped by Niharika, returned, Queen for episodes 9, 11
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Vikas Mahendroo
| King for episodes 9, 11
|Rowspan="2"{{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Kriti Sharma
| Dumped by Mahip; Re-entered in finale
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Sufzal Saleem
| 3rd place; Dumped by Niharika; returned in the finale but lost
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| [[Pavitra Punia]]
| 3rd place; Queen for episodes 5, 6, 10
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Monika Maryjane Lalwani
| Dumped by Vikas
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| [[Mahip Marwaha]]
| Dumped, King for episodes 4, 5, 6, 10
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| [[Niharika Kareer]]
| Dumped by Vikas, Queen for episodes 4, 7, 8
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Arjun Kumar Mahendroo
| Dumped by Niharika, King for episodes 1, 2, 3
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Pooja Amin
| Voluntarily dumped, Queen for episodes 1, 2, 3
| {{Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Raj Kumar
| Dumped by Pavitra
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Ramanjot Singh
| Dumped by Pavitra
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Nirmal Sandhoo
| Dumped by Mahip
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Shivkiran Bajwa
| Dumped by Arjun
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Ashish Agarwal
| Voluntarily dumped; King for episodes 7, 8
| {{Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Ruchi Arora
| Dumped by Arjun
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Pulkit Khanna
| Dumped by Pooja
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Hemant Kaur
| Voluntarily dumped
| {{Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Priyanka Sharma
| dumped by Arjun
| {{eliminated}}
|}
{{smalldiv|1=
: {{color box|#00FFFF|border=silver}} indicates a male contestant
: {{color box|#FFC0CB|border=silver}} indicates a female contestant
: {{color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} indicates the winner's
: {{color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} indicates the runner-up's
: {{color box|#FA8072|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been eliminated.
: {{color box|#FF0000|border=silver}} indicates the couple contestants
: {{color box|#FFD300|border=silver}} indicates the single contestants
}}

==Season 4==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 4
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #00FF00
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nikhil Chinapa]]
| num_contestants = 17
| winner = Dushyant Yadav Priya Shinde
| runner_up = [[Sai Gundewar]] Tina Thapa
}}
| num_episodes = 18
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|12|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2011|03|25}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[#Season 3|Season 3]]''
| next_series = ''[[#Season 5|Season 5]]''
}}
'''Splitsvilla 4''' premiered on 3 December 2010. This season was hosted by VJ [[Nikhil Chinapa]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="3" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| colspan="2" | Dushyant Yadav
| Ultimate King
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF7538;" |
| Priya Shinde
| 1st, 2nd, 4th, 10th episode's Queen. Awarded as Master Mind of Splitsvilla 4. Ultimate Queen
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| colspan="2" | [[Sai Gundewar]]
| Lost in finale
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#A020F0;" |
| Tina Thapa
| 6th episode's Queen, Lost in finale
| {{runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| colspan="2" | Manish Khanna
| 3rd place
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Pooja Bisht
| 3rd place; 8th, 9th, 12th episode's Queen
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| colspan="2" | Ashish Chaudhary
| 4th place; Dumped by Manish
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Archana Choudhary
| 4th place; Dumped by Manish
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#A020F0;" |
| Yashita Sahu
| 5th place; 6th episode's Queen; Dumped by Manish; returned as wild card; dumped by Sai
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF7538;" |
| Aakriti Bhamri
| 6th place; 3rd, 5th, 7th, 10th episode's Queen; dumped by Ashish
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Sohfi Khan
| 7th place; 5th, 7th episode's Queen; dumped by Manish; returned as wild card; Dumped by Dushyant
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#A020F0;" |
| Sanjana Bhatia
| 8th place; 3rd, 5th, 6th episode's Queen; Dumped by Dushyant
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Payal Thapa
| 9th place; 2nd, 4th episode's Queen; Dumped by Dushyant
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF0000;" |
| Dimple Chawla
| 10th place; 1st, 2nd, 4th episode's Queen; Dumped by Ashish
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Vartika Kaul
| 11th place; 3rd, 5th episode's Queen; Dumped by Sai
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FF7538;" |
| Ruchita Rao
| 12th place; 3rd dumped by Ashish, returned; Dumped by Ashish
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#FFD300;" |
| Srishttii Gupta
| 13th place; 3rd episode's Queen. 4th dumped by Manish
| {{eliminated}}
|}
{{smalldiv|1=
: {{color box|#00FFFF|border=silver}} indicates a male contestant
: {{color box|#FFC0CB|border=silver}} indicates a female contestant
: {{color box|#73FB76|border=silver}} indicates the winner's
: {{color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} indicates the runner-up's
: {{color box|#FA8072|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been eliminated.
: {{color box|#FF7538|border=silver}} indicates the contestant was in Dushyant's Qabilah.
: {{color box|#A020F0|border=silver}} indicates the contestant was in Sai's Qabilah.
: {{color box|#FF0000|border=silver}} indicates the contestant was in Manish's Qabilah.
: {{color box|#FFD300|border=silver}} indicates the contestant was in Ashish's Qabilah.
}}

'''Finale:'''
A roulette game based on luck was played between the three finalist pairs: Manish and Pooja, Sai and Tina, and Dushyant and Priya. The first round was won by Sai and Tina who went directly to the finals. The second round was between Manish Pooja and Dushyant Priya to determine who would join Sai Tina for the final round. The round was won by Dushyant Priya who joined Sai Tina in the final round. Dushyant Priya won the final round and were declared the winners of Splitsvilla 4.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Season 5==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 5
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #FF7F00
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nikhil Chinapa]]
| num_contestants = 18
| winner = [[Paras Chhabra]] Akanksha Popli
| runner_up = Vroon Sharma Jasmine Avasia
}}
| num_episodes = 15
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2012|04|07}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2012|06|24}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 4)|Season 4]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 6)|Season 6]]''
}}

'''Splitsvilla 5''' is the fifth season of Indian reality show MTV Splitsvilla. Shot in [[Jim Corbett National Park]], the season premiered on 7 April 2012 and was hosted by [[Nikhil Chinapa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/splitsvilla-5-hunt-for-love-is-back-459648.html|title=Splitsvilla 5: Hunt for love is back!|date=27 March 2012|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mtv-splitsvilla-5-goes-wild/articleshow/13107937.cms|title=MTV Splitsvilla 5 goes wild! – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=13 May 2012 }}</ref> The finale aired on 24 June 2012 where [[Paras Chhabra]] and Akanksha Popli became winners.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Paras Chhabra]]
| 1st Place; Dumped by Shivangini; {{Nowrap|Re-entered as wild card; Defeated}} Vroon and Jasmine in the finale. '' Ultimate King''
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Akanksha Popli
| 1st Place; Dumped by Vroon; Re-entered as wild card; Defeated Vroon and Jasmine in finale. ''Ultimate Queen''
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Vroon Sharma
|Rowspan =2|2nd Place; Lost to Paras and Akanksha in the finale
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Jasmine Avasia
|{{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Nitin Chauhaan
|Rowspan =2|3rd Place; Lost to Paras and Akanksha in semi-finale
| style="background:#7FFFD4;"| 2nd Runner-Up
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Rupa Khurana
|style="background:#7FFFD4;"| 2nd Runner-Up
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Rishabh Sinha]]
| 4th Place; Dumped by Rupa over Nitin and Paras.
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Vidushi Khanna
| 5th Place; Dumped by Vroon over Akanksha and Jasmine
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Rishipal Gulati
| 6th Place; Dumped by Shivangini; Re-entered as a wild card; Dumped by Rupa
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Shivangini Rajyalaxmi Rana
| 7th Place; Dumped by boys of villa.
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Aly Goni]]
| 8th Place; Dumped by Rupa
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Tasneem Sheikh
| 9th Place; Dumped by Vroon
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Avishka Kashyap
| 10th Place; Dumped by Vroon; Re-entered and replaced with Vidhushi to be dumped
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Nikhil Nagpal
| 11th Place; Dumped by Rupa
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Saif Mir
| 12th Place; Dumped by Shivangini
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Swati Bakshi
| 13th Place; Dumped by Vroon
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Mandakranta Debbarma
| 14th Place; Dumped by Shivangini
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Sikander Dhawan
| 15th Place; Dumped by Shivangini
| {{eliminated}}
|}

==Season 6==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 6
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #5295FF
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nikhil Chinapa]] [[Sherlyn Chopra]]
| num_contestants = 19
| winner = Paramvir Singh Mandy Debbarma
| runner_up = Prabjot Sahota Shatakshi Joshi
}}
| num_episodes = 15
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2013|05|25|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2013|08|23|df=yes}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''Splitsvilla 6''' premiered on 25 May 2013 and was hosted by [[Sherlyn Chopra]] and [[Nikhil Chinapa]]. Its tagline was "Hot as Hell". There were nine boys and nine girls. The season had a review segment, Sexy Sana, hosted by [[Sana Saeed]].

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
!Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Paramvir Singh
| 1st Place; Season 2 contestant; Ultimate King
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Mandy Debbarma
| 1st Place; Season 5 contestant; Ultimate Queen
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Prabhjot Sahota
| 2nd Place
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Shatakshi Joshi
| 2nd Place
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Gaurav Chopra
| 3rd Place; Lost before finale task
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Subuhi Joshi
| 3rd Place; Lost before finale task
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ashwini
| 4th Place; Dumped by Dumped Splitsvillians
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Priyanka Chauhan
| 4th Place; Dumped by Dumped Splitsvillians
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Ruby Dahiya
| 5th Place; Re-entered and Dumped by Param
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Aman Dev Pahwa
| 6th Place; Re-entered and Dumped by Subuhi
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Pari Sahni
| 7th Place; Re-entered and Dumped by Param
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Nitin Sharma
| 8th Place; Dumped by Mandy
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Parichay Sharma]]
| 9th Place; Re-entered and Dumped by Mandy
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Peenaz Ahmed
| 10th Place; Dumped by Nitin, Re-entered & Dumped by Param
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|[[Arjit Taneja]]
| 11th Place; Dumped by Mandy
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Purvee
| 12th Place; Dumped by Param
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Nawab Faizi
| 13th Place; Dumped by Ruby
| {{eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Priyanka Chandel
| 14th Place; Dumped by Nitin
| {{eliminated}}
|}

==Season 7==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 7
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #7B3F00
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Nikhil Chinapa]] [[Sunny Leone]]
| num_contestants = 30
| winner = Mayank Gandhi Scarlett Rose
| runner_up = [[Abhishek Malik]] Khushi Bhat
}}
| num_episodes = 20
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|06|21}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2014|10|25}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 6)|Season 6]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 8)|Season 8]]''
}}
'''Splitsvilla 7''' is the seventh season of Indian reality show MTV Splitsvilla. Shot in [[Jaipur]], the season was hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Nikhil Chinapa]]. It started in June, 2014 and ended on 25 October 2014 where Mayank Gandhi and Scarlett Rose won the season.

There were seven boys and twenty girls. This season was set in [[Samode Palace]], Jaipur, India. In this season, the audience got to see old ''Splitsvilla'' contestants like Ashwini Koul and [[Rishabh Sinha]]. Ashwini chose to quit the game after his lady love Sanjana decided to leave the show due to an injury sustained during a task. Rishabh was dumped by Khushi. There were two kings and two queens in this season: Shravan Reddy and Abhishek Malik and Queens: Khushi Bhatia and Dana Vana. The season of ''Splitsvilla'' was the most popular season due to presence of Sunny Leone, a popular film star. There were two female, Dana Vana and Ranji and one male, Yasir Khan, wildcard entries through ''MTV Battleground''.<ref>{{cite web|title= MTV Splitsvilla 7 Contestants|url= http://www.bollymirror.com/tv-news/mtv-splitsvilla-7-contestants-girls-boys-list/|publisher= BollyMirror|access-date= 25 July 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151231223013/http://www.bollymirror.com/tv-news/mtv-splitsvilla-7-contestants-girls-boys-list/|archive-date= 31 December 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> Scarlett Rose and Mayank Gandhi won the show.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
!Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
| Mayank Gandhi
| 1st Place; Ultimate King
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| Scarlett Rose
| 1st Place; Ultimate Queen
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| [[Abhishek Malik]]
| 2nd Place
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| Khushi Bhat
| 2nd Place
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
| [[Shravan Reddy]]
| 3rd Place; Lost finale task
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Dana Vana
| 3rd Place; Lost finale task; 1st Wild Card Entrant
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Yasir Khan
| 4th Place; out before finale task by Splitsvillans; 3rd Wild Card Entrant
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Apurva Singh
| 4th Place; out before finale task by Splitsvillans
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Priyanka Purohit]]
| 5th Place; Dumped by Mayank Gandhi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Ranji Chopra
| 6th Place; 2nd Wild Card Entrant; Dumped by Mayank Gandhi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Mayank Pawar
| 7th Place; Dumped by Dana Vana
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Rashi Sharma
| 8th place; Dumped by Abhishek Malik
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Ayaz Ahmed]]
| 9th Place; Dumped by Khushi Bhat
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Rishabh Sinha]]
| 10th place; Season 5 contestant; Dumped by Khushi Bhat
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Jacqueline Ledli
| 11th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Palak Purswani]]
| 12th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Savita Dokwal
| 13th Place; Dumped By Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Unnati Pathak
| 14th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Pooja Mishra
| 15th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Heena Koranga
| 16th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Ashwini Koul
| 17th place; left for Sanjana; Season 6 contestant
| {{Quit}}
|-
| [[Sanjana Ganesan]]
| 18th Place; Left due to injury
| {{Quit}}
|-
| Simran Mahendrawal
| 19th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Sonali Katyal
| 20th Place; Dumped by Shravan Reddy
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Damanjit Grewal
| 21st Place; Lost against Priyanka Purohit
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Rosemary Fernandes
| 22nd Place; Lost against Palak Purswani
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Snoove Das
| 23rd Place; Lost against Unnati Pathak
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Etansha Gupta
| 24th Place; Lost against Sanjana Ganesan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Kriti Lohia
| 25th Place; Lost against Heena Koranga
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Mukta Chopra
| 26th Place; Lost against Jaqueline Ledli
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|}

==Season 8==

{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 8
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #6A0DAD
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rannvijay Singha]] [[Sunny Leone]]
| num_contestants = 32
| winner = [[Prince Narula]] Anuki Tchokhonelidze
| runner_up = Utkarsh Gupta [[Sana Sayyad]]
}}
| num_episodes = 22
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2015|07|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2015|11|14}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 7)|Season 7]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 9)|Season 9]]''
}}

'''''Splitsvilla 8''''' is the eighth season of Indian reality show MTV Splitsvilla. Shot in [[Goa]], the season was hosted by [[Rannvijay Singha]] and [[Sunny Leone]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=IndiaLIVE|first1=TODAY|title=MTV splitsvilla 8 hosts|url=http://indialive.today/mtv-splitsvilla-8-full-episode-2-5th-july-2015-hd-online-live/|agency=india live today|publisher=indialive.today|access-date=5 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427133336/http://indialive.today/mtv-splitsvilla-8-full-episode-2-5th-july-2015-hd-online-live/|archive-date=27 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> with [[Karan Kundrra]] appearing on the show to host a couple of segments. This season saw fourteen girls and eight boys from the auditions, and eight celebrity boys. Subuhi Joshi from Splitsvilla 6 re-entered the show as a queen. The season's theme was "What Women Love".

The season was talked about due to two contestants Karishma and Gaurav being confident and indicating that they had bisexual tones.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bisexual Karishma Kiss...|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mtv-splitsvilla-8-episode-4-mini-clip-bisexual-karishma-kiss-sharika-on-national-television-479372/ |work=India.com}}</ref> Gaurav had to quit due to illness.
The primary rule of the show was that those who were already in a relationship outside the villa were not permitted to participate. Since two contestants Ish and Viren broke this rule, they were eliminated.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Prince Narula]]
| 1st Place; Banished by Subuhi Joshi : Re-entered; Ultimate King,
| {{Won|'''Winner'''}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Anuki Tchokhonelidze
| 1st Place; Ultimate Queen
| {{Won|'''Winner'''}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Utkarsh Gupta
| 2nd Place; Lost against Prince and Anuki
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| [[Sana Sayyad]]
| 2nd Place; Dumped by Paras : Re-entered; Dumped by Prince: Re-entered; Lost against Prince and Anuki
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Zaan Khan
| 3rd Place; Lost against Prince and Anuki
| {{Runner-up|2nd runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Karishma Talwar
| 3rd Place; Lost against Prince and Anuki
| {{Runner-up|2nd runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ishaan Chibber
| 4th Place; Banished by Karishma Talwar; Re-entered; Lost against Zaan & Karishma
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Subuhi Joshi
| 4th Place; ''Season 6'' contestant; Lost against Zaan & Karishma
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Sophiya Singh
| 5th Place; Wild Card Entrant, Dumped by Yash Pandit
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Yash Pandit
| 5th Place; Banished by Subuhi Joshi; Re-entered; Quit
| {{Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Amaad Mintoo
| 6th Place; Banished by Subuhi Joshi; Lost against Ishan Chhibber
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Paras Chhabra]]
| 7th Place; Banished by Prince; Lost against Ishan Chhibber
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| [[Priyanka Bora]]
| 8th Place; Dumped by Karishma Talwar
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Mia Lakra
| 9th Place; Dumped by Paras Chhabra
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Reshu Singh
| 10th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Vanessa D'Souza
| 11th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Gaurav Arora
| 12th Place; Withdraw due to illness
| {{Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Viren Singh Rathore
| 13th Place; Left: Violation of Rules
| {{CRemoved|Disqualified}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ish Thakkar
| 14th Place; Left: Violation of Rules
| {{CRemoved|Disqualified}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Vaidehi Srivastava
| 15th Place; Dumped by Paras Chhabra
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Prathamesh Maulingkar
| 16th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ravi shukla
| 17th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Abhishek Yennam
| 18th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Nishant V Anand
| 19th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Abhijeet Dutta
| 20th Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Shivam Babbar
| 21st Place; Dumped by Subuhi Joshi
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Ashmita Singh
| 22nd Place; Dumped by Utkarsh Gupta
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Sharika Raina
| 23rd Place; Dumped by Utkarsh Gupta
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Veronika Rajput
| 24th Place; Dumped by Utkarsh Gupta
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Harshita Kashyap
| 25th Place; Dumped by Prince Narula
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Enakshi Sharma
| 26th Place; Dumped by Zaan Khan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Alisha Sharma
| 27th Place; Dumped by Prathamesh Maulingkar
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|}

==Season 9==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 9
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #fc6c85
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rannvijay Singha]] [[Sunny Leone]]
| num_contestants = 26
| winner = Gurmeet Singh Rehal Kavya Khurana
| runner_up = [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]] Martina Thariyan Pratik Kalsi Rajnandini Borpuzori
}}
| num_episodes = 21
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|06|11}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|10|08}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 8)|Season 8]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 10)|Season 10]]''
}}

'''Splitsvilla 9''', styled as '''''Splitsvilla IX''''', is the ninth season of Indian reality show MTV Splitsvilla. Shot in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], the season was hosted by [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]] and [[Sunny Leone]]. The show premiered on 11 June 2016. This season had fifteen celebrity boys and six girls with the theme "Where Women Rule". The boys were not given the power to dump any girl. Three princesses and two warriors joined as wild card entries. Martina was the first queen followed by Rajnandini and then Kavya. The season finale aired on 8 October 2016 and was won by [[Gurmeet Singh Rehal]] and Kavya Khurana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-09 |title=MTV Splitsvilla 9 winners: Gurmeet Singh Rehal, Kavya Khurana the ultimate King and Queen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mtv-splitsvilla-9-winner-gurmeet-singh-rehal-kavya-khurana-becomes-king-and-queen-3073201/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| {{Nowrap|[[Gurmeet Singh Rehal]]}}
| 1st Place; Dumped by Rajnandini : Re-entered; only & ultimate King
|{{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Kavya Khurana
| 1st Place; 3rd & ultimate Queen
|{{Won|Winner}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Varun Sood (actor)|Varun Sood]]
| 2nd Place; Dumped by Rajnandini: Re-entered; Dumped by Rajnandini:Re-entered; Lost against Gurmeet and Kavya
| {{Runner-up| 1 runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Martina Thariyan
| {{Nowrap|2nd Place; 1st Queen of Villa;}} Lost against Gurmeet and Kavya
| {{Runner-up| 1 runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Pratik "Archie" Kalsi
| 3rd Place; Dumped by Kavya; Re-entered; Lost against Gurmeet and Kavya
| {{runner-up|2 runner up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Rajnandini Borpuzori
| 3rd Place; 2nd Queen of the villa; Lost against Gurmeet and Kavya
| {{runner-up|2 runner up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Nikhil Sachdeva
| 4th Place; Eliminated Before Finale Task due to having no partner
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Mia Lakra
| 5th Place; Entered as 2nd wild card Princess; Lost against Martina Thariyan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Shreeradhe Khanduja
| 6th Place; Entered as first wild card Princess:
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Karan Khanna
| 7th Place; Dumped by Kavya Khurana
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Abhishek Singh Pathania
| 8th Place; Dumped by Kavya Khurana & Rajnandini Borpuzori
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Isha Anand Sharma
| 9th Place; Dumped by Kavya Khurana & Rajnandani Borpuzori
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ayan Khan
| 10th Place; Entered as 1st Wild Card Warrior; Dumped by Rajnandini Borpuzori
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Priya Haridas
| 11th Place; Entered as a 3rd Wild Card Princess; Dumped by Kavya Khurana
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Karan Chhabra
| 12th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan; Re-entered; Dumped ny Kavya Khurana
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Zain Abideen
| 13th Place; Entered as 2nd Wild Card Warrior; Sacrifice for Priya Haridas
| {{Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| [[Aditya Singh Rajput]]
| 14th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Mayuri Das
| 14th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Akhil Kataria
| 15th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Anuranjan Awasthi
| 16th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
| Niharika Ghai
| 17th Place; Dumped By Martina Thairan and Lost against Rajnandini Borpuzori
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Harshit Tomar
| 18th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Milind Manek
| 19th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Shubhashish Banerjee
| 20th Place; Dumped by Martina Thairan
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Ishaan Singh Manhas
| 21st Place; Dumped by Princesses
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
| Sushant Mohindru
| 22nd Place; Dumped by Princesses
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|}

==Season 10==
{{Infobox television season
| bgcolour = #FF5A7E
| season_number = 10
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rannvijay Singha]] [[Sunny Leone]]
| num_contestants = 21
| winner = [[Baseer Ali]] [[Naina Singh]]
| runner_up = Priyank Sharma [[Divya Agarwal]]
}}
| num_episodes = 21
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|07|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|12|10}}
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (Season 9)|Season 9]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (Season 11)|Season 11]]''
| episode_list =
}}

'''Splitsvilla 10''' is the tenth season of the Indian [[reality TV]] series MTV Splitsvilla. It premiered on 23 July 2017 on [[MTV India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-07-22 |title=Splitsvilla returns to MTV; VIVO hops on board as title sponsor |url=https://www.adgully.com/splitsvilla-returns-to-mtv-vivo-hops-on-board-as-title-sponsor-73306.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]].The show consisted of ten boys and ten girls +1 wild card who came to find true love. The theme of the season was "Experiment of Love", i.e. experimenting and testing whether love can be found through science or not. There was a new concept of ideal matches. The show was shot in [[Jim Corbett National Park]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-04 |title=MTV Splitsvilla 10: Rannvijay Singha and Sunny Leone start shooting for the new season – view pics {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/mtv-splitsvilla-10-rannvijay-singha-and-sunny-leone-starts-shooting-for-the-new-season-view-pics-2212652/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> It was the second season to stream on [[Voot]]. The season ended on 10 December 2017 with [[Naina Singh]] and [[Baseer Ali]] being declared as the winners.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=MTV Splitsvilla X winners Naina Singh, Baseer Ali are enjoying their moment, see their latest photos |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/baseer-ali-and-naina-singh-win-mtv-splitsvilla-x-4888614/ |website=Times Of India |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%; line-height: 25px; width: auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-23 |title=Roadies Rising's Baseer Ali and Priyank Sharma, actor Siddharth Sharma in Splitsvilla X; full list of contestants here |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/roadies-rising-baseer-ali-and-priyank-sharma-actor-siddharth-sharma-in-splitsvilla-x-full-list-of-contestants-here-4763185/ |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|[[Baseer Ali]]
|1st Place
| rowspan="2" style="background:#4CFC40;"!|'''''Winner'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|[[Naina Singh]]
|1st Place
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Priyank Sharma
|2nd Place; Lost against Baseer and Naina
| {{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;"|
|[[Divya Agarwal]]
|2nd Place; Dumped by Aquib and Hritu, Re-entered, Lost against Baseer and Naina
|{{Runner-up|1st runner-up}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Mohit Hiranandani
|3rd Place; Lost against Priyank and Divya
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Steffi Cyril
|3rd Place; Lost against Priyank and Divya
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Haneet Narang
|4th Place;Lost against Baseer and Naina
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Alisha Farrer
|4th Place; Lost against Baseer and Naina
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Siddharth Sharma
|5th Place; Dumped by Ex-contestants
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Akshata Sonawane
|5th Place; Dumped by Ex-contestants
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Akash Chaudhary
|6th Place; Dumped by Mohit and Steffi; lost against Priyank and Divya
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Hritu Zee
|6th Place; lost against Priyank and Divya
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Aquib Mir
|7th Place; Entered as wild card entrant; Dumped by Hritu Zee
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Nibedita Pal
|8th Place; Dumped by Priyank Sharma
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Ripudaman Singh
|9th Place; Dumped by Aquib and Hritu
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Maddy Sharma
|10th Place; Dumped by Haneet and Alisha
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Anmol Chaudhary
|11th Place; Dumped by Priyank and Nibedita
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Nachiket Karekar
|11th Place; Dumped by Priyank and Nibedita
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Eisha Chaudhary
|12th Place; Dumped by Haneet and Alisha
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
|Khushi Mukherjee
|13th Place; Dumped by Siddharth and Akshata
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
|Archit Bhatia
|14th Place; Dumped by Siddharth and Akshata
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|}

==Season 11==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 11
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #006600
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = {{ubl|[[Rannvijay Singha]]|[[Sunny Leone]] | (Hosts) | [[Baseer Ali]] | [[Divya Agarwal]] | (Villa Insiders)}}
| num_contestants = 22
| winner = {{ubl|Gaurav Alugh| [[Shruti Sinha]]}}
| runner_up = {{ubl|[[Shagun Pandey]]|[[Samyuktha Hegde]]}}
}}
| num_episodes = 27
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2018|08|05}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2019|02|03}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (Season 10)|Season 10]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 12)|Season 12]]''
}}
'''''Splitsvilla 11''''', styled as '''''Splitsvilla XI''''', is the eleventh season of the Indian reality TV series MTV Splitsvilla. It premiered on 5 August 2018 on [[MTV India]]. Hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Rannvijay Singha]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/sunny-leone-rannvijay-singha-splitsvilla-11-photos-5312907/lite/|title=Sunny Leone and Rannvijay Singha promote MTV Splitsvilla 11|website=Indianexpress|date=18 August 2018 |access-date= 18 August 2018}}</ref> the show consisted of ten boys and nine girls who came to play the game of love.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/splitsvilla-11-contestants-rannvijay-singha-sunny-leone-show-5284990/lite/|title=Splitsvilla 11: Meet the contestants of Sunny Leone and Rannvijay Singha's show|website=Indianexpress|date=2 August 2018 |access-date= 2 August 2018}}</ref> Shot in [[Jim Corbett National Park]] following the previous season, the theme of the season was "Happily (N)Ever After" or "Happily Ever After....Or Never After?". The season was won by Gaurav Alugh and [[Shruti Sinha]]
<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 February 2019|title=Splitsvilla 11 winner: Shruti Sinha and Gaurav Alugh bag the trophy along with the cash prize
|url=
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-11-shruti-sinha-and-gaurav-alugh-bag-the-trophy-along-with-the-cash-prize/articleshow/67818043.cms
|website=Times Of India|language=en}}</ref> whereas Shagun Pandey and [[Samyuktha Hegde]] emerged as first runner-up.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto; text alignment: centre"
! colspan="3" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Gaurav Alugh
| 1st Place; Entered as wild card; Defeated Shagun and Samyuktha in the finale
| rowspan="2" style="background:#4CFC40;"!|'''''Winners'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| [[Shruti Sinha]]
| 1st Place; Defeated Shagun and Samyuktha in the finale
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| [[Shagun Pandey]]
| 2nd Place; Lost Against Gaurav and Shruti
| rowspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" ! |'''''1st Runner Up'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| [[Samyuktha Hegde]]
| 2nd Place; Entered as wild card; Lost Against Gaurav and Shruti
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Kabeer Bhartiya
| 3rd Place;lost against Gaurav and Shruti & Shagun and Samyuktha
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" ! |'''''Semi Finalist'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Anushka Mitra
| 3rd Place; Lost against Gaurav and Shruti & Shagun and Samyuktha
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Anshuman Malhotra

| 4th Place; Lost against Gaurav and Shruti & Shagun and Samyuktha
| rowspan="2" style="background:yellow;" ! |'''''Semi Finalist'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Roshni Wadhwani

| 4th Place;Dumped by Gaurav Shruti re entered; Lost against Gaurav and Shruti & Shagun and Samyuktha
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Maera Mishra
| 5th Place; Dumped by ex-splitsvillains
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| [[Fahad Ali]]
| 5th Place; Dumped by ex-splitsvillains
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Mehak Ghai
| 6th Place; Entered as wild card entrant; Dumped by ex-splitsvillains
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Aarushi Dutta
| 7th Place; Dumped by Fahad Ali
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| [[Arushi Handa]]
| 8th Place; Dumped by Fahad and Mehak
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| [[Simba Nagpal]]
| 9th Place; Dumped by Anshuman and Roshni
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Rohan Hingorani
| 9th Place; Dumped by Anshuman and Roshni
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Monal Jagtani
| 10th Place; Dumped by Rohan, Shruti and Samyuktha
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Gaurav Sharma
| 11th Place; Dumped by Anshuman and Roshni
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Karan Manocha
| 12th Place; Dumped by Shagun and Arushi Handa
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Sheetal Tiwari
| 13th Place; Lost against Fahad Ali
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Anshula Dhawan
| 14th Place; Dumped by Kabeer and Anushka Mitra
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Puneet Kumar
| 15th Place; Dumped by Aarushi Dutta
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Chetan Titre
| 16th Place; Dumped by Boys of Villa
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|}

:{{color box|#00FFFF|border=silver}} indicates a male contestant
:{{color box|#FFC0CB|border=silver}} indicates a female contestant
:{{color box|#0048BA|border=silver}} indicates the original Splitsvilla contestants.
:{{color box|#E52B50|border=silver}} indicates wild card entry.

==Season 12==
MTV Splitsvilla season 12 began on 16 August 2019 and was hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Rannvijay Singha|Rannvijay Singh]]. Priyamvada Kant and [[Shrey Mittal]] won the show while Ashish Bhatia and Miesha Iyer became 1st Runner Up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-17 |title=Priyamvada Kant and Shrey Mittal win Splitsvilla 12 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/priyamvada-kant-shrey-mittal-win-splitsvilla-12-6221777/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Season 13==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 13
| caption =
| bgcolour = #4B0082
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Rannvijay Singha]] [[Sunny Leone]] {{small| (Splitsvilla)}} [[Nikhil Chinapa]] {{small| (Wild Villa)}}
| num_contestants = 27 (including Wild Villa)
| winner = Jay Dudhane Aditi Rajput
| runner_up = Shivam Sharma Pallak Yadav
}}
| network = [[MTV (Indian TV channel)|MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|03|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|10|02|df=yes}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla season 12|Season 12]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla season 14|season 14]]''
}}

'''MTV Splitsvilla 13''', styled as '''''MTV Splitsvilla X3''''', is the thirteenth season of the Indian reality TV series ''MTV Splitsvilla''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-06 |title=Splitsvilla 13 Review: The fiery fight between golden & silver arrows of love will keep the audience hooked |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/splitsvilla-13-review-fiery-fight-between-golden-silver-arrows-love-will-keep-audience-hooked-634199 |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> Shot in [[Kerala]], the season was hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Rannvijay Singha]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 February 2021|title=MTV Splitsvilla 13: Rannvijay Singha, Sunny Leone hosted show to go air on March 6|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/mtv-splitsvilla-13-rannvijay-singha-sunny-leone-hosted-show-to-go-air-on-march-6-682952|website=IndiaTv|language=en}}</ref> and premiered on 6 March 2021. Initially the season consisted of 9 boys and 12 girls who came to play the game of love, 3 contestants along with 3 dumped contestants entered from Wild Villa. The theme of the season was based on Cupid's Gold and Silver arrow, with taglines "One for Love, One for Chance" and "Let Cupid work his magic". The finale aired on 2 October 2021 where Jay Dudhane and Aditi Rajput emerged as the winners.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2021|title=Zayn Malik and salena Raut win MTV Splitsvilla 13
|url=
https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/jay-dudhane-and-aditi-rajput-win-mtv-splitsvilla-13-rannvijay-singha-sunny-leone-7548377/
|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="3" |Contestant
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Jay Dudhane
| rowspan="2" | 1st place; defeated Shivam and Pallak in the finale
| rowspan="2" style="background:#4CFC40;" ! |'''''Winner'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Aditi Rajput
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Shivam Sharma
| rowspan="2" |2nd place; lost in finale against Jay and Aditi
| rowspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" ! |'''''1st {{nowrap|Runner-Up}}'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Pallak Yadav
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Dhruv Malik
| 3rd place; lost in semi-finale
| Rowspan=2 style="background:orange;" ! |'''''2nd Runner-Up'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:red;" |
| Sapna Malic
| 3rd place; entered as a wild card, lost in semi-finale
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Nikhil Malik
| rowspan="2" |4th Place; lost in semi-finale
| rowspan="2" style="background:aqua;" ! |'''''3rd Runner-Up'''''
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Bhoomika Vasishth
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" ! |
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0048BA;" ! |
| rowspan="2" | Avantika Sharma
| {{Nowrap|5th place; dumped by Kat and Kevin}} (Ideal Match); entered Wild Villa
| rowspan="2" {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
|Re-entered as a wild card; eliminated in quarter-finale
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Piyush Manwani
| 5th Place; entered as a wild card; eliminated in quarter-finale
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" ! |
| rowspan="2" style= "background:slateblue;" |
| rowspan="2" |Samruddhi Jadhav
| 6th Place; dumped by Kat and Kevin (Ideal Match); entered wild villa
| rowspan="2" {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Re-entered as a wild card, dumped due to Oracle Consequences
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Trevon Dias
| 6th Place; dumped due to Oracle Consequences
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
!style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
!style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Kat Kristian
| 7th Place; walked along with Kevin
|{{quit|Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:slateblue;" |
| Kevin Almasifar
| 7th Place; disqualified for physical violence with Shivam
|{{CRemoved|Ejected}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:gold;" |
| Nikita Bhamidipati
| 8th Place; dumped by Dhruv and Sapna (Ideal Match)
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#00FFFF;" ! |
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0048BA;" ! |
| rowspan="2" |Samarthya Gupta
| 8th Place; dumped by Jay and Aditi (Ideal Match), entered Wild Villa
| rowspan=2 {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Re-entered as a wild card, dumped by Dhruv and Sapna (Ideal Match)
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Arushi Chib
| 9th Place; dumped by Kevin and Kat (Ideal Match)
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#00FFFF;" |
! style="background:slateblue" |
| Gary Lu
| 10th Place; dumped by Kat and Kevin (Ideal match)
|{{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
!style="background:#00FFFF;" |
!style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Vyomesh Koul
| 11th Place; withdrew due to illness
|{{quit|Quit}}
|-
!style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
!style="background:gold;" |
| Riya Kishanchandani
| 12th Place; dumped by Kevin and Kat (Ideal Match)/lost survival challenge, entered Wild Villa
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC0CB;" ! |
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0048BA;" ! |
| rowspan="2" |Janvi Sikaria
|11th Place; dumped by Kevin and Kat (Ideal Match), entered Wild Villa
| rowspan=2 {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Lost in Finale/wild card chance to Splitsvilla
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#00FFFF;" ! |
| rowspan="2" style="background:#0048BA;" ! |
| rowspan="2" |Devashish Chandiramani
|12th Place; dumped by Kevin and Kat (Ideal Match), entered Wild Villa
| rowspan=2 {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
| Lost in 2nd elimination challenge/wild card chance to Splitsvilla
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#0048BA;" ! |
| Shweta Nair
|13th Place; dumped by Nikhil; entered Wild Villa
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFC0CB;" |
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Azma Fallah
|14th Place; dumped by Nikhil and Pallak
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
|}
:{{color box|#00FFFF|border=silver}} indicates a male contestant
: {{color box|#FFC0CB|border=silver}} indicates a female contestant
: {{color box|#4CFC40|border=silver}} indicates the winner's
: {{color box|#D1E8EF|border=silver}} indicates the runner-up's
: {{color box|#fcf|border=silver}} indicates the contestant have left due to emergency/medical reasons.
: {{color box|#ffe08b|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been removed from the show.
: {{color box|#FA8072|border=silver}} indicates the contestant has been eliminated.
: {{color box|#0048BA|border=silver}} indicates the original Splitsvilla contestants.
: {{color box|#f4bf42|border=silver}} indicates the celebrity contestants.
: {{color box|slateblue|border=silver}} Indicates the contestants was a Facebook audition entry.
:{{color box|#E52B50|border=silver}} indicates the original wild villa contestants.

==Season 14==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 14
| image = Splitsvilla X4.jpg
| caption =
| bgcolour = #16e2f5
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Arjun Bijlani]] [[Sunny Leone]] {{small|(Hosts)}} Abhimanyu Raghav Anushka Mitra {{small|(Villa Insiders)}}
| num_contestants = 28
| winner = Soundous Moufakir Hamid Barkzi
| runner_up = Justin D'Cruz Sakshi Shrivas
}}
| num_episodes = 
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|11|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|02|11|df=yes}}
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (Season 13)|Season 13]]''
| next_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 15)|Season 15]]''
}}
'''Splitsvilla 14''', styled as '''''Splitsvilla X4''''', is the fourteenth season of the Indian reality series ''MTV Splitsvilla''. Shot in [[Goa]], the season was hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Arjun Bijlani]]<ref name="Sundrani">{{Cite web |last=Sundrani |first=Akshat |date=2022-09-24 |title=Arjun Bijlani replaces Rannvijay Singha, heads to host Splitsvilla X4 with Sunny Leone in Goa |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/arjun-bijlani-replaces-rannvijay-singha-host-splitsvilla-x4-sunny-leone-goa-latest-tv-news-2022-09-24-811044 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Shweta">{{Cite web |last=Shweta |first=Keshri |date=2022-08-22 |title=Arjun Bijlani replaces Rannvijay Singha, joins Sunny Leone as host of Splitsvilla X4 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/arjun-bijlani-replaces-rannvijay-singha-joins-sunny-leone-as-host-of-splitsvilla-x4-1991176-2022-08-22 |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> along with Anushka Mitra and Abhimanyu Raghav as Villa Insiders. It premiered on 12 November 2022 on MTV India. The Grand Finale premiered on 11 February 2023 where Hamid Barkzi and Soundous Moufakir emerged as the winners.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="2" |Contestant<ref name="Contestants">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/splitsvilla-14-from-uorfi-javed-to-hamid-barkzi-confirmed-list-of-contestants-this-season/photostory/95306221.cms|title=Sakshi Shrivas, 22 - Splitsvilla 14: From Uorfi Javed to Hamid Barkzi; confirmed list of contestants this season|date=5 November 2022|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Notes
! scope="col" |Status
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Hamid Barkzi
| rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|Defeated Justin & Sakshi S}} and Kashish & Akashlina in the finale
| rowspan="2" style="background:#4CFC40;" ! | Winner
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|{{Nowrap| Soundous Moufakir}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Justin D'Cruz
|rowspan="2" |Lost in finale against Hamid & Soundous
| rowspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" ! |1st Runner-up
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Sakshi Shrivas
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Kashish Thakur
|rowspan="2" |Lost in finale against Hamid & Soundous and Justin & Sakshi S
| rowspan="2" style="background:orange;" ! |2nd Runner-up
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Akashlina Chandra
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Amir Hossein
| Lost in Semi Finale against Justin & Sakshi S
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Pema Leilani
|Lost in Semi Finale against Justin & Sakshi S
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Prakshi Goyal
| Lost in Semi Finale against Kashish & Akashlina
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
|Tara Prasad
|Lost in Semi Finale against Kashish & Akashlina
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Honey Kamboj
|Dumped By Hamid & Soundous
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Moose Jattana
|Dumped by Hamid & Soundous
|{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Mehak Sembhy
|Dumped by Hamid & Soundous
|Rowspan="2"{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Sohail D
|Dumped by Kashish T & Akashlina
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Shrea Prasad
|Dumped by Honey & Moose
|Rowspan="3"{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Aagaz Akhtar
|Rowspan="2" |Dumped by Justin & Sakshi S
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
|Hiba Trabelssi
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Kashish Ratnani
|Rowspan="2" |Dumped by Amir & Pema
|Rowspan="2"{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
| Samarth Jurel
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Aradhana Verma
|Rowspan="3" |Dumped by Kashish T & Akashlina
|Rowspan="3"{{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Sakshi Dwivedi
|-
! style="background:#E52B50;" |
|Shivam Sharma
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Joshua Chhabra
| Dumped by Prakshi
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#e52b50;" |
|[[Urfi Javed|Uorfi Javed]]
|Revealed as ''Mischief Maker''
|{{CGuest|Guest}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Saumya Bhandari
|Dumped by Amir, Pema & Shrea
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
|Rishabh Jaiswal
|Dumped by Honey & Akashlina
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Oviya Darnal
|Dumped by Kashish T & Uorfi and Hamid & Soundous
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#0048BA;" |
| Dhruvin Busa
|Dumped by Justin & Sakshi S
| {{Eliminated}}
|}
: {{Color box|#0048ba|border=silver}} indicates original contestants.
: {{Color box|#e52b50|border=silver}} indicates wild-card contestants.

==Season 15==

'''Splitsvilla 15''', styled as '''''Splitsvilla X5''''', is the fifteenth season of the Indian reality series ''MTV Splitsvilla''. Shot in [[Udaipur]], the season was hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Tanuj Virwani]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= Entertainment |first=Times |date=2024-03-30 |title=Sunny Leone And Tanuj Virwani To Host Splitsvilla X5: "ExSqueeze Me Please"|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-sunny-leone-and-tanuj-virwani-to-host-splitsvilla-x5-exsqueeze-me-please-things-to-look-forward-to-in-the-premiere-episode/articleshow/108895804.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> It premiered on 30 March 2024, on [[MTV India]] and is digitally available on [[JioCinema]]. The grand finale premiered on 11 August 2024, where Jashwanth Bopanna and Akriti Negi were announced as the winners of season fifteenth.<ref>{{cite news|title='Splitsvilla X5': Kratos and Akriti Negi declared winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/splitsvilla-x5-grand-finale-winners-Kratos-and-akriti-negi-2580685-2024-08-11|website=[[India Today]]|date=11 August 2024|access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref>

Janta Jury Live event premiered on [[JioCinema]] before finals. It was a fan bonus episode featuring most talked-about contestants where they face the heat from India's top fan pages and media houses in a courtroom-style showdown. The episode also witnessed a full-house fan fest with contestants sharing their experiences, insights, and juicy gossip, leading to epic face-offs.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="3"|Contestant<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiocinema.com/listing/meet-the-splitsvillains/826630e10531908b892173324efa17ab?layout=3x4%203%20cards&card=default&isPlaylist=false|title= Splitsvilla 15: Meet The Splitsvillains|date=30 March 2024|website=JioCinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/tv/splitsvilla-15-contestant-list-meet-the-participants-of-dating-reality-show/ar-BB1l3nHT?ocid=BingNewsVerp |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
!Notes
!Status
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Akriti Negi
|rowspan="2" |Defeated Harsh and Rushali in the finale
| rowspan="2" style="background:#73FB76;" |Winners
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Jashwanth Bopanna
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Harsh Arora
|rowspan="2" |Lost in finale against Jashwanth and Akriti
| rowspan="2" style="background:#D1E8EF;" |{{nowrap|Runners-up}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Rushali Yadav
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Digvijay Singh Rathee
| Eliminated due to Kashish choosing money
| style="background:yellow;" |Finalist
|-
| style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
| style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Kashish Kapoor
|Walked; with {{INR}}10 lakh cash prize
| style="background:#fcf;" |Finalist; Walked
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="2" |Siwet Tomar
|Dumped by Akriti
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#7289DA |
| Re-entered; Lost in semi-finale against Digvijay and Kashish
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Anicka Sharma
| Lost in semi-finale against Digvijay and Kashish
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Arbaz Patel
| Lost in semi-finale against Harsh and Rushali
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Nayera Ahuja
| Siwet's ex; Lost in semi-finale against Harsh and Rushali
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Lakshay Gaur
| Anicka's ex; Dumped (by unsafe contestants)
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#7289DA;" |
|Shubhi Joshi
| Harsh's ex; Dumped (by unsafe contestants)
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Aniket Lama
| Dumped (by safe contestants)
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Deekila Sherpa
| Aniket's ex; Dumped (by safe contestants)
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Addy Jain
|rowspan="2" | Dumped by Mischief Box twist
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Dev Karan Sharma
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Shobhika Bali
| Dumped by {{nowrap|Harsh and Shubhi}}
| rowspan="3" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Sachin Sharma
| Akriti's ex; Dumped by {{nowrap|Harsh and Shubhi}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Unnati Tomar
| Adit's ex; Dumped by {{nowrap|Harsh and Shubhi}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#7289DA;" |
|Swastika Bhattacharjee
| Sachin's ex; Left due to personal reasons
|{{quit|Walked}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="2" | Ishita Rawat
| {{Nowrap|Dumped by Ayushman}}; Entered ex-Isle
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
| Re-entered; Dumped by Akriti
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Ameha Gurung
| Dumped by {{nowrap|Harsh and Shubhi}} (Ideal Match)
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Ruru Thakur
| Yuvraj's ex; Dumped by {{nowrap|Harsh and Shubhi}} (Ideal Match)
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Adit Minocha
| Left due to medical issue
|{{quit|Walked}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Khanak Waghnani
|rowspan="2" | Dumped (by unsafe contestants)
|rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Yuvraj Bassi
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Dewangini Vyas
| Dumped by {{nowrap|Digvijay and Unnati}} (Ideal Match)
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Divyansh Pokharna
| Dewangini's ex; Dumped by {{nowrap|Digvijay and Unnati}} (Ideal Match)
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Ayushmaan Maggu
| Dumped by {{nowrap|Harsh and Rushali}} (Ideal Match)
| rowspan="2" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Rigden Nadik Bhutia
| Ameha's ex; Dumped by Harsh and Rushali (Ideal Match)
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|Nidhi Goyal
| Dumped (by unsafe contestants)
| rowspan="3" {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FFFF00;" |
|Rahul Raja
| Nidhi's ex; Dumped {{nowrap|by Jashwanth and Akriti}} (Ideal Match)
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Niharika "Arica" Porwal
| Dumped by Jashwanth and Akriti (Ideal Match)
|}
: {{color box|#FAAFBA|}} indicates female contestants.
: {{color box|#89CFF0|}} indicates male contestants.
: {{color box|#FF4FB6|}} indicates Splitsvilla contestants.
: {{color box|#FFFF00|}} indicates Ex-Isle contestants.
: {{color box|#7289DA|}} indicates wildcard contestants.

==Season 16==
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 16
| image =
| caption =
| bgcolour = #FFB7C5
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Karan Kundrra]] [[Sunny Leone]] {{small|(Hosts)}} [[Uorfi Javed]] [[Nia Sharma]] {{small|(Mischief Makers)}}
| num_contestants = 33
| winner =
| runner_up =
}}
| num_episodes = 
| network = [[MTV India]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2026|01|09|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| episode_list =
| prev_series = ''[[MTV Splitsvilla (season 15)|Season 15]]''
| next_series =
}}
'''''Splitsvilla 16 – Pyaar Ya Paisa''''', stylized as '''''Splitsvilla X6''''', is the sixteenth season of the Indian reality television series ''MTV Splitsvilla''. Shot in [[Mahabalipuram]], the season was hosted by [[Sunny Leone]] and [[Karan Kundrra]] along with “Mischief Makers” [[Uorfi Javed]] and [[Nia Sharma]]. It premiered on 9 January 2026 on [[MTV India]] and is digitally available on JioHotstar.

This season had the concept of two villas: a "Pyaar Villa" (love villa) where contestants would go through the typical "love" route by winning tasks and getting the chance to go in front of the Oracle to potentially become an Ideal Match and sit on the Pyaar Villa throne and a "Paisa Villa" (money villa) where contestants can gain power through "Splitcoins" (the show's currency) earned after winning tasks which allowed two contestants (one girl and one boy) with the highest amount to become a Power Match and sit on the Power Throne.

Additionally, every contestant was given the choice between "Pyaar" and "Paisa" by the Mischief Makers and their choices were kept secret. It came into play when a contestant was dumped: if dumped by the Ideal Match in the Pyaar Villa and their choice was revealed to be "Pyaar", the Ideal Match would lose their power and be dethroned but if the choice was "Paisa", the Ideal Match continues their hold over the throne until another Ideal Match is formed. In the Paisa Villa, between the Power Match one would have the power to dump and the other would have the power to save; if the dumped contestant had chosen "Paisa", then the one who dumped them would lose all their Splitcoins and thus their power but if the choice was "Pyaar", then their Splitcoin count would be doubled.

There was a mid-game swap between the two villas: the boys of the Pyaar Villa were sent to the Paisa villa and vice-versa. Then halfway through the season, the villas were merged with the two thrones existing simultaneously, thus leaving two ways to win the show: Pyaar or Paisa.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! colspan="3" | Contestant !! Notes !! Status
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Akanksha Choudhary
|
|
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Anisha Shinde
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Anushka Ghosh
| rowspan="2" | Dumped by Deeptanshu (Re-entered in pyaar villa)
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#7289DA;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Asmita Adhikari
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Ayush Sharma
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Deeptanshu Saini
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Diksha Pawar
| rowspan="3" | Self-Eliminated for Himanshu (Re-entered in paisa villa)
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-

! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Gauresh Gujral
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Harshit Gururani
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Himanshu Arora
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Kaira
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Kushal Tanwar ''(Gullu)''
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Mohit Magotra
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Niharika Tiwari
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Preet Singh
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Ron Kariappa
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#7289DA;;" |
| Ruru Thakur
| Wild card entry (Yogesh's ex)
|
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Sadhaaf Shankar
|
|
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Soundharya Shetty
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Sorab Bedi
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Suzzane
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Tayne De Villiers
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Vishu Bajaj
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Gagan Sharma
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Zalak Gohil
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! rowspan="3" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="3" | Chakshdeep Singh
| rowspan="3" | {{nowrap|Dumped by Himanshu and Soundharya}} (Power Match)
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FFC7C7;" | Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Anjali Schmuck
| {{nowrap|Dumped by Gauresh and Akanksha}} (Ideal Match)
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| rowspan="2" | Simran Khan
|Dumped by Mischief Box twist (Re-entered in paisa villa)
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#479D46;" |
|Dumped by Neha Chand
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| Keona Walke
| Withdrew
|{{quit|Quit}}
|-
! style="background:#FAAFBA;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| Khushi Rawal
|Dumped by Kaira
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| rowspan="2" | Ayush Jamwal
| rowspan="2" |Dumped by Mischief Box twist
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;" | Eliminated
|-
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#479D46;" |
| Aarav Chugh
|Dumped by Vishu
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
! style="background:#89CFF0;" |
! style="background:#FF4FB6;" |
| Anuj Sharma
|Dumped by Mischief Box twist
| {{Eliminated}}
|}
: {{color box|#FAAFBA|}} indicates female contestants.
: {{color box|#89CFF0|}} indicates male contestants.
: {{color box|#FF4FB6|}} indicates pyaar villa contestants.
: {{color box|#479D46|}} indicates paisa villa contestants.
: {{color box|#7289DA|}} indicates wildcard contestants.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt4746820}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mtv Splitsvilla}}
[[Category:2008 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:MTV (Indian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Flavor of Love spinoffs]]
[[Category:Indian dating and relationship reality television series]]

Prestige Kingfisher Towers

2026-03-23T04:56:57Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started a info...

{{Multiple issues|
{{disputed|date=October 2025}}
{{refimprove|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Short description|Luxury residential skyscraper in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Kingfisher Towers
| image = Kingfisher Towers Bangalore.jpg
| former_names =
| status = {{Color|green|Completed}}
| building_type = [[Residential building|Residential skyscraper]]
| architectural_style = [[Modern architecture|Modern]]
| location = [[Kasturba Road]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12.9722|N|77.5956|E|region:IN-KA|display=inline}}
| construction_start_date = 2012<ref name="toi-construction-start">{{cite news |title=UB, Prestige join hands for residential project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/ub-prestige-join-hands-for-residential-project/articleshow/12887779.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 April 2012 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
| completion_date = 2018<ref name="completion2018">{{cite news |title=Inside Kingfisher Towers: Bengaluru's most elite address where Vijay Mallya once planned a sky mansion |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/real-estate-trends/inside-kingfisher-towers-bengalurus-most-elite-address-10934541.html |work=Moneycontrol |publisher=Network18 |date=5 March 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
| roof = 122 m<ref name="ctbuh-height">{{cite web |title=Kingfisher Towers |url=https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/kingfisher-towers/19745 |website=The Skyscraper Center |publisher=CTBUH |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
| floor_count = 34
| floor_area = ~65,000 m²
| main_contractor = [[Prestige Group]]<ref name="forbes-irfanrazack">{{cite news |last=Raghunathan |first=Anu |title=After Riding Bangalore's Tech Boom, This Indian Property Magnate Stepped Out Of His Comfort Zone To Build A $6 Billion Fortune |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/anuraghunathan/2024/10/09/after-riding-bangalores-tech-boom-this-indian-property-magnate-stepped-out-of-his-comfort-zone-to-build-a-6-billion-fortune/ |work=Forbes |date=9 October 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>
| architect = Thomas Associates
| developer = [[Prestige Group]], [[Irfan Razack]], [[United Breweries Group]]
| owner =
}}

'''Kingfisher Towers''' is also known as '''Prestige Kingfisher Towers''', is a [[Luxury apartment|luxury]] [[residential]] [[Housing complex|complex]] located on [[Kasturba Road]] in [[UB City]] at [[Vittal Mallya]] road [[Bangalore]].<ref name="et-whitehouse">{{cite news |title=Vijay Mallya's White House in the sky: First-ever visuals & details |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/Vijay-Mallyas-White-House-in-the-sky-First-ever-visuals-details/articleshow/10387503.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=1 January 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="About Kingfisher Tower - [[Vijay Mallya]]">{{cite news |title=Kingfisher Towers: Bengaluru's Billionaire Tower Where Vijay Mallya Owned a Penthouse; Apartment Prices Will Shock You |url=https://www.india.com/business/kingfisher-towers-ub-city-this-is-bengaluru-billionaires-tower-vijay-mallya-owned-a-penthouse-here-apartment-prices-will-shock-you-flats-cost-rs-60000-per-sqft-narayana-murthy-7685179/ |work=India.com |date=4 February 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> Developed by the [[Prestige Group]] in collaboration with the [[United Breweries Group]], The building list as the [[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore|tallest residential buildings in Bangalore]].<ref name="tallest-building">{{cite news |title=Tallest Residential Buildings in Bengaluru: Kingfisher Towers, SNN Clermont and more |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/tallest-residential-buildings-in-bengaluru-kingfisher-towers-snn-clermont-and-more-10024091.html |work=Moneycontrol |date=10 February 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref> The property has since been seized by [[Government of India]].<ref name="ht-sky">{{cite news |title=Inside Vijay Mallya's Lavish Kingfisher Towers Sky Mansion in Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/inside-vijay-mallya-lavish-kingfisher-tower-sky-mansion-in-bengaluru-101643601224556.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="india-today-mansion">{{cite news |title=Vijay Mallya's Bengaluru penthouse lies untouched amid legal troubles |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vijay-mallya-bengaluru-kingfisher-tower-sky-mansion-penthouse-legal-troubles-2478545-2024-01-16 |work=India Today |date=16 January 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="business-insider">{{cite news |title=Vijay Mallya's palatial penthouse in Bengaluru remains untouched amid legal proceedings |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/vijay-mallyas-palatial-penthouse-in-bengaluru-remains-untouched-amid-legal-proceedings/articleshow/108156193.cms |work=Business Insider India |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

== Design and construction ==
The towers were designed by Thomas Associates. A distinctive architectural feature is the rooftop cantilever supporting the "Sky Mansion" originally planned by businessman [[Vijay Mallya]].<ref name="mallya-owner">{{cite news |title=Inside Vijay Mallya's Lavish Kingfisher Towers Sky Mansion in Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/luxury/inside-vijay-mallya-s-lavish-kingfisher-towers-sky-mansion-in-bengaluru-101705080129041.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="etnow-elite">{{cite news |title=Indian billionaires who own flats in Bengaluru's poshest area, Ashok Nagar |url=https://www.etnownews.com/et-now-luxe/indian-billionaires-who-own-flats-in-bengalurus-poshest-area-ashok-nagar-from-sudha-murty-to-nikhil-kamath-article-151396488 |work=ET Now |date=20 June 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== Sky Mansion ==
The Sky Mansion covering the top levels of one tower, was built as a 40,000 square foot [[penthouse apartment|penthouse]] resembling the [[White House]].<ref name="elpais-sky">{{cite news |title=Helipuertos, piscinas infinitas y bodegas a 120 metros del suelo: la nueva fiebre de construir mansiones en las alturas |url=https://elpais.com/icon-design/2024-10-08/helipuertos-piscinas-infinitas-y-bodegas-a-120-metros-del-suelo-la-nueva-fiebre-de-construir-mansiones-en-las-alturas.html |work=El País |date=8 October 2024 |language=es |access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="bi-sky">{{cite news |title=Vijay Mallya's palatial penthouse in Bengaluru remains untouched amid legal proceedings |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/vijay-mallyas-palatial-40-000-sq-ft-penthouse-in-bengaluru-remains-unclaimed/articleshow/106758183.cms |work=Business Insider India |date=15 February 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> It includes a [[helipad]], [[infinity pool]], private elevators, and landscaped rooftop gardens. Though completed, the mansion remains unoccupied following Mallya's departure from India amid financial and legal proceedings. The property has since been seized by [[Government of India]].<ref name="ht-sky">{{cite news |title=Inside Vijay Mallya's Lavish Kingfisher Towers Sky Mansion in Bengaluru |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/real-estate/inside-vijay-mallya-lavish-kingfisher-tower-sky-mansion-in-bengaluru-101643601224556.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[UB City]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Bangalore]]
* [[Vijay Mallya]]
* [[United Breweries Group]]
* [[Prestige Group]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.prestigeconstructions.com/ Prestige Group Official Website]
* [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Bangalore Images related to buildings in Bangalore]

[[Category:Residential skyscrapers in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Residential buildings completed in 2018]]

Ratilal 'Anil'

2026-03-22T17:18:59Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started new article...

{{Short description|Indian Gujarati-language writer and journalist (1919–2013)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Ratilal 'Anil'
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1919|2|19}}
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2013|8|29|1919|2|19}}
| death_place = [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]], India
| occupation = Writer, editor and journalist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| movement =
| notableworks = * ''Aatano Suraj'' (2002)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = * [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2006)
* [[Vali Gujarati Gazal Award]] (2006)
* [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]]
* [[Kalapi Award]] (2008)
| signature =
| years_active =
}}
'''Ratilal 'Anil'''' (22 February/19 February 1919 — 29 August 2013) was a Gujarati ghazal writer and journalist from [[Gujarat]], India. His other pen names were 'Sandipani', 'Tachak' and 'Kalki'. He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2006 for his collection of essays 'Atano Suraj' as well as the [[Vali Gujarati Gazal Award]] for his contribution to the field of [[Ghazal]]s.

== Life ==
Ratilal 'Anil' originally Ratilal Moolchanddas Rupawala was born on 22 February<ref name=Shukla2003>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Shukla |first=Ramesh M. |editor-last=Thakar |editor-first=Dhirubhai |editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker |encyclopedia=[[Gujarati Vishwakosh]] (ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ) |title=Ratilal 'Anil' |language=gu |date=2002 |publisher=Gujarati Vishvkosh trust|volume=17 |location=Ahmedabad |pages=280 |oclc=551875907}}</ref> or 19 February<ref name="The Times of India 2013">{{cite news |title=ratilal anil: Poet Ratilal Anil passes away - Surat News |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=20 August 2013 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/poet-ratilal-anil-passes-away/articleshow/22152145.cms |access-date=16 March 2025}}</ref> in [[Surat]]. [[Embroidery]] was his family business. His father died when he was two years old. His mother, in charge of the family got them involved in the household business after primary education up to Class 2. He studied literature by reading the novels of the Gujarati press found in the house.<ref name="Shukla2003"/>

In 1942, he joined the freedom movement and served a six-month jail term in Sabarmati Jail. In jail, he was introduced to like-minded freedom activist colleagues, thus advancing his literary career. During this time, he started writing ghazals and participating in [[mushaira]]s. He became minister and later president of the 'Mahagujarat Ghazal Mandal'.<ref name="Shukla2003"/><ref name="DeshGujarat 2013">{{cite web |title=Veteran writer Ratilal Anil(94) passes away, Modi condoles death |website=DeshGujarat |date=29 August 2013 |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2013/08/29/veteran-writer-ratilal-anil94-passes-away-modi-condoles-death/ |access-date=6 February 2021}}</ref>

[[Gandhi]]'s nephew Narandas Gandhi associated Ratilal with the 'Rupayatan' organization located in [[Girnar]], [[Junagadh]], [[Gujarat]]. While staying there, he edited 'Pyara Bapu', a monthly magazine of Gandhian thought, and studied [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]]'s literature along with Gandhian literature. After coming to Surat, he edited a monthly called 'Pragya'. At the same time became an assistant in the publishing activity of the Harihar library, and in the meantime also started writing column in '[[Gujarat Mitra]]'. He became an associate of Neeru Desai in 'Shrirang', the magazine of '[[Gujarat Samachar]]'. He then joined 'Lokvani' and then in the editorial board of '[[Gujarat Mitra]]'. After retirement, Ratilal started a literary magazine called 'Kankavati' and remained its editor.<ref name="Shukla2003"/>

He died in [[Surat]] on August 29, 2013.<ref name="The Times of India 2013"/><ref name="DeshGujarat 2013"/>

== Literary Contributions ==
Ratilal 'Anil's first collection of ghazals, 'Damro ane Tulsi', was published in 1955. The collection 'Mastini Paloma' mainly includes [[Ruba'i|Rubai]] was Published in 1956. His next collection of ghazals, 'Rasto', was published in 1997. He has also contributed to the field of humor, essay as well as character writing. 'Hasyalahari' (1987) is a book of humour while 'Manharno 'M' and 'Atano Suraj' (2002) are his collections of essays. The characteristic literature he wrote includes 'Ava Hata Bapu' ({{literal translation|Such was Bapu}}) (Parts 1, 2, 3) (1857, '58, '59), 'Indira Gandhi' (1972) and the book 'Safarna Saathi' ({{literal translation|Companion of the Journey}}) (2001), which gives an introductory-artistic note about Ghazalkars. Published in 1997, 'Chandarana' is a collection of suktis and sutras. Published in 1997, 'Chandarana' is a collection of sayings and aphorisms.<ref name="Shukla2003"/><ref name="DeshGujarat 2013"/>

== Honours and awards ==
He received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2006 for his collection of essays 'Atano Suraj' as well as the [[Vali Gujarati Gazal Award]] for his contribution to the field of ghazals.<ref name="The Times of India 2013"/> He also received the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]], a literary honour in Gujarat, India, bestowed by the organisation known as Narmad Sahitya Sabha, Surat, in remembrance of renowned Gujarati poet [[Narmad]]. In 2008, he received the [[Kalapi Award]], an annual award given to Gujarati ghazal poets, founded by the INT Aditya Birla Centre for Performing Arts and Research. He received the Best Journalist and Columnist Award from the Surat Patrakar Mandal.<ref name="Shukla2003"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Suresh Dalal]]}}
{{s-ttl | title = Recipient of the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati|Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati]] | years = 2006}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Rajendra Shukla (poet)|Rajendra Shukla]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:'Anil', Ratilal}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:People from Surat district]]
[[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]

2026-03-16T14:33:56Z

CletaMacfarlane: page fix

{{Short description|Messaging and VoIP service owned by Meta}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox software
| name = WhatsApp
| title = WhatsApp Messenger
| logo = {{#Property:P154}}
| logo_upright = 0.6
| collapsible = no
| screenshot = WhatsApp on Android screenshot.png
| screenshot alt = Screenshot depicting WhatsApp's home screen in 2025
| caption = Screenshot depicting WhatsApp's home screen in 2025
| author = [[Brian Acton]], [[Jan Koum]]
| developer = [[Meta Platforms]], Will Cathcart (Head of WhatsApp)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-whatsapp-tops-2-billion-users-ceo-vows-to-defend-encryption-11581516000 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |title=As WhatsApp Tops 2 Billion Users, Its Boss Vows to Defend Encryption |access-date=April 2, 2020 |first=Jeff |last=Horwitz |date=February 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317001048/https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-whatsapp-tops-2-billion-users-ceo-vows-to-defend-encryption-11581516000 |archive-date=March 17, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPostWhatsAppPushback>{{cite news|first=Will|last=Cathcart|access-date=October 30, 2019|title=Why WhatsApp is pushing back on NSO Group hacking |date=October 29, 2019 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/29/why-whatsapp-is-pushing-back-nso-group-hacking/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030001047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/10/29/why-whatsapp-is-pushing-back-nso-group-hacking/|archive-date=October 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Start date and age|2009|05|03}}
| ver layout = stacked
| programming language = [[Erlang (programming language)|Erlang]]<ref name="fastcompany">{{cite web|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3026758/inside-erlang-the-rare-programming-language-behind-whatsapps-success|title=Inside Erlang, The Rare Programming Language Behind WhatsApp's Success|work=Fast Company|first=Ainsley|last=O'Connell|date=February 21, 2014|access-date=December 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202171209/https://www.fastcompany.com/3026758/inside-erlang-the-rare-programming-language-behind-whatsapps-success|archive-date=February 2, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], [[iPadOS]], [[macOS]], [[Windows]], [[Wear OS]], [[Meta Quest 3|Meta Quest]], [[watchOS]]
| size = 183.7 [[Megabyte|MB]] (iOS)<ref name=iphone>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/app/id310633997|title=WhatsApp Messenger|website=App Store|access-date=June 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430022747/https://apps.apple.com/app/id310633997|archive-date=April 30, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> 
48.02 MB (Android)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.whatsapp/|title=WhatsApp Messenger APKs|website=APKMirror|access-date=April 14, 2024}}</ref>
| genre = [[Social media]], [[instant messaging]], [[VoIP]]
| website = {{URL|https://whatsapp.com}}
| language count = 40 (iOS) and 60 (Android)<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp Help Center – How to change WhatsApp's language|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/account-and-profile/how-to-change-whatsapps-language/?lang=en|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=whatsapp.com|archive-date=July 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703094938/https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/account-and-profile/how-to-change-whatsapps-language?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
| license = [[Proprietary software]] with [[EULA]] "European Region"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/legal/?lang=en|title=WhatsApp|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=June 23, 2022|archive-date=October 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022115919/https://www.whatsapp.com/legal?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> "others"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/legal/business-terms/?lang=en|title=WhatsApp Business Terms of Service|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=June 23, 2022|archive-date=August 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805095124/http://www.whatsapp.com/legal/business-terms/?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
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'''WhatsApp Messenger''', commonly known simply as '''WhatsApp''', is an American [[social media]], [[instant messaging]] (IM), and [[Voice over IP]] (VoIP) service accessible via desktop and [[mobile app]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mihir |last=Patkar |url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/whatsapp-desktop-client-windows-mac-second-best/ |title=WhatsApp Desktop Client for Windows & Mac Is Only Second Best |website=MakeUseOf |date=February 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227185839/https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/whatsapp-desktop-client-windows-mac-second-best/|archive-date=February 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="metz-wired">{{Cite magazine |last=Metz |first=Cade |date=April 5, 2016 |title=Forget Apple vs. the FBI: WhatsApp Just Switched on Encryption for a Billion People |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409122905/https://www.wired.com/2016/04/forget-apple-vs-fbi-whatsapp-just-switched-encryption-billion-people/ |archive-date=April 9, 2017 |access-date=May 13, 2016 |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> Owned by [[Meta Platforms]], the service allows users to send [[text message]]s, [[voice message]]s, and video messages,<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/features/|title=Features|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528133052/https://www.whatsapp.com/features/|archive-date=May 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> make voice and video calls, and share [[image]]s, [[document]]s, [[Internet geolocation|user locations]], and other content.<ref name=":6">{{Citation|url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-voice-calling-now-open-to-all-android-users-report-669693|title=Voice calling|work=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=March 12, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317074148/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-voice-calling-now-open-to-all-android-users-report-669693|archive-date=March 17, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Olson150407 /> The service requires a [[cellular network|cellular]] mobile [[telephone number]] to register.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/general/21009863/?category=5245245|title=WhatsApp FAQ – Using one WhatsApp account on multiple phones, or with multiple phone numbers|website=whatsapp.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510051542/https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/general/21009863/?category=5245245|archive-date=May 10, 2018|access-date=May 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp was launched in May 2009.<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine |last=Rowan |first=David |title=WhatsApp: The inside story |date=February 19, 2014 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/whatsapp-exclusive/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Hannah L. |date=2020-08-31 |title=Jan Koum: The Inspirational Story of the Founder of WhatsApp |url=https://leaders.com/articles/leaders-stories/jan-koum/ |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Leaders.com |archive-date=October 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251025122307/https://leaders.com/articles/leaders-stories/jan-koum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2018, WhatsApp released a standalone business app called WhatsApp Business which can communicate with the standard WhatsApp client.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2018 |title=There's a new version of WhatsApp |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-business-app-download-android-google-play-iphone-features-a8167631.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805075019/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-business-app-download-android-google-play-iphone-features-a8167631.html |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Paul |title=How To Know If Your Business Should Use The New WhatsApp Business App |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/04/06/how-to-know-if-your-business-should-use-the-new-whatsapp-business-app/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408201512/https://www.forbes.com/sites/paularmstrongtech/2019/04/06/how-to-know-if-your-business-should-use-the-new-whatsapp-business-app/ |archive-date=April 8, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> As of May 2025, the service had 3 billion monthly active users, making it the most used messenger app.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/01/whatsapp-now-has-more-than-3-billion-users/ | title=WhatsApp now has more than 3 billion users a month | first=Ivan | last=Mehta | work=[[TechCrunch]] | date=May 1, 2025}}</ref> The name of the app is meant to sound like "[[wikt:what's up|what's up]]".

The service was created by WhatsApp Inc. of [[Mountain View, California]], which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately [[United States dollar|US$]]19.3 billion.<ref name="wsj20140220">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-buy-whatsapp-for-16-billion-1392847766|title=Facebook to Pay $19 Billion for WhatsApp|last1=Albergotti|first1=Reed|date=February 20, 2014|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=September 20, 2019|last2=MacMillan|first2=Douglas|pages=A1, A6|issn=0099-9660|last3=Rusli|first3=Evelyn M.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002220233/https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-to-buy-whatsapp-for-16-billion-1392847766|archive-date=October 2, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="fb-buyout">{{cite press release|title=Facebook to Acquire WhatsApp|url= http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|date= February 19, 2014|access-date= February 19, 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140220020357/http://newsroom.fb.com/News/805/Facebook-to-Acquire-WhatsApp|archive-date= February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the world's most popular messaging application in 2015, with 900 million users,<ref name="metz-wired"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fool.com/investing/general/2015/09/11/facebook-incs-whatsapp-hits-900-million-users-what.aspx|title=Facebook Inc.'s WhatsApp Hits 900 Million Users: What Now?|first=Leo|last=Sun|date=September 11, 2015|work=The Motley Fool|access-date=October 21, 2015|archive-date=October 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014235930/http://www.gb-whatsapp.website/investing/general/2015/09/11/facebook-incs-whatsapp-hits-900-million-users-what.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> and had more than 2{{nbsp}}billion active users worldwide in February 2020.<ref name=2-billion-users>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|title=WhatsApp Blog|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=February 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214043828/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000666/Two-Billion-Users--Connecting-the-World-Privately|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp Business had approximately 200 million monthly users in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp denies report platform is exploring ads |website=[[Reuters]] |date=September 15, 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/whatsapp-explores-ads-chat-app-ft-2023-09-15/ |access-date=April 27, 2024 |archive-date=October 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010215625/https://www.reuters.com/technology/whatsapp-explores-ads-chat-app-ft-2023-09-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By 2016, it had become the primary means of Internet communication in regions including the [[Americas]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], and large parts of [[Europe]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="metz-wired"/>

== History ==
{{WhatsApp timeline}}

=== 2009–2014 ===
WhatsApp was founded by [[Brian Acton]] and [[Jan Koum]], former employees of [[Yahoo]]. Koum incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California on February 24, 2009.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2009 |title=Article of Incorporation on California's Secretary Of State website |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03107761-5735434 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318054743/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=03107761-5735434 |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=December 20, 2020}}</ref> A month earlier, Koum had purchased an [[iPhone]], and he and Acton decided to create an app for the [[App Store (Apple)|App Store]]. The idea started off as an app that would display statuses in a phone's Contacts menu, showing if a person was at work or on a call.<ref name="History" />

Their discussions often took place at the home of Koum's Russian friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose. They realized that to take the idea further, they would need an iPhone developer. Fishman visited RentACoder.com, found Russian developer Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum.<ref name="History" />

Koum named the app WhatsApp to sound like "[[wikt:what's up|what's up]]" and it was published on the [[App Store (Apple)|Apple App Store]] and [[BlackBerry App World]] in May and June 2009 respectively.<ref name=":8" /> However, when early versions of WhatsApp kept [[Crash (computing)|crashing]], Koum considered giving up and looking for a new job. Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".<ref name="History" />

In June 2009, when the app had been downloaded by only a handful of Fishman's Russian-speaking friends, Apple launched [[push technology]], allowing users to be pinged even when not using the app. Koum updated WhatsApp so that everyone in the user's network would be notified when a user's status changed. This new facility, to Koum's surprise, was used by users to ping "each other with jokey custom statuses like, 'I woke up late' or 'I'm on my way.'"<ref name="History" /> Fishman said, "At some point it sort of became instant messaging".<ref name="History" />

WhatsApp 2.0, released for [[iPhone]] in August 2009, featured a purpose-designed messaging component; the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

Although Acton was working on another startup idea, he decided to join the company.<ref name="History" /> In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends at Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in [[seed funding]], and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined WhatsApp on November 1.<ref name="History" /> Koum then hired a friend in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop a [[BlackBerry]] version, which arrived two months later.<ref name="History" /> Subsequently, WhatsApp for Symbian OS was added in May 2010, and for Android OS in August 2010.<ref name="MyUser_Venturebeat.com_June_5_2016c" /> In 2010 Google made multiple acquisition offers for WhatsApp, which were all declined.<ref name="Neeraj">{{Cite AV media |people=Neeraj Arora |title=Neeraj Arora on learnings from his WhatsApp journey |date=July 3, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJl27KvUDn0 | work=[[Accel (company)|Accel]] | via=[[YouTube]] |time=19m |access-date=October 19, 2020 |archive-date=February 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228152823/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qJl27KvUDn0 |url-status=live }}</ref>

To cover the cost of sending verification texts to users, WhatsApp was changed from a free service to a paid one. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to the iOS version. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in the U.S. Apple App Store.<ref name="History" />

In April 2011, [[Sequoia Capital]] invested about $8 million for more than 15% of the company, after months of negotiation by Sequoia partner [[Jim Goetz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/sequoia-s-whatsapp-stake-said-worth-about-3-5-billion|title=Sequoia Said to Reap $3.5 Billion in Deal|last=Levy|first=Ari|date=February 19, 2014|website=Bloomberg.com|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018235715/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/sequoia-s-whatsapp-stake-said-worth-about-3-5-billion|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-whatsapp-facebook-sequoia-idUSBREA1K04720140221#vA3wxFHSqy1OIRZI.97|title=With WhatsApp deal, Sequoia Capital burnishes reputation |last=McBride|first=Sarah|date=February 21, 2014|work=Reuters|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521011300/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-whatsapp-facebook-sequoia-idUSBREA1K04720140221#vA3wxFHSqy1OIRZI.97|archive-date=May 21, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/08/sequoia-whatsapp-funding/|title=Sequoia Invests $8 Million In Messaging App Maker WhatsApp|last=Wauters|first=Robin|work=TechCrunch|date=April 8, 2011 |access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504160125/https://techcrunch.com/2011/04/08/sequoia-whatsapp-funding/|archive-date=May 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

By February 2013, WhatsApp had about 200 million active users and 50 staff members. Sequoia invested another $50 million at a $1.5 billion valuation.<ref name="History"/> Some time in 2013<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why WhatsApp's Global Launch of Video Calling in India Is Big |date=November 15, 2016 |last=Vengurlekar |first=Ankit |publisher=[[The Quint]] |url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/whatsapp-video-calling-global-launch-new-delhi-facetime-facebook-messenger-google-apple-technology-social-media |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115232418/https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/tech-news/whatsapp-video-calling-global-launch-new-delhi-facetime-facebook-messenger-google-apple-technology-social-media#bypass-sw |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 13, 2021}}</ref> WhatsApp acquired Santa Clara–based startup SkyMobius, the developers of Vtok,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SkyMobius: Voice messaging app developer |date=December 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222726/https://tracxn.com/d/companies/skymobius.com |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |url=https://tracxn.com/d/companies/skymobius.com |website=tracxn.com |access-date=January 13, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a video and voice calling app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vtok |via=Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/vtokapp |access-date=January 15, 2021}}</ref>

As of December 2013, the service had 400 million monthly active users.<ref>{{cite web|title=400 Million Stories|url=http://blog.whatsapp.com/index.php/2013/12/400-million-stories/?lang=de|work=WhatsApp Blog|publisher=WhatsApp|access-date=January 17, 2014|first=Jan|last=Koum|date=December 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412064444/http://blog.whatsapp.com/index.php/2013/12/400-million-stories/?lang=de|archive-date=April 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> That year, the company had $148 million in expenses and a net loss of $138 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680114000047/exhibit991auditedwhatsappi.htm |title=Exhibit 99.1 AuditedWhatsAppIncFY13 |website=sec.gov|accessdate=May 6, 2023|archive-date=December 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207144812/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1326801/000132680114000047/exhibit991auditedwhatsappi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2014–2015 ===
On February 19, 2014, one year after the venture capital financing round at a $1.5 billion valuation,<ref name="Tsotsis 2014" /> Facebook, Inc. (now [[Meta Platforms]]) agreed to acquire the company for US$19 billion, its largest acquisition to date.<ref name="fb-buyout" /> At the time, it was the largest acquisition of a venture-capital-backed company in history.<ref name="wsj20140220" /> Sequoia Capital received an approximate 5,000% return on its initial investment.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.com/whatsapp-investors-make-billions-facebook-acquisition-sequoia-capital-sees-50x-return-13-billion|title=WhatsApp Investors Make Billions From Facebook Acquisition: Sequoia Capital Sees 50x Return on $1.3 Billion Investment |last=Neal|first=Ryan W.|date=February 20, 2014|website=International Business Times|access-date=June 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801124712/https://www.ibtimes.com/whatsapp-investors-make-billions-facebook-acquisition-sequoia-capital-sees-50x-return-13-billion|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Facebook paid $4 billion in cash, $12 billion in Facebook shares, and an additional $3 billion in [[restricted stock]] units granted to WhatsApp's founders Koum and Acton.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-20/whatsapp-s-founder-goes-from-food-stamps-to-billionaire.html|title=WhatsApp's Founder Goes From Food Stamps to Billionaire|newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=February 20, 2014 |publisher=Bloomberg News|access-date=February 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220072216/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-20/whatsapp-s-founder-goes-from-food-stamps-to-billionaire.html|archive-date=February 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Employee stock was scheduled to vest over four years subsequent to closing.<ref name="fb-buyout" /> Days after the announcement, WhatsApp users experienced a loss of service, leading to anger across social media.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/gaming/461289/Twitter-outrage-as-users-claim-WhatsApp-has-gone-down-days-after-Facebook-purchase|title=Twitter outrage as users claim WhatsApp has gone down days after Facebook purchase |last=Dassanayake|first=Dion|date=February 23, 2014|website=[[Daily Express]]|access-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608041110/http://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/gaming/461289/Twitter-outrage-as-users-claim-WhatsApp-has-gone-down-days-after-Facebook-purchase|archive-date=June 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

The acquisition was influenced by the data provided by [[Onavo]], Facebook's research app for monitoring competitors and trending usage of social activities on mobile phones, as well as startups that were performing "unusually well".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-copycats-how-facebook-squashes-competition-from-startups-1502293444|title=The New Copycats: How Facebook Squashes Competition From Startups|last1=Morris|first1=Betsy|date=August 9, 2017|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=August 15, 2017|last2=Seetharaman|first2=Deepa|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=January 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210107213832/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-new-copycats-how-facebook-squashes-competition-from-startups-1502293444|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2017/08/09/new-copycats-how-facebook-squashes-2.html|title=The New Copycats: How Facebook Squashes −2-|date=August 9, 2017|work=Fox Business|access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-date=December 19, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219061505/http://www.foxbusiness.com/features/2017/08/09/new-copycats-how-facebook-squashes-2.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/08/13/facebook-knew-about-snap-struggles-through-app-tracking/|title=Facebook knew about Snap's struggles months before the public|website=Engadget|date=August 13, 2017 |access-date=August 15, 2017|archive-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217125922/https://www.engadget.com/2017/08/13/facebook-knew-about-snap-struggles-through-app-tracking/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The acquisition caused many users to try, or move to, other message services. [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] claimed that it acquired 8 million new users,<ref name=TelegramDownloads>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/telegram-saw-8m-downloads-after-whatsapp-got-acquired/|title=Telegram Saw 8M Downloads After WhatsApp Got Acquired|last=Tsotsis|first=Alexia|date=February 25, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=February 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226134422/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/telegram-saw-8m-downloads-after-whatsapp-got-acquired/|archive-date=February 26, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Line (application)|Line]], 2 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/25/line-gets-whatsapp-outage-bump/|title=Line saw 2m new users after the outage of Whatsapp|last=Lomas|first=Natasha|date=February 25, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=February 27, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226180212/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/25/line-gets-whatsapp-outage-bump/|archive-date=February 26, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

At a keynote presentation at the [[Mobile World Congress]] in Barcelona in February 2014, Facebook CEO [[Mark Zuckerberg]] said that Facebook's acquisition of WhatsApp was closely related to the [[Internet.org]] vision.<ref name="techcrunch-whatsapp-io">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/whatsapp-is-actually-worth-more-than-19b-says-facebooks-zuckerberg/|title=WhatsApp Is Actually Worth More Than $19B, Says Facebook's Zuckerberg, And It Was Internet.org That Sealed The Deal|last=Lunden|first=Ingrid|date=February 24, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225004524/http://techcrunch.com/2014/02/24/whatsapp-is-actually-worth-more-than-19b-says-facebooks-zuckerberg/|archive-date=February 25, 2014|access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/mark-zuckerberg-whatsapp-is-worth-more-than-19-billion-1227925|title=Mark Zuckerberg: WhatsApp is worth more than $19 billion|last=Fitzsimmons|first=Michelle|date=February 24, 2014|website=[[TechRadar]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227234130/http://www.techradar.com/news/internet/web/mark-zuckerberg-whatsapp-is-worth-more-than-19-billion-1227925|archive-date=February 27, 2014|access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> A ''[[TechCrunch]]'' article said about Zuckerberg's vision:<blockquote>The idea, he said, is to develop a group of basic internet services that would be free of charge to use – "a 911 for the internet". These could be a social networking service like Facebook, a messaging service, maybe search and other things like weather. Providing a bundle of these free of charge to users will work like a gateway drug of sorts – users who may be able to afford data services and phones these days just don't see the point of why they would pay for those data services. This would give them some context for why they are important, and that will lead them to pay for more services like this – or so the hope goes.<ref name=techcrunch-whatsapp-io /></blockquote>

Three days after announcing the Facebook purchase, Koum said they were working to introduce voice calls. He also said that new mobile phones would be sold in Germany with the WhatsApp brand, and that their ultimate goal was to be on all [[smartphone]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.expansion.com/2014/02/24/empresas/digitech/1393246645.html|title=WhatsApp permitirá llamadas de voz |date=February 24, 2014|work=[[Expansión (Spanish newspaper)|Expansión]]|access-date=July 2, 2014|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230237/http://www.expansion.com/2014/02/24/empresas/digitech/1393246645.html|archive-date=July 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2014, WhatsApp was the most popular messaging app in the world, with more than 600 million users.<ref name="Parmy Olsen">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/08/25/whatsapp-hits-600-million-active-users-founder-says/|title=WhatsApp Hits 600 Million Active Users, Founder Says|last=Olsen|first=Parmy|date=August 25, 2014|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=October 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929193100/http://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2014/08/25/whatsapp-hits-600-million-active-users-founder-says/|archive-date=September 29, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> By early January 2015, WhatsApp had 700 million monthly users and over 30 billion messages every day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/WhatsApps-Insane-Growth-Continues-100-Million-New-Users-in-4-Months/articleshow/45786867.cms|title=WhatsApp's Insane Growth Continues: 100 Million New Users in 4 Months|last=Kim|first=Eugene|date=January 7, 2015|website=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=January 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110040710/http://www.businessinsider.in/WhatsApps-Insane-Growth-Continues-100-Million-New-Users-in-4-Months/articleshow/45786867.cms|archive-date=January 10, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, ''[[Forbes]]'' predicted that between 2012 and 2018, the telecommunications industry would lose $386 billion because of [[Over-the-top media service|"over-the-top"]] services like WhatsApp and [[Skype]].<ref name=Olson150407>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling/|title=Facebook's Phone Company: WhatsApp Goes To The Next Level With Its Voice Calling Service|first=Parmy|last=Olson|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 7, 2015|access-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407154344/https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2015/04/07/facebooks-whatsapp-voice-calling/|archive-date=2015-04-07|url-status=live}}</ref> That month, WhatsApp had over 800 million users.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-41359|title=WhatsApp Hits 800 Million Users — 1 Billion by Year-End?|last=Seetharaman|first=Deepa|date=April 17, 2015|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171018165539/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/04/17/whatsapp-hits-800000-users-1-billion-by-year-end/|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=April 18, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/whatsapp-touts-800m-monthly-active-users/|title=WhatsApp touts 800M monthly active users|first=Nate|last=Ralph|publisher=CNET|date=April 18, 2015|access-date=April 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419212616/http://www.cnet.com/news/whatsapp-touts-800m-monthly-active-users/|archive-date=April 19, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> By September 2015, it had grown to 900 million;<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/04/whatsapp-facebook-900-million-mark-zuckerberg-jan-koum-messenger/71704760/|title=Facebook's WhatsApp hits 900 million users, aims for 1 billion|work=USA Today|first=Jessica|last=Guynn|date=September 4, 2015|access-date=September 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018162226/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2015/09/04/whatsapp-facebook-900-million-mark-zuckerberg-jan-koum-messenger/71704760/|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and by February 2016, one billion.<ref name="Statt-2016-02-01">{{cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|title=WhatsApp has grown to 1 billion users|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-users-facebook-mark-zuckerberg|website=The Verge|publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc.]]|access-date=April 6, 2016|date=February 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413090531/http://www.theverge.com/2016/2/1/10889534/whats-app-1-billion-users-facebook-mark-zuckerberg|archive-date=April 13, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 30, 2015, the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] WhatsApp client made links to [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] unclickable and not copyable.<ref name="techcrunch-re-Telegram">{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/12/01/whatsapp-is-blocking-links-to-rival-app-telegram-on-android/|title=WhatsApp Is Blocking Links To Rival App Telegram On Android|last=Lomas|first=Natasha|date=December 1, 2015|work=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151206124316/http://techcrunch.com/2015/12/01/whatsapp-is-blocking-links-to-rival-app-telegram-on-android/|archive-date=December 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="verge-re-Telegram">{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/30/9819460/whatsapp-telegram-link-block-copy-paste|title=WhatsApp is blocking links to a competing messenger app|last=Brandom|first=Russell|date=November 30, 2015|work=[[The Verge]]|access-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208020939/http://www.theverge.com/2015/11/30/9819460/whatsapp-telegram-link-block-copy-paste|archive-date=December 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice">{{cite web|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2016/09/09/whatsapp-is-blocking-telegram-links-in-the-android-app/|title=[Update: Smoking Gun] WhatsApp Is Blocking Telegram Links In Its Android App|last=Lobao|first=Martim|date=December 1, 2015|work=Android Police|access-date=December 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909182414/http://www.androidpolice.com/2016/09/09/whatsapp-is-blocking-telegram-links-in-the-android-app/|archive-date=September 9, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Multiple sources confirmed that it was intentional, not a bug,<ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice" /> and that it had been implemented when the Android [[source code]] that recognized Telegram URLs had been identified.<ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice" /> (The word "telegram" appeared in WhatsApp's code.<ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice" />) Some considered it an anti-competitive measure;<ref name="techcrunch-re-Telegram" /><ref name="verge-re-Telegram" /><ref name="TelegramAndroidPolice" /> WhatsApp offered no explanation.

=== 2016–2019 ===
On January 18, 2016, WhatsApp's co-founder Jan Koum announced that it would no longer charge users a $1 annual subscription fee, in an effort to remove a barrier faced by users without [[payment card]]s.<ref name="Fried-18-January-2016 b">{{cite web|url=https://www.recode.net/2016/1/18/11588896/facebook-owned-whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fees-for-its-popular|title=Facebook's Whatsapp is Now Free|first=Ina|last=Fried|date=January 18, 2016|website=Re Code|publisher=[[Vox Media, Inc.]]|access-date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519195620/http://www.recode.net/2016/1/18/11588896/facebook-owned-whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fees-for-its-popular|archive-date=May 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="wsj-18-January-2016 2">{{Cite news|title=Whatsapp to Drop Subscription Fee|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fee-1453115467|journal=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=January 18, 2016|date=January 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118142257/http://www.wsj.com/articles/whatsapp-to-drop-subscription-fee-1453115467|archive-date=January 18, 2016|url-status=dead|last=Drozdiak|first=Natalia}}</ref> He also said that the app would not display any third-party ads, and that it would have new features such as the ability to communicate with businesses.<ref name="Statt-2016-02-01" /><ref name="Phonearena-18-January-2016">{{cite web |url=https://www.phonearena.com/news/Finally-Whatsapp-removes-1-annual-subscription-fee_id77505 |title=Finally! Whatsapp removes $1 annual subscription fee |date=January 18, 2016 |website=PhoneArena.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094427/https://www.phonearena.com/news/Finally-Whatsapp-removes-1-annual-subscription-fee_id77505 |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On May 18, 2017, the [[European Commission]] announced that it was fining Facebook €110 million for "providing misleading information about WhatsApp takeover" in 2014. The Commission said that in 2014 when Facebook acquired the messaging app, it "falsely claimed it was technically impossible to automatically combine user information from Facebook and WhatsApp." However, in the summer of 2016, WhatsApp had begun sharing user information with its parent company, allowing information such as phone numbers to be used for targeted Facebook advertisements. Facebook acknowledged the breach, but said the errors in their 2014 filings were "not intentional".<ref name="EU-commission-fined-fb">{{cite web|title=Facebook fined €110m by European Commission over WhatsApp deal|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_17_1369/IP_17_1369_EN.pdf|publisher=European Commission|access-date=August 1, 2020|date=May 18, 2017|archive-date=September 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911214229/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/ip_17_1369/IP_17_1369_EN.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2017, WhatsApp's co-founder Brian Acton left the company to start a nonprofit group,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Russell|first=Jon|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/13/whatsapp-co-founder-brian-acton-is-leaving-to-start-a-non-profit/|title=WhatsApp co-founder Brian Acton is leaving to start a non-profit|work=TechCrunch|date=September 13, 2017|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016135421/https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/13/whatsapp-co-founder-brian-acton-is-leaving-to-start-a-non-profit/|archive-date=October 16, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> later revealed as the [[Signal Foundation]], which developed the WhatsApp competitor [[Signal (software)|Signal]].<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Greenberg|first=Andy|title=WhatsApp Co-Founder Puts $50M Into Signal To Supercharge Encrypted Messaging|url=https://www.wired.com/story/signal-foundation-whatsapp-brian-acton/|magazine=Wired|access-date=October 18, 2018|date=February 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915050519/https://www.wired.com/story/signal-foundation-whatsapp-brian-acton/|archive-date=September 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> He explained his reasons for leaving in an interview with Forbes a year later.<ref>{{Cite interview |title=Exclusive: WhatsApp Cofounder Brian Acton Gives The Inside Story On #DeleteFacebook And Why He Left $850 Million Behind |last=Acton |first=Brian |interviewer=Parmy Olson |website=Forbes |date=September 26, 2018 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2018/09/26/exclusive-whatsapp-cofounder-brian-acton-gives-the-inside-story-on-deletefacebook-and-why-he-left-850-million-behind/ |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502002043/https://www.forbes.com/sites/parmyolson/2018/09/26/exclusive-whatsapp-cofounder-brian-acton-gives-the-inside-story-on-deletefacebook-and-why-he-left-850-million-behind/ |url-status=live }}</ref> WhatsApp also announced a forthcoming business platform to enable companies to provide customer service at scale,<ref name=WhatsApp-Blog-People-and-Businesses>{{cite web|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses|title=Building for People, and Now Businesses|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=September 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908180722/http://blog.whatsapp.com/10000633/Building-for-People-and-Now-Businesses|archive-date=September 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and airlines [[KLM]] and [[Aeroméxico]] announced their participation in the testing.<ref name="WhatsApp-Blog-People-and-Businesses" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Garcia |first=Marisa |date=September 5, 2017 |url=https://www.phocuswire.com/KLM-claims-airline-first-with-WhatsApp-Business-Platform |title=KLM Claims Airline First with WhatsApp Business Platform |work=Phocuswire |access-date=January 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205211831/https://www.phocuswire.com/KLM-claims-airline-first-with-WhatsApp-Business-Platform |archive-date=February 5, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/aeromexico-te-respondera-por-whatsapp-durante-2018/ |title=Aeroméxico te Atenderá por WhatsApp Durante 2018 |trans-title=Aeromexico Will Assist You via WhatsApp during 2018 |date=October 26, 2017 |website=[[Forbes|Forbes México]] |language=es |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180522/https://www.forbes.com.mx/aeromexico-te-respondera-por-whatsapp-durante-2018/ |archive-date=July 2, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/10/27/podras-hacer-check-in-y-consultar-tu-vuelo-con-aeromexico-a-traves-de-whatsapp_a_23258181/ |title=Podrás Hacer 'Check In' y Consultar tu Vuelo con Aeroméxico a Través de WhatsApp |trans-title=You Can Check In and Check Your Aeromexico Flight via WhatsApp |language=es |journal=HuffPost |last=Redacción |date=October 27, 2017 |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310135702/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.mx/2017/10/27/podras-hacer-check-in-y-consultar-tu-vuelo-con-aeromexico-a-traves-de-whatsapp_a_23258181/ |archive-date=March 10, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Both airlines had previously launched customer services on the [[Facebook Messenger]] platform.

In January 2018, WhatsApp launched WhatsApp Business for small business use.<ref name=Small-Business />

In April 2018, WhatsApp co-founder and CEO Jan Koum announced he would be leaving the company.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dwoskin|first=Elizabeth|title=WhatsApp founder plans to leave after broad clashes with parent Facebook|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/whatsapp-founder-plans-to-leave-after-broad-clashes-with-parent-facebook/2018/04/30/49448dd2-4ca9-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 18, 2018|date=April 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930064717/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/whatsapp-founder-plans-to-leave-after-broad-clashes-with-parent-facebook/2018/04/30/49448dd2-4ca9-11e8-84a0-458a1aa9ac0a_story.html|archive-date=September 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> By leaving before November 2018, due to concerns about privacy, advertising, and monetization by Facebook,<ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp founder, Brian Acton, says Facebook used him to get its acquisition past EU regulators |first=Natasha |last=Lomas |work=TechCrunch |date=September 26, 2018 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/26/whatsapp-founder-brian-acton-says-facebook-used-him-to-get-its-acquisition-past-eu-regulators/ |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=January 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107035319/https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/26/whatsapp-founder-brian-acton-says-facebook-used-him-to-get-its-acquisition-past-eu-regulators/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Acton and Koum were initially believed to have given up $1.3 billion in unvested stock options,<ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp founders Jan Koum and Brian Acton, desperate to quit Facebook, reportedly left $1.3 billion in stock options behind |last=Stangel |first=Luke |work=Silicon Valley Business Journal |date=June 6, 2018 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2018/06/06/whatsapp-koum-acton-quit-facebook-disagreement.html |access-date=January 5, 2022 |archive-date=February 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223175917/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2018/06/06/whatsapp-koum-acton-quit-facebook-disagreement.html |url-status=live }}</ref> however, it was later reported that Koum retained $450M worth of options via a "rest and vest" program.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/15/whatsapps-jan-koum-left-facebook-but-is-still-showing-up-to-vest-stock.html|title=The WhatsApp founder who left Facebook is still employed, in an apparent move to vest stock|last=Salinas|first=Sara|date=2018-08-15|work=CNBC|access-date=2018-08-16|archive-date=May 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521015306/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/08/15/whatsapps-jan-koum-left-facebook-but-is-still-showing-up-to-vest-stock.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/whatsapp-founder-jan-koum-rest-and-vest-for-450-million-facebook-stock-2018-8 |title=The billionaire cofounder of WhatsApp is 'resting and vesting' — showing up to Facebook and barely working to collect a $450 million payday |first=Kif |last=Leswing |date=2018-08-15 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=2025-05-25 |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530183053/https://www.businessinsider.com/whatsapp-founder-jan-koum-rest-and-vest-for-450-million-facebook-stock-2018-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> Facebook later announced that Koum's replacement would be Chris Daniels.<ref name="Wagner-2018-5-8">{{cite news|last=Wagner|first=Kurt|title=WhatsApp has a new boss: Chris Daniels, the guy who's been running Internet.org|url=https://www.recode.net/2018/5/8/17329524/whatsapp-new-ceo-facebook-cofounder-jan-koum-departs|access-date=October 18, 2018|work=Recode|date=May 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161836/https://www.recode.net/2018/5/8/17329524/whatsapp-new-ceo-facebook-cofounder-jan-koum-departs|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 25, 2019, WhatsApp announced an investment of $250,000 through a partnership with Startup India to provide 500 startups with Facebook ad credits of $500 each.<ref>{{Cite news|date=November 25, 2019|title=Whatsapp to support Indian startups through ad credits|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/whatsapp-to-support-indian-startups-through-ad-credits/articleshow/72222458.cms|access-date=January 7, 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109120624/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/whatsapp-to-support-indian-startups-through-ad-credits/articleshow/72222458.cms|archive-date=January 9, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019, WhatsApp announced that a new update would lock out any Apple users who had not updated to iOS 9 or higher and Samsung, Huawei, Sony and Google users who had not updated to version 4.0 by February 1, 2020. The company also reported that [[Windows Phone]] operating systems would no longer be supported after December 31, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-latest-version-android-iphone-update-ios-not-working-a9240286.html|title=WhatsApp is about to stop working on millions of phones|date=December 10, 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=December 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212031112/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-latest-version-android-iphone-update-ios-not-working-a9240286.html|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp was announced to be the 3rd most downloaded [[mobile phone app]] of the decade 2010–2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|title=These were the most-downloaded apps and games of the decade|last=Miller|first=Chance|date=December 17, 2019|website=9to5Mac|access-date=December 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217130013/https://9to5mac.com/2019/12/16/apps-and-games-of-the-decade/|archive-date=December 17, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Since 2020 ===
In March 2020, WhatsApp partnered with the [[World Health Organization]] and [[UNICEF]] to provide messaging hotlines for people to get information on the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp unveils $1M grant, info hub to fight coronavirus rumors|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/18/whatsapp-unveils-1m-grant-and-info-hub-to-fight-coronavirus-rumors/|last=Singh|first=Manish|date=March 18, 2020|website=TechCrunch|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=2020-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318135028/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/18/whatsapp-unveils-1m-grant-and-info-hub-to-fight-coronavirus-rumors/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, WhatsApp began testing a feature to help users find out more information and context about information they receive to help combat misinformation.<ref name=SearchTheWeb>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp tests new feature to fight misinformation: Search the web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/21/whatsapp-search-web-coronavirus/|last=Singh|first=Manish|date=March 21, 2020|website=TechCrunch|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=2020-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200321192624/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/21/whatsapp-search-web-coronavirus/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/959164027834664/?locale=en_US |title=How to do an internet search on forwarded WhatsApp messages | WhatsApp Help Center |access-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171757/https://faq.whatsapp.com/959164027834664/?locale=en_US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/search-the-web |title=Search the Web |access-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920175613/https://blog.whatsapp.com/search-the-web |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/apps/whatsapp-new-search-the-web-feature-how-it-works-11596531975628.html |title=WhatsApp new 'Search the web' feature: How it works |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=August 4, 2020 |access-date=September 19, 2022 |archive-date=September 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173121/https://www.livemint.com/technology/apps/whatsapp-new-search-the-web-feature-how-it-works-11596531975628.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2021, WhatsApp announced a controversial new [[privacy policy]] allowing WhatsApp to share data with its parent company, Facebook. This led many users to delete WhatsApp and instead use services such as [[Signal (software)|Signal]] and [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/heres-why-whatsapp-users-are-fleeing-for-other-platforms |title=WhatsApp users are increasingly moving to other platforms |date=January 18, 2021 |access-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-date=May 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520070633/https://www.techradar.com/news/heres-why-whatsapp-users-are-fleeing-for-other-platforms |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the WhatsApp privacy policy does not apply in the EU, since it violates the principles of [[GDPR]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|title=WhatsApp Will Delete Your Account If You Don't Agree Sharing Data With Facebook|url=https://thehackernews.com/2021/01/whatsapp-will-delete-your-account-if.html|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=The Hacker News|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112121245/https://thehackernews.com/2021/01/whatsapp-will-delete-your-account-if.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|title=Mandatory WhatsApp Privacy Policy Update Allows User Data to be Shared With Facebook|url=https://www.macrumors.com/2021/01/06/whatsapp-privacy-policy-data-sharing-facebook/|access-date=January 6, 2021|website=MacRumors|date=January 6, 2021|archive-date=January 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111172125/https://www.macrumors.com/2021/01/06/whatsapp-privacy-policy-data-sharing-facebook/|url-status=live}}</ref> Facing criticism, WhatsApp postponed the update to May 15, 2021,<ref name="Kharpal">{{Cite web|last=Kharpal|first=Arjun|date=January 18, 2021|title=WhatsApp delays privacy update over user 'confusion' and backlash about Facebook data sharing|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/18/whatsapp-delays-privacy-update-amid-facebook-data-sharing-confusion.html|access-date=January 18, 2021|publisher=CNBC|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119133043/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/18/whatsapp-delays-privacy-update-amid-facebook-data-sharing-confusion.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 24, 2021|title=WhatsApp loses millions of users after terms update|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jan/24/whatsapp-loses-millions-of-users-after-terms-update|access-date=January 25, 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=June 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614203812/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jan/24/whatsapp-loses-millions-of-users-after-terms-update|url-status=live}}</ref> and had no plans to limit functionality of users, nor nag users who did not approve the new terms.<ref name="effective_date">{{cite web |url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/security-and-privacy/what-happens-when-our-terms-and-privacy-policy-updates-take-effect/ |title=About the effective date |website=whatsapp.com |accessdate=November 17, 2021 |archive-date=July 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707170606/https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/security-and-privacy/what-happens-when-our-terms-and-privacy-policy-updates-take-effect |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[2021 Facebook outage]] affected other platforms owned by Facebook, such as [[Instagram]] and WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subin|first=Samantha|date=October 4, 2021|title=Facebook is suffering its worst outage since 2008 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/04/facebook-instagram-and-whatsapp-are-down.html|access-date=October 4, 2021 |publisher=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=October 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004212815/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/04/facebook-instagram-and-whatsapp-are-down.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=October 4, 2021|title=Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram suffer worldwide outage|work=[[Associated Press News]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/facebook-whatsapp-instagram-outage-8b9d3862ed957029e545182a595fdce1|access-date=October 4, 2021|archive-date=October 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008174023/https://apnews.com/article/facebook-whatsapp-instagram-outage-8b9d3862ed957029e545182a595fdce1|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, WhatsApp launched its Cloud API services (now known as WhatsApp Business Platform) for larger businesses requiring features beyond the WhatsApp Business App. The Cloud API enables businesses to integrate WhatsApp with other software, have a central WhatsApp account for multiple users and implement advanced automation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=David |first1=Cohen |title=Meta Unveils WhatsApp Cloud API at Its Conversations Event |url=https://www.adweek.com/social-marketing/meta-unveils-whatsapp-cloud-api-at-its-conversations-event/ |access-date=3 July 2025 |agency=AdWeek |date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=August 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250828011134/https://www.adweek.com/social-marketing/meta-unveils-whatsapp-cloud-api-at-its-conversations-event/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2022, WhatsApp launched an integration with [[JioMart]], available only to users in India. Local users can text special numbers in the app to launch an in-app shopping process, where they can order groceries.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |title=WhatsApp's super app ambitions are starting to come true in India |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/29/23326687/whatsapp-jiomart-india-super-app-grocery-shopping |website=The Verge |date=August 29, 2022 |access-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-date=August 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829133415/https://www.theverge.com/2022/8/29/23326687/whatsapp-jiomart-india-super-app-grocery-shopping |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2024, Meta announced that WhatsApp would let third-party messaging services enable interoperability with WhatsApp, a requirement of the EU's [[Digital Markets Act]] (DMA). This allows users to send messages between other messaging apps and WhatsApp while maintaining end-to-end encryption.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 6, 2024 |title=Making messaging interoperability with third parties safe for users in Europe |url=https://engineering.fb.com/2024/03/06/security/whatsapp-messenger-messaging-interoperability-eu/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=Engineering at Meta |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315003511/https://engineering.fb.com/2024/03/06/security/whatsapp-messenger-messaging-interoperability-eu/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=March 6, 2024 |title=To comply with DMA, WhatsApp and Messenger will become interoperable via Signal protocol |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/03/06/to-comply-with-dma-whatsapp-and-messenger-will-become-interoperable-via-signal/ |access-date=2024-03-15 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=March 15, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315003511/https://techcrunch.com/2024/03/06/to-comply-with-dma-whatsapp-and-messenger-will-become-interoperable-via-signal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2026, WhatsApp placed third in YouGov's Best Brands Rankings 2026 report.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNA remains among top 10 brands in Singapore: YouGov report|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/cna-top-10-brands-singapore-yougov-survey-2026-5893596|website=CNA|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, Meta allowed AI rivals to be allowed on WhatsApp for a year, in a bid to prevent a possible temporary order from EU antitrust regulators after complains from competitors who were blocked from WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meta to allow AI rivals on WhatsApp in bid to stave off EU action |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/meta-allow-ai-rivals-whatsapp-in-bid-stave-eu-action-5974021 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==

=== Presence ===
On February 24, 2017, WhatsApp launched a new Status feature similar to [[Snapchat]] and Facebook stories.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2017 |title=WhatsApp Status: What is This New Snapchat-Like Feature? |work=News18 |url=http://www.news18.com/news/tech/whatsapp-status-what-is-this-new-snapchat-like-feature-1352784.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225134524/http://www.news18.com/news/tech/whatsapp-status-what-is-this-new-snapchat-like-feature-1352784.html |archive-date=February 25, 2017 |access-date=February 24, 2017}}</ref> WhatsApp has rolled out a feature called 'Voice Status Updates', which allows users to record voice notes and share them as their status on the app.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 31, 2023 |title=WhatsApp will now let you share voice status, here's how to post one |url=https://www.business-standard.com/technology/apps/whatsapp-will-now-let-you-share-voice-status-here-s-how-to-post-one-123053100420_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531141401/https://www.business-standard.com/technology/apps/whatsapp-will-now-let-you-share-voice-status-here-s-how-to-post-one-123053100420_1.html |archive-date=May 31, 2023 |access-date=May 31, 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

WhatsApp has the facility to hide users' online status ("Last Seen"). In December 2021, WhatsApp changed the default setting from "everyone" to only people in the user's contacts or who have been conversed with ("nobody" is also an option).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=December 13, 2021 |title=WhatsApp will hide your 'last seen' status from strangers by default |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/13/22832943/whatsapp-privacy-last-seen-status |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220024609/https://www.theverge.com/2021/12/13/22832943/whatsapp-privacy-last-seen-status |archive-date=December 20, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref> In 2022, WhatsApp added the ability for users to turn off their online status.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schroeder |first=Stan |date=July 22, 2022 |title=WhatsApp will finally let you hide the fact that you're on WhatsApp all day |url=https://mashable.com/article/whatsapp-online-status-hide |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Mashable |archive-date=June 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614015501/https://mashable.com/article/whatsapp-online-status-hide |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== General texting ===
In October 2018, the "Swipe to Reply" option was added to the Android beta version, 16 months after it was introduced for iOS.<ref>{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Jagmeet |date=October 3, 2018 |title=WhatsApp for Android Gets 'Swipe to Reply' Gesture Support; Ability to Download External Sticker Packs Tipped |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-android-new-feature-swipe-to-reply-gesture-download-stickers-1926026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223306/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-android-new-feature-swipe-to-reply-gesture-download-stickers-1926026 |archive-date=October 7, 2018 |access-date=October 7, 2018 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

In early 2020, WhatsApp launched its "[[dark mode]]" for iPhone and Android devices – a new design consisting of a darker palette.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baxter |first=Daryl |title=How to get WhatsApp dark mode |url=https://www.techradar.com/how-to/whatsapp-dark-mode |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307162445/https://www.techradar.com/how-to/whatsapp-dark-mode |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |access-date=March 4, 2020 |website=TechRadar}}</ref>

In October 2020, WhatsApp rolled out a feature allowing users to mute both individuals and group chats forever. The mute options are "8 hours", "1 week", and "Always". The "Always" option replaced the "1 year" option that was originally part of the settings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Whatsapp on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/1319461499354509313 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023021231/https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/1319461499354509313 |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |via=Twitter}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author= |date=October 24, 2020 |title=You can now mute a WhatsApp chat forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/you-can-now-mute-a-whatsapp-chat-forever-6851637/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115192200/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/you-can-now-mute-a-whatsapp-chat-forever-6851637/ |archive-date=November 15, 2020 |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In May 2023, WhatsApp allowed users to edit messages, aligning itself with competitors such as Telegram and Signal which already offered this feature. According to the company, messages could be edited within a 15-minute window after being sent. Edited messages were tagged as "edited" to inform recipients that the content had been modified.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 23, 2023 |title=WhatsApp to allow users to edit messages within 15 minutes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65679356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523024216/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65679356 |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 23, 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Text formatting options like code blocks, quote blocks, and bulleted lists also became available for the first time.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Chandraveer |date=October 27, 2023 |title=Here's everything WhatsApp changed in October 2023 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/new-whatsapp-features-october-2023-beta-stable-updates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029113235/https://www.androidpolice.com/new-whatsapp-features-october-2023-beta-stable-updates/ |archive-date=October 29, 2023 |access-date=October 31, 2023 |website=Android Police}}</ref>

In October 2024, WhatsApp expanded their chat filter feature, adding the ability for users to create custom lists that contain specific chats of their choice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=November 1, 2024 |title=WhatsApp's new custom lists help organize your chats |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/11/1/24285380/whatsapp-custom-lists-organize-chats |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

=== Voice and video calling and notes ===
In August 2013, WhatsApp added voice messages to their apps, giving users a way to send short audio recordings directly in their chats.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Olivarez-Giles |first=Nathan |date=August 6, 2013 |title=WhatsApp adds voice messaging as it hits 300 million monthly active users |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/6/4595496/whatsapp-300-million-active-users-voice-messaging-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526132750/https://www.theverge.com/2013/8/6/4595496/whatsapp-300-million-active-users-voice-messaging-update |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing Voice Messages |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-voice-messages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526132751/https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-voice-messages |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com}}</ref>

[[Voice call]]s between two accounts were added to the app in March and April 2015.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/31/8318821/whatsapp-voice-calls-android-ios WhatsApp finally adds voice calls for all Android users, iOS coming soon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612154645/https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/31/8318821/whatsapp-voice-calls-android-ios|date=June 12, 2020}} – James Vincent, The Verge, March 31, 2015</ref> By June 2016, the company's blog reported more than 100 million voice calls per day were being placed on WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 24, 2016 |title=WhatsApp hits 100 million calls per day |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/24/whatsapp-hits-100-million-calls-per-day/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625162117/https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/24/whatsapp-hits-100-million-calls-per-day/ |archive-date=June 25, 2016 |access-date=June 24, 2016 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref>

In November 2016, [[video call]]s between two accounts were introduced.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2016/11/15/whatsapp-video-calling-launches/ WhatsApp Is Now Rolling Out Video Calling For iPhone, Android And Windows Phone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612132618/https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2016/11/15/whatsapp-video-calling-launches/|date=June 12, 2020}} – Amit Chowdhry, November 15, 2016</ref>

Later in September 2018, WhatsApp introduced group audio and video call features.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhry |first=Amit |title=WhatsApp's Group Audio And Video Calling Features Arrive On iPhone And Android |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2018/07/31/whatsapp-group-calling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161731/https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2018/07/31/whatsapp-group-calling/#3373ecfc736e |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 20, 2018 |work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2018 |title=WhatsApp group video call feature finally rolls out; step by step guide for beginners |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/whatsapp-group-video-call-feature-guide-for-beginners/story/279377.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920161112/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/news/whatsapp-group-video-call-feature-guide-for-beginners/story/279377.html |archive-date=September 20, 2018 |access-date=September 20, 2018 |website=businesstoday.in}}</ref>

In July 2023, video messages were added to WhatsApp. Similar to voice messages, this feature allows users to record and send short videos directly in a chat. This lets users share videos of themselves more quickly, and without adding anything to their device's gallery. Currently, video messages are limited to 60 seconds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing Instant Video Messages |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-instant-video-messages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821152847/https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-instant-video-messages |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=July 27, 2023 |title=WhatsApp adds a quicker way to send short videos to your friends |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/27/23809857/whatsapp-video-messages-announced-meta |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821152845/https://www.theverge.com/2023/7/27/23809857/whatsapp-video-messages-announced-meta |archive-date=August 21, 2023 |access-date=August 21, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

In November 2023, WhatsApp added a "voice chat" feature for groups with more than 32 members. Unlike their 32-person group calls, starting a voice chat does not call all group members directly; they instead receive a notification to join the voice chat.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=November 13, 2023 |title=WhatsApp is adding a new way to voice chat with large groups |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/13/23958889/whatsapp-voice-chat-feature-ios-android-32-users |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114021659/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/13/23958889/whatsapp-voice-chat-feature-ios-android-32-users |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

In December 2023, WhatsApp's "View Once" feature expanded to include voice messages. Voice messages sent this way are deleted after the recipient listens to them the first time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice messages just got more private |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/voice-messages-just-got-more-private |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214173052/https://blog.whatsapp.com/voice-messages-just-got-more-private |archive-date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=WhatsApp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=December 7, 2023 |title=WhatsApp is rolling out self-destructing voice messages |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/7/23992008/whatsapp-view-once-voice-notes-messages-self-destruct-privacy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214173051/https://www.theverge.com/2023/12/7/23992008/whatsapp-view-once-voice-notes-messages-self-destruct-privacy |archive-date=December 14, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

In June 2024, improvements were made to voice and video calls, allowing up to 32 participants in video calls, adding audio to screen sharing, and introducing a new codec to increase call reliability.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jagmeet |date=June 13, 2024 |title=WhatsApp adds new features to the calling experience, including support for 32-person video calls |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/13/whatsapp-add-new-features-to-the-calling-experience-including-support-for-32-person-video-calls/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710132258/https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/13/whatsapp-add-new-features-to-the-calling-experience-including-support-for-32-person-video-calls/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2024, the ability to transcribe voice messages was added, allowing users to read out what was said in a voice message, rather than listening to the audio.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aisha |date=November 21, 2024 |title=WhatsApp rolls out voice message transcripts |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/11/21/whatsapp-rolls-out-voice-message-transcripts/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=December 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219180535/https://techcrunch.com/2024/11/21/whatsapp-rolls-out-voice-message-transcripts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2024, WhatsApp introduced several new video calling features, including the ability to select specific participants from a group to make a call, rather than calling all group members. Visual effects also became available, adding visual filters to a user's video feed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=December 13, 2024 |title=WhatsApp lets you select specific people within a group to start a group call without disturbing anyone |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/13/whatsapp-lets-you-select-specific-people-within-a-group-to-start-a-group-call-without-disturbing-anyone/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213210431/https://techcrunch.com/2024/12/13/whatsapp-lets-you-select-specific-people-within-a-group-to-start-a-group-call-without-disturbing-anyone/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== File sharing ===
In November 2010, a slate of improvements for the iOS version of WhatsApp were released, including the ability to search for messages in your chat history, trimming long videos to a sendable size, the ability to cancel media messages as they upload or download, and previewing photos before sending them.<ref name="Sending Places and Group Icons">{{Cite web |title=Sending Places and Group Icons |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/sending-places-and-group-icons |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526132750/https://blog.whatsapp.com/sending-places-and-group-icons |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com}}</ref> In March 2012, WhatsApp improved its location-sharing function, allowing users to share not only their location, but also the location of places, such as restaurants or hotels.<ref name="Sending Places and Group Icons" />

In July 2017, WhatsApp added support for file uploads of all file types, with a limit of 100 MB. Previously between March 2016 and May 2017, only limited file types categorised as images (JPG, PNG, GIF), videos (MP4, AVI), and documents (CSV, DOC/DOCX, PDF, PPT/PPTX, RTF, TXT, XLS/XLSX), were allowed to be shared for file attachments.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2, 2017 |title=WhatsApp Supports All Kinds Of File Formats Now – Online file conversion blog |url=https://blog.online-convert.com/whatsapp-supports-all-kinds-of-file-formats-now/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123055117/https://blog.online-convert.com/whatsapp-supports-all-kinds-of-file-formats-now/ |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |access-date=November 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=June 22, 2017 |title=WhatsApp is rolling out sharing of all file types! – WABetaInfo |url=https://wabetainfo.com/rolling-out-sharing-all-file-types/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123055118/https://wabetainfo.com/rolling-out-sharing-all-file-types/ |archive-date=November 23, 2023 |access-date=November 23, 2023}}</ref>

In July 2021, WhatsApp announced forthcoming support for sending uncompressed images and videos in 3 options: Auto, Best Quality and Data Saver.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=July 9, 2021 |title=WhatsApp will let you send images and videos in their 'best quality' |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/9/22569744/whatsapp-image-video-compression-quality-updates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719070155/https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/9/22569744/whatsapp-image-video-compression-quality-updates |archive-date=July 19, 2021 |access-date=July 11, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

In May 2022, the file upload limit was raised from 100 MB to 2 GB, and the maximum group size increased to 512 members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2022 |title=WhatsApp gets 2GB file sharing, 512 people groups |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/2355558/whatsapp-gets-2gb-file-sharing-512-people-groups |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507175307/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2355558/whatsapp-gets-2gb-file-sharing-512-people-groups |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |access-date=May 8, 2022 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

=== Security and encryption ===
On November 10, 2016, WhatsApp launched a beta version of [[two-factor authentication]] for Android users, which allowed them to use their email addresses for further protection.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 11, 2016 |title=WhatsApp brings Two-step verification for Android 'beta' users: How to enable |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/whatsapp-two-step-verification-for-android-beta-users-how-to-enable-4369792/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111194130/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/social/whatsapp-two-step-verification-for-android-beta-users-how-to-enable-4369792/ |archive-date=November 11, 2016 |access-date=November 11, 2016}}</ref> Also in November 2016, Facebook ceased collecting WhatsApp data for advertising in Europe.<ref name="EU-commission-fined-fb" />

In October 2019, WhatsApp officially launched a new fingerprint app-locking feature for Android users.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 31, 2019 |title=WhatsApp Brings Fingerprint Lock Feature to Android, Months After iPhone |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-fingerprint-lock-android-ios-iphone-user-privacy-2125391 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210212609/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-fingerprint-lock-android-ios-iphone-user-privacy-2125391 |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |access-date=September 16, 2020 |website=NDTV Gadgets 360}}</ref>

In July 2021, WhatsApp announced forthcoming support for end-to-end encryption for backups stored in Facebook's cloud.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=July 16, 2021 |title=WhatsApp tests encrypted cloud backups on Android |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/16/22580800/icloud-google-drive-encrypted-whatsapp-cloud-backup |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717012327/http://www.theverge.com/2021/7/16/22580800/icloud-google-drive-encrypted-whatsapp-cloud-backup |archive-date=July 17, 2021 |access-date=July 17, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

In August 2021, WhatsApp launched a feature that allows chat history to be transferred between mobile operating systems. This was implemented only on Samsung phones, with plans to expand to Android and iOS "soon".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=WhatsApp gains the ability to transfer chat history between mobile operating systems |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/11/whatsapp-gains-the-ability-to-transfer-chat-history-between-mobile-operating-systems/ |access-date=August 12, 2021 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=August 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811230028/https://techcrunch.com/2021/08/11/whatsapp-gains-the-ability-to-transfer-chat-history-between-mobile-operating-systems/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In October 2023 they also introduced passkey support, where a user can verify their login with on-device biometrics, rather than SMS.<ref name=":10" /> In November 2023, WhatsApp also began rolling out support for sending login codes to a linked email address, rather than via SMS.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WABetaInfo |date=November 21, 2023 |title=WhatsApp for iOS 23.24.70: what's new? |url=https://wabetainfo.com/whatsapp-for-ios-23-24-70-whats-new/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121235754/https://wabetainfo.com/whatsapp-for-ios-23-24-70-whats-new/ |archive-date=November 21, 2023 |access-date=November 22, 2023 |website=WABetaInfo}}</ref> In a later update on November 30, WhatsApp added a Secret Code feature, which allows those who use locked chats to enter a unique password that hides those chats from view when unlocking the app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introducing Secret Code for Chat Lock |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-secret-code-for-chat-lock |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201000527/https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-secret-code-for-chat-lock |archive-date=December 1, 2023 |access-date=December 1, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Emma |date=November 30, 2023 |title=WhatsApp now lets you hide your locked chats behind a secret code |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/30/23982403/whatsapp-secret-code-hide-locked-chats |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130202628/https://www.theverge.com/2023/11/30/23982403/whatsapp-secret-code-hide-locked-chats |archive-date=November 30, 2023 |access-date=December 1, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

On 11 March 2026, WhatsApp launched parent-managed accounts for pre-teens, restricted to messaging and calling, due to safety concerns about the impact of social media and chat apps on children. These chats will remain private and protected with end-to-end encryption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp launches parent-managed accounts for pre-teens amid safety concerns |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/whatsapp-meta-parent-managed-accounts-pre-teen-safety-concerns-5987191 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>

=== Linked and multi-device support ===
In January 2015, WhatsApp launched a web client that allowed users to scan a [[QR code]] with their mobile app, mirroring their chats to their browser. The web client was not standalone, and required the user's phone to stay on and connected to the internet. It was also not available for iOS users on launch, due to limitations from Apple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brandom |first=Russell |date=January 21, 2015 |title=WhatsApp launches a web client for Chrome and Android |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/21/7867529/whatsapp-is-coming-to-the-web |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=The Verge |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526132754/https://www.theverge.com/2015/1/21/7867529/whatsapp-is-coming-to-the-web |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp Web |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/whats-app-web |access-date=May 26, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com |archive-date=May 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526053252/https://blog.whatsapp.com/whats-app-web |url-status=live }}</ref> Since then, linked devices support has expanded and more information is written in the Platform Support part of this article.

In July 2021 the company was also testing multi-device support, allowing computer users to run WhatsApp without an active phone session.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawler |first=Richard |date=July 14, 2021 |title=WhatsApp multi-device beta allows four devices at once even without a phone |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/14/22577594/whatsapp-multi-device-e2e-facebook |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217150209/https://www.theverge.com/2021/7/14/22577594/whatsapp-multi-device-e2e-facebook |archive-date=December 17, 2021 |access-date=July 18, 2021 |website=The Verge}}</ref>

In April 2023, the app rolled out a feature that would allow account access across multiple phones, in a shift that would make it more like competitors. Messages would still be end-to-end encrypted.<ref>{{Cite news |title=WhatsApp just added this long-requested feature |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/25/whatsapp-multiple-phones/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427114704/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/04/25/whatsapp-multiple-phones/ |archive-date=April 27, 2023 |access-date=April 28, 2023 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> WhatsApp officially rolled out the Companion mode for Android users, allowing linking up to five Android phones to a single account. Now, the feature is also made available to iOS users, allowing them to link up to four iPhones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2023 |title=WhatsApp rolls out Companion mode for iOS, you can link up to four iPhones |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/whatsapp_rolls_out_companion_mode_for_ios_you_can_link_up_to_4_iphones-news-58722.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606163022/https://www.gsmarena.com/whatsapp_rolls_out_companion_mode_for_ios_you_can_link_up_to_4_iphones-news-58722.php |archive-date=June 6, 2023 |access-date=May 31, 2023 |website=gsmarena.com}}</ref>

In October 2023, support for logging in to multiple (meaning two<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pandey |first1=Rajesh |date=19 October 2023 |title=WhatsApp's long overdue multi-account support finally goes live |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapps-long-overdue-multi-account-support-finally-goes-live/ |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Android Police |archive-date=July 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723224056/https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapps-long-overdue-multi-account-support-finally-goes-live/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) accounts was added, allowing users to switch between different WhatsApp accounts in the same app.

=== Stickers and avatars ===
On October 25, 2018, WhatsApp announced support for [[Sticker (messaging)|Stickers]]. Unlike other platforms, WhatsApp requires third-party apps to add Stickers to WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2018 |title=Introducing Stickers |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-stickers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611222555/https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-stickers |archive-date=June 11, 2020 |access-date=June 22, 2020}}</ref>

In March 2021, WhatsApp started rolling out support for third-party animated stickers, initially in Iran, Brazil and Indonesia,<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1, 2021 |title=Rolling out possibility to import animated sticker packs |url=https://github.com/WhatsApp/stickers/wiki/Animated-Stickers/520afc928cc0b1a5f7609ad7e6b30fe954825339 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408194354/https://github.com/WhatsApp/stickers/wiki/Animated-Stickers/520afc928cc0b1a5f7609ad7e6b30fe954825339 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |website=[[GitHub]]}}</ref> then worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2, 2021 |title=Animated stickers enabled worldwide |url=https://github.com/WhatsApp/stickers/wiki/Animated-Stickers/2479ea37e92b1af27292d4d57e470fa42f8d659d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408213557/https://github.com/WhatsApp/stickers/wiki/Animated-Stickers/2479ea37e92b1af27292d4d57e470fa42f8d659d |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |access-date=March 26, 2020 |publisher=[[GitHub]]}}</ref>

In December 2022, WhatsApp launched 3D [[Avatar (computing)|digital avatars]]. Users are able to use an avatar as their profile picture or use it for stickers during instant messaging, similar to those offered by [[Bitmoji]] or [[Memoji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jagmeet |date=2022-12-07 |title=WhatsApp starts rolling out 3D avatars |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/07/whatsapp-avatars-rollout/ |access-date=2025-11-05 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=November 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126034015/https://techcrunch.com/2022/12/07/whatsapp-avatars-rollout/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Communities and Channels ===
In April 2022, WhatsApp announced undated plans to roll out a Communities feature allowing several group chats to exist in a shared space, getting unified notifications and opening up smaller discussion groups. The company also announced plans to implement reactions, the ability for administrators to delete messages in groups and voice calls up to 32 participants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adorno |first=José |date=April 14, 2022 |title=WhatsApp announces long-awaited Reactions and Community features |url=https://9to5mac.com/2022/04/14/whatsapp-announces-long-awaited-reactions-and-community-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415233559/https://9to5mac.com/2022/04/14/whatsapp-announces-long-awaited-reactions-and-community-features/ |archive-date=April 15, 2022 |access-date=April 16, 2022 |website=9to5Mac}}</ref>

In June 2023, a feature called WhatsApp Channels was launched which allows content creators, public figures and organizations to send newsletter-like broadcasts to large numbers of users. Unlike messages in groups or private chats, channels are not end-to-end encrypted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |date=June 8, 2023 |title=WhatsApp's new Channels feature brings social media to your messaging app |url=https://www.theverge.com/2023/6/8/23753404/whatsapp-channels-broadcasts-app |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609000911/https://www.theverge.com/2023/6/8/23753404/whatsapp-channels-broadcasts-app |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |access-date=June 9, 2023 |website=The Verge}}</ref> Channels were initially only available to users in Colombia and Singapore, then later Egypt, Chile, Malaysia, Morocco, Ukraine, Kenya and Peru before becoming widely available in September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=June 8, 2023 |title=WhatsApp launches Channels feature for broadcast messages |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/08/whatsapp-launches-channels-feature-for-broadcast-messages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608070255/https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/08/whatsapp-launches-channels-feature-for-broadcast-messages/ |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 8, 2023 |title=Meta introduces broadcast tool Channels on WhatsApp |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-introduces-broadcast-tool-channels-whatsapp-2023-06-08/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608073812/https://www.reuters.com/technology/meta-introduces-broadcast-tool-channels-whatsapp-2023-06-08/ |archive-date=June 8, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2023 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathur |first=Chandraveer |date=September 13, 2023 |title=WhatsApp Channels are ready for prime time |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapp-channels-ready-prime-time-rolling-out-worldwide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916093617/https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapp-channels-ready-prime-time-rolling-out-worldwide/ |archive-date=September 16, 2023 |access-date=September 16, 2023 |website=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Arol |date=July 25, 2023 |title=WhatsApp Channels slowly begins its international spread |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapp-channels-international-spread/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913040435/https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapp-channels-international-spread/ |archive-date=September 13, 2023 |access-date=September 16, 2023 |website=Android Police}}</ref>

=== Artificial intelligence ===
In April 2024, an AI-powered "Smart Assistant" called [[Meta AI]] became widely available in WhatsApp, allowing users to ask it questions or have it complete tasks such as generating images. The assistant is based on the [[Llama#Llama 4|LLaMa 4]] (previously [[Llama#Llama 3|LLaMa 3]]) model, and is also available on other Meta platforms like Facebook and Instagram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Chethan |date=April 13, 2024 |title=WhatsApp's Meta AI experiment is now live for more users |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapp-meta-ai-search-bar-widely-available/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240413191648/https://www.androidpolice.com/whatsapp-meta-ai-search-bar-widely-available/ |archive-date=April 13, 2024 |access-date=2024-04-14 |website=Android Police}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Isaac |first1=Mike |last2=Metz |first2=Cade |date=April 18, 2024 |title=Meta, in Its Biggest A.I. Push, Places Smart Assistants Across Its Apps |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/18/technology/meta-ai-assistant-push.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502212421/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/18/technology/meta-ai-assistant-push.html |url-status=live }}</ref> WhatsApp also introduced chat filters, allowing users to sort their chats by ''All'', ''Unread'' or ''Groups''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Forristal |first=Lauren |date=October 31, 2024 |title=WhatsApp users can now filter chats with customized lists |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/31/whatsapp-users-can-now-filter-chats-with-customized-lists/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=November 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107013832/https://techcrunch.com/2024/10/31/whatsapp-users-can-now-filter-chats-with-customized-lists/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2024, WhatsApp expanded support for [[Meta AI]], allowing users to send text and photos to Meta AI to ask questions, identify objects, translate text or edit pictures.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

In December 2024, WhatsApp introduced a reverse image search feature, allowing users to verify image authenticity directly within the app using [[Google Search]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=December 29, 2024 |title=WhatsApp Web may soon let users reverse search images from Google: Here's how it works {{!}} Mint |url=https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/whatsapp-web-to-soon-get-reverse-image-search-feature-heres-how-it-will-work-update-meta-11735436151682.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229064734/https://www.livemint.com/technology/tech-news/whatsapp-web-to-soon-get-reverse-image-search-feature-heres-how-it-will-work-update-meta-11735436151682.html |archive-date=December 29, 2024 |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Vivek Singh |date=December 30, 2024 |title=Identify fake pictures on WhatsApp using Google: new feature spotted in beta |url=https://www.91mobiles.com/hub/identify-fake-pictures-whatsapp-google-reverse-image-search-beta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230105553/https://www.91mobiles.com/hub/identify-fake-pictures-whatsapp-google-reverse-image-search-beta/ |archive-date=December 30, 2024 |access-date=2024-12-30}}</ref>

=== Parent-managed accounts ===
In March 2026, WhatsApp introduced parent-managed accounts, a feature designed to give parents more oversight of their children's activity on the platform. The system allows parents to monitor contacts, review group participation, and manage certain privacy settings through parental controls. The feature is intended to provide additional supervision options for younger users using the app.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp launches parent-managed accounts {{!}} Social Media Today |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/whatsapp-launches-parent-managed-accounts/814504/ |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.socialmediatoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

===About===
{{Update|section|date=December 2025|reason=Feature was released}}
In November 2025, WhatsApp announced that they would update their About feature, which allows users to add a short message to explain what they are doing. By default, it is set to disappear in 24 hours, but it can be set for a longer amount of time and can be restricted for viewing by other contacts in the Settings menu.<ref name=engadgetabout/><ref name=independentabout/> According to WhatsApp, this update was made for the incoming Christmas period for users to inform their contacts on their activities during the holidays.<ref name=independentabout>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tech/whatsapp-update-about-new-feature-b2869317.html|title=WhatsApp relaunches its first ever feature|date=November 20, 2025|access-date=November 21, 2025|website=[[The Independent]]|last=Griffin|first=Andrew}}</ref> Prior to the update, the feature was "largely hidden within the apps menus" and difficult to find, with the reason for updating being that WhatsApp wanted the feature to be used more often.<ref name=independentabout/> [[Engadget]] called the revamped feature "WhatsApp’s version of an [[AIM (software)|AIM]] away message" and likened it to Instagram's and Facebook's Notes.<ref name=engadgetabout>{{Cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/apps/whatsapp-is-bringing-back-its-very-first-feature-170100513.html|title=WhatsApp is bringing back its very first feature|date=November 20, 2025|access-date=November 21, 2025|website=[[Engadget]]|last=Holt|first=Kris|archive-date=November 21, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121172614/https://www.engadget.com/apps/whatsapp-is-bringing-back-its-very-first-feature-170100513.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Platform support ==
Currently, WhatsApp's principal platforms, which are fully supported, are devices supporting [[mobile telephony]] running Android, and iPhones.<ref name="iphone" /> As of 2025, the software requires at least [[Android 5.0|Android version 5.0]] or [[IOS 15|iOS version 15.1]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About supported operating systems {{!}} WhatsApp Help Center |url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/1150261202542208/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250901102219/https://faq.whatsapp.com/1150261202542208/ |archive-date=September 1, 2025 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=faq.whatsapp.com |url-status=live }}</ref> This table details platform support history.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Platform
!Launch (inc. [[Beta software|beta]])
!Status
|-
|[[iPhone]] ([[iOS]])
|May 2009
|{{yes|{{Collapsible list|title={{Nobold|Active}}|Support for iOS 6 dropped January 1, 2018. iOS 7 ended February 1, 2020.<ref name="blog.whatsapp.com">{{Cite web |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/whats-app-support-for-mobile-devices?lang=en |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 2, 2025 |archive-date=November 30, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251130062926/https://blog.whatsapp.com/whats-app-support-for-mobile-devices?lang=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Support iOS versions under 15.1 ended on May 5, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Alex Blake |date=2024-12-03 |title=Got an older iPhone? WhatsApp won't work on it for much longer |url=https://www.techradar.com/phones/got-an-older-iphone-whatsapp-wont-work-on-it-for-much-longer |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=TechRadar |archive-date=November 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125185055/https://www.techradar.com/phones/got-an-older-iphone-whatsapp-wont-work-on-it-for-much-longer |url-status=live }}</ref>}}}}
|-
|[[BlackBerry]] ([[BlackBerry OS]])
|June 2009<ref>{{Cite web |title=BlackBerry App World - WhatsApp |url=http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/2360/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829224744/http://appworld.blackberry.com/webstore/content/2360/ |archive-date=2009-08-29 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=appworld.blackberry.com}}</ref>
|{{dropped|Discontinued: December 31, 2017<ref name="crackberry.com">{{cite web | title=WhatsApp will no longer support BBOS or BlackBerry 10 as of Dec. 31 | date=December 27, 2017 | url=https://crackberry.com/reminder-whatsapp-will-no-longer-support-bbos-or-blackberry-10-december-31 | access-date=November 2, 2025 | archive-date=December 6, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206114443/https://crackberry.com/reminder-whatsapp-will-no-longer-support-bbos-or-blackberry-10-december-31 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|[[Symbian|Symbian OS]]/[[S60 (software platform)|Nokia S60]]
|July 2010<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Breaking the radio silence |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/breaking-the-radio-silence?lang=kk |website=Whatsapp}}</ref>
|{{dropped|Discontinued: June 30, 2017}}<ref name="blog.whatsapp.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nokiapoweruser.com/whatsapp-extends-nokia-s40-blackberry-support-till-end-2017-drops-symbian-support/|title=WhatsApp extends Nokia S40, BlackBerry support till end of 2017, drops Symbian support|date=June 16, 2017|website=Nokiapoweruser|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094246/https://nokiapoweruser.com/whatsapp-extends-nokia-s40-blackberry-support-till-end-2017-drops-symbian-support/|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Android (operating system)|Android]]
|September 2010<ref name=":9" />
|{{yes|{{Collapsible list|title={{Nobold|Active}}|Support for Android 2.x ended December 31, 2016. Android 2.3.7 ended February 1, 2020.<ref name="blog.whatsapp.com"/> Support for Android 4.4 ended January 1, 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=WhatsApp to drop support for older Android devices on January 1, 2025 | url=https://www.gsmarena.com/whatsapp_to_drop_support_for_older_android_devices_on_january_1_2025-news-65834.php | access-date=November 2, 2025 | archive-date=November 11, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251111061708/https://www.gsmarena.com/whatsapp_to_drop_support_for_older_android_devices_on_january_1_2025-news-65834.php | url-status=live }}</ref>}}}}
|-
|[[Nokia Series 40]]
|July 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/nokia-s40?lang=el |title=Nokia S40 |access-date=November 3, 2025 |archive-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203141623/https://blog.whatsapp.com/nokia-s40?lang=el |url-status=live |date=July 12, 2011}}</ref>
|{{dropped|Discontinued: December 31, 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/android/26000006/|title=WhatsApp FAQ – Support for older operating systems|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=August 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803225338/https://faq.whatsapp.com/en/android/26000006/|archive-date=August 3, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Windows Phone]] /[[Windows 10 Mobile]]
|September 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2011 |title=Windows Phone = SIX |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/windows-phone-six?lang=nb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126010008/https://blog.whatsapp.com/windows-phone-six?lang=nb |archive-date=November 26, 2025 |access-date=November 3, 2025}}</ref>
|{{dropped|{{Collapsible list|title={{Nobold|Discontinued: December 31, 2019<ref>{{cite web | title=WhatsApp ends support for Windows Phone and older versions of Android | date=December 30, 2019 | url=https://www.engadget.com/2019-12-30-whatsapp-ending-windows-phone-support.html | access-date=November 2, 2025 | archive-date=November 26, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126073955/https://www.engadget.com/2019-12-30-whatsapp-ending-windows-phone-support.html | url-status=live }}</ref>}}|Support for Windows Phone 7 ended December 31, 2016.<ref name="blog.whatsapp.com"/> Windows Phone 8.0 and under ended December 31, 2017.<ref name=[[VentureBeat]]>{{Cite web |last=Protalinski | first=Emil | title=WhatsApp will drop BlackBerry OS and Windows Phone support on December 31|date=December 26, 2017 | url=https://venturebeat.com/ai/whatsapp-will-drop-blackberry-os-and-windows-phone-support-on-december-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218002839/https://venturebeat.com/ai/whatsapp-will-drop-blackberry-os-and-windows-phone-support-on-december-31 | archive-date=February 18, 2026}}</ref>}}}}
|-
|[[BlackBerry]] ([[BlackBerry 10]])
|March 2013<ref>{{cite web |date=May 22, 2015 |title=WhatsApp messenger for BlackBerry – Free Download |url=http://blog.getspool.com/145/download-free-whatsapp-messenger-blackberry/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625053511/http://blog.getspool.com/145/download-free-whatsapp-messenger-blackberry/ |archive-date=June 25, 2014 |access-date=June 12, 2014 |work=GetSpool – Jailbreak Tweaks, iOS News}}</ref>
|{{dropped|Discontinued: December 31, 2017<ref name="crackberry.com"/>}}
|-
|[[Tizen]]
|April 2015<ref>{{cite web |author=Ash |date=April 9, 2015 |title=[Application] NEW Native WhatsApp clients hits the Tizen Store, Goodbye ACL WhatsApp Messenger |url=http://www.tizenexperts.com/2015/04/application-new-native-whatsapp-clients-hits-the-tizen-store-goodbye-acl-whatsapp-messenger/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009163325/http://www.tizenexperts.com/2015/04/application-new-native-whatsapp-clients-hits-the-tizen-store-goodbye-acl-whatsapp-messenger/ |archive-date=October 9, 2015 |access-date=October 21, 2015 |work=Tizen Experts}}</ref>
|{{dropped|Discontinued: October 1, 2020<ref>{{cite web | title=Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp app limitations on Tizen phones | website=Facebook Help Center | url=https://www.facebook.com/help/278711573496062 | access-date=November 5, 2025 | archive-date=October 4, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004152045/https://www.facebook.com/help/278711573496062 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
|[[KaiOS]]
|September 2018<ref>{{cite web |date=July 5, 2018 |title=*Update* KaiOS officially getting Whatsapp |url=http://nokiamob.net/2018/07/05/kaios-officially-getting-whatsapp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803194854/http://nokiamob.net/2018/07/05/kaios-officially-getting-whatsapp/ |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Snelling |first=David |date=July 11, 2018 |title=The WhatsApp news we have been waiting for will transform these popular phones |url=https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/986492/WhatsApp-update-Nokia-8810-download |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803223845/https://www.express.co.uk/life-style/science-technology/986492/WhatsApp-update-Nokia-8810-download |archive-date=August 3, 2018 |access-date=August 3, 2018}}</ref>
|{{dropped|Discontinued: February 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reinhardt |first=André |date=2025-01-29 |title=WhatsApp: iOS 15 support & KaiOS will end |url=https://www.teltarif.de/en/whatsapp-ios-15-kaios-support-ende/news/97694.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=teltarif.de |archive-date=November 25, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251125032947/https://www.teltarif.de/en/whatsapp-ios-15-kaios-support-ende/news/97694.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

===Linked devices===
''Linked devices'' are secondary devices running the WhatsApp messenger software. They link to and [[Data synchronization|sync]] with WhatsApp actively running on a supported primary phone. Up to four linked devices can be added per user account. Linked devices automatically log out after 14 days of inactivity on the primary phone.<ref name=":7" /> Linked devices allow the service to be used on multiple other platforms like desktop computers and smartwatches (e.g. WhatsApp Web, [[Facebook Portal]]), but also on other smartphones (called ''companions'').<ref name=":7" />

Originally it was required for the primary phone to keep an [[online]] connection to WhatsApp for linked devices to work, but now WhatsApp can run on linked devices without such requirement. This ability (named multi-device support) began testing in July 2021 and rolled out to all users in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=2023-04-25 |title=WhatsApp's multi-device feature now supports more than one phone |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/25/whatsapp-is-rolling-out-multi-device-support/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=November 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251126130107/https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/25/whatsapp-is-rolling-out-multi-device-support/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== WhatsApp Web ====
WhatsApp was officially made available for PCs through a [[web client]], under the name WhatsApp Web,<ref>{{cite news|first=Ben|last=Woods|title=WhatsApp finally launches on the Web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/01/21/whatsapp-finally-launches-web/|access-date=March 16, 2021|work=The Next Web|date=January 21, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304041242/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2015/01/21/whatsapp-finally-launches-web/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WhatsApp Web 2015" /> released on January 21, 2015. WhatsApp Web is accessed through web.whatsapp.com and access is granted after the user scans their personal [[QR code]] through their mobile WhatsApp client. The desktop version was first only available to Android, BlackBerry, and Windows Phone users. Later on, it also added support for iOS, Nokia Series 40, and Nokia S60 (Symbian).<ref>{{cite news|first=Kashmira|last=Gander|title=WhatsApp web: messaging client now available on internet browsers|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-now-available-on-web-browsers-9993675.html|access-date=January 23, 2015|work=The Independent|date=January 21, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122121804/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-now-available-on-web-browsers-9993675.html|archive-date=January 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Tweedie|first=Steven|title=WhatsApp Is Now Accessible On The Web, But iPhone Users Are Out Of Luck|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-set-up-whatsapp-web-browser-version-2015-1|website=Business Insider|access-date=February 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080223/http://www.businessinsider.com/how-to-set-up-whatsapp-web-browser-version-2015-1|archive-date=February 4, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Previously the WhatsApp user's handset had to be connected to the Internet for the browser application to function but as of an update in October 2021 (and integrated by default in WhatsApp as of April 2022) that is no longer the case.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp Help Center – About linked devices|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-linked-devices/?lang=en|access-date=November 5, 2021|website=whatsapp.com|archive-date=November 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105062357/https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-linked-devices/?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref> When this multi-device feature was first introduced to Android and iOS users,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-multi-device-beta/?lang=en|title=WhatsApp Help Center – About multi-device beta|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=January 7, 2022|archive-date=February 5, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205103716/https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-multi-device-beta/?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wabetainfo.com/whatsapp-messenger-beta-for-ios-2-21-60-11-whats-new/ |title=WhatsApp Messenger beta for iOS 2.21.60.11: what's new? |date=March 19, 2021 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=January 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109122314/https://wabetainfo.com/whatsapp-messenger-beta-for-ios-2-21-60-11-whats-new/ |url-status=live }}</ref> it could only show messages for the last three months on the Web version, because the Web version was syncing with the phone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beebom.com/how-use-whatsapp-multiple-devices/|title=How to Use WhatsApp on Multiple Devices|date=July 16, 2021|access-date=October 10, 2021|archive-date=June 6, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606001230/https://beebom.com/how-use-whatsapp-multiple-devices/|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the complete roll out of this feature, users cannot check old messages before this period on the Web version anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/web/chats/about-message-history-on-linked-devices/?lang=en|title=WhatsApp Help Center – About message history on linked devices|website=whatsapp.com|access-date=April 23, 2022|archive-date=July 2, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702003556/https://faq.whatsapp.com/web/chats/about-message-history-on-linked-devices?lang=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Archive link showing the end of beta in April 2022 with a redirect in the FAQ page: {{cite web|url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-multi-device-beta/|title=About linked devices|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405090019/https://faq.whatsapp.com/general/download-and-installation/about-multi-device-beta/ |archive-date=April 5, 2022}}</ref>

There are similar unofficial WhatsApp solutions for macOS, such as the open-source ''ChitChat'', previously known as ''WhatsMac''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/stonesam92/ChitChat/|title=Chit Chat A Mac app wrapper around WhatsApp's web client|author=((stonesam92))|date=October 2, 2018|website=[[GitHub]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726035049/https://github.com/stonesam92/ChitChat|archive-date=July 26, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://osxdaily.com/2015/05/25/whatsapp-for-mac-whatsmac-app/|title=WhatsApp for Mac|date=May 25, 2015|website=OSXDaily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411184504/http://osxdaily.com/2015/05/25/whatsapp-for-mac-whatsmac-app/|archive-date=April 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macupdate.com/app/mac/54316/chitchat|title=ChitChat for Mac|date=October 5, 2015|website=MacUpdate|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018160325/https://www.macupdate.com/app/mac/54316/chitchat|archive-date=October 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Windows and Mac ====
On May 10, 2016, the messenger was introduced for both Microsoft Windows and [[macOS]] operating systems. Support for video and voice calls from desktop clients was later added. Similar to the WhatsApp Web format, the app, which synchronises with a user's mobile device, is available for download on the website. It supported operating systems [[Windows 8]] and [[OS X Yosemite|OS X 10.10]] and higher.<ref name="WAWOS" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/05/11/whatsapp-desktop-app-windows-mac/|title=WhatsApp now has an official desktop app for Windows and Mac|last=Swanner|first=Nate|date=May 11, 2016|website=The Next Web|access-date=May 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511005125/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2016/05/11/whatsapp-desktop-app-windows-mac/|archive-date=May 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, WhatsApp replaced the [[Electron (software framework)|Electron-based]] apps with native versions for their respective platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faster speeds and improved calling for WhatsApp Desktop |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/faster-speeds-and-improved-calling-for-whatsapp-desktop |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111235620/https://blog.whatsapp.com/faster-speeds-and-improved-calling-for-whatsapp-desktop |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New WhatsApp app for Mac; now with group calling |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/new-whatsapp-app-for-mac-now-with-group-calling |access-date=November 11, 2023 |website=WhatsApp.com |archive-date=November 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111234114/https://blog.whatsapp.com/new-whatsapp-app-for-mac-now-with-group-calling |url-status=live }}</ref> The Windows version is based on [[Universal Windows Platform|UWP]] while the Mac version is a port of the iOS version using [[Mac Catalyst|Catalyst]] technology.

In July 2025, WhatsApp stopped developing the Windows UWP-based app due to poor support and deprecation of the UWP framework by Microsoft.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WhatsApp is dropping its native Windows app in favor of an uglier web version |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/710509/whatsapp-windows-app-web-wrapper-changes |access-date=July 21, 2025 |website=The Verge |date=July 21, 2025 |archive-date=July 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721095231/https://www.theverge.com/news/710509/whatsapp-windows-app-web-wrapper-changes |url-status=live }}</ref> WhatsApp for Windows transitioned over to the [[Microsoft Edge]] [[WebView|WebView2]] framework, marking a return to utilising a web-based framework (just like Electron previously) instead of a native framework. The WebView2-based app has been criticised for its sluggish performance, high RAM usage, and requirement to keep the app running in the background to receive push notifications, compared to the previous native version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windowslatest.com/2025/11/22/i-tested-the-new-whatsapp-for-windows-11-a-web-wrapper-and-its-a-performance-nightmare/|title=I tested the new WhatsApp for Windows 11 (a web wrapper) and it's a performance nightmare|website=Windows Latest|date=November 22, 2025|access-date=December 5, 2025|archive-date=December 6, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251206151440/https://www.windowslatest.com/2025/11/22/i-tested-the-new-whatsapp-for-windows-11-a-web-wrapper-and-its-a-performance-nightmare/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== iPad ====
WhatsApp has been officially supported for [[iPad]]s and its [[iPadOS]] since May 27, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-05-27 |title=It's here! Introducing WhatsApp for iPad |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/its-here-introducing-whatsapp-for-ipad |website=whatsapp.com |access-date=May 29, 2025 |archive-date=May 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250528050323/https://blog.whatsapp.com/its-here-introducing-whatsapp-for-ipad |url-status=live }}</ref> Similarly to WhatsApp for web, Windows, Mac, and smartwatches, the iPad is a type of ''linked device'' that connects and syncs to WhatsApp running on a smartphone.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=À propos des appareils connectés {{!}} Pages d'aide WhatsApp |url=https://faq.whatsapp.com/378279804439436/?cms_platform=android |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250618230338/https://faq.whatsapp.com/378279804439436/?cms_platform=android |archive-date=June 18, 2025 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=faq.whatsapp.com |language=fr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to get WhatsApp on your iPad |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/668638/how-to-get-whatsapp-on-ipad.html |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Macworld |archive-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218142339/https://www.macworld.com/article/668638/how-to-get-whatsapp-on-ipad.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Smartwatches ====
WhatsApp added support for Android Wear (now called [[Wear OS]]) in 2014<ref name=":4">{{cite web |last=Page |first=Carly |date=August 5, 2014 |title=Whatsapp update adds support for Android Wear smartwatches |url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2358851/whatsapp-update-adds-support-for-android-wear-smartwatches |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811045417/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2358851/whatsapp-update-adds-support-for-android-wear-smartwatches |archive-date=August 11, 2014 |work=[[The Inquirer]]}}</ref> and for the [[Apple Watch]] in 2025<ref>{{cite web |date=November 4, 2025 |title=Introducing WhatsApp for Apple Watch |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-whatsapp-for-apple-watch |work=whatsapp.com |access-date=January 22, 2026 |archive-date=January 22, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122124213/https://blog.whatsapp.com/introducing-whatsapp-for-apple-watch |url-status=live }}</ref>.

== Technical ==
WhatsApp uses a customized version of the open standard [[Extensible messaging and presence protocol]] (XMPP).<ref>{{cite web|place=Germany|author=Shakal|url=http://shakal.blog.de/2011/03/22/whatsapp-risiken-10872342/|title=WhatsApp? Nicht ohne Risiken|trans-title=WhatsApp? Not without risks|date=March 22, 2011|access-date=January 29, 2013|type=[[World Wide Web]] log|language=de|format=[[Google Translate]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111834/http://shakal.blog.de/2011/03/22/whatsapp-risiken-10872342/|archive-date=June 26, 2015|url-status=dead}}.</ref> A 2019 document released by the [[United States Department of Justice|DOJ]] confirms this by naming "FunXMPP" as the protocol used by WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=whatsapp-opposition-to-nso-motion-for-summary-judgment_-unsealed-1.pdf |url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/25293501/whatsapp-opposition-to-nso-motion-for-summary-judgment_-unsealed-1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204173131/https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/25293501/whatsapp-opposition-to-nso-motion-for-summary-judgment_-unsealed-1.pdf |archive-date=December 4, 2024 }}</ref> The document was part of a lawsuit by WhatsApp and Meta against the [[NSO Group]] for their [[Pegasus (spyware)|Pegasus malware]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=gov.uscourts.cand.350613.1.0_8.pdf |url=https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.350613/gov.uscourts.cand.350613.1.0_8.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125065711/https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cand.350613/gov.uscourts.cand.350613.1.0_8.pdf |archive-date=January 25, 2025 }}</ref> Upon installation, it creates a user account using the user's phone number as the username ([[Jabber.org|Jabber]] ID: <code>[phone number]@s.whatsapp.net</code>).

WhatsApp automatically compares all the phone numbers from the device's address book with its central database of WhatsApp users to automatically add contacts to the user's WhatsApp contact list. Previously the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Nokia]] Series 40 versions used an [[MD5]]-hashed, reversed-version of the phone's [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|IMEI]] as a password,<ref name="GitHub venomous0x">{{cite web|url=https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI|title=Interface to WhatsApp Messenger|author=Team Venomous|date=September 29, 2018|publisher=[[GitHub]]|type=blog|access-date=January 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526120342/https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI|archive-date=May 26, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> while the [[iOS]] version used the phone's Wi-Fi [[MAC address]] instead of the IMEI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ezioamodio.it/?p=29|title=Whatsapp – iOS password generation|last=Amodio|first=Ezio|date=September 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129050300/http://www.ezioamodio.it/?p=29|archive-date=January 29, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=January 29, 2013|place=Italy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://samgranger.com/whatsapp-is-using-imei-numbers-as-passwords/|title=WhatsApp is using IMEI numbers as passwords|last=Granger|first=Sam|date=September 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911002603/http://samgranger.com/whatsapp-is-using-imei-numbers-as-passwords/|archive-date=September 11, 2012|access-date=January 29, 2013}}</ref> A 2012 update implemented generation of a random password on the server side.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wassapp login issues|url=http://lowlevel-studios.com/wassapp-login-issues|publisher=Lowlevel Studios|type=blog|quote=Wassapp is a PC application developed to be a non-official client for WhatsApp Messenger|date=December 11, 2012|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220094529/http://lowlevel-studios.com/wassapp-login-issues|archive-date=December 20, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alternatively a user can also contact any other WhatsApp user through the [[URL]] <code><nowiki>https://api.whatsapp.com/send/?phone=[phone number]</nowiki></code> where <code>[phone number]</code> is the number of the contact including the country code.

Some devices using [[dual SIM]]s may not be compatible with WhatsApp, though there are unofficial workarounds to install the app.<ref>{{cite web|first=Kelechi|last=Emenike |place=NG |title=Download WhatsApp on non-compatible Dual-SIM Phones|url=http://echo.com.ng/2013/howto-download-whatsapp-dual-sim-nokia-phones/|publisher=ECHO|type=blog |date=September 16, 2013|access-date=September 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026045419/http://echo.com.ng/2013/howto-download-whatsapp-dual-sim-nokia-phones/ |archive-date=October 26, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In February 2015, WhatsApp implemented [[voice calling]], which helped WhatsApp to attract a different segment of the user population.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chowdhry|first=Amit|title=WhatsApp For iOS Will Receive Voice Calling Feature In A Few Weeks|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2015/03/26/whatsapp-calling-ios/|website=Forbes|access-date=October 9, 2017|date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009145427/https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2015/03/26/whatsapp-calling-ios/#2e779d5321fe|archive-date=October 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Perez|first=Sarah|title=WhatsApp Voice-Calling Feature Spotted In The Wild|url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/02/whatsapp-voice-calling-feature-spotted-in-the-wild/|website=TechCrunch|access-date=October 9, 2017|date=February 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019041954/https://techcrunch.com/2015/02/02/whatsapp-voice-calling-feature-spotted-in-the-wild/|archive-date=October 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp's [[voice codec]] is [[Opus (audio format)|Opus]],<ref name="Register">{{cite news |last=Leyden |first=John |title=WhatsApp laid bare: Info-sucking app's innards probed |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/27/whatsapp_forensic_analysis/ |access-date=October 19, 2019 |work=[[The Register]] |date=October 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019111806/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/10/27/whatsapp_forensic_analysis/ |archive-date=October 19, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hazra">{{cite book |last1=Hazra |first1=Sudip |last2=Mateti |first2=Prabhaker |chapter=Challenges in Android Forensics |editor-last1=Thampi |editor-first1=Sabu M. |editor-last2=Pérez |editor-first2=Gregorio Martínez |editor-last3=Westphall |editor-first3=Carlos Becker |editor-last4=Hu |editor-first4=Jiankun |editor-last5=Fan |editor-first5=Chun I. |editor-last6=Mármol |editor-first6=Félix Gómez |title=Security in Computing and Communications: 5th International Symposium, SSCC 2017 |date=September 13–16, 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9789811068980 |pages=286–299 (290) |doi=10.1007/978-981-10-6898-0_24 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u09DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290 |issn=1865-0929 }}</ref><ref name="Srivastava">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Saurabh Ranjan |last2=Dube |first2=Sachin |last3=Shrivastaya |first3=Gulshan |last4=Sharma |first4=Kavita |chapter=Smartphone Triggered Security Challenges: Issues, Case Studies and Prevention |editor-last1=Le |editor-first1=Dac-Nhuong |editor-last2=Kumar |editor-first2=Raghvendra |editor-last3=Mishra |editor-first3=Brojo Kishore |editor-last4=Chatterjee |editor-first4=Jyotir Moy |editor-last5=Khari |editor-first5=Manju |title=Cyber Security in Parallel and Distributed Computing: Concepts, Techniques, Applications and Case Studies |date=2019 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=9781119488057 |pages=187–206 (200) |doi=10.1002/9781119488330.ch12 |s2cid=214034702 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FzGtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200 |access-date=October 19, 2019 |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226155817/https://books.google.com/books?id=FzGtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> which uses the [[modified discrete cosine transform]] (MDCT) and [[linear predictive coding]] (LPC) [[audio compression (data)|audio compression]] algorithms.<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Valin |first1=Jean-Marc |last2=Maxwell |first2=Gregory |last3=Terriberry |first3=Timothy B. |last4=Vos |first4=Koen |title=High-Quality, Low-Delay Music Coding in the Opus Codec |conference=135th AES Convention |publisher=[[Audio Engineering Society]] |date=October 2013 |arxiv=1602.04845}}</ref> WhatsApp uses Opus at 8{{ndash}}16 [[kHz]] [[sampling rate]]s.<ref name="Register" /><ref name="Srivastava" /> On November 14, 2016, WhatsApp added [[video calling]] for users using Android, iPhone, and Windows Phone devices.<ref>{{cite web|title=Whatsapp Video Calling|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000629/WhatsApp-Video-Calling?l=en|type=blog|date=November 14, 2016|access-date=November 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118172200/https://blog.whatsapp.com/10000629/WhatsApp-Video-Calling?l=en|archive-date=November 18, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Whatsapp Video Calling|journal=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/whatsapp-rolls-out-video-calling-from-its-biggest-market-india/articleshow/55431148.cms|type=News|date=November 15, 2016|access-date=November 18, 2016|last=Alawadhi|first=Neha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119000540/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/whatsapp-rolls-out-video-calling-from-its-biggest-market-india/articleshow/55431148.cms|archive-date=November 19, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2017, WhatsApp implemented a feature giving users seven minutes to delete messages sent by mistake.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-delete-messages-sent-by-mistake/|title=WhatsApp Now Lets You Delete Messages Sent by Mistake|date=November 1, 2017|work=Smatt Geeks Media|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232538/https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-delete-messages-sent-by-mistake/|archive-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Multimedia messages are sent by uploading the image, audio or video to be sent to an [[HTTP server]] and then sending a [[Hyperlink|link]] to the content along with its [[Base64|Base64 encoded]] thumbnail, if applicable.<ref>{{cite web|author=Team Venomous|title=WhatsAPI / README.md|date=November 28, 2012|url=https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI/blob/master/README.md|publisher=[[GitHub]]|type=blog|orig-year=May 29, 2012|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622220422/https://github.com/venomous0x/WhatsAPI/blob/master/README.md|archive-date=June 22, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

WhatsApp uses a "[[store and forward]]" mechanism for exchanging messages between two users. When a user sends a message, it is stored on a WhatsApp server, which tries to forward it to the addressee, and repeatedly requests acknowledgement of receipt. When the message is acknowledged, the server deletes it; if undelivered after 30 days, it is also deleted.<ref>{{cite web|first=Gaurav|last=Rathee|title=How WhatsApp Works|date=June 25, 2015|url=http://digitalperiod.com/explore-whatsapp-clock-sign-and-tick/|type=blog|orig-year=June 25, 2015|access-date=June 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630212039/http://digitalperiod.com/explore-whatsapp-clock-sign-and-tick/|archive-date=June 30, 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>{{self-published inline|date=October 2015}}

=== End-to-end encryption ===
On November 18, 2014, [[Open Whisper Systems]] announced a partnership with WhatsApp to provide [[end-to-end encryption]] by incorporating the encryption protocol used in Signal into each WhatsApp client platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/11/18/end-to-end-for-everyone/|title=WhatsApp Partners With Open WhisperSystems To End-To-End Encrypt Billions Of Messages A Day|last=Evans|first=Jon|date=November 18, 2014|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=November 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118220338/http://techcrunch.com/2014/11/18/end-to-end-for-everyone/|archive-date=November 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Open Whisper Systems said that they had already incorporated the protocol into the latest WhatsApp client for Android, and that support for other clients, group/media messages, and [[Key (cryptography)|key]] verification would be coming soon after.<ref name="whispersystems">{{cite web|url=https://whispersystems.org/blog/whatsapp/|title=Open Whisper Systems partners with WhatsApp to provide end-to-end encryption|date=November 18, 2014|publisher=[[Open Whisper Systems]]|access-date=November 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118161936/https://www.whispersystems.org/blog/whatsapp/|archive-date=November 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp confirmed the partnership to reporters, but there was no announcement or documentation about the encryption feature on the official website, and further requests for comment were declined.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2014/11/18/facebooks-messaging-service-whatsapp-gets-a-security-boost/|title=Facebook's messaging service WhatsApp gets a security boost|last=Snyder|first=Benjamin|date=November 18, 2014|website=[[Forbes]]|access-date=November 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141120193716/http://fortune.com/2014/11/18/facebooks-messaging-service-whatsapp-gets-a-security-boost/|archive-date=November 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2015, German magazine ''[[Heise security]]'' used [[ARP spoofing]] to confirm that the protocol had been implemented for Android-to-Android messages, and that WhatsApp messages from or to iPhones running iOS were still not end-to-end encrypted.<ref name="Heise-April-2015" /> They expressed the concern that regular WhatsApp users still could not tell the difference between end-to-end encrypted messages and regular messages.<ref name="Heise-April-2015">{{cite web|url=https://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Keeping-Tabs-on-WhatsApp-s-Encryption-2630361.html|title=Keeping Tabs on WhatsApp's Encryption|last=Scherschel|first=Fabian A.|date=April 30, 2015|publisher=[[Heise Security]]|access-date=April 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430172636/http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Keeping-Tabs-on-WhatsApp-s-Encryption-2630361.html|archive-date=April 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

On April 5, 2016, WhatsApp and Open Whisper Systems announced that they had finished adding end-to-end encryption to "every form of communication" on WhatsApp, and that users could now verify each other's keys.<ref name="Metz-2016-04-05"/><ref name="Lomas 2016" /> Users were also given the option to enable a [[trust on first use]] mechanism to be notified if a correspondent's key changes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/04/whatsapp-rolls-out-end-end-encryption-its-1bn-users|title=WhatsApp Rolls Out End-To-End Encryption to its Over One Billion Users|last=Budington|first=Bill|date=April 7, 2016|website=Deeplinks Blog|publisher=[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]|access-date=April 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912010025/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/04/whatsapp-rolls-out-end-end-encryption-its-1bn-users|archive-date=September 12, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to a [[white paper]] that was released along with the announcement, WhatsApp messages are encrypted with the [[Signal Protocol]].<ref name="white-paper">{{cite web|title=WhatsApp Encryption Overview – Technical white paper|url=https://www.whatsapp.com/security/WhatsApp-Security-Whitepaper.pdf|publisher=WhatsApp Inc.|access-date=April 5, 2016|date=April 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405210216/https://www.whatsapp.com/security/WhatsApp-Security-Whitepaper.pdf|archive-date=April 5, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp calls are encrypted with [[Secure Real-time Transport Protocol|SRTP]], and all client-server communications are "layered within a separate encrypted channel".<ref name="white-paper" />

On October 14, 2021, WhatsApp rolled out end-to-end encryption for backups on Android and iOS. The feature has to be turned on by the user and provides the option to encrypt the backup either with a password or a 64-digit encryption key.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/14/22726803/facebook-whatsapp-end-to-end-encrypted-backups |last=Peters |first=Jay |title=Facebook starts rolling out end-to-end encrypted backups to WhatsApp |date=October 14, 2021 |website=The Verge |access-date=October 14, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602005200/https://www.theverge.com/2021/10/14/22726803/facebook-whatsapp-end-to-end-encrypted-backups |url-status=live }}</ref>

The application can store encrypted copies of the chat messages onto the SD card, but chat messages are also stored unencrypted in the [[SQLite]] database file "msgstore.db".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stackpointer.io/security/extract-whatsapp-unencrypted-chat-messages/311/|title=How to Extract Unencrypted Whatsapp Chat Messages|date=June 2014|access-date=April 23, 2022|archive-date=April 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408094910/https://stackpointer.io/security/extract-whatsapp-unencrypted-chat-messages/311/|url-status=live}}</ref>

WhatsApp uses the [[Sender Keys]] protocol.<ref name="Balbas2023">{{cite conference
|last=Balbas
|first=David
|title=WhatsUpp with Sender Keys? Analysis, Improvements and Security Proofs
|url=https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1385.pdf
|publisher=Springer
|conference=AsiaCrypt 2023
|access-date=August 23, 2025
|archive-date=October 9, 2025
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251009133207/https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1385.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

=== WhatsApp Payments ===
WhatsApp Payments (marketed as ''WhatsApp Pay'') is a [[peer-to-peer]] money transfer feature. The service became generally available in India and Brazil, and in Singapore for WhatsApp Business transactions only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=April 11, 2023 |title=WhatsApp users in Brazil can now pay merchants through the app |url=https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/11/whatsapp-users-in-brazil-can-now-pay-merchants-through-the-app/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=TechCrunch |archive-date=November 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101031033/https://techcrunch.com/2023/04/11/whatsapp-users-in-brazil-can-now-pay-merchants-through-the-app/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Espósito |first=Filipe |date=May 12, 2023 |title=WhatsApp users in Singapore can now pay merchants directly from the app |url=https://9to5mac.com/2023/05/12/whatsapp-pay-singapore-merchants/ |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=9to5Mac |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518192748/https://9to5mac.com/2023/05/12/whatsapp-pay-singapore-merchants/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== India ====
In July 2017, WhatsApp received permission from the [[National Payments Corporation of India]] (NPCI) to enter into partnership with multiple Indian banks,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments-through-multi-bank-partnerships/articleshow/59537607.cms|title=WhatsApp gets nod for UPI payments through multi bank partnerships|last=Mishra|first=Digbijay|date=July 11, 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712021535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/companies/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments-through-multi-bank-partnerships/articleshow/59537607.cms|archive-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> for transactions over [[Unified Payments Interface]] (UPI),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments/articleshow/59537161.cms|title=WhatsApp gets nod for UPI payments|last=Mishra|first=Digbijay|date=July 11, 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712041644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/whatsapp-gets-nod-for-upi-payments/articleshow/59537161.cms|archive-date=July 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> which relies on mobile phone numbers to make account-to-account transfers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/03/whatsapp-india-peer-to-peer-payments/|title=WhatsApp will reportedly launch peer-to-peer payments in India within 6 months|last=Russell|first=Jon|date=April 4, 2017|website=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=July 11, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706050957/https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/03/whatsapp-india-peer-to-peer-payments/|archive-date=July 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2020, UPI payments via WhatsApp were initially restricted to 20 million users,<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhargava |first=Yuthika |title=WhatsApp payment service goes live in India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/payments-on-whatsapp-go-live-in-india/article33037143.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=November 7, 2020 |date=November 6, 2020 |archive-date=December 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215134019/https://www.thehindu.com/business/payments-on-whatsapp-go-live-in-india/article33037143.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> and to 100 million users in April 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=WhatsApp permitted to extend payments service to 100 million users in India |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/13/whatsapp-permitted-to-extend-payments-service-to-100-million-users-in-india/ |date=April 13, 2022 |work=TechCrunch |last=Singh |first=Manish}}</ref> and became generally available to everyone in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=WhatsApp Pay now available to all users in India |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/whatsapp-pay-now-available-to-all-users-in-india-71604629561156.html |date=August 20, 2022 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

=== Facebook/WhatsApp cryptocurrency project, 2019–2022===
{{See also|Diem (digital currency)}}
On February 28, 2019, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Facebook was "hoping to succeed where [[Bitcoin]] failed" by developing an in-house [[cryptocurrency]] that would be incorporated into WhatsApp. The project reportedly involved more than 50 engineers under the direction of former [[PayPal]] president [[David A. Marcus]]. This "Facebook coin" would reportedly be a [[stablecoin]] pegged to the value of a basket of different foreign currencies.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|last2=Isaac|first2=Mike|title=Facebook and Telegram Are Hoping to Succeed Where Bitcoin Failed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/technology/cryptocurrency-facebook-telegram.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=March 5, 2019|date=February 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305190944/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/technology/cryptocurrency-facebook-telegram.html|archive-date=March 5, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2019, Facebook said that the project would be named [[Diem (digital currency)|Libra]], and that a [[digital wallet]] named "Calibra" was to be integrated into Facebook and WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite news |last=Boorstin |first=Julia |title=Facebook launches a new cryptocurrency called Libra |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/17/facebook-announces-libra-digital-currency-calibra-digital-wallet.html |access-date=April 21, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |date=June 18, 2019 |archive-date=April 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421201002/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/06/17/facebook-announces-libra-digital-currency-calibra-digital-wallet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After financial regulators in many regions raised concerns, Facebook stated that the currency, renamed Diem since December 2020, would require a government-issued ID for verification, and the wallet app would have fraud protection. Calibra was rebranded to Novi in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lecher |first=Colin |title=European regulators are already pressing Facebook about its cryptocurrency |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/18/18683574/facebook-libra-cryptocurrency-regulation-europe-france-germany |access-date=April 22, 2021 |work=The Verge |date=June 18, 2019 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602173736/https://www.theverge.com/2019/6/18/18683574/facebook-libra-cryptocurrency-regulation-europe-france-germany |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |title=Facebook-backed Libra Association has been renamed Diem |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/01/facebook-backed-libra-digital-currency-has-been-renamed-diem.html |access-date=April 21, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |date=December 1, 2020 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408194357/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/01/facebook-backed-libra-digital-currency-has-been-renamed-diem.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |title=Facebook renames its service that will let people send Libra digital currency to one another |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/26/facebook-novi-is-new-name-for-libra-digital-wallet.html |access-date=April 21, 2021 |publisher=CNBC |date=May 26, 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609104512/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/05/26/facebook-novi-is-new-name-for-libra-digital-wallet.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Meta (formerly Facebook) ended its Novi project on September 1, 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Novi pilot has ended |url=https://www.facebook.com/help/1388094248345081 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |via=Facebook |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106155716/https://www.facebook.com/help/1388094248345081/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Vanian |first=Jonathan |title=The last remnant of Facebook's crypto project shuts down September 1 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/01/the-last-remnant-of-facebooks-crypto-project-shuts-down-september-1.html |publisher=CNBC |date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=September 23, 2022 |archive-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513212327/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/07/01/the-last-remnant-of-facebooks-crypto-project-shuts-down-september-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Controversies and criticism ==

=== Misinformation ===
WhatsApp has repeatedly imposed limits on message forwarding in response to the spread of misinformation in countries including India and Australia. The measure, first introduced in 2018 to combat spam, was expanded and remained active in 2021. WhatsApp stated that the forwarding limits had helped to curb the spread of [[COVID-19 misinformation|misinformation regarding COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/07/19/whatsapp-limits-message-forwarding/ |title=WhatsApp limits message forwarding in bid to reduce spam and misinformation |last=Russell |first=Jon |date=July 20, 2018 |work=TechCrunch |access-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012190531/http://techcrunch.com/2018/07/19/whatsapp-limits-message-forwarding/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/27/21238082/whatsapp-forward-message-limits-viral-misinformation-decline |title=WhatsApp says its forwarding limits have cut the spread of viral messages by 70 percent |last=Porter |first=Jon |date=April 27, 2020 |work=The Verge |access-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-date=August 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820112244/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/27/21238082/whatsapp-forward-message-limits-viral-misinformation-decline |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jul/24/facebook-forced-to-limit-sydney-lockdown-misinformation-spread-via-whatsapp |title=Facebook forced to limit misinformation spread via WhatsApp amid Sydney lockdown |last=Taylor |first=Josh |date=July 23, 2021 |work=The Guardian |access-date=July 26, 2021 |archive-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170256/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/jul/24/facebook-forced-to-limit-sydney-lockdown-misinformation-spread-via-whatsapp |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Murders in India====
{{Main|Indian WhatsApp lynchings}}

{{See also|WhatsApp University}}
In India, WhatsApp encouraged people to report messages that were fraudulent or incited violence after [[Lynching|lynch mobs]] in India murdered innocent people because of malicious WhatsApp messages falsely accusing the victims of intending to abduct children.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-child-kidnap-abduction-video-rumours-killings-1.4737041|title=WhatsApp cracks down on fake content after child-kidnap rumours spark killings across India|last1=Bassi|first1=Simi|date=July 8, 2018|publisher=[[CBC News]]|last2=Sengupta|first2=Joyita|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709115019/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/india-child-kidnap-abduction-video-rumours-killings-1.4737041|archive-date=July 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> There were a series of incidents between 2017 and 2020, after which WhatsApp announced changes for Indian users of the platform that labels forwarded messages as such.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rahman |first=Shaikh Azizur |date=July 13, 2018 |title='Fake news often goes viral': WhatsApp ads warn India after mob lynchings |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/13/fake-news-whatsapp-ads-india-mob-lynchings |url-status=live |access-date=July 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730170619/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/13/fake-news-whatsapp-ads-india-mob-lynchings |archive-date=July 30, 2018}}</ref>

====2018 elections in Brazil====
In an investigation on the use of [[social media in politics]], it was found that WhatsApp was being abused for the spread of [[fake news]] in the [[2018 presidential elections in Brazil]].<ref name="The New York Times 2018">{{cite web|title=Opinion – Fake News Is Poisoning Brazilian Politics. WhatsApp Can Stop It.|website=The New York Times|date=October 17, 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/opinion/brazil-election-fake-news-whatsapp.html|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018125853/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/17/opinion/brazil-election-fake-news-whatsapp.html|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that US$3 million was spent in illegal concealed contributions related to this practice.<ref name="Folha de S.Paulo 2018">{{cite web|title=Businessmen Fund WhatsApp Campaign Against PT|website=Folha de S.Paulo|date=October 18, 2018|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/businessmen-fund-whatsapp-campaign-against-pt.shtml|access-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018201820/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2018/10/businessmen-fund-whatsapp-campaign-against-pt.shtml|archive-date=October 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

Researchers and journalists called on WhatsApp's parent company, Facebook, to adopt measures similar to those adopted in India and restrict the spread of hoaxes and fake news.<ref name="The New York Times 2018" />

=== Security and privacy ===
{{Main|Reception and criticism of WhatsApp security and privacy features}}

WhatsApp was initially criticized for its lack of encryption, sending information as [[plaintext]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yourdailymac.net/2011/05/whatsapp-leaks-usernames-telephone-numbers-and-messages/|title=WhatsApp leaks usernames, telephone numbers and messages {{!}} Your Daily Mac|last=Brookehoven|first=Corey|date=May 19, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523235136/http://www.yourdailymac.net/2011/05/whatsapp-leaks-usernames-telephone-numbers-and-messages/|archive-date=May 23, 2011|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> Encryption was first added in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.itpro.es/miequipoestaloco/whatsapp-ya-cifra-los-mensajes/|title=Whatsapp ya cifra los mensajes|date=May 11, 2012|publisher=IT Pro|trans-title=WhatsApp already encrypts messages|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408070915/http://blogs.itpro.es/miequipoestaloco/whatsapp-ya-cifra-los-mensajes/|archive-date=April 8, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/davidbb/status/199861196365639680|title=preliminary protocol inspection shows that @WhatsApp has turned on some kind of encryption in the latest Android version (2.7.7532)|last=Barrera|first=David|date=May 8, 2012|website=@davidbb|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007051543/https://twitter.com/davidbb/status/199861196365639680|archive-date=October 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=ae_g_i_s|number=200579125818298370|title=Oh look. The key to WhatsApp's new encryption is at least a strong random one. Guess how I know? :D|last=ægis|date=May 10, 2012|website=@ae_g_i_s|access-date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> End-to-end encryption was only fully implemented in April 2016 after a two-year process. {{as of|2021|09}}, it is known that WhatsApp makes extensive use of outside contractors and artificial intelligence systems to examine certain user messages, images and videos (those that have been flagged by users as possibly abusive); and turns over to law enforcement metadata including critical account and location information.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elkind |first1=Peter |last2=Gillum |first2=Jack |last3=Silverman |first3=Craig |title=How Facebook Undermines Privacy Protections for Its 2 Billion WhatsApp Users |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/how-facebook-undermines-privacy-protections-for-its-2-billion-whatsapp-users |website=ProPublica |date=September 8, 2021 |access-date=November 1, 2021 |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023170039/https://www.propublica.org/article/how-facebook-undermines-privacy-protections-for-its-2-billion-whatsapp-users |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2016, WhatsApp was widely praised for the addition of [[end-to-end encryption]] and earned a 6 out of 7 points on the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]'s "Secure Messaging Scorecard".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/03/secure-messaging-more-secure-mess|title=Secure Messaging? More Like A Secure Mess.|last1=Cardozo|first1=Nate|last2=Gebhart|first2=Gennie|last3=Portnoy|first3=Erica|date=March 26, 2018|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808031200/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/03/secure-messaging-more-secure-mess|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp was criticized by security researchers and the Electronic Frontier Foundation for using backups that are not covered by end-to-end encryption and allow messages to be accessed by third-parties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/paul-manafort-how-did-fbi-access-whatsapp-messages.html|title=How Did the FBI Access Paul Manafort's Encrypted Messages?|last=Mak|first=Aaron|date=June 5, 2018|website=Slate|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712191232/https://slate.com/technology/2018/06/paul-manafort-how-did-fbi-access-whatsapp-messages.html|archive-date=July 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/10/where-whatsapp-went-wrong-effs-four-biggest-security-concerns|title=Where WhatsApp Went Wrong: EFF's Four Biggest Security Concerns|last=Gebhart|first=Bill Budington and Gennie|date=October 13, 2016|website=Electronic Frontier Foundation|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731163459/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/10/where-whatsapp-went-wrong-effs-four-biggest-security-concerns|archive-date=July 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, Edward Snowden alarmed: "The problem with applications like WhatsApp is, it was actually designed to have very strong encryption, just the same as the gold standard today which would be the signal messenger or the wire messenger, but then it was bought by Facebook because it was so good, and now Facebook is quite aggressively reducing the security of WhatsApp about once a quarter, and they’re trying to do it as quietly as possible, so a messenger that the people are comfortable using now is actually a danger to you."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shakil |first=Wasif |date=2021-01-18 |title=Signal is more secure than WhatsApp, believes Edward Snowden |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/776144-everybody-can-get-back-to-uninstalling-whatsapp-now-edward-snowden-after-signal-recovers |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en-US |archive-date=February 11, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211053046/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/776144-everybody-can-get-back-to-uninstalling-whatsapp-now-edward-snowden-after-signal-recovers |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2019, a security vulnerability in WhatsApp was found and fixed that allowed a remote person to install spyware by making a call which did not need to be answered.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/update-whatsapp-now-bug-lets-snoopers-put-spyware-on-your-phone-with-just-a-call/|title=Update WhatsApp now: Bug lets snoopers put spyware on your phone with just a call|last=Tung|first=Liam|publisher=ZDNet|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607180022/https://www.zdnet.com/article/update-whatsapp-now-bug-lets-snoopers-put-spyware-on-your-phone-with-just-a-call/|archive-date=June 7, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup/whatsapp-sues-israels-nso-for-allegedly-helping-spies-hack-phones-around-the-world-idUSKBN1X82BE|title=WhatsApp sues Israel's NSO for allegedly helping spies hack phones around the world|last=Satter|first=Raphael|newspaper=U.S.|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029215504/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup/whatsapp-sues-israels-nso-for-allegedly-helping-spies-hack-phones-around-the-world-idUSKBN1X82BE|archive-date=October 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, WhatsApp was criticized for its implementation of a 'delete for everyone' feature. iOS users can elect to save media to their camera roll automatically. When a user deletes media for everyone, WhatsApp does not delete images saved in the iOS camera roll and so those users are able to keep the images. WhatsApp released a statement saying that "the feature is working properly", and that images stored in the camera roll cannot be deleted due to Apple's security layers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/09/18/nasty-whatsapp-privacy-surprise-delete-for-everyone-doesnt-delete-for-everyone/|title=WhatsApp Warning For Millions Of iPhone Users As 'Delete For Everyone' Fails To Work|last=Doffman|first=Zak|website=Forbes|access-date=September 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924152633/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/09/18/nasty-whatsapp-privacy-surprise-delete-for-everyone-doesnt-delete-for-everyone/|archive-date=September 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In November 2019, WhatsApp released a new privacy feature that let users decide who can add them to groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/whatsapps-new-privacy-feature-lets-users-decide-who-can-add-them-to-groups_in_5dc283d9e4b0f5dcf8fd677f|title=How To Enable New WhatsApp Feature That Lets You Decide Who Can Add You To Groups|date=November 6, 2019|website=HuffPost India|access-date=November 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201175620/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/whatsapps-new-privacy-feature-lets-users-decide-who-can-add-them-to-groups_in_5dc283d9e4b0f5dcf8fd677f|archive-date=December 1, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019, WhatsApp confirmed a security flaw that would allow hackers to use a malicious GIF image file to gain access to the recipient's data. When the recipient opened the gallery within WhatsApp, even if not sending the malicious image, the hack is triggered and the device and its contents become vulnerable. The flaw was patched and users were encouraged to update WhatsApp.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Jordan|last=Valinsky|date=October 7, 2019|title=WhatsApp had a bug that let hackers take over phones with a GIF|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/07/tech/whatsapp-gif-bug-trnd/index.html|access-date=December 21, 2020|website=CNN Digital|archive-date=August 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809014158/https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/07/tech/whatsapp-gif-bug-trnd/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Doffman|first=Zak|title=New WhatsApp Warning: Security Flaw Confirmed—1 Billion Users Told Update Apps Now|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/10/03/new-whatsapp-warning-security-flaw-confirmed1-billion-users-told-update-apps-now/|access-date=December 21, 2020|website=Forbes|archive-date=December 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208232716/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/10/03/new-whatsapp-warning-security-flaw-confirmed1-billion-users-told-update-apps-now/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Osborne|first=Charlie|title=WhatsApp vulnerability exploited through malicious GIFs to hijack chat sessions|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/whatsapp-vulnerability-exploited-through-malicious-gifs-to-hijack-chat-sessions/|access-date=December 21, 2020|publisher=ZDNet|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042322/https://www.zdnet.com/article/whatsapp-vulnerability-exploited-through-malicious-gifs-to-hijack-chat-sessions/|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 17, 2019, WhatsApp fixed a security flaw that allowed cyber attackers to repeatedly crash the messaging application for all members of group chat, which could only be fixed by forcing the complete uninstall and reinstall of the app.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/12/17/whatsapp-update-warning-as-new-app-killing-message-confirmed-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|title=WhatsApp Update Warning As New 'App Killing' Message Confirmed: Here's What You Need To Know|last=Doffman|first=Zak|website=Forbes|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503055911/https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2019/12/17/whatsapp-update-warning-as-new-app-killing-message-confirmed-heres-what-you-need-to-know/|archive-date=May 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> The bug was discovered by [[Check Point]] in August 2019 and reported to WhatsApp. It was fixed in version 2.19.246 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/breakingapp-whatsapp-crash-data-loss-bug/|title=BreakingApp – WhatsApp Crash & Data Loss Bug|date=December 17, 2019|website=Check Point Research|access-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221121530/https://research.checkpoint.com/2019/breakingapp-whatsapp-crash-data-loss-bug/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mashable.com/article/whatsapp-security-flaw-checkpoint/|title=Crisis averted: WhatsApp fixed a lethal security flaw|last=Kraus|first=Rachel|website=Mashable|date=December 17, 2019|access-date=December 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221121527/https://mashable.com/article/whatsapp-security-flaw-checkpoint/|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

For security purposes, since February 1, 2020, WhatsApp has been made unavailable on smartphones using legacy operating systems like Android 2.3.7 or older and iPhone iOS 8 or older that are no longer updated by their providers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51329882|title=WhatsApp to stop working on millions of phones|date=January 31, 2020|website=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071052/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-51329882|archive-date=February 3, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2020, the [[NSO Group]] held its governmental clients accountable for the allegation of [[human rights abuses]] by WhatsApp. In its revelation via documents received from court, the group claimed that the lawsuit brought against the company by WhatsApp threatened to infringe on its clients' "national security and foreign policy concerns". However, the company did not reveal names of the end users, which according to a research by [[Citizen Lab]] include, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Mexico and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=TheGuardian>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/07/nso-group-points-finger-at-state-clients-in-whatsapp-spying-case|title=NSO Group points finger at state clients in WhatsApp spying case|access-date=April 7, 2020|website=The Guardian|date=April 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407181250/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/07/nso-group-points-finger-at-state-clients-in-whatsapp-spying-case|archive-date=April 7, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

On December 16, 2020, a claim that WhatsApp gave Google access to private messages was included in the anti-trust case against the latter. As the complaint was heavily redacted due to being an ongoing case, it did not disclose whether this was alleged tampering with the app's end-to-end encryption, or Google accessing user backups.{{clarify|date=December 2022}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/17/22180258/google-whatsapp-facebook-data-deal-antitrust-case-debunk|title=Prosecutors say Google accessed private WhatsApp messages — but the evidence is thin|access-date=December 19, 2020|website=The Verge|date=December 17, 2020|archive-date=January 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117051847/https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/17/22180258/google-whatsapp-facebook-data-deal-antitrust-case-debunk|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2021, WhatsApp announced an updated [[privacy policy]] which stated that WhatsApp would share user data with Facebook and its "family of companies" beginning February 2021. Previously, users could opt-out of such data sharing, but the new policy removed this option. The new privacy policy would not apply within the EU, as it is illegal under the [[General Data Protection Regulation|GDPR]]. Facebook and WhatsApp were widely criticized for this move.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=January 6, 2021|title=WhatsApp gives users an ultimatum: Share data with Facebook or stop using the app|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/whatsapp-users-must-share-their-data-with-facebook-or-stop-using-the-app/|access-date=January 7, 2021|website=Ars Technica|archive-date=January 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119081857/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/01/whatsapp-users-must-share-their-data-with-facebook-or-stop-using-the-app/|url-status=live}}</ref> The enforcement of the privacy policy was postponed from February 8 to May 15, 2021,<ref name="Kharpal"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Statt|first=Nick|date=January 15, 2021 |title=WhatsApp to delay new privacy policy amid mass confusion about Facebook data sharing|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/15/22233257/whatsapp-privacy-policy-update-delayed-three-months|access-date=March 15, 2021|website=The Verge|archive-date=March 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184810/https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/15/22233257/whatsapp-privacy-policy-update-delayed-three-months|url-status=live}}</ref> WhatsApp announced they had no plans to limit the functionality of the app for those who did not approve the new terms.<ref name="effective_date" />

On October 15, 2021, WhatsApp announced that it would begin offering an end-to-end encryption service for chat backups, meaning no third party (including both WhatsApp and the cloud storage vendor) would have access to a user's information. This new encryption feature added an additional layer of protection to chat backups stored either on [[iCloud|Apple iCloud]] or [[Google Drive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/whatsapp-new-encryption-feature-protects-your-chat-history-from-prying-eyes|title=WhatsApp: New encryption feature protects your chat history from prying eyes|website=TechRadar|date=October 15, 2021|first=Joel|last=Khalili|access-date=October 16, 2021|archive-date=June 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604000202/https://www.techradar.com/news/whatsapp-new-encryption-feature-protects-your-chat-history-from-prying-eyes|url-status=live}}</ref>

On November 29, 2021, an FBI document was uncovered by [[Rolling Stone]], revealing that WhatsApp responds to warrants and subpoenas from law enforcement within minutes, providing user metadata to the authorities. The metadata includes the user's contact information and address book.<ref name=RollingStone>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/whatsapp-imessage-facebook-apple-fbi-privacy-1261816/ |title=FBI Document Says the Feds Can Get Your WhatsApp Data — in Real Time |magazine=Rolling Stone |date=November 29, 2021 |last=Kroll |first=Andy |access-date=November 30, 2021 |archive-date=November 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114163038/https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/whatsapp-imessage-facebook-apple-fbi-privacy-1261816/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, an unsealed surveillance application revealed that WhatsApp started tracking seven users from China and Macau in November 2021, based on a request from US [[Drug Enforcement Administration|DEA]] investigators. The app collected data on who the users contacted and how often, and when and how they were using the app. This is reportedly not an isolated occurrence, as federal agencies can use the [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act]] to covertly track users without submitting any probable cause or linking a user's number to their identity.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/01/17/whatsapp-ordered-to-spy-on-chinese-phones-by-america-no-explanation-given/ |title=WhatsApp Ordered To Help U.S. Agents Spy On Chinese Phones—No Explanation Required |date=January 17, 2021 |last=Brewster |first=Thomas |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=January 21, 2021 |archive-date=August 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823061741/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/01/17/whatsapp-ordered-to-spy-on-chinese-phones-by-america-no-explanation-given/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At the beginning of 2022, it was revealed that San Diego–based startup Boldend had developed tools to hack WhatsApp's encryption, gaining access to user data, at some point since the startup's inception in 2017. The vulnerability was reportedly patched in January 2021. Boldend is financed, in part, by [[Peter Thiel]], a notable investor in Facebook.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/02/01/billionaire-facebook-investor-peter-thiel-secretly-funded-a-cyber-warfare-startup-that-hacked-whatsapp/ |title=Billionaire Facebook Investor Peter Thiel Secretly Funded A 'Cyber Warfare' Startup That Hacked WhatsApp |date=February 1, 2022 |last=Brewster |first=Thomas |website=[[Forbes]] |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020221425/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2022/02/01/billionaire-facebook-investor-peter-thiel-secretly-funded-a-cyber-warfare-startup-that-hacked-whatsapp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2022, a critical security issue in WhatsApp's Android video call feature was reported. An integer overflow bug allowed a malicious user to take full control of the victim's application once a video call between two WhatsApp users was established. The issue was patched on the day it was officially reported.<ref>{{cite web |last=Page |first=Carly |title=WhatsApp fixes 'critical' security bug that put Android phone data at risk |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/27/whatsapp-critical-security-bug/ |website=TechCrunch |date=September 27, 2022 |access-date=September 30, 2022 |archive-date=June 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612085048/https://techcrunch.com/2022/09/27/whatsapp-critical-security-bug/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2025, WhatsApp alerted 90 journalists and other members of civil society that they had been targeted by spyware used by the Israeli technology company [[Paragon Solutions]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kirchgaessner |first=Stephanie |date=January 31, 2025 |title=WhatsApp says journalists and civil society members were targets of Israeli spyware |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/31/whatsapp-israel-spyware |access-date=2025-01-31 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In April 2025, a group of Austrian researchers were able to extract 3.5 billion users' phone numbers by being able to make a hundred million contact discovery requests an hour, a flaw that exposed previous warnings from researchers in 2017 were not addressed.<ref name=":11">{{Cite magazine |last=Greenberg |first=Andy |title=A Simple WhatsApp Security Flaw Exposed 3.5 Billion Phone Numbers |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-simple-whatsapp-security-flaw-exposed-billions-phone-numbers/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |magazine=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref> The researchers notified Meta (who updated the enumeration problem in October), and deleted their copy of the phone numbers.<ref name=":11" />

====UK institutions====
{{As of|2023}}, WhatsApp is widely used by government institutions in the UK, although such use is viewed as problematical since it hinders the public, including journalists, from obtaining accurate government records when making [[Freedom of information in the United Kingdom|freedom of information requests]].<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/whatsapp-in-government.pdf |title=WhatsApp in government: How ministers and officials should use messaging apps – and how they shouldn't |publisher= [[Institute for Government]]|access-date=September 10, 2023 |archive-date=December 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212235623/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/whatsapp-in-government.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Information Commissioner's Office|information commissioner]] has said that the use of WhatsApp posed risks to transparency since members of Parliament, government ministers, and officials who wished to avoid scrutiny might use WhatsApp despite there being official channels.<ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Tobi |title=Whitehall use of WhatsApp poses transparency risks, says data watchdog |website=The Guardian |date=March 4, 2023 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/mar/04/whatsapp-whitehall-government-transparency-information-commissioner |access-date=March 24, 2023 |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603051207/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/mar/04/whatsapp-whitehall-government-transparency-information-commissioner |url-status=live}}</ref> Transparency campaigners have challenged the practice in court.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/mar/22/uk-ministers-accused-of-government-by-whatsapp-in-court |title=UK ministers accused of 'government by WhatsApp' in court |newspaper=The Guardian |date=March 22, 2022 |last=Hall |first=Rachel |access-date=September 10, 2023 |archive-date=November 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106124149/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2022/mar/22/uk-ministers-accused-of-government-by-whatsapp-in-court |url-status=live}}</ref>

Notably, during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the UK government routinely used WhatsApp to make decisions on managing the crisis, including on personal rather than government-issued devices. When the [[UK Covid-19 Inquiry|official inquiry]] into the pandemic began seeking evidence in May 2023, this presented [[UK Covid-19 Inquiry#RequestforJohnsonMaterial|issues]] for its ability to gather the material it sought. A personal device of the former Prime Minister, [[Boris Johnson]], had been compromised by a security breach, and it was claimed that it could not be switched on to recover messages.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.sky.com/story/covid-inquiry-government-seeks-judicial-review-over-order-to-hand-over-johnson-whatsapp-messages-12892475 |title=COVID inquiry: Government seeks judicial review over order to hand over Boris Johnson WhatsApp messages |access-date=September 10, 2023 |archive-date=July 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721165309/https://news.sky.com/story/covid-inquiry-government-seeks-judicial-review-over-order-to-hand-over-johnson-whatsapp-messages-12892475 |url-status=live}}</ref> Further, the [[Cabinet Office]] had claimed that since many messages were not relevant to the inquiry, it only needed to hand over material it had
selected as being relevant. The [[High Court of Justice|High Court]], in a [[Judicial review in English law|judicial review]] sought by the Cabinet Office, declared that all documents sought by the inquiry were to be handed over unredacted.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-66123656 |title=Government loses court battle over Boris Johnson's Covid WhatsApps |work=BBC News |date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=September 10, 2023 |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118090106/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-66123656 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, it was reported that around 500,000 [[National Health Service]] (NHS) staff used WhatsApp and other instant messaging systems at work and around 29,000 had faced disciplinary action for doing so. Higher usage was reported by frontline clinical staff to keep up with care needs, even though NHS trust policies do not permit their use.<ref>{{cite news|title=NHS staff disciplined due to reliance on WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger and other apps|url=http://practicebusiness.co.uk/nhs-staff-disciplined-due-to-reliance-on-whatsapp-facebook-messenger-and-other-apps/|access-date=October 30, 2018|publisher=Practice Business|date=March 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415112327/http://practicebusiness.co.uk/nhs-staff-disciplined-due-to-reliance-on-whatsapp-facebook-messenger-and-other-apps/|archive-date=April 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Mods and fake versions====
In March 2019, WhatsApp released a guide for users who had installed unofficial modified versions of WhatsApp and warned that it may ban those using unofficial clients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/whatsapp-to-ban-users-for-using-fake-apps-mod-apk-unofficial-official-app/story/325675.html|title=WhatsApp to ban users for using fake apps; here's how to migrate back to the official app|website=businesstoday.in|date=March 8, 2019 |access-date=April 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331072408/https://www.businesstoday.in/technology/internet/whatsapp-to-ban-users-for-using-fake-apps-mod-apk-unofficial-official-app/story/325675.html|archive-date=March 31, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

====WhatsApp snooping scandal====
{{Main|WhatsApp snooping scandal}}

In May 2019, WhatsApp was attacked by hackers who installed [[spyware]] on a number of victims' smartphones.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 14, 2019 |title=WhatsApp Hack Target: I Fear More Victims Are Out There |work=[[Forbes]] |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/05/14/whatsapp-hack-target-i-fear-more-victims-are-out-there/ |url-status=live |access-date=May 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514195119/https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2019/05/14/whatsapp-hack-target-i-fear-more-victims-are-out-there/#635adb496113 |archive-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref> The hack, allegedly developed by Israeli surveillance technology firm [[NSO Group]], injected [[malware]] onto WhatsApp users' phones via a [[Exploit (computer security)|remote-exploit]] bug in the app's [[Voice over IP]] calling functions. A ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' report noted the attack was able to inject malware via calls to the targeted phone, even if the user did not answer the call.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Newman |first=Lily Hay |date=May 14, 2019 |title=How Hackers Broke WhatsApp With Just a Phone Call |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/story/whatsapp-hack-phone-call-voip-buffer-overflow/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603212738/https://www.wired.com/story/whatsapp-hack-phone-call-voip-buffer-overflow/ |archive-date=June 3, 2019 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

In October 2019, WhatsApp filed a lawsuit against NSO Group in a San Francisco court, claiming that the alleged cyberattack violated US laws including the [[Computer Fraud and Abuse Act]] (CFAA).<ref>{{cite web |date=January 16, 2012 |title=WhatsApp sues Israeli firm NSO over cyberespionage |url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/717/whatsapp-sues-israeli-firm-nso-over-cyberespionage-doc-1lu56d1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030011028/https://www.afp.com/en/news/717/whatsapp-sues-israeli-firm-nso-over-cyberespionage-doc-1lu56d1 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref> According to WhatsApp, the exploit "targeted at least 100 human-rights defenders, journalists and other members of civil society" among a total of 1,400 users in 20 countries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Satter |first1=Raphael |last2=Culliford |first2=Elizabeth |date=October 30, 2019 |title=WhatsApp sues Israel's NSO for allegedly helping spies hack phones around the world |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup-idUSKBN1X82BE |url-status=live |access-date=October 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030011016/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-cyber-whatsapp-nsogroup-idUSKBN1X82BE |archive-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bajak |first=Frank |date=October 29, 2019 |title=Facebook sues Israeli company over WhatsApp spyware |url=https://apnews.com/a7ad0788b9e4498a878009d1a8c5a206 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030005205/https://apnews.com/a7ad0788b9e4498a878009d1a8c5a206 |archive-date=October 30, 2019 |access-date=October 30, 2019 |work=[[Associated Press News]]}}</ref><ref name=WashingtonPostWhatsAppPushback/>

In April 2020, the [[NSO Group]] held its governmental clients accountable for the allegation of [[human rights abuses]] by WhatsApp. In its revelation via documents received via court, the group claimed that the lawsuit brought against the company by WhatsApp threatened to infringe on its clients' "national security and foreign policy concerns". However, the company did not reveal the names of the end users, which according to research by [[Citizen Lab]] include, [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Bahrain]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Morocco]], Mexico and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref name=TheGuardian/>

In July 2020, a US federal judge ruled that the lawsuit against NSO group could proceed. NSO Group filed a motion to have the lawsuit dismissed, but the judge denied all of its arguments.<ref>{{cite web |last=Shu |first=Catherine |title=Federal court rules WhatsApp and Facebook's malware exploit case against NSO Group can proceed |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/16/federal-court-rules-whatsapp-and-facebooks-malware-exploit-case-against-nso-group-can-proceed/ |date=2016-07-16 |work=TechCrunch |accessdate=2025-05-25 |archive-date=2025-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429232255/https://techcrunch.com/2020/07/16/federal-court-rules-whatsapp-and-facebooks-malware-exploit-case-against-nso-group-can-proceed/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Jeff Bezos phone hack====
{{main|Jeff Bezos phone hacking incident}}

In January 2020, a digital forensic analysis revealed that the Amazon founder [[Jeff Bezos]] received an encrypted message on WhatsApp from the official account of [[Saudi Arabia]]'s Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]]. The message reportedly contained a malicious file, the receipt of which resulted in Bezos' phone being hacked. The United Nations' special rapporteur [[David Kaye (law professor)|David Kaye]] and [[Agnes Callamard]] later confirmed that Jeff Bezos' phone was hacked through WhatsApp, as he was one of the targets of Saudi's hit list of individuals close to ''[[The Washington Post]]'' journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince|title=Jeff Bezos hack: Amazon boss's phone 'hacked by Saudi crown prince'|website=The Guardian|date=January 22, 2020|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229191904/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/21/amazon-boss-jeff-bezoss-phone-hacked-by-saudi-crown-prince|archive-date=February 29, 2020|access-date=January 27, 2020}}</ref>

====FBI====
In 2021, an FBI document obtained through a [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information request]] by ''Property of the People, Inc.'', a [[501(c)(3)]] nonprofit organization, revealed that WhatsApp and [[iMessage]] are vulnerable to law-enforcement [[Real-time web|real-time]] searches.<ref name="propertyofthepeople/21114562">{{cite web |title=January 2021 FBI Infographic re Lawful Access to Secure Messaging Apps Data |url=https://propertyofthepeople.org/document-detail/?doc-id=21114562 |website=Property of the People |access-date=October 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827005708/https://propertyofthepeople.org/document-detail/?doc-id=21114562 |archive-date=August 27, 2022 |date=November 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name="jpost/687360">{{cite news |author1=Ben Zion Gad |title=Can the FBI monitor your WhatsApp conversations? |url=https://www.jpost.com/cybertech/authorities-can-track-your-live-whatsapp-info-fbi-document-says-687360 |access-date=October 9, 2022 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=November 30, 2021 |archive-date=November 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119210045/https://www.jpost.com/cybertech/authorities-can-track-your-live-whatsapp-info-fbi-document-says-687360 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=RollingStone/>

====Tek Fog====
In January 2022, an investigation by [[The Wire (India)|''The Wire'']] claimed that [[BJP]], an Indian political party, allegedly used an app called [[Tek Fog]] which was capable of [[Black hat (computer security)|hacking]] inactive WhatsApp accounts en masse to mass message their contacts with propaganda. According to the report, a whistleblower with app access was able to hack a test WhatsApp account controlled by reporters "within minutes."<ref>{{cite news |title=Tek Fog: An App With BJP Footprints for Cyber Troops to Automate Hate, Manipulate Trends |url=https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/1.html |access-date=January 6, 2022 |work=The Wire |date=January 6, 2022 |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106083630/https://thewire.in/tekfog/en/1.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Monde">{{cite news |title=Tek Fog, un vaste système pour manipuler l'opinion sur les réseaux sociaux en Inde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/01/06/tek-fog-un-vaste-systeme-pour-manipuler-l-opinion-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-inde_6108420_4408996.html |access-date=January 6, 2022 |work=Le Monde |date=January 6, 2022 |language=fr |archive-date=January 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106135122/https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2022/01/06/tek-fog-un-vaste-systeme-pour-manipuler-l-opinion-sur-les-reseaux-sociaux-en-inde_6108420_4408996.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It was later determined that staff of their [[Meta Platforms|Meta]] investigative team had been duped by false information; ''The Wire'' fired the staff member involved and issued a formal apology to its readers.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Wire Editorial: To Our Readers, an Apology and a Promise |url=https://thewire.in/media/the-wire-editorial-to-our-readers-an-apology-and-a-promise |access-date=November 3, 2022 |website=The Wire |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401042849/https://thewire.in/media/the-wire-editorial-to-our-readers-an-apology-and-a-promise |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Terrorism ===
In December 2015, it was reported that terrorist organization [[ISIS]] had been using WhatsApp to plot the [[November 2015 Paris attacks]].<ref name="Perez2017">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/17/politics/paris-attacks-terrorists-encryption/|title=First on CNN: Paris attackers likely used encrypted apps, officials say|last1=Perez|first1=Evan|date=December 17, 2015|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=March 27, 2017|last2=Prokupecz|first2=Shimon|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328020524/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/17/politics/paris-attacks-terrorists-encryption/|archive-date=March 28, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> According to ''[[The Independent]]'', ISIS also uses WhatsApp to traffic sex slaves.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-using-whatsapp-telegram-sell-sex-slaves-iraq-facebook-a7125551.html|title=Isis is using Whatsapp to sell 12 year old sex slaves alongside kittens|last=Agerholm|first=Harriet|date=July 7, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117221100/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-using-whatsapp-telegram-sell-sex-slaves-iraq-facebook-a7125551.html|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March 2017, British Home Secretary [[Amber Rudd]] said encryption capabilities of messaging tools like WhatsApp are unacceptable, as news reported that Khalid Masood used the application several minutes before perpetrating the [[2017 Westminster attack]]. Rudd publicly called for police and intelligence agencies to be given access to WhatsApp and other encrypted messaging services to prevent future terror attacks.<ref name="Sparrow2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/26/intelligence-services-access-whatsapp-amber-rudd-westminster-attack-encrypted-messaging|title=WhatsApp must be accessible to authorities, says Amber Rudd|last=Sparrow|first=Andrew|date=March 26, 2017|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=March 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170326234809/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/26/intelligence-services-access-whatsapp-amber-rudd-westminster-attack-encrypted-messaging|archive-date=March 26, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2017, the perpetrator of the [[Stockholm truck attack]] reportedly used WhatsApp to exchange messages with an ISIS supporter shortly before and after the incident. The messages involved discussing how to make an explosive device and a confession to the attack.<ref name="Osborne2017">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stockholm-attack-rakhmat-akilov-suspect-isis-whatsapp-messages-sweden-lorry-truck-before-after-a7676011.html|title=Stockholm suspect Rakhmat Akilov 'exchanged Whatsapp messages with Isis supporter before and after attack'|last=Osborne|first=Samuel|date=April 10, 2017|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=April 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523113245/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/stockholm-attack-rakhmat-akilov-suspect-isis-whatsapp-messages-sweden-lorry-truck-before-after-a7676011.html|archive-date=May 23, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2017, nearly 300 WhatsApp groups with about 250 members each were reportedly being used to mobilize stone-pelters in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to disrupt security forces' operations at encounter sites. According to police, 90% of these groups were closed down after police contacted their admins.<ref>{{Cite web|date=April 24, 2017|title=300 WhatsApp groups used to mobilise stone-pelters in trouble-hit Kashmir: Cop|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/300-whatsapp-groups-used-to-mobilise-stone-pelters-in-trouble-hit-kashmir-cop/story-LCHkmAFAh6FgNGAbfbbgDL.html|access-date=November 9, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=November 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111193211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/300-whatsapp-groups-used-to-mobilise-stone-pelters-in-trouble-hit-kashmir-cop/story-LCHkmAFAh6FgNGAbfbbgDL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Further, after a six-month probe which involved the infiltration of 79 WhatsApp groups, the [[National Investigation Agency]] reported that out of about 6386 members and admins of these groups, about 1000 were residents of [[Pakistan]] and gulf nations. Further, for their help in negating anti-terror operations, the Indian stone pelters were getting funded through barter trade from Pakistan and other indirect means.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 5, 2017|title=WhatsApp used to gather stone pelters, many admins abroad: NIA|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whatsapp-used-to-gather-stone-pelters-many-admins-abroad-nia-4828984/|access-date=November 9, 2020|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112015425/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/whatsapp-used-to-gather-stone-pelters-many-admins-abroad-nia-4828984/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2022, the FBI stated that an ISIS sympathizer, who was plotting to assassinate [[George W. Bush]], was arrested based on his WhatsApp data. According to the arrest warrant for the suspect, his WhatsApp account was placed under surveillance.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vargas |first=Ramon Antonio |title=FBI says it foiled Islamic State sympathizer's plot to kill George W Bush |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/24/george-w-bush-assassination-plot-islamic-state-fbi |work=The Guardian |date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015055623/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/24/george-w-bush-assassination-plot-islamic-state-fbi |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Scams and malware ===
There are numerous ongoing scams on WhatsApp that let hackers spread viruses or malware.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techadvisor.co.uk/how-to/software/whatsapp-scams-3331146/|title=Most Common WhatsApp Scams|date=June 15, 2018|publisher=techadvisor.co.uk|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121145/https://www.techadvisor.co.uk/how-to/software/whatsapp-scams-3331146/|archive-date=September 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2016, some WhatsApp users were reported to have been tricked into downloading a third-party application called ''WhatsApp Gold'', which was part of a [[scam]] that infected the users' phones with [[malware]].<ref name="Bolton-2016-05-24">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-gold-plus-scam-malware-download-get-message-a7045606.html|title=WhatsApp Gold: Scammers trick mobile phone users into downloading malware|last=Bolton|first=Doug|date=May 24, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=August 8, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803112659/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-gold-plus-scam-malware-download-get-message-a7045606.html|archive-date=August 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> A message that promises to allow access to their WhatsApp friends' conversations, or their contact lists, has become the most popular hit against anyone who uses the application in Brazil. Clicking on the message actually sends paid text messages. Since December 2016, more than 1.5 million people have clicked and lost money.<ref>{{cite web|url-status=live|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/novo-golpe-de-whatsapp-atinge-15-milhao-de-vitimas-em-3-meses/|title=Novo golpe de Whatsapp atinge 1,5 milhão de vítimas em 3 meses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314154116/http://veja.abril.com.br/brasil/novo-golpe-de-whatsapp-atinge-15-milhao-de-vitimas-em-3-meses/|archive-date=March 14, 2017|first=Eduardo F.|last=Filho|date=February 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 30, 2024 |title=WhatsApp scam: More than 100 arrested in Spain for 'son in trouble' fraud |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68931214 |access-date=2024-05-01}}</ref>

Another application called ''GB WhatsApp'' is considered malicious by [[cybersecurity]] firm [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]] because it usually performs some unauthorized operations on end-user devices.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://symantec-enterprise-blogs.security.com/blogs/product-insights/case-study-dangerous-journey-fake-whatsapp-app-onedrive|title=Case Study: The Dangerous Journey of a Fake WhatsApp App on OneDrive|date=March 13, 2018|publisher=[[symantec.com]]|access-date=September 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904121125/https://www.symantec.com/blogs/product-insights/case-study-dangerous-journey-fake-whatsapp-app-onedrive|archive-date=September 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bans ===
==== China ====
WhatsApp is owned by [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], whose main social media service Facebook has been blocked in China since 2009.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/business/china-whatsapp-blocked.html|title=China Blocks WhatsApp, Broadening Online Censorship|last=Bradsher|first=Keith|date=September 25, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517211402/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/25/business/china-whatsapp-blocked.html|archive-date=May 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2017, security researchers reported to ''The New York Times'' that the WhatsApp service had been completely blocked in China.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/technology/whatsapp-facebook-china-internet.html|title=China Disrupts WhatsApp Service in Online Clampdown|last=Mozur|first=Paul|date=July 18, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=May 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517175536/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/18/technology/whatsapp-facebook-china-internet.html|archive-date=May 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |title=China cuts Uighur births with IUDs, abortion, sterilization |work=[[Associated Press News]] |date=June 29, 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630193503/https://apnews.com/269b3de1af34e17c1941a514f78d764c |archive-date=June 30, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> On April 19, 2024, Apple removed WhatsApp from the App Store in China, citing government orders that stemmed from national security concerns.<ref>{{cite web |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/other/apple-pulls-metas-whatsapp-threads-from-china-app-store/ar-AA1nj543 |website=www.msn.com |access-date=April 19, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tens of millions secretly use WhatsApp despite bans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ckke9x0e50xo |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=www.bbc.com|date=April 30, 2024}}</ref>

==== Iran ====
{{Update section|date=February 2025|reason=Mentioned deadline has long passed}}
On May 9, 2014, the government of [[Iran]] announced that it had proposed to block the access to WhatsApp service to Iranian residents. "The reason for this is the assumption of WhatsApp by the Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg, who is an American Zionist", said Abdolsamad Khorramabadi, head of the country's Committee on Internet Crimes. Subsequently, Iranian president [[Hassan Rouhani]] issued an order to the Ministry of ICT to stop filtering WhatsApp.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2014/05/140506_me_iran_to_block_watsapp.shtml|title=President Hassan Rouhani issued order to 'hold WhatsApp service filteration'|work=[[BBC Persian]]|access-date=May 27, 2014|language=fa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140509204208/http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/iran/2014/05/140506_me_iran_to_block_watsapp.shtml|archive-date=May 9, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/iran-bans-whatsapp-because-of-link-to-american-zionist-mark-zuckerberg/|title=Iran bans WhatsApp because of link to 'American Zionist' Mark Zuckerberg|author=Daftari, Lisa|date=May 4, 2014|publisher=[[Fox News]]|access-date=May 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514151912/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/05/04/iran-bans-whatsapp-because-link-to-american-zionist-mark-zuckerberg/|archive-date=May 14, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> It was once again blocked on September 2022 but unblocked on December 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Iran Threatens To Permanently Block WhatsApp And Instagram |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-block-whatsapp-instagram/32181283.html |access-date=December 29, 2022 |publisher=Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty |author1=Dpa |archive-date=March 5, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305052350/https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-block-whatsapp-instagram/32181283.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Turkey ====
[[Turkey]] temporarily banned WhatsApp in 2016, following the [[Assassination of Andrei Karlov|assassination of the Russian ambassador to Turkey]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/12/20/turkey-blocks-access-facebook-twitter-whatsapp-following-ambassadors |title=Turkey blocks access to Facebook, Twitter and WhatsApp following ambassador's assassination |newspaper=The Telegraph |first=Cara|last=McGoogan |date=December 20, 2016 |access-date=March 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207113636/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/12/20/turkey-blocks-access-facebook-twitter-whatsapp-following-ambassadors/|archive-date=December 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Brazil ====
On March 1, 2016, Diego Dzodan, Facebook's vice-president for Latin America was arrested in Brazil for not cooperating with an investigation in which WhatsApp conversations were requested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2016/03/1744973-pf-prende-executivo-do-facebook-por-empresa-nao-liberar-dados-do-whatsapp.shtml|title=PF prende executivo do Facebook por empresa não liberar dados do WhatsApp|publisher=Folha de São Paulo|date=March 1, 2016|language=pt|access-date=March 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302103948/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2016/03/1744973-pf-prende-executivo-do-facebook-por-empresa-nao-liberar-dados-do-whatsapp.shtml|archive-date=March 2, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 2, 2016, at dawn the next day, Dzodan was released because the Court of Appeal held that the arrest was disproportionate and unreasonable.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/03/felizes-diz-facebook-sobre-soltura-de-vice-presidente-preso-em-sp.html|title='Felizes', diz Facebook sobre soltura de vice-presidente preso em SP|date=March 2, 2016|access-date=March 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303095857/http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/noticia/2016/03/felizes-diz-facebook-sobre-soltura-de-vice-presidente-preso-em-sp.html|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On May 2, 2016, mobile providers in Brazil were ordered to block WhatsApp for 72 hours for the service's second failure to cooperate with criminal court orders.<ref>{{Cite news|date=May 3, 2016|title=Brazil Judge blocks access to WhatsApp messaging service|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36187028|access-date=August 1, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108095144/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36187028|url-status=live}}</ref> Once again, the block was lifted following an appeal, after less than 24 hours.<ref name="ars-liftedagain">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/05/brazilian-judge-blocks-whatsapp-for-72-hours-but-it-still-works-over-vpn-wi-fi/|title=Brazilian appellate judge rescinds WhatsApp block|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|date=May 3, 2016|website=[[Ars Technica]]|access-date=May 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504115056/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/05/brazilian-judge-blocks-whatsapp-for-72-hours-but-it-still-works-over-vpn-wi-fi/|archive-date=May 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Brazil's Central Bank issued an order to [[payment card]] companies [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] and [[Mastercard]] on June 23, 2020, to stop working with WhatsApp on its new electronic payment system. A statement from the Bank asserted the decision to block the Facebook-owned company's latest offering was taken to "preserve an adequate competitive environment" in the mobile payments space and to ensure "functioning of a payment system that's interchangeable, fast, secure, transparent, open and cheap."<ref>{{cite news |title=Brazil Suspends WhatsApp's New Payments System |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/23/technology/23reuters-brazil-central-bank-visa-mastercard.html |work=The New York Times |date=June 23, 2020 |access-date=June 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626161650/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/06/23/technology/23reuters-brazil-central-bank-visa-mastercard.html |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brazil suspends WhatsApp's payments service|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/23/brazil-orders-to-suspend-whatsapp-pay-week-after-rollout/|access-date=June 26, 2020|website=TechCrunch|date=June 24, 2020|archive-date=2020-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200624062125/https://techcrunch.com/2020/06/23/brazil-orders-to-suspend-whatsapp-pay-week-after-rollout/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Uganda ====
The government of [[Uganda]] banned WhatsApp and Facebook, along with other social media platforms, to enforce a tax on the use of social media.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wccftech.com/uganda-imposes-social-media-tax-whatsapp/|title=Uganda Imposes Daily Social Media Tax to Stop "Gossip" on WhatsApp|last=Shaikh|first=Rafia|date=May 31, 2018|work=Wccftech|access-date=June 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722110112/https://wccftech.com/uganda-imposes-social-media-tax-whatsapp/|archive-date=July 22, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Users are to be charged [[Ugandan shilling|USh.]]200/= per day to access these services according to the new law set by parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44315675|title=Uganda imposes WhatsApp 'gossip' tax|date=May 31, 2018|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=June 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604080431/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-44315675|archive-date=June 4, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== United Arab Emirates (UAE) ====
The [[United Arab Emirates]] banned WhatsApp video chat and VoIP call applications<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/technology/404024-end-uae-ban-on-whatsapp-calls-khalaf-al-habtoor-urges|title=End UAE ban on WhatsApp calls, Khalaf Al Habtoor urges|newspaper=Arabian Business|date=September 9, 2018|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410172625/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/technology/404024-end-uae-ban-on-whatsapp-calls-khalaf-al-habtoor-urges|archive-date=April 10, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/23/totok-popular-chat-app-spying-tool-uae-government|title=Popular chat app ToTok is actually a spying tool of UAE government – report|date=December 23, 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=April 28, 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611234926/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/23/totok-popular-chat-app-spying-tool-uae-government|archive-date=June 11, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> in as early as 2013<ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/skype-whatsapp-face-ban-in-saudi-arabia-report-495231.html|title=Skype, WhatsApp face ban in Saudi Arabia – report|newspaper=Arabian Business|date=March 25, 2013|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612081022/https://www.arabianbusiness.com/skype-whatsapp-face-ban-in-saudi-arabia-report-495231.html|archive-date=June 12, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> due to what is often reported as an effort to protect the commercial interests of their home grown nationally owned telecom providers ([[du (company)|du]] and [[etisalat by e&|Etisalat]]).<ref name=":1" /> Their app [[ToTok (app)|ToTok]] has received press suggesting it is able to spy on users.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mazzetti|first1=Mark|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/22/us/politics/totok-app-uae.html|title=It Seemed Like a Popular Chat App. It's Secretly a Spy Tool.|date=December 22, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 28, 2020|last2=Perlroth|first2=Nicole|issn=0362-4331|last3=Bergman|first3=Ronen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501124301/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/22/us/politics/totok-app-uae.html|archive-date=May 1, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Cuba====
In July 2021, the Cuban government blocked access to several social media platforms, including WhatsApp, to curb the spread of information during the [[2021 Cuban protests|anti-government protests]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Cuba's internet cutoff: A go-to tactic to suppress dissent |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-technology-cuba-ca1ae7975e04481e8cbd56d62a7fb30e |access-date=July 14, 2021 |work=Associated Press News |date=July 13, 2021 |archive-date=July 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713155550/https://apnews.com/article/business-technology-cuba-ca1ae7975e04481e8cbd56d62a7fb30e |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Switzerland====
In December 2021, the Swiss army banned the use of WhatsApp and several other non-Swiss encrypted messaging services by army personnel. The ban was prompted by concerns of US authorities potentially accessing user data for such apps because of the [[CLOUD Act]]. The army recommended that all army personnel use [[Threema]] instead, as the service is based in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web |last=Faife |first=Corin |title=Swiss Army drops WhatsApp for homegrown messaging service, citing privacy concerns |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/7/22871881/swiss-army-whatsapp-messaging-threema-privacy-concerns-us-jurisdiction |access-date=January 7, 2022 |work=The Verge |date=January 7, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602174935/https://www.theverge.com/2022/1/7/22871881/swiss-army-whatsapp-messaging-threema-privacy-concerns-us-jurisdiction |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Zambia====
In August 2021, the digital rights organization [[Access Now]] reported that WhatsApp along with several other social media apps was being blocked in [[Zambia]] for the duration of the [[2021 Zambian general election|general election]]. The organization reported a massive drop-off in traffic for the blocked services, though the country's government made no official statements about the block.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Campbell |first=Ian Carlos |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/12/22621875/whatsapp-twitter-facebook-blocked-zambia-presidential-election |title=WhatsApp, Twitter, and Facebook are reportedly blocked in Zambia during its presidential election |date=August 12, 2021 |work=The Verge |access-date=August 13, 2021 |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530222214/https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/12/22621875/whatsapp-twitter-facebook-blocked-zambia-presidential-election |url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Saudi Arabia ====
The [[Saudi Central Bank]] (SAMA) has prohibited local banks from using instant messaging applications like WhatsApp for customer communication. This decision aims to enhance data security and protect customer information.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amir |first=Khitam Al |date=2025-03-03 |title=Saudi banks banned from using WhatsApp for customer service |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-banks-banned-from-using-whatsapp-for-customer-service-1.500051010 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref>

==== Russia ====
{{Expand section|date=August 2025}}
In Russia, authorities increased pressure on WhatsApp in late 2025. On 28 November 2025, officials warned of a potential full ban on the service.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/russia-threatens-full-ban-whatsapp-tass-reports-2025-11-28/ Russia threatens full ban on WhatsApp]</ref> On 11 February 2026, the Russian government fully blocked WhatsApp, which had at least 100 million users in the country until recently, citing its alleged failure to comply with domestic regulations concerning extremist content and state oversight requirements.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-12 |title=Russia blocks Meta's WhatsApp messaging service, FT reports |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/russia-blocks-metas-whatsapp-messaging-service-ft-reports |access-date=2026-02-12 |work=The Straits Times |language=en |issn=0585-3923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Moscow |date=2024-07-17 |title=Putin Warns of Blackouts From ‘Uncontrolled’ Crypto Mining |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/07/17/putin-warns-of-blackouts-from-uncontrolled-crypto-mining-a85745 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref>

==== Third-party clients ====
In mid-2013, WhatsApp Inc. filed for the [[DMCA takedown]] of the discussion thread on the [[XDA Developers]] forums about the then popular third-party [[client (computing)|client]] "WhatsApp Plus".<ref>{{cite web |title=ipla-2013-07-22.md |url=https://github.com/xda/Notices/blob/master/2013/ipla-2013-07-22.md |publisher=XDA Developers |access-date=February 8, 2022 |date=July 13, 2013 |archive-date=May 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530033054/https://github.com/xda/Notices/blob/master/2013/ipla-2013-07-22.md |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2015, some third-party WhatsApp clients that were [[reverse-engineering]] the WhatsApp mobile app, received a [[cease and desist]] to stop activities that were violating WhatsApp legal terms. As a result, users of third-party WhatsApp clients were also banned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/21/whatsapp-now-officially-dead-receiving-cease-desist-real-whatsapp/|title=WhatsApp+ Is Now Officially Dead After Receiving A Cease And Desist From The Real WhatsApp|date=January 21, 2015|access-date=June 22, 2021|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512230511/https://www.androidpolice.com/2015/01/21/whatsapp-now-officially-dead-receiving-cease-desist-real-whatsapp/|url-status=live}} See also: [https://github.com/tgalal/yowsup/issues/1004 Legal Action Notices Received] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408170301/https://github.com/tgalal/yowsup/issues/1004 |date=April 8, 2023}}</ref>

== WhatsApp Business ==
WhatsApp launched two business-oriented apps in January 2018,<ref name=Small-Business/> separated by the intended userbase:
* A '''WhatsApp Business app''' for small companies<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whatsapp-business-app-definitive-guide-2018-jave-lin/|title=WhatsApp Business App: The Definitive Guide (2018)|last=Lin|first=Jave|date=March 8, 2018|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|access-date=March 15, 2018}}</ref>
* An '''Enterprise Solution''' known as '''WhatsApp Business Platform''' for bigger companies with global customer bases, such as airlines, e-commerce retailers and banks, who would be able to offer [[customer service]] and [[conversational commerce]] ([[e-commerce]]) via WhatsApp [[instant messaging|chat]], using live agents or [[chatbot]]s (as far back as 2015, companies like Meteordesk<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2015/07/29/tecnologia/1438186298_084563.html|title=MeteorDesk o cómo atender mejor al cliente a través de Whatsapp|first=Ediciones Cinco|last=Días|date=September 1, 2015|access-date=March 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327211936/https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2015/07/29/tecnologia/1438186298_084563.html|archive-date=March 27, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> had provided unofficial solutions for enterprises to attend to large numbers of users, but these were shut down by WhatsApp)
This solution was originally available as on-premise only, but in 2022, WhatsApp Cloud API became available. The on-premise API has been deprecated and will be fully sunset on October 23, 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=On-Premises API Sunset-WhatsApp Business Platform |url=https://developers.facebook.com/docs/whatsapp/on-premises/sunset |website=Developers.facebook.com |publisher=Meta |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

As WhatsApp API does not have a frontend interface, businesses need to subscribe through one of Meta's approved Business Solution Providers. Examples of these include respond.io, [[Gupshup]], Trengo, Wati and Manychat.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

In October 2020, Facebook announced the introduction of pricing tiers for services offered via the WhatsApp Business API, charged on a per-conversation basis.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp|url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/shopping-payments-and-customer-service-on-whatsapp/?lang=en|access-date=October 23, 2020|website=whatsapp.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Facebook adds hosting, shopping features and pricing tiers to WhatsApp Business|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/10/22/facebook-adds-hosting-shopping-features-and-pricing-tiers-to-whatsapp-business/|access-date=October 23, 2020|website=TechCrunch|date=October 22, 2020|archive-date=2021-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326222011/https://techcrunch.com/2020/10/22/facebook-adds-hosting-shopping-features-and-pricing-tiers-to-whatsapp-business/|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 1, 2025, a new pricing tier system came into effect which charges per-message rather than per-conversation.<ref>{{cite web |title=WhatsApp Business Platform Pricing |url=https://business.whatsapp.com/products/platform-pricing |website=business.whatsapp.com |access-date=3 July 2025}}</ref>

== User statistics ==
WhatsApp handled ten billion messages per day in August 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/08/23/whatsapp-hits-new-record-10-billion-total-messages-one-day/|title=WhatsApp hits new record with 10 billion total messages in one day|last=Olanof|first=Drew|date=August 23, 2012|work=The Next Web|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116033804/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/08/23/whatsapp-hits-new-record-10-billion-total-messages-one-day/|archive-date=January 16, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> growing from two billion in April 2012,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/mobile/2012/04/04/whatsapp-founder-to-operators-were-no-sms-killer-we-get-people-hooked-on-data/|title=WhatsApp founder to operators: 'We're no SMS-killer, we get people hooked on data'|last=Sushma|first=Parab|date=April 4, 2012|work=The Next Web|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122021711/http://thenextweb.com/mobile/2012/04/04/whatsapp-founder-to-operators-were-no-sms-killer-we-get-people-hooked-on-data/|archive-date=January 22, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> and one billion the previous October.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thenextweb.com/apps/2011/10/31/whatsapp-users-now-send-over-one-billion-messages-a-day/|title=WhatsApp users now send over one billion messages a day|last=Olanoff|first=Drew|date=October 31, 2011|work=TheNextWeb|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127063334/http://thenextweb.com/apps/2011/10/31/whatsapp-users-now-send-over-one-billion-messages-a-day/|archive-date=January 27, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> On June 13, 2013, WhatsApp announced that they had reached their new daily record by processing 27 billion messages.<ref>{{Citation|author=WhatsApp|title=27 Billion msgs handled in just 24 hours!|date=June 12, 2013|url=https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/344966710241161216|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015064218/https://twitter.com/WhatsApp/status/344966710241161216|url-status=live|publisher=Tweeter|format=µblog|quote=New daily record: 10B+ msgs sent (inbound) and 17B+ msgs received (outbound) by our users|access-date=August 20, 2013|archive-date=October 15, 2013}}</ref> According to the ''[[Financial Times]]'', WhatsApp "has done to SMS on mobile phones what [[Skype]] did to international calling on landlines".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/30fd99a2-0c60-11e1-88c6-00144feabdc0.html|title=WhatsApp users get the message|last=Bradshaw|first=Tim|date=November 14, 2011|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=January 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202164647/http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/30fd99a2-0c60-11e1-88c6-00144feabdc0.html|archive-date=February 2, 2013|url-status=live|location=London}}</ref>

By April 22, 2014, WhatsApp had over 500 million [[monthly active users]], 700 million photos and 100 million videos were being shared daily, and the messaging system was handling more than 10 billion messages each day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/whatsapp-crosses-half-a-billion-user-mark-strong-growth-in-india-and-brazil/|title=WhatsApp crosses half-a-billion user mark; strong growth in India and Brazil|date=April 23, 2014|work=The Indian Express|access-date=April 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424174310/http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/technology-others/whatsapp-crosses-half-a-billion-user-mark-strong-growth-in-india-and-brazil/|archive-date=April 24, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/04/22/whatsapp-hits-500-million-users/|title=WhatsApp Hits 500 Million Users|last=Chowdhry|first=Amit|date=April 22, 2014|website=Forbes|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514222613/http://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2014/04/22/whatsapp-hits-500-million-users/|archive-date=May 14, 2014|access-date=May 14, 2014}}</ref>

On August 24, 2014, Koum announced on his Twitter account that WhatsApp had over 600 million active users worldwide. At that point WhatsApp was adding about 25 million new users every month, or 833,000 active users per day.<ref name="Parmy Olsen"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailydigestnews.com/2014/09/whatsapp-to-reach-3-billion-users-zuckerberg-to-invest-billions/|title=WhatsApp to reach 3 billion users, Zuckerberg to invest billions|author=Christian de Looper|work=Daily Digest News|date=September 6, 2014|access-date=September 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907052426/http://dailydigestnews.com/2014/09/whatsapp-to-reach-3-billion-users-zuckerberg-to-invest-billions/|archive-date=September 7, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2017, it was reported that WhatsApp users spend over 340 million minutes on video calls each day on the app. This is the equivalent of roughly 646 years of video calls per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-users-spend-average-646-years-video-calls/|title=Whatsapp users spend an average of 646 years on video calls|date=May 9, 2017|work=Smatt Geeks Media|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308232541/https://smattgeeksmedia.com/news/whatsapp-users-spend-average-646-years-video-calls/|archive-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

By February 2017, WhatsApp had over 1.2 billion users globally,<ref name="Statt-2016-02-01"/> reaching 1.5 billion monthly active users by the end of 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/31/whatsapp-hits-1-5-billion-monthly-users-19b-not-so-bad/|date=January 31, 2018|first=Josh|last=Constine|title=WhatsApp hits 1.5 billion monthly users. $19B? Not so bad.|access-date=February 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063953/https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/31/whatsapp-hits-1-5-billion-monthly-users-19b-not-so-bad/|archive-date=February 9, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2020, WhatsApp reached over 5 billion installs on Google Play Store making it only the second non-Google app to achieve this milestone.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/whatsapp-registers-over-5-billion-installs-on-google-play-store/story-jgg9GSYtRWHwZeDIUwK7GL.html|title=WhatsApp registers over 5 billion installs on Google Play Store|date=January 19, 2020|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=January 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119160023/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tech/whatsapp-registers-over-5-billion-installs-on-google-play-store/story-jgg9GSYtRWHwZeDIUwK7GL.html|archive-date=January 19, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In February 2020, WhatsApp had over 2 billion users globally.<ref name=2-billion-users/><ref>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp: number of users 2013–2017|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/260819/number-of-monthly-active-whatsapp-users/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Statista}}</ref>

In May 2025, Meta reported WhatsApp had over 3 billion monthly active users globally.<ref name=3-billion-users>{{Cite web|title=WhatsApp now has more than 3 billion users a month|url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/05/01/whatsapp-now-has-more-than-3-billion-users/|access-date=August 29, 2025|website=TechCrunch |date=May 2025 }}</ref>

=== Specific markets ===
India is by far WhatsApp's largest market in terms of total number of users. In May 2014, WhatsApp crossed 50 million monthly active users in India, which is also its largest country by the number of monthly active users,<ref>{{cite web|title=WhatsApp crosses 50 million monthly active users in India, ties up with Airtel for special data plans|url=http://www.bgr.in/news/whatsapp-crosses-50-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-ties-up-with-airtel-for-special-data-plans/|first=Rajat|last=Agrawal|work=BGR India |access-date=May 11, 2014|date=May 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220453/http://www.bgr.in/news/whatsapp-crosses-50-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-ties-up-with-airtel-for-special-data-plans/|archive-date=May 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> then 70 million in October 2014, making users in India 10% of WhatsApp's total user base.<ref>{{cite news|title=WhatsApp user-base crosses 70 million in India|journal=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/whatsapp-user-base-crosses-70-million-in-india/articleshow/45012742.cms|author1=PTI|access-date=July 25, 2023|date=November 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703113835/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/whatsapp-user-base-crosses-70-million-in-india/articleshow/45012742.cms|archive-date=July 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2017, WhatsApp reached 200 million monthly active users in India.<ref>{{cite web|title=WhatsApp user-base crosses 200 million in India|date=February 25, 2017 |url=http://m.gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-now-has-200-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-1663332|access-date=March 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303050703/http://m.gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/whatsapp-now-has-200-million-monthly-active-users-in-india-1663332|archive-date=March 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

Israel is one of WhatsApp's strongest markets in terms of ubiquitous usage. According to ''[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]'', already by 2013 the application was installed on 92% of all smartphones, with 86% of users reporting daily use.<ref name="globes2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000893814|language=he|title=92% מבעלי הסמארטפונים בישראל משתמשים בוואטסאפ|trans-title=92% of Israel's smartphones use WhatsApp|first=Tzahi|last=Hoffman|date=November 14, 2013|work=[[Globes (newspaper)|Globes]]|access-date=October 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007070218/http://www.globes.co.il/news/article.aspx?did=1000893814|archive-date=October 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2024, WhatsApp reached 100 million users in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=100 million using WhatsApp across the United States|date=July 25, 2024 |url=https://blog.whatsapp.com/100-million-using-whatsapp-across-the-united-states|access-date=August 15, 2024}}</ref>

=== Competition ===
WhatsApp competes with messaging services including [[iMessage]] (estimated 1.3 billion active users<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://247wallst.com/technology-3/2019/01/17/apple-facebook-messaging/ |title=Information: Facebook's Messenger has overtaken Apple's iMessage | work=247wallst.com |date=January 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181717/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/information-facebooks-messenger-has-overtaken-apples-imessage-2019-01-17|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>), [[WeChat]] (1.26 billion active users<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/daily-active-user-of-messaging-app-wechat-exceeds-1-billion/|title=Daily active users for WeChat exceeds 1 billion|last=Lee|first=Cyrus|publisher=ZDNet|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708221330/https://www.zdnet.com/article/daily-active-user-of-messaging-app-wechat-exceeds-1-billion/|archive-date=July 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WeChat: active users worldwide|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/255778/number-of-active-wechat-messenger-accounts/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Statista}}</ref>), [[Telegram (software)|Telegram]] (1 billion users<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehta |first=Ivan |date=2025-03-19 |title=Telegram founder Pavel Durov says app now has 1B users, calls WhatsApp a 'cheap, watered down imitation' |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/19/telegram-founder-pavel-durov-says-app-now-has-1b-users-calls-whatsapp-a-cheap-watered-down-imitation/ |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>), [[Viber]] (260 million active users<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mind-Blowing Viber Statistics for 2019|url=https://99firms.com/blog/viber-statistics/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181716/https://99firms.com/blog/viber-statistics/|archive-date=August 8, 2019|access-date=August 8, 2019|website=99firms.com}}</ref>), [[LINE (application)|LINE]] (217 million active users<ref>{{Cite web|title=LINE: number of monthly active users|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/327292/number-of-monthly-active-line-app-users/|access-date=July 21, 2020|website=Statista}}</ref>), [[KakaoTalk]] (57 million active users<ref>{{Cite news |title=South Korea's President Yoon calls for quick resumption of popular messaging, portal services after fire {{!}} the Straits Times |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/fire-disrupts-service-for-south-koreas-super-app-kakaotalk |website=The Straits Times|date=October 16, 2022}}</ref>), and [[Signal (software)|Signal]] (70 million active users<ref>{{Cite web |title=Signal Revenue & Usage Statistics (2025) |url=https://www.businessofapps.com/data/signal-statistics/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=Business of Apps}}</ref>). Both Telegram and Signal in particular were reported to get registration spikes during WhatsApp outages and controversies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-outage-down-telegram-facebook-messaging-app-a8822501.html|title=Millions of people flock to Telegram following WhatsApp outage|date=March 14, 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422225829/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/whatsapp-outage-down-telegram-facebook-messaging-app-a8822501.html|archive-date=April 22, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TelegramDownloads/>

WhatsApp has increasingly drawn its innovation from competing services,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/29/whatsapp-broadcast-groups/|title=WhatsApp copies Telegram to add one-way 'broadcast' mode to group chats|website=TechCrunch|date=June 30, 2018|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026133941/https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/29/whatsapp-broadcast-groups/|url-status=live}}</ref> such as a Telegram-inspired web version<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cultofandroid.com/70720/whatsapps-android-code-hints-upcoming-browser-app/|title=WhatsApp's Android code hints at upcoming browser app|date=December 12, 2014|website=Cult of Android|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181724/https://www.cultofandroid.com/70720/whatsapps-android-code-hints-upcoming-browser-app/|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and features for groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/telegram-claims-50m-monthly-active-users-seems-to-be-attracting-teams/|title=Telegram Claims 50M Monthly Active Users, Seems To Be Attracting Teams|website=TechCrunch|date=December 9, 2014|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-date=January 20, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120222335/http://techcrunch.com/2014/12/08/telegram-claims-50m-monthly-active-users-seems-to-be-attracting-teams/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, WhatsApp was accused of copying features from a then-unreleased version of iMessage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/mobiles-and-tabs/050716/whatsapp-gets-accused-of-copying-features-from-imessage-in-ios-10.html|title=WhatsApp gets accused of copying features from iMessage in iOS 10|date=July 5, 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808181717/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/technology/mobiles-and-tabs/050716/whatsapp-gets-accused-of-copying-features-from-imessage-in-ios-10.html|archive-date=August 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Telecommunication|Technology|Internet|Companies}}
* [[Comparison of cross-platform instant messaging clients]]
* [[Comparison of user features of messaging platforms]]
* {{annotated link|Comparison of VoIP software}}
* [[Criticism of Facebook]]
* {{annotated link|Instagram}}
* [[List of most-downloaded Google Play applications]]
* [[List of social platforms with at least 100 million active users]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Scholia|topic}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Facebook navbox}}
{{Instant messaging}}
{{Cryptographic software}}
{{Silicon Valley}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:WhatsApp| ]]
[[Category:Social media]]
[[Category:Meta Platforms acquisitions]]
[[Category:Meta Platforms applications]]
[[Category:2014 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Android Auto software]]
[[Category:VoIP software]]
[[Category:Mobile applications]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:BlackBerry software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Symbian software]]
[[Category:Instant messaging clients]]
[[Category:Cross-platform software]]
[[Category:Communication software]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Mountain View, California]]
[[Category:2009 software]]
[[Category:End-to-end encryption]]

List of districts of Telangana

2026-03-15T21:52:47Z

CletaMacfarlane: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Telangana
| map = Telangana_districts.svg
| caption = Districts of Telangana
| category = [[Districts of Telangana|Districts]]
| territory = [[Telangana]]
| start_date =
| current_number = 33 districts
| number_date =
| population_range = [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]] – 257,744 (lowest); [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] – 3,943,323 (highest)
| area_range = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] –
{{Convert|217|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[Bhadradri Kothagudem District|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] – {{Convert|7,483|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| government = [[Government of Telangana]]
| subdivision = [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|Revenue Divisions of Telangana]]
}}

The [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]] has 33 districts, each headed by a [[District collector]].<ref name="districts">{{cite web |title=Telangana State Portal Districts |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/about/districts |website=www.telangana.gov.in |access-date=23 April 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Map of Telangana at the time of formation on June 02 2014.svg|left|thumb|Telangana at the time of formation on 2 June 2014.]]

Telangana region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]] consisted of 8 Districts in 1948 when it was inducted in [[Dominion of India]]; they are [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]], [[Mahabubnagar district|Mahbubnagar]], [[Medak district|Medak]], [[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]], [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]], [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]], [[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]] and [[Warangal district|Warangal]] districts.<ref name="books.google.co.uk">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zXBB1nZYoLIC&pg=PA121|title=Hyderabad State|first=Ghulam|last=Yazdani|year=1937|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Khammam]] district was created by bifurcation of [[Warangal]] district on 1 October 1953.<ref name="gwmc.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.gwmc.gov.in/knowyourcorporation.aspx|title=Know Your Corporation}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh]] was formed by merging Telangana region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] and [[Andhra State|Andhra state]] on 1 November 1956. Bhadrachalam division and [[Aswaraopeta|Aswaraopet]] taluka parts was merged in [[Khammam district|Khammam]] district from Godavari districts for better Administration.<ref name="gwmc.gov.in" /> Hyderabad district was split into Hyderabad Urban District and Hyderabad Rural District on 15 August 1978. Hyderabad Urban District was made by 4 Talukas are [[Charminar]], [[Golconda|Golkonda]], Mushirabad and Secunderabad Talukas which consist of only MCH area, [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|Secunderabad cantonment]] and Osmania University. Hyderabad rural district was later renamed as [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy District]].<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 2011-09-25 | work = Statoids}}</ref>

On 2 June 2014, when Telangana was carved out as India's 29th state with 10 districts from then [[Andhra Pradesh]] state, seven mandals of Bhadrachalam division were given back to [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] district.<ref>"The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation (Amendment) Bill, 2014" Accessed 13 July 2014 [http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/asintroduced/15_2014_LS_Eng.pdf]</ref><ref>"Protests against Centre, Andhra Pradesh in Khammam over Polavaram Bill". Deccan Chronicle, 12 July 2014. Accessed 13 July 2014. [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140712/nation-current-affairs/article/polavaram-row-protests-against-centre-andhra-pradesh-khammam]</ref> On 11 October 2016, 21 new districts were created, which led to total 31 districts in Telangana. All districts were divided into minimum 2 to maximum 5 except [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] which was untouched.<ref name="newdist">{{cite news|title=New districts|url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|access-date=8 October 2016|work=Andhra Jyothy.com|date=8 October 2016|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064351/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/artical?SID=320397|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two new districts, [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]] and [[Narayanapet District|Narayanpet]] were created on 17 February 2019, taking the total number of districts to 33.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/feb/18/telangana-gets-two-new-districts-narayanpet-and-mulugu-1940027.html|title=Telangana gets two new districts: Narayanpet and Mulugu|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-03-31|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104171258/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2019/feb/18/telangana-gets-two-new-districts-narayanpet-and-mulugu-1940027.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== District statistics ==

In terms of area, [[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri Kothagudem]] is the largest district with an area of {{Convert|7483|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]] is the smallest with {{Convert|217|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] is the most populated district with a population of 39,43,323 and [[Mulugu district]] is the least populated with 2,94,671. [[Telangana]] consist of 74 Revenue Divisions and 594 Revenue [[Tehsil|Mandals]] ([[Tehsil]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/district_plan.php |title=Know Your District - Plan Your District |access-date=17 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708041505/http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/district_plan.php |archive-date=8 July 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! S.No.
! Name
! Headquarters
! Area (km2)
! Population (2011 census)
! No.of mandals
! [[Population Density|Density]] (per km2)
! [[Urban area|Urban]] (%)
! [[Literacy]] (%)
! [[human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
! Map
|-
| 1 ||[[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]|| [[Adilabad]] || 4,153 ||{{formatnum:708972}}|| 18|| 171 || 23.66 || 63.46 || 978||
[[File:Adilabad in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 2||[[Kumuram Bheem district|Kumuram Bheem Asifabad]]||[[Asifabad, Telangana|Asifabad]]|| 4,878 ||{{formatnum:515812}}|| 15|| 106 || 16.86 || 56.72 || 998 ||[[File:Kumaram Bheem Asifabad in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 3||[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]||[[Mancherial]]|| 4,016 ||{{formatnum:807037}}|| 18|| 201 || 43.85 || 64.35 || 977 ||[[File:Mancherial in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 4||[[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]||[[Nirmal]]|| 3,845 ||{{formatnum:709418}}|| 19|| 185 || 21.38 || 57.77 || 1046 ||[[File:Nirmal in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 5||[[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]||[[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]|| 4,288 ||{{formatnum:1571022}}|| 27|| 366 || 29.58 || 64.25 || 1044 ||[[File:Nizamabad in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-

| 6||[[Jagtial district|Jagtial]]||[[Jagtial]]|| 2,419 ||{{formatnum:985417}}||18|| 407 || 22.46 || 60.26 || 1036 ||[[File:Jagtial in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 7||[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]||[[Peddapalli]]
|| 2,236 ||{{formatnum:795332}}|| 14|| 356 || 38.22 || 65.52 || 992 ||[[File:Peddapalli in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 8||[[Kamareddy district|Kamareddy]]||[[Kamareddy]]|| 3,652 ||{{formatnum:972625}}|| 22|| 266 || 12.71 || 56.51 || 1033 ||[[File:Kamareddy in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 9||[[Rajanna Sircilla district|Rajanna Sircilla]]||[[Sircilla]]|| 2,019 ||{{formatnum:552037}}|| 13|| 273 || 21.17 || 62.71 || 1014 ||[[File:Rajanna Sircilla in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 10||[[Karimnagar district|Karimnagar]]||[[Karimnagar]]|| 2,128 ||{{formatnum:1005711}}|| 16|| 473 || 30.72 || 69.16 || 993 ||[[File:Karimnagar in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 11||[[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Jayashankar Bhupalpally]]||[[Bhupalpally]]|| 2,293 ||416,763|| 12|| 180 || 7.57 || 58.97 || 1009 ||[[File:Jayashankar Bhupalpally in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 12||[[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]||[[Sangareddy]]|| 4,403 ||{{formatnum:1527628}}|| 26|| 347 || 34.69 || 64.08 || 965 ||[[File:Sangareddy in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 13||[[Medak district|Medak]]||[[Medak]]|| 2,786 ||{{formatnum:767428}}|| 20|| 275 || 7.67 || 56.12 || 1027 ||[[File:Medak in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-

| 14||[[Siddipet district|Siddipet]]||[[Siddipet]]|| 3,632 ||{{formatnum:1012065}}|| 22|| 279 || 13.74 || 61.61 || 1008 ||[[File:Siddipet in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 15||[[Jangaon district|Jangaon]]||[[Jangaon]]|| 2,188 ||{{formatnum:566376}}|| 13|| 259 || 12.60 || 61.60 || 997 ||[[File:Jangaon in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 16||[[Hanumakonda district|Hanumakonda]]||[[Hanumakonda]]<ref name="Warangal Urban renamed to Hanumakonda" >{{Cite web|title=KCR renames Warangal Urban Hanumakonda; Warangal Rural becomes Warangal|website=[[NewsMeter]]|date=21 June 2021 |url=https://newsmeter.in/top-stories/kcr-renames-warangal-urban-hanumakonda-warangal-rural-becomes-warangal-679850}}</ref>|| 1,309 ||{{formatnum:1080858}}|| 11|| 826 || 68.51 || 76.17 || 997 ||[[File:Warangal Urban in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 17||[[Warangal district|Warangal]]||[[Warangal]]<ref name="Warangal Urban renamed to Hanumakonda" />|| 2,175 ||{{formatnum:718537}}|| 15|| 330 || 6.99 || 61.26 || 994 ||[[File:Warangal Rural in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 18||[[Mulugu district|Mulugu]]||[[Mulug, Jayashankar district|Mulugu]]|| 3,881||257,744|| 09|| 66 || 05 || 62.26 || 968 ||[[File:Mulugu in Telangana (India).svg|100x100px]]
|-
| 19||[[Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Bhadradri kothagudem]]||[[Kothagudem]]|| 7,483 ||{{formatnum:1069261}}|| 23|| 143 || 31.71 || 66.40 || 1008 ||[[File:Bhadradri Kothagudem in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 20||[[Khammam district|Khammam]]||[[Khammam]]|| 4,361 ||{{formatnum:1401639}}|| 21|| 321 || 22.60 || 65.95 || 1005 ||[[File:Khammam in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 21||[[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]]||[[Mahabubabad]]|| 2,877 ||{{formatnum:774549}}|| 16|| 269 || 9.86 || 57.13 || 996 ||[[File:Mahabubabad in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 22 ||[[Suryapet district|Suryapet]]||[[Suryapet]]|| 3,607 ||{{formatnum:1099560}}|| 23|| 305 || 15.56 || 64.11 || 996 ||[[File:Suryapet in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 23||[[Nalgonda district|Nalgonda]]||[[Nalgonda]]|| 7,122 ||{{formatnum:1618416}}|| 31|| 227 || 22.76 || 63.75 || 978 ||[[File:Nalgonda in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 24||[[Yadadri Bhuvanagiri]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Yadadri changed to Yadadri Bhuvanagiri District |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/yadadri-4-other-districts-get-new-names/articleshow/56770588.cms |access-date=25 Jan 2017}}</ref> ||[[Bhongir|Bhuvanagiri]] || 3,092 ||{{formatnum:739448}}|| 16|| 239 || 16.66 || 65.2402221 || 973 ||[[File:Yadadri Bhuvanagiri in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 25||[[Medchal–Malkajgiri]]||[[Shamirpet]]|| 1,084 ||{{formatnum:2440073}}|| 14|| 2251 || 91.40 || 82.48 || 957 ||[[File:Medchal Malkajgiri in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-

| 26||[[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]||[[Hyderabad]]||| 217 ||{{formatnum:3943323}}|| 16|| 18172 || 100 || 83.25 || 954 ||[[File:Hyderabad in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 27||[[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]||[[Shamshabad]]|| 5,031 ||{{formatnum:2446265}}|| 27|| 486 || 58.05 || 71.88 || 950 ||[[File:Ranga Reddy in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 28||[[Vikarabad district|Vikarabad]]||[[Vikarabad]]|| 3,386 ||{{formatnum:927140}}|| 18|| 274 || 13.48 || 57.91 || 1001 ||[[File:Vikarabad in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-
|29
|[[Narayanpet district|Narayanpet]]
|[[Narayanpet]]
|2336
|566,874
|11
|240
|7.36
|49.93
|1009
|[[File:Narayanpet in Telangana (India).svg|100x100px]]
|-
| 30||[[Mahabub Nagar district|Mahabubnagar]]||[[Mahbubnagar|Mahabubnagar]]|| 2,738 ||919,903|| 26|| 340 || 20.73 || 60.97 || 995 ||[[File:Mahabubnagar in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-

|31
|[[Nagarkurnool district|Nagarkurnool]]
|[[Nagarkurnool]]
|6,545
|{{formatnum:893308}}
|22
|142
|10.19
|54.38
|968
|[[File:Nagarkurnool in Telangana (India).svg|100x100px]]
|-
| 32||[[Wanaparthy district|Wanaparthy]]||[[Wanaparthy]]|| 2,152 ||{{formatnum:577758}}|| 14|| 268 || 15.97 || 55.67 || 960 ||[[File:Wanaparthy in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-

| 33||[[Jogulamba Gadwal district|Jogulamba Gadwal]]||[[Gadwal]]|| 2,928 ||{{formatnum:609990}}|| 12|| 208 || 10.36 || 49.87 || 972 ||[[File:Jogulamba Gadwal in Telangana (India).svg|100px]]
|-

!'''Total'''|| – || – ||{{formatnum:112077}}||{{formatnum:35003674}}||584||312||38.88||66.54||988|| –
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of mandals in Telangana]]
* [[List of districts in India]]
* [[List of districts in Telangana by GDP]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Districts of Telangana| ]]
[[Category:Telangana-related lists|Districts]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Telangana]]

Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-04T14:38:04Z

CletaMacfarlane: new new post

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Mavelikara {{Small|KL-16}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok_Sabha_constituencies/2019/Kerala/Mavelikara.map}}
| map_caption = Mavelikara Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = കൊടിക്കുന്നിൽ സുരേഷ്.jpg
| state = [[Kerala]]
| assembly_cons = [[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]] [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]] [[Mavelikara (State Assembly constituency)|Mavelikara]] [[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]] [[Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]] [[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]] [[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram]]
| mp = [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| electors = 13,01,067 (2019)
}}
'''Mavelikara''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==

Mavelikkara Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly regions:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|accessdate=2008-10-20
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archivedate=2009-03-04
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|99
|[[Changanassery (State Assembly constituency)|Changanassery]]
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
|[[Job Maichil]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress (Mani)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| 106
|[[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
|rowspan=3|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|[[Thomas K. Thomas]]
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|-
|109
|[[Mavelikara (State Assembly constituency)|Mavelikara]]
|[[M. S. Arun Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|110
|[[Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)|Chengannur]]
|[[Saji Cherian]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|118
|[[Kunnathur, Kerala Assembly constituency|Kunnathur]] (SC)
|rowspan=3|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|[[Kovoor Kunjumon]]
|style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|RSP(L)}}" |
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist)|RSP(L)]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|119
|[[Kottarakkara (State Assembly constituency)|Kottarakkara]]
|[[K. N. Balagopal]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
|120
|[[Pathanapuram (State Assembly constituency)|Pathanapuram]]
|[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]]
|{{party name with color|Kerala Congress (B)}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
'''As Thiruvalla'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
!colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[C. P. Mathen]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1952-1957
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|[[Ravindra Varma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1962-1967
|-
|}

'''As Mavelikara General constituency '''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|R. Achuthan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|G. P. Mangalathumadom
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|1967-1971
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|[[R. Balakrishna Pillai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Kerala Congress}}
|1971-1977
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|B. K. Nair
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[P. J. Kurien]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|1980-1984
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|[[Thampan Thomas]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|rowspan="4" | [[P. J. Kurien]]
| rowspan="5" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|1996-1998
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|1998-1999
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|1999-2004
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|C. S. Sujatha
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|2004-2009
|-
|}

'''As Mavelikara (SC)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|rowspan="4" | [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
| rowspan="4" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan="4" | [[Indian National Congress]]
|2009-2014
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|2014-2019
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|2019-2024
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|''Incumbent''
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Mavelikara]]<ref name="Mavelikkara Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Mavelikkara Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/kerala/mavelikkara |access-date=16 August 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816140208/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/kerala/mavelikkara |archive-date=16 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=369,516|percentage=41.29|change={{decrease}}4.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Adv. C. A. Arun Kumar|party=Communist Party of India|votes=358,648|percentage=40.07|change={{increase}}1.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Baiju Kalasala|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|votes=142,984|percentage=15.98|change={{increase}}2.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=9,883|percentage=1.1|change={{up}} 0.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=C. Monichen|votes=4,974|percentage=0.6|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Santhosh Palathumpadan|votes=4,306|percentage=0.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Ambedkarite Party of India|candidate=Suresh Nooranad|votes=1,505|percentage=0.2|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. Bimalji|votes=1,370|percentage=0.2|change= {{up}}0.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Manthara Velayudhan|votes=929|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kozhuvasseril Suresh|votes=856|percentage=0.1|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,868|percentage=1.22|change={{down}}5.07 }}
{{Election box turnout||votes=8,98,111|percentage=67.07|change={{down}}7.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = {{down}}4.07
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mavelikara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|votes = 440,415
|percentage = 45.36
|change = {{up}}0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = [[Chittayam Gopakumar]]
|votes = 379,277
|percentage = 39.06
|change = {{down}}2.51
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena
|candidate = Thazhava Sahadevan
|votes = 133,546
|percentage = 13.75
|change = {{up}}4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,754
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{down}}0.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Thollur Rajagopalan
|votes = 3,864
|percentage = 0.4
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Kuttan Kattachira
|votes = 1,982
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Usha Kottarakkara
|votes = 1,620
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = K. Bimalji
|votes = 1,450
|percentage = 0.15
|change = {{down}}0.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Raghavan R.
|votes = 1,314
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Ajayakumar
|votes = 1,211
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Aji Pathanapuram
|votes = 602
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 61,138
|percentage = 6.29
|change = {{up}} 2.61
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 9,72,360
|percentage = 74.33
|change = {{up}} 2.98
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = {{up}} 0.11
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Mavelikara]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kodikunnil Suresh]]|votes=402,432|percentage=45.25|change={{down}} 4.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[Chengara Surendran]]|votes=369,695|percentage=41.57|change={{down}} 1.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Sudheer|votes=79,743|percentage=8.97|change={{up}} 3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=9,459|percentage=1.06|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jyothish Perumpulickal|votes=8,946|percentage=1.0|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=N. Sadanandan|votes=7,753|percentage=0.9|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Sasikala K. S.|votes=4,736|percentage=0.5|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Adv. P. K. Jayakrishnan |votes=3,603|percentage=0.4|change={{down}} 0.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Pallickal Surendran |votes=1,486|percentage=0.2|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Piravathoor Sreedharan |votes=1,207|percentage=0.1|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 32,737
|percentage = 3.68
|change = {{down}}2.30
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=889,060|percentage=71.35|change={{up}} 0.85 }}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{down}} 4.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Mavelikara]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kodikunnil Suresh]]
|votes = 397,211
|percentage = 49.3
|change = {{up}}7.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = R. S. Anil
|votes = 349,163
|percentage = 43.3
|change = -
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = BJP
|candidate = P. M. Velayudhan
|votes = 40,992
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{down}} 7.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. N. D. Mohan
|votes = 8,681
|percentage = 1.1
|change = {{up}}0.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Sooranad Sukumaran
|votes = 3,197
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = K. S. Sasikala
|votes = 2,369
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = G. Anil Kumar
|votes = 2,189
|percentage = 0.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 48,048
|percentage = 6.0
|change = {{up}}4.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 8,06,273
|percentage = 70.5
|change = {{down}}3.3
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{up}}7.2
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Mavelikara]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[C. S. Sujatha]]
|votes = 278,281
|percentage = 43.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|votes = 270,867
|percentage = 42.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = BJP
|candidate = S. Krishnakumar
|votes = 83,013
|percentage = 12.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Adv. Saji K. Cheraman
|votes = 4,918
|percentage = 0.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party =Social Action Party
|candidate = Adv. V. C. Zachariah
|votes = 2,987
|percentage = 0.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = S. Radhamani
|votes = 2,353
|percentage = 0.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Dr K Kishorekumar
|votes = 1,298
|percentage = 0.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = R. Kavitha
|votes = 897
|percentage = 0.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 7,414
|percentage = 1.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 6,42,360
|percentage = 73.8
|change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Mavelikara]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]
* [[2014 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [[Election Commission of India]]: https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190426084536/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-mavelikkara-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Mavelikkara Constituency Live Results]}}
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/kerala/mavelikkara/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Mavelikkara Lok Sabha Elections Asianet News survey results 2019]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}
{{coord|9.24|76.54|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mavelikara (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Alappuzha district]]

Marumagan

2026-03-03T04:50:43Z

CletaMacfarlane: created new pg basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marumagan
| director = [[Manivasagam]]
| writer = Manivasagam K. J. Anumohan (dialogues)
| producer = K. Balu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]]|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]}}
| cinematography = A. Venkatesh
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = K. B. Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1995|07|07}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Marumagan''''' ({{translation|Son-in-law}}) is a 1995 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] directed by [[Manivasagam]]. The film stars [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]. It was released on 7 July 1995,<ref>{{Cite web |title=மறுமகன் / Marumagan (1995) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/marumagan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240228095640/https://screen4screen.com/movies/marumagan |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=28 February 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719063625/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=February 2023}}
After working in Bombay as a tailor, Thangarasu comes back home and opens a tailor shop in his neighbourhood. His specialty is taking measurements without touching the women, and his shop becomes quickly very popular among the women. Thangarasu falls in love with Manjula, the daughter of Mayilsamy Gounder. Mayilsamy Gounder, an ex-[[Member of Parliament]] and an illicit liquor smuggler, plans a return to politics. In the meantime, Thangarasu and Manjula announce their love on a TV Channel. Mayilsamy Gounder is first angry but he uses this opportunity to win the upcoming election. Everything was fine until that Thangarasu's mother Thaiyamma learns the news and she objects the marriage. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Thangarasu
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Manjula
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Mayilsamy Gounder
*[[Nagesh]]
*[[Goundamani]] as Govindsamy
*[[Senthil]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Thaiyamma
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Muniyandi
*[[Ponnambalam (actor)|Ponnambalam]]
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Arumugam
*[[Suryakanth]] as Sengaliappan
*Chitti
*[[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangeeta]]
*Kokila
*[[Lalitha Kumari]] as Kannamma
*[[Singamuthu]]
*Tirupur Ramasamy
*[[Kovai Senthil]]
*Chitraguptan
*Veerapathiran
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
*Jeeva
*Rajavanan
}}

== Soundtrack ==

The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marumagan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/marumagan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329643225 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210121436/https://music.apple.com/in/album/marumagan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1329643225 |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration
|-
| "En Rasave" || [[S. Janaki]] || 4:21
|-
| "Laila Laila" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 5:28
|-
| "Mamma Mamma" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 4:49
|-
| "Manjula Manjula" || [[Suresh Peters]], Swarnalatha || 5:04
|-
| "Oh Ragini En Uyir" (solo) || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 3:26
|-
| "Oh Ragini En Nilai" (Sad) || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki|| 3:24
|-
| "Oh Ragini Neelambari" (duet) || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki || 5:13
|}

== Reception ==
R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said he could not say the film is boring but felt the director could have avoided dealing with a script which offered boredom and fatigue.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர்.பி.ஆர். |date=23 July 1995 |title=மருமகன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-07-23/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240228095242/https://archive.org/details/kalki1995-07-23/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date=9 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Manivasagam}}

[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:1995 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1995 drama films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivasagam]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhalala

2026-02-23T12:04:10Z

CletaMacfarlane: improved article

{{more citations needed|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}During the [[British Raj]] period, '''Bhalala State''', in the present-day Indian state of [[Gujarat]], was a [[salute state|non-salute]] [[princely state]] and was governed by members of a [[Jhala (clan)|Jhala]] dynasty.

The rulers ruled with title of [[Taluqdar]] Saheb.

==History==
During [[British period]], Bhalala was a separate tribute-paying [[taluka]] under the Wadhwan station thana. The taluka consisted of but one village and Half Dedadra Village in Wadhwan Taluka, the [[Taluqdar]] were they were [[Jhala]]( RANA) Rajput and [[wadhvan]] state bhayat [1]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=381–382}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Villages in Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Surendranagar-geo-stub}}
{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Aarti Tikoo Singh

2026-02-14T02:33:38Z

CletaMacfarlane: correct formatting per sources and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aarti Tikoo Singh
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Anantnag district|Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| education = MA Political Science MA English MA International Affairs<ref name="qualify"/>
| alma_mater = [[University of Jammu]] [[Columbia University]]
| occupation = Journalist
| employer = The New Indian
}}

'''Aarti Tikoo Singh''' is an Indian journalist who is known for being vocal on the [[Kashmir conflict]] and strongly considers herself [[secular]]. She is an alumnus of [[University of Jammu]] and did master's in international affairs from [[Columbia University]] in New York City.

==Early life and education==
Singh was born in the [[Anantnag district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, into a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 19 January 2021|title=Aarti Tikoo Remembers & Shares Story of Hindus Of Kashmir Valley |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNl3WRCa8OA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129181739/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNl3WRCa8OA |archive-date=2021-01-29 |access-date=2021-01-26 |website=Youtube |language=hi-IN}}</ref> After the [[exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] from the [[Kashmir Valley]] in the early 1990s, she had to move to [[Jammu]] with her family. She studied in [[University of Jammu]] and also did master's in international affairs from New York's [[Columbia University]]<ref name="qualify">{{cite web |title=Aarti Tikoo Singh Blog - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/aartitikoosingh/ |access-date=16 Jun 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and starting her career she went to New Delhi and is currently residing there.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

Aarti Tikoo is married to Harbir Singh,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Ilhan Omar faces abuse after challenging Indian reporter at US Congress |url=https://www.trtworld.com/americas/ilhan-omar-faces-abuse-after-challenging-indian-reporter-at-us-congress-30809 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026013959/https://www.trtworld.com/americas/ilhan-omar-faces-abuse-after-challenging-indian-reporter-at-us-congress-30809 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |access-date=2021-07-09 |website=TRT World}}</ref> a former politician with [[Aam Aadmi Party]], as of 2021.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

==Career==
As a reporter, she has worked in conflict zones across India such as Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Assam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=23 October 2019|title=Times of India editor Aarti Tikoo claims tp counter false reporting on Kashmir at Washington's National Press Club|url=https://www.hinduamerican.org/press/aarti-tikoo-times-of-india-national-press-club/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614132823/https://www.hinduamerican.org/press/aarti-tikoo-times-of-india-national-press-club |archive-date=2020-06-14 |access-date=2020-06-14|website=Hindu American Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 2018|title=A Conversation With Aarti Tikoo Singh|url=http://www.ggfutures.net/analysis/a-conversation-with-aarti-tikoo-singh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104020902/http://www.ggfutures.net:80/analysis/a-conversation-with-aarti-tikoo-singh |archive-date=2018-11-04 |access-date=2020-06-14|website=Global Governance Futures|language=en-US}}</ref>

After working with dailies in India such as ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and as senior assistant editor with ''[[The Times of India]]'', she worked as a foreign and security affairs editor at the ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' (IANS) agency. In August 2021, she founded ''The New Indian''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://newindian.in/about/|access-date=2022-01-27|website=THE NEW INDIAN|language=en}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=June 2022}} Singh has over 20 years of experience in journalism, focusing on international relations and conflicts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=28 October 2019|title=Discussion with Aarti Tikoo Singh|url=https://harrison.house.upenn.edu/event/discussion-aarti-tikoo-singh|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614112555/https://harrison.house.upenn.edu/event/discussion-aarti-tikoo-singh |archive-date=2020-06-14 |access-date=2020-06-14|website=Harrison House - University of Penn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Aarti Tikoo Singh, Author at South Asian Voices|url=https://southasianvoices.org/author/aarti-tikoo/|access-date=2020-06-14|website=South Asian Voices|language=en-US}}</ref> She reported from the state of Jammu and Kashmir, a conflict-ridden state for almost seven years, covering politics, violence, governance and human stories.<ref name="huffi">{{cite web | title =Aarti Tikoo Singh author on Huffington Post | language =English | publisher =[[Huffington Post]] | date = | url =https://www.huffpost.com/author/aarti-tikoo-singh | access-date =16 Jun 2020 }}</ref> Singh represented in a United States Congressional hearing on Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|title=On J&K, Indian Journalist's Face-Off With Ilhan Omar In US Congress|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-hearing-on-kashmir-a-setup-against-india-in-favour-of-pakistan-says-journalist-aarti-tikoo-singh-2121204|access-date=2021-03-20|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Awards==
Singh is a Times Aspire award winner and a WISCOMP (Women in Security, Conflict Management Peace) fellowship awardee.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Pawas Kumar, ed. (23 October 2019). [https://english.newsnationtv.com/india/news/journalist-aarti-tikoo-singh-tells-us-congress-world-press-overlooked-pakistani-terror-in-kashmir-241891.html 'World Press Overlooks Years Of Pakistan-Sponsored In Kashmir': Indian Journalist To US Congress]. [[News Nation]]
* Deepshikha Ghosh, ed. (24 October 2019). [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/us-hearing-on-kashmir-a-setup-against-india-in-favour-of-pakistan-says-journalist-aarti-tikoo-singh-2121204 On J&K, Indian Journalist's Face-Off With Ilhan Omar In US Congress]. [[NDTV]]
* Ria Das (4 March 2019). [https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/women-cops-crpf-convoy-pulwama/ These Brave Women Cops From Srinagar Were Witness To Pulwama]. [[SheThePeople.TV]]
* PTI (25 October 2019). [https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2019/10/25/kashmiri-pandits-say-us-congressional-hearing-was-one-sided.html Kashmiri Pandits say US Congressional hearing was one sided]. [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Aarti Tikoo}}
[[Category:Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian women columnists]]
[[Category:Hindustan Times journalists]]
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:University of Jammu alumni]]
[[Category:School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Kashmiri people]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]

T. S. Kalyanaraman

2026-02-12T03:10:48Z

CletaMacfarlane: expand references to improve readability for clarity

{{short description|Indian businessman (born 1947)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Biographies|date=December 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2020}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. S. Kalyanaraman
| image = File:T.S Kalyanaraman.webp
| image_size =
| caption = T S Kalyanaraman
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1947|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| alma_mater = [[Sree Kerala Varma College]]
| employer = Managing Director of [[Kalyan Jewellers]] & [[Kalyan Developers]]
| occupation = Business
| years_active = 1993 {{endash}} present
| spouse = Ramadevi
| children = 3
| callsign =
| website =
| footnotes =
| awards =
| signature =
}}

'''T. S. Kalyanaraman''' (born 23 April 1947) is an Indian businessman and the managing director of [[Kalyan Jewellers]] and [[Kalyan Developers]]. [[Kalyan Group]] is the holding company of [[Kalyan Jewellers]].

==Early life==
Kalyanaraman was born in [[Thrissur]], into a [[Tamil Brahmin]] family, as the eldest son of T. R. Seetharama Iyer. He was named after his paternal grandfather, who was also the founder of [[Kalyan Group]]. He learned the business from his father when he was 12, by helping his father in his shop. Later he joined [[Sree Kerala Varma College]] and studied commerce.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-21/indian-jeweler-becomes-billionaire-as-gold-price-surges.html
|title=Indian Jeweler Becomes Billionaire as Gold Price Surges
|date=22 January 2013
|publisher=Bloomberg News
|accessdate=22 January 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
He started his first jewellery shop named [[Kalyan Jewellers]] in [[Thrissur]] City in 1993 with a capital of {{INR|50,00,000}}. Later, he expanded the business to 32 showrooms all over [[South India]]. In 2024, [[Forbes]] magazine's latest annual tally of billionaires has listed Kalyanaraman in 622nd position with a net worth of {{USD|5.4 billion}}.<ref name=net>{{cite web|title=T. S. Kalyanaraman|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/ts-kalyanaraman/|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=12 January 2017|date=12 January 2017}}</ref>

As per Forbes list of India's 100 richest tycoons, dated 9 October 2024, T.S. Kalyanaraman is ranked 60th with a net worth of $5.38 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KARMALI" |first="NAAZNEEN |title=India’s 100 Richest 2024 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/india-billionaires/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

T. S. Kalyanaraman has also released an autobiography called ''The Golden Touch''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalyanaraman |first=T. S. |date=2023-11-26 |title=The man with the golden touch |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/the-man-with-the-golden-touch/article67577375.ece |access-date=2024-10-01 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
He has two sons and a daughter.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-success-story-of-kalyan-jewellers/20120315.htm
|title=The success story of Kalyan Jewellers
|publisher=Rediff
|accessdate=15 March 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalyanaraman, T. S.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Thrissur]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Sree Kerala Varma College alumni]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Davinder Singh (field hockey)

2026-02-11T00:10:21Z

CletaMacfarlane: enhance formatting for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player (1952–2026)}}
{{for|the politician|Devinderjeet Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{MedalGold|[[1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow]]|[[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|Team Competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Davinder Singh Garcha''' (7 December 1952 – 10 January 2026) was an Indian [[Field hockey|hockey]] player. He was part of the Indian hockey team that won the gold medal in the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] where he scored 8 goals in total of 6 Olympic matches and played more than 30 international matches playing just three tournaments scoring 19 goals.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120913011318/http://www.thesportscampus.com/200807016/beijing-2008/india-olympic-history India's Olympic History]</ref><ref>[http://www.bharatiyahockey.org/olympics/golden/1980.htm Golden]. bharatiyahockey.org.</ref> Singh died on 10 January 2026, at the age of 73.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hockey-olympian-davinder-singh-garcha-passes-away |access-date=10 January 2026 |publisher=The Tribune |date=10 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{Sports reference}}

{{Olympic medalists for India}}
{{India FH Squad 1980 Summer Olympics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Davinder}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Indian male field hockey players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1980 Summer Olympics]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}
{{India-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Haridas Bhattacharya

2026-02-07T19:35:53Z

CletaMacfarlane: small changes

{{Short description|Bengali Indian philosopher and author (1891–1956)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Haridas Bhattacharya
|image=
|caption=
|birth_date=1891
|birth_place = [[Bhatpara]], Calcutta, [[Bengal Presidency]]
|alma_mater=[[Scottish Church College]] [[University of Calcutta]]
|spouse = [[Tapobala Devi]]
|death_date={{death year and age|1956|1891}}
|death_place = Calcutta, India
|occupation= Philosopher, Educationist, Author
}}
'''Haridas Bhattacharyya''' (1891–1956) was a Bengali Indian philosopher, author and educationist, known for his works on comparative religion.<ref name=Banglapedia_article>{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Pradip Kumar |year=2012 |chapter=Bhattacharya, Haridas |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhattacharya,_Haridas |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in an orthodox Brahmin family on 7 November 1891, at [[Bhatpara]], [[West Bengal]] to Pandit Ramprasanna Bhattacharyya, a scholar at the princely court of Krishnanagar and a Sanskrit scholar.<ref name=Banglapedia_article/>

==Education==
After school, Bhattacharyya joined Calcutta's [[Scottish Church College]] from where he graduated in 1912. He obtained a master's degree in philosophy from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1914, and a law degree in 1917. During this time, he passed the poetry examination of the Board of Sanskrit Studies. He also won the Roychand-Premchand scholarship and the Mowat gold medal at the Scottish Church College for his thesis on the ''Evolution of the Soul''.<ref name=Banglapedia_article/>

==Career==
Bhattacharyya joined the Scottish Church College in 1915, as a lecturer of philosophy and logic.<ref>''Teaching Staff: Philosophy'' in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008. page 574</ref> Later in 1917, he began teaching philosophy and experimental psychology at the University of Calcutta. After the [[University of Dhaka]] was established in 1921, he joined the department of philosophy as a [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]]. He served as editor of the journal ''Dhaka University Studies'' and as a member of the editorial board of ''Philosophical Quarterly Journal''.<ref name=Banglapedia_article/>

Bhattacharyya delivered many prestigious lectures such as the ''Stephanos – Nirmalendu Ghosh lecture''s on ''Foundations of Living Faiths'' at the University of Calcutta (1933–34) and the ''Madanmohan Malavya Commemoration lecture'' at the [[Banaras Hindu University]]. After the partition of 1947, he relocated to the department of [[Indology]] at the Banaras Hindu University. He died in Calcutta on 20 January 1956.<ref name=Banglapedia_article/>

==Works==

===Books===
* ''The Foundations of Living Faiths – An Introduction to Comparative Religion'', Calcutta, Motilal Banarsidass, 1938 – [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=3419484 Cambridge University Press review], [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61322 Full text in the Internet Archive]
* Editor of the six volume series ''The Cultural Heritage of India'' published by The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Calcutta, 1936–1940; 2nd enlarged and revised ed. 1958-1962 [https://archive.org/search.php?query=cultural+heritage+of+India Full text in the Internet Archive]<ref name=Banglapedia_article/>

===Journals in which he published===
*''[[The Philosophical Quarterly]]''
*''Review of Philosophy and Religion''
*''Religions of the World''
*''Dacca University Journal''
*''Dacca University Studies''
*''[[Calcutta Review]]''
*''Visva-Bharati Quarterly''
*''Indian Journal of Psychology''
*''Journal of the Madras University''<ref name=Banglapedia_article/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Haridas}}
[[Category:1891 births]]
[[Category:1956 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bengali philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Scottish Church College]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]

Dharampal

2026-02-07T18:42:40Z

CletaMacfarlane: quick fix

{{short description|Indian author and activist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name= Dharampal
| image =File:Dharampal.jpg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|02|19}}
| birth_place = [[Kandhla]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|10|24|1922|02|19|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cisindus.org/2020/06/02/introducing-dharampal/ |title=Introducing Dharampal - Center for Indic Studies |access-date=5 September 2020 |archive-date=7 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061354/https://www.cisindus.org/2020/06/02/introducing-dharampal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=https://www.cisindus.org/2020/06/02/introducing-dharampal/|title=Introducing Dharampal - Center For Indic Studies|date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607061354/https://www.cisindus.org/2020/06/02/introducing-dharampal/|archive-date=7 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://indiafacts.org/remembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution/|title=Remembering Dharampal's Seminal Contribution|first=Ankur|last=Kakkar|date=19 February 2019}}</ref>
| death_place =
| signature =
| website =
| education=
| alma mater=
}}
'''Dharampal''' ({{langx|hi|धरमपाल}}) (19 February 1922 – 24 October 2006) was an Indian historian, historiographer, and a [[Gandhians|Gandhian]] thinker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life Sketch: Shri Dharampal |url=https://www.dharampal.net/life-sketch |access-date=2023-02-10 |website=www.dharampal.net}}</ref> Dharampal primary works are based on documentation by the [[British Raj|colonial government]] on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indictoday.com/reviews/dharampals-the-beautiful-tree-indigenous-traditional-indian-education-in-the-eighteenth-century/|title=Dharampal's 'The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century|date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/446501?journalCode=cer|title=Comparative Education Review Volume 29, Number 1 Feb. 1985|journal=Comparative Education Review|date=February 1985|volume=29|issue=1|pages=137–140|doi=10.1086/446501|last1=Basu|first1=Aparna|url-access=subscription}}</ref> He is most known for his works ''The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century'' (1983), ''Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century'' (1971) and ''Civil Disobedience and Indian Tradition'' (1971), among other seminal works, which have led to a radical reappraisal of conventional views of the cultural, scientific and technological achievements of Indian society at the eve of the establishment of [[Company rule in India]]. Dharampal was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial [[Education in India|Indian education system]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Kakkar|first=Ankur|date=2019-02-19|title=Remembering Dharampal's Seminal Contribution|url=http://indiafacts.org/remembering-dharampals-seminal-contribution/|access-date=2020-12-27|website=IndiaFacts|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2001, he was named chairman of the National Commission on Cattle and Minister of State by the Government of India.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-commission-on-Cattle-to-be-set-up/articleshow_new/1136006699.cms|title=National commission on Cattle to be set up - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dahd.nic.in/related-links/chapter-ii-exective-summery|title=CHAPTER II {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Exective Summery}} {{pipe}} Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying|website=dahd.nic.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born in [[Kandhla]], in the present [[Shamli district]],<ref>Shamli district was earlier part of [[Muzzarfnagar district]]</ref> UP (then in [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]]), his family shifted to Lahore in the late 1920s, where he studied at moved to Lahore in the late 1920s, where he went on to complete his schooling from Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School, Lahore. In 1938, he joined Government College, Lahore, to study B.Sc.in Physics, though in 1940, he transferred to [[Meerut College]] but soon left education altogether in October 1940 to join the [[Indian independence movement]]. Later he also took part in the [[Quit India movement]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Dharampal, Babri Masjid and the bitter fruit of victimhood| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dharampal-birth-centenary-celebrations-7558993/|website=Indian Express|date= October 9, 2021 }}</ref>

==Career==
In 1944 he joined [[Mirabehn]], Kisan Ashram near Roorkee-Haridwar, followed by Bapugram near Rishikesh. In 1950 he left the field to start research and writing.<ref name=chrono>[https://www.dharampal.net/dharampals-life-and-work-chronology Life and Chronology]</ref>

He was married to Phyllis Ellen Ford in 1949, and the couple had three children Pradeep, Gita and Anjali. Gita Dharmpal (b. 1952), retired as Professor and Head of, the Department of History, South Asia Institute, [[Heidelberg University]], and became Council Member of [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] and Honorary Dean of Research at the [[Gandhi Teerth|Gandhi Research Foundation]] (GRF), Jalgaon <ref>[https://icssr.org/council-members/dr-gita-dharampal Professor Dr. Gita Dharampal] ICSSR Official website.</ref>

Post [[Indo-China War of 1962]], wherein India suffered losses, he along with N.N. Datta and Roop Narain, signed an open letter against the response of the Jawaharlal Nehru government on November 21, 1962. This led to the arrest of all three, and subsequent imprisonment in the [[Tihar Jail]] in Delhi for 2 months, causing much public debate.<ref>{{cite book|title=Essential Writings of Dharmpal|author=Dharmpal |year=2015|pages=6, 382}}</ref>

Post 1981, he largely lived in Mahatma Gandhi's ashram [[Sevagram]] Ashram Pratishthan near Wardha. His wife died in 1986, later he died in 2006.<ref name=chrono/>

==Relevance==
Dharampal's pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, led to the publication of works that provide evidence from extensive early British administrators' reports of the widespread prevalence of educational institutions in the Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15. Dharampal highlights the indigenous education system in India during the pre-colonial and around the eve of [[British Empire|British colonial]] era.<ref name="auto"/>

In 1818, the fall of [[Maratha Empire]] led to large parts of India coming under direct [[British Empire|British]] rule.<ref name="Keerthi Publishing House">{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century|pages=6–26 |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> During the decade of 1820–30, following instructions from authorities in London, various provincial governments in India carried out detailed surveys of the indigenous education system prevalent in their provinces. The survey in Madras Presidency, which was perhaps the most detailed, was conducted by A.D Campbell, the collector of Bellary, during 1822–25. A survey in some selected districts of the Bombay Presidency was first conducted during 1824–25, followed by another similar survey in 1828–29. In 1835, on instruction from the Governor-General [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]], William Adam, a missionary of the Unitary Church, conducted a survey of indigenous education in five districts of the Bengal Presidency: Birbhum, Burdwan, South Bihar, Tirhut and parts of Murshidabad. Adam also personally carried out a detailed statistical survey of the area under the Thana of Natore in the district of Rajshahi.<ref name="Keerthi Publishing House"/>

G.L. Prendergast, a member of the Governor's Council in Bombay Presidency, recorded the following about indigenous schools on 27 June 1821:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century|pages=73 |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

{{blockquote|''"I need hardly mention what every member of the Board knows as well as I do, that there is hardly a village, great or small, throughout our territories, in which there is not at least one school, and in larger villages more; many in every town, and in large cities in every division; where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, upon a system so economical, from a handful or two of grain, to perhaps a rupee per month to the schoolmaster, according to the ability of the parents, and at the same time so simple and effectual, that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with amongst the lower orders in our own country."''}}

===Sociological Data===
These survey data also reveals the wide social strata to which both the students and the teachers in these schools belonged. Survey records teachers were represented by all caste groups, including a minority of teachers from now former untouchable castes.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century|pages=54 |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

The more interesting and historically more relevant information provided by the caste-wise survey of this data is that of the students, the majority of whom belonged to the Shudra caste. This is true not only as regards boys but also concerning the rather small number of girls who, according to the survey, were receiving education in schools.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century|pages=26–29 |date=1995 |publisher=Keerthi Publishing House |language=en}}</ref>

==Works==
*''[https://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal The Beautiful Tree: Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century]'' (1983).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/TheBeautifulTree-Dharampal|title=THE BEAUTIFUL TREE - DHARAMPAL|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> Translated into Kannada by Madhava Peraje with the title ''Cheluva Taru''<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/603344/gandhian-thinker-dharampal-has-not.html|title='Gandhian thinker Dharampal has not got due credit'|date=27 March 2017|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
*''[https://archive.org/details/IndianScienceAndTechnologyInTheEighteenthCentury Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century]'' (1971)
*''[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12624 Civil Disobedience and Indian Tradition]'', Sarv Sewa Sangh, Varanasi. (1971)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/BhartiyaChittManasAurKaal-Hindi-Dharampal Bharatiya Cit Manas Kala]'' (Hindi), 1991.
* ''Angrazon se Pehale ka Bharat'' (Hindi)
* ''Bharat ka Svadharma, Itihas Vartaman aur Bhavishya ka Sandarbha'' (Hindi), Vagdevi Prakashan, Bikenar, 1994.
*''Despoliation and Defaming of India - The Early Nineteenth Century British Crusade'', Bharat Peetam, Warda, 1999.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/BharatKiPehchanDharampalKiDrishtiSe-Hindi/mode/2up Bharat Ki Pehchaan]'' (Hindi). Siddh Publication, 2003
* ''[https://archive.org/details/RediscoveringIndia-English-Dharampal Rediscovering India]'', SIDH, Mussoorie, 2003.
* ''Understanding Gandhi'', Other India Press, Goa 2003.
*'' [https://archive.org/details/the-british-origin-of-cow-slaughter-in-india-with-some-british-documents-on-the- The British Origin of Cow-slaughter in India]'' (2003) By Dharampal, T. M. Mukundan. SIDH, Mussourie. 2002, ISBN 8187827041.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/999955530202121|title=The British origin of cow-slaughter in India: with some British documents on the Anti-Kine-Killing Movement, 1880-1894|date=6 September 2002|publisher=Society for Integrated Development of Himalayas|via=University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries Catalog}}</ref>
*''Understanding Gandhi'' (2003)<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-MxywAACAAJ|isbn = 9788185569598|title = Understanding Gandhi|year = 2003|publisher = Other India Press}}</ref> Essays on Gandhi.
* [https://archive.org/details/DharampalCollectedWritingsIn5Volumes/1DharampalJiCollectedWritings-Indian-science-and-technology/ Dharampal Collected Writings in 5 Volumes] Other India Press, 2000. [https://archive.org/details/essentialwriting00dhar at Archive.org]
**Vol 1: Indian Science and Technology in the Eighteenth Century
**Vol 2: Civil Disobedience in the Indian Tradition
**Vol 3: The Beautiful Tree Indigenous Indian Education in the Eighteenth Century
**Vol 4: Panchayat Raj and India's polity
**Vol 5: Essays on Tradition, Recovery and Freedom (which included the Bharatiya Chit, Manas and Kaal)
* [http://gandhifoundation.net/pdf/EssentialWritingsofDharampal2015_introduction.pdf Essential Writings of Dharampal], ed. Gita Dharampal, Gandhi Foundation, Pub Division, 2015. ISBN 978-81-230-2040-2.

===Works in Translations===
* The book "The Beautiful Tree" is translated into Kannada as "Cheluva Taru".<ref name=":0"/>
* The Book "The Beautiful Tree"" is also translated into Tamil as "அழகிய மரம்" By Mr. B. R. Mahadevan author and Kilaku Pathipagam(கிழக்கு பதிப்பகம்).

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikiquote}}

==External links==
* [https://www.dharampal.net/ Dharampal]
* [http://www.samanvaya.com/dharampal/ Dharampal's India – Samanvaya]
* [http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_dharampal_frameset.htm Dharampal – Infinity Foundation]
* [http://www.avard.in/ AVARD - Association of Voluntary Agencies for Rural Development]

{{Modern Hindu writers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:New Imperialism]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar]]
[[Category:Writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Historiographers]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scholars]]
[[Category:Public historians]]
[[Category:Historians of science]]
[[Category:Historians of education]]

Ghantasala (musician)

2026-02-06T21:41:46Z

CletaMacfarlane: minor fix references per sources and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|Indian musician}}
{{fan POV|date=May 2018}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ghantasala
| background = solo_singer
| image = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao 2003 stamp of India.jpg
| image_size = 245px
| caption = Ghantasala on a 2003 stamp of India
| birth_name = Ghantasala Venkateswarrarao
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|12|4}}
| birth_place = [[Chowtapalli]], [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| origin =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|2|11|1922|12|4}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| genre = [[Film music]] ([[playback singer|playback singing]]), [[Indian classical music]]
| occupations = Singer, composer
| years_active = 1922–1974
| spouse = Savitri and Sarala Devi
| website = {{URL|http://www.ghantasala.info/}}
}}
'''Ghantasala Venkateswararao''' (4 December 1922 – 11 February 1974), known [[mononymously]] by his [[surname]] as '''Ghantasala''', was an Indian [[Playback Singer|playback singer]] and [[Film score|film composer]] known for his works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema]] and also in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Hindi]] language films. He is considered one of the greatest singers of Telugu and Indian cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akkineni Nageswara Rao interview |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/akkineni-nageswara-rao-interview/articleshow/19399459.cms |access-date=2022-10-01 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 January 2017 |language=en |quote=And in came Ghantasala, who not only went on to become the voice of ANR melodies, but also one of the greatest singers Telugu cinema has seen.}}</ref> In 1970, he received the [[Padma Shri]] award, India's fourth highest civilian award for his contribution to [[Indian cinema]]. According to ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Ghantasala was 'such a divine talent and with his songs he could move the hearts of the people'. 'Ghantasala's blending of classical improvisations to the art of light music combined with his virtuosity and sensitivity puts him a class apart, above all others in the field of playback singing'.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/11/stories/2003021100450100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019232757/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/11/stories/2003021100450100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2003 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Honouring a legend |date=11 February 2003}}</ref><ref>K. Kumara Sekhar (14 February 1974) [http://www.ghantasala.info/theman/no_mere_singer.html No Mere Singer]. ''Indian Express''.</ref> Gifted with what Indian film historian [[V. A. K. Ranga Rao]] called 'the most majestic voice', Ghantasala helped Telugu film music develop its own distinct character which remains unparalleled. He is referred to as the 'Gaana Gandharva' for his mesmerising voice and musical skills.<ref name="andhrawishesh.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.andhrawishesh.com/home/Wishesh-Special/43468:gana-gandharva-ghantasala.html |title=Gana Gandharva Ghantasala |author=SriJa |work=Andhra Wishesh |publisher=Wishesh Digital Media |date=4 December 2013 |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref>

Ghantasala performed in the [[United States]], [[England]] and [[Germany]], and for the [[United Nations Organisation]]. The government of [[Andhra Pradesh]] marked the occasion of 25 years of his film career as ''Silver Jubilee Celebrations of Ghantasala'' in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on 1 February 1970. More than 30,000 people attended the function held at the Lal Bahadur Stadium, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghantasala.info/pictures/from-kvr/18.html |title=Assorted Photographs |publisher=Ghantasala.info |date=1 February 1970 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref> Ghantasala continues to be popular. Statutes of his likeness have been installed across Andhra Pradesh. Every year, the anniversaries of his birth and death are celebrated in India and overseas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indian-american.net/2010/12/rich-tributes-paid-to-ghantasala/ |title=Rich tributes paid to Ghantasala |publisher=Indian American |date=14 December 2010 |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324121159/http://indian-american.net/2010/12/rich-tributes-paid-to-ghantasala/ |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://kiranextras.blogspot.com/2008/12/ghantasala-statues-across-state.html |title=kiranextras: Ghantasala statues across state |publisher=Kiranextras.blogspot.com |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=30 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="hindu.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121103560300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061212143501/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/11/stories/2005121103560300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2006 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ghantasala's statue to adorn Guntur |date=11 December 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article929033.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Ghantasala music fest today |date=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article2884662.ece |title=NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH: Statue of Ghantasala unveiled |work=The Hindu |date=12 February 2012 |access-date=17 February 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130126041350/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/19/stories/2011021963610500.htm Andhra Pradesh / Guntur News : Tributes paid to Ghantasala]. The Hindu (19 February 2011)</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/stage-set-for-ghantasala-fete/article3950525.ece Stage set for Ghantasala fete]. The Hindu (30 September 2012).</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/rich-tributes-paid-to-ghantasala/article6884451.ece Rich tributes paid to Ghantasala]. The Hindu (12 February 2015). Retrieved on 15 November 2018.</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tribute-to-ghantasala/article25065440.ece |title=Tribute to Ghantasala |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 September 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ghantasala was born in 1922 into a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] Brahmin family of Ghantasala Soorayya, a professional singer in [[Chowtapalli]], a village in [[Gudivada]] taluk of [[Krishna District]].<ref name="andhrawishesh.com" /> But his ancestral native place was tekupalli village, mopidevi mandal , krishna district which falls under [[diviseema]].<ref> [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HLTYnpg-KI]. Ghantasala Biography from Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2026-01-09. </ref> During his childhood, Ghantasala used to dance to his father's Tharangams. His father died when Ghantasala was a child, and he was brought up by his maternal uncle. He took formal music training from [[Patrayani Sitarama Sastry]], and joined [[Maharajah's Government College of Music and Dance]] in [[Vizianagaram|Vijayanagram]].<ref>V.A.K Ranga Rao. [http://www.ghantasala.info/theman/ghantasala-vak-rao.html Ghantasala (1922–1974)]. From the book ''Mee Ghantasala''.</ref>

==Career==
Ghantasala participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] of 1942, for which he was arrested and imprisoned for 18 months at the Alipore (Allipura) Jail, [[Ballari]].<ref name="DH_Jail">P Satyanarayana Rao (26 April 2010) [http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66042/this-jailhouse-has-rich-past.html This jailhouse has a rich past]. ''Deccan Herald''</ref> After leaving jail, he met [[Samudrala Sr.]], who advised him to try his luck in the film industry as a singer.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0710550/bio Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao]. IMDb</ref> Ghantasala married Savitri, who lived in a village called [[Pedapulivarru]]. In that village, Ghantasala met lyricist [[Samudrala Sr.]], who was impressed with his voice and inducted him into the Madras film industry. Before Ghantasala found fame, he was already an accomplished [[Carnatic music]] singer.

Ghantasala's first break as a singer came from [[All India Radio]]. Later on, Peketi Siva Ram from the [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]] studios recorded Ghantasala's private songs. Ghantasala debuted as a chorus singer and for a character role in ''[[Seeta Rama Jananam]]'' by Pratibha Films. After this, he worked with well-known music directors ''Gali Penchala'' and [[C. R. Subbaraman]]. Ghantasala's first film as a music director was ''Laxmamma''. He introduced the technique of changing the vocal pitch and diction to suit the actor singing the songs. Ghantasala was peerless at Padyam renderings and his way with the Telugu padyam was incomparable.

Producer [[Chittajallu Krishnaveni]] gave Ghantasala his first job as full-time music director for her film ''[[Mana Desam]]'', which was [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s first film. It established Ghantasala as a music composer-cum-playback singer. He was the most prolific film composer and playback singer in Telugu cinema until the mid-1970s. He composed music for many popular Telugu movies, including ''[[Patala Bhairavi]]'', ''[[Mayabazar]]'', ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'', ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'', ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'', ''[[Paramanandayya Shishyula Katha]]'' and ''[[Pelli Chesi Chudu]]'', and also for popular Tamil and Kannada films in the 1950s and 1960s. Ghantasala sang for and directed the music for a Hindi film ''Jhandaa ooncha Rahe Hamara'' (1964).<ref name="merinews.com">[http://www.merinews.com/article/homage-to-ghantasala/15789958.shtml Homage to Ghantasala] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217154647/http://www.merinews.com/article/homage-to-ghantasala/15789958.shtml |date=17 December 2018 }}. Merinews.com (4 December 2009).</ref> The song "Siva Sankari" from the film ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961) believed to be one of the most challenging songs from classical Hindusthani and carnatic style was sung by Ghantasala in a single take.<ref name="merinews.com"/>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.8pmnews.com/news/headlines/ghantasala-biography |title=Ghantasala Biography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020215/http://www.8pmnews.com/news/headlines/ghantasala-biography |archive-date=12 December 2013 |work=8PM News |date=11 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/movies/ghantasala-venkateswara-rao-mesmerize-mohammad-rafi-85548 |title=మహమ్మద్ రఫీని విస్మయానికి గురి చేసిన ఘంటసాల పాట |date=4 December 2013}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-02-09/Ghantasala-%E2%80%98Music%E2%80%99-Story-85297 Ghantasala ‘Music’ Story]. Thehansindia.com (9 February 2014). Retrieved on 15 November 2018.</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/21/stories/2002102101000200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312213030/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/21/stories/2002102101000200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The melody imperial}}</ref>

===Private recordings and Bhagavad Gita===
Ghantasala served as the ''Aaasthana Gaayaka'' (court musician) for the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]. He recorded private albums, including [[Bhagawad Gita]], Patriotic Songs, Padyalu{{mdash}}a unique genre of Telugu, singing the verses in dramatic style{{mdash}}[[Pushpa Vilapam]], Devotional and folk songs. His recording of "Bhagawad Gita", which he directed and sang, can now be heard daily in the Tirumala temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.8pmnews.com/index.php/news/headlines/ghantasala-biography |title=Ghantasala Biography |publisher=8pmnews.com |date=11 February 2011 |access-date=30 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526084934/http://www.8pmnews.com/index.php/news/headlines/ghantasala-biography |archive-date=26 May 2011}}</ref> According to music director [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]] and playback singer [[P. Susheela]], "Ghantasala alone is the foremost among playback singers who had a full-fledged melodious powerful voice range which could accommodate in uniformity, all the three octaves in music quite comfortably".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chimatamusic.com/articles/ghantasala_bio.php |title=Ghantasala's Biographical article ChimataMusic.com... A One-Stop for Melodious Telugu Songs!!! |publisher=Chimatamusic.com |access-date=30 December 2011 |archive-date=1 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401085800/http://www.chimatamusic.com/articles/ghantasala_bio.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ghantasala.info/theman/suseela.html gaana gaMdharvuDu]. Ghantasala.info</ref>

Pendyala Nageswara Rao channelled Ghantasala's classical musical knowledge and skills in classical renditions and in Telugu films including siva sankari from film ''[[Jagadekaveeruni Katha]]'', [[Rasika Raja taguvaramu kama]] from film ''[[Jayabheri]]'', and [[Syamala Dandakam – Manikya Veena]] from film ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]''. Pendyala said these renditions were recorded only in one take by Ghantasala.<ref>[http://www.eemaata.com/em/issues/199911/881.html ఈమాట » ఘంటసాల–బాలసుబ్రహ్మణ్యం] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721152604/https://eemaata.com/em/issues/199911/881.html |date=21 July 2019 }}. Eemaata.com.</ref>

==Death==
Ghantasala died on 11 February 1974, two months after his 51st birthday, due to [[cardiac arrest]] at a hospital in Chennai. The last song he recorded was for a documentary – Bhadrachala Ramadasu Vaibhavam (music by Master Venu) from the hospital bed the day before his death.

==Legacy==
The Indian government released a postage stamp and first day cover to celebrate Ghantasala's work on 11 February 2003. He is the first movie singer-composer of the south to be accorded this honour.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/did-you-know-/Ghantasala-adorns-stamps/articleshow/15092894.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613194230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-22/did-you-know-/32788359_1_stamps-ghantasala-venkateswara-rao-composer |url-status=live |archive-date=13 June 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Ghantasala adorns stamps |date=22 July 2012}}</ref> The US Postal Department has released a postal stamp on Ghantasala on 6 October 2014. The postal stamp was jointly released by the North American Telugu Society (NATS) in collaboration with Telugu Literary and Cultural Association (TLCA) in New York.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-news-gossip/36985/after-anr-ghantasala-gets-this-honour.html |title=After ANR, Ghantasala Gets This Honour |date=12 October 2014 |work=CineJosh}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucommunitynews.com/nats-tlca-ghantasala-vibhavari/ |title=అలరించిన శరత్ చంద్ర 'ఘంటసాల గాన విభావరి' ***అమెరికాలో ఘంటసాల పోస్టల్ స్టాంపు విడుదల చేసిన నాట్స్ |work=Telugu Community News |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129062740/http://www.telugucommunitynews.com/nats-tlca-ghantasala-vibhavari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Various awards named after Ghantasala are given every year, including the "Ghantasala melody king award". Recipients of this award include playback singers [[Kattassery Joseph Yesudas|K J Yesudas]] and [[P Suseela]], and Indian Idol [[Sri Ramachandra]].<ref name="hindu.com"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/05/stories/2010120560720200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209021854/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/05/stories/2010120560720200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2010 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ghantasala Melody King Award for 'Indian Idol' Sree Ramachandra |date=5 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/04/stories/2008120eeth460200500.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ghantasala Awards for Susheela, Nagoor Babu |date=4 December 2008}} {{Dead link|date=April 2014|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> Ghantasala Arts Academy has instituted the "Ghantasala National Award"; the first winner was playback singer [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/15/stories/2011041554220500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109220213/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/15/stories/2011041554220500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2012 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=Ghantasala national award presented to Balu |date=15 April 2011}}</ref>

== Awards ==
[[File:Ghantasala venkateswararao statue in Guntur.jpg|thumb|Ghantasala statue in Guntur]]
Ghantasala was honoured with the "[[Padmashri]]" by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php |title=Padma Shri Awardees |work=india.gov.in |access-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429180512/http://india.gov.in/myindia/padmashri_awards_list1.php |archive-date=29 April 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ghantasala.info/pictures/from-kvr/44_copy.html Assorted Photographs]. Ghantasala.info.</ref> He won the best playback singer award in Andhra Pradesh every year for nearly 30 years, a feat unachieved by any other playback singer.<ref name="andhrawishesh.com"/>

After the saint poet [[Annamacharya]] in the 15th century, Ghantasala has been the only singer to perform devotional songs inside the [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] near the Lord Moola Virat.<ref name="andhrawishesh.com"/>

==Tributes==
"Kala Pradarshini Ghantasala Puraskar", the only award instituted directly by the Ghantasala Family curated by his second son Ravi Ghantasala and his wife, acclaimed dancer Parvathi Ravi Ghantasala, which aims to honor legends who have contributed to "Arts and Philanthropy". the Inaugural awards were presented to Dr.S.P.Balasubramanyam (music), Dr. Padma Subramaniam (Dance) and Dr. Nalli Kuppusamy Chetty (Philanthropy).

''The Ghantasala Puraskar Award'' 2014, given every year by Sharan Incorporation, has been conferred on Rao Bala Saraswathi Devi, who was the first Telugu playback singer.<ref>
Aruna Chandaraju (2 May 2014) [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/melodies-of-an-era/article5967094.ece Melodies of an era – Tirupati]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved on 15 November 2018.</ref>
The Government music college in [[Vijayawada]], Andhra Pradesh, is named after Ghantasala.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/23/stories/2007072355660800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116172220/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/23/stories/2007072355660800.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 November 2007 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |title=A homecoming for the maestro |date=23 July 2007}}</ref> Ghantasala Sangeetha Kalasala college in Hyderabad and Vizag offers six-month and one-year diploma courses on Ghantasala's light music, songs and music.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/article3565701.ece Thespian goes down memory lane]. The Hindu (24 June 2012).</ref> Ghantasala Yuva kalakendram offers semester based courses specially for children and youth.SivaNandiAwardRecipient Ghantasala Yuva Kalakendram founder M.S.V.N.VamshikrishnaDevaraya conducts ghantasala musical workshops every year at tayagaraya gana sabha<ref>[https://epaper.prabhanews.com/Home/FullPage?eid=19&edate=18/09/2022&pgid=76185]. vaartha(Fri,15 February 2019).</ref>

==Personal life==
Ghantasala Venkateswararao was married to Savitri and (Late) Sarala Devi. He had eight children: four daughters (Meera, Shyamala, Suguna, Shanthi) and four sons (Vijayakumar, Ravikumar, Shankarkumar, Ratnakumar). Shyamala, Suguna, Shanthi, Vijayakumar and Ratnakumar were born to Savtri and while Meera, Ravikumar and Shankar Kumar were born to Sarla Devi.

It is said that Ghantasala named his eldest son "Vijaya" Kumar after Vijaya Productions out of gratitude towards the organization that employed him as a permanent artiste. Sri Chakrapani, one of the producers of Vijaya Productions, presented Ghantasala with a purse with Rs. 25,000 realising his respect towards the organization. 10 years after his death, his youngest son Ratnakumar went on to become a popular dubbing artist.

==Filmography==
* ''Tyagayya'' (1946)
* ''Anarkali'' (1955)
* ''Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam'' (1960)
* Sathya harichndra (Kannada)

==Playback singer and music director==
Ghantasala composed Music for more than 110 films as stated by him, following is the list of 124 films for which he has composed Music. The list includes remakes and dubbed films. The date of release of the film is also given. The list includes Tamil, Kannada, and Hindi films besides Telugu films where he worked predominantly.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Balaraju]]'', 26 Feb 1948 Co Music Directors [[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]] and [[C. R. Subbaraman]]
* ''[[Ratnamala (film)|Ratnamala]]'', 2 Jan 1948 as a Co Music Director to CR Subbaraman
* ''[[keelugurram]]'', 19 Feb 1949
* ''[[Mayakkudirai, Maya Kudirai or Maya Kuthirai]]'', Tamil 1949
* ''[[Manadesam]]'', 24 Nov 1949
* ''[[లక్ష్మమ్మ]]'', 26 Feb 1950
* ''[[Lakshmamma]]'', Tamil Dubbed 1950
* ''[[Vali Sugriva]]'', 19 Mar 1950
* ''[[Shavukaru]]'', 7 April 1950
* ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'', 9 Nov 1950 Co Music Director CR Subbaraman
* ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'', Tamil Dubbed Film Co Music Director CR Subbaraman
* ''[[చంద్రవంక (1951 సినిమా)]]'', 2 Feb 1951
* ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Nirabaradhi]]'', Tamil 1951
* ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Nirdoshi]]'', 24 Feb 1951
* ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'', 15 March 1951
* ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'', Tamil 17 May 1951
* ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'', Hindi Dubbed
* ''[[Palletooru]]'', 16th Octo 1952
* ''[[Pelli Chesi Choodu]]'', 29 Feb 1952
* ''[[Kalyanam Panni Paar]]'', 15 Aug 1952
* ''[[Bratuku Teruvu]]'', 6 Feb 1953 Co Music Director CR Subbaraman
* ''[[Rajeswari]]'', 7 June 1952
* ''[[Bale Raman]]'', 1956
* ''[[Paropakaram]]'', 18 Jun 1953
* ''[[Paropakaram]]'', Tamil 1953
* ''[[Jhanda Ooncha Rahe Hamara]]'', Hindi 1964
* ''[[Chandraharam]]'', 6 Jan 1954
* ''[[Chandraharam]]'', Tamil 14 Jan 2014
* ''[[Cherapakura Chedevu]]'', 6 July 1955
* ''[[Ellam Inba Mayam]]'', Tamil 1 Apr 1955
* ''[[Kanyasulkam]]'', 26 Aug 1955
* ''[[వదినగారి గాజులు (1955 సినిమా)]]'', 27 May 1955
* ''[[Guna Sundari]]'', 16 Dec 1955
* ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (1955 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'', 13 Nov 1955
* ''[[Astaaiswaryaalu]]'', 1956
* ''[[Chiranjeevulu (1956 film)|Chiranjeevulu]]'', 15 Aug 1956
* ''[[Amara Geetham]]'', 1956
* ''[[Illarame Inbam]]'', Tamil Dubbed of Cherapakura chedevu1956
* ''[[Jayam Manade]]'', 4 May 1956
* ''[[Vetri Veeran]]'', 4 May 1956
* ''[[కనకతార]]'', 3 Mar 1956
* ''[[సొంతవూరు]]'', 23 May 1956 Ghantasala is also it's Producer
* ''[[Mayabazar]]'', 27 Mar 1957
* ''[[Mayabazar]]'', Tamil 12 Apr 1957
* ''[[Mayabazar]]'', Kannada Dubbed 1965
* ''[[రేపు నీదే]]'', 1 Feb 1957
* ''[[Sarangadhara]]'', 1 Nov 1957
* ''[[Sati Anasuya]]'', 25th Octo 1957
* ''[[Vinayaka Chaviti]]'', 22 Aug 1957
* ''[[తలవంచని వీరుడు]]'', 6 Dec 1957 Dubbed Film
* ''[[Manchi Manasuku Manchi Rojulu]]'', 15 Aug 1958
* ''[[పార్వతీ కళ్యాణం]]'', 26 Dec 1958
* ''[[Pellinaati Pramanalu]]'', 17 Dec 1958
* ''[[Vazhkai Oppandam]]'', 4 Sep 1959
* ''[[Pelli Sandadi]]'', 2 April 1959
* ''[[Sabash Ramudu]]'', 4 Sep 1959
* ''[[Sabash Ramu,சபாஷ் ராமு]]'', Tamil Dubbed 4 Sep 1959
* ''[[Sati Sukanya]]'', 30 Jan 1959
* ''[[Vinayaga Chaturthi]]'', Tamil 1959
* ''[[Ganesh Chaturti]]'', Hindi Dubbed 1973
* ''[[Abhimanam]]'', 26 Aug 1960
* ''[[Bhakta Raghunath]]'', 4 Nov 1960
* ''[[Deepavali]]'', 22 Sep 1960
* ''[[Narakasura Vadhe]]'', Kannada Dubbing 1974
* ''[[Santhi Nivasam (1960 film)|Santhi Nivasam]]'', 14 Jan 1960
* ''[[Shanti Nivas]]'', Malayalam Dubbed 1962
* ''[[Sri Krishna Kuchela]]'', 9 June 1961
* ''[[Sabash Raja]]'', 9 Nov 1961
* ''[[Mohini Rukmaangada]]'', 13 Jan 1962
* ''[[Gundamma Katha]]'', 7 Jun 1962
* ''[[Manithan Maravillai]]'', 10 Aug 1962
* ''[[Rakta Sambandham]]'', 1 Nov 1962
* ''[[Tiger Ramudu]]'', 8 Mar 1962
* ''[[Bhagyavantulu]]'', 5 May 1962
* ''[[Aapta Mitrulu]]'', 29 May 1963
* ''[[Bandipotu (1963 film)]]'', 15 Aug 1963
* ''[[Veera Kesari]]'', Kannada 1963
* ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', 29 March 1963
* ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', Tamil 1963
* ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', Kannada Dubbed
* ''[[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', Hindi Dubbed 1974
* ''[[Valmiki]]'', 9 Feb 1963
* ''[[Valmiki]]'', Tamil 1963
* ''[[Mamakaram]]'', 2 March 1963
* ''[[Mahaveera Bheemasena]]'', 27 Jul 1967
* ''[[Gudi Gantalu]]'', 14 Jan 1964
* ''[[Marmayogi (1964 film)]]'', 22 Feb 1964
* ''[[Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam]]'', 27 Jun 1964
* ''[[Vaarasatwam]]'', 19 Nov 1964
* ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'', 14 Jan 1965
* ''[[Pandava Vanavasam]]'', Tamil 1965
* ''[[C. I. D. (1965 film)|CID]]'', 23 Sep 1965
* ''[[Maduve Madi Nodu]]'', 17 Dec 1965
* ''[[Paramanandayya Sishyula Katha]]'', 7 Apr 1966
* ''[[Sakuntala]]'', 3 Mar 1966
* ''[[Paduka Pattabhishekamu, పాదుకా పట్టాభిషేకం (1966 సినిమా)]]'', 16 Jun 1966
* ''[[Bhuvana Sundari Katha]]'', 7 Apr 1967
* ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Nirdoshi]]'', 2 Mar 1967
* ''[[Stree Janma]]'', 31 Aug 1967
* ''[[Punyavathi]]'', 3 Nov 1967
* ''[[Peddkkayya]]'', 18 Nov 1967
* ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'', 10 Dec 1967
* ''[[Veera Puja]]'', 16 Feb 1968
* ''[[Govula Gopanna]]'', 19 Apr 1968
* ''[[Chuttarikaalu]]'', 22 June 1968
* ''[[Jeevita Bandham]]'', 27 Jul 1968
* ''[[Bhale Abbayilu]]'', 19 Mar 1969
* ''[[Jarigina Katha]]'', 4 Jul 1969
* ''[[Merupu Veerudu]]'', 6 Mar 1970
* ''[[Ali Baba 40 Dongalu]]'', 4 Apr 1970
* ''[[Vijayam Manade]]'', 15 Jul 1970
* ''[[Tallidandrulu]]'', 23 Jul 1970
* ''[[Ramalayam]]'', 22 Oct 1970
* ''[[Nanna Thamma]]'', 26 Oct 1970
* ''[[Rendu Kutumbala Katha]]'', 30th Octo 1970
* ''[[Pattindalla Bangaram]]'', 1 May 1971
* ''[[Pattukunte Laksha]]'', 8 May 1971
* ''[[Rangeli Raja]]'', 11 Mar 1971
* ''[[Vamsodhaarakudu]]'', 21 Apr 1972
* ''[[Mena Kodalu]]'', 7 Jul 1972
* ''[[Rama Rajyam]]'', 4 Apr 1973
* ''[[Poola Maala]]'', 7 Dec 1973
* ''[[Tulasi (1974 film)|Tulasi]]'', 23 May 1974
* ''[[Vasthade Maa baava]]'', 1977 along with his son Ghantasala Vijaya Kumar
* ''[[Sati Savitri (1978 film)|Sati Savitri]]'', 3 January 1978 along with Pendyala

{{div col end}}

===Playback singer===
Besides pictures where he is Music Director, Ghantasala recorded songs as playback singer for the movies under popular composers –V Nagaiah, Ogirala RamachandraRao, Galipenchala Narasimha Rao, S Rajeswara Rao, Pendyala Nageswara Rao, Susarla Dakshina Murthy, CR Subburaman, Aswathama, P Suribabu, Adi Narayana Rao, Master Venu, T V Raju, R Sudharshanam, R Goverdhanam, M S Viswanathan, Ramamoorthy, K V Mahadevan, T Chalapathi Rao, S P Kodandapani, GK Venkatesh, TG Lingappa, Shankar, Ganesh, Vedha, and Shankar Jai Kishan, among others.
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[[Yasodha Krishna]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Khaidi Babai]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Kodenagu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Premalu Pellillu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Taatamma Kala]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Dorababu]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Alluri Seetharamaraju]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Anbu Sagothararkal - Tamil]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Ida Lokam]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Doctor Babu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Dabbuku Lokam Dasoham]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Bangaru Babu (1973 film)|Bangaru Babu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Ganga Manga]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Vaade Veedu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Bhakta Tukaram]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Sharada (1973 film)|Sarada]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Iddaru Ammaiyulu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Datta Putrudu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Koduku Kodalu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Baala Bharatam]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Beedala Patlu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Sri Krishnaanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Pandanti Kapuram]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Badi Panthulu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Vichitra Bandham]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Sreemanthudu]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Kalam Marindi]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Manchi Rojulu Vacchayi]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Suputhrudu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Pavitra Hrudayalu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Satya]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Adhrushtajatakudu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Chinnanati Snehitulu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Amayakuralu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Prem Nagar (1971 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Dasara Bullodu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Bharya Biddalu]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Rajakota Rahasyam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1971 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ananda Nilayam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Manasu Mangalyam]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Pavitra Bandham]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Oke Kutumbam]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kathanayika Molla]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Suguna Sundari Katha]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Lakshmi Kataaksham]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Jai Jawan]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Balaraju Katha]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Dharmadata]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Vijayam]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Talla Pellama]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Kodalu Diddina Kapuram]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Bhale Maastaru]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Ekaveera]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Manushulu Marali]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Sipayi Chinnaya]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Bandipotu Bheemanna]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Kadaladu Vadaladu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Buddhimantudu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Sapta Swaralu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Mooganomu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Aatmeeyulu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Aadarsa Kutumbam]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Bandipotu Dongalu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Bhale Rangadu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Nindu Hrudayalu]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Lakshmi Nivasam]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Tikka Sankarayya]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Ramu (1968 film)|Ramu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Sri Rama Katha]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Kalasi Vacchina Adrushtam]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Varakatnam]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Bandhavyalu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Bangaru Gajulu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Uma Chandi Gowri Sankarula Katha]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Nindu Samsaram]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Baghdad Gaja Donga]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Undamma Bottu Pedata]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Brahmachari (Telugu film)|Brahmachari]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Adrushtavantulu]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Sukha Dukhalu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Poola Rangadu (1967 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Chikkadu Dorakadu (1967 film)|Chikkadu Dorakadu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Shri Krishnavataram]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Vasantasena]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Avekallu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Ummadi Kutumbam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Gruhalakshmi (1967 film)|Gruha Lakshmi]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Goodachari 116]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Kanchukota]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Chadarangam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Eedu Jodu]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Rayabharam]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Aaasthiparulu]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Bheemanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Sangeetha Lakshmi]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Pandaveeyam]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Sri Krishna Tulabharam (1966 film)|Sri Krishna Tulabharam]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Mohini Bhasmasura]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Adugu Jadalu]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Bhakta Potana]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navaratri]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Rangula Ratnam (1966 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1966 film)|Palnati Yuddham]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Aggi Barata]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Kanne Manasulu]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Anthastulu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Sumangali (1965 film)|Sumangali]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Dorikithe Dongalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Zamindar (1965 film)|Zamindar]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Telugu film)|Satya Harishchandra]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Jwala Dweepa Rahasyam]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Manchi Kutumbam]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Tene Manasulu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Veera Abhimanyu (1965 film)|Veera Abhimanyu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Uyyala Jampala]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Sri Simhachala Kshetra Mahima]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Prammelarjuneeyam]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Mangamma Sapadham]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Visala Hrudayalu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Aatma Gouravam]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Naadi Aadajanme]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Preminchi choodu]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Chandrahaasa]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Todu Needa]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Daagudu Muthalu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Desadrohulu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Raamudu Bheemudu]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Pooja Phalam]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Navagraha Puja Mahima]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Babruvahana]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Dr. Chakravarthi]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Devatha (1964 film)|Devatha]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Amarasilpi Jakkana]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Muralikrishna]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Manchi Manishi]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sabhash Soori]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Aatmabalam]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Bobbili Yuddham]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Sri Satyanarayana Mahathyam]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Manchi Chedu]]'' (1963)
* ''Anuragam'' (1963)
* ''[[Chaduvukunna Ammayilu]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Punarjanma (1963 film)|Punarjanma]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Lakshaadikari]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Mooga Manasulu]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Sri Krishnaarjuna Yuddham]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Nartanasala (1963 film)|Narthanasala]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Thobuttuvulu]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Tirupathamma Katha]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Paruvu Prathista]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Kulagothralu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Bhishma (1962 film)|Bhishma]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Tiger Ramudu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Constable Kooturu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Siri Sampadalu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Manchi Manasulu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Aatmabandhuvu]]'' (1962)
* ''[[Kalasi Vunte Kaladu Sukham]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Usha Parinayam]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Krishna Prema]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Pelli Kani Pillalu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Velugu Needalu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Gulebakavali katha]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Seetha Rama Kalyanam]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Bhakta Jayadeva]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Jagadeka Veeruni Katha]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Bharya Bhartalu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Bava Maradalu]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Vaagdanam]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Mahakavi Kalidasu]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Bhatti Vikramarka]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Runanubandham]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Kuladaivam]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Bhakta Sabari]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Rajamukutam]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Ulagam Sirikkirathu]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Banda Ramudu]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Rechukka Pagatichukka]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Illarikam]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Jayabheri]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Bhakta Ambarisha]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Nammina Bantu]]'' (1959)
* ''[[Chenchu Lakshmi (1958 film)|Chenchu Lakshmi]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Karthavarayuni Katha]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Mangalya Balam]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Bhookailas (1958 Telugu film)|Bhookailas]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Veera Kankanam]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Nala Damayanthi (1959 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Thodi Kodallu]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Dongallo Dora]]'' (1957)
* ''[[M L A]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Yar Paiyan]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Harischandra]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Charanadaasi]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Pennin Perumai]]'' (1956)
* ''[[Santhanam (film)|Santhanam]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Swarna Manjari]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Jayasimha (1955 film)|Jayasimha]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Kanyasulkam]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Donga Ramudu (1955 film)|Donga Ramudu]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Anarkali (1955 film)|Anarkali]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Rani Ratnaprabha]]'' (1955)
* ''[[Sri Kalahastiswara Mahatyam]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Raju Peda]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Pedda Manushulu]]'' (1954)
* ''[[Kanna Talli]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Chandi raani]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Prema (1952 film)|Prema]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Tingu Ranga]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Swapna Sundari (film)|Swapna Sundari]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Gunasundari katha]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Laila Majnu]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Raksharekha]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Paithiyakkaran]]'' (1947)
* ''[[Swarga Seema]]'' (1945)
{{div col end}}

===Private albums===
* ''[[Pushpa Vilapam]]''
* ''[[Patriotic Songs]]''
* ''[[Bhagawad Gita]]''
* ''[[Folk song|Folk Songs]]''
* ''[[Devotional Songs]]''

==See also==
*[[Songs of Ghantasala]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0vjg_XvWBXg Ghantasala film career silver jubilee felicitation at LB Stadium, Hyderabad(rare video)]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao}}
* [http://www.ghantasala.info/ Ghantasala's homepage]
* [http://ghantasala.info/allsongs/ Ghantasaala Gaana Charita]
* [https://mio.to/album/Ghantasala/Hara+Hara+Sambho+-+Devotional+Songs+Of+Ghantasala+From+Telugu+Films Deva Mahadeva] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003060832/https://mio.to/album/Ghantasala/Hara+Hara+Sambho+-+Devotional+Songs+Of+Ghantasala+From+Telugu+Films |date=3 October 2022 }}
{{Authority control}}
* http://www.ghantasala.info/pictures/docs/gh-jail-cert.jpg

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghantasala}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]

Rising Star (Indian TV series) season 1

2026-02-05T05:28:27Z

CletaMacfarlane: Started new post...

{{short description|Indian Television show}}
{{About|Indian series|international franchise broadcast in a number of countries|Rising Star (TV series)}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox television season
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| starring =
| num_episodes = 24
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2017|2|4}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2017|4|23}}
| episode_list =
}}

'''''[[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star]]''''' is an Indian version of the international franchise series ''[[Rising Star (TV series)|Rising Star]]'', a reality television singing competition.

The program format lets the viewers vote for contestants live via the television channel's mobile app. The show premiered on 4 February 2015 on [[Colors TV]].

Playback singer and music director [[Shankar Mahadevan]], playback singer and actor [[Monali Thakur]] and actor-singer [[Diljit Dosanjh]] are the experts in the show. This show marks as Diljit Dosanjh's television debut. The show is hosted by singer-actor [[Meiyang Chang]] and dancer-choreographer [[Raghav Juyal]].

Bannet Dosanjh became India's first Rising Star, won Rs. 20 lakhs and also an opportunity to sing a song in an upcoming [[Vishesh Films]] movie. [[Maithili Thakur]] was declared the first runner-up.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/5-things-you-must-know-about-the-winner-of-rising-star-bannet-dosanjh-lifetv-973220-2017-04-24| title=5 things you must know about the winner of Rising Star, Bannet Dosanjh
| website=India Today}}</ref>

==Season overview==
===Live auditions===
The live auditions began on 4 February 2017 and lasted for 8 episodes.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Episode Date
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Expert's choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar
Mahadevan
!Monali
Thakur
!Diljit
Dosanjh
|-
|4 Feb
|[[Afsana Khan]]
|Jugni
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Nisha Sarwaan
|Maahi Ve
|91%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Sankalp Ketwal
|I Love You
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Ishrat Siddiqui
|Aaj Hona Deedar
|91%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Diljot Qawwali Group
|Haanikaarak Bapu
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Kartiki Gaikwad
|Waajle Ki Baara
|78%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Sukhdeep Gharu
|[[Mitwa]]
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|4 Feb
|Shraddha & Ramesh Das
|Chaap Tilak
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|Ankita Sachdev
|[[Jiya Jale]]
|96%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|Vibha Saraf
|Zara Zara
|83%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|Ameya Date
|Chunar
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|Sheuli Samadar
|Jhalla Wallah
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|Ankita Kundu
|[[Lag Jaa Gale]]
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|M. L. Gayatri & M. L. Shruti
|Jiya Re
|90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|5 Feb
|Virendra Bharti
|Jab Lagaawelu Tu Lipistick
|60%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|5 Feb
|Anita Bhatt
|[[Laila Main Laila]]
|83%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|11 Feb
|Ayesha & Abhipsha
|[[Breathless (Shankar Mahadevan album)|Breathless]]
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|11 Feb
|Das Vegas
|[[Mayya (song)|Mayya Mayya]]
|82%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|11 Feb
|Divyam Sodhi
|[[O Re Piya]]
|66%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|11 Feb
|[[Maithili Thakur]]
|Bhor Bhaye
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|11 Feb
|Kumar Sanjoy
|Main Solah Baras Ki
|66%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|11 Feb
|Meghdhanush Band
|Mor Bani / Kausambi
|88%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|11 Feb
|Pooja Sarkar
|Parda
|76%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|11 Feb
|Tejpal & Kangkana
|[[Besharmi Ki Height]]
|50%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|12 Feb
|Anmol Sharma
|Slow Motion Angreza
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|12 Feb
|Loveleen Kaur
|Katiya Karoon
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|12 Feb
|Nikita Boro
|Sawaar Loon
|95%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|12 Feb
|Bhagyashri & Dhanashri
|Aplam Chaplam
|67%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|12 Feb
|Nitin Nayak
|Kadi Aa Mil Sanwal Yaar
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|12 Feb
|Peehu Srivastava
|[[Deewani Mastani]]
|91%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|12 Feb
|Chelsi Behura
|Har Kisi Ko
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|18 Feb
|Niazi Nizami Brothers
|Bhar Do Jholi Meri
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|18 Feb
|Shreyasi Bhattacharjee
|Hai Rama
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|18 Feb
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Challa
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|18 Feb
|Swaragini Group
|Mei Baalam Wahi / Mera Babu Chail Chabeela
|55%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|18 Feb
|Piyush Panwar
|Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|18 Feb
|Prathaa Khandekar
|Khatooba
|61%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|18 Feb
|Shahzan Mujeeb
|[[Bulleya]]
|60%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|18 Feb
|Ankona & Niharika
|Pinga
|78%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|19 Feb
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Dil Haara
|96%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|19 Feb
|Raagdeep
|[[Dum Maro Dum (song)|Dum Maaro Dum]] / Yaar Na Miley
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|19 Feb
|Ankita Deka
|Main Mast
|52%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|19 Feb
|G. Ritesh
|[[Janam Janam]]
|85%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|19 Feb
|Ashwani Koul
|Maula Mere Le Le Meri Jaan
|68%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|19 Feb
|Dipsikha Bhuyan
|Tujhko Jo Paaya
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|19 Feb
|Humsufi
|Piya Re Piya Re
|95%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|25 Feb
|Roohani Sisters
|Dum Ali Ali / [[Mast Kalandar]]
|56%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|25 Feb
|Deblina Nath
|Ye Mera Dil Yaar Ka Deewana
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|25 Feb
|Trilogy
|Ilahi / Raag Hamsadhwani
|58%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|25 Feb
|Ananya Mishra
|Aao Na Gale Lagao Na
|61%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|25 Feb
|Kausik Kar
|Auva Auva - Koi Yahaan Nache Nache
|51%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|25 Feb
|Prince Singh**
|Ikk Kudi
|76%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|25 Feb
|Traditional Boys**
|[[Ghoomar (song)|Ghoomar]] / [[Jag Ghoomeya]]
|77%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|25 Feb
|Jidnesh Vaze**
|Albela Sajan
|81%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Second Chance
|-
|26 Feb
|[[Rakshita Suresh]]
|Dil Mera Muft Ka
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|26 Feb
|Kushal Chokshi
|Kurbaan Hua
|54%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|26 Feb
|Snehlata Mishra
|Hamari Atariya Pe
|51%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|26 Feb
|Dharmendra Nayat
|[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (song)]]
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|26 Feb
|Sayani Palit
|Raag Des
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|26 Feb
|Deepesh Bhati**
|Mohe Panghat Pe
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Second Chance
|-
|26 Feb
|Vikram Labadiya & Group
|Shubhaarambh
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

* **An exception was made in the final two audition episodes wherein the wall was raised only if the contestant managed to get at least 90% votes. This modification was made since most of the top contestants who had already qualified for the next round had scored more than 90%. Judges made an exception for two contestants Jidnesh Vaze & Deepesh Bhati and gave them a second chance to participate in the ''Duels Ki Takkar'' round.

===Duels Ki Takkar===
The top 30 scorers from the auditions moved on to the second round named 'Duels Ki Takkar' which began on 4 March 2017. The contestants who qualify from this round move on to the quarterfinals.

'''Episode 9: 4 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Piyush Panwar
|Tadap Tadap Ke
|52%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Ameya Date
|[[Tum Hi Ho]]
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Dharmendra Nayat
|Khamoshiyan
|84%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Naina Thag Lenge
|95%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
|Vikram Labadiya & Group
|Hey Naam Re / Lili Lembdi
|71%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Diljot Qawwali Group
|Tumse Milke / Saawan Mein
|90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''4'''
|Chelsi Behura
|Pari Hoon Main
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Loveleen Kaur
|Bhare Naina
|75%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|}
'''Episode 10: 5 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Nikita Boro
|Yeh Ishq Hai
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Anmol Sharma
|Ruth Aa Gayi Re
|90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Afsana Khan
|Ni Main Samajh Gayi
|90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Nisha Sarwaan
|Zindagi Mein Koi Kabhi
|81%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
|Raagdeep
|Rang Barse / [[Balam Pichkari]]
|77%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Shraddha & Ramesh Das
|Maar Diya Jaaye
|61%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''4'''
|Jidnesh Vaze
|Laaga Chunari Mein Daag
|84%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Deepesh Bhati
|Moh Moh Ke Dhaage
|63%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|}
'''Episode 11: 11 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Deblina Nath
|O Mere Sona Re
|90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Ankita Kundu
|Mohe Rang Do Laal
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Kesariya Balam
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Sayani Palit
|Aaoge Jab Tum
|84%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
|Shreyasi Bhattacharjee
|Mere Dholna
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Ayesha & Abhipsha
|Morey Piya / Raag Madhuvanti
|72%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''4'''
|Sukhdeep Gharu
|Tu Mane Ya Na Mane
|92.86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Ramta Jogi
|92.91%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}
'''Episode 12: 12 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Ankita Sachdev
|Kehna Hi Kya
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Sheuli Samadar
|Namak Isaq Ka
|56%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Humsufi
|Allah Hoo / Rangilo Maro Dholna
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|M. L. Gayatri & M. L. Shruti
|Kamli / Raag Sindhu Bhairavi
|81%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
|Nitin Nayak
|Tere Bin Nahin Jeena Mar Jaana
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|Ishrat Siddiqui
|[[Ram Chahe Leela]]
|77%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''4'''
|Peehu Srivastava
|Gun Gun Guna Re
|61%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Rakshita Suresh
|Chhaliya
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

===India's Favourite 16===
The top 16 contestants compete in this round. As the round progresses, the contestant who receives fewer votes at that point of the competition moves to the Red Sofa. At the end of the episode, the contestant who sits on the Red Sofa gets eliminated.

'''Episode 13: 18 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Ameya Date
|Kill Dil
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Nikita Boro
|[[Barso Re]]
|84%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Ankita Sachdev
|Jaadu Hai Nasha Hai
|82%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Albela Sajan
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Rakshita Suresh
|Aa Zara
|67%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''6'''
|Humsufi
|Kinna Sohna Tenu Rab Ne Banaya
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''7'''
|Chelsi Behura
|Cham Cham
|88%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''8'''
|Nitin Nayak
|Yeh Honsla
|79%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}
'''Episode 14: 19 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Afsana Khan
|Ghani Bawri
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Saiyyan
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Maar Daala
|90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Diljot Qawwali Group
|Baawre / Aaya Tere Dar Pe
|88.75%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Jidnesh Vaze
|Jhingat
|88.24%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''6'''
|Shreyasi Bhattacharjee
|Kay Sera Sera
|81%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''7'''
|Raagdeep
|Khwab Dekhe / Laung Gawacha
|76%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''8'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|[[Dard-e-Disco]]
|94%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

===Duets challenge===
The top 14 contestants compete in this round. On day one, four teams of two perform in duets. The first two teams perform with the wall up and set the target percentage. The next two teams perform with the wall down and attempt to beat the target score. The duos with the two least scores move to the Red Sofa (unsafe zone). These two teams compete in a face off. The team which loses in the face off gets eliminated.

'''Episode 15: 25 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
| rowspan="2" |Ainvayi Ainvayi
| rowspan="2" |89%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |Advanced
|-
|Afsana Khan
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Ameya Date
| rowspan="2" |Badal Ghumad
| rowspan="2" |94%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |Advanced
|-
|Maithili Thakur
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
|Humsufi
| rowspan="2" |[[Mera Piya Ghar Aaya]]
| rowspan="2" |75%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Proceeded to Face Off Round
|-
|Shreyasi Bhattacharjee
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''4'''
|Nikita Boro
| rowspan="2" |[[Gerua]]
| rowspan="2" |86%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Proceeded to Face Off Round
|-
|Jidnesh Vaze
|}
'''Duets Face Off round'''

The bottom two teams perform in the face off round. The team to perform first will set a target percentage. The second team has a challenge to perform better, raise the wall and save themselves.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Humsufi
| rowspan="2" |[[Chaiyya Chaiyya]]
| rowspan="2" |82%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Shreyasi Bhattacharjee
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Nikita Boro
| rowspan="2" |[[Manwa Laage]]
| rowspan="2" |89%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |Advanced
|-
|Jidnesh Vaze
|}
'''Episode 16: 26 March 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Ankita Sachdev
| rowspan="2" |O Haseena Zulfowaali
| rowspan="2" |96%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |Advanced
|-
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Diljot Qawwali Group
| rowspan="2" |[[Kajra Re]] / Jhoom Barabar Jhoom
| rowspan="2" |93%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Proceeded to Face Off Round
|-
|Ankita Kundu
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''3'''
|Nitin Nayak
| rowspan="2" |Bol Na Halke Halke
| rowspan="2" |92%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Proceeded to Face Off Round
|-
|Chelsi Behura
|}
'''Duets Face Off round'''

The bottom two teams perform in the face off round. The team to perform first will set a target percentage. The second team has a challenge to perform better, raise the wall and save themselves.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''1'''
|Diljot Qawwali Group
| rowspan="2" |Paan Khaye Saiyan / Tharki Chokro
| rowspan="2" |81%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |Advanced
|-
|Ankita Kundu
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2'''
|Nitin Nayak
| rowspan="2" |[[Soch Na Sake]]
| rowspan="2" |67%
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|Chelsi Behura
|}

===Remix with DJ Chetas===
The top 10 contestants compete in this round where they sing live to the tunes played by DJ Chetas.

'''Episode 17: 1 April 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Diljot Qawwali Group
|Afghan Jalebi / Dhadang Dhang
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Afsana Khan
|Banno
|85%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Ameya Date
|[[Kabhi Jo Baadal Barse]]
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Hothon Mein Aisi Baat
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Jee Karda
|83%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''6'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Sajdaa
|91%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''7'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Kaava Kaava
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''8'''
|Nikita Boro
|[[Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu]]
|84%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''9'''
|Jidnesh Vaze
|[[Channa Mereya]]
|77%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''10'''
|Ankita Sachdev
|Taal Se Taal
|80%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

===Dil Se===
The top 9 contestants sing a dedication to their loved ones.

'''Episode 18: 2 April 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Ameya Date
|Maa
|93%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|[[Chak De! India (song)|Chak De! India]]
|91%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Sapno Se Bhare Naina
|88%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Afsana Khan
|Lambi Judaai
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Diljot Qawwali Group
|[[Jai Ho (song)|Jai Ho]] / Akhiyan Udeek Diyan
|85%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''6'''
|Nikita Boro
|Aashiyaan
|88%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''7'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Sun Charkhe Di Kook
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''8'''
|Ankita Sachdev
|Chupke Se
|83%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''9'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Ye Dil Sun Raha Hai
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

=== Regional / devotional ===
The top 8 contestants sing a devotional song or a song in their regional language.

'''Episode 19: 8 April 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Ameya Date
|Deva Shree Ganesha
|88%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Ankita Kundu
|[[Nimbooda|Nimbooda Nimbooda]]
|84%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Bulla Ki Jaana
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Nagada Sang Dhol
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Nikita Boro
|Aika Dajiba
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''6'''
|Diljot Qawwali Group
|Shirdi Wale Sai Baba / Shaane Karam Ka
|82%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''7'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Nit Khair Manga
|92%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''8'''
|Afsana Khan
|Resham Ka Rumaal
|85%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

=== Retro Night ===
The top 7 contestants sang Hindi songs from the 1970s popularly known as the Retro era.

'''Episode 20: 9 April 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Yaad Aa Raha Hai Tera Pyaar
|88.01%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Shaan Se
|88.02%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''3'''
|Ameya Date
|Yeh Jawani Hai Deewani
|75%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Rangeela Re Tere Rang Mein
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Nikita Boro
|Nisha
|85%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''6'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Main Jat Yamla Pagla Deewana
|67%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''7'''
|Afsana Khan
|Jhoom Jhoom Jhoom Baba
|62%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|}

=== Ticket To Finale ===
The contestants compete to earn a direct entry to the finale week.

'''Episode 21: 15 April 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Lagan Lagan
|84.90%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Ameya Date
|Aayat
|58%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''3'''
|Nikita Boro
|Pyaar Ki Yeh Kahani
|83%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Piya Baawri
|84.16%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''5'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Saanware Tore Bin Jiya
|86%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''6'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Layi Vi Na Gayi
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

'''Episode 22: 16 April 2017'''
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Ankita Kundu
|[[Aaj Ki Raat]] / Raat Baaki
|80%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Nikita Boro
|Zoobi Doobi / Eena Meen Deeka
|63%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|-
|'''3'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Kadi Te Has Bol / Jee Karda
|87%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''4'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Saawan Jeeto Jaaye / Jiya Lage Naa
|88%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|}

'''Face-off for the Ticket to Finale'''

The two top scorers of Saturday and Sunday episode participate in a face-off round. In this round, the judges score of 21% will be given in whole to only one contestant who, according to them, performed better.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Mera Yaar
|61%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|Proceeded to Finale Week
|-
|'''2'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Om Namah Shivaya
|81%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Won the Ticket To Finale
|}

=== Finale Week ===
'''Episode 23: 22 April 2017'''

The top 4 contestants sing duets along with playback singers [[Master Saleem]], [[Neha Bhasin]], [[Akriti Kakkar|Akriti Kakar]] and [[Jubin Nautiyal]].
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Celebrity Singer
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Master Saleem
|[[Mast Kalandar]]
|89%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|'''2'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Neha Bhasin
|Kuch Khaas
|80%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Proceeded to Takkar Round
|-
|'''3'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Akriti Kakar
|Marjaani
|85%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Proceeded to Takkar Round
|}
Finalist Maithili Thakur gave a guest performance along with Jubin Nautiyal and sang the song Bawra Mann.

'''Takkar'''

The two bottom scorers of the episode participate in a face-off round. In this round, the collective judges score of 21% will be given to only one contestant who, according to them, performed better.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|'''1'''
|Ankita Kundu
|Tere Bina Jiya Jaaye Na
|76%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|Advanced
|-
|'''2'''
|Vikram Jeet Singh
|Sultan
|61%
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear action button cancel.svg|frameless|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#ff4444" |Eliminated
|}
'''Episode 24: 23 April 2017'''

The top 3 finalists Maithili Thakur, Bannet Dosanjh and Ankita Kundu compete in the first round. Each expert has 1% vote each as opposed to 7%. The top 2 contestants proceed to the Face-off round.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! rowspan="2" |Order
! rowspan="2" |Contestant
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! colspan="3" |Experts' choices
! rowspan="2" |Result
|-
!Shankar Mahadevan
!Monali Thakur
!Diljit Dosanjh
|-
|1
|Ankita Kundu
|Kahin Aag Lage
|69%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#7FFFD4" |2nd Runner-up
|-
|2
|Maithili Thakur
|Morey Saiyan Toh / Soona Soona
|82%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Advanced to top 2
|-
|3
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Tashan Mein
|82%
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
|[[File:Crystal Clear app clean.svg|20x20px]]
| bgcolor="#FDEE00" |Advanced to top 2
|}
'''Face-off'''

The top 2 scorers of the episode participate in a face-off round. In this round, the experts have no voting power and the votes accumulated are only from the audience.
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!Order
!Contestant
!Song
!Votes
!Result
|-
|'''1'''
|Maithili Thakur
|Yaad Piya Ki Aaye
|76%
| bgcolor=lightpink|'''1st'''
'''runner-up'''
|-
|'''2'''
|Bannet Dosanjh
|Main Jahaan Rahoon
|77%
|bgcolor=lightgreen|'''Winner'''<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bannet-dosanjh-emerges-as-the-winner-of-rising-star-117042400198_1.html| title=Bannet Dosanjh emerges as the winner of "Rising Star"| website=Business Standard}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rising Star India}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Rising Star (Indian TV series)]]

Golam Faruque Ovi

2026-02-02T05:26:05Z

CletaMacfarlane: basic fixed information after review further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Golam Faruque Ovi
| office = [[Member of Parliament (MP)]]
of
[[Jatiya Sangsad|Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad]].
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2001
| predecessor = [[Rashed Khan Menon]]
| successor = [[Syed Moazzem Hossain Alal]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = Independent
| otherparty = [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)|Jatiya Party]]
}}
'''Golam Faruque Ovi''' is an independent politician and former [[Member of Parliament (MP)]] of [[Jatiya Sangsad|Bangladesh Jatiya Sangsad]].

==Career==
Ovi was elected to parliament from [[Barisal-2]] constituency as a [[Jatiya Party (Ershad)]] candidate in 1996.<ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=122 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228234723/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=122 |archive-date=28 December 2008 |access-date=24 October 2019}}</ref> Being the youngest MP of the 7th parliament, he attracted national attention by being vocal about contemporary issues as well as advocating for gender equality, the rights of religious minorities and indigenous peoples.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Ovi seeks travel permit to return home |url=https://dbarta24.com/ovi-seeks-travel-permit-to-return-home/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=DBARTA24 |date=2025-12-03}}</ref> His ability to secure funding from both national and international organizations for the development of the transportation network, riverbank protection, and various infrastructure projects in his constituency was highly praised.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=শাহিন |first=আকতার ফারুক |date=2025-11-26 |title=ট্রাভেল পাশ চেয়েছেন সাবেক এমপি অভি |url=https://www.jugantor.com/tp-lastpage/1033605 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=নিজস্ব প্রতিবেদক |date=2025-10-30 |title=সাবেক এই এমপির দেশে ফেরার খবরে তোলপাড় |url=https://www.gonokantho.com/details.php?id=102394 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.gonokantho.com}}</ref> Through his efforts, the Barisal Government Veterinary College, the first such college in southern Bangladesh at the time, was established in [[Babuganj Upazila|Babuganj]] with the funding of the [[Asian Development Bank]]. Later the college was incorporated as a satellite campus of [[Patuakhali Science and Technology University]] (PSTU).<ref name=":2">{{cite news |first1= |title=Golam Faruque Ovi returns home soon |url=https://www.businesstimes-bd.com/politics/1435 |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=Business Times |date=2025-11-27}}</ref>

Ovi was against the decision made by the Jatiya Party to join the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)]] headed right-wing alliance which led to his expulsion from the party in 1999. In December 2002, a year after his defeat in the 8th Parliamentary Elections, he left [[Bangladesh]] out of fear of political persecution and later sought asylum in [[Canada]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-27 |title=দেশে ফিরতে ট্রাভেল পারমিট চেয়েছেন অভি {{!}} যায়যায়দিন |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/emigration/583987 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=jjdin |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> He made known his intention to return to Bangladesh in an interview with the Daily [[Jugantor]] in October 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-23 |title=নির্বাচনে অংশগ্রহণ নিয়ে যা বললেন সেই অভি |url=https://www.jugantor.com/politics/1019659 |access-date=2025-11-30 |website=Jugantor |language=bn}}</ref>

== <big>Controversy</big> ==
Golam Faruque Ovi was implicated in the unusual death of model Tinni which many saw as a deliberate plot to end his political career.<ref>{{cite news |last=Islam |first=Advocate Rafiqul |date=12 January 2026 |title=মডেল তিন্নির মৃত্যুর রাজনীতিকরণ |url=https://www.dailybengalexpress.com/news/131873 |access-date=22 January 2026 |newspaper=The Daily Bengal Express}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=পোস্তগোলা বুড়িগঙ্গা ব্রিজ যেন 'আত্মহত্যার হটস্পট' |url=https://www.bd-bulletin.com/news/131831 |work=বাংলাদেশ বুলেটিন |access-date=25 January 2026 |date=6 January 2026|last=প্রতিবেদক|first=নিজস্ব}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> He was acquitted in absentia in the case by judge Shahinur Akter in January 2025. Based on the evidence presented before the court, the judge in her legal observation stated that the unusual death of the model was in fact a suicide and the charge brought against Ovi was unfounded and politically motivated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suicide Framed as Murder for Politics|url=https://www.dailybengalexpress.com/news/132176|access-date=26 January 2026|website=The Daily Bengal Express|language=en|date=25 January 2026|last=Islam|first=Advocate Rafiqul}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-11-30 |title=তবে কি ট্রাভেল পারমিট পাচ্ছেন না অভি? |url=https://pkagoj.com/articles/620584 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=pkagoj.com |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-suicide barrier proposal for Postogola bridge |url=https://www.dailybengalexpress.com/news/131922 |access-date=2026-01-22 |website=www.dailybengalexpress.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ovi, Golam Faruq}}
[[Category:Jatiya Party (Ershad) politicians]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Dhamura]]
[[Category:Politicians from Barisal District]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi politicians]]
[[Category:Dhaka College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Dhaka alumni]]

Birangona: Women of War

2026-01-31T10:47:33Z

CletaMacfarlane: page fix

{{Short description|Play written by Leesa Gazi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Birangona: Women of War
| image = Birangona poster.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Promotional poster
| writer = [[Leesa Gazi]] [[Samina Luthfa]]
| chorus =
| characters =
| mute =
| setting =
| premiere = {{Start date|2014|3|1|df=y}}
| place =
| orig_lang =
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| web =
}}

'''''Birangona: Women of War''''' is a British [[One-act play|one-act]] [[Play (theatre)|play]] by [[Leesa Gazi]] about the untold true stories of female survivors and sufferers, ''[[Birangona]],'' of the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], during which over [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|200,000 women were raped and tortured]]. The theatrical production is dedicated to narrating the stories of war heroines from their perspective.

==Cast==
*[[Leesa Gazi]] as Moroyom
*Amith Rahman as multiple shadow characters
*Director: Filiz Ozcan
*Designer and illustrator: Caitlin Abbott
*Lighting designer (English version): Salvatore Scollo
*Lighting designer (Bengali version): Nasirul Haque Khokon
*Videographer: Fahmida Islam
*Sound design: Ahsan Reza Khan
*Artwork: Caitlin Abbott (from an original photo by Naib Uddin Ahmed)
*Producer: Buffy Sharpe for Komola Collective
*Vocals: Sohini Alam
*Voice artist: Faisal Gazi
*Original poem: Tarfia Faizullah

==Development==
{{quote box|align=right|width=33%|quote="My play gives a voice to the many thousands of women systematically raped and tortured. Society rejected these women, silenced their stories and denied their existence.

The stigma of rape and collective shame was so huge in a socially conservative society. These women could not disclose the attacks they had suffered, and if they tried they were treated with contempt by their own people.

The play is not only culturally important but also educationally important. These Birangona Women are elderly and dying now, and when they die their stories die with them.

They have been silenced for too long – it's important the world hears their stories now."|source=—Leesa Gazi, actress in and writer of ''Birangona: Women of War''<ref name="birminghammail"/>}}

''Birangona: Women of War'' was based on the concept and research by Leesa Gazi, who is also the central actor as well as one of the playwrights of the play.<ref name="newagebd">{{cite news|url=http://www.newagebd.net/78025/komola-collective-stages-a-series-of-shows-of-birangona/|title=Komola Collective stages a series of shows of Birangona|location=Bangladesh|work=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]]|date=20 December 2014|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=2 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150602161719/http://newagebd.net/78025/komola-collective-stages-a-series-of-shows-of-birangona/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dhakatribune">{{cite news|last=Chatak|first=Hasan Mansoor|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/2014/dec/21/komla-collective-pays-tribute-birangonas|title=Komla Collective pays tribute to Birangonas|location=Dhaka|newspaper=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|date=22 December 2014|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628095457/http://www.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/2014/dec/21/komla-collective-pays-tribute-birangonas|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Gazi met<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite news|last=Gazi|first=Leesa|date=31 March 2014|title=Birangona: Will the World Listen?|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/leesa-gazi-/birangona-women-of-war_b_5030204.html|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205113315/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/leesa-gazi-/birangona-women-of-war_b_5030204.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 21<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Kounteya|date=25 March 2014|title=Play in UK tells of Bengali women raped by Pakistani army during 1971 war|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=India|url=http://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Play-in-UK-tells-of-Bengali-women-raped-by-Pakistani-army-during-1971-war/articleshow/32634878.cms|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=3 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503094434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Play-in-UK-tells-of-Bengali-women-raped-by-Pakistani-army-during-1971-war/articleshow/32634878.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="newagebd"/> Birangona women in [[Sirajganj]], [[Bangladesh]]<ref name="theguardian">{{cite news|last=Anam|first=Tahmina|date=14 April 2014|title=Bangladesh's Birangona women: 'Tell the world our story'|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/apr/15/silence-bangladesh-birangona-women-of-war-play|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402202839/http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/apr/15/silence-bangladesh-birangona-women-of-war-play|url-status=live}}</ref> and filmed their accounts.<ref name="huffingtonpost"/>

In August 2013, Gazi went back to the women with her theatre company Komola Collective,<ref name="huffingtonpost"/> a London-based theatre and arts company,.<ref name="thedailystar1">{{cite news|last=Dey|first=Saurav|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bringing-forth-unsung-tales-of-birangonas/|title=Bangladesh's Birangona women: 'Tell the world our story'|location=Bangladesh|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=28 August 2014|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163124/http://archive.thedailystar.net/beta2/news/bringing-forth-unsung-tales-of-birangonas/|url-status=live}}</ref> to develop an [[Research and development|R&D]] theatrical piece based on their testimonies.<ref name="huffingtonpost"/><ref name="theguardian"/> Their accounts were interwoven into the play.<ref name="huffingtonpost"/> The play is the Komola Collective's debut production.<ref name="theguardian"/><ref name="birminghammail">{{cite news|date=14 April 2014|title=Harrowing war story at The Drum in Aston|newspaper=[[Birmingham Mail]]|location=Birmingham|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/preview-birangona-women-war-comes-7053136|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105429/http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/preview-birangona-women-war-comes-7053136|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
''Birangona: Women of War'' is directed by Filiz Ozcan and written by Samina Lutfa<ref name="newagebd"/> and Leesa Gazi.<ref name="redhotcurry">{{cite web |url=http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/theatre/birangona.htm|title=The Komola Collective: 'Birangona: Women of War', 9th April - 19th May 2014|website=Redhotcurry.com|accessdate=1 June 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305034836/http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/theatre/birangona.htm|archivedate=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="thedailystar1" /><ref name="dhakatribune" />

==Tour==
An R&D show of ''Birangona: Women of War'' was held in Dhaka to get feedback from a select audience in 2013.<ref name="thedailystar2"/><ref name="thedailystar1" />

The production was first staged by Komola Collective in Dhaka at the Liberation War Museum in March 2014.<ref name="thedailystar1"/> The play premiered in London on 9 April of the same year.<ref name="timesofindia"/><ref name="theguardian"/>

Shows of the production were staged at the Gulshan Club, Central Shaheed Minar, the National Museum Auditorium, the Experimental Theatre Hall of Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy, the Mansur Hall in Sirajgonj and at the Theatre Institute Chattagram in December 2014.<ref name="newagebd"/><ref name="thedailystar2">{{cite news|last=Dey|first=Saurav|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/komola-collective-stages-birangona-women-of-war-56001|title=Komola Collective stages ''Birangona: Women of War''|location=Bangladesh|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=19 December 2014|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=20 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420183955/http://www.thedailystar.net/komola-collective-stages-birangona-women-of-war-56001|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
''Birangona: Women of War'' was nominated for the Offie Award, the London-based prestigious theatre award, which sorted the play in the productions that defy traditional categories.<ref name="dhakatribune"/>

==Reception==
''Redhotcurry.com'' said, "<nowiki>'</nowiki>''Birangona: Women of War''<nowiki>'</nowiki> production gives a powerful and necessary platform to the many hundreds of thousands of women systematically raped and tortured during that time." [[Akram Khan (dancer)|Akram Khan]] said, "The play is not only culturally important but also educationally important - revealing atrocities which have been swept aside over the course of history."<ref name="redhotcurry"/>

Christopher Hong of ''The Public Reviews'' rated the play 3.5/5 and said, "...it does not apportion blame but simply focuses on telling the stories as they are achieving what it sets out to do."<ref name="thepublicreviews">{{cite web|last=Hong|first=Christopher|url=http://www.thepublicreviews.com/birangona-women-of-war-lost-theatre-london/|title=Birangona: Women Of War – Lost Theatre, London|website=The Public Reviews|date=11 April 2014|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906231002/http://www.thepublicreviews.com/birangona-women-of-war-lost-theatre-london/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Saurav Dey of ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'' said, "The 60-minute play is powerful; no artificial or unnecessary elements distracted the audience at any point in the performance. More such productions need to be staged across different parts of the country so that Birangonas get their due honour. Komola Collective certainly deserves a tip of the hat for bringing forth the ignored part of history in the form of a piece of art."<ref name="thedailystar2"/>

[[Tahmima Anam]] of ''[[The Guardian]]'' called it "A powerful new play... groundbreaking production."<ref name="theguardian"/> ''[[The Stage]]'' called it "...an illuminating and affecting piece."<ref name="thestage">{{cite news|url=http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/39779/birangona-women-of-war|title=Birangona: Women of War|newspaper=[[The Stage]]|date=17 April 2014|access-date=1 June 2015|archive-date=20 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420083404/http://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/review.php/39779/birangona-women-of-war|url-status=dead}}</ref> Daniel Nelson of ''One World'' said, "It is an intelligently conceived and executed tale."<ref name="oneworld">{{cite web |last=Nelson|first=Daniel|url=http://oneworld.org/2014/04/11/reclaiming-the-honour-of-bangladeshs-birangona/|title=Birangona: Women Of War – Lost Theatre, London|website=One World|date=11 April 2014|accessdate=1 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305220002/http://oneworld.org/2014/04/11/reclaiming-the-honour-of-bangladeshs-birangona/|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
* [[Nemesis (Momen play)|Nemesis]] by [[Natyaguru Nurul Momen]]
* [[Nondito Noroke]] by [[Humayun Ahmed]]
* [[NityaPurana (play)|NityaPurana]] by [[Masum Reza]]
* [[Che'r Cycle]] by [[Mamunur Rashid]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Bengali Theatre}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birangona: Women Of War}}
[[Category:2014 plays]]
[[Category:One-act plays]]
[[Category:Works about the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Plays by Leesa Gazi]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi drama]]
[[Category:Bengali-language plays]]
[[Category:Theatre in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi plays]]
[[Category:Sexual violence in the Bangladesh Liberation War]]

Mathematics in India (book)

2026-01-29T03:17:44Z

CletaMacfarlane: created some info v1 - done

{{Short description|Book about the history of Indian mathematics}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE
| image = File:Mathematics_in_India,_500_BCE–1800_CE.jpeg
| author = [[Kim Plofker]]
| language = English
| genre = Non-fiction
| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]
| pub_date = 2009
| subject = [[Indian mathematics]]
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Mathematics in India: 500 BCE–1800 CE''''' is a [[monograph]] about the history of [[Indian mathematics]]. It was written by American historian of mathematics [[Kim Plofker]], and published in 2009 by the [[Princeton University Press]]. The Basic Library List Committee of the [[Mathematical Association of America]] has classified the book as essential for undergraduate mathematics libraries, their highest rating.{{r|tattersall}}

==Topics==
Plofker has organized ''Mathematics in India'' into nine chapters, roughly chronologically,{{r|rauff}} according to the "mainstream narrative" of Indian chronology in a subject where accurate chronology is difficult and disputed.{{r|white|campbell|ramanujam}} It covers the mathematics of the entire [[Indian subcontinent]], including the modern areas of [[Afghanistan]], [[India]], and [[Pakistan]],{{r|ramanujam|mumford}} but largely restricts itself to [[Sanskrit]]-language sources.{{r|kichenassamy|jones}} Unlike many previous works in this area, it views Indian mathematics as a coherent whole, strongly connected to Indian culture and religion, both influencing and being influenced by the other cultures of the world, rather than as a collection of milestones for measuring relative progress against other cultures.{{r|tattersall|vandalen|sarma|coutinho}} Much of the scholarly work on this subject has been contradictory and contentious, and Plofker is careful to provide evidence for the hypotheses she supports, discuss alternative hypotheses,{{r|tattersall|campbell|vandalen|montelle}} and view the subject neutrally for itself rather than as a way to boost or put down Indian culture.{{r|vandalen|thrivikaman}} Her book includes some speculative theories, but is well-grounded in recent scholarship, and focused on evidence from the source material.{{r|wujastyk}} It carefully maintains a balance between the cultural and scientific context needed to understand the mathematics it describes, the major texts and oral traditions through which that mathematics has come down to us, and the cross-cultural transmission of mathematical knowledge with other cultures.{{r|white}}

The first introductory chapter provides an overview of Indian history of Indian mathematics and its scholarship, and of the religious and linguistic context of early Sanskrit texts, which leads to important differences from Indian mathematics to other ancient mathematical cultures developing from administrative or scientific works.{{r|rauff|wujastyk|hannah}} Chapter two discusses the [[Vedic period]] from 1500 to 500 BCE, and the [[Shulba Sutras]], religious instructional texts with significant mathematical content that are generally attributed to this period, although (as the book discusses) the absence of concrete astronomical observations within these texts has made it impossible to date them precisely.{{r|montelle}} Topics from this period include its methods for reckoning time, its fascination with large numbers, the beginnings of decimal numbering and [[integer factorization]], geometric constructions using cords or ropes, the [[Pythagorean theorem]], and accurate approximations to [[pi]] and the [[square root of two]].{{r|rauff|ramanujam|mumford|vandalen|coutinho|hannah}} This chapter also includes material on speculative links between Vedic India and ancient [[Mesopotamia]], a pet theory of Plofker's advisor [[David Pingree]], but it notes the weakness of evidence for these theories.{{r|rauff|jones|wujastyk}}

The third chapter covers the next 500 years, the early classical period of India, including the [[Bhutasamkhya system]] for describing numbers in words{{r|montelle}} and the invention of decimal place-value arithmetic (although Plofker suggests that the concept of [[zero]] may be an import from China),{{r|hoodbhoy}} connections between poetic meter and binary representations, early trigonometry, the works of [[Pāṇini]] and [[Pingala]] (arguably including the invention of [[recursion]]), mathematics in [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] from this period, and possible Greek influences in trigonometry and [[astrology]], which became one of the driving forces in later mathematics.{{r|rauff|ramanujam|mumford|sarma|hannah}} Chapter four covers roughly the first millennium CE, and focuses mainly on Indian astronomy and [[geocentrism]],{{r|rauff|sarma|keller}} including the use of verse forms and interpolation to make memorization of trigonometric tables possible.{{r|hannah}} Chapters five and six concern the medieval period of India. Chapter five overlaps in time with the later parts of chapter four, and concerns the works of [[Aryabhata]], [[Bhāskara I]], and [[Brahmagupta]], and [[Mahāvīra (mathematician)|Mahāvīra]], and the [[Bakhshali manuscript]], including the invention of [[negative number]]s and [[algebra]], [[Brahmagupta's formula]] for the area of [[cyclic quadrilateral]]s, and the solution of [[Pell's equation]].{{r|ramanujam|mumford|vandalen|sarma}} Chapter six covers later mathematicians [[Bhāskara II]] and [[Narayana Pandita (mathematician)|Narayana Pandita]], Bhāskara's works on [[geodesy]], and the development of ideas related to [[calculus]] (although not really calculus itself). It also discusses the position of mathematicians in society, and the nature of mathematical canon, commentary, and proof in those times.{{r|rauff|coutinho|montelle|wujastyk|hannah|hoodbhoy}}

The [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]] founded by [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]] is the topic of the seventh chapter, which includes Madhava's works on [[series expansion]]s of trigonometric functions and the calculation of pi,{{r|rauff|mumford|hoodbhoy}} and developments by [[Nilakantha Somayaji]] in the theory of astronomy.{{r|montelle}} Chapter eight covers the interactions between India and [[mathematics in medieval Islam]], including the transmission of decimal notation to the west and an increased awareness of mathematical rigor in India.{{r|hoodbhoy}} Chapter nine concerns colonial and early modern times in India, the influence of European mathematics, and ongoing developments within Indian mathematics from the 16th through 18th centuries.{{r|rauff|vandalen}} Unfortunately, it stops just before the time of [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]].{{r|hoodbhoy}} The book concludes with a collection of still-unresolved major research questions in the area of Indian mathematics.{{r|wujastyk}} Two appendices cover aspects of Sanskrit grammar and prosody that are important for understanding Indian mathematics, a glossary of technical terms, and a collection of biographies of Indian mathematicians.{{r|rauff|campbell|vandalen}}
Throughout, many images of documents and artifacts of mathematical interest are included.{{r|thrivikaman}}

==Audience and reception==
''Mathematics in India'' does not require that its readers have any background in mathematics or the history of mathematics.{{r|kichenassamy}} It makes scholarship in this area accessible to a general audience,{{r|knudsen}} for instance by replacing many Sanskrit technical terms by English phrases,{{r|montelle}} although it is "more of a research monograph than a popular book".{{r|hoodbhoy}} Its readers are likely to come from many different audiences, including mathematicians, historians, indologists, philosophers, linguists, and philologists, and it succeeds in navigating the different expectations of these audiences.{{r|montelle}}

Reviewer James Rauff recommends ''Mathematics in India'' to all students or teachers of the history of mathematics, calling it "meticulously researched, carefully argued, and beautifully written",{{r|rauff}} and Benno van Dalen goes further, calling it required reading for all future students of this topic.{{r|vandalen}} Dominik Wujastyk calls it "path-breaking", "a classic work that should be owned and read by any scholar interested in the history of science in South Asia".{{r|wujastyk}} Although calling it difficult reading for non-specialists, Ward Stewart suggests that it could also be valuable to high school teachers and that some of its material could be incorporated into their lessons,{{r|stewart}} and although A. K. Bag calls it "mainly meant for the foreign audience",{{r|bag}} B. Ramanujam writes that it deserves to be better known among Indian schoolteachers in particular.{{r|ramanujam}} Dominik Wujastyk suggests using it as the basis for university-level courses,{{r|wujastyk}} and Toke Knudsen highlights its value as reference material for researchers in this area.{{r|knudsen}}

Both van Dalen and Agathe Keller write that the comprehensive English-language history of Indian mathematics in ''Mathematics in India'' was long-awaited,{{r|vandalen|keller}} and several reviewers point to the ''[[History of Hindu Mathematics]]'' by [[Bibhutibhushan Datta]] and Awadhesh Narayan Singh from the 1930s as the only previous work that filled that role,{{r|white|mumford|keller|knudsen}} albeit one organized by topic rather than by time.{{r|knudsen}} Reviewers also noted the novelty of the book's focus on mathematical astronomy,{{r|jones|coutinho|keller|knudsen}} with Alexander Jones calling it "the best general introduction to the history of astronomy in India that we currently have".{{r|jones}} Despite some quibbles, Keller and [[Clemency Montelle]] both call the book "destined to be a classic".{{r|montelle|keller}}

A rare negative review is given by Satyanad Kichenassamy, who takes issue with the book's consideration of social context rather than purely of the mathematical content of the works it discusses, with its emphasis on astronomy as a force for mathematical development, with its omission of [[Malayalam]]-language works, with "a tendency to conflate ancient mathematical concepts with modern ones", and with many details of its conclusions.{{r|kichenassamy}}

==References==
<references>

<ref name=bag>{{citation
| last = Bag | first = A. K.
| issue = 2
| journal = [[Indian Journal of History of Science]]
| pages = 345–354
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| url = https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol46_2_9_Bookreview.pdf
| volume = 46
| year = 2011}}</ref>

<ref name=campbell>{{citation
| last = Campbell | first = Paul J.
| date = June 2009
| issue = 3
| journal = [[Mathematics Magazine]]
| jstor = 27765910
| pages = 233–234
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 82| doi = 10.1080/0025570X.2009.11953628
| s2cid = 218541279
}}</ref>

<ref name=coutinho>{{citation
| last = Coutinho | first = S. C.
| date = March 2011
| doi = 10.1017/S0025557200002679
| issue = 532
| journal = [[The Mathematical Gazette]]
| jstor = 23248653
| pages = 152–154
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 95| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=hannah>{{citation
| last = Hannah | first = John
| date = December 2015
| doi = 10.33137/aestimatio.v7i0.25924
| journal = Aestimatio: Critical Reviews in the History of Science
| pages = 45–53
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| url = https://jps.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/aestimatio/article/download/25924/19064
| volume = 7| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=hoodbhoy>{{citation
| last = Hoodbhoy | first = Pervez | author-link = Pervez Hoodbhoy
| date = June 2009
| doi = 10.1038/459646a
| issue = 7247
| journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
| pages = 646–647
| title = An Indian history of numbers (review of ''Mathematics in India'')
| volume = 459| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=jones>{{citation
| last = Jones | first = Alexander
| hdl = 2451/60922
| journal = [[Journal for the History of Astronomy]]
| pages = 416–417
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 41
| year = 2010| doi = 10.1177/002182861004100309
| s2cid = 126118479
}}</ref>

<ref name=keller>{{citation
| last = Keller | first = Agathe
| date = March 2010
| doi = 10.1086/653859
| issue = 1
| journal = [[Isis (journal)|Isis]]
| jstor = 10.1086/653859
| pages = 199–200
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 101}}</ref>

<ref name=kichenassamy>{{citation
| last = Kichenassamy | first = Satyanad
| doi = 10.1163/001972410X517364
| issue = 4
| journal = [[Indo-Iranian Journal]]
| jstor = 24665159
| pages = 373–381
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 53
| year = 2010| s2cid = 207547942
}}</ref>

<ref name=knudsen>{{citation
| last = Knudsen | first = Toke
| date = December 2011
| doi = 10.1007/s11016-011-9608-3
| issue = 2
| journal = [[Metascience (journal)|Metascience]]
| pages = 309–311
| title = A survey of the mathematical tradition of a subcontinent (review of ''Mathematics in India'')
| volume = 21| s2cid = 254791324
}}</ref>

<ref name=montelle>{{citation
| last = Montelle | first = Clemency | author-link = Clemency Montelle
| date = February 2011
| doi = 10.1016/j.hm.2010.03.007
| issue = 1
| journal = [[Historia Mathematica]]
| pages = 111–122
| title = 'Having the answers': Writing the history of mathematics in India (review of ''Mathematics in India'')
| volume = 38| doi-access = free
}}</ref>

<ref name=mumford>{{citation
| last = Mumford | first = David | author-link = David Mumford
| issue = 3
| journal = [[Notices of the American Mathematical Society]]
| mr = 2643446
| pages = 385–390
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| url = https://www.ams.org/notices/201003/rtx100300385p.pdf
| volume = 57
| year = 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=ramanujam>{{citation
| last = Ramanujam | first = B.
| date = November 2014
| issue = 3
| journal = At Right Angles
| pages = 82–87
| publisher = Teachers of India
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| url = http://www.teachersofindia.org/en/article/review-mathematics-india
| volume = 3}}</ref>

<ref name=rauff>{{citation
| last = Rauff | first = James V.
| date = Fall 2012
| id = {{ProQuest|1112265786}}
| issue = 3
| journal = [[Mathematics and Computer Education]]
| pages = 216–218
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 46}}</ref>

<ref name=sarma>{{citation
| last = Sarma | first = S. R.
| date = January–March 2010
| issue = 1
| journal = [[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]
| jstor = 25766952
| pages = 94–97
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 130}}</ref>

<ref name=stewart>{{citation
| last = Stewart | first = Ward
| date = September 2009
| issue = 2
| journal = [[The Mathematics Teacher]]
| jstor = 20876557
| page = 158
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 103}}</ref>

<ref name=tattersall>{{citation
| last = Tattersall | first = James T.
| date = June 2009
| journal = MAA Reviews
| publisher = [[Mathematical Association of America]]
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| url = https://www.maa.org/press/maa-reviews/mathematics-in-india}}</ref>

<ref name=thrivikaman>{{citation
| last = Thrivikraman | first = T. | author-link = T. Thrivikraman
| journal = [[MathSciNet]]
| mr = 2468443
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| year = 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=vandalen>{{citation
| last = van Dalen | first = Benno
| journal = [[zbMATH]]
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| zbl = 1175.01004}}</ref>

<ref name=white>{{citation
| last = White | first = Homer S.
| date = January 2010
| doi = 10.1007/s00283-009-9115-1
| issue = 2
| journal = [[The Mathematical Intelligencer]]
| pages = 68–70
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 32| s2cid = 118165594
}}</ref>

<ref name=wujastyk>{{citation
| last = Wujastyk | first = Dominik
| date = July 2014
| doi = 10.1017/s135618631400042x
| issue = 1
| journal = [[Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
| pages = 182–184
| title = Review of ''Mathematics in India''
| volume = 25| s2cid = 163436285
}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books about the history of mathematics]]
[[Category:2009 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian mathematics]]
[[Category:History books about India]]

Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-28T03:08:28Z

CletaMacfarlane: new article - done

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Srinagar {{Small|JK-2}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jammu and Kashmir/Srinagar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ruhullah Mehdi.jpg
| mp = [[Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state =
| union_territory = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| assembly_cons = [[Kangan Assembly constituency|Kangan]] [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]] [[Hazratbal Assembly constituency|Hazratbal]] [[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency|Lal Chowk]] [[Channapora Assembly constituency|Channapora]] [[Zadibal Assembly constituency|Zadibal]] [[Eidgah Assembly constituency|Eidgah]] [[Khanyar Assembly constituency|Khanyar]] [[Central Shalteng Assembly constituency|Central Shalteng]] [[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]] [[Pampore Assembly constituency|Pampore]] [[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]] [[Pulwama Assembly constituency|Pulwama]] [[Chadoora Assembly constituency|Chadoora]] [[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]] [[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]] [[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency|Khan Sahib]] [[Charari Sharief Assembly constituency|Charari Sharief]]
| electors = 17,47,810<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf|url-status=dead |title=|archivedate=26 May 2024|website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the five [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments
Assembly Segments
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! AC No.
! AC Name
! District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|17
| [[Kangan Assembly constituency|Kangan]] (ST)
|rowspan=2| [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]]
|[[Mian Mehar Ali]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=9}}
|-
|18
| [[Ganderbal Assembly constituency|Ganderbal]]
|[[Omar Abdullah]]
|-
|19
| [[Hazratbal Assembly constituency|Hazratbal]]
|rowspan=8| [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]]
|[[Salman Sagar]]
|-
|20
| [[Khanyar Assembly constituency|Khanyar]]
|[[Ali Mohammad Sagar]]
|-
|21
| [[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]
|[[Shamim Firdous]]
|-
|22
| [[Lal Chowk Assembly constituency|Lal Chowk]]
|[[Sheikh Ahsan Ahmed]]
|-
|23
| [[Channapora Assembly constituency|Channapora]]
|[[Mushtaq Guroo]]
|-
|24
| [[Zadibal Assembly constituency|Zadibal]]
|[[Tanvir Sadiq]]
|-
|25
| [[Eidgah Assembly constituency|Eidgah]]
|[[Mubarak Gul]]
|-
|26
|[[Central Shalteng Assembly constituency|Central Shalteng]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|29
| [[Khan Sahib Assembly constituency|Khan Sahib]]
|rowspan=3| [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
|[[Saif Ud Din Bhat]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
|30
| [[Charari Sharief Assembly constituency|Chrar-i-Sharief]]
|[[Abdul Rahim Rather (born 1944)|Abdul Rahim Rather]]
|-
|31
| [[Chadoora Assembly constituency|Chadoora]]
|[[Ali Mohammad Dar]]
|-
|32
| [[Pampore Assembly constituency|Pampore]]
|rowspan=4| [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
|[[Hasnain Masoodi]]
|-
|33
| [[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]
|[[Rafiq Ahmad Naik]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|34
| [[Pulwama Assembly constituency|Pulwama]]
|[[Waheed Ur Rehman Para]]
|-
|35
| [[Rajpora Assembly constituency|Rajpora]]
|[[Ghulam Mohi Uddin Mir]]
|{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|37
|[[Shopian Assembly constituency|Shopian]]
|[[Shopian district|Shopian]]
|[[Shabir Ahmad Kullay]]
|{{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[S. A. Shamim]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Begum Akbar Jehan Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|-
|1983^
| rowspan="2" |[[Abdul Rashid Kabuli]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Mohammad Shafi Bhat]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Ghulam Mohammad Mir Magami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Omar Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Farooq Abdullah]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Srinagar by-election|2017^]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Farooq Abdullah]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi]]
|-
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: Srinagar<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Srinagar">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Srinagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U082.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722115110/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U082.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|candidate = [[Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi]]
|votes = 3,56,866
|percentage = 52.85
|change ={{decrease}}4.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|candidate = [[Waheed Para]]
|votes = 1,68,450
|percentage = 24.95
|change ={{increase}}5.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party
|candidate = [[Mohammad Ashraf Mir]]
|votes = 65,954
|percentage = 9.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = 5,998
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,88,416
|percentage = 27.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =6,75,242
|percentage =38.49
|change ={{increase}}24.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===General election 2019===
Srinagar Lok Sabha seat had 11,06,729 total electorate count in 2009, and that count typically goes up by 35-40% over 10 years in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/parliamentary-constituencies/srinagar.html|title=Srinagar(Jammu And Kashmir) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 : Srinagar Eelction Results Live | Srinagar winning MP and Party Name|website=www.elections.in}}</ref> Due to the security situation in the valley, there was only 13% voter turn-out in Srinagar seat in May 2019. On the other hand, Udhampur enjoyed voter turn-out of 66% because of the better law and order situation in Jammu area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/elections-2019-srinagar-registers-voter-turnout-of-13-1555594877505.html|title = Elections 2019: Srinagar registers voter turnout of 13%|date = 18 April 2019}}</ref> In 70 polling booths of Srinagar Lok Sabha seat, not a single vote was cast due to the fear of violence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019/jammu-and-kashmir/news/no-vote-cast-in-90-booths-in-srinagar-lok-sabha-seat/articleshow/68944554.cms|title=No vote cast in 90 booths in Srinagar Lok Sabha seat - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 April 2019 }}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Farooq Abdullah]]|party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|votes=1,06,750|percentage=57.14|change={{increase}}3.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aga Syed Mohsin|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|votes=36,700|percentage=19.64|change={{decrease}}22.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Irfan Raza Ansari|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference|votes=28,773|percentage=15.4|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Khalid Jahangir|votes=4,631|percentage=2.48|change={{increase}}1.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Showkat Hussain Khan|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=1,250|percentage=0.67|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdual Rashid Ganie|party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party|votes=791|percentage=0.42|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Abdul Khaliq Bhat|party=Shiv Sena|votes=578|percentage=0.31|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=1,566|percentage=0.84|change={{decrease}}0.20}}
{{Election box majority||votes=70,050|percentage=37.50|change={{increase}}25.51}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,86,863|percentage=14.43|change={{increase}}7.31}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2017: Srinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|votes = 48,555
|percentage = 54.02
|change = {{increase}}16.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nazir Ahmad Khan
|party = Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
|votes = 37,779
|percentage = 42.03
|change = {{decrease}}8.55
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Farooq Ahmad Dar
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 630
|percentage = 0.70
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Mehraj Khourshid Malik
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|votes = 576
|percentage = 0.64
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Bikram Singh
|party = AJKLDP
|votes = 496
|percentage = 0.55
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 931
|percentage = 1.04
|change = {{decrease}}0.55
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,776
|percentage = 11.99
|change = {{decrease}}1.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,883
|percentage = 7.12
|change = {{decrease}}18.74
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|loser = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|swing = {{increase}}3.44
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|candidate = [[Tariq Hameed Karra]]
|votes = 1,57,923
|percentage = 50.58
|change = {{increase}}9.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|candidate = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
|votes = 1,15,643
|percentage = 37.04
|change = {{decrease}}14.96
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Aga Syed Mohsin
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 16,050
|percentage = 5.14
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Fayaz Ahmad Bhat
|votes = 4,467
|percentage = 1.43
|change = {{increase}}0.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Raja Muzaffar Bhat
|votes = 3,271
|percentage = 1.05
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,979
|percentage = 1.59
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,281
|percentage = 13.54
|change = {{increase}}2.84
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,12,212
|percentage = 25.86
|change = {{increase}}0.31
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party
|loser = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|swing = {{decrease}}1.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: Srinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|candidate=[[Farooq Abdullah]]|votes=1,47,035|percentage=52.00|change={{increase}}1.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|candidate=[[Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari]]|votes=1,16,793|percentage=41.30|change={{increase}}2.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Avtar Kishan Pandita|votes=1,994|percentage=0.71|change={{decrease}}0.90}}
{{Election box majority||votes=30,239|percentage=10.70|change={{decrease}}1.14}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=2,82,761|percentage=25.55|change={{increase}}6.98}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Srinagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|candidate=[[Omar Abdullah]]|votes=98,422|percentage=50.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|candidate=[[Ghulam Nabi Lone]]|votes=75,263|percentage=38.46|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Nazir Ahmad Khan|votes=6,873|percentage=3.51|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Iftikhar Sadiq|votes=3,154|percentage=1.61|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,159|percentage=11.84|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=195,678|percentage=18.57|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| candidate = Omar Abdullah
| votes = 55,542
| percentage = 57.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Mehbooba Mufti
| votes = 18,683
| percentage = 19.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Aga Syed Mehdi
| votes = 18,453
| percentage = 19.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Fayaz Ahmad Bhat
| votes = 2,091
| percentage = 2.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
| candidate = Abul Hassan Bhat
| votes = 792
| percentage = 0.82
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Hafiza Bagum
| votes = 498
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu and Kashmir Awami League
| candidate = Mohd. Yousuf Shah
| votes = 310
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Nazir Ahmad
| votes = 237
| percentage = 0.24
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
| candidate = Molvi Habibul Rehman
| votes = 225
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Waheeda Shah
| votes = 153
| percentage = 0.16
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 36,859
| percentage = 38.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General Election, 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| candidate = Omar Abdullah
| votes = 144,609
| percentage = 59.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Aga Syed Mohdi
| votes = 73,770
| percentage = 30.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Abdul Rashid Kabuli
| votes = 11,135
| percentage = 4.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Bashir Ahmad Khandy
| votes = 4,152
| percentage = 1.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Akhoon
| votes = 3,656
| percentage = 1.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Hafiza Begum
| votes = 2,967
| percentage = 1.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Mohammad Sultan
| votes = 2,009
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 70,839
| percentage = 29.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ghulam Mohammad Mir
| votes = 55,503
| percentage = 18.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Farooq Ahmad Anderabi
| votes = 53,904
| percentage = 18.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Javaid
| votes = 38,834
| percentage = 13.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party
| candidate = Mohammad Akbar
| votes = 36,330
| percentage = 12.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Amar Nath Vaishanvi
| votes = 35,911
| percentage = 12.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Mehbooba
| votes = 18,369
| percentage = 6.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Roshan Fayaz Rahat
| votes = 17,230
| percentage = 5.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Bashir Ahmad Kathoo
| votes = 16,863
| percentage = 5.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Ghulam Mohammad
| votes = 15,999
| percentage = 5.37
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Brij Nath Dhar
| votes = 5,878
| percentage = 1.97
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Nazir Ahmad
| votes = 3,070
| percentage = 1.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,599
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| candidate = Mohammad Shafi Bhat
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = Won Uncontested
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 0
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1984===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1984 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| candidate = Abdul Rashid Kabuli
| votes = 367,249
| percentage = 81.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Muzaffer Ahmed Shah
| votes = 80,972
| percentage = 17.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Ghulam Nabi Keng
| votes = 2,020
| percentage = 0.45
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Syed Sajad Hussain
| votes = 1,931
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Pushkar Nath Koul
| votes = 764
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 286,277
| percentage = 63.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1980===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1980 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| candidate = [[Farooq Abdullah]]
| votes = 0
| percentage = 0.00
| change = N/A
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = Won Uncontested
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 0
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1977===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1977 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| candidate = Akbar Jahan Begam
| votes = 210,072
| percentage = 67.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Molvi Iftikhar Hussain Ansari
| votes = 87,431
| percentage = 28.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Haji Mushtaq Ahmad
| votes = 5,784
| percentage = 1.86
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Poshkar Nath Kaul
| votes = 3,629
| percentage = 1.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Qazi Mohamad Yusaf
| votes = 3,242
| percentage = 1.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 122,641
| percentage = 39.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Election, 1971===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1971 Indian general election]]: [[Srinagar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Shamim Ahmad Shamim
| votes = 128,948
| percentage = 61.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bakhshi Gulam Mohd
| votes = 71,140
| percentage = 34.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Triloki Nath Dhar
| votes = 5,234
| percentage = 2.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gulam Mohd. Bakhsh
| votes = 1,418
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Gulam Ahmad Mir
| votes = 1,096
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent
| candidate = Pushkar Nath Vakil
| votes = 887
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 57,808
| percentage = 27.70
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes =
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Independent
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Baramulla Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|34.1|74.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Ganderbal district]]
[[Category:Budgam district]]
[[Category:Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Shopian district]]

Bhadradri Kothagudem district

2026-01-18T11:56:35Z

CletaMacfarlane: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhadradri Kothagudem district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Telangana|District]]
| total_type = Total
| image_skyline = A View of Bhadrachalam Gopuram.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Bhadrachalam Gopuram
| image_map = Bhadradri Kothagudem in Telangana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|39|N|80|41|E|type:adm3rd_region:IN_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = Kothagudem
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Kothagudem]]
| parts_type = [[List of mandals in Telangana|Mandalas]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 24
| area_total_km2 = 7483
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1069261
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 31.71%
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title = [[District collector]]
| leader_name = Jitesh V.patel
| leader_title1 = [[Superintendent of Police (India)|SP]]
| leader_name1 = Sri Biruduraju Rohit Raju<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040124/state-govt-transfers-23-ips-officers.html | title=State Govt Transfers 23 IPS Officers | date=4 January 2024 }}</ref>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate = TG–28<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana New Districts Names 2016 Pdf TS 31 Districts List|url=https://timesalert.com/telangana-new-districts-list/21462/|access-date=11 October 2016|work=Timesalert.com|date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = tg
| blank_info_sec1 = vd
| blank_name_sec2 = je
| blank_info_sec2 = xh
| website = {{URL|http://kothagudem.telangana.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Bhadradri Kothagudem district''' is a [[List of districts in India|district]] in the east of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Names of 6 new districts changed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-telangana/names-of-6-new-districts-changed/article9253888.ece|access-date=4 November 2016|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2016|language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Kothagudem]] is the district headquarters.<ref name="profile"> Bhandaradri kothagudem district is located in eastern part of Telangana.{{Cite web|url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/New_Districts/districts/02-Bhadradri-Kothagudem.pdf|title=Bhadradri-Kothagudem district|website=Official website of Medchal district|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110191528/http://trac.telangana.gov.in/New_Districts/districts/02-Bhadradri-Kothagudem.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the largest district in Telangana, with an area of 7483 km2.<ref name=":0" /> It borders the districts [[Khammam district|Khammam]], [[Mahabubabad district|Mahabubabad]], [[Mulugu district|Mulugu]] and shares a boundary with the bordering states [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The district comprises 24 [[mandal]]s and 2 [[revenue division]]s, [[Kothagudem]] and [[Bhadrachalam]].

Kothagudem district contains some major industries, and is endowed with a variety of important minerals such as [[coal]]. The [[Singareni Collieries Company]] (SCCL), a government coal mining company jointly owned by the [[Government of Telangana]] and [[Government of India]], has its headquarters in Kothagudem. SCCL operates 16 [[opencast]] and 30 underground mines in four districts of Telangana with a manpower of around 58,837.{{When|date=March 2024}}

[[Kothagudem Thermal Power Station]], which is located in [[Palvancha]], is one of the coal-based power plants of [[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited]]. The Paperboards and Specialty Papers Division of [[ITC Limited]] (ITC-PSPD) is located at [[Sarapaka|Sarapaka village]] near Bhadrachalam.

== History ==
Prehistoric man probably roamed around the areas of lower Godavari valley<ref>{{cite book|title=Paleolithic History of Godavari valley|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=OBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Bhadrachalam|year =1984}}</ref> in the surroundings of [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Kothagudem]], [[Pinapaka mandal|Pinapaka]] and [[Paloncha]] Taluks in the district.

Megalithic Dolmens were found at Janampet of Pinapaka Taluk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/khammam.html|title=Archeological Survey of India}}</ref> and Padugonigudem<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/22/stories/2011042263190600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426083135/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/22/stories/2011042263190600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=2011-04-26 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=3,000-year-old megalithic site discovered in Khammam | date=2011-04-22}}</ref> villages in Gundala Taluk of the district were rich in Megalithic cultural remnants explored and discovered recently.

Buddhist sites in the district are found at [[Aswaraopeta]] and Karukonda<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aparchaeologymuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Khammam-dt.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203152357/http://www.aparchaeologymuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Khammam-dt.pdf |archive-date=2014-02-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> near [[Kothagudem]].

Bhadrachalam town has a documented history of a [[Sita Ramachandraswamy Temple, Bhadrachalam|Rama Temple]] constructed around 17th century CE by [[Kancherla Gopanna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhadrachalarama.org/templehistory.html|title= Welcome to Bhadrachala Sree Seetha Ramachandra swamy temple|work=bhadrachalarama.org}}</ref> popularly known as Bhakta Ramadasu or Bhadrachala Ramadasu is a saint-poet.

== Geography ==

Bhadradri Kothagudem is the easternmost district of [[Telangana]] and is spread over an area of {{convert|7483|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=TSDPS |title=Telangana State Development and Planning Society |url=https://www.tsdps.telangana.gov.in/Atlas.pdf}}</ref> The district is bounded on the north and northeast by the [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh|Bijapur]] and [[Sukma district|Sukma]] districts of [[Chhattisgarh]], on the east by [[Alluri Sitarama Raju district]], on the south and southeast by the [[Khammam district|Khammam]] and [[Eluru district|Eluru]] districts, on the west by [[Mahabubabad district]] and on the northwest by [[Mulugu district]].

The district contains [[Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary]] and also rich in forest reserves.

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bhadradri Kothagudem district (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Telangana|Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.15}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|5.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.60}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.45}}
}}

As of the [[2011 census of India]], the district has a population of 1,069,261. Bhadradri Kothagudem has a sex ratio of 1008 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 66.40%. 107,326 (10.04%) were under 6 years of age. 339,083 (31.71%) lived in urban areas. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 143,482 (13.42%) and 392,034 (36.66%) of the population respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Know your district Plan your district - Bhadradri Kothagudem |url=http://www.trac.telangana.gov.in/trac/New_Districts/districts/02-Bhadradri-Kothagudem.pdf |website=trac.telangana.gov.in |publisher=Telangana State Remote Sensing Applications Centre}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb =right
|caption = Languages of Bhadradri Kothagudem district (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 72.34 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Koya language|Koya]] |value2 = 10.55 |color2 = teal
|label3 = [[Lambadi]] |value3 = 10.15 |color3 = khaki
|label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 5.09 |color4 = green
|label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 1.13 |color5 = orange
|label6 = Others |value6 = 0.74 |color6 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 72.34% of the population spoke [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 10.55% [[Koya language|Koya]], 10.15% [[Lambadi]], 5.09% [[Urdu]] and 1.13% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10193/download/13305/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Bhadradri District basic outline map.png|thumb|240px|Bhadradri Kothagudem district outline map]]
The district has two [[List of revenue divisions in Telangana|revenue divisions]] of [[Bhadrachalam]] and [[Kothagudem]] and is sub-divided into 23 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="profile" /> Priyanka Ala is the present [[District magistrate|collector]] of the district, having assumed the role in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=District Officials |url=https://www.telangana.gov.in/contacts/district-officials |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923164520/https://www.telangana.gov.in/contacts/district-officials |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=20 January 2024 |website=Telangana State Portal}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2023 |title=Mr.Jitesh V patil has taken charge as Collector and District Magistrate of Bhadradri Kothagudem District who was earlier Collector and District Magistrate of Kamareddy District and Dr Priyanka Ala has been transferred with effective from 16th June 2024|url=https://telanganatoday.com/dr-priyanka-ala-takes-charge-as-kothagudem-collector |access-date=20 January 2024 |work=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

=== Constituencies ===
Kothagudem district contains five [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]] constituencies. [[Kothagudem Assembly constituency]] includes the towns of Kothagudem and [[Palvancha]], as well as part of the [[Khammam Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Aswaraopeta Assembly constituency]] is a Scheduled Tribe (ST) reserved constituency, and is also part of the Khammam Lok Sabha constituency. The [[Bhadrachalam Assembly constituency|Bhadrachalam]], [[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]], and [[Pinapaka Assembly constituency|Pinapaka Assembly constituencies]] are ST reserved constituencies, and are part of the [[Mahabubabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

=== Mandals ===

The below table categorizes mandals into their respective revenue divisions in the district:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Map of District |url=https://kothagudem.telangana.gov.in/map-of-district/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207023914/https://kothagudem.telangana.gov.in/map-of-district/ |archive-date=2023-12-07 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Bhadradi Kothagudem District}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Mandal !! Number of villages !! Revenue division
|-
|1
|Allapalli||12||Kothagudem
|-
|2
|Annapureddypalli||10||Kothagudem
|-
|3
|[[Manuguru]]||14||Bhadrachalam
|-
|4
|[[Aswaraopeta]]||30||Kothagudem
|-
|5
|[[Mulakalapalli|Mulakalapally]]||20||Kothagudem
|-
|6
|[[Aswapuram]]||24||Bhadrachalam
|-
|7
|[[Pinapaka]]||23||Bhadrachalam
|-
|8
|[[Bhadrachalam]]||0||Bhadrachalam
|-
|9
|[[Palvancha]]||36||Kothagudem
|-
|10
|[[Burgampahad]]||17||Bhadrachalam
|-
|11
|Sujatanagar||20||Kothagudem
|-
|12
|[[Cherla mandal|Cherla]]||26||Bhadrachalam
|-
| 13
|[[Tekulapalli]]||36||Kothagudem
|-
|14
|[[Chandrugonda]]||14||Kothagudem
|-
| 15
|[[Yellandu]]||29||Kothagudem
|-
|16
|[[Chunchupalle|Chunchupalli]]||18||Kothagudem
|-
|17
|[[Dammapeta]]||31||Kothagudem
|-
|18
|[[Dummugudem]]||37||Bhadrachalam
|-
|19
|[[Gundala, Bhadradri Kothagudem district|Gundala]]||11||Kothagudem
|-
|20
|[[Julurpadu|Julurpad]]||24||Kothagudem
|-
|21
|[[Karakagudem]]||16||Bhadrachalam
|-
|22
|[[Kothagudem]]||0||Kothagudem
|-
|23
|Laxmidevipalli||31||Kothagudem
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of districts in Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category | Bhadradri Kothagudem District}}
* [https://kothagudem.telangana.gov.in/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Kothagudem district
|North = [[Bijapur district, Chhattisgarh]]
|Northeast = [[Sukma district]], [[Chhattisgarh]]
|East = [[East Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|Southeast = [[West Godavari district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|South = [[Khammam district]]
|Southwest = [[Khammam district]]
|West = [[Mahabubabad district]]
|Northwest = [[Jayashankar district]]
}}

{{Telangana|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Districts of Telangana]]
[[Category:Bhadradri Kothagudem district| ]]

Ditty (musician)

2025-12-18T04:53:59Z

CletaMacfarlane: Done

{{Short description|Indian Singer-Songwriter & Ecologist}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2024}}

'''Aditi Veena'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kappal |first=Bhanuj |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Ditty's upcoming EP | For the love of Mother Earth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20231127-dittys-upcoming-ep-for-the-love-of-mother-earth-2464294-2023-11-17 |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> who goes by her stage name '''Ditty''' is an Indian singer-songwriter<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ditty |date=June 5, 2024 |title=Eco-musician Ditty tells us how she lives her best slow, sustainable life |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/eco-musician-ditty-tells-us-how-she-lives-her-best-slow-sustainable-life |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=[[Vogue India]]}}</ref> and ecologist. She is known for her style of music creation that correlates the theme of nature in her songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhanaraj |first=Ruth |date=December 8, 2023 |title=How Ditty wields the weapon of song to protect Mother Nature |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/how-ditty-wields-the-weapon-of-song-to-protect-mother-nature/article67610158.ece |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=January 29, 2024 |title=Ditty's New Song 'Money' Takes Down Material Wealth and Vanity |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/ditty-money-song-video/ |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=[[Rolling Stone India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 23, 2024 |title=Songwriter and ecologist Ditty releases new EP Skin with focus track, 'Home in my Skin' |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/240226-songwriter-and-ecologist-ditty-releases-new |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Radio and Music}}</ref> Ditty published her debut album, ''Poetry Ceylon'', in 2019, followed by a sophomore EP, ''Skins'', in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Vaaswat |date=November 22, 2023 |title=Ditty's Latest Single Is An Emotional Journey Of Loss, Transformation And Reclamation |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-creators/dittys-latest-single-is-an-emotional-journey-of-transformation-loss-and-reclamation |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Homegrown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khullar |first=Muskan |date=December 7, 2023 |title=A month after the release of single, Hold Me, Ditty comes to Bengaluru for an intimate concert |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Dec/07/month-after-the-release-of-single-hold-me-ditty-comes-to-bengalauru-for-an-intimate-concert-55765.html |access-date=July 17, 2024 |website=Indian Express Indulge}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

List of Odia films of the 1930s

2025-11-30T21:05:00Z

CletaMacfarlane: created a data nd citations - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
A list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneswar]] in the 1930s:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width=17% | Title
! width=19% | Director
! width=27% | Cast
! width=13% | Genre
! width=24% | Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[1936 in film|1936]]'''
|-
|''[[Sita Bibaha]]''{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}||[[Mohan Sundar Deb Goswami]] || [[Makhanlal Bannerjee]], [[Mohan Sunder Dev Goswami]], [[Krishnachandra Singh]] ||Mythological ||First [[Oriya film]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by decade|1930s]]
[[Category:Lists of 1930s films|Odia]]
[[Category:1930s in Indian cinema|Films, Odia]]

Dhar (surname)

2025-11-23T06:03:45Z

CletaMacfarlane:

{{Use British English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox surname
|name = Dhar
|pronunciation =
|image =
|caption =
|meaning =
|region = [[Bengal]] [[Punjab]]
|origin = [[Bengali Hindu]] & [[Punjabi Muslim]]
|variant =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Dhar''' is an [[India|Indian]] surname. It is commonly found among the [[Hindu]] [[Bengali Kayastha]] and Baniks including [[Suvarna Vanik|Subarnabanik]] community in [[Bengal region]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles|pages=1421–1423|first=K.S.|last=Singh}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hindu Castes and Sects|page=|first=J.N.|last=Bhattacharya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-17 |title=Baniks of Bengal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Baniks-of-Bengal/articleshow/1226860775.cms |access-date=2024-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> '''Dhar''' or '''Dar''' is also used by some [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] and [[Kashmiris in Punjab|Punjabi-Kashmiri]] clans and communities<ref name="Bansi Pandit">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Dharma Publications|isbn=9780963479860|access-date=2 December 2010|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094607/https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar|title=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute, Volumes 62–63|year=2004|publisher=Dr. A. M. Ghatage|quote=Hence Kashmiri speech community can be viewed as the population united by sharing social norms; acquire Kashmiri as their native language; and use Kashmiri language to meet ... The surnames like Bhat, Pandit, Munshi, Dhar, Dar, Handoo, ...|access-date=25 March 2007|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094608/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=Dar&pg=PA46|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Bansi Pandit|isbn=978-0-9634798-6-0|pages=46|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094608/https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=Dar&pg=PA46|url-status=live}}</ref> native to the [[Kashmir Valley]] and [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], and common today<ref name="Bansi Pandit" /> among [[Kashmiri Hindus]]<ref name="D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_5UW9Krt_NEC&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&pg=PA11|title=Panorama of Indian Anthroponomy: An Historical, Socio-Cultural and Linguistic Analysis of Indian Personal Names|author=D. D. (Dhruv Dev). Sharma|year=2005|publisher=Mittal Publication|isbn=9788183240789|quote=Similar is the case of Hindus and Christians in Kerala, eg (Krisna Panikkar; George Panikkar), and Hindus and Muslims in Kashmir or Hindus and Sikhs in Punjab who have many common surnames, eg (Kashmir): Bhat, Dar, Malik, Rana, Pandit (Saleem Pandit), etc. and (Punjab): Arora, Bedi, Kapoor, Bjaj, Sahney, Maini, Ahloowalia, etc. In such cases reference to a person by his surname, as Mr. Bhat or Mr. Arora does not indicate whether the person under reference is a Hindu, a Muslim or a Sikh.|access-date=25 March 2007|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094608/https://books.google.com/books?id=_5UW9Krt_NEC&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Kashmiri Muslims]].<ref name="Bhatt2008" /><ref name="Saligram Bhatt3">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar|title=Kashmiri Pandits, a cultural heritage|author1=Saligram Bhatt|author2=Jānakīnātha Kaula|year=2004|publisher=[[Lancer Book]]|quote=Incidentally it may be stated that many Kashmiri Muslims still have the surnames of the pandits, like Kaul, Bhatt, Pandit, Dar, etc. With the accession to throne of Hari Singh in 1925, the State was given a 'new look'.|access-date=25 March 2007|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094608/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJuAAAAMAAJ&q=Kashmiri+Surnames+Dar|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History and origins ==

=== Bengali surname ===
The [[Bengali Hindu]] surname Dhar is probably derived from [[Bengali language|Bengali]] dhār (ধার) meaning 'credit'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=dhar|title=
Dhar Name Meaning & Dhar Family History at Ancestry.com|website=Ancestry|quote=Indian (West Bengal) and Bangladeshi: Kayastha name probably based on Bengali dhar ‘credit’ (Sanskrit uddhāra ‘deliverance’).}}</ref> It is also used by the Bengali diaspora in neighbouring states.

=== Kashmiri surname ===
Dhar or Dar is also used by some Kashmiri clans and communities native to the Kashmir Valley in Jammu and Kashmir, India, and common today among [[Kashmiri Hindus]] and [[Kashmiri Muslims]]. Outside Kashmir, it is used by members of the Kashmiri diaspora, in places like [[Punjab]], {{cn|date=October 2023}} [[Bengal]],<ref name="Saligram Bhatt - Migration to Bengal2">{{cite book |author=Saligram Bhatt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&pg=PA134 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2008 |isbn=9788131304020 |quote=A recent article by a Kashmeeri writer has propounded that Dhar's were those who migrated to Gauda {Bengal} and retained their Dhar surname once they returned to the valley. |access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> [[Gujarat]],<ref name="Saligram Bhatt12">{{cite book |author=Saligram Bhatt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&pg=PA134 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2008 |isbn=9788131304020 |quote=The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century. |access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> and [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="Saligram Bhatt12">{{cite book |author=Saligram Bhatt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&pg=PA134 |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2008 |isbn=9788131304020 |quote=The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century. |access-date=25 March 2007}}</ref> and more commonly in recent times by the global Kashmiri Pandit diaspora following the [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus]] in 1989–1990.

The Kashmiri surname Dhar originated as an honorific given to a village head, strongman, or warlord of a ''[[jagir]]''.<ref name="Saligram Bhatt1" /><ref name="Barbara Anne Brower, Barbara Rose Johnston">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jcXYAAAAMAAJ&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri|title=Disappearing peoples?: indigenous groups and ethnic minorities in South and Central Asia|author1=Barbara Anne Brower|author2=Barbara Rose Johnston|date=15 September 2007|publisher=Left Coast Press|isbn=9781598741209|quote=Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (eg, Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, ...|access-date=25 March 2007|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094609/https://books.google.com/books?id=jcXYAAAAMAAJ&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri|url-status=live}}</ref> The title was widespread by the 12th century CE and continued until the 14th century CE. The earliest available records of '''Dhar''' or '''Dar''' used as a surname date back to the 16th century CE.<ref name="Saligram Bhatt1">{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&q=surname+Dhar+Kashmiri&pg=PA134|author=Saligram Bhatt|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace|year=2008|publisher =A.P.H. Publishing Corporation|isbn=9788131304020|quote= The genesis in outline is that Dhar was the honorific given to a village head, strongman or a warlord of smaller ''jagir''/estate; called ''Dara'' pronounced as ''Dhara''. This honorific was prevalent during 12th Century {Jaisimha} and continue to be used till about 14th Century.|access-date = 25 March 2007}}</ref>

Furthermore, [[Kalhana]] has explained in [[Rajatarangini]], a book considered vital by historians that the term '''Dhar''' comes from the word '''''Dharra''''' ''(Pronounced : Darra)'' which also happened to have a connection to an ancient mountain ridge called '''Kakodar'''. '''Kakodar''' in ancient times was known as '''''Karkotadhara.''''' [[Kalhana]] has used the word "''similar"'' for both Dar and Dhar in [[Rajatarangini|Rajatrangini]], giving modern-day historians a hint of changing pronunciation claims to be true.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last=Kalhaṇa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROM2AQAAMAAJ&q=Dar&pg=PA126|title=Kalhaṇa's Rājataraṅgiṇī: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kaśmīr|date=1900|publisher=Kulhana|pages=126|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313094609/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROM2AQAAMAAJ&q=Dar&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Spelling variations of the surname in context of Kalhana ====
According to some Pandit historians the surname originates from the Sanskrit word '''''Dharra''''' which translates to ''"Lord"'' and historically this term was always used as a Suffix for the mountains of Kashmir e.g. '''Karkotadharra''' which is now called '''Kakodar.'''<ref name=":3" /> Thus the two spellings have a common origin.<ref name="Saligram Bhatt1" />

The spelling of the surname in [[Sanskrit]] was ''Dhar'' at the time when the prevalent writing system was the [[Sharada script]]; in spoken [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], the surname ''Dhar'' may have gotten distorted to ''Dar''. With the advent of [[Islam in Kashmir]], new Muslims who had converted from Hinduism retained their surname, but may have modified the spelling to differentiate themselves from the Kashmiri Hindu from which they came.<ref name="Bhatt2008">{{cite book |last1=Bhatt |first1=Saligram |title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge and World Peace: Proceedings of National Seminar by Kashmir Education Culture & Science Society (K.E.C.S.S.), New Delhi |date=2008 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0402-0 |page=134 |language=English |quote=With the advent of Islam many such ''Dara's'' had converted and to differentiate themselves from Brahmin ''Dara's'', convertee's modified it to Dar while Brahmins persisted with Dhar. ... It is essential to understand that Dhar and Dar is question of writing these in then prevalent script Sharda (then ''Upbrahmbasha''), which could have introduced this subtle discrepancy in pronunciation more so if it was uttered in Sanskrit, which got distorted while speaking ''Kashmeeri''.
}}</ref>

[[Kalhana]] specifically mentioned Dar/Dhar as a Brahman family in his ''Rajatarangini''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kalhana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&q=Dar&pg=PA506|title=Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir: Vol 1 & 2|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0370-1|pages=505|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313095145/https://books.google.com/books?id=KzxTkI9iAxkC&q=Dar&pg=PA506|url-status=live}}</ref>

Dar also should not be confused with Dangar or Damar. All these surnames have no connection based on historical evidence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=Dars&pg=PA103|title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits|publisher=Bansi Pandit|isbn=978-0-9634798-6-0|pages=103|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313095147/https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&q=Dars&pg=PA103|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Persian, Kashmiri Pandits and its effects ====

<blockquote>"The scholarship of the Pandits in Persian reached its high watermark during this period. They wrote exquisite poetry in Persian and were master writers in prose. Munshi Bhawani Das stands preeminent amongst the prose writers of the day. So also Lachhi Ram Saroor who rose very high at the Court of Nawabs of Oudh mainly because of his high poetical merit. Rai Rayan Anand Ram Karihalu was a great favourite of Shah Alam II and a great poet. He was a great Persian and Arabic scholar. So also Pandit Taba Ram Turki (1776 A.D. to 1847 A.D.), Sat Ram Baqaya, Pandit Daya Ram Kachru (1743 A.D. to 1811 A.D.) Aftab Bhan, Gobind Kaul, Kailas '''Dar''' (died 1772 A.D.) Lasa Kaul, Deva Kaul, Thakur Das, Gopal '''Dar''' (1735 A.D. to 1798 A.D.). Raja Kak '''Dar''', Rugh Nath Kaul (1735 to 1807 A.D.) and many others. The contributions made by them to Persian literature have elicited the significant remarks from competent critics that in the mastery of the Persian language the Kashmiri Pandits were second only to the Persians. About pandit Anand Ram Karihalu it is remarked that his mastery of Arabic and Persian was so complete that even amongst the Muslims nobody could compete with him. Pandit Birbar Kachru (1789-1859 A.D.) to whom reference has been made in these pages has written a voluminous history of Kashmir. He has dealt with social and economic conditions of the people in a very detailed and lucid manner. Pandit Anand Ram Pahalwan has carried the History of Kashmir by Narain Kaul from 1712 A.D. to 1785 A.D. Birbar Kachru, besides being a historian, wrote good poetry as well. The Kashmir Pandits of this period were very orthodox in religion, but that did not cripple their minds. In outdoor life they hayed and described themselves as any other citizen would do. The use of words like Banda, Bandai Chas, Bandai Dargah, Ahqar, Ibn etc with their names would show this. Not only that. They offered sometimes their prayers also in Persian language, and prefixed even their Gods with such epithets as Hazrat."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakshi|first=S. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1LEY1yWmagC&q=Dar&pg=PA138|title=Kashmir: History and People|date=1997|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-85431-96-3|pages=138|language=en|access-date=3 May 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313095200/https://books.google.com/books?id=U1LEY1yWmagC&q=Dar&pg=PA138|url-status=live}}</ref></blockquote>

This specific passage explains the probability that there is a high chance many Sanskrit surnames may have been influenced by Persian in the Early Kashmiri Hindu community. Not to ignore that even in the Modern Era a Popular Pandit surname '''Bhatt''' is written as '''Batt / Butt''' by Potohari / Punjabi Speaking Muslims of Kashmiri descent (or ethnic bloodline) around the world which may also have similar reasons.<ref name="Kaul2010">{{cite book|title=Pahāṛi and other tribal dialects of Jammu, Volume 1|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|author=P.K. Kaul|quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine.|isbn=9788178541013|year=2006}}</ref>

==== Influence on Kashmir ====

Some Historical accounts clearly record the involvement of people belonging to modern day Dar tribe in Kashmir's politics.

When Hasan Shah wanted to settle Syeds in Kashmir his decision was greatly revolted by People belonging to Dar, Raina, Magre (Magray) and Thakar (Thakur) tribes of Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bakshi|first=Shiri Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_4iFggmHdUC&q=Dar&pg=PA231|title=Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture|date=1997|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-85431-97-0|pages=231|language=en|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313095151/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_4iFggmHdUC&q=Dar&pg=PA231|url-status=live}}</ref>

In another book it is mentioned that:

''The defeat of the Sayyids brought to the fore front four Kashmiri Leaders. Jahangir Magre, Saif Dar, Idi Raina and Shams Chak. Jahangir Magre has said to be later overthrown by Malik Saif Dar.'' <ref>{{Cite book|last=Parmu|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qko_AAAAMAAJ&q=Dar|title=A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320-1819|date=1969|publisher=People's Publishing House|pages=186, 189|language=en|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313095152/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qko_AAAAMAAJ&q=Dar|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notable people surnamed ''Dhar'' or ''Dar'' ==

*[[Abdul Majeed Dar]], former Hizbul Mjuhedeen commander
*[[Aneek Dhar]], Indian singer
*[[Angira Dhar]], Indian actress
*[[Anuj Dhar]], Indian author and journalist
*[[Aditya Dhar]], film director
*[[Basit Ahmed Dar]], commander of The Resistance Front(TRF)
*[[Birbal Dhar]], leader of Kashmiri resistance to Afghan rule
*[[Dipsita Dhar]], Indian politician and student activist, All India Joint Secretary of Students' Federation of India
*[[Divya Dhar]], New Zealand medical doctor
*[[Farooq Ahmed Dar]], JKLF leader
*[[Humayon Dar]], Islamic economist and Shari'a advisor
*[[KSHMR]] (real name Niles Hollowell-Dhar), Indo-American EDM artist
*[[Kiran Kumar]], Indian actor
*[[Maqbool Dar]], Minister of State for Home Affairs, India
*[[Meeraji]] (born Mohammed Sanaullah Dar), Urdu poet-scholar, considered one of the fathers of modernism in Urdu literature
*[[Mirza Pandit Dhar]], prominent Kashmiri in the early 19th century
*[[Muhammad Ahsan Dar]], founder and former Hizbul Mujahideen commander
*[[Muhammad Nasir Dar]], PAF Shaheed
*[[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]], Urdu novelist
*[[Sandeepa Dhar]], Bollywood actress
*[[Sheila Dhar]], Kashmiri Indian author and singer
*[[Sudhir Dar]] (1932–2019), cartoonist

=== Sportspeople ===

*[[Aleem Dar]], Pakistani cricket umpire
*[[Asif Dar]], boxer
*[[Haroon Rasheed]], former Pakistani test cricketer and manager
*[[Munir Dar (field hockey)|Munir Ahmed Dar]], field hockey
*[[Nida Dar]], female Pakistani test cricketer
*[[Raza Ali Dar]], Pakistani Cricketer
*[[Rumeli Dhar]], Indian cricketer
*[[Tabarak Dar]], Hong Kong cricketer
*[[Tanvir Dar]], field hockey

=== Politicians ===

*[[Javid Ahmad Dar]], minister of Jammu Kashmir and NC leader
*[[Abdul Rashid Dar]], Politician from Jammu and Kashmir
*[[Ali Mohammad Dar]], MLA Jammu Kashmir
*[[Durga Prasad Dhar]], ambassador of India to the Soviet Union
*[[Ishaq Dar]], Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Pakistan
*[[Kiran Imran Dar]], politician and MNA for women from Punjab
*[[Maqbool Dar]], politician from JK
*[[P. N. Dhar]], Principal Secretary to Indira Gandhi in India
*[[Padma Nidhi Dhar]], former CPIM MLA from Domjur Assembly in WestBengal
*[[Shaikh Rohale Asghar]], Pakistani Member of Parliament
*[[Usman Dar]], politician from Sialkot

== See also ==
*[[Kashmiri Muslim tribes from Hindu lineage]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Surname|Dhar}}{{Kashmirifamalies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhar (Surname)}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindu surnames]]
[[Category: Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Kayastha]]
[[Category:Kashmiri Brahmins]]
[[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Pakistani names]]
[[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]

Ajayaraja II

2025-11-18T15:45:06Z

CletaMacfarlane: new a article added tags

{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Sapadalaksha
| reign = {{circa}} 1110–1135 CE
| dynasty = [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]]
| predecessor = [[Prithviraja I]]
| successor = [[Arnoraja]]
| issue = [[Arnoraja]]
| queen = Somalladevi
| father = [[Prithviraja I]]
}}
'''Ajayaraja II''' (r. c. 1110–1135 CE) was an Indian king belonging to the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana dynasty]]. He ruled the Sapadalaksha country, which included parts of present-day [[Rajasthan]] in north-western India. He defeated the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]]s of [[Malwa]], and also repulsed the [[Ghaznavid]] invasions after losing some part of his territory to them. The establishment of the [[Ajmer]] city is attributed to him.

== Early life ==

Ajayaraja succeeded his father [[Prithviraja I]] on the Chahamana throne. He was also known as Salhana. The ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' and ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'' call him Alhana, which appears to be a variant of Salhana.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=38}}

He married Somalladevi, who is also known as Somaladevi, Somalekha or Somelekha.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=133}}

== Establishment of Ajmer ==

The 12th century text ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' states that Ajayaraja II established the city of Ajayameru (modern [[Ajmer]]).{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=87}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] notes that the earliest mention of the city's name occurs in Palha's ''[[Pattavali]]'', which was copied in 1113 CE (1170 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) at [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]]. This suggests that Ajmer was founded sometime before 1113 CE.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=40}} A ''prashasti'' (eulogistic inscription) issued by [[Vigraharaja IV]] found at [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] states Ajayaraja II (Ajayadeva) moved his residence to Ajmer.{{sfn|Har Bilas Sarda|1911|pp=68–74}}

The later text ''Prabandha-Kosha'' states that it was the 8th century king [[Ajayaraja I]] who commissioned the Ajayameru fort, which later came to be known as the Taragarh fort of Ajmer.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=87}} According to historian R. B. Singh, Ajayaraja I probably founded the city, as inscriptions dated to 8th century CE have been found there.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=88}} Singh theorizes that Ajayaraja II later enlarged the town, constructed palaces, and moved the Chahamana capital from [[Sambhar, Rajasthan|Shakambhari]] to Ajmer.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=131–132}}

== Military career ==

=== Paramaras ===

The [[Paramara dynasty]] of [[Malwa]] had been weakened because of invasions from the [[Chaulukya|Gujarat Chaulukya]] king Jayasimha Siddharaja. Taking advantage of this, Ajayaraja seems to have expanded the Chahamana kingdom by capturing the Paramara territory.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=130}} Ajayaraja defeated Sulhana (or Sollana), who was probably a commander of the Paramara king [[Naravarman]] According to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription, Sulhana was a ''dandanayaka'' or general (the ''[[Prithviraja Vijaya]]'' names Sulhana as the king of Malwa, but there was no Paramara king by that name). The inscription states that Sulhana was captured in the battle, tied up to the back of a camel, and brought to the Chahamana capital Ajmer.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=129}} An inscription found at [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] in Ajmer boasts that Ajayaraja conquered the territory up to [[Ujjain]] after defeating the ruler of Malwa.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=129-130}}

=== Chachchiga, Simdhala and Yashoraja ===

The [[Bijolia]] rock inscription states that Ajayaraja killed three heroes named Chachchiga, Simdhala and Yashoraja, who were from Shrimarga-durdda. The identity of these rulers and localities are not certain, but these people were probably local chiefs who owed allegiance to a neighbouring king.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=130–131}}

Some scholars such as Akshay Kirti Vyas believe that Shrimarga and Durdda were two distinct localities.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=39}} [[John Faithfull Fleet]] identified Shrimarga with modern [[Bayana]]. A. K. Vyas and R. B. Singh identified Durdda with modern Dudhai (in [[Madhya Pradesh]]) on the basis of similar-sounding names. These places are located to the east of the traditional Chahamana territory, which suggests that Ajayaraja made an attempt to expand the kingdom's boundaries eastwards. According to Singh, this theory is also corroborated by the discovery of his coins in [[Mathura]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=130-131}}

Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] disagrees with this theory. According to him, Bayana was not part of the Chahamana kingdom even in the late 12th century: it was controlled by the ruling dynasty of Tribhuvanagiri, who were ultimately defeated by [[Muhammad of Ghor]]. Similarly, the phonetic association of Dudhai with Durdda is not justified. This area was under [[Chandela]] control, and there is no evidence of Ajayaraja having conquered it. Had Ajayaraja conquered such distant territories by defeating the local dynasties, this achievement would have been mentioned in the Chahamana inscriptions and the ''Prithviraja Vijaya''. Moreover, Bayana and Dudhai are two distinct, distant places; the Bijolia inscription suggests that the three chiefs came from one locality. According to Sharma, it is possible that ''durdda'' is an error for ''durga'' ({{lit|fort}}). This means that these three chiefs were defenders of a fort named Shrimarga. The inscription states that Ajayaraja defeated the three chiefs before defeating the Malwa general. Sharma, therefore, theorized that Ajayaraja defeated the three warriors during his Malwa campaign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=39}}

=== Ghaznavids ===

The ''Prithviraja-Vijaya'' states that Ajayaraja defeated the ''Garjana Matanga''s ("[[Ghazna]] Muslims").{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=40}} The ''Prabandha Kosha'' also claims that Ajayaraja defeated "Sahavadina" (Sanskritized form of Shahab-ud-Din). This probably refers to his repulsion of invasions by [[Ghaznavid]] generals. The 13th century Muslim historian [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]] states that the Ghaznavid ruler [[Bahram-Shah of Ghazna|Bahram Shah]] made several expeditions to India during this time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=131}}

According to Mihaj-i-Siraj's ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' and [[Firishta]]'s ''Tarikh-i-Firishta'', Muhammad Bahlim (Bahram Shah's governor in India) had captured the [[Nagaur]] fort. Nagaur was under Ajayaraja's control at least until 1121 CE, as attested by ''[[Prabhavaka Charita]]'' (the text calls him Alhadana, which appears to be a Sanskritized form of his alias Alhana). This suggests that Ajayaraja lost some of his territory to the [[Ghaznavid]]s. After Bahlim died, Salar Hussain succeeded him as the governor of Ghaznavid territories in India. Ajayraja's victory over the ''Garjana Matanga''s was probably the repulsion of a raid by either Bahlim or Salar Hussain.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=40}}

== Last years ==

The ''prashasti'' found at the [[Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra]] states that Ajayaraja appointed his son [[Arnoraja]] as his successor. He then [[vanaprastha|retired to the forest]] beside the [[Pushkar]] lake.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=42}}

== Religion ==

According to ''Prithviraja Vijaya'', Ajayaraja was a devotee of [[Shiva]]. The ''Devasuri-Charita'' (in ''[[Prabhavaka Charita]]'') suggests that he was also tolerant towards [[Vaishnavite]]s and [[Jain]]s. The ''[[Kharatara Gaccha|Kharatara-Gachchha]]-[[Pattavali]]'', a Sanskrit text containing biographies of the Kharatara Jain monks, indicates that he allowed Jains to build temples in his new capital Ajayameru ([[Ajmer]]). He also donated a golden [[kalasha]] to a [[Parshvanatha]] temple.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=41}} Raviprabha Suri's ''Dharmaghosha-Stuti'' mentions that he was the judge of a debate between the [[Śvetāmbara]] monk Dharmaghosha Suri and the ''[[Digambara monk]]'' Gunachandra.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=42}}

== Coinage ==

''Prithviraja Vijaya'' states that Ajayaraja "filled the earth" with so many silver coins (''rupaka''s), that he took away the fame of other kings. An inscription at the Ruthi Rani temple at [[Dhod]] suggests that these coins were in use at least until the reign of his grandson [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]. Ajayaraja's silver coins have been found at many places, including [[Rajasthan]] and [[Mathura]]. These coins feature a seated goddess on one side, and the legend "Shri Ajayadeva" on the other side.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=132}}

The ''Prithviraja Vijaya'' also mentions that his consort Somelekha had new silver coins every day. Somelekha or Somalekha appears to be a variant of Somalladevi, which was the name of Ajayaraja's queen according to the [[Bijolia]] rock inscription. Some rare silver coins featuring a king's head and the legend "Shri Somaladevi" (or "Shri Somalladevi") in [[Nagari script]] have been discovered. Copper coins featuring the same legend with the image of a horseman have also been found. These are among the few coins issued by Indian queens.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|p=133}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Har Bilas Sarda |author-link=Har Bilas Sarda |title=Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive |chapter=Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra |publisher=Scottish Mission |year=1911 |url=http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/bitstream/handle/OUDL/1953/218387_Ajmer_HIstorical_And_Descriptive.pdf?sequence=2 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}

{{Chahamanas of Shakambhari}}

[[Category:Chahamana kings of Shakambhari]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian city founders]]

Walter Devaram

2025-11-07T00:37:59Z

CletaMacfarlane: reworked intro based on references and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian police officer (born 1939)}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Walter Isaac Davaram
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|7|20|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Munnar]], [[Idukki District]], [[Kerala]]
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service]]
| alma mater = [[Madras Christian College]], [[Annamalai University]]
}}
'''Walter Issac Devaram'''<ref name="WID">[http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1968478/ G. Veeraraghavan, I.P.S. vs State Of Tamil Nadu And Anr. on 15 April, 1999] Indian Kanoon</ref> (born 20 July 1939) is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] officer. He served as the [[Director General of Police|director general of police]] for the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/ex-dgp-to-monitor-probe-into-special-olympics-fund-misuse/articleshow/70544323.cms|title=Ex-DGP to monitor probe into special Olympics fund misuse |work=The Times of India |date=6 August 2019 |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref>

He was a former Army officer before he sat for the IPS wherein he stood first in the order of merit. <ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ram |first1=Arun |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/chennaitalkies/handlebar-to-handsome-the-changing-face-of-top-cops/|title=Handlebar to handsome: The changing face of top cops|work=The Times of India |access-date=30 October 2025 }}</ref>
He curbed the Naxal menace with an iron hand during his stint as DIG/Vellore Range and Intelligence Unit Tamil Nadu Police. He led the joint forces set up by [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka]] Government to apprehend the forest brigand, [[Veerappan]].<ref name="tribune">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001018/main2.htm|title=SC grills govts on Veerappan|publisher=Tribune India|date=18 October 2000}}</ref> He also served as the vice chairman of the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/20/stories/2006022015580200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526191018/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/20/stories/2006022015580200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Star attraction at sports event |date=20 February 2006}}</ref> He retired from service on 31 July 1997.<ref name = "WID"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=An exclusive interview with former Tamil Nadu DGP Walter Dawaram on the forest brigand Veerappan controversy |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/oct/10veer.htm |website=Rediff.com |accessdate=30 October 2018 |date=11 October 1997}}
* [http://print.acjnewsline.org/?p=10484 W I Dewaram: the Controversial Commissioner]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Devaram, Walter}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:People from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Indian police officers]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Madhav Prasad Tripathi Medical College, Siddharthnagar

2025-10-12T12:07:06Z

CletaMacfarlane:

{{Infobox university
| name = Madhav Prasad Tripathi Medical College
| other_name = Autonomous State Medical College, Siddharthnagar
| image =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2021}}
| principal = Dr. Rajesh Mohan

| address =
| city = Naugarh, [[Siddharthnagar district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2725|83.0683|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| campus_type =
| campus_size = 7 acres
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
| website = https://asmcsiddharthnagar.ac.in/
}}

'''Madhav Prasad Tripathi Medical College''', also known as '''Autonomous State Medical College, Siddharthnagar''', is a full-fledged tertiary government Medical college and hospital.<ref>{{cite web|title=PM Modi To Inaugurate 7 New Medical Colleges In Uttar Pradesh On October 25|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/pm-modi-will-open-7-medical-colleges-in-up-on-oct-25-up-cm|access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref> It is located at Naugarh, [[Siddharthnagar district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). The yearly undergraduate student intake is 100.

==Courses==
This medical college undertakes the education and training of 100 students in MBBS courses.

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Colleges affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}